5.8 KiB
| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic alphabets | 5/6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T08:11:27.700181+00:00 | kb-cron |
Ң ң = /ŋ/ (velar nasal) Ү ү = /y/ (close front rounded vowel) Ө ө = /œ/ (open-mid front rounded vowel) Bold letters are used only in loanwords.
=== Tatar ===
Tatar has used Cyrillic since 1939, but the Russian Orthodox Tatar community has used Cyrillic since the 19th century. In 2000 a new Latin alphabet was adopted for Tatar, but it is used generally on the Internet.
Ә ә = /æ/ Ң ң = /ŋ/ Ө ө = /œ/ У у = /uw/, /yw/, /w/ Ү ү = /y/ Һ һ = /h/ Җ җ = /ʑ/ The Cyrillic letters Ёё, Цц, Щщ are not used in native Tatar words, but only for Russian loans.
=== Turkmen ===
Turkmen, written 1940–1994 exclusively in Cyrillic, since 1994 officially in Roman, but in everyday communication Cyrillic is still used along with Roman script.
=== Uzbek ===
From 1941 the Cyrillic script was used exclusively. In 1998 the government has adopted a Latin alphabet to replace it. The deadline for making this transition has however been repeatedly changed, and Cyrillic is still more common. It is not clear that the transition will be made at all.
В в = /w/ Ж ж = /dʒ/ Ф ф = /ɸ/ Х х = /χ/ Ъ ъ = /ʔ/ Ў ў = /ө/ Қ қ = /q/ Ғ ғ = /ʁ/ Ҳ ҳ = /h/ In addition to the letters from the Russian alphabet, А–Я, except for Щ and Ы, the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet includes Ў, Қ, Ғ and Ҳ at the end. They are distinct letters in the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet and are sorted after Я as shown above.
=== Yakut ===
Several Cyrillic alphabets have been used to write Yakut, but the current alphabet was adopted in 1939.
Letters in Bold are only used in Russian Loanwords.
=== Other === Altai Crimean Tatar (1938–1991, now mostly replaced by Roman) Gagauz (1957–1990s, exclusively in Cyrillic, since 1990s officially in Roman, but in reality in everyday communication Cyrillic is used along with Roman script) Karachay-Balkar Karakalpak (1940s–1990s) Karaim (20th century) Khakas Kumyk Nogai Tuvan Uyghur – Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet (Uyghur Siril Yëziqi). Used along with Uyghur Arabic alphabet (Uyghur Ereb Yëziqi), New Script (Uyghur Yëngi Yëziqi, Pinyin-based), and modern Uyghur Latin alphabet (Uyghur Latin Yëziqi). Dolgan Balkan Gagauz Turkish Urum Siberian Tatar Siberian Turkic
== Caucasian languages ==
=== Northwest Caucasian languages === Living Northwest Caucasian languages are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets.
==== Abaza ====
Abaza is a Caucasian language, spoken by Abazins in the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic, Russia.
Digraphs in parentheses are dialectal, and are therefore absent from the literary language and the official alphabet.
==== Abkhaz ====
Abkhaz is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, Georgia.
For older conventions, see Abkhaz alphabet.
==== Adyghe ====
Adyghe is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Republic of Adygea, Russia.
Letters in parentheses are only used in digraphs.
==== Kabardian ====
Kabardian is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia.
=== Northeast Caucasian languages === Northeast Caucasian languages are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets.
==== Avar ====
Avar is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Republic of Dagestan, of the Russian Federation, where it is co-official together with other Caucasian languages like Dargwa, Lak, Lezgian and Tabassaran. All these alphabets, and other ones (Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, Kabardian) have an extra sign: palochka (Ӏ), which gives voiceless occlusive consonants its particular ejective sound.
В = /w/ гъ = /ʁ/ гь = /h/ гӀ = /ʕ/ къ = /qːʼ/ кӀ = /kʼ/ кь = /t͡ɬːʼ/ кӀкӀ = /t͡ɬː/, is also written ЛӀ лӀ. кк = /ɬ/, is also written Лъ лъ. тӀ = /tʼ/ х = /χ/ хъ = /qː/ хь = /x/ хӀ = /ħ/ цӀ = /t͡sʼ/ чӀ = /t͡ʃʼ/ Double consonants, called "fortis", are pronounced longer than single consonants (called "lenis").
==== Lezgian ====
Lezgian is spoken by the Lezgins, who live in southern Dagestan and northern Azerbaijan. Lezgian is a literary language and an official language of Dagestan.
==== Other ==== Chechen (since 1938, also with Roman 1991–2000, but switch back to Cyrillic alphabets since 2001.) Dargwa Lak Tabassaran Ingush Archi
== Mongolian ==
The Mongolic languages include Khalkha (in Mongolia; Cyrillic is official since 1941, in practice from 1946), Buryat (around Lake Baikal; Cyrillic is used since the 1930s) and Kalmyk (northwest of the Caspian Sea; Cyrillic is used in various forms since the 1920-30s). Khalkha Mongolian is also written with the Mongol vertical alphabet, which was the official script before 1941. Since the beginning of the 1990s Mongolia has been making attempts to extend the rather limited use of Mongol script and the most recent National Plan for Mongol Script aims to bring its use to the same level as Cyrillic by 2025 and maintain a dual-script system (digraphia).
=== Overview ===
This table contains all the characters used. Һһ is shown twice as it appears at two different locations in Buryat and Kalmyk
=== Khalkha ===
В в = /w/ Е е = /jɛ/, /jœ/ Ё ё = /jo/ Ж ж = /dʒ/ З з = /dz/ Ий ий = /iː/ Й й = the second element of closing diphthongs (ай, ой, etc.) and long /iː/ (ий), it never indicates /j/ in native words Н н = /n-/, /-ŋ/ Ө ө = /œ/ У у = /ʊ/ Ү ү = /u/ Ы ы = /iː/ (in suffixes after a hard consonant) Ь ь = palatalization of the preceding consonant Ю ю = /ju/, /jy/ Long vowels are indicated with double letters. The Cyrillic letters Кк, Пп, Фф and Щщ are not used in native Mongolian words, but only for Russian or other loans (Пп may occur in native onomatopoeic words).