8.4 KiB
| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List of consonants | 2/3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_consonants | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T08:11:26.147099+00:00 | kb-cron |
=== Fricative consonants === Sibilant fricatives voiceless alveolar sibilant [s] voiced alveolar sibilant [z] voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant [ ʃ ] voiced palato-alveolar sibilant [ʒ] voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (palatalized postalveolar) [ɕ] voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant [ʑ] voiceless retroflex sibilant [ʂ] voiced retroflex sibilant [ʐ ] Central non-sibilant fricatives voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ] voiced bilabial fricative [β] voiceless labiodental fricative [f] voiced labiodental fricative [v] voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] voiceless dental fricative [θ] voiced dental fricative [ð] voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative [θ̠] voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̝] voiceless palatal fricative [ç] voiced palatal fricative [ ʝ] voiceless velar fricative [x] voiced velar fricative [ɣ] voiceless uvular fricative [χ] voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ] voiceless epiglottal fricative [ʜ] voiceless palatal-velar fricative (not possible) [ɧ] Lateral fricatives voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ] voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ] voiceless retroflex lateral fricative [ꞎ ] voiceless palatal lateral fricative [𝼆]) voiceless velar lateral fricative [𝼄]) voiced velar lateral fricative [ʟ̝] both fricatives and approximants voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] voiced epiglottal fricative [ʢ] Pseudo-fricatives voiceless glottal fricative [h] voiced glottal fricative (murmured) [ɦ]
=== Affricate consonants === Sibilant affricates voiceless postalveolar affricate [tʃ] voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ] voiceless alveolar affricate [ts] voiced alveolar affricate [dz] voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [ʨ] voiced alveolo-palatal affricate [dʑ] voiceless retroflex affricate [tʂ] voiced retroflex affricate [dʐ] Fricated alveolar clicks [kǃᶴ] (also voiced, nasalized, etc.) Non-sibilant affricates Voiceless bilabial affricate [pɸ] Voiceless bilabial-labiodental affricate [pf] Voiceless labiodental affricate [p̪f] Voiced labiodental affricate [b̪v] Voiceless dental affricate [t̪θ] Voiced dental affricate [d̪ð] Voiceless retroflex nonsibilant affricate [tɻ̝̊ ] Voiced retroflex nonsibilant affricate [dɻ̝ ] voiceless palatal affricate [cç] voiced palatal affricate [ɟʝ] Voiceless velar affricate [kx] Voiced velar affricate [ɡɣ] Voiceless uvular affricate [qχ] Voiced uvular affricate [ɢʁ] Voiceless epiglottal affricate [ʡʜ] Lateral affricates voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [tɬ] voiced alveolar lateral affricate [dɮ] Voiceless palatal lateral affricate [c𝼆] Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate [tꞎ] Voiceless velar lateral affricate [k𝼄] Voiced velar lateral affricate [ɡʟ̝]
=== Approximant consonants === bilabial approximant [β̞] labiodental approximant [ʋ] dental approximant [ð̞] alveolar approximant [ɹ] alveolar lateral approximant [l ] velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] retroflex approximant [ɻ ] retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ] palatal approximant [j] palatal lateral approximant [ʎ] nasal palatal approximant [ȷ̃] labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] [jʷ] velar approximant [ɰ] velar lateral approximant [ʟ] labialized velar approximant (voiced) [w] voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ] nasal labialized velar approximant [w̃] uvular approximant [ʁ̞] pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞] epiglottal approximant [ʢ̞] voiced glottal approximant (murmured) [ɦ̞] voiceless glottal approximant [h̞] voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]
=== Flap (tap) consonants === bilabial flap [ⱱ̟] labiodental flap [ⱱ] alveolar flap [ɾ] alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] retroflex flap [ɽ] retroflex lateral flap [𝼈 ] palatal lateral flap [ʎ̮] uvular flap [ɢ̆] velar lateral flap [ʟ̆] epiglottal flap [ʡ̮]
=== Trill consonants === bilabial trill [ʙ] alveolar trill [r] alveolar fricative trill [r̝] retroflex trill uvular trill [ʀ] epiglottal trill
=== Lateral consonants === Approximants Alveolar lateral approximant [l] Velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] Fricatives Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ] Voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ] Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative [ꞎ ] Voiceless palatal lateral fricative [𝼆] Voiced velar lateral fricative [ʟ̝] Voiceless velar lateral fricative [𝼄] Affricates Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [tɬ] Voiced alveolar lateral affricate [dɮ] Voiceless palatal lateral affricate [c𝼆] Ejective palatal lateral affricate [c𝼆ʼ] Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate [tꞎ ] Ejective retroflex lateral affricate [tꞎʼ] Voiced velar lateral affricate [ɡʟ̝] Voiceless velar lateral affricate [k𝼄] Ejective velar lateral affricate [k𝼄ʼ] Flaps Alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] Retroflex lateral flap [𝼈 ] Palatal lateral flap [ʎ̯] Ejective Alveolar lateral ejective fricative [ɬʼ] Clicks Dental lateral clicks e.g. [kǁ̪] Alveolar lateral clicks e.g. [kǁ]
=== Ejective consonants === Plosives bilabial ejective [pʼ] dental ejective [t̪ʼ] alveolar ejective [tʼ] retroflex ejective [ʈʼ] palatal ejective [cʼ] velar ejective [kʼ] uvular ejective [qʼ] Affricates alveolar ejective affricate [t͜sʼ] palato-alveolar ejective affricate [t͜ʃʼ] retroflex ejective affricate [t͜ʂʼ] alveolo-palatal ejective affricate [t͜ɕʼ] dental ejective affricate [t͜θʼ] palatal lateral ejective affricate [c͜𝼆ʼ] velar ejective affricate [k͜xʼ] uvular ejective affricate [q͜χʼ] alveolar lateral ejective affricate [t͜ɬʼ] velar lateral ejective affricate [k͜𝼄ʼ] Fricatives bilabial ejective fricative [ɸʼ] labiodental ejective fricative [fʼ] dental ejective fricative [θʼ] alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ] palato-alveolar ejective fricative [ ʃʼ] alveolo-palatal ejective fricative [ɕʼ] retroflex ejective fricative [ʂʼ] palatal ejective fricative [çʼ] velar ejective fricative [xʼ] uvular ejective fricative [χʼ] alveolar lateral ejective fricative [ɬʼ]
=== Implosive consonants === voiced bilabial implosive [ɓ] voiceless bilabial implosive [ƥ] voiced dental implosive [ɗ̪ ] voiced alveolar implosive [ɗ ] voiceless alveolar implosive [ƭ] voiced retroflex implosive [ᶑ ] voiced palatal implosive [ ʄ ] voiceless palatal implosive [ƈ ] voiced velar implosive [ɠ ] voiceless velar implosive [ƙ] voiced uvular implosive [ʛ ] voiceless uvular implosive [ʠ ]
=== Labialized consonants === Plosives voiceless labialized velar plosive [kʷ] voiced labialized velar plosive [ɡʷ] Voiceless labialized labial-velar plosive [k͜pʷ] voiceless labialized uvular plosive [qʷ] voiced labialized uvular plosive [ɢʷ] Fricatives voiceless labialized velar fricative [xʷ] [ʍ] voiced labialized velar fricative [ɣʷ] voiceless labialized uvular fricative [χʷ] voiced labialized uvular fricative [ʁʷ] Approximants labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] [jʷ] (voiced) labialized velar approximant [w] [ɰʷ] voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ] [w̥] nasal labialized velar approximant [w̃]
=== Palatalized consonants === voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative [ʑ] voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative [ɕ] voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate [d̠͜ʑ] voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate [t̠͜ɕ] voiceless palatalized velar plosive [kʲ]
=== Pharyngealized consonants === voiceless pharyngealized alveolar sibilant [sˤ] voiced pharyngealized alveolar sibilant [zˤ] voiceless pharyngealized alveolar plosive [tˤ] voiced pharyngealized alveolar plosive [dˤ] voiceless pharyngealized dental fricative [θˤ] voiced pharyngealized dental fricative [ðˤ] voiceless pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative [ɬˤ] voiced pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative [ɮˤ] pharyngealized glottal stop [ʔˤ] pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant [lˤ] pharyngealized alveolar nasal [nˤ]
=== Velarized consonants === Voiceless velarized alveolar sibilant [sˠ] Voiced velarized dental fricative [ðˠ] Voiceless velarized alveolar plosive [tˠ] Velarized alveolar flap [ɾˠ] Voiceless velarized uvular plosive [qˠ] Voiceless velarized uvular fricative [χˠ] Voiced velarized uvular fricative [ʁˠ] Voiceless velarized alveolar lateral fricative [ɬˠ] Voiced velarized alveolar lateral fricative [ɮˠ] Velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] [lˠ]