8.1 KiB
| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outline of natural science | 6/12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_natural_science | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T03:57:12.306970+00:00 | kb-cron |
==== Biology ==== Biology – study of living organisms. Aerobiology – study of airborne organic particles Agriculture – study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications Anatomy – study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans Human anatomy – scientific study of the morphology of the adult human. Biochemistry – study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level Bioengineering – study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology Biogeography – study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally Bioinformatics – use of information technology and statistics for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data Biomathematics or mathematical biology – quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modeling Biomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics Biomedical sciences Biomedical research – study of the human body in health and disease Clinical research Biophysics – study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences Biotechnology – new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology Botany – study of plants Cell biology – study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell Conservation biology – study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife Chronobiology – field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms. Cryobiology – study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings. Developmental biology – study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure Embryology – study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth). See also topobiology. Gerontology – study of aging processes. Ecology – study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment Environmental biology – study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity Epidemiology – major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations Evolution – any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary biology – study of the origin and descent of species over time Evolutionary developmental biology – field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to determine the ancestral relationship between them, and to discover how developmental processes evolved. Paleobiology – discipline which combines the methods and findings of the natural science biology with the methods and findings of the earth science paleontology. Paleontology – study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life Genetics – study of genes and heredity Genomics – discipline in genetics concerned with the study of the genomes of organisms. Proteomics – large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions Population genetics – study of changes in gene frequencies in Histology – study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy Integrative biology – study of whole organisms Limnology – study of inland waters Marine biology – study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings Microbiology – study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things Bacteriology – study of bacteria. Virology – study of viruses and some other virus-like agents Molecular biology – study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry Structural biology – branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules Morphology – In biology, morphology is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. Mycology – study of fungi Oceanography – study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean Oncology – study of cancer processes, including virus or mutation oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings Population biology – study of groups of conspecific organisms, including Population ecology – study of how population dynamics and extinction Population genetics – study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms Pathobiology or pathology – study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease Parasitology – study of parasites and parasitism Pharmacology – study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines Physiology (Outline) – study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms Immunology – Immunology is the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms Kinesiology – Kinesiology, also known as human kinetics, is the scientific study of human movement Neurobiology – study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology Neuroscience – interdisciplinary science that studies the nervous system Histology – Phytopathology – study of plant diseases (also called plant pathology) Psychobiology – study of the biological bases of psychology Sociobiology – study of the biological bases of sociology Systematics – study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time Cladistics – method of classifying species of organisms into groups called clades, which consist of an ancestor organism and all its descendants (and nothing else) Phylogeny – study of evolutionary relation among groups of organisms (e.g. species, populations), which is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices Taxonomy – science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. Zoology – study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior Arachnology – scientific study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, collectively called arachnids. Acarology – study of the taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks Entomology – study of insects Myrmecology – scientific study of ants, a branch of entomology Coleopterology – study of beetles Lepidopterology – study of a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies (called lepidopterans) Ethology – study of animal behavior Helminthology – study of worms, especially parasitic worms Herpetology – study of reptiles and amphibians Ichthyology – study of fish Malacology – branch of invertebrate zoology which deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. Mammalogy – study of mammals Cetology – branch of marine mammal science that studies the approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea. Physical anthropology – studies the physical development of the human species. Nematology – scientific discipline concerned with the study of nematodes, or roundworms Ornithology – study of birds
== History of natural science ==