8.0 KiB
| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outline of computer programming | 1/1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_programming | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T08:04:12.753055+00:00 | kb-cron |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer programming: Computer programming – process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding) of algorithms in a target programming language. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem.
== History == History of computer science History of computing hardware History of computing hardware (1960s–present) History of programming languages Timeline of programming languages Computer programming in the punched card era Operating systems timeline
== Platforms ==
Computer Computer hardware Analog computer Analytical Engine Digital computer Vacuum-tube computer List of vacuum-tube computers Transistor computer List of transistorized computers Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer Home computers IBM PC compatible Personal computer Desktop computer Laptop computer Mobile computer Personal digital assistant (PDA) Smartphone Tablet computer Wearable computer Server Supercomputer Virtual machine Hardware virtualization Runtime system
== Paradigms ==
Agent-oriented Aspect-oriented Automata-based Class-based Concatenative Concept Concurrent Data-driven Declarative (as opposed to imperative programming) Constraint Constraint logic Concurrent constraint logic Dataflow Flow-based (FBP) Reactive Functional Functional logic Purely functional Logic Abductive logic Answer set Concurrent logic Functional logic Inductive logic Probabilistic logic Event-driven Time-driven Expression-oriented Feature-oriented Function-level (as opposed to value-level programming) Generic Imperative (as opposed to declarative programming) Literate Procedural Inductive programming Language-oriented (LOP) Natural language programming Non-structured (as opposed to Structured) Array Nondeterministic Probabilistic Process-oriented Role-oriented Semantic-oriented (SOP) Structured (as opposed to non-structured programming) Block-structured Modular Concurrent computing Relativistic programming Object-oriented (OOP) Class-based Concurrent OOP Prototype-based Subject-oriented Tacit Value-level (as opposed to function-level programming) Visual
== Writing programs == Pseudocode
=== Methodology ===
Array programming End-user development Metaprogramming Automatic programming Reflection Attribute-oriented programming (AOP) Homoiconicity Template metaprogramming Policy-based design Service-oriented architecture Service-oriented modeling Recursion Separation of concerns Threaded coding
== Algorithms ==
List of algorithms List of algorithm general topics Algorithm characterizations Introduction to Algorithms Theory of computation Computational complexity theory Analysis of algorithms Empirical algorithmics Big O notation Algorithmic efficiency Algorithmic information theory Algorithmic probability Algorithmically random sequence Search algorithm Sorting algorithm Merge algorithm String algorithms Greedy algorithm Reduction Sequential algorithm Parallel algorithm Distributed algorithm Deterministic algorithm Randomized algorithm Quantum algorithm
== Programming languages == Programming language – formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.
Generational list of programming languages List of programming languages by type List of open-source programming languages Alphabetical list of programming languages Compiled language Interpreted language Scripting language Comparison of programming languages Programming language dialect Programming language theory Formal semantics of programming languages Assembly language Macro
=== Attributes of programming languages === Domain-specific language Dynamic programming language Esoteric programming language Extensible programming language High-level programming language Interpreted language Low-level programming language Machine programming language Multi-paradigm programming language Non-English-based programming language Object-based language Off-side rule programming language Reflective programming language Synchronous programming language Very high-level programming language
=== Popular languages === The top 20 most popular programming languages as of December 2025:
Python C C++ Java C# JavaScript Visual Basic .NET SQL Perl R Delphi/Object Pascal Fortran MATLAB Ada Go PHP Rust Scratch Assembly Language Kotlin
=== Anatomy of a programming language === Syntax Lexical grammar Semicolons Values Types Operators Program structures Variables Expressions Statements Keywords and reserved words Control structures Subroutines (also known as functions) Anonymous functions Loops For loops While loops Conditionals If-then If-then-else Case and switch statements Control flow Data structures Objects Arrays Regular expressions
=== Comparisons of programming languages === Programming language comparisons
General comparison Basic syntax Basic instructions Exception handling Enumerated types Anonymous functions Conditional expressions Functional instructions Arrays Associative arrays String operations String functions List comprehension Object-oriented programming Object-oriented constructors While loops For loops Evaluation strategy List of "Hello World" programs Languages with dependent types Comparison of type systems
==== Comparisons of individual languages ==== ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60 ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages Compatibility of C and C++ Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi Comparison of Object Pascal and C Comparison of Pascal and C Comparison of Java and C++ Comparison of C# and Java Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET
== Compilation ==
Programmer Source code Parsing Compilation Preprocessing Translation Assembly Linking Compiler optimization Compilation error
== Software ==
Computer program Hello world (a common form of example program for learning programmers) Application software Software suite Database management system Programming software Programming tool Text editor Source code editor Integrated development environment (IDE) Assembler Compiler Interpreter Linker Debugger System software
=== Components === Instruction Library Application programming interface (API)
=== Software development === Software development Software development process Copilot Debugging Human error Software development methodology Agile software development Extreme programming
=== Software engineering === Software engineering –
Implementation Execution Software architecture Software reliability Software quality Software testing Software maintenance Software optimization Software brittleness
== See also == Outline of computers Outline of computing Outline of computer science Outline of artificial intelligence Outline of cryptography Outline of the Internet Outline of Google Outline of software Types of software Outline of free software Outline of search engines Outline of software development Outline of software engineering Outline of web design and web development Outline of computer programming Programming languages Outline of C++ Outline of the C programming language Outline of the Java programming language Outline of Perl Outline of the Python programming language
== References ==
== External links ==
How to Think Like a Computer Scientist - by Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey and Chris Meyers