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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic alphabets | 3/6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T08:11:27.700181+00:00 | kb-cron |
Between Ze (З з) and I (И и) is the letter З́, which represents /ʑ/ (voiced alveolo-palatal fricative). It is written ⟨Ź ź⟩ in the corresponding Montenegrin Latin alphabet, previously written ⟨Zj zj⟩ or ⟨Žj žj⟩. Between Es (С с) and Te (Т т) is the letter С́, which represents /ɕ/ (voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative). It is written ⟨Ś ś⟩ in the corresponding Montenegrin Latin alphabet, previously written ⟨Sj sj⟩ or ⟨Šj šj⟩. The letter Dze (Ѕ ѕ), from Macedonian, is used in scientific literature when representing the /d͡z/ phoneme, although it is not officially part of the alphabet. A Latin equivalent was proposed that looks identical to Ze (З з).
==== Macedonian ====
The Macedonian alphabet differs from Serbian in the following ways:
Between Ze (З з) and I (И и) is the letter Dze (Ѕ ѕ), which looks like the Latin letter S and represents /d͡z/. Dje (Ђ ђ) is replaced by Gje (Ѓ ѓ), which represents /ɟ/ (voiced palatal stop). In some dialects, it represents /d͡ʑ/ instead, like Dje. It is written ⟨Ǵ ǵ⟩ in the corresponding Macedonian Latin alphabet. Tshe (Ћ ћ) is replaced by Kje (Ќ ќ), which represents /c/ (voiceless palatal stop). In some dialects, it represents /t͡ɕ/ instead, like Tshe. It is written ⟨Ḱ ḱ⟩ in the corresponding Macedonian Latin alphabet. Lje (Љ љ) often represents the consonant cluster /lj/ instead of /ʎ/. Certain letters are handwritten differently, as seen in the adjacent image.
==== Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian ====
Ćiro Truhelka claimed Serbo-Croatian language briefly used the Cyrillic script in areas with large Croatian or Bosnian speaking populations. There is a controversy in naming. Bosniak scholars call it Bosnian Script. Serb scholars call it Serbian script, as part of variant of Serbian Cyrillic and deem the term "bosančica" Anti-Serb Austro-Hungarian propaganda. Croat scholars call it Croatian Cyrillic
=== East Slavic ===
==== Russian ====
The Russian alphabet shows the following features:
Yo (Ё ё) indicates /jo/. As /f/ is not a native phoneme, the letter Ef (Ф ф) is generally restricted to loanwords/borrowed words. Zhe (Ж ж) and Sha (Ш ш) indicate sounds that are retroflex. Shcha (Щ щ) indicates /ɕ(ː)/. The hard sign¹ (Ъ ъ), called “твёрдый знак” in Russian, indicates the lack of palatalization in a context where the consonant would usually be palatalized². Yery (Ы ы) indicates [ɨ] (an allophone of /i/). E (Э э) indicates /ɛ/. Notes:
In the pre-reform Russian orthography, in Old Russian and in Old Church Slavonic the letter is called yer. Historically, the "hard sign" takes the place of a now-absent vowel, which is still preserved as a distinct vowel in Bulgarian (which represents it with ъ) and Slovene (which is written in the Latin alphabet and writes it as e), but only in some places in the word. When an iotated vowel (vowel whose sound begins with [j]) follows a consonant, the consonant is palatalized. The hard sign indicates that this does not happen, and the [j] sound will appear only in front of the vowel. The soft sign indicates that the consonant should be palatalized in addition to a [j] preceding the vowel. The soft sign also indicates that a consonant before another consonant or at the end of a word is palatalized. Examples: та ([ta]); тя ([tʲa]); тья ([tʲja]); тъя ([tja]); т (/t/); ть ([tʲ]). Before 1918, there were four extra letters in use: Іі (replaced by Ии), Ѳѳ (Фита "Fita", replaced by Фф), Ѣѣ (Ять "Yat", replaced by Ее), and Ѵѵ (ижица "Izhitsa", replaced by Ии); these were eliminated by reforms of Russian orthography.
==== Belarusian ====
The Belarusian alphabet shows the following features:
He or Ge (Г г) represents a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ (rarely also a voiced velar plosive /ɡ/). Yo (Ё ё) represents /jo/, just like in Russian. I (І і), also known as the dotted I or decimal I, resembles the Latin letter I. Unlike most Cyrillic alphabets, "И" is not used. Short I (Й й), however, uses the base И glyph. Short U (Ў ў) is the letter У with a breve and represents /w/, or like the u part of the diphthong in loud. The use of the breve to indicate a semivowel is analogous to the Short I (Й). A combination of Sh and Ch (ШЧ шч) is used where those familiar only with Russian and or Ukrainian would expect Shcha (Щ щ). Yery (Ы ы) represents /ɨ/, similarly to in Russian. E (Э э) represents /ɛ/, just like in Russian. An apostrophe (’) is used to indicate the lack of palatalization of the preceding consonant. This orthographical symbol is used instead of the traditional Cyrillic letter Yer (Ъ), also known as the hard sign. The letter combinations Dzh (Дж дж) and Dz (Дз дз) appear after D (Д д) in the Belarusian alphabet in some publications. These digraphs represent the affricates Дж /d͡ʒ/ and Дз /d͡z/ correspondingly. Before 1933, the letter Ґ ґ (Ge) was used for /ɡ/, although its use was optional.
==== Ukrainian ====
The Ukrainian alphabet shows the following features: