6.8 KiB
| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List of consonants | 1/3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_consonants | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T08:11:26.147099+00:00 | kb-cron |
This is a list of all the consonants which have a dedicated letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet, plus some of the consonants which require diacritics, ordered by place and manner of articulation.
== Ordered by place of articulation ==
=== Labial consonants === (articulated by using the lips)
==== Bilabial consonants ==== bilabial clicks e.g. [kʘ] bilabial nasal [m] (man) bilabial ejective [pʼ] voiced bilabial implosive [ɓ] voiceless bilabial plosive [p] (spin) voiced bilabial plosive [b] (bed) voiceless bilabial affricate [pɸ] voiced bilabial affricate [bβ] voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ] voiced bilabial fricative [β] bilabial approximant [β̞] bilabial trill [ʙ] bilabial percussive [ʬ]
==== Labiodental consonants ==== labiodental approximant [ʋ] labiodental nasal [ɱ] (symphony) voiced labiodental fricative [v] (van) Voiced labiodental plosive [b̪] Voiced labiodental affricate [b̪v] voiceless labiodental fricative [f] (fan) voiceless rounded velarized labiodental fricative [ɧ] Voiceless labiodental plosive [p̪] Voiceless labiodental affricate [p̪f]
=== Bidental consonants === voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]
=== Coronal consonants === (articulated by using the tip of the tongue)
==== Dental consonants ==== dental clicks e.g. [kǀ] dental lateral clicks e.g. [kǁ̪] dental ejective [t̪ʼ] dental nasal [n̪] voiced dental fricative [ð] (this) voiced dental implosive [ɗ̪] voiced dental plosive [d̪] voiceless bidental fricative voiceless dental fricative [θ] (thing) voiceless dental plosive [t̪] bidental percussive [ʭ]
==== Alveolar consonants ==== alveolar lateral clicks e.g. [kǁ] alveolar approximant [ɹ] (red) alveolar ejective [tʼ] alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ] alveolar flap [ɾ] alveolar lateral approximant [l] (lead) alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] alveolar nasal [n] (none) alveolar trill [r] velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] voiced alveolar fricative [z] (zoo) voiced alveolar implosive [ɗ] voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ] voiced alveolar plosive [d] (done) voiced alveolar affricate [d͡z] voiceless alveolar grooved fricative [s] (son) voiceless alveolar retroflex fricative [s̠] voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative [θ̠] voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ] voiceless alveolar plosive [t] (ton) voiceless alveolar affricate [t͡s] voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬ] ejective alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬʼ] voiced alveolar lateral affricate [d͡ɮ]
==== Postalveolar consonants ==== (post)alveolar clicks e.g. [kǃ] voiced palato-alveolar affricate [dʒ] (jug) voiced palato-alveolar fricative [ʒ] (vision) voiceless palato-alveolar affricate [tʃ] (chip) voiceless palato-alveolar fricative [ʃ] (ship)
===== Palatalized postalveolar consonants ===== voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative [ʑ] voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative [ɕ] voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate [d͡ʑ] voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate [t͡ɕ]
===== Retroflex consonants ===== retroflex clicks e.g. [k𝼊 ] (commonly written ⟨[k‼]⟩) retroflex approximant [ɻ ] retroflex flap [ɽ] retroflex lateral flap [𝼈 ] retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ ] voiceless retroflex lateral fricative [ꞎ ] retroflex nasal [ɳ ] voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ ] voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ ] voiced retroflex affricate [d͜ʐ ] voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ] voiceless retroflex plosive [ʈ] voiceless retroflex affricate [t͜ʂ],
=== Dorsal consonants === (articulated with the middle of the tongue)
==== Palatal consonants ==== palatal clicks e.g. [kǂ] palatal approximant [j] (yes) palatal ejective [cʼ] palatal lateral approximant [ʎ] voiceless palatal lateral fricative [𝼆] palatal nasal [ɲ] voiced palatal fricative [ʝ] voiced palatal implosive [ʄ] voiced palatal plosive [ɟ] voiceless palatal fricative [ç] (human, but not hum) voiceless palatal plosive [c] voiceless palatal lateral affricate [c͡𝼆] ejective palatal lateral affricate [c͡𝼆ʼ]
===== Labialized palatal consonants ===== labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] [jʷ]
==== Velar consonants ==== velar approximant [ɰ] velar ejective [kʼ] velar lateral approximant [ʟ] voiceless velar lateral fricative [𝼄] voiced velar fricative [ɣ] voiced velar implosive [ɠ ] voiced velar plosive [ɡ] (get) voiceless velar fricative [x] voiceless velar plosive [k] (kick, cat) ejective velar lateral affricate [k͡𝼄ʼ]
===== Labialized velar consonants ===== voiced labialized velar approximant [w] (witch) voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ] (which, in some dialects)
===== Labial–velar consonants ===== voiceless labial–velar plosive [kp] voiced labial–velar plosive [ɡb] labial-velar nasal [ŋm] voiceless labial-velar implosive [ɠ̊͜ɓ̥] voiced labial-velar implosive [ɠ͡ɓ]
==== Uvular consonants ==== uvular ejective [qʼ] uvular nasal [ɴ] uvular trill [ʀ] voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] voiced uvular implosive [ʛ] voiced uvular plosive [ɢ] voiceless uvular fricative [χ] voiceless uvular plosive [q]
===== Labial–uvular consonants ===== voiceless labial–uvular plosive [qp]
=== Laryngeal consonants === (articulated with the throat)
==== Pharyngeal and epiglottal consonants ==== pharyngeal plosive [ʡ] voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ] voiced pharyngeal trill [ʢ] voiceless pharyngeal trill [ʜ]
===== Uvular-epiglottal consonants ===== voiceless uvular-epiglottal plosive [q͡ʡ]
==== Glottal consonants ==== voiceless glottal affricate [ʔh] murmured glottal affricate [ʔɦ] murmured glottal fricative or transition & approximant [ɦ] voiceless glottal fricative or transition & approximant [h] glottal plosive [ʔ] creaky-voiced glottal approximant [˷]
== Ordered by manner of articulation == Pulmonic consonants
=== Nasal (stop) consonants === bilabial nasal [m] voiceless bilabial nasal [m̥] labiodental nasal [ɱ] dental nasal [n̪] alveolar nasal [n] voiceless alveolar nasal [n̥] retroflex nasal [ɳ ] voiceless retroflex nasal [ɳ̊ ] palatal nasal [ ɲ] voiceless palatal nasal [ ɲ̥] velar nasal [ŋ] voiceless velar nasal [ŋ̊] uvular nasal [ɴ]
=== Plosive (stop) consonants === voiceless bilabial plosive [p] voiced bilabial plosive [b] voiceless dental plosive [t̪] voiced dental plosive [d̪] voiceless alveolar plosive [t] voiced alveolar plosive [d] voiceless retroflex plosive [ʈ] voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ] voiceless palatal plosive [c] voiced palatal plosive [ɟ] voiceless velar plosive [k] voiced velar plosive [ɡ] voiceless uvular plosive [q] voiced uvular plosive [ɢ] epiglottal plosive [ʡ] glottal plosive [ʔ]