5.4 KiB
| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List of calques | 3/4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_calques | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T08:11:20.996893+00:00 | kb-cron |
=== Macedonian === Macedonian ракопис (rakopis) calques Latin-derived 'manuscript' and 'handwriting': Mac. root рака (raka) = Lat. manus = 'hand' Mac. root пис- (pis-) = Lat. scribo = 'to write' Macedonian правопис (pravopis) calques Greek-derived 'orthography': Mac. root право (pravo) = Gr. ορθός (orthos) = 'correct'; Mac. root пис- (pis-) = Gr. γράφειν (graphein) = 'to write' Macedonian православие (pravoslavie) calques Greek-derived 'orthodoxy': Mac. root право (pravo) = Gr. ορθός (orthos) = 'correct'; Mac. root славие (slavie) = Gr. δοξα (doxa) = 'glorification' In more recent times, the Macedonian language has calqued new words from other prestige languages including German, French and English.
Macedonian натчовек (natčovek) = calques German-derived 'overman' (Übermensch) Mac. root над- (nad-) = Ger. über = 'over' Mac. root човек (čovek, man) = Ger. mensch = 'people' Macedonian облакодер (oblakoder) = calques English skyscraper: Mac. root облак (oblak, cloud) Mac. root дере (dere, to flay) Macedonian клучен збор (klučen zbor) = calques English keyword: Mac. root клуч (kluč, key) Mac. root збор (zbor, word) Some words were originally calqued into Russian and then absorbed into Macedonian, considering the close relatedness of the two languages. Therefore, many of these calques can also be considered Russianisms.
=== Russian === The poet Aleksandr Pushkin (1799–1837) was perhaps the most influential among the Russian literary figures who would transform the modern Russian language and vastly expand its ability to handle abstract and scientific concepts by importing the sophisticated vocabulary of Western intellectuals. Although some Western vocabulary entered the language as loanwords – e.g., Italian salvietta, "napkin", was simply Russified in sound and spelling to салфетка (salfetka) – Pushkin and those he influenced most often preferred to render foreign borrowings into Russian by calquing. Compound words were broken down to their component roots, which were then translated piece-by-piece to their Slavic equivalents. But not all of the coinages caught on and became permanent additions to the lexicon; for example, любомудрие (ljubomudrie) was promoted by 19th-century Russian intellectuals as a calque of "philosophy", but the word eventually fell out of fashion, and modern Russian instead uses the loanword философия (filosofija).
Russian любомудрие (ljubomudrie) calqued Greek-derived 'philosophy': Russ. root любить (ljubit' ) = Gr. φιλεῖν (filein) = 'to love'; Russ. root мудрость (mudrost' ) = Gr. σοφία (sofia) = 'wisdom' Russian зависимость (zavisimost' ) calques Latin-derived 'dependence': Russ. root за (za) = Lat. de = 'down from' Russ. root висеть (viset' ) = Lat. pendere = 'to hang; to dangle' Russian совпадение (sovpadenije) calques Latin-derived 'coincidence': Russ. prefix со- (so) = Lat. co- = 'in; with; together' Russ. prefix в- (v) = Lat. in- = 'in; into' Russ. root падать (padat' ) = Lat. cidere = 'to fall' Russian полуостров (poluostrov) calques Latin-derived 'peninsula': Russ. root полу- (polu-) = Ger. halb = 'half; semi-' Russ. root остров (ostrov) = Ger. Insel = 'island' Russian детский сад (detskij sad) calques German Kindergarten (both literally suggesting 'children's garden')
== Greek ==
Διαδίκτυο from English Internet Γύρος (gyros) from Turkish döner Ποδόσφαιρο from English football, referring specifically to association football Τηλεόραση from television
== Irish ==
uisce beatha, or whiskey, calques Latin aqua vitae
== Finnish ==
Since Finnish, a Uralic language, differs radically in pronunciation and orthography from Indo-European languages, most loans adopted in Finnish either are calques or soon become such as foreign words are translated into Finnish. Examples include:
from Greek: sarvikuono (rhinoceros, from Greek ρινόκερος "rinokeros"), from Latin: viisaudenhammas (wisdom tooth, from Latin "dens sapientiae"), from English: jalkapallo (English "football", specifically referring to association football), from English: koripallo (English "basketball"), from English: kovalevy (English "hard disk"), from French: kirpputori (flea market, French "marché aux puces"), from German: lastentarha (German "Kindergarten"), from German: panssarivaunu (German "Panzerwagen"), from Swedish: pesukarhu (raccoon, from Swedish "tvättbjörn" and ultimately German "Waschbär"), from Swedish: moottoritie (highway, from Swedish "motorväg"), from Chinese: aivopesu (brainwash, from Chinese "xi nao"), from Spanish: siniverinen (blue-blooded, from Spanish "de sangre azul")
== Modern Hebrew ==
When Jews immigrate to Israel, they often Hebraize their surnames. One approach to doing so was by calque from the original (often German or Yiddish) surname. For instance, Imi Lichtenfield (itself a half-calque), founder of the martial art Krav Maga, became Imi Sde-Or. Both last names mean "light field". For more examples and other approaches, see the article on Hebraization of surnames.