Scrape wikipedia-science: 227 new, 3 updated, 245 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_Leiden_University-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+---
+title: "List of rectores magnifici of Leiden University"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_Leiden_University"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:17.925194+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of chancellors (rectores magnifici) of Leiden University, as from 1575. Three Nobel laureates are among these  chancellors: Hendrik Lorentz, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Willem Einthoven.
+
+
+== 16th century ==
+
+
+=== 1575–1600 ===
+
+
+== 17th century ==
+
+
+=== 1601–1620 ===
+
+
+=== 1621–1640 ===
+
+
+=== 1641–1660 ===
+
+
+=== 1661–1680 ===
+
+
+=== 1681–1700 ===
+
+
+== 18th century ==
+
+
+=== 1701–1720 ===
+
+
+=== 1721–1740 ===
+
+
+=== 1741–1760 ===
+
+
+=== 1761–1780 ===
+
+
+=== 1781–1800 ===
+
+
+== 19th century ==
+
+
+=== 1801–1820 ===
+
+
+=== 1821–1840 ===
+
+
+=== 1841–1860 ===
+
+
+=== 1861–1880 ===
+
+
+=== 1881–1900 ===
+
+
+== 20th century ==
+
+
+=== 1901–1920 ===
+
+
+=== 1921–1940 ===
+
+
+=== 1941–1960 ===
+
+
+=== 1961–2000 ===
+
+
+== 21st century ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of Leiden University people
+
+
+== Literature ==
+Harm Beukers [et al.].: Album Scholasticum academiae Lugduno-Batavae MCMLXXV-MCMLXXXIX. (1575–1989), Leids Universiteits-Fonds, Leiden, 1991
+R.E.O. Ekkart: Athenae Batavae. De Leidse Universiteit / The University of Leiden 1575-1975. Universitaire Pers Leiden, 1975. ISBN 90-6021-222-3
+Icones Leidenses. Leiden, Universitaire Pers, 1973. ISBN 9060211839
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Website Leiden University

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_Maastricht_University-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+title: "List of rectores magnifici of Maastricht University"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_Maastricht_University"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:19.069286+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A rector of a Dutch university is called a rector magnificus. The following people have been rector magnificus of the Maastricht University:
+
+
+== External links ==
+Maastricht University

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_the_Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "List of rectores magnifici of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_the_Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:20.196414+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The rector of a Dutch university is called a rector magnificus. The following people have been rector magnificus of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam: 
+
+
+== Publication ==
+A.Th. van Deursen: The distinctive character of the Free University in Amsterdam, 1880-2005. A commemorative history. Grand Rapids, Michigan, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2008. ISBN 9780802862518
+
+
+== References ==
+Jaarboek Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1880-1990 (digital)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_robotics_journals-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+---
+title: "List of robotics journals"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_robotics_journals"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:21.447620+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+List of robotics journals includes notable academic and scientific journals that focus on research in the field of robotics and automation.
+
+
+== Journals ==
+Acta Mechanica et Automatica
+Advanced Robotics
+Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems
+IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters
+IEEE Transactions on Robotics
+IEEE Transactions on Field Robotics
+The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
+International Journal of Humanoid Robotics
+International Journal of Robotics Research
+Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making
+Journal of Field Robotics
+Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems
+Paladyn
+Robotics and Autonomous Systems
+Robotics
+Science Robotics
+SLAS Technology
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of computer science journals
+List of artificial intelligence journals
+List of engineering journals and magazines
+List of open-source artificial intelligence software for robotics
+Robotics
+Automation
+
+
+=== Robotics conferences ===
+International Conference on Robotics and Automation
+International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
+International Conference on Human–Robot Interaction
+Humanoids Summit
+Roboexotica
+Defcon Robot Contest
+
+
+== External links ==
+IEEE Xplore Digital Library
+The International Journal of Robotics Research – Springer
+Science Robotics – AAAS

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_podcasts-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+title: "List of science podcasts"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_podcasts"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:23.745752+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following is a list of science podcasts.
+
+
+== List ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Science communication
+Science journalism
+Popular science
+Nature documentary
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_demonstrations-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+title: "List of scientific demonstrations"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_demonstrations"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:24.909951+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of scientific demonstrations used in educational demonstrations and popular science lectures.
+
+
+== Physics ==
+Balsa wood bridge — demonstrates compressive strength and tensile strength, teaches engineering thinking
+Egg drop competition — demonstrates compressive strength, teaches engineering thinking
+Hand boiler — demonstrates vapour-liquid equilibrium and simple heat engine principles
+Newton's cradle — demonstrates elastic collision, conservation of momentum, and conservation of energy
+Gauss gun
+Plate trick or Dirac belt trick —  demonstrates spinors and the double cover of SO(3) by SU(2)
+Prince Rupert's Drop  — demonstrates supercooling and tensile stress
+Self-siphoning beads — demonstrates momentum, energy and inertia
+Water rocket — demonstrates conservation of momentum, conservation of energy, the gas laws and basic rocketry
+Franklin bells — demonstrate electric charges
+Oxford Electric Bell — an experimental electric bell that was set up in 1840 and which has run nearly continuously ever since
+Wimshurst machine — an electrostatic generator
+Shooting a candle through a plank
+Foucault pendulum — demonstrates the rotation of Earth
+
+
+== Chemistry ==
+Ammonia fountain — introduces concepts like solubility and the gas laws at entry level.
+Barking dog reaction — demonstrates rapid exothermic chemical reaction
+Blue bottle (chemical reaction) — demonstrates reduction and oxidation reactions, and chemical colour change
+Chemical garden
+Diet Coke and Mentos eruption — demonstrates bubble nucleation
+Dry ice color show
+Elephant toothpaste
+Fizz keeper
+Flame test
+Magic sand — demonstrates hydrophobic substances
+Mercury beating heart — demonstrates electrochemical redox reaction. and an effect of a non-homogeneous electrical double layer
+Screaming jelly babies — demonstrates the energy within candy
+Using liquid nitrogen to shatter a rose
+Detonating a cloud of flour

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_laws_named_after_people-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+title: "List of scientific laws named after people"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_laws_named_after_people"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:27.386320+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of scientific laws named after people (eponymous laws). For other lists of eponyms, see eponym.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Eponym
+Fields of science
+List of eponymous laws (overlaps with this list but includes non-scientific laws such as Murphy's law)
+List of legislation named for a person
+List of laws in science
+Lists of etymologies
+Scientific constants named after people
+Scientific phenomena named after people
+Stigler's law of eponymy
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Ballentyne, D. W. G.; Lovett, D. R. (1980). A dictionary of named effects and laws in chemistry, physics, and mathematics (4th ed.). Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-22380-8.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+title: "List of scientists whose names are used as units"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:22.606389+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Many scientists have been recognized with the assignment of their names as international units by the International Committee for Weights and Measures or as non-SI units. The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Système international d'unités) is the most widely used system of units of measurement. There are 7 base units and 22 derived units (excluding compound units). These units are used both in science and in commerce. Two of the base SI units and 17 of the derived units are named after scientists. 28 non-SI units are named after scientists. By this convention, their names are immortalised. As a rule, the SI units are written in lowercase letters, but symbols of units derived from the name of a person begin with a capital letter.
+
+
+== Scientists and SI units ==
+
+(colour legend)
+
+
+== Scientists and non-SI units ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of chemical elements named after people
+List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Bibliography ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Physical dimensions of the units

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_scientific_method-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+---
+title: "Outline of scientific method"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_scientific_method"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:28.488393+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the scientific method:
+Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on observable, empirical, reproducible, measurable evidence, and subject to the laws of reasoning.
+
+
+== Nature of scientific method ==
+
+Scientific method
+
+Science
+Philosophy of science
+Sociology of knowledge
+Process of science
+Knowledge
+
+
+== Elements of scientific method ==
+Research
+
+Basic research
+
+
+=== Observation ===
+Observation
+
+Scientific method
+Causation
+Investigation
+Measurement (Outline of metrology and measurement)
+
+
+=== Hypothesis ===
+Hypothesis
+
+pro:Karl Popper
+Falsifiability
+con:Paul Feyerabend
+Statistical hypothesis testing
+
+
+=== Experiment ===
+Experiment
+
+Laboratory
+Laboratory techniques
+Design of experiments
+Scientific control
+Natural experiment
+Observational study
+Field experiment
+Self-experimentation
+Self-experimentation in medicine
+Placebo effect
+
+
+=== Theory ===
+Scientific theory
+
+
+==== Prediction ====
+Prediction
+Bayesian inference – subjective use of statistical reasoning
+Deductive reasoning
+Retrodiction
+
+
+=== Evaluation by scientific community ===
+Peer review
+Medical peer review
+
+
+== Scientific method concepts ==
+
+
+=== Empirical methods ===
+Empirical methods
+
+Empiricism
+Robert Grosseteste
+Peter Parker
+Empirical validation
+Operationalization
+
+
+=== Use of statistics ===
+Uncomfortable science — Inference from a limited sample of data
+Exploratory data analysis
+Confirmatory data analysis
+
+
+=== Paradigm change ===
+Thomas Kuhn
+The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
+Paradigm
+Paradigm shift
+
+
+=== Problem of induction ===
+The problem of induction questions the logical basis of scientific statements.
+
+Inductive reasoning appears to lie at the core of the scientific method, yet also appears to be invalid.
+David Hume was the person who first pointed out the problem of induction.
+Karl Popper offered one solution, Falsifiability
+
+
+=== Scientific creativity ===
+Tacit knowledge
+
+
+=== Deviations from the scientific method ===
+Junk science
+Pseudoscience
+Pathological science
+Fringe science
+
+
+=== Critique of scientific method ===
+Paul Feyerabend argued that the search for a definitive scientific method was misplaced and even counterproductive.
+Imre Lakatos attempted to bridge the gap between Popper and Kuhn.
+Sociology of scientific knowledge
+Scientism
+
+
+=== Relationship of scientific method to technology ===
+Science and technology studies
+Theories of technology
+
+
+=== Aesthetics in the scientific method ===
+Elegance
+Occam's razor
+
+
+== History of scientific method ==
+
+
+=== Publications ===
+Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics
+Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine
+Roger Bacon's Opus Majus
+Francis Bacon's Novum Organum
+Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
+
+
+=== Persons influential in the development of scientific method ===
+Alhazen
+Francis Bacon
+Galileo Galilei
+Isaac Newton
+René Descartes
+Charles Sanders Peirce
+
+
+== See also ==
+Bayesian probability
+Quasi-empirical methods
+Foundation ontology
+Ontology
+Philosophy of mathematics
+Mathematics
+Epistemology
+Post-processual archaeology is a methodological curiosity from Archaeology.
+Structuralism
+Post-structuralism
+Deconstruction
+Postmodernism
+Latour, Bruno
+Secularism-
+Physical law
+Science policy
+Scientific Revolution
+Sociology of knowledge
+Science studies
+
+
+== External links ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_instrument-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+---
+title: "Scientific instrument"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_instrument"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:26.068787+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A scientific instrument is a device or tool used for scientific purposes, including the study of both natural phenomena and theoretical research.
+
+
+== History ==
+Historically, the definition of a scientific instrument has varied, based on usage, laws, and historical time period. Before the mid-nineteenth century such tools were referred to as "natural philosophical" or "philosophical" apparatus and instruments, and older tools from antiquity to the Middle Ages (such as the astrolabe and pendulum clock) defy a more modern definition of "a tool developed to investigate nature qualitatively or quantitatively." Scientific instruments were made by instrument makers living near a center of learning or research, such as a university or research laboratory. Instrument makers designed, constructed, and refined instruments for purposes, but if demand was sufficient, an instrument would go into production as a commercial product.
+In a description of the use of the eudiometer by Jan Ingenhousz to show photosynthesis, a biographer observed, "The history of the use and evolution of this instrument helps to show that science is not just a theoretical endeavor but equally an activity grounded on an instrumental basis, which is a cocktail of instruments and techniques wrapped in a social setting within a community of practitioners. The eudiometer has been shown to be one of the elements in this mix that kept a whole community of researchers together, even while they were at odds about the significance and the proper use of the thing."
+By World War II, the demand for improved analyses of wartime products such as medicines, fuels, and weaponized agents pushed instrumentation to new heights. Today, changes to instruments used in scientific endeavors—particularly analytical instruments—are occurring rapidly, with interconnections to computers and data management systems becoming increasingly necessary.
+
+
+== Scope ==
+Scientific instruments vary greatly in size, shape, purpose, complication and complexity. They include relatively simple laboratory equipment like scales, rulers, chronometers, thermometers, etc. Other simple tools developed in the late 20th century or early 21st century are the Foldscope (an optical microscope), the SCALE(KAS Periodic Table), the MasSpec Pen (a pen that detects cancer), the glucose meter, etc. However, some scientific instruments can be quite large in size and significant in complexity, like particle colliders or radio-telescope antennas. Conversely, microscale and nanoscale technologies are advancing to the point where instrument sizes are shifting towards the tiny, including nanoscale surgical instruments, biological nanobots, and bioelectronics.
+
+
+== The digital era ==
+Instruments are increasingly based upon integration with computers to improve and simplify control; enhance and extend instrumental functions, conditions, and parameter adjustments; and streamline data sampling, collection, resolution, analysis (both during and post-process), and storage and retrieval. Advanced instruments can be connected as a local area network (LAN) directly or via middleware and can be further integrated as part of an information management application such as a laboratory information management system (LIMS). Instrument connectivity can be furthered even more using internet of things (IoT) technologies, allowing for example laboratories separated by great distances to connect their instruments to a network that can be monitored from a workstation or mobile device elsewhere.
+
+
+== Examples of scientific instruments ==
+
+
+== List of scientific instruments manufacturers ==
+
+
+== List of scientific instruments designers ==
+
+Jones, William
+Kipp, Petrus Jacobus
+Le Bon, Gustave
+Roelofs, Arjen
+Schöner, Johannes
+Von Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich
+
+
+== History of scientific instruments ==
+
+
+=== Museums ===
+Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments (CHSI)
+Boerhaave Museum
+Chemical Heritage Foundation
+Deutsches Museum
+Royal Victoria Gallery for the Encouragement of Practical Science
+Whipple Museum of the History of Science
+
+
+=== Historiography ===
+Paul Bunge Prize
+
+
+== Types of scientific instruments ==
+Optical instrument
+Electronic test equipment
+
+
+== See also ==
+Instrumentation
+Instrumentalism, a philosophic theory
+List of collectibles
+ The dictionary definition of -tron at Wiktionary, a suffix to denote a complex scientific instrument, like in cyclotron, phytotron, synchrotron, ...
+
+
+== References ==