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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outline of scientific method | 1/1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_scientific_method | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T03:02:28.488393+00:00 | kb-cron |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the scientific method: Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on observable, empirical, reproducible, measurable evidence, and subject to the laws of reasoning.
== Nature of scientific method ==
Scientific method
Science Philosophy of science Sociology of knowledge Process of science Knowledge
== Elements of scientific method == Research
Basic research
=== Observation === Observation
Scientific method Causation Investigation Measurement (Outline of metrology and measurement)
=== Hypothesis === Hypothesis
pro:Karl Popper Falsifiability con:Paul Feyerabend Statistical hypothesis testing
=== Experiment === Experiment
Laboratory Laboratory techniques Design of experiments Scientific control Natural experiment Observational study Field experiment Self-experimentation Self-experimentation in medicine Placebo effect
=== Theory === Scientific theory
==== Prediction ==== Prediction Bayesian inference – subjective use of statistical reasoning Deductive reasoning Retrodiction
=== Evaluation by scientific community === Peer review Medical peer review
== Scientific method concepts ==
=== Empirical methods === Empirical methods
Empiricism Robert Grosseteste Peter Parker Empirical validation Operationalization
=== Use of statistics === Uncomfortable science — Inference from a limited sample of data Exploratory data analysis Confirmatory data analysis
=== Paradigm change === Thomas Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Paradigm Paradigm shift
=== Problem of induction === The problem of induction questions the logical basis of scientific statements.
Inductive reasoning appears to lie at the core of the scientific method, yet also appears to be invalid. David Hume was the person who first pointed out the problem of induction. Karl Popper offered one solution, Falsifiability
=== Scientific creativity === Tacit knowledge
=== Deviations from the scientific method === Junk science Pseudoscience Pathological science Fringe science
=== Critique of scientific method === Paul Feyerabend argued that the search for a definitive scientific method was misplaced and even counterproductive. Imre Lakatos attempted to bridge the gap between Popper and Kuhn. Sociology of scientific knowledge Scientism
=== Relationship of scientific method to technology === Science and technology studies Theories of technology
=== Aesthetics in the scientific method === Elegance Occam's razor
== History of scientific method ==
=== Publications === Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine Roger Bacon's Opus Majus Francis Bacon's Novum Organum Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
=== Persons influential in the development of scientific method === Alhazen Francis Bacon Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton René Descartes Charles Sanders Peirce
== See also == Bayesian probability Quasi-empirical methods Foundation ontology Ontology Philosophy of mathematics Mathematics Epistemology Post-processual archaeology is a methodological curiosity from Archaeology. Structuralism Post-structuralism Deconstruction Postmodernism Latour, Bruno Secularism- Physical law Science policy Scientific Revolution Sociology of knowledge Science studies
== External links ==