kb/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_natural_science-2.md

title	chunk	source	category	tags	date_saved	instance
Outline of natural science	3/12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_natural_science	reference	science, encyclopedia	2026-05-05T03:57:12.306970+00:00	kb-cron

==== Chemistry ==== Chemistry – physical science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate the chemical reactions Analytical chemistry – study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Astrochemistry – study of the abundance and reactions of chemical elements and molecules in the universe, and their interaction with radiation. Cosmochemistry – study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions Atmospheric chemistry – branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines Biochemistry – study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes. Agrochemistry – study of both chemistry and biochemistry which are important in agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and in environmental monitoring and remediation. Bioinorganic chemistry – examines the role of metals in biology. Bioorganic chemistry – rapidly growing scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. Biophysical chemistry – new branch of chemistry that covers a broad spectrum of research activities involving biological systems. Environmental chemistry – scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. Immunochemistry – branch of chemistry that involves the study of the reactions and components on the immune system. Medicinal chemistry – discipline at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis and development for market of pharmaceutical agents (drugs). Pharmacology – branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action. Natural product chemistry – chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism – found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design. Neurochemistry – specific study of neurochemicals, which include neurotransmitters and other molecules such as neuro-active drugs that influence neuron function. Computational chemistry – branch of chemistry that uses principles of computer science to assist in solving chemical problems. Chemo-informatics – use of computer and informational techniques, applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry. Molecular mechanics – uses Newtonian mechanics to model molecular systems. Flavor chemistry – someone who uses chemistry to engineer artificial and natural flavors. Flow chemistry – chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production. Geochemistry – study of the mechanisms behind major geological systems using chemistry Aqueous geochemistry – study of the role of various elements in watersheds, including copper, sulfur, mercury, and how elemental fluxes are exchanged through atmospheric-terrestrial-aquatic interactions Isotope geochemistry – study of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their isotopes using chemistry and geology Ocean chemistry – studies the chemistry of marine environments including the influences of different variables. Organic geochemistry – study of the impacts and processes that organisms have had on Earth Regional, environmental and exploration geochemistry – study of the spatial variation in the chemical composition of materials at the surface of the Earth Inorganic chemistry – branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. Nuclear chemistry – subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes and nuclear properties. Radiochemistry – chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable). Organic chemistry – study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. Petrochemistry – branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of crude oil (petroleum) and natural gas into useful products or raw materials. Organometallic chemistry – study of chemical compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal. Photochemistry – study of chemical reactions that proceed with the absorption of light by atoms or molecules.. Physical chemistry – study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts. Chemical kinetics – the study of rates of chemical processes. Chemical thermodynamics – study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Electrochemistry – branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution. Femtochemistry – Femtochemistry is the science that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10−15 seconds (one femtosecond, hence the name). Mathematical chemistry – area of research engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena. Mechanochemistry – coupling of the mechanical and the chemical phenomena on a molecular scale and includes mechanical breakage, chemical behaviour of mechanically stressed solids (e.g., stress-corrosion cracking), tribology, polymer degradation under shear, cavitation-related phenomena (e.g., sonochemistry and sonoluminescence), shock wave chemistry and physics, and even the burgeoning field of molecular machines. Physical organic chemistry – study of the interrelationships between structure and reactivity in organic molecules. Quantum chemistry – branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems. Sonochemistry – study of the effect of sonic waves and wave properties on chemical systems. Stereochemistry – study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules. Supramolecular chemistry – area of chemistry beyond the molecules and focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components. Thermochemistry – study of the energy and heat associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations. Phytochemistry – strict sense of the word the study of phytochemicals. Polymer chemistry – multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. Solid-state chemistry – study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids Multidisciplinary fields involving chemistry Chemical biology – scientific discipline spanning the fields of chemistry and biology that involves the application of chemical techniques and tools, often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems. Chemical engineering – branch of engineering that deals with physical science (e.g., chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. Chemical oceanography – study of the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans. Chemical physics – branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics.