Scrape wikipedia-science: 2072 new, 2674 updated, 4863 total (kb-cron)
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---
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title: "Index of software engineering articles"
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chunk: 1/1
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_software_engineering_articles"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:26.053083+00:00"
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instance: "kb-cron"
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---
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This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to software engineering.
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== 0–9 ==
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2D computer graphics —
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3D computer graphics
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== A ==
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Abstract syntax tree —
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Abstraction —
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Accounting software —
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Ada —
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Addressing mode —
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Agile software development —
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Algorithm —
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Anti-pattern —
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Application framework —
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Application software —
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Artificial intelligence —
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Artificial neural network —
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ASCII —
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Aspect-oriented programming —
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Assembler —
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Assembly language —
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Assertion —
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Automata theory —
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Automotive software —
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Avionics software
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||||
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== B ==
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Backward compatibility —
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BASIC —
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BCPL —
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Berkeley Software Distribution —
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Beta test —
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Boolean logic —
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Business software
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== C ==
|
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C —
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||||
C++ —
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||||
C# —
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CAD —
|
||||
Canonical model —
|
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Capability Maturity Model —
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Capability Maturity Model Integration —
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COBOL —
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Code coverage —
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Cohesion —
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Compilers —
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Complexity —
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Computation —
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Computational complexity theory —
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Computer —
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Computer-aided design —
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Computer-aided manufacturing —
|
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Computer architecture —
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Computer bug —
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Computer file —
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Computer graphics —
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Computer model —
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Computer multitasking —
|
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Computer programming —
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Computer science —
|
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Computer software —
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Computer term etymologies —
|
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Concurrent programming —
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Configuration management —
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Coupling —
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Cyclomatic complexity
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== D ==
|
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Data structure —
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Data-structured language —
|
||||
Database —
|
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Dead code —
|
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Decision table —
|
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Declarative programming —
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Design pattern —
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Development stage —
|
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Device driver —
|
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Disassembler —
|
||||
Disk image —
|
||||
Domain-specific language
|
||||
|
||||
|
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== E ==
|
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EEPROM —
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Electronic design automation —
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Embedded system —
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Engineering —
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Engineering model —
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EPROM —
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Even-odd rule —
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Expert system —
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||||
Extreme programming
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||||
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== F ==
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FIFO (computing and electronics) —
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||||
File system —
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Filename extension —
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Finite-state machine —
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Firmware —
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Formal methods —
|
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Forth —
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Fortran —
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Forward compatibility —
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Functional decomposition —
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Functional design —
|
||||
Functional programming
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||||
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== G ==
|
||||
Game development —
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Game programming —
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Game tester —
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GIMP Toolkit —
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Graphical user interface
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== H ==
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Hierarchical database —
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High-level language —
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||||
Hoare logic —
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Human–computer interaction —
|
||||
Hyperlink —
|
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Hyper-threading
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||||
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== I ==
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IEEE Software —
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Imperative programming —
|
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Information technology engineering —
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Information systems —
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Information technology —
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Instruction set —
|
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Interactive programming —
|
||||
Interface description language —
|
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Intermediate language —
|
||||
Interpreter —
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||||
Invariant —
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||||
ISO —
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ISO 9000 —
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ISO 9001 —
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ISO 9660 —
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ISO/IEC 12207 —
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ISO image —
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Iterative development
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== J ==
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Java —
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Java Modeling Language —
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Java virtual machine
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||||
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== K ==
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Kernel —
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Knowledge management
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||||
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== L ==
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Level design —
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Level designer —
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LIFO —
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Linux —
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List of programming languages —
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Literate programming
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== M ==
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Machine code —
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Machine language —
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Mainframe —
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Medical informatics —
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Medical software —
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Mesh networking —
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Metadata (computing) —
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Microcode —
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Microprogram —
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Microsoft Windows —
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Minicomputer —
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MIPS architecture —
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Multi-paradigm programming language
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== N ==
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Neural network software —
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Numerical analysis
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== O ==
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Object code —
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Object database —
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Object-oriented programming —
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Ontology —
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Opcode —
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Open implementation —
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Open-source software —
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Operating system
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== P ==
|
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Packet writing —
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Pair programming —
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Parallax scrolling —
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Pascal —
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p-code machine —
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Perl —
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PHP —
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Post-object programming —
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Privacy Engineering -
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Procedural programming —
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Processor register —
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Program specification —
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Programming language —
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Programming paradigm —
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Programming tool —
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Project lifecycle —
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Proprietary software —
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Python
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== Q ==
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Qt (toolkit) —
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Query optimizer —
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Queueing theory
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== R ==
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Rapid application development —
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Rational Unified Process —
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Real-time operating system —
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Refactoring —
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Reflection —
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Regression testing —
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Relational database —
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Release to manufacturing —
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Reliability engineering —
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Requirement —
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Requirements analysis —
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Revision control —
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Robotics
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== S ==
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Scripting language —
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Second-system effect —
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Signal analysis —
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Simulation —
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Software —
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Software architecture —
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Software bloat —
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Software brittleness —
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Software componentry —
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Software configuration management —
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Software development cycle —
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Software development process —
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Software engineering —
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Software framework —
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Software maintenance —
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Software metric —
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Source code —
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Source lines of code —
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Specification language —
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Sprite —
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SQL —
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Standard data model —
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SCAMPI —
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Stack (abstract data type) —
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Static code analysis —
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Static single-assignment form —
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Statistical package —
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String —
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Structured programming —
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Structured Query Language —
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Subroutine —
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Supercomputer —
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Systems architect —
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Systems development life cycle —
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Systems design —
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SPICE (ISO15504)
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== T ==
|
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Tcl —
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Texture mapping —
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Theory of computation —
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Think aloud protocol —
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Thread —
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Threaded code —
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Three-address code —
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Timeboxing —
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TinyOS
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== U ==
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UCSD p-System —
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Unix —
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Usability —
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Usability testing —
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User interface
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== V ==
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Video games —
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Virtual finite-state machine —
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Visual Basic (classic) —
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Visual Basic .NET
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||||
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== W ==
|
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Waterfall model —
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Wiki —
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Windows —
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Windows Vista
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== X ==
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Xerox PARC —
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== Y ==
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YouTube —
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== Z ==
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Z notation —
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@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
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---
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title: "List of Haskell software and tools"
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chunk: 1/1
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Haskell_software_and_tools"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:49.532794+00:00"
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instance: "kb-cron"
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---
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This is a list of Haskell software and tools, including compilers, interpreters, build tools, package managers, integrated development environments, libraries, and other development utilities.
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== Compilers, interpreters and editors ==
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Emacs — text editor
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Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC)
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Hugs — bytecode interpreter (discontinued)
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IntelliJ IDEA — IDE with Haskell support via plugins
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Vim — text editor
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Visual Studio Code — editor/IDE with Haskell support via extensions
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== Libraries and frameworks ==
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Parsec — parser combinator library
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Servant — web framework
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Yesod — web framework
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== Build tools and package management ==
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Cabal — build system and packaging infrastructure
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Haskell Platform — bundled distribution of Haskell tools and libraries (deprecated)
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Stack — build tool and dependency manager
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== Language tools and static analysis ==
|
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Fourmolu — code formatter based on Ormolu
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Haskell Language Server — implementation of the Language Server Protocol for Haskell
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HLint — source code suggestion and linting tool
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Hoogle — Haskell API search engine
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Ormolu — code formatter
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Stan — static analysis tool
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Stylish Haskell — source code formatter
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== Interactive environments ==
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GHCi — interactive REPL for the Glasgow Haskell Compiler
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IHaskell — Jupyter kernel for Haskell
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== Debugging and profiling tools ==
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hp2ps — heap profiling visualization tool
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ThreadScope — parallel execution visualizer for Haskell programs
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== Documentation generators ==
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Haddock — API documentation generator for Haskell
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== Parser and lexer generators ==
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Alex — lexer generator for Haskell
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Happy — parser generator for Haskell
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== Testing frameworks ==
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HUnit — unit testing framework
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QuickCheck — property-based testing library
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== Version control ==
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Darcs — distributed version control system written in Haskell
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== See also ==
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Haskell
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Related languages to Haskell
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List of free software programmed in Haskell
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Lists of programming software development tools
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== References ==
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185
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Logitech_products-0.md
Normal file
185
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Logitech_products-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
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---
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title: "List of Logitech products"
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chunk: 1/1
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Logitech_products"
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category: "reference"
|
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:55.718032+00:00"
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instance: "kb-cron"
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---
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This is a list of various Logitech products. Individual products may have their own article.
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== Software ==
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Logitech MouseWare
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Logitech SetPoint
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Logitech Unifying Software
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Logitech Control Center (LCC) Compatible: macOS 10.8-11.0.
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Logitech Options Compatible: Windows 7 or later, macOS 10.8 or later.
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Logitech Options+ Compatible: Windows 10 or later, macOS 10.15 or later.
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Logitech Gaming Software Compatible: Windows 7 or later, macOS 10.8-10.15.
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Logitech G Hub Compatible: Windows 7 or later, macOS 10.13 or later.
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Logi AI Prompt Builder Compatible: Windows 10 or later, macOS 12 or later.
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== Pointing devices ==
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=== Ball mice ===
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=== Optical mice ===
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Notes:
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=== Gaming mice ===
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=== Trackballs ===
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Notes:
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=== Touchpads ===
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||||
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||||
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||||
=== Cordless presenters ===
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||||
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||||
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=== 3D controllers ===
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||||
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Notes:
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=== Other pointing devices ===
|
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||||
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== Keyboards ==
|
||||
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||||
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||||
=== Gaming keyboards ===
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||||
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||||
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||||
=== Full-sized keyboards (office keyboard) ===
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||||
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||||
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=== Mobile keyboards ===
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||||
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||||
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||||
=== Numeric pads ===
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||||
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||||
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||||
== Game controllers ==
|
||||
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||||
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||||
=== Gamepads ===
|
||||
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||||
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||||
=== Joysticks ===
|
||||
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||||
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||||
=== Racing wheels ===
|
||||
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||||
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||||
== Webcams and cameras ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Webcams ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Digital cameras ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Audio products ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== PC speakers ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Headphones ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Gaming headphones ===
|
||||
|
||||
*DTS:X Only Headphones can utilize Windows Sonic for Headphones or Dolby Atmos for Headphones when using the generic "USB Audio Device" drivers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Speaker docks ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Sound cards ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Remotes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Keyboard and mice combos ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Other ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Scanners ===
|
||||
Logitech ScanMan (1989) — Hand-held, binary gray-scale scanner; connector: ISA adapter card (PC).
|
||||
Logitech ScanMan 32 — Hand-held, 32 gray-scale scanner; connector: ISA adapter card (PC), DB-25F (Mac).
|
||||
Logitech ScanMan II (1991) — Portable, hand-held scanner; connector: DB-25F; M/N S-SMA2.
|
||||
Logitech ScanMan EasyTouch — Portable, hand-held, 256 gray-scale scanner, 400 DPI; connector: DB-25F; M/N 0055.
|
||||
Logitech ScanMan 256 (1992) — Hand-held, 256 gray-scale scanner; connector: DB-25F; M/N 0058.
|
||||
Logitech ScanMan Color — Hand-held, color scanner, 400 DPI; connector: DB-25F; M/N 5102.
|
||||
Logitech ScanMan Color 2000 (1996) — Hand-held, 24bit color scanner, 400x800 DPI (1600x1600 DPI interpolated); connector: DB-25F or DB-36F Centronics.
|
||||
Logitech ScanMan PowerPage — Full-page, sheet-fed scanner.
|
||||
Logitech ScanMan PageScan Color — Full-page, sheet-fed, 24bit color scanner, 400 DPI; connector: DB-25F; M/N F-MA4.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Writing instruments ===
|
||||
Logitech io (2002) — Personal Digital Pen, ballpoint pen that records the hand written text.
|
||||
Logitech io2 (2004) — Digital Writing System, ballpoint pen that records the hand written text.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Notebook stands ===
|
||||
Logitech Alto Connect (2007) — X-shaped notebook Stand with four port USB hub built-in.
|
||||
Logitech Alto Express (2007) — Clear plastic notebook stand.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Notebook cases ===
|
||||
Kinetik 15.4 Backpack (2007)
|
||||
Kinetik 15.4 Briefcase (2007)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Video security systems ===
|
||||
Logitech Wilife
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Hubs ===
|
||||
Logitech Premium 4-port USB hub (2007)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Video game consoles ===
|
||||
Logitech G Cloud (2022)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Streaming Lights ===
|
||||
Logitech Litra Glow (2022)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Mousepads ===
|
||||
Logitech PowerPlay
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Squeezebox
|
||||
3Dconnexion
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-04-06). "Re: [fd-dev] ANNOUNCE: CuteMouse 2.0 alpha 1". freedos-dev. Archived from the original on 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2020-02-07. (NB. Has various information how to detect different mouse types.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Media related to Logitech at Wikimedia Commons
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prisma_(app)_filters-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prisma_(app)_filters-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
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||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of Prisma (app) filters"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
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||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prisma_(app)_filters"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:10.982064+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of filters for the photo-editing application Prisma to render images with an artistic effect.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Artists ==
|
||||
Artists represented through the app via the filters include Marc Chagall, Hokusai, Wassily Kandinsky, Roy Lichtenstein, Isaac Levitan, Hayao Miyazaki, Piet Mondrian, Alphonse Mucha, Edvard Munch, Francis Picabia, and Pablo Picasso.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of Prisma filters ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Reception ==
|
||||
In July 2016, Wiknix's Jay Bokhiria called Candy, Dreams, Gothic, Mosaic, and Roland the best Prisma filters. The Telegraph's Pramita Ghosh and Riddhima Khanna picked out five filters: Heisenberg, Marcus D – Lone Wolf, Mosaic, Roland, and Udnie. India TV said Bobbie, #FollowMeTo, Mondrian, The Scream, and Udnie were the best filters while "you can ignore the rest." Stuff's Sam Kieldsen favored the Curtain, Electric, and MIOBI filters with "work well with almost any sort of shot you use" as well as Heisenberg "can be brilliantly effective when used with the right base shot." However, Kieldsen critiqued the filters Impression and Mondrian with "rarely seem to produce anything worth looking at." The Kitchn's Ariel Knutson used the filters Candy, Gothic, Femme, Ice Cream, Mononoke, Mosaic, Raoul, Tokyo, and Udnie for various food photography. Knutson called Gothic "the most bold of all the filters." Knutson called Udnie "my favorite filter for the whole app." Aussie Network News's Cat Suclo ranked Femme, Mononoke, and Tears as the three best filters.
|
||||
In August 2016, The Times of India's Anandi Mishra called Bobbie, #FollowMeTo, Mononoke, The Scream, Tokyo, and Udnie as popular filters.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants"
|
||||
chunk: 1/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
There are a large number of QWERTY keyboard layouts used for languages written in the Latin script. Many of these keyboards include some additional symbols of other languages, but there also exist layouts that were designed with the goal to be usable for multiple languages (see Multilingual variants). This list gives general descriptions of QWERTY keyboard variants along with details specific to certain operating systems, with emphasis on Microsoft Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
== Specific language variants ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== English ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Canada ====
|
||||
English-speaking Canadians have traditionally used the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on a regular basis. French-speaking Canadians respectively have favoured the Canadian French (CFR) and the Canadian French ACNOR (CFA) keyboard layouts (see below).
|
||||
|
||||
==== United Kingdom ====
|
||||
|
||||
The United Kingdom and Ireland use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in the (now withdrawn) British Standard BS 4822. It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an AltGr key and a larger Enter key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used EBCDIC symbols (¬, ¦), and uses different positions for the characters @, ", #, ~, \, and |.
|
||||
The BS 4822:1994 standard did not make any use of the AltGr key and lacked support for any non-ASCII characters other than ¬ and £. It also assigned a key for the non-ASCII character broken bar (¦), but lacks one for the far more commonly used ASCII character vertical bar (|). It also lacked support for various diacritics used in the Welsh alphabet, and the Scottish Gaelic alphabet; and also is missing the letter yogh, ȝ, used very rarely in the Scots language. Therefore, various manufacturers have modified or extended the BS 4822 standard:
|
||||
|
||||
The B00 key (left of Z), shifted, results in vertical bar (|) on some systems (e.g. Windows UK/Ireland keyboard layout and Linux/X11 UK/Ireland keyboard layout), rather than the broken bar (¦) assigned by BS 4822 and provided in some systems (e.g. IBM OS/2 UK166 keyboard layout)
|
||||
The E00 key (left of 1) with AltGr provides either vertical bar (|) (OS/2's UK166 keyboard layout, Linux/X11 UK keyboard layout) or broken bar (¦) (Windows UK/Ireland keyboard layout)
|
||||
Support for the diacritics needed for Scots Gaelic and Welsh was added to Windows and ChromeOS using a "UK-extended" setting (see below); Linux and X-Windows systems have an explicit or redesignated compose key for this purpose.
|
||||
|
||||
===== UK Apple keyboard =====
|
||||
|
||||
The British version of the Apple Keyboard does not use the standard UK layout. Instead, some older versions have the US layout (see below) with a few differences: the £ sign is reached by ⇧ Shift+3 and the § sign by ⌥ Option+3, the opposite to the US layout. The € is also present and is typed with ⌥ Option+2. Umlauts are reached by typing ⌥ Option+U and then the vowel, and ß is reached by typing ⌥ Option+S.
|
||||
Newer Apple "British" keyboards use a physical ISO layout.
|
||||
|
||||
==== United States ====
|
||||
|
||||
The arrangement of the character input keys and the Shift keys contained in this layout is specified in the US national standard ANSI-INCITS 154-1988 (R1999) (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999)), where this layout is called "ASCII keyboard". The complete US keyboard layout, as it is usually found, also contains the usual function keys in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC 9995-2, although this is not explicitly required by the US American national standard.
|
||||
US keyboards are used not only in the United States, but also in many other English-speaking jurisdictions (except the UK and Ireland) such as Canada, Australia, the Caribbean nations, Hong Kong, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapore, New Zealand, and South Africa. Local spelling in these regions sometimes conforms more closely to British English usage, creating the undesirable side effect of also setting the language to US English rather than the local orthography. This conflict would be fixed in Windows 8 and later versions when Microsoft separated the keyboard and language settings. US keyboards also see use in Indonesia and the Philippines, the former of which uses the same 26-letter alphabet as English.
|
||||
The US keyboard layout has a second Alt key instead of the AltGr key and does not use any dead keys; this makes it inefficient for all but a handful of languages. On the other hand, the US keyboard layout (or the similar UK layout) is occasionally used by programmers in countries where the keys for []{} are located in less convenient positions on the locally customary layout.
|
||||
|
||||
On some keyboards the enter key is bigger than traditionally and takes up also a part of the line above, more or less the area of the traditional location of the backslash key (\). In these cases the backslash is located in alternative places. It can be situated one line above the default location, on the right of the equals sign key (=). Sometimes it is placed one line below its traditional situation, on the right of the apostrophe key (') (in these cases the enter key is narrower than usual on the line of its default location). It may also be two lines below its default situation on the right of a narrower than traditionally right shift key. A variant of this layout is used in Arabic-speaking countries.
|
||||
This variant has the | \ key to the left of Z, ~ ` key where the | \ key is in the usual layout, and the > < key where the ~ ` key is in the usual layout.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Czech ===
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants"
|
||||
chunk: 2/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The typewriter came to the Czech-speaking area in the late 19th century, when it was part of Austria-Hungary where German was the dominant language of administration. Therefore, Czech typewriters have the QWERTZ layout.
|
||||
However, with the introduction of imported computers, especially since the 1990s, the QWERTY keyboard layout is frequently used for computer keyboards. The Czech QWERTY layout differs from QWERTZ in that the characters (e.g. @$& and others) missing from the Czech keyboard are accessible with AltGr on the same keys where they are located on an American keyboard. In Czech QWERTZ keyboards the positions of these characters accessed through AltGr differs. Detailed poll made on over 7,500 users showed that 41% use QWERTZ, 18% use Czech QWERTY, 12% use Czech QWERTY Programmers, 15% use US QWERTY and 13% use other keyboard layout.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Danish ===
|
||||
|
||||
Both the Danish and Norwegian keyboards include dedicated keys for the letters Å/å, Æ/æ and Ø/ø, but the placement is a little different, as the Æ and Ø keys are swapped on the Norwegian layout. (The Finnish–Swedish keyboard is also largely similar to the Norwegian layout, but the Ø and Æ are replaced with Ö and Ä. On some systems, the Danish keyboard may allow typing Ö/ö and Ä/ä by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ø and Æ, respectively.) Computers with Windows are commonly sold with ÖØÆ and ÄÆØ printed on the two keys, allowing same computer hardware to be sold in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, with different operating system settings.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Dutch (Netherlands) ===
|
||||
|
||||
Though it is seldom used (most Dutch keyboards use US International layout), the Dutch layout uses QWERTY and adds the € sign, the diaeresis (◌̈), the German eszett (ß), the pilcrow (¶), the (US) cent sign (¢), the Greek letter μ (for the micro- sign), the braces ({ }) and the guillemet quotation marks (« »), as well as having different locations for some other symbols. An older version contained a single-stroke key for the Dutch digraph ij, which is usually typed by the combination of I and J. In the 1990s, there was a version with the now-obsolete florin sign (Dutch: guldenteken) for PCs.
|
||||
See also § US-International in the Netherlands below.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Estonian ===
|
||||
|
||||
The keyboard layout used in Estonia is virtually the same as the Swedish layout. The main difference is that the Å and ¨ keys (to the right of P) are replaced with Ü and Õ respectively (the latter letter being the most distinguishing feature of the Estonian alphabet). Some special symbols and dead keys are also moved around.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Faroese ===
|
||||
|
||||
The same as the Danish layout with added Đ (Eth), since the Faroe Islands are a self-governed part of the Kingdom of Denmark.
|
||||
|
||||
=== French (Canada) ===
|
||||
|
||||
The Canadian French (CFR) keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians. It is the most common layout for laptops and stand-alone keyboards aimed at the Francophone market. Unlike the AZERTY layout used in France and Belgium, it is a QWERTY layout and as such is also relatively commonly used by English speakers in the US and Canada (accustomed to using US standard QWERTY keyboards) for easy access to the accented letters found in some French loanwords. It can be used to type all accented French characters, as well as some from other languages, and serves all English functions as well. It is popular mainly because of its close similarity to the basic US keyboard commonly used by English-speaking Canadians and Americans, historical use of US-made typewriters by French-Canadians. The right Alt key is reconfigured as an AltGr key that gives easy access to a further range of characters (marked in blue and red on the keyboard image. Blue indicates an alternative character that will display as typed. Red indicates a dead key: the diacritic will be applied to the next vowel typed.) The traditional Canadian French keyboard from IBM must use an ISO keyboard. The French guillemets located on the extra key are needed to type proper French, they are not optional. A dvorak version (traditional Canadian French layout) is also supported by Microsoft Windows.
|
||||
In this keyboard, the key names are translated to French:
|
||||
|
||||
⇪ Caps Lock is Fix Maj or Verr Maj (short for Fixer/Verrouiller Majuscule, meaning Lock Uppercase).
|
||||
↵ Enter is ↵ Entrée.
|
||||
Esc is Échap.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants"
|
||||
chunk: 3/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The "hybrid" keyboard layout, often referred incorrectly as "canadian multilingual" or "bilingual" is a mix between the US English and the Canadian French layout over an ISO keyboard. This layout has been developed by manufacturers as a cost saving strategy first for their low end laptops. They tend to be extended to the mid-range laptops in the recent years and sold wrongly as a "French" keyboard. Today, this layout seems to be criticized by both anglophones and francophones. The anglophones accustomed to the ANSI keyboard complain about the small ISO shift on left and francophones can find these legends hard to read and messy. In this keyboard, the key names are translated in both French and English. This keyboard can be nevertheless useful for programming.
|
||||
In 1988, the Quebec government has developed a new keyboard layout, using proper keys for Ù,Ç,É,È,À, standardized by the CSA Group and adopted also by the federal government. This layout is known as Canadian French (Legacy) today on Windows and is considered to be the ancestor to the actual Canadian Multilingual Standard. The CMS on Windows and Linux is based on the CAN/CSA Z243.200-92 standard (launched in 1992 by the CSA Group, revised in 2021). Apple use a layout based mostly on the standardized CSA keyboard from 1992 too, called Canadian French ― CSA. The CMS is one of the few layouts allowing to type the ligature œ/Œ, common in French. The integral version use pictograms based on the ISO 9995-7 standard. Unlike the traditional Canadian French keyboard developed by IBM, the CSA Keyboard is also standardized on both ISO and ANSI keyboard. The French guillemets on the CSA keyboard are located on the level 3 ⇮AltGr with the Z and X keys. The Ù on the extra key can be replaced by a combination of ⇮AltGr+` (dead key left from Ç) then u or ⇧Shift+u. The ISO version still nevertheless needed by the Quebec government, following their higher standard named SGQRI-001. The Quebec CSA keyboard is also named Canadian French ACNOR (CFA) or Canadian International Bilingual.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Greek ===
|
||||
|
||||
The stress accents, indicated in red, are produced by pressing that key (or shifted key) followed by an appropriate vowel.
|
||||
Use of the "AltGr" key may produce the characters shown in blue.
|
||||
|
||||
=== German ===
|
||||
|
||||
Germany, Austria, Switzerland, The Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg and former Yugoslav countries use QWERTZ layouts, where the letter Z is to the right of T (and the Y is to the left of the X).
|
||||
|
||||
=== Icelandic ===
|
||||
|
||||
The Icelandic keyboard layout is different from the standard QWERTY keyboard because the Icelandic alphabet has some special letters, most of which it shares with the other Nordic countries:
|
||||
Þ/þ, Ð/ð, Æ/æ, and Ö/ö. (Æ/æ also occurs in Norwegian, Danish and Faroese, Ð/ð in Faroese, and Ö/ö in Swedish, Finnish and Estonian. In Norwegian Ö/ö could be substituted for Ø/ø which is the same sound/letter and is widely understood).
|
||||
The letters Á/á, Ý/ý, Ú/ú, Í/í, Ó/ó and É/é are produced by first pressing the ´ dead key and then the corresponding letter. The Nordic letters Å/å and Ä/ä can be produced by first pressing °, located below the Esc key, and ⇧ Shift+° (for ¨) which also works for the non-Nordic ÿ, Ü/ü, Ï/ï, and Ë/ë. These letters are not used natively in Icelandic, but may have been implemented for ease of communication in other Nordic languages. Additional diacritics may be found behind the AltGr key: AltGr++ for ˋ (grave accent) and AltGr+´ for ˆ (circumflex).
|
||||
|
||||
=== Irish ===
|
||||
|
||||
Windows includes an Irish layout which supports acute accents with AltGr for the Irish language and grave accents with the ` dead key for Scottish Gaelic. The other Insular Celtic languages have their own layout. The UK or UK-Extended layout is also frequently used.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Italian ===
|
||||
|
||||
The Italian keyboard layout is the keyboard layout commonly used on computers in Italy. It is QWERTY-based and follows the ISO/IEC 9995 standard. Italian-speaking people in Switzerland on the contrary use the Swiss QWERTZ keyboard with Swiss Italian layout.
|
||||
The Italian keyboard layout on Microsoft Windows lacks the uppercase letters with accents that are used in Italian language: À, È, É, Ì, Ò, and Ù. As such diacritics are normally used only on word-final vowels, this deficiency is usually overcome by using normal capital letters followed by apostrophe ('), e.g. E' instead of È, although this practice is disparaged by language purists. Anyhow, most of modern word processors and text editors include autocorrection tools that change automatically the apostrophe into the correct accent when Italian language check is enabled.
|
||||
On the contrary, this issue is not present under Linux, where the capital letters with accent are available by just enabling Caps Lock and pressing the corresponding lowercase accented letter.
|
||||
Despite the lack of uppercase accented vowels, the Italian layout has no dead keys.
|
||||
Some of the keys are usually labeled in Italian, although Italian keyboards with English labels are available as well. Keys Alt, Alt Gr, Ctrl, Ins and Tab do not change, while the following labels are in Italian language:
|
||||
|
||||
Italian keyboard layout on Windows also does not include all ASCII characters, as it lacks the backtick (`) and tilde (~). On Linux, they can be typed by pressing AltGr+⇧ Shift+' and AltGr+⇧ Shift+ì respectively.
|
||||
Moreover, the layout includes the lowercase letter C with cedilla (ç) which is not used in the Italian language.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Old QZERTY layout ====
|
||||
|
||||
In the past, Italian typewriters and early personal computers used the QZERTY layout with some differences with respect to the current QWERTY layout:
|
||||
|
||||
Z and W are swapped;
|
||||
M is moved from the right of N to the right of L;
|
||||
number keys are shifted.
|
||||
Apple also supported QZERTY layout in its early Italian keyboards as well as in the iPod Touch.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants"
|
||||
chunk: 4/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Latvian ===
|
||||
Although rarely used, a keyboard layout specifically designed for the Latvian language called ŪGJRMV exists. The Latvian QWERTY keyboard layout is most commonly used; its layout is the same as the United States one, special characters (āčēģīķļņōŗšūž) can be entered by pressing AltGr and basic letter (like in Polish and Romanian programmers layouts) or dead key. The most common dead key is the apostrophe ('), which is followed by Alt+Gr (Windows default for Latvian layout). Some prefer using the tick (`).
|
||||
|
||||
=== Lithuanian ===
|
||||
Where in standard QWERTY the number row is located, you find in Lithuanian QWERTY: Ą, Č, Ę, Ė, Į, Š, Ų, Ū, Ž, instead of their counterparts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, =. If you still want to use the numbers of the mentioned 'number row', you can create them in combination with the AltGr-key. Aside from these changes the keyboard is standard QWERTY. Besides QWERTY, the ĄŽERTY layout without the adjustment of the number row is used.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Maltese ===
|
||||
The Maltese language uses Unicode (UTF-8) to display the Maltese diacritics: ċ Ċ; ġ Ġ; ħ Ħ; ż Ż (together with à À; è È; ì Ì; ò Ò; ù Ù). There are two standard keyboard layouts for Maltese Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine, according to "MSA 100:2002 Maltese Keyboard Standard"; one of 47 keys and one of 48 keys. The 48-key layout is the most popular.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Norwegian ===
|
||||
|
||||
The Norwegian languages use the same letters as Danish, but the Norwegian keyboard differs from the Danish layout regarding the placement of the Ø, Æ and \ (backslash) keys. On the Danish keyboard, the Ø and Æ are swapped. The Swedish keyboard is also similar to the Norwegian layout, but Ø and Æ are replaced with Ö and Ä. On some systems, the Norwegian keyboard may allow typing Ö/ö and Ä/ä by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ø and Æ, respectively.
|
||||
There is also an alternative keyboard layout called Norwegian with Sámi, which allows for easier input of the characters required to write various Sámi languages. All the Sámi characters are accessed through the AltGr key.
|
||||
On Macintosh computers, the Norwegian and Norwegian extended keyboard layouts have a slightly different placement for some of the symbols obtained with the help of the ⇧ Shift or ⌥ Option keys. Notably, the $ sign is accessed with ⇧ Shift+4 and ¢ with ⇧ Shift+⌥ Option+4. Furthermore, the frequently used @ is placed between Æ and Return.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Polish ===
|
||||
|
||||
Most typewriters use a QWERTZ keyboard with Polish letters (with diacritical marks) accessed directly (officially approved as "Typist's keyboard", Polish: klawiatura maszynistki, Polish Standard PN-87), which is mainly ignored in Poland as impractical (custom-made keyboards, e.g., those in the public sector as well as some Apple computers, present an exception to this paradigm); the "Polish programmer's" (Polish: polski programisty) layout has become the de facto standard, used on virtually all computers sold on the Polish market.
|
||||
Most computer keyboards in Poland are laid out according to the standard US visual and functional layout. Polish diacritics are accessed by using the AltGr key with a corresponding similar letter from the base Latin alphabet. Normal capitalization rules apply with respect to Shift and Caps Lock keys. For example, to enter "Ź", one can type Shift+AltGr+X with Caps Lock off, or turn on Caps Lock and type AltGr+X.
|
||||
Both ANSI and ISO mechanical layouts are common sights, and even some non-standard mechanical layouts are in use. ANSI is often preferred, as the additional key provides no additional function, at least in Microsoft Windows where it duplicates the backslash key, while taking space from the Shift key. Many keyboards do not label AltGr as such, leaving the Alt marking as in the US layout – the right Alt key nevertheless functions as AltGr in this layout, causing possible confusion when keyboard shortcuts with the Alt key are required (these usually work only with the left Alt) and causing the key to be commonly referred to as right Alt (Polish: prawy Alt). However, keyboards with AltGr marking are available and it is also officially used by Microsoft when depicting the layout.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, on MS Windows, the tilde character "~" (Shift+`) acts as a dead key to type Polish letters (with diacritical marks) thus, to obtain an "Ł", one may press Shift+` followed by L. The tilde character is obtained with (Shift+`) then space.
|
||||
In X11 and Wayland-based environments (commonly used on Linux-based operating systems), the euro symbol is typically mapped to Alt+5 instead of Alt+U, the tilde acts as a regular key, and several accented letters from other European languages are accessible through combinations with left Alt. Polish letters are also accessible by using the compose key.
|
||||
Software keyboards on touchscreen devices usually make the Polish diacritics available as one of the alternatives which show up after long-pressing the corresponding Latin letter. However, modern predictive text and autocorrection algorithms largely mitigate the need to type them directly on such devices.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Portuguese ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Brazil ====
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants"
|
||||
chunk: 5/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Brazilian computer keyboard layout is specified in the ABNT NBR 10346 variant 2 (alphanumeric portion) and 10347 (numeric portion) standards.
|
||||
Essentially, the Brazilian keyboard contains dead keys for five variants of diacritics in use in the language; the letter Ç, the only application of the cedilha in Portuguese, has its own key. In some keyboard layouts the AltGr+C combination produces the ₢ character (Unicode 0x20A2), symbol for the old currency cruzeiro, a symbol that is not used in practice (the common abbreviation in the eighties and nineties used to be Cr$). The cent sign ¢, is accessible via AltGr+5, but is not commonly used for the centavo, subunit of previous currencies as well as the current real, which itself is represented by R$. The Euro sign € is not standardized in this layout. The masculine and feminine ordinals ª and º are accessible via AltGr combinations. The section sign § (Unicode U+00A7), in Portuguese called parágrafo, is nowadays practically only used to denote sections of laws.
|
||||
Variant 2 of the Brazilian keyboard, the only which gained general acceptance (MS Windows treats both variants as the same layout), has a unique mechanical layout, combining some features of the ISO 9995-3 and the JIS keyboards in order to fit 12 keys between the left and right Shift (compared to the American standard of 10 and the international of 11). Its modern, IBM PS/2-based variations, are thus known as 107-keys keyboards, and the original PS/2 variation was 104-key. Variant 1, never widely adopted, was based on the ISO 9995-2 keyboards. To make this layout usable with keyboards with only 11 keys in the last row, the rightmost key (/?°) has its functions replicated across the AltGr+Q, AltGr+W, and AltGr+E combinations.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Portugal ====
|
||||
|
||||
Essentially, the Portuguese keyboard contains dead keys for five variants of diacritics; the letter Ç, the only application of the cedilha in Portuguese, has its own key, but there is also a dedicated key for the ordinal indicators and a dedicated key for quotation marks. The AltGr+E combination for producing the euro sign € (Unicode 0x20AC) has become standard. On some QWERTY keyboards the key labels are translated, but the majority are labelled in English.
|
||||
During the 20th century, a different keyboard layout, HCESAR, was in widespread use in Portugal.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Romanian ===
|
||||
|
||||
The current Romanian National Standard SR 13392:2004 establishes two layouts for Romanian keyboards: a "primary" one and a "secondary" one.
|
||||
The "primary" layout is intended for traditional users who have learned how to type with older, Microsoft-style implementations of the Romanian keyboard. The "secondary" layout is mainly used by programmers as it does not contradict the physical arrangement of keys on a US-style keyboard. The "secondary" arrangement is used as the default Romanian layout by Linux distributions, as defined in the "X Keyboard Configuration Database".
|
||||
There are four Romanian-specific characters that are incorrectly implemented in versions of Microsoft Windows before Vista:
|
||||
|
||||
Ș (U+0218, S with comma), incorrectly implemented as Ş (U+015E, S with cedilla)
|
||||
ș (U+0219, s with comma), incorrectly implemented as ş (U+015F, s with cedilla)
|
||||
Ț (U+021A, T with comma), incorrectly implemented as Ţ (U+0162, T with cedilla)
|
||||
ț (U+021B, t with comma), incorrectly implemented as ţ (U+0163, t with cedilla)
|
||||
The cedilla-versions of the characters do not exist in the Romanian language (they came to be used due to a historic bug). The UCS now says that encoding this was a mistake because it messed up Romanian data and the letters with cedilla and the letters with comma are the same letter with a different style.
|
||||
Since Romanian hardware keyboards are not widely available, Cristian Secară has created a driver that allows Romanian characters to be generated with a US-style keyboard in all versions of Windows prior to Vista through the use of the AltGr key modifier.
|
||||
Windows Vista and newer versions include the correct diacritical signs in the default Romanian Keyboard layout.
|
||||
This layout has the Z and Y keys mapped like in English layouts and also includes characters like the 'at' (@) and dollar ($) signs, among others. The older cedilla-version layout is still included albeit as the 'Legacy' layout.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Slovak ===
|
||||
|
||||
In Slovakia, similarly to the Czech Republic, both QWERTZ and QWERTY keyboard layouts are used. QWERTZ is the default keyboard layout for Slovak in Microsoft Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Spanish ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Spain ====
|
||||
|
||||
The Spanish keyboard layout is used to write in Spanish and in other languages of Spain such as Catalan, Basque, Galician, Aragonese, Asturian and Occitan. It includes Ñ for Spanish, Asturian and Galician, the acute accent, the diaeresis, the inverted question and exclamation marks (¿, ¡), the superscripted o and a (º, ª) for writing abbreviated ordinal numbers in masculine and feminine in Spanish and Galician, and finally, some characters required only for typing Catalan and Occitan, namely Ç, the grave accent and the interpunct (punt volat / punt interior, used in l·l; located at Shift-3). It can also be used to write other international characters, such as those using a circumflex accent (used in French and Portuguese among others), which are available as dead keys. However, it lacks two characters used in Asturian: Ḥ and Ḷ (historically, general support for these two has been poor – they are not present in the ISO 8859-1 character encoding standard, or any other ISO/IEC 8859 standard). Several alternative distributions, based on this one or created from scratch, have been created to address this issue (see the Other original layouts and layout design software section for more information).
|
||||
On most keyboards, € is marked as Alt Gr + E and not Alt Gr + 5 as shown in the image. However, in some keyboards, € is found marked twice.
|
||||
Spanish keyboards are usually labelled in Spanish instead of English, its abbreviations being:
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants"
|
||||
chunk: 6/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On some keyboards, the c-cedilla key (Ç) is located one or two lines above, rather than on the right of, the acute accent key (´). In some cases it is placed on the right of the plus sign key (+), while in other keyboards it is situated on the right of the inverted exclamation mark key (¡).
|
||||
|
||||
==== Latin America, officially known as Spanish Latinamerican sort ====
|
||||
|
||||
The Latin American Spanish keyboard layout is used throughout Mexico, Central and South America. Before its design, Latin American vendors had been selling the Spanish (Spain) layout as default; this is still being the case, with both keyboard layouts being sold simultaneously all over the region.
|
||||
Its most obvious difference from the Spanish (Spain) layout is the lack of a Ç key. While it has the tilde (~), it is not a dead key on Windows (available on Linux as an option to be enabled). It also has the circunflex (^) and the grave accent (`) available as tertiary position characters on AltGr+{ and AltGr+} while in the Spanish Spain layout the grave has its own key and the diaeresis can be typed using ⇧ Shift as a secondary position character. This is not a problem when writing in Spanish but it generates issues when trying to type in other languages such as French or Portuguese, due to the inhability to produce the Ç or the unfavourable position of the other dead keys. This is specially true either for countries with large commercial ties to Brazil (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay) or for language learners and translators. Apart from that, the € sign is nonexistent on this layout. It has to be typed from the numeric pad using an altcode or copied and pasted from other websites.
|
||||
The Latin American layout, although similar to the Spanish Spain layout, has some peculiarities: the ´ is placed next to the p, while in the Spanish Spain layout it is located next to the ñ. Meanwhile, the @ sign (done by pressing AltGr+2 in the Spain layout) is instead produced by pressing AltGr+q. These two features generate a lot of confusion on many users as many machines use a different keyboard layout that the one set as default on the system: one may encounter a computer with the Spanish Spain layout set up as default but also having the Latin American keyboard physically, or the other way around. Thus, it is very common for people to hit the wrong dead key or be unable to produce a character as shown on the layout because these two keyboards are available side by side to the public, so users generally struggle from the transition of i.e. using the Latin American distribution at home while employing the Spanish Spain layout at work or school or vice versa.
|
||||
In this layout, key names are translated: "Caps Lock" is rendered as "Bloq Mayús", "Enter" appears as either "Intro" or "Entrar" depending on the vendor, "Page up" and "page down" appear as "re pág" and "av pag", respectively; "shift" is translated as "mayús", and "backspace" is "retroceso".
|
||||
|
||||
=== Swedish ===
|
||||
|
||||
The central characteristics of the Swedish keyboard are the three additional letters Å/å, Ä/ä, and Ö/ö. The same visual layout is also in use in Finland and Estonia, as the letters Ä/ä and Ö/ö are shared with the Swedish language, and even Å/å is needed by Swedish-speaking Finns. However, the Finnish multilingual adds new letters and punctuation to the functional layout.
|
||||
The Norwegian keyboard largely resembles the Swedish layout, but the Ö and Ä are replaced with Ø and Æ. The Danish keyboard is also similar, but it has the Ø and Æ swapped. On some systems, the Swedish or Finnish keyboard may allow typing Ø/ø and Æ/æ by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ö and Ä, respectively.
|
||||
The Swedish with Sámi keyboard allows typing not only Ø/ø and Æ/æ, but even the letters required to write various Sámi languages. This keyboard has the same function for all the keys engraved on the regular Swedish keyboard, and the additional letters are available through the AltGr key.
|
||||
On Macintosh computers, the Swedish and Swedish Pro keyboards differ somewhat from the image shown above, especially as regards the characters available using the ⇧ Shift or ⌥ Option keys. ⇧ Shift+§ (on the upper row) produces the ° sign, and ⇧ Shift+4 produces the € sign. The digit keys produce ©@£$∞§ with ⌥ Option and ¡"¥¢‰¶\{}≠ with ⌥ Option+⇧ Shift.
|
||||
On Linux systems, the Swedish keyboard may also give access to additional characters as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
first row: AltGr ¶¡@£$€¥{[]}\± and AltGr+⇧ Shift ¾¹²³¼¢⅝÷«»°¿¬
|
||||
second row: AltGr @ł€®þ←↓→œþ"~ and AltGr+⇧ Shift ΩŁ¢®Þ¥↑ıŒÞ°ˇ
|
||||
third row: AltGr ªßðđŋħjĸłøæ´ and AltGr+⇧ Shift º§ÐªŊĦJ&ŁØÆ×
|
||||
fourth row: AltGr |«»©""nµ¸·̣ and AltGr+⇧ Shift ¦<>©‘’Nº˛˙˙
|
||||
Several of these characters function as dead keys.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Turkish ===
|
||||
|
||||
As of 2022, the majority of Turkish keyboards are based on QWERTY (the so-called Q-keyboard layout), although there is also the older Turkish F-keyboard layout specifically designed for the language.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Vietnamese ===
|
||||
|
||||
The Vietnamese keyboard layout is an extended Latin QWERTY layout. The letters Ă, Â, Ê, and Ô are found on what would be the number keys 1–4 on the US English keyboard, with 5–9 producing the tonal marks (grave accent, hook, tilde, acute accent and dot below, in that order), 0 producing Đ, = producing the đồng sign (₫) when not shifted, and brackets ([]) producing Ư and Ơ.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants"
|
||||
chunk: 7/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== Multilingual variants ==
|
||||
Multilingual keyboard layouts, unlike the default layouts supplied for one language and market, try to make it possible for the user to type in any of several languages using the same number of keys. Mostly this is done by adding a further virtual layer in addition to the ⇧ Shift-key by means of AltGr (or 'right Alt' reused as such), which contains a further repertoire of symbols and diacritics used by the desired languages.
|
||||
This section also tries to arrange the layouts in ascending order by the number of possible languages and not chronologically according to the Latin alphabet as usual.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Canadian CSA Z243.200:92 ===
|
||||
|
||||
The CSA keyboard layout (also named Canadian Multilingual Standard – CMS) is used by some Canadians, mostly in Quebec and New Brunswick. Though the caret (^) is missing, it is easily inserted by typing the circumflex accent followed by a space. This layout use three levels and two groups, up to 5 characters per key. Alt-Gr key is used to type a character on the level 3 ⇮AltGr and the Group 2 has a dedicated key ⇨Group 2 instead of the Right-Ctrl ⎈Ctrl.
|
||||
|
||||
=== United Kingdom (Extended) Layout ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Windows ====
|
||||
From Windows XP SP2 onwards, Microsoft has included a variant of the British QWERTY keyboard (the "United Kingdom Extended" keyboard layout) that can additionally generate several diacritical marks. This supports input on a standard physical UK keyboard for many languages without changing positions of frequently used keys, which is useful when working with text in Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish — languages native to parts of the UK (Wales, parts of Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively).
|
||||
In this layout, the grave accent key (`¦) becomes, as it also does in the US International layout, a dead key modifying the character generated by the next key pressed. The apostrophe, double-quote, tilde and circumflex (caret) keys are not changed, becoming dead keys only when 'shifted' with AltGr. Additional precomposed characters are also obtained by shifting the 'normal' key using the AltGr key. The extended keyboard is software installed from the Windows control panel, and the extended characters are not normally engraved on keyboards.
|
||||
The UK Extended keyboard uses mostly the AltGr key to add diacritics to the letters a, e, i, n, o, u, w and y (the last two being used in Welsh) as appropriate for each character, as well as to their capitals. Pressing the key and then a character that does not take the specific diacritic produces the behaviour of a standard keyboard. The key presses followed by spacebar generate a stand-alone mark.:
|
||||
|
||||
grave accents (e.g. à, è, etc.) needed for Scots Gaelic are generated by pressing the grave accent (or 'backtick') key `, which is a dead key, then the letter. Thus `+a produces à.
|
||||
acute accents (e.g. á) needed for Irish are generated by pressing the AltGr key together with the letter (or AltGr+' – acting as a dead key combination – followed by the letter). Thus AltGr+a produces á; AltGr+⇧ Shift+a produces Á. (Some programs use the combination of AltGr and a letter for other functions, in which case the AltGr+' method must be used to generate acute accents).
|
||||
the circumflex diacritic needed for Welsh may be added by AltGr+6, acting as a dead key combination, followed by the letter. Thus AltGr+6 then a produces â, AltGr+6 then w produces the letter ŵ.
|
||||
Some other languages commonly studied in the UK and Ireland are also supported to some extent:
|
||||
|
||||
diaeresis or umlaut (e.g. ä, ë, ö, etc.) is generated by a dead key combination AltGr+2, then the letter. Thus AltGr+2a produces ä.
|
||||
tilde (e.g. ã, ñ, õ, etc., as used in Spanish and Portuguese) is generated by dead key combination AltGr+#, then the letter. Thus AltGr+#a produces ã.
|
||||
cedilla (e.g. ç) under c is generated by AltGr+C, and the capital letter (Ç) is produced by AltGr+⇧ Shift+C
|
||||
The AltGr and letter method used for acutes and cedillas does not work for applications which assign shortcut menu functions to these key combinations.
|
||||
These combinations are intended to be mnemonic and designed to be easy to remember: the circumflex accent (e.g. â) is similar to the free-standing circumflex (caret) (^), printed above the 6 key; the diaeresis/umlaut (e.g. ö) is visually similar to the double-quote (") above 2 on the UK keyboard; the tilde (~) is printed on the same key as the #.
|
||||
The UK Extended layout is almost entirely transparent to users familiar with the UK layout. A machine with the extended layout behaves exactly as with the standard UK, except for the rarely used grave accent key. This makes this layout suitable for a machine for shared or public use by a user population in which some use the extended functions.
|
||||
Despite being created for multilingual users, UK-Extended in Windows does have some gaps — there are many languages that it cannot cope with, including Romanian and Turkish, and all languages with different character sets, such as Greek and Russian. It also does not cater for thorn (þ, Þ) in Old English, the ß in German, the œ in French, nor for the å, æ, ø, ð, þ in Nordic languages.
|
||||
|
||||
==== ChromeOS ====
|
||||
|
||||
The UK Extended layout in ChromeOS provides all the same combinations as with Windows, but adds many more symbols and dead keys via AltGr.
|
||||
|
||||
Notes: Dotted circle (◌) is used here to indicate a dead key. The ` key is the only one that acts as a free-standing dead key and thus does not respond as shown on the key-cap. All others are invoked by AltGr.
|
||||
AltGr+⇧ Shift+0 (°) is a degree sign; AltGr+⇧ Shift+M (º) is a masculine ordinal indicator
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants"
|
||||
chunk: 8/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Dead keys
|
||||
`+letter produces grave accents (e.g., à/À) (`+` produces a standalone grave sign).
|
||||
AltGr+2(release)letter produces diaeresis accents (e.g., ä/Ä)
|
||||
AltGr+6(release)letter produces circumflex accents (e.g., â/Â)
|
||||
AltGr+= (release) letter produces (mainly) comma diacritic or cedilla below the letter e.g., ş/Ş
|
||||
AltGr+⇧ Shift+= (release) letter produces a hook (diacritic) on vowels (e.g., ą/Ą)
|
||||
AltGr+[ same as AltGr+2
|
||||
AltGr+] same as AltGr+#
|
||||
AltGr+{(release)letter produces overrings (e.g., å/Å)
|
||||
AltGr+}(release)letter produces macrons (e.g., ā/Ā)
|
||||
AltGr+j(release)letter produces mainly horn (diacritic)s (e.g., ả/Ả)
|
||||
AltGr+⇧ Shift+j(release)letter produces an adjacent horn (e.g., ư/Ư)
|
||||
AltGr+;(release)letter produces acute accents (e.g., ź/Ź)
|
||||
AltGr+⇧ Shift+;(release)letter produces double acute accents on some letters (e.g., Ő/ő) that exist in Unicode as pre-composed characters
|
||||
AltGr+'(release)letter produces acute accents (e.g., á/Á)
|
||||
AltGr+⇧ Shift+'(release)letter produces caron (haček) diacritics (e.g., ǎ/Ǎ)
|
||||
AltGr+#(release)letter produces tilde diacritics (e.g., ã/Ã)
|
||||
AltGr+⇧ Shift+#(release)letter produces inverted breve diacritics (e.g., ă/Ă)
|
||||
AltGr+/(release)letter produces mainly underdots (e.g., ạ/Ạ)
|
||||
AltGr+⇧ Shift+/(release)letter produces mainly overdots (e.g., ȧ/Ȧ)
|
||||
Finally, any arbitrary Unicode glyph can be produced given its hexadecimal code point: ctrl+⇧ Shift+u, release, then the hex value, then space bar or ↩ Return. For example ctrl+⇧ Shift+u (release) 1234space produces the Ethiopic syllable SEE, ሴ.
|
||||
|
||||
=== US-International ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Windows and Linux ====
|
||||
|
||||
An alternative layout uses the physical US keyboard to type diacritics in some operating systems (including Windows). This is the US-International layout setting, which uses the right Alt key as an AltGr key to support many additional characters directly as an additional shift key. (Since many smaller keyboards do not have a right-Alt key, Windows also allows Ctrl+Alt to be used as a substitute for AltGr.) This layout also uses keys ', `, ", ^ and ~ as dead keys to generate characters with diacritics by pressing the appropriate key, then the letter on the keyboard. The international keyboard is a software setting installed from the Windows control panel or similar; the additional functions (shown in blue) may or may not be engraved on the keyboard, but are always functional. It can be used to type most major languages from Western Europe: Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, Finnish, French, German, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish. On Windows, it is not sufficient for French because it lacks the grapheme "œ/Œ" (as does every keyboard layout provided by Windows except the Canadian multilingual standard keyboard). Some less common western and central European languages (such as Welsh, Maltese, Czech, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian), are not fully supported by the US-International keyboard layout because of their use of additional diacritics or precomposed characters.
|
||||
A diacritic key is activated by pressing and releasing it, then pressing the letter that requires the diacritic. After the two strokes, the single character with diacritics is generated. Note that only certain letters, such as vowels and "n", can have diacritics in this way.
|
||||
To generate an accented character with one of the diacritics ◌́, ◌̀, ◌̂, ◌̈ and ◌̃, press the relevant accent key then the character to be accented. Characters with diacritics can be typed with the following combinations:
|
||||
|
||||
' + vowel → vowel with acute accent, e.g., '+e → é
|
||||
` + vowel → vowel with grave accent, e.g., `+e → è
|
||||
" + vowel → vowel with diaeresis (or umlaut), e.g., "+e → ë
|
||||
^ + vowel → vowel with circumflex accent, e.g., ^+e → ê
|
||||
~ + a, n or o → letter with tilde, e.g. ~+n → ñ, ~+o → õ
|
||||
' + c → ç (Windows) or ć (X11)
|
||||
, + c → ç (X11)
|
||||
The US-International layout is not entirely transparent to users familiar with the conventional US layout; when using a machine with the international layout setting active, the commonly used single- and double-quote keys and the less commonly used grave accent, tilde, and circumflex (caret) keys are dead keys and thus behave unconventionally. This could be disconcerting on a machine for shared or public use.
|
||||
There are also alternative US-International mappings, whereby modifier keys such as shift and alt are used, and the keys for the characters with diacritics are in different places from their unmodified counterparts. For example, the right-Alt key may be remapped as an AltGr modifier key or as a compose key and the dead key function deactivated, so that they (the ASCII quotation marks and circumflex symbol) can be typed normally with a single keystroke.
|
||||
|
||||
==== US-International in the Netherlands ====
|
||||
The standard keyboard layout in the Netherlands is the US ANSI-standard QWERTY keyboard, with Windows supplementary keys. The standard keyboard mapping used is US-International, as it provides easy access to the diacritics used in Dutch. The Dutch layout is historical, and keyboards with this layout are rarely used unlike in the past when typewriters were ubiquitous. The US-style keyboards sold in the Netherlands do not have the extra US-International characters or AltGr engraved on the keys, although the euro symbol (€) (AltGr+5) always is. Using this layout, the right-hand alt key functions as an AltGr key.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Apple International English Keyboard ====
|
||||
|
||||
There are three kinds of Apple Keyboards for English: the United States, the United Kingdom and International English. The International English version features the same changes as the United Kingdom version, only without substituting # for the £ symbol on ⇧ Shift+3, and as well lacking visual indication for the € symbol on ⌥ Option+2 (although this shortcut is present with all Apple QWERTY layouts).
|
||||
Differences from the US layout are:
|
||||
|
||||
The ~` key is located on the left of the Z key, and the |\ key is located on the right of the "' key.
|
||||
The ±§ key is added on the left of the !1 key.
|
||||
The left ⇧ Shift key is shortened and the Return key has the shape of inverted L.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Finnish multilingual ===
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants"
|
||||
chunk: 9/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The visual layout used in Finland is basically the same as the Swedish layout. This is practical, as Finnish and Swedish share the special characters Ä/ä and Ö/ö, and while the Swedish Å/å is unnecessary for writing Finnish, it is needed by Swedish-speaking Finns and to write Swedish family names which are common. However, it lacks the letters Š/š and Ž/ž which are used in some Finnish loanwords like šaahi 'shah' and džonkki 'junk'.
|
||||
As of 2008, there is a new standard for the Finnish multilingual keyboard layout, developed as part of a localization project by CSC. All the engravings of the traditional Finnish–Swedish visual layout have been retained, so there is no need to change the hardware, but the functionality has been extended considerably, as additional characters (e.g., Æ/æ, Ə/ə, Ʒ/ʒ) are available through the AltGr key, as well as dead keys, which allow typing a wide variety of letters with diacritics (e.g., Ç/ç, Ǥ/ǥ, Ǯ/ǯ).
|
||||
Based on the Latin letter repertory included in the Multilingual European Subset No. 2 (MES-2) of the Unicode standard, the layout has three main objectives. First, it provides for easy entering of text in both Finnish and Swedish, the two official languages of Finland, using the familiar keyboard layout but adding some advanced punctuation options, such as dashes, typographical quotation marks, and the non-breaking space (NBSP).
|
||||
Second, it is designed to offer an indirect but intuitive way to enter the special letters and diacritics needed by the other three Nordic national languages (Danish, Norwegian and Icelandic) as well as the regional and minority languages (Northern Sámi, Southern Sámi, Lule Sámi, Inari Sámi, Skolt Sámi, Romani language as spoken in Finland, Faroese, Kalaallisut also known as Greenlandic, and German).
|
||||
As a third objective, it allows for relatively easy entering of particularly names (of persons, places or products) in a variety of European languages using a more or less extended Latin alphabet, such as the official languages of the European Union (excluding Bulgarian and Greek). Some letters, like Ł/ł needed for Slavic languages, are accessed by a special "overstrike" key combination acting like a dead key.
|
||||
However, the Romanian letters Ș/ș and Ț/ț (S/s and T/t with comma below) are not supported; the presumption is that Ş/ş and Ţ/ţ (with cedilla) suffice as surrogates.
|
||||
|
||||
=== EurKEY ===
|
||||
|
||||
EurKEY, a multilingual keyboard layout which is intended for Europeans, programmers and translators uses true QWERTY (US layout) as base just adding a third and fourth layer available through the AltGr key and AltGr+⇧ Shift. These additional layers allows the users to type the symbolism of many European languages, special characters, the Greek alphabet (via dead keys), and many common mathematical symbols.
|
||||
Unlike most of the other QWERTY layouts which are standards for a country or region, EurKEY is not a standard of the European Union, yet that is why a petition of EurKEY as European standard was started.
|
||||
To address the ergonomics issue of QWERTY, EurKEY Colemak-DH was also developed a Colmak-DH version with the EurKEY design principals.
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Dvorak Simplified Keyboard, designed for Brazilian Portuguese
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Informational notes ===
|
||||
|
||||
=== Citations ===
|
||||
74
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SIMILE_projects-0.md
Normal file
74
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SIMILE_projects-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of SIMILE projects"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SIMILE_projects"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:22.082168+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The following is a list of SIMILE projects.
|
||||
The SIMILE tools assist in the storage, querying, transformation and mapping of very large collections of RDF data. The tools developed within SIMILE are meant to allow people who are not Semantic Web developers to create ontologies which describe their specialized metadata, create RDF and convert other types of metadata into RDF. These open source tools are designed to be scalable and provide for cross-community sharing of metadata at low cost.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Longwell ==
|
||||
Longwell is a faceted browser which enables the user to visualize and browse any RDF data set, allowing the user to quickly build a user-friendly web site out of the RDF data without requiring the user to write any RDF code. Facets are metadata fields considered important for a given data set. In its default configuration, the collection of facets is returned along the right-hand side of the page, and clicking on any facet causes the refinement of facets in relation to the data retrieved. Longwell then displays only the subset of the data which meet those restrictions. This appears on the left-hand side of the page. Previously selected restrictions can be removed, which causes a broadening of the subset of items displayed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Piggy Bank ==
|
||||
Piggy Bank is a Firefox extension which enables the user to collect information from the Web, save it for future use, tag it with keywords, search and browse information collected, retrieve saved information, share collected information and install screen scrapers. Piggy Bank gathers RDF data where it is available, and where it is not available, it generates it from HTML by using screen scrapers. This incremental approach to the realization of the Semantic Web vision allows the user to save and tag information gathered from web pages without having to cut, paste and label the various products of their browsing. By clicking on the keyword they have used to tag particular types of item, the user can view all of those items together within her browser, without having to open other applications. Users can also deposit saved data in the Semantic Bank, where other users can browse it and add their own contributions. This pooling of keywords underlies services such as Flickr and del.icio.us, where communities can collaborate to build a taxonomy for shared data. These taxonomies, which emerge as information is accumulated, are known as folksonomies.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Solvent ==
|
||||
Solvent is a Firefox extension that enables the user to write screen scrapers for Piggy Bank.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Gadget ==
|
||||
Gadget is an XML inspector which enables the user to condense large amounts of well-formed XML data.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Welkin ==
|
||||
Welkin is a graph-based RDF visualizer. It graphs RDF data sets, allowing the user to visualize the global shape and clustering characteristics of the data, which can aid them in mentally modeling it, seeing how it connects and identifying mappings between the set and possible ontologies. A particular data cluster which stands out when graphed might well be missed when browsed at closer range.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Fresnel ==
|
||||
Fresnel is a vocabulary for specifying how RDF graphs are presented. Fresnel addresses the problem that currently, each RDF browser and visualization tool decides, on an ad hoc basis, what information in an RDF graph is presented and how to present it. Fresnel uses the concepts of lenses and formats. Lenses determine which properties are displayed and how they are ordered. Formats control how resources and properties are presented.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Timeline ==
|
||||
Timeline is a tool for visualizing events over time. It can be populated by pointing it at an XML file
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Exhibit ==
|
||||
Exhibit is technology that enables developers to provide browsing of faceted classifications in a web browser.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Referee ==
|
||||
Referee is a program that crawls the links that point to its user's pages. It extracts metadata from those pages and the text around the links that pointed to its user's pages, converting it, if need be, into RDF format. Referee discriminates between the pages that refer to the user's pages and the comments, meaning the text immediately surrounding the link. It generates a data graph, allowing it to display the fact that, for example, exactly the same comment in relation to its user's pages appears on more than one page, which is the container of the comment. A page can have more than one comment, and a comment can appear on more than one page. This can be illustrated in a data graph, but would not be possible with a data tree, such as is generated by the XML data model.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== RDFizer ==
|
||||
The RDFizer project is a directory of tools for converting various data formats into RDF. MIT Libraries provides a home for some of these tools. RDFizers are a group of tools that allows the transformation of existing data into an RDF representation. Given a database of interest, these tools can often - when the data formats are highly structured -convert the data into an RDF representation without human intervention, first determining what ontology to use to express the information. Where semantic relationships are implicit, the RDFizers will not be as successful without human input.
|
||||
The SIMILE project has built RDFizers that convert from the following formats:
|
||||
|
||||
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group (Digital Photo-METADATA).
|
||||
MARC United States Library of Congress MAchine-Readable Cataloging of bibliographic data.
|
||||
MODS Metadata Object Description Schema for bibliographic element sets.
|
||||
OAI-PMH Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting.
|
||||
OCW Open Course Ware
|
||||
EMail
|
||||
BibTeX a tool for formatting lists of references usually associated with LaTeX documents.
|
||||
Flat
|
||||
Weather
|
||||
Java is an object-oriented applications programming language
|
||||
Javadoc tool for generating API documentation into HTML format from Java source code.
|
||||
Subversion or SVN is a software revision control system.
|
||||
Random
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Crowbar ==
|
||||
Crowbar is a web scraping environment based on the use of a server-side headless Mozilla-based browser. It is used as a research prototype to investigate how to enable the running of Piggy Bank JavaScript scrapers from the command line and thus automate web site scraping.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SQL_reserved_words-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SQL_reserved_words-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of SQL reserved words"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SQL_reserved_words"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:36.009606+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This list includes SQL reserved words – aka SQL reserved keywords, as the SQL:2023 specifies and some RDBMSs have added.
|
||||
|
||||
A dash (—) means that the keyword is not reserved.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
SQL
|
||||
SQL syntax
|
||||
List of relational database management systems
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Page listing all reserved words in the SQL standard, from SQL-92 to SQL:2016: Standard SQL Reserved Words Summary.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
32
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sinclair_QL_clones-0.md
Normal file
32
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sinclair_QL_clones-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of Sinclair QL clones"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sinclair_QL_clones"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:23.331087+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The following is a list of clones of Sinclair Research's Sinclair QL microcomputer:
|
||||
|
||||
Sandy QLT / Futura (only produced in prototype form)
|
||||
CST Thor series (Thor 1 / Thor 20 / Thor XVI)
|
||||
Qubbesoft Aurora (a replacement QL motherboard)
|
||||
Peter Graf's Qx0 series of motherboards: Q40, Q40i and Q60
|
||||
Peter Graf's Q68 (a stand-alone FPGA-based SMSQ/E-machine) and QIMSI Gold (an FPGA-based expansion for the original QL's ROM port that basically is a Q68)
|
||||
The ZX Spectrum Next FPGA-based computer
|
||||
The following hardware devices provided QL compatibility for other computer platforms:
|
||||
|
||||
Futura Datasenter QL Emulator for the Atari ST
|
||||
Jochen Merz's QVME card for the Atari MEGA STE and Atari TT
|
||||
Miracle Systems QXL and QXL II cards for PC compatibles
|
||||
The ICL One Per Desk (also sold as the BT Merlin Tonto or the Telecom Australia Computerphone) shared some hardware components with the QL but was not intended to be software-compatible.
|
||||
In addition, several software emulators of the QL exist including QPC, uQLX, QLay and Q-emuLator.
|
||||
Not exactly software emulators, but rather QDOS-like OS replacements for other 68k-based machines are
|
||||
|
||||
SMSQ/E for the Atari ST
|
||||
QDOS Clasic for the Amiga
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
159
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_computer_systems-0.md
Normal file
159
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_computer_systems-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of Soviet computer systems"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_computer_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:33.596602+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is the list of Soviet computer systems. The Russian abbreviation EVM (ЭВМ), present in some of the names below, means "electronic computing machine" (Russian: электронная вычислительная машина).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of hardware ==
|
||||
The Russian abbreviation EVM (ЭВМ), present in some of the names below, means "electronic computing machine" (Russian: электронная вычислительная машина).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ministry of Radio Technology ===
|
||||
|
||||
Computer systems from the Ministry of Radio Technology:
|
||||
|
||||
Agat (Агат) — Apple II clone
|
||||
ES EVM (ЕС ЭВМ), IBM mainframe clone
|
||||
ES PEVM (ЕС ПЭВМ), IBM PC compatible
|
||||
M series — series of mainframes and mini-computers
|
||||
Minsk (Минск)
|
||||
Poisk (Поиск) — IBM PC-XT clone
|
||||
Setun (Сетунь) — unique balanced ternary computer.
|
||||
Strela (Стрела)
|
||||
Ural (Урал) — mainframe series
|
||||
Vector-06C (Вектор-06Ц)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ministry of Instrument Making ===
|
||||
|
||||
Computer systems from the Ministry of Instrument Making:
|
||||
|
||||
Aragats (Арагац)
|
||||
Iskra (Искра) — common name for many computers with different architecture
|
||||
Iskra-1030 — Intel 8086 XT clone
|
||||
KVM-1 (КВМ-1)
|
||||
SM EVM (СМ ЭВМ) — most models were PDP-11 clones, while some others were HP 2100, VAX or Intel compatible
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ministry of the Electronics Industry ===
|
||||
Computer systems from the Ministry of Electronics Industry:
|
||||
|
||||
Elektronika (Электроника) family
|
||||
DVK family (ДВК) — PDP-11 clones
|
||||
Elektronika BK-0010 (БК-0010, БК-0011) — LSI-11 clone home computer
|
||||
UKNC (УКНЦ) — educational, PDP11-like
|
||||
Elektronika 60, Elektronika 100
|
||||
Elektronika 85 — Clone of DEC Professional (computer) 350 (F11)
|
||||
Elektronika 85.1 — Clone of DEC Professional (computer) 380 (J11)
|
||||
Elektronika D3-28
|
||||
Elektronika SS BIS (Электроника СС БИС) — Cray clone
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Soviet Academy of Sciences ===
|
||||
|
||||
BESM (БЭСМ) — series of mainframes
|
||||
Besta (Беста) — Unix box, Motorola 68020-based, Sun-3 clone
|
||||
Elbrus (Эльбрус) — high-end mainframe series
|
||||
Kronos (Кронос)
|
||||
MESM (МЭСМ) — first Soviet Union computer (1950)
|
||||
M-1 — one of the earliest stored program computers (1950–1951)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== ZX Spectrum clones ===
|
||||
|
||||
ATM Turbo
|
||||
Byte
|
||||
Blic
|
||||
Dubna 48K – running at half the speed of the original
|
||||
Hobbit
|
||||
Pentagon
|
||||
Radon 'Z'
|
||||
Scorpion
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other ===
|
||||
5E** (5Э**) series – military computers
|
||||
5E51 (5Э51)
|
||||
5E53 (5Э53)
|
||||
5E76 (5Э76) – IBM/360 clone, military version
|
||||
5E92 (5Э92)
|
||||
5E92b (5Э92б)
|
||||
A series — ES EVM-compatible military computers
|
||||
Argon — a series of military real-time computers
|
||||
AS-6 (АС-6) – multiprocessor computing complex, name is Russian abbreviation for "Connection Equipment – 6"
|
||||
Dnepr (Днепр)
|
||||
GVS-100 (ГВС-100, Гибридная Вичислителная Система) – Hybrid Computer System
|
||||
Irisha (Ириша)
|
||||
Juku (Юку) — Estonian school computer
|
||||
Kiev (Киев)
|
||||
Korvet (Корвет)
|
||||
Krista (Криста)
|
||||
Micro-80 (Микро-80) — experimental PC, based on 8080-compatible processor
|
||||
Microsha (Микроша) — modification of Radio-86RK
|
||||
MIR, МИР (uk:ЕОМ "МИР-1", uk:ЕОМ "МИР-2")
|
||||
Nairi (Наири)
|
||||
Orion-128 (Орион-128)
|
||||
Promin (Проминь)
|
||||
PS-2000, PS-3000 – multiprocessor supercomputers in the 1980s
|
||||
Razdan (Раздан)
|
||||
Radon — real-time computer, designed for anti-aircraft defense
|
||||
Radio-86RK — simplified and modified version of Micro-80
|
||||
Sneg (Снег)
|
||||
Specialist (Специалист)
|
||||
SVS
|
||||
TsUM-1 (ЦУМ-1)
|
||||
TIA-MC-1 An arcade system
|
||||
UM (УМ)
|
||||
UT-88
|
||||
Vesna and Sneg — early mainframes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of operating systems ==
|
||||
For Kronos
|
||||
Kronos
|
||||
For BESM
|
||||
D-68 (Д-68, Диспетчер-68, Dispatcher-68)
|
||||
DISPAK ("Диспетчер Пакетов," Dispatcher of the Packets)
|
||||
DUBNA ("ДУБНА")
|
||||
For ES EVM
|
||||
DOS/ES ("Disk Operation system for ES EVM")
|
||||
OS/ES ("Disk Operation system for ES EVM")
|
||||
For SM EVM
|
||||
RAFOS (РАФОС), FOBOS (ФОБОС) and FODOS (ФОДОС) — RT-11 clones
|
||||
OSRV (ОСРВ) — RSX-11M clone, one of the most popular Soviet multi-user systems
|
||||
DEMOS — BSD-based Unix-like; later was ported to x86 and some other architectures
|
||||
INMOS (ИНМОС, Инструментальная мобильная операционная система)
|
||||
For 8-bit microcomputers
|
||||
MicroDOS (МикроДОС) — CP/M 2.2 clone
|
||||
For ZX Spectrum clones
|
||||
iS-DOS, TASiS
|
||||
DNA-OS
|
||||
For different platforms
|
||||
MISS (Multipurpose Interactive timeSharing System) – ES EVM ES1010, ES EVM ES1045, D3-28M, PC-compatible, etc.
|
||||
MOS (operating system) – a Soviet clone of Unix in the 1980s
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
History of computing in the Soviet Union
|
||||
List of Soviet microprocessors
|
||||
List of Russian IT developers
|
||||
List of Russian microprocessors
|
||||
Internet in Russia
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Russian Virtual Computer Museum
|
||||
Museum of the USSR Computers history
|
||||
Pioneers of Soviet Computing
|
||||
Archive software and documentation for Soviet computers UK-NC, DVK and BK0010.
|
||||
Media related to Soviet computer systems at Wikimedia Commons
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of Standard Networks products"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Standard_Networks_products"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:37.258884+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This list of Standard Networks products includes all major standalone services and programs created by Standard Networks, a Madison, Wisconsin-based software company founded in 1989 and acquired by Ipswitch, Inc. in 2008. All products listed are well into their gold releases. This list also includes previous products that are no longer being actively developed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Client Applications ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Secure File Transfer ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Terminal Emulation ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Server Applications ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Secure File Transfer ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Previous Projects ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of Sun Microsystems employees"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sun_Microsystems_employees"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:40.955441+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Sun Microsystems, from its inception in 1982 to its acquisition by Oracle Corporation in 2010, became known for being "something of a farm system for Silicon Valley." It had a number of employees credited with notable achievements before, during or after their tenure there.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== A ==
|
||||
Brian Aker, MySQL Director of Technology
|
||||
Ken Arnold, Sun Microsystems Laboratories, co-author of The Java Programming Language
|
||||
Valerie Aurora, ZFS programmer
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== B ==
|
||||
Carol Bartz, head of SunFed, Sun service and worldwide operations; Autodesk CEO, Yahoo! CEO
|
||||
Andy Bechtolsheim, Sun co-founder, systems designer and Silicon Valley investor
|
||||
Joshua Bloch, author of Effective Java
|
||||
Frederick Bloom, Sun Micro System's Senior Java Architect, Core J2EE Patterns (Reference implementation Architect, Lead Developer, PMd.
|
||||
Jon Bosak, chair of the original XML working group
|
||||
Jeff Bonwick, slab-allocator, vmem and ZFS
|
||||
Steve Bourne, creator of the Bourne shell
|
||||
Tim Bray, Sun Director of Web Technologies
|
||||
David J. Brown, SUN workstation at Stanford; Solaris at Sun
|
||||
Paul Buchheit, engineer at Sun from May 1997 to August 1997; Creator of Gmail
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== C ==
|
||||
Bryan Cantrill, of 2005 Technology Review "Top 35 Young Innovators", co-inventor of DTrace
|
||||
Alfred Chuang, co-founder of BEA Systems
|
||||
Danny Cohen, co-creator of Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithms; coined the computer terms "Big Endians" and "Little Endians" (Endianness)
|
||||
Bill Coleman, co-founder of BEA Systems
|
||||
Danese Cooper, open source specialist
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== D ==
|
||||
L. Peter Deutsch, founder of Aladdin Enterprises and creator of Ghostscript
|
||||
Whitfield Diffie, Chief Security Officer, co-inventor of public-key cryptography
|
||||
Robert Drost, one of Technology Review's 2004 "Top 100 Young Innovators"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== F ==
|
||||
Dan Farmer, computer security researcher
|
||||
Marc Fleury, creator of the JBoss application server
|
||||
Ned Freed, email systems researcher, co-author of several MIME RFCs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== G ==
|
||||
Richard P. Gabriel, Lisp expert and founder of Lucid, Inc.
|
||||
John Gage, Chief Researcher and former Science Officer; first Sun salesman
|
||||
John Gilmore, co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Cygnus Solutions
|
||||
Gary Ginstling, music industry executive
|
||||
James Gosling, co-inventor of Java; creator of NeWS networked extensible window system; author of the first (proprietary) Unix implementation of the Emacs text editor
|
||||
Todd Greanier, software architect, author and instructor
|
||||
Brendan Gregg, author of DTrace: Dynamic Tracing in Oracle Solaris, Mac OS X and FreeBSD, Systems Performance: Enterprise and the Cloud
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== J ==
|
||||
Kim Jones, Vice President of Global Education, Government and Health Sciences; CEO of Sun UK from 2007; CEO of Curriki
|
||||
Bill Joy, Sun co-founder and architect of BSD Unix; author of the vi text editor
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== K ==
|
||||
Vinod Khosla, Sun co-founder and Silicon Valley investor
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== L ==
|
||||
Susan Landau, mathematician and cybersecurity expert
|
||||
Adam Leventhal, co-inventor of DTrace
|
||||
Peter van der Linden, former manager of kernel group, author of numerous Java and C books
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== M ==
|
||||
Chris Malachowsky, co-founder of NVIDIA
|
||||
Clark Masters EVP, Enterprise Systems and Father of the E10K, President of SunFed
|
||||
Craig McClanahan, creator or the Apache Struts framework and architect of Tomcat's servlet container, Catalina
|
||||
Scott McNealy, co-founder and Chairman of the Board of Sun; CEO from 1984-2006
|
||||
Larry McVoy, CEO of BitMover
|
||||
Björn Michaelsen, Director at The Document Foundation
|
||||
Mårten Mickos, CEO of MySQL AB from 2001 until Sun acquisition in 2008
|
||||
Jim Mitchell, Vice President and Sun Fellow
|
||||
Ian Murdock, Vice President of Developer and Community Marketing, founder of Debian
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== N ==
|
||||
Satya Nadella, CEO of Microsoft
|
||||
Patrick Naughton, co-creator of Java
|
||||
Jakob Nielsen, web-design usability authority
|
||||
Peter Norvig, Director of Research, Google
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== O ==
|
||||
John Ousterhout, inventor of the Tcl scripting language
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== P ==
|
||||
Greg Papadopoulos, Executive Vice President and CTO
|
||||
Radia Perlman, sometimes known as the "Mother of the Internet"
|
||||
Simon Phipps, Chief Open Source Officer
|
||||
Kim Polese, prominent dot-com era executive
|
||||
Curtis Priem, co-founder of NVIDIA
|
||||
Vivek Pande, Senior Java Architect
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== R ==
|
||||
George Reyes, former CFO of Google, Inc.
|
||||
David S. H. Rosenthal, early X Window System developer and original designer of the ICCCM
|
||||
Wayne Rosing, project lead for the Apple Lisa; Sun hardware development manager and manager of Sun Labs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== S ==
|
||||
Bob Scheifler, leader of X Window System development from 1984 to 1996
|
||||
Eric Schmidt, former Sun Chief Technology Officer, chairman and former CEO of Google, Inc., and co-developer of lex
|
||||
Jonathan I. Schwartz, former Sun President and CEO
|
||||
Ed Scott, co-founder of BEA Systems
|
||||
Mike Shapiro, co-inventor of DTrace
|
||||
Bob Sproull, computer graphics pioneer
|
||||
Guy L. Steele, Jr., co-inventor of the Scheme programming language and member of IEEE standards committees of many programming languages
|
||||
Bert Sutherland, manager of Sun Labs, Xerox PARC, BBN Computer Science Division
|
||||
Ivan Sutherland, computer graphics pioneer
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== T ==
|
||||
Bruce Tognazzini, computer usability consultant
|
||||
Marc Tremblay, microprocessor architect and Sun's employee with the most awarded patents
|
||||
Bud Tribble, former VP of software development at NeXT, VP of software technology at Apple
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== W ==
|
||||
Jim Waldo, lead architect of Jini
|
||||
Michael Widenius, original author of MySQL
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Y ==
|
||||
William Yeager, software architect, inventor of the multi-protocol router
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Z ==
|
||||
Ed Zander, former president of Sun Microsystems; former CEO of Motorola
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SysML_tools-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SysML_tools-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of SysML tools"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SysML_tools"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:42.406206+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This article compares SysML tools. SysML tools are software applications which support some functions of the Systems Modeling Language.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== General ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Features ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of MBSE Tools
|
||||
List of SysML v2 Tools
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of TCP and UDP port numbers"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:43.652541+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of TCP and UDP port numbers used by protocols for operation of network applications. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) only need one port for bidirectional traffic. TCP usually uses port numbers that match the services of the corresponding UDP implementations, if they exist, and vice versa.
|
||||
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for maintaining the official assignments of port numbers for specific uses. However, many unofficial uses of both well-known and registered port numbers occur in practice. Similarly, many of the official assignments refer to protocols that were never or are no longer in common use. This article lists port numbers and their associated protocols that have experienced significant uptake.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Table legend ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Well-known ports ==
|
||||
|
||||
The port numbers in the range from 0 to 1023 (0 to 210 − 1) are the well-known ports or system ports. They are used by system processes that provide widely used types of network services. On Unix-like operating systems, a process must execute with superuser privileges to be able to bind a network socket to an IP address using one of the well-known ports.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Registered ports ==
|
||||
|
||||
The range of port numbers from 1024 to 49151 (210 to 215 + 214 − 1) are the registered ports. They are assigned by IANA for specific service upon application by a requesting entity. On most systems, registered ports can be used without superuser privileges.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Dynamic, private or ephemeral ports ==
|
||||
|
||||
The range 49152–65535 (215 + 214 to 216 − 1), 16 384 ports, contains dynamic or private ports that cannot be registered with IANA. This range is used for private or customized services, for temporary purposes, and for automatic allocation of ephemeral ports.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Note ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Comparison of file transfer protocols
|
||||
Internet protocol suite
|
||||
Port (computer networking)
|
||||
List of IP protocol numbers
|
||||
Lists of network protocols
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References and notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Reynolds, Joyce; Postel, Jon (October 1994). Assigned Numbers. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC1700. RFC 1700.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
"Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry". IANA.org. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
|
||||
190
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNIVAC_products-0.md
Normal file
190
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNIVAC_products-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of UNIVAC products"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNIVAC_products"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:48.659058+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of UNIVAC products. It ends in 1986, the year that Sperry Corporation merged with Burroughs Corporation to form Unisys as a result of a hostile takeover bid launched by Burrough's CEO W. Michael Blumenthal.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== The Remington Rand years (1950 to 1955) ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Calculating devices ===
|
||||
UNIVAC 40
|
||||
UNIVAC 60
|
||||
UNIVAC 120
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Computer systems ===
|
||||
UNIVAC I
|
||||
UNIVAC 1101
|
||||
UNIVAC 1102
|
||||
UNIVAC 1103
|
||||
UNIVAC 1104
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Peripherals ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Storage ====
|
||||
UNISERVO tape drive
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Display and print ====
|
||||
UNIVAC High speed printer 600 line/min printer
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Offline tape handling units ===
|
||||
UNIPRINTER 10 char/s printer with tape drive
|
||||
UNITYPER keyboard with tape drive
|
||||
UNIVAC Tape to Card converter card punch with tape drive
|
||||
UNIVAC Card to Tape converter card reader with tape drive
|
||||
UNIVAC Paper Tape to Tape converter paper tape reader with tape drive
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== The Sperry Rand years (1955 to 1978) ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Calculating devices ===
|
||||
UNIVAC 1004
|
||||
UNIVAC 1005
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Computer systems ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Embedded systems ====
|
||||
AN/USQ-17 – the Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) or M-460
|
||||
AN/USQ-20 – updated NTDS, aka UNIVAC 1206 or G-40
|
||||
AN/UYK-5 18-bit (octal) digital CPU Military System (Navy/Marines) used for logistics/pay/maintenance management (Navy Shipboard, Marines Portable)
|
||||
AN/UYK-7 – multiprocessor for Aegis. 32-bit replacement for the Naval Tactical Data System, derived from UNIVAC 1108
|
||||
AN/UYK-8 – dual processor version of the Naval Tactical Data System
|
||||
AN/UYK-20
|
||||
AN/UYK-43 – replaced and shared its instruction set with the AN/UYK-7
|
||||
AN/UYK-44 – replaced and shared its instruction set with the AN/UYK-20
|
||||
UNIVAC 1218 – real-time computer
|
||||
UNIVAC 1230 – later, faster (2×) version of the AN/USQ-20 (memory size and I/O were identical)
|
||||
UNIVAC 1824 – 24-bit digital computer for on-board missile guidance, Univac's first to use monolithic integrated circuits
|
||||
CP-823/U / UNIVAC 1830 – airborne 30-bit digital computer for the A-NEW project ASW (Anti-Submarine Warfare) development of the Lockheed P-3 Orion
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Word machines ====
|
||||
LARC
|
||||
UNIVAC File Computer - Used by Eastern Air Lines in an early Reservation system.
|
||||
UNIVAC Solid State
|
||||
UNIVAC II
|
||||
UNIVAC III
|
||||
UNIVAC 418 – real-time computer
|
||||
UNIVAC 418-II – real-time computer
|
||||
UNIVAC 418-III – real-time computer
|
||||
UNIVAC 422 - Univac Digital Trainer, part of the Programmed Educational Package (Prep)
|
||||
UNIVAC 490 – commercial adaptation of AN/USQ real-time system
|
||||
UNIVAC 492
|
||||
UNIVAC 494
|
||||
UNIVAC 494-MAPS – The first Multi-Associated Processor System - not made available commercially
|
||||
UNIVAC 1103A
|
||||
UNIVAC 1104
|
||||
UNIVAC 1105
|
||||
UNIVAC 1100/2200 series:
|
||||
UNIVAC 1106 (half-speed 1108)
|
||||
UNIVAC 1107
|
||||
UNIVAC 1108
|
||||
UNIVAC 1110
|
||||
UNIVAC 1100/10 (1106 upgraded with semiconductor memory)
|
||||
UNIVAC 1100/20 (1108 upgraded with semiconductor memory)
|
||||
UNIVAC 1100/40 (1110 upgraded with semiconductor memory)
|
||||
UNIVAC 1100/82A
|
||||
UNIVAC 1100/181
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Variable word length machines ====
|
||||
UNIVAC 1050
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Byte machines ====
|
||||
These machines implemented a variant of the IBM System/360 architecture
|
||||
|
||||
UNIVAC 9000 series
|
||||
UNIVAC 9200
|
||||
UNIVAC 9300
|
||||
UNIVAC 9400
|
||||
UNIVAC 9480
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Peripherals ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Storage ====
|
||||
FH-432 (Flying Head) drum
|
||||
FH-880 (Flying Head) drum
|
||||
FH-1782 (Flying Head) drum
|
||||
FASTRAND drum drive
|
||||
RANDEX drum drive
|
||||
UNISERVO I tape drive
|
||||
UNISERVO II tape drive
|
||||
UNISERVO IIA tape drive
|
||||
UNISERVO III tape drive
|
||||
UNISERVO IIIC tape drive
|
||||
UNISERVO VI-C tape drive
|
||||
UNISERVO VIII-C tape drive
|
||||
UNISERVO 12 tape drive (1600 BPI)
|
||||
UNISERVO 16 tape drive (1600 BPI)
|
||||
UNISERVO 20 tape drive (1600 BPI)
|
||||
UNISERVO 30-36 tape drives (6250 BPI)(OEM from STK)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Display and print ====
|
||||
Uniscope
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Communication ====
|
||||
UNIVAC BP - Buffer Processor; used as communications front-end to 418 and 490
|
||||
UNIVAC CTMC - Communications Terminal Module Controller
|
||||
UNIVAC GCS - General Communications System
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Software ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Operating systems and system software ====
|
||||
BOSS III or Business Oriented Systems Supervisor was the operating system for the UNIVAC III
|
||||
EXEC I
|
||||
EXEC II
|
||||
EXEC 8
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Utilities, languages, and development aids ====
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Applications ====
|
||||
USAS
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== The Sperry Corporation years (1978 to 1986) ==
|
||||
UNIVAC 1100/2200 series:
|
||||
UNIVAC 1100/60
|
||||
UNIVAC 1100/70
|
||||
UNIVAC 1100/80
|
||||
UNIVAC 1100/90
|
||||
UNIVAC Integrated Scientific Processor (ISP)
|
||||
UNIVAC Series 90:
|
||||
UNIVAC 90/25
|
||||
UNIVAC 90/30
|
||||
UNIVAC 90/40
|
||||
UNIVAC 90/60
|
||||
UNIVAC 90/70
|
||||
UNIVAC 90/80
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
A history of Univac computers and Operating Systems
|
||||
UNIVAC CPU Timeline (1950-1980)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of Unified Modeling Language tools"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unified_Modeling_Language_tools"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:47.419904+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This article compares UML tools. UML tools are software applications which support some functions of the Unified Modeling Language.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== General ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Features ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of requirements engineering tools
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Media related to UML tools at Wikimedia Commons
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of applications using Lua"
|
||||
chunk: 1/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_applications_using_Lua"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:56.980256+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Lua programming language is a lightweight multi-paradigm language designed mainly for embedded systems and clients.
|
||||
This is a list of applications which use Lua for the purpose of extensibility.
|
||||
|
||||
== Video games ==
|
||||
|
||||
In video game development, Lua is widely used as a scripting language by game programmers, perhaps due to its perceived ease to embed, fast execution, and short learning curve.
|
||||
In 2003, a poll conducted by GameDev.net showed Lua as the most popular scripting language for game programming. On 12 January 2012, Lua was announced as a winner of the Front Line Award 2011 from the magazine Game Developer in the category Programming Tools.
|
||||
|
||||
== Other uses ==
|
||||
Other applications using Lua include:
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of applications using Lua"
|
||||
chunk: 2/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_applications_using_Lua"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:56.980256+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
3DMLW plugin uses Lua scripting for animating 3D and handling different events. Adobe Photoshop Lightroom uses Lua for its user interface. Aerospike Database uses Lua as its internal scripting language for its user defined function (UDF) abilities, similar to procedures
|
||||
Apache HTTP Server can use Lua anywhere in the request process (since version 2.3, via the core mod_lua module). Ardour hard disk recorder and digital audio workstation application uses Lua for scripting including the ability to process audio and Midi. ArduPilot an open source unmanned vehicle firmware that uses Lua for user scripts
|
||||
Artweaver graphics editor uses Lua for scripting filters. Autodesk Stingray, a game engine which uses Lua for developing video games. Awesome, a window manager, is written partly in Lua, also using it as its configuration file format
|
||||
Blackmagic Fusion can be extended and automated through a comprehensive Lua API, as a faster alternative to the Python API. The Canon Hack Development Kit (CHDK), an open source firmware for Canon cameras, uses Lua as one of two scripting languages. Celestia, the astronomy educational program, uses Lua as its scripting language. Cheat Engine, a memory editor/debugger, enables Lua scripts to be embedded in its "cheat table" files, and even includes a GUI designer. Cisco Systems uses Lua to implement Dynamic Access Policies within the Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA), and also SIP normalization in Cisco Unified Communications Manager (CUCM). civetweb Easy to use, powerful, C (C/C++) embeddable web server with optional Lua support. Conky, the Linux system monitoring app, uses Lua for advanced graphics. Cocos2d uses Lua to build games with their Cocos Code IDE. Codea is a Lua editor native to the iOS operating-system. Core uses Lua for user scripts. CRYENGINE uses Lua for user scripts. Custom applications for the Creative Technology Zen X-Fi2 portable media player can be created in Lua. Damn Small Linux uses Lua to provide desktop-friendly interfaces for command-line utilities without sacrificing much disk space. The darktable open-source photography workflow application is scriptable with Lua. Certain tasks in DaVinci Resolve can be automated by Lua scripts, in addition to the more advanced scripting functions specific to the Fusion page integrated within DaVinci Resolve. Like in Fusion, a Python API can also be used. The Daylon Leveller heightfield/terrain modeler uses embedded Lua to let plug-ins be more easily developed. ESPlorer Multiplatform IDE & tools for any ESP8266 developer from luatool author’s, including a LUA for NodeMCU and MicroPython. All AT commands are supported. Eyeon's Fusion compositor uses embedded Lua and LuaJIT for internal and external scripts and also plugin prototyping. In the videogame Factorio, Lua is used for creating mods and scenarios (expanding the game with scripting)
|
||||
Flame, a large and highly sophisticated piece of malware being used for cyber espionage. Friday Night Funkin': Psych Engine uses Lua for stage building, so-called "modcharts" and multi song functions, such as editing HUD or adding more functions. Foldit, a science-oriented game in protein folding, uses Lua for user scripts. Some of those scripts have been the aim of an article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). FreeBSD's default bootloader is implemented in Lua as of version 13.0. FreePOPs, an extensible mail proxy, uses Lua to power its web front-end. Freeswitch, an open-source telephony platform, can make use of Lua as a scripting language for call control and call flow among other things. Garry's Mod, a sandbox video game, uses Lua for mods, called addons, published on the Steam Workshop. Geany, a code editor, has a Lua plugin, GeanyLua. Ginga, the middleware for Brazilian Digital Television System (SBTVD or ISDB-T), uses Lua as a script language to its declarative environment, Ginga-NCL. In Ginga-NCL, Lua is integrated as media objects (named NCLua) inside Nested Context Language (NCL) documents. GrafX2, a pixel-art editor, can run Lua scripts for simple picture processing or generative illustration. HAProxy, a reverse proxying software, may be extended with Lua starting from version 1.6. Hollywood, a cross-platform programming language using Lua. iClone, a 3D real-time animation studio to create animation movies uses Lua in the controls of its new physics simulation. The drawing editor Ipe (mainly used for producing figures with LaTeX labeling) uses Lua for its functions and script extensions. Leadwerks Game Engine uses Lua for user scripts. Lego Mindstorms NXT and NXT 2.0 can be scripted with Lua using third-party software. lighttpd web server uses Lua for hook scripts as well as a modern replacement for the Cache Meta Language. Löve, a 2D game framework for Lua. Luanti (formerly Minetest), a 3D game platform, uses Lua for games, mods, and parts of the engine. LuaTeX, the designated successor of pdfTeX, allows extensions to be written in Lua. MediaWiki, which is used on Wikipedia and other wikis, uses Lua as a templating language provided by Scribunto extension. Minecraft modifications like ComputerCraft or OpenComputers allow players to execute Lua on in-game computers. Moho, an animation software package distributed by Smith Micro Software, uses Lua as its scripting language, and all of its native tools are built as editable scripts. mpv (crossplatform media player, an mplayer fork) uses Lua as a scripting language. MySQL Workbench uses Lua for its extensions and add-ons. Neovim text editor offers Lua functions as a replacement for Vimscript as a scripting language, both for plugin development and for user configuration. NetBSD has a Lua driver that can create and control Lua states inside the kernel. This allows Lua to be used for packet filtering and creating device drivers. nmap network security scanner uses Lua as the basis for its scripting language, named nse. NodeMCU uses Lua in hardware. NodeMCU is an open source hardware platform, which can run Lua directly on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC. NUT allows Applications written in Lua. OpenMW, a free and open-source game engine recreation that reimplements the one powering Bethesda Softworks' 2002 open-world role-playing game The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind. OpenResty, a web platform based on nginx, supports Lua scripting in different execution phases. Orbiter (simulator) Space Flight Simulator offers some Lua API allowing to customize simulation feedback, or to automatize simple maneuvers
|
||||
pandoc, a universal document converter, allows modifications of the internal document representation via Lua scripts. Sierra Wireless AirLink ALEOS GSM / CDMA / LTE gateways allow user applications to be written in Lua. PewPew Live uses Lua scripting to define community levels. PowerDNS offers extensive Lua scripting for serving and changing DNS answers, fixing up broken servers, and DoS protection. Project Dogwaffle Professional offers Lua scripting to make filters through the DogLua filter. Lua filters can be shared between Project Dogwaffle, GIMP, Pixarra Twistedbrush and ArtWeaver. Project Zomboid is a video game (similar to The Sims but in zombie theme) made in Java, that uses Lua for mods (expanding the game with scripting). Prosody is a cross-platform Jabber/XMPP server written in Lua. QSC Audio Products supports Lua scripting for control of external devices and other advanced functions within Q-SYS Designer. Quartz Composer, a visual programming tool by Apple, can be scripted in Lua via a free plugin produced by Boinx Software. Ravenfield (video game) is a first person shooter sandbox game that uses a modified version of Lua.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of applications using Lua"
|
||||
chunk: 3/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_applications_using_Lua"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:56.980256+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
REAPER digital audio workstation supports Lua scripting to extend function. Reason digital audio workstation uses Lua to describe remote codecs. Redis, an open source key-value database, uses Lua (starting with version 2.6) to write complex functions that run in the server itself, thus extending its function. Renoise audio tracker uses Lua scripting to extend function. RetroShare encrypted filesharing, serverless email, instant messaging, online chat and BBS software, has a Lua plugin for automation and control. Roblox is a game platform with its own game engine. It uses a modified version of Lua 5.1 named Luau. Rockbox, the open-source digital audio player firmware, supports plugins written in Lua. RPM, software package management system mainly developed for Red Hat Linux, comes with an embedded Lua interpreter. SAS integrates Lua with PROC LUA as an alternative to its legacy macro language. Scrap Mechanic is a video game, that uses Lua in mods that can be downloaded from the Steam Workshop. ScyllaDB uses Lua for user-defined functions, which let users deploy server-side scripts to perform data transforms such as aggregations, sums and averages. New versions of SciTE editor can be extended using Lua. Snort intrusion detection system includes a Lua interpreter since 3.0 beta release. The Squeezebox music players from Logitech support plugins written in Lua on recent models (Controller, Radio and Touch). Stormworks: Build and Rescue use Lua for microcontrollers scripting / monitor scripting
|
||||
Tarantool uses Lua as the stored procedure language for its NoSQL database management system, and acts as a Lua application server. TeamSpeak has a Lua scripting plugin for modifications. TI-Nspire calculators contain applications written in Lua, since TI added Lua scripting support with a calculator-specific API in OS 3+. Torch is an open source deep learning library for Lua. Trailmakers is a sandbox- vehicle builder game. It uses MoonSharp to bind Lua into Unity which gives the ability to script gamemodes, custom maps, and general gameplay functions. Varnish can execute Lua scripts in the request process by extending VCL through the Lua VMOD (Varnish module). Vim has Lua scripting support starting with version 7.3. VLC media player uses Lua to provide scripting support. Warframe uses Lua for HUD purposes and several other UI operations
|
||||
Waze uses Lua internally. waze-4-35-0-15.apk includes Lua 5.3.3. WeeChat IRC client allows scripts to be written in Lua. WinGate proxy server allows event processing and policy to execute Lua scripts with access to internal WinGate objects. Wireshark network packet analyzer allows protocol dissectors, post-dissectors, and taps to be written in Lua. X-Plane uses lua for aircraft systems and plugins. ZeroBrane Studio Lua IDE is written in Lua and uses Lua for its plugins.
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
eLua, Embedded Lua (a version of Lua specifically tailored for use in embedded systems).
|
||||
Projects in Lua
|
||||
Ravi, derivative of Lua 5.3 with limited optional static typing and an LLVM based JIT compiler
|
||||
SquiLu, Squirrel modified with Lua libraries
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of computer hardware manufacturers in the Soviet Union"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers_in_the_Soviet_Union"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:32.410714+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of computer hardware manufacturers in the Soviet Union:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List ==
|
||||
Major Soviet hardware manufacturers and ministry affiliations in 1988:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ministry of the Electronics Industry ===
|
||||
Elka Plant
|
||||
Leningrad Svetlana Association
|
||||
Exiton Plant in Pavlovskiy Posad (завод «Экситон»)
|
||||
Voronezh Elektronika Association (НПО «Электроника»)
|
||||
Zelenograd Complex
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ministry of Instrument Making ===
|
||||
V. I. Lenin Kiev Elektronmash Production Association (Киевское производственное объединение «Электронмаш» им. В. И. Ленина)
|
||||
Kiev Plant of Computers and Electronic Control Machines (VUM) (Киевский завод вычислительных и управляющих машин - ВУМ)
|
||||
Kishinev Calculating Machine Plant
|
||||
Kursk Calculating Machines Plant
|
||||
Leningrad Electrical Machines Plant (Ленинградский Электромашиностроительный Завод)
|
||||
Livny Experimental Factory of Computer Graphics (Ливенский завод средств машинной графики)
|
||||
Moscow Elektronmash Scientific Production Association
|
||||
Orel Computer Machines Plant
|
||||
Ryazan Order of Lenin Factory of Calculating Analytical Machinery
|
||||
Impulse Severodonetsk Scientific Production Association (Северодонецкое научно-производственное объединение «Импульс»)
|
||||
Smolensk Calculating Machine Factory
|
||||
Taurage Calculating Machine Assemblies Plant (Tauragės skaičiavimo mašinų elementų gamykla)
|
||||
Tbilisi Control Computer Works
|
||||
Lenin Vilnius Computer Factory
|
||||
Vilnius Sigma Association
|
||||
Vinnytsia Terminal Plant (Завод «Терминал»)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ministry of Radio Technology ===
|
||||
Kazan Computer Plant (Казанский завод ЭВМ)
|
||||
Minsk Computer Technology Production Corporation (Минское производственное объединение вычислительной техники)
|
||||
Moscow Calculating Machines Plant (SAM; Московский завод счётно-аналитических машин)
|
||||
Moscow Radio Plant (Московский Радиозавод)
|
||||
Penza Computer Work (Завод вычислительных электронных машин)
|
||||
Yerevan Electronics Plant (Ереванский завод "Электрон")
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of computer hardware manufacturers
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of computer standards"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:38.462049+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Computer hardware and software standards are technical standards instituted for compatibility and interoperability between software, systems, platforms and devices.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Hardware ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Software ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of RFCs
|
||||
List of device bandwidths
|
||||
Comparison of wireless data standards
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 10"
|
||||
chunk: 1/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 10 is a version of Windows NT and the successor of Windows 8.1. Some features of the operating system were removed in comparison to Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, and further changes in features offered have occurred within subsequent feature updates to Windows 10. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and later releases).
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 1507: (RTM) ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Windows shell ===
|
||||
The charms are removed, and replaced with the Action Center. In Windows Runtime apps, a menu button appears on the title bar that can be used to access the functions that previously required its usage.
|
||||
Users are no longer able to synchronize Start menu layouts across all devices associated with a Microsoft account. A Microsoft developer justified the change by explaining that a user may have different applications they want to emphasize on each device that they use, rather than use the same configuration across each device. The ability to automatically install a Windows app across all devices associated with an account was also removed.
|
||||
Dragging and dropping items from or within the start menu and the list of recent files (accessible from right click on a taskbar shortcut) is no longer possible.
|
||||
|
||||
=== System components ===
|
||||
User control over Windows Updates is removed (except in enterprise versions). In earlier versions, users could opt for updates to be installed automatically, or to be notified so they could update as and when they wished, or not to be notified; and they could choose which updates to install, using information about the updates. Windows 10 Pro and Enterprise users may be configured by an administrator to defer updates, but only for a limited time. Under the Windows end-user license agreement, users consent to the automatic installation of all updates, features and drivers provided by the service, and implicitly consent "without any additional notice" to the possibility of features being modified or removed. The agreement also states, specifically for users of Windows 10 in Canada, that they may pause updates by disconnecting their device from the Internet.
|
||||
Drivers for external (USB) floppy drives are no longer integrated and must be downloaded separately.
|
||||
While all Windows 10 editions include fonts that provide broad language support, some fonts for Asian languages (Arabic, Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, etc.) are no longer included with the standard installation "to reduce the amount of disk space that Windows requires", but are available without charge as optional font packages. When software invokes text in languages other than those for which the system is configured and does not use the Windows font fallback mechanisms designed always to display legible glyphs, Windows displays unsupported characters as a default "not defined" glyph, a square or rectangular box, or a box with a dot, question mark or "x" inside.
|
||||
The ability to create MS-DOS bootdisks has been removed. This means the last remnant of MS-DOS (aside from NTVDM in 32-bit editions) has been removed.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Media features ===
|
||||
Windows Media Center introduced in Windows XP Media Center Edition is discontinued, and is uninstalled when upgrading from a previous version of Windows. Upgraded Windows installations with Media Center will receive the paid app Windows DVD Player free of charge for a limited, but unspecified, time. Microsoft had previously relegated Media Center and integrated DVD playback support to a paid add-on beginning on Windows 8 due to the cost of licensing the required DVD playback related patents, and the increasing number of PCs that have no optical drives.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Internet and networking ===
|
||||
Web browsers can no longer set themselves as a user's default without further intervention; changing the default web browser must be performed manually by the user from the "Default apps" page in Settings app, ostensibly to prevent browser hijacking.
|
||||
Parental controls no longer support browsers other than Internet Explorer and Edge, and the ability to control browsing by a whitelist was removed. Also removed was the ability to control local accounts, and the ability to scan a machine for applications to allow and block.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bundled software ===
|
||||
The Food & Drink, Health & Fitness, and Travel apps have been discontinued.
|
||||
Starting with Windows 10, Microsoft does not offer WinHelp viewer for this (or higher) version. The last version of Windows on which it was possible to open WinHelp files, using a downloadable component, is Windows 8.1.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Features restored in later versions ===
|
||||
Windows Defender could be integrated into File Explorer's context menu in Windows 8.x, but Microsoft initially removed integration from Windows 10, restoring it in Windows 10 build 10571 in response to user feedback.
|
||||
The OneDrive built-in sync client, which was introduced in Windows 8.1, no longer supports offline placeholders for online-only files in Windows 10. This functionality was re-added in Windows 10 version 1709, under the name "Files On-Demand".
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 1511 ==
|
||||
Location-aware printing, a feature of Windows 7 (originally intended for Windows Vista during the development of Windows Vista) that allowed users to specify default printers for individual network locations, then automatically switch between printers when changing networks is no longer available.
|
||||
'The Tap and Send functionality of Windows 8.1 to receive and send content across devices supporting near-field communication is no longer available.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 10"
|
||||
chunk: 2/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 1607 ==
|
||||
Cortana can now operate in a feature-limited mode with basic web and device search functionality, if users have not opted into data collection and personalization. On previous versions, a generic "Search" experience without Cortana branding was shown if the user had not granted permission to activate Cortana.
|
||||
In April 2016, Microsoft announced that it will no longer allow Cortana web searches to be executed through any other web browser and search engine combination but Microsoft Edge [Legacy] and Bing, intentionally disregarding user settings. Microsoft alleges that other web browsers and search engines results in a "compromised experience that is less reliable and predictable", and that only Microsoft Edge [Legacy] supports direct integration with Cortana within the browser itself.
|
||||
The ability to change the Exit Windows, Windows Logoff, and Windows Login sounds was hidden in Version 1607, although these features can be enabled by going to the Windows Registry and under the EventLabels folder and setting the value to 0. However, even changing these sounds in the sounds panel has not had any effect since Windows 8.
|
||||
Certain features related to embedded advertising in the operating system can no longer be disabled on non-Enterprise or Education versions of Windows 10 using management settings such as Group Policy, including disabling Microsoft Store and Universal Windows Platform apps, "Microsoft consumer experiences" (which pushes tiles to the Start menu advertising promoted Microsoft Store apps, typically following a new installation of Windows 10), Windows Tips, turning off the lock screen (which can optionally display ads as part of "Spotlight" tips), or enforcing a specific lock screen background. Critics argued that this change was meant to discourage Windows 10 Pro from being used in business environments, since Microsoft was reducing the amount of control administrators have over their devices' environments without using an enterprise version of Windows 10.
|
||||
The ability to share Wi-Fi credentials with other contacts via Wi-Fi Sense was removed; Wi-Fi passwords can still be synced between devices tied to the same Microsoft account.
|
||||
Support for AGP video cards was removed in this version without any official announcement. Attempting to use an AGP video card in version 1607 or newer will fail and the card will display error code 43 or run in PCI mode depending on the card and board.
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 1703 ==
|
||||
Windows 10 is no longer supported on devices containing an Intel Atom "Clover Trail" system-on-chip. Affected devices may not be upgraded to 1703 or any future feature updates of Windows 10. Microsoft will continue to provide security patches for version 1607 (the build has a long-term support version for enterprise markets) on these devices through January 2023.
|
||||
Windows Update will no longer postpone the download of certain critical updates if the device is connected to a network that was designated by the user as being "metered". Although meant to prevent the updates from utilizing data allotments, this behavior had been used as a workaround by users to avoid the requirement for all updates to be automatically downloaded.
|
||||
The Interactive Service Detection service, introduced in Windows Vista to combat shatter attacks, is removed in 1703.
|
||||
Briefcase files and shell and sync functionality has been fully removed. Previously it was disabled in Windows 8 but could be enabled with a Registry tweak.
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 1709 ==
|
||||
The Syskey utility is removed, with Microsoft citing insecure cryptography and increasing use as ransomware in tech support scams.
|
||||
Server Message Block version 1 (SMB1) is disabled by default on version 1709. The Home and Pro editions only disable the SMB1 server but retain the SMB1 client, so they can connect to SMB1 network shares. The Enterprise and Education editions disable the SMB1 entirely. This version of the 30-year-old protocol gained notoriety in the WannaCry ransomware attack, although Microsoft had been discouraging its use even before.
|
||||
3D Builder is no longer installed by default. As of July 2024, 3D Builder is no longer supported and it was removed from the Microsoft Store.
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 1803 ==
|
||||
Games Explorer, first introduced in Windows Vista and included up to Windows 10 version 1709, has been removed. Running the command shell:games will open an error message.
|
||||
Language options in Control Panel, first featured in Windows 8, have been moved to Windows Settings.
|
||||
By default, Windows 10 no longer automatically backs up the Registry in the RegBack folder. Microsoft recommends using System Restore instead.
|
||||
HomeGroup, a home network file sharing feature first introduced in Windows 7 and included up to Windows 10 version 1709, is removed.
|
||||
XPS Viewer is no longer installed by default on new installations.
|
||||
The Phone Companion app is deprecated, with its functionality moved to the Settings app.
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 1809 ==
|
||||
Windows 10 setup made it more difficult to create a local user account not linked to a Microsoft account if the PC is able to connect to the internet during the setup process.
|
||||
The Hologram app has been replaced by the Mixed Reality Viewer.
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 1903 ==
|
||||
The sync feature of the desktop version of the Messaging app has been removed.
|
||||
The "Product alert" button in Microsoft Paint present from version 1703 onwards, which advised users that Paint would be replaced by Paint 3D, was removed.
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 1909 ==
|
||||
Roaming of Taskbar settings is removed.
|
||||
The Peer Name Resolution Protocol (PNRP) cloud service was removed in Windows 10, version 1809. It's been planned to complete the removal process by removing the corresponding APIs.
|
||||
The Explorer search box no longer shows the key words for Advanced Query Syntax nor does it populate their values, although the Advanced Query Syntax for Windows Search can still be used.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 10"
|
||||
chunk: 3/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 2004 ==
|
||||
Certain capabilities of Cortana have been removed, such as music and connected home.
|
||||
Windows To Go introduced in Windows 8 and included up to Windows 10 version 1909 is removed.
|
||||
The Mobile Plans and Messaging apps are removed for non-cellular devices and are not installed by default.
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 21H1 ==
|
||||
Adobe Flash Player is removed in Control Panel\System and Security.
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in version 22H2 ==
|
||||
The ability to install feature updates cumulatively is no longer available in version 22H2 as it requires at least Windows 10, version 2004 to be installed first.
|
||||
Since IE11 was disabled, the option to set Internet Explorer as the default browser in Internet Settings has been removed. However, shortcuts to the browser remain. This can also be seen in Windows 11.
|
||||
The bigger-looking search bar in File Explorer has been replaced with the pre-1909 search bar, starting with the KB5034203 and KB5034122 updates.
|
||||
|
||||
== Deprecated features ==
|
||||
Microsoft has published a list of Windows features that are no longer actively developed. Microsoft states that these features may potentially be removed in future updates to Windows 10.
|
||||
|
||||
My People in the shell no longer developed. It was discontinued in early 2025 and replaced by the new Outlook for Windows.
|
||||
Hyper-V vSwitch on LBFO (to be bound via Switch Embedded Teaming)
|
||||
Package state roaming for UWP apps (being replaced by Azure App Service)
|
||||
ReFS (volumes can only be created on Windows 10 Pro for Workstations and Enterprise)
|
||||
Snipping Tool (replaced by Store app Snip & Sketch)
|
||||
Language Community tab in Feedback Hub
|
||||
Software Restriction Policies (replaced primarily by AppLocker and Windows Defender Application Control)
|
||||
System Image Backup
|
||||
Internet Explorer (permanently disabled by a Microsoft Edge update on SAC versions on February 14, 2023)
|
||||
Windows Hello Companion Device Framework API for external devices to unlock Windows logon when biometrics are unavailable
|
||||
Dynamic Disks (will be replaced by Storage Spaces in a future update)
|
||||
Math Input Panel (will be replaced by Math Recognition in a future update)
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
New features by Windows version:
|
||||
Removed features by Windows version:
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 11"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:58.606809+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 11 is the latest major release of the Windows NT operating system and the successor of Windows 10. Some features of the operating system were removed in comparison to Windows 10, and further changes in older features have occurred within subsequent feature updates to Windows 11. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and later releases).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in original release ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bundled software ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== No longer available ====
|
||||
The following applications are no longer bundled with Windows 11 and no longer available.
|
||||
|
||||
Internet Explorer
|
||||
Wallet
|
||||
Windows Mixed Reality
|
||||
Skype
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Not bundled, but available ====
|
||||
The following applications are no longer bundled with Windows 11, but can still be installed from the Microsoft Store.
|
||||
|
||||
3D Viewer
|
||||
OneNote for Windows 10
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Windows shell ===
|
||||
The following parts of the Windows shell are no longer available in Windows 11.
|
||||
|
||||
Lock Screen's quick status
|
||||
Toggleable tablet mode (now is automatically enabled on touch devices)
|
||||
Timeline feature in Task View
|
||||
Save Search option in File Explorer
|
||||
In addition:
|
||||
|
||||
The touch keyboard no longer docks in screens larger than 18 inches.
|
||||
Windows no longer synchronizes desktop wallpapers across devices with a Microsoft account.
|
||||
Windows no longer shows a small preview of images or videos on folder thumbnails. Instead, it shows the generic folder icon for any folder containing images or videos.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Start menu ====
|
||||
Some functionality from the Start menu was removed and replaced with other features.
|
||||
|
||||
Folders and groups
|
||||
Live tiles, but the Widgets panel provides portions of what the live tiles of Windows 10's bundled apps provided
|
||||
Recent and pinned files on pinned apps
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Taskbar ====
|
||||
The following taskbar features are no longer available as of Windows 11:
|
||||
(some of these may still be possible with registry tweaking)
|
||||
|
||||
Support for moving the taskbar to the top, left, or right of the screen
|
||||
Support for using the taskbar in full screen
|
||||
Support for changing the size of the taskbar or its icons
|
||||
"Time" is not displayed in the calendar when clicking on the "Date/Time" on taskbar
|
||||
Scheduled events are not displayed in the calendar when opened
|
||||
The option to show or hide Windows shell's tray icons (Only third-party icons can be hidden or shown)
|
||||
All settings and shortcuts in the taskbar's context menu (Only a shortcut to the taskbar settings area of the Settings app is available.)
|
||||
The network and audio flyouts have been consolidated into a new settings flyout
|
||||
"Some icons in the System Tray", although Microsoft doesn't specify which
|
||||
Support for third-party taskbar components (deskbands)
|
||||
The upward swipe gesture for jumplists
|
||||
Ability to move the system tray from the primary monitor
|
||||
The People button (The "Chat" button powered by Microsoft Teams takes its place.)
|
||||
The News and Interests panel (The "Widgets" panel serves the same purpose.)
|
||||
Action Center (Two separate flyouts take its place: "Notification Center" and "Quick Settings")
|
||||
Support for showing one icon per app window on the taskbar (Reinstated in May 2023; option merged with showing labels)
|
||||
Support for showing window labels on the taskbar (Reinstated in May 2023; option merged with separating window icons)
|
||||
Support for bringing an app into focus by dragging a file to its button (Reinstated in February 2022 insider builds)
|
||||
Task Manager can no longer be opened by right-clicking the taskbar (Reinstated in September 2022 insider builds)
|
||||
Ability to peek at the desktop by hovering the mouse cursor over the Show Desktop button
|
||||
Ability to display the seconds on the current time removed (Reinstated in November 2022)
|
||||
Support for adding toolbars such as the Quick Launch Bar (apart from 3rd party software)
|
||||
Expanding Taskbar to two levels
|
||||
Holding shift while right-clicking on an app icon for which multiple windows are open no longer shows a menu allowing the user to minimize, restore, cascade, or stack all open windows for that app
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Settings ===
|
||||
File History can only be configured using the legacy Control Panel application, which does not support adding custom folders to the set of protected folders as the Settings app in Windows 10 did.
|
||||
The option to simultaneously set a program as the default for all file associations it can handle is no longer available.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Architecture and other features ===
|
||||
Windows 11 is only available for the x86-64 and ARM64 CPU architectures, as Microsoft is no longer offering a Windows build for IA-32 x86 and ARMv7 systems. In addition, NTVDM and the 16-bit Windows on Windows subsystems, which allowed 32-bit versions of Windows to directly run 16-bit DOS and Windows programs, have also been revoked.
|
||||
User-mode scheduling (UMS), available on x64 versions Windows 7 and later, was a lightweight mechanism allowing applications to schedule their own threads, without involvement from the system scheduler. This feature is not included with Windows 11.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Themes ===
|
||||
The default Windows 10 and Flowers themes have been removed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Features removed in later releases ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 2022 Update ===
|
||||
The Focus assist feature has been split to Focus and Do Not Disturb.
|
||||
Attempting to run 32-bit apps on ARM64 systems that do not support 32-bit mode will now fail gracefully with an error rather than crash.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 2023 Update ===
|
||||
Microsoft Teams Chat icon on taskbar is removed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 2024 Update ===
|
||||
WordPad is no longer bundled with Windows 11, but is still included in existing installations.
|
||||
A x86-64-v2 CPU supporting SSE4.2 and POPCNT CPU instructions is now required.
|
||||
An ARMv8.1 CPU is now required, dropping unofficial support for ARMv8.0.
|
||||
ARM variants drop support for 32-bit applications.
|
||||
WMI command line tool (WMIC) is no longer installed by default. It has been made as an optional feature installable via Windows Settings.
|
||||
It is no longer possible to add or remove items from Quick Settings. However, items can be rearranged between at least 2 pages.
|
||||
The Windows 10 Taskbar code, which third-party customization tools utilize, has been removed. Taskbar for the SYSTEM account is no longer supported.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
New features by Windows version:
|
||||
Removed features by Windows version:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 7"
|
||||
chunk: 1/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
While Windows 7 contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous Windows versions up to Windows Vista were removed or changed.
|
||||
The following is a list of features that were present in Windows Vista and earlier versions but were removed in Windows 7.
|
||||
|
||||
== Windows shell ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Windows Explorer ===
|
||||
|
||||
Column headers for item properties only appear in the Details icon view mode. Additionally, even in Details view, column headers in Windows 7 only allow filtering items; there no longer are options in drop-down menus to group, sort, or stack items (Sort, Group, and Stack by Property options are removed). Filtering can only be done in Details view; grouping must be done from the context menu in every icon view mode; and sorting must be done by either clicking the column header itself in Details view, or by selecting the Sort By context menu in all other icon view modes. In Windows Vista, column headers could be used to filter, group, sort, and stack items regardless of the active icon view mode.
|
||||
Control Panel views are limited to Category, Small icons, and Large icons (which is actually Tiles view). List, Details, Extra large icons, Large icons, and Medium icons view modes are no longer available. The abilities to group or sort Control Panel items are also removed.
|
||||
Control Panel settings including Add Hardware, Bluetooth, Game Controllers, Offline Files, Pen and Touch, People Near Me, Scanners and Cameras, and Tablet PC Settings are not listed even under All Control Panel Items. The 32-bit Speech applet is no longer accessible through the Control Panel. Some of these settings are accessible only from within Category view, or by searching, but they can be made accessible via modifications to the Windows Registry.
|
||||
Disabling Auto Arrange and Align to Grid is not available in Windows Explorer windows. As a result, users can no longer manually arrange items via drag and drop within a folder; this feature is only available on the desktop.
|
||||
Each toolbar or desk band is forced to be on its own row in Windows Explorer. Windows Explorer forces the RBBS_BREAK style for every band.
|
||||
Full row selection for icons in the Details icon view mode cannot be disabled, which was possible in Windows Vista.
|
||||
Icons no longer appear on the Command Bar in Windows Explorer.
|
||||
IDeskBand interface and Explorer Bars are no longer supported in Windows Explorer; they are still supported in Internet Explorer.
|
||||
In Folder Options, the Remember each folder's view settings option that allowed Windows Explorer to retain folder icon view modes and icon sizes on a per-folder basis has been removed.
|
||||
If the sort criteria is changed when more than one item is selected — for example, if the user first sorts by name then by date — all selected items will be de-selected.
|
||||
It is not possible to open Windows Explorer (or even temporarily open a Windows Explorer window) as an administrator without modifying permissions of system values in the Windows Registry, due to a DCOM restriction.
|
||||
It is not possible to run the 32-bit version of Windows Explorer as a file manager or as the shell in 64-bit editions of Windows 7. 64-bit editions of Windows Vista and Windows XP allowed executing the 32-bit shell/Windows Explorer and making it the default for compatibility with shell extensions. As a result, all 32-bit shell extensions are incompatible with 64-bit versions of Windows 7.
|
||||
Items view control, an undocumented control that is incompatible with the List view control replaces the List view control used in Windows Explorer and Start Menu breaking applications that customized the Explorer list view control. The Item view also does not support custom positioning, custom ordering, or hyperlinks, which the Windows Vista list view did support. Because the control is undocumented, it is not possible for developers to disable auto arrange or customize views. Because ItemsView is not considered part of the Win32 common controls reusable by developers, the sound for the Select system event no longer plays in Explorer in Windows 7.
|
||||
The new items view control also ignores certain desktop.ini parameters like IconArea_Image and IconArea_Text preventing users from setting a background picture for folders. In Windows Vista, this feature was not built-in, however the list view control supported this if shell extensions or folder customization utilities which set the correct desktop.ini parameters and attributes were installed.
|
||||
Registry settings pertaining modified colors for compressed files, EFS-encrypted files, and item hot-tracking effects are ignored by the ItemsView control in Windows Explorer.
|
||||
The Navigation Pane no longer allows the tree view to be collapsed; in Windows Vista, it was possible to either show only the folder tree view or collapse this view to show only the new Favorite Links.
|
||||
The Navigation Pane no longer includes a horizontal scrollbar, or the ability to automatically scroll horizontally that was introduced in Windows Vista.
|
||||
The Navigation Pane no longer includes an option to display dotted lines to visually represent to the user how folders and subfolders are connected; in Folder Options, the Display simple folder view in Navigation Pane option is removed.
|
||||
Similarly, when clicking on a folder in the Navigation Pane, it isn't automatically expanded to show its subfolders, as the Display simple folder view in Navigation Pane option is removed.
|
||||
The Slide Show button on the Command Bar in Windows Explorer starts the new Windows Photo Viewer which, unlike Windows Photo Gallery or Windows Live Photo Gallery does not support themes or rich transitions.
|
||||
The Public folder introduced in Windows Vista is no longer listed among the items in the hierarchy of the breadcrumb bar; users who wish to open this folder from the address bar must enter its full path.
|
||||
The Share overlay icon for shared items in Windows Explorer has been removed; this change means that users must now select a folder each time, every time to determine if it is being shared. The Share overlay icon was a feature of Windows since Windows NT 3.1.
|
||||
The Sharing Wizard introduced in Windows Vista no longer includes an option to create a new user when sharing an item (Create a new user...).
|
||||
The Software Explorer feature of Windows Defender has been removed; as a result, there are no longer notifications if User Account Control blocks a startup application that required elevation.
|
||||
The status bar in Windows Explorer no longer shows the size of a selected item(s).
|
||||
When items are grouped, selection of multiple groups by clicking the group header while holding down the Ctrl key is not possible as could be done in Windows Vista.
|
||||
When multiple items are selected in a Windows Explorer window, this selection is not retained if the user navigates back or forward.
|
||||
When navigating to a folder from a library, it is not possible to view the folder's contents in the view the user has set or customized; the folder uses the library's view.
|
||||
Windows 7 removes the Customize tab for a folder if its properties are opened via Libraries. If the same folder is opened in Windows Explorer without accessing it via Libraries, the Customize tab is available.
|
||||
Windows Explorer cannot be configured to retain individual folder window positions and sizes; each window shares the same size, and the position of each window is cascaded as new windows are opened.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 7"
|
||||
chunk: 2/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Taskbar ===
|
||||
|
||||
16-bit applications can no longer display their icon on the taskbar when running. The taskbar instead shows the icon for NTVDM.exe, which is the 32-bit host process for running 16-bit applications.
|
||||
Always on Top for the taskbar is mandatory in Windows 7; in previous versions of Windows this was possible to disable.
|
||||
Clicking a grouped application's taskbar button or thumbnail when it is active (in the foreground) does not minimize it unlike in previous Windows versions; only ungrouped application buttons minimize upon being clicked again.
|
||||
Floating deskbands (toolbars) are no longer available. The feature was previously deprecated in Windows Vista; all toolbars can only be located on the taskbar. It is no longer possible to place toolbars on the other (non-taskbar) edges of the desktop.
|
||||
Grouping (placing next to each other) taskbar buttons belonging to the same application cannot be disabled; users can still disable combining multiple taskbar buttons of the same type under a single button.
|
||||
Icons have been removed from the tooltips for the notification area Date and Time, Network, Power, and Volume system icons.
|
||||
Network activity animation on the Network system icon in the notification area is no longer available; the icon now only shows the type of network being used and whether Internet connectivity is established.
|
||||
Quick Launch was deprecated and removed from the taskbar in favor of pinned applications. It is possible to revert to Quick Launch by manually adding it as a custom toolbar referencing %AppData%\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Quick Launch if users prefer the taskbar layout from earlier versions of Windows, although Windows 7 and later have issues with Quick Launch getting automatically disabled and all its settings getting reset after a log off or restart.
|
||||
Power plans listed under the Power system icon are limited to Balanced and Power saver (with the High Performance power plan being available in the Control Panel); in Windows Vista, the all three power plans were available for use from the system icon, and user-created custom plans would also be available.
|
||||
The configurable registry option TaskbarGroupSize, which allowed fine-grained control over taskbar grouping in previous versions of Windows is not supported. In Windows 7, users can only configure to combine buttons, not combine buttons, or combine when the taskbar is full.
|
||||
The context menu of the Power system icon no longer features a link to open the Windows Mobility Center.
|
||||
The number of combined taskbar windows is not calculated and shown next to the combined buttons regardless of how many windows are open (i.e., three windows in one combined set do not list '3' next to the combination's name); users must determine this for themselves.
|
||||
The Show window preview (thumbnails) option of Windows Vista in Taskbar and Start Menu Properties that allowed users to disable taskbar thumbnails while Windows Aero was active is no longer available.
|
||||
Tooltips for application icons only show the name of the application; they no longer show the comment field.
|
||||
When grouping is disabled, the ability to manage multiple taskbar items using the CTRL key and clicking with the secondary mouse button to cascade, close, minimize, or tile the selected group windows is no longer available.
|
||||
When the taskbar is vertical, there cannot be multiple columns of icons.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Start menu ===
|
||||
|
||||
Applications can no longer be excluded from appearing in the Most Frequently Used list of the Start menu by using the NoStartPage registry value as was possible in Windows XP and Windows Vista.
|
||||
Applications started from locations outside of the Start menu (such as from the Desktop, the Run dialog, or from folders) no longer appear in the Most Frequently Used unless launched at least once from the Start menu.
|
||||
Dynamically pinning default web browser and e-mail client programs on the Start menu is no longer possible. Programs can still be, however, manually pinned to the Start menu in Windows 7.
|
||||
Internet Explorer Favorites and History are no longer grouped under a separate header in the Windows 7 Start Menu as they were in the Windows Vista Start Menu. They are shown under the Files group.
|
||||
Search communications and Search favorites and history options from Windows Vista for the Start menu in Taskbar and Start Menu Properties are no longer available.
|
||||
The classic Start menu interface introduced in Windows 95 and included up to Windows Vista is no longer available in Windows 7 since build 6469. In addition, certain features that were present only in the classic Start menu — expanding menu columns for files and programs instead of scrolling, expanding folders by hovering instead of clicking, opening folders by double clicking, launching multiple programs by holding down ⇧ Shift key while clicking, and creating expandable shortcuts to folders by dragging them to the Start menu — are no longer available; however, it is possible to create a taskbar toolbar with functionality that approximates the classic Start menu, and applications such as Classic Shell can be used for this feature.
|
||||
The Lock button introduced in Windows Vista is no longer available on the Start menu; users can still specify that locking the computer should be the default action for the power button, but Windows Vista included a lock button in addition to the same configurable power button.
|
||||
When searching for items, Windows Vista provided an option to specify that only the Windows Search Index should be used when searching — instead of searching for items themselves — from the Start menu, but Windows 7 only provides options to include or exclude Public folders from search results.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Windows Search features ===
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 7"
|
||||
chunk: 3/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Arrange By (called Stack By in Windows Vista) is now only available for libraries and folders included in libraries (when it was available for all folders and all Saved Searches in Windows Vista). Users can now only stack items by predefined properties depending on the library type in Windows 7. For example, in the Music library, users can only stack by Album, Artist, and Genre, but in Windows Vista, users could stack items by any valid property that exists for a music item (e.g., Album, Artist, Genre, Part of Set, Period, Sample Rate, Track Number, and Year).
|
||||
Compositional stacking introduced in Windows Vista is no longer available for all items; users can still stack items, but they cannot browse into one stack then navigate into another stack.
|
||||
Column header drop-down menus now display dates of items ordered from the oldest to the most recent (e.g., A long time ago, Last month, Last week, Today) instead of displaying them by order from the most recent to the oldest (e.g., Today, Last week, Last month, A long time ago) as in Windows Vista.
|
||||
Saved Searches in the Searches folder from Windows Vista (Recent Documents, Recent E-mail, Recent Music, Recent Pictures and Videos, Recently Changed, and Shared By Me) have been removed.
|
||||
Because of the removal of Shared By Me and the deprecation of the Is Shared property, the Sharing Wizard no longer includes a link to see all files being shared out by the currently logged in user (Show me all the files I am sharing...) and the Network and Sharing Center no longer includes a link to Show me all the files and folders I am sharing.
|
||||
Recent Pictures and Videos, which showed all photos and videos acquired from a camera or scanner in the last 30 days is replaced by Imported Pictures and Videos, which is temporarily created when photos or videos are imported, and which shows only the items of the current acquisition session.
|
||||
Shared By Me from Windows Vista, which displayed items directly shared out by the current user is not imitable in Windows 7 due to changes to properties related to sharing.
|
||||
Stack By context menu and property header options from Windows Vista are no longer available.
|
||||
The advanced query builder (Search Pane) of Windows Vista is no longer available. Due to the removal of this interface, it is not possible to change the scope of a search in Windows Explorer unless at least one search has already been performed, after which users can specify to search in a "Custom" scope. For Saved Searches or other views that stack items, changing the scope is no longer possible due to the absence of this query builder.
|
||||
The Indexing Options Control Panel applet for Windows Search no longer includes the diagnostic option that was available in Windows Vista (Restore Defaults) to reset the Index to its original settings and rebuild the Index after the computer restarts; it is only possible to delete and rebuild the Index during the current user session (Rebuild), which was also available in Windows Vista.
|
||||
The keyboard shortcut (↵ Enter and ⇧ Shift) to redirect a query in Windows Explorer to the Internet while performing a query is no longer available; users can still specify to search the Internet from Windows Explorer, but only through an interface option (Search again in:) after a search is already performed.
|
||||
The message that appeared when opening a Saved Search with impermissible arguments or parameters (This search can't be completed because there is something wrong with this search folder) (e.g., the Saved Search references a third-party property no longer installed on the operating system) of Windows Vista is no longer available; instead, a Saved Search with impermissible arguments or parameters in Windows 7 simply does not open when the user attempts to open it, which provides no indication to the user that there is an issue.
|
||||
The option to Always search file names has been removed from the Search tab in Folder Options.
|
||||
The protocol handler add-in to add network locations to the Index is not compatible with Windows 7; the Windows Search service needs to be installed and running on the remote computers to search them.
|
||||
The Is Shared property introduced in Windows Vista to determine whether an item is being shared is no longer a queryable property; it has been deprecated in favor of a new, non-queryable Sharing Status property, which means that users can no longer search for items based on whether they are shared (for example, to search for all items that have been shared).
|
||||
The Shared With property introduced in Windows Vista is no longer a queryable property; users can still filter a list of items based on the users or groups with whom they are shared, but they cannot find all items shared with a specific user or group or search for items based on this property (i.e., querying the Index for all items shared with the Everyone group on the local machine is not possible).
|
||||
When a query is persisted as a Saved Search, it retains the presentation of items in Windows Explorer that originally appeared when the query was saved; however, Windows 7 only presents items returned by Saved Searches in the new Content view mode (regardless of how the items are to be presented). In Windows Vista, items that match a query will be presented to the user in accordance with the presentation layout defined by the Saved Search.
|
||||
Similarly, Saved Searches that stack items in Windows 7 only display stacks in a descending order (regardless of the presentation layout defined).
|
||||
When filtering items or searching for items after previously stacking them, stacks do not remain in view as they did in Windows Vista; instead, the items that match the new criteria are displayed. In Windows Vista, it was possible to navigate into a stack after filtering or searching to achieve the same result.
|
||||
While implemented as an alternative to Saved Searches, libraries do not support accessing an item via the path of a library when the actual file system path is not known; accessing an item through the path of a Saved Search in both Windows Vista and Windows 7 is possible (i.e., C:\Users\JohnSmith\ABC.search-ms\ABC.docx), but libraries do not provide such a faculty (i.e., Libraries\Documents\ABC.docx or C:\Users\JohnSmith\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Libraries\Documents.library-ms\ABC.docx does not access the item).
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 7"
|
||||
chunk: 4/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Pen and touch input ===
|
||||
Pointer Options of the Pen and Touch (Pen and Input Devices in Windows Vista) Control Panel applet is no longer available; users can no longer configure enabling or disabling pen cursors, or choose to show either pen cursors or mouse cursors when using pens to interact with the screen.
|
||||
The Touch Pointer toolbar in Windows Vista, which displays a button on the Windows taskbar to quickly show or hide the touch pointer interface when using touch input is no longer available.
|
||||
Under the Touch tab in Pen and Touch, the previous Practice using your finger instead of a mouse or a tablet pen option of Windows Vista that opened a wizard interface for training with touch input is no longer available.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other Shell features ===
|
||||
|
||||
About in bundled Windows applications such as Microsoft Paint or Windows Calculator (as well as winver) no longer displays the system's RAM capacity, a detail that was previously included in this dialog of NT-based Windows versions since Windows NT 3.5.
|
||||
Beginning with Windows 7, AutoPlay disables AutoRun entries and only supports optical media such as CDs and DVDs due to security issues associated with automatically executing content on portable flash media; Microsoft later backported this change to Windows XP and Windows Vista.
|
||||
Devices and Printers, which supersedes the Bluetooth Devices Control Panel applet of previous Windows versions, does not include column header properties introduced in Windows Vista by which to sort Bluetooth devices; in particular, the Address, Authenticated, Connection In Use, Discovery Method, Encrypted, Last Connected, Paired, and Version properties are no longer available, which means users cannot filter, group, or sort Bluetooth devices by these properties (for example, to view only devices with active connections, devices by connection types, or when devices were last connected to the machine). The former Bluetooth Devices applet is still available, but it is hidden by default.
|
||||
Command Prompt no longer displays the RAM usage (maximum: 190 MB at 9999×9999) when selecting large buffer grids.
|
||||
Games Explorer no longer supports changing command line switches, compatibility modes, icons, or start-in paths for games.
|
||||
Games Explorer no longer supports Rich Saved Games of Windows Vista, which allowed for creating a Shell handler to expose cover art and metadata of games to the Windows Shell for Windows Search.
|
||||
HD DVD is no longer an available option in AutoPlay.
|
||||
The Presentation Settings feature introduced in Windows Vista no longer includes an option to view a list of the connected displays (Connected displays...).
|
||||
The Snap To mouse pointer option to move the pointer automatically to the default button in a dialog is broken on many re-designed system and application dialog boxes and windows in Windows 7. The mouse pointer simply does not move or snap to the default button in several dialogs which are re-designed.
|
||||
Windows Network Diagnostics, when it did not detect a network connectivity error in Windows Vista, included a prompt for the user to queue and send a report with Windows configuration details to Microsoft; analysis of this data allowed for building solutions when an issue was known to the user but not detected. In Windows 7, this prompt is no longer available, and users are instead provided with additional troubleshooting options such as Help and Support or Remote Assistance (which were also accessible in Windows Vista).
|
||||
Similarly, when a problem is resolved, the user does not have the option to send a report to Microsoft if another problem is suspected.
|
||||
|
||||
== Personalization ==
|
||||
In the Personalization control panel, it is not possible to save changes to an existing theme. Changes made after choosing a theme must be saved again and the original theme deleted to prevent duplication. In previous versions of Windows, a theme file could be overwritten with the modified theme.
|
||||
The Aurora, Windows Energy, and Windows Logo screensavers, and the wallpapers that shipped with Windows Vista were removed.
|
||||
The 3D-Bronze, 3D-White, Conductor, Dinosaur, Hands 1, Hands 2, Variations, and Windows Animated cursor schemes are removed and no longer available.
|
||||
ClearType cannot be turned off entirely in order for the user interface font, Segoe UI, to maintain optimal design for certain shell components and Windows Explorer. Parts of the user interface (such as the start menu and Explorer) still use ClearType regardless of setting.
|
||||
Icon size setting in the Advanced Appearance settings opened via Personalization dialog no longer affects icon sizes in Windows Explorer and on the Desktop.
|
||||
Windows Classic color schemes have been removed, only leaving Windows Classic (formerly "Windows Standard") and the High Contrast themes. It was later reused on Windows Server 2012 Beta.
|
||||
|
||||
== Sample content ==
|
||||
The Bear, Butterfly, and Lake sample videos and the sample pictures and music tracks that were bundled with Windows Vista were removed.
|
||||
|
||||
== Windows Media Player features ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 7"
|
||||
chunk: 5/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The ability to lock the player while in full-screen mode using a 4-digit PIN has been removed.
|
||||
The option to adjust the bit rate when burning data CDs has been removed.
|
||||
Windows Media Player's taskbar-integrated Mini-player has been removed. The thumbnail preview which replaces this lacks volume control and a progress bar. The ability to start the miniplayer only for certain files based on specific text in their file names was also removed.
|
||||
Enhancements are only accessible from Now Playing view in a floating window. They do not dock to the Now Playing window, and do not get restored when Windows Media Player is restarted. Even when manually restored, their position does not get saved.
|
||||
Left/Right balance control has been removed from the graphic equalizer and is no longer possible.
|
||||
Several player preferences are not saved and restored upon restarting the player. The playlist pane in Now Playing view is not shown automatically. Enhancements do not get restored when Windows Media Player is restarted. Even when manually restored, the previous position of the Now Playing window and enhancements is not retained.
|
||||
The context menu entry "Find In Library" which allowed locating the Now Playing song in the library was removed.
|
||||
Advanced Tag Editor, Color Chooser, Media Link for E-mail, and Party Mode features have been removed.
|
||||
The ability to add and show static lyrics and synchronized lyrics has been removed.
|
||||
Recently added Auto playlist is not included by default.
|
||||
Total time for CDs and playlists is rounded up to the nearest minute, i.e. seconds are no longer shown.
|
||||
|
||||
== Internet Explorer features ==
|
||||
|
||||
In Internet Explorer 8, the previous session can no longer be automatically restored the next time. The user must remember to manually open the session the next time.
|
||||
Internet Explorer 8 on any Windows version does not support inline AutoComplete in its address bar.
|
||||
Rating and description of Internet Explorer favorites can no longer be edited from the Details pane in Windows 7 Explorer.
|
||||
|
||||
== Applications replaced by Windows Live counterparts ==
|
||||
|
||||
Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Mail have been removed, in favor of downloading respective Windows Live counterparts, after they were discontinued in favor of third-party e-mail clients, photo and video software.
|
||||
Windows Live Mail and Windows Live Movie Maker do not include all of the features of Windows Mail and Windows Movie Maker respectively.
|
||||
Windows Live Mail does not support HTML source editing, scripted stationery and the ability to disable the splash screen.
|
||||
The Windows Mail gadget for Windows SideShow does not ship with Windows 7.
|
||||
Windows Live Movie Maker does not include a proper timeline with audio edits and narration, title overlays, filter compatibility settings and other advanced options, cannot export to DV-AVI, and drops the transitions and effects from Windows Movie Maker.
|
||||
The web filtering and activity reporting functionality from the in-box parental controls feature. Windows Live Family Safety replaces the web filtering functionality but its user interface for filtering and activity reporting is web-based instead of the native UI used by Windows Vista's parental controls and requires logging into a Windows Live ID (now Microsoft account). After, that services was discontinued in favor of third-party parental control software. Windows 7 retained time, game and program restrictions.
|
||||
Windows Calendar has also been removed, in favor of Windows Live Mail's calendar.
|
||||
Windows Live Mail's integrated calendar supports events but not tasks, does not support subscribing, publishing, importing and exporting iCalendar files.
|
||||
Windows Live Mail's integrated calendar also lacks a native events reminder. Events are reminded through e-mail instead.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 7"
|
||||
chunk: 6/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== Other Windows applications and features ==
|
||||
To preserve the digital signature of a Windows Installer (MSI) file during uninstall, embedded cabinets are no longer automatically stripped off by Windows Installer 5.0 to save disk space. As a result, MSIs cached in the %Windir%\Installer directory take more disk space than earlier Windows versions with no option to disable the caching.
|
||||
Transient Multimon Manager (TMM), a Windows Vista feature to automatically detect hot-Plug and Play displays as well as configure and save the multi-monitor setup is removed in favor of Win+P.
|
||||
The Windows 7 On-screen keyboard removes the ability to change or specify the font as a result of which keyboard layouts of fonts which use Dingbats and Unicode characters in place of alphabetic characters can no longer be viewed.
|
||||
The Windows 7 On-screen keyboard removes direct access to function keys. Function keys are now accessed using the 'Fn' key.
|
||||
Windows Remote Assistance does not support file transfer and clipboard sharing in Windows 7.
|
||||
The Offline Files cache can be relocated, however, an existing cache with previously cached files cannot be moved without resetting it as was possible in Windows Vista using Windows Easy Transfer or in Windows XP/2000 using Cachemov.exe
|
||||
The DFS Replication Service included in Windows Vista for peer-to-peer DFS Replication service groups, has also been removed.
|
||||
The 3D visuals from WinSAT benchmark have been removed.
|
||||
Some features have been removed from Windows Defender such as the Software Explorer, configuration of security agents and notifications of program activities or when running startup programs as administrator.
|
||||
Removable Storage Manager (RSM) has been removed, so applications that depend on it—such as NTBackup or the NTBackup Restore Tool—cannot back up to physical or virtual tape drives.
|
||||
Windows Meeting Space, and the InkBall game have been removed.
|
||||
Windows Ultimate Extras for the Ultimate edition which included Windows DreamScene, Microsoft Tinker, and the Hold' Em poker game among others, was discontinued, and all installed extras were removed during an upgrade from Windows Vista to Windows 7. Microsoft had initially announced that they will re-offer Tinker and Hold 'Em in the near future. On December 15, only Tinker was made available for free as a Games for Windows – Live downloadable game which requires signing into Windows Live ID.
|
||||
Microsoft Agent 2.0 technology was removed, breaking compatibility with Microsoft Agent applications. A separate installation package has been provided by Microsoft "due to customer feedback."
|
||||
The sidebar for Desktop Gadgets was removed, although gadgets can align to any side of the screen like they did in Vista.
|
||||
The Contacts, Notes, and Stocks Desktop Gadgets have been removed. The Notes gadget has been replaced by Sticky Notes, allowing for both text and ink-based notes. An upgrade from Windows Vista to Windows 7 retains the user's notes from the gadget and transfers them to the Sticky Notes program.
|
||||
The import, export, drag and drop and voice note features in earlier versions of Sticky Notes have been removed.
|
||||
The Windows Firewall Control Panel does not allow configuring port-based filtering although the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security MMC-based snap-in allows this.
|
||||
Filtering policies in Group Policy to show only a specific operating system or application is no longer available.
|
||||
Software Restriction Policies no longer support multiple levels of trust such as "basic user" (only block or allow are still supported); this functionality has been superseded by User Account Control and AppLocker.
|
||||
The common font selector dialog box does not show the type of font (OpenType, TrueType, Symbol font, etc.)
|
||||
Windows Registry Reflection for x64 editions replaced with merged 32/64-bit keys.
|
||||
File backup to a network share (non-system image backup) is only available in Windows 7 Professional and above whereas it was included in Windows Vista Home Premium.
|
||||
Windows Import Video, a feature in Windows Vista which allowed one to import live or recorded video from a digital video camera and save it to the hard disk, has been removed.
|
||||
The option in Windows Vista to send search queries (keywords) of searches performed in the Control Panel category view to Microsoft has been removed in Windows 7.
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Windows Server 2008 R2
|
||||
|
||||
New features by Windows version:
|
||||
Removed features by Windows version:
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 8"
|
||||
chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:56.201754+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 8 is a version of Windows NT and the successor of Windows 7. Several features that originated in earlier versions of Windows and that were included in versions up to Windows 7 are no longer present in Windows 8. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and Windows 8.1).
|
||||
|
||||
== Windows Shell ==
|
||||
|
||||
Start button was removed from the taskbar (although it was added again in Windows 8.1). Replacement methods for invoking Start screen include a hotspot in the lower left corner of the screen, where the Start screen tile pops up, and a Start button among "the charms".
|
||||
"Recent documents" menu is removed from Start screen.
|
||||
Windows 8.1 no longer automatically adds newly installed programs to Start screen.
|
||||
Unified search is removed. A category-specific search replaces the former. It can search "Apps", "Settings", "Files" or within an app-specific index (such as, for example, e-mails from the Mail app) but not all at once. The default category is Apps, but can be changed before or after performing a search. Windows 8.1 restores this feature partially although unified search still does not search keywords or metadata like scoped search.
|
||||
Windows Desktop Gadgets introduced in Windows Vista and included up to Windows 8 build 8432 (fbl_loc) are removed due to security issues associated with the execution of compromised gadgets.
|
||||
Windows 2000, NT 4.0, Server 2003, and 2008 compatibility modes were removed.
|
||||
Internet Explorer no longer shares the same navigation buttons as File Explorer. This can also be seen with IE9 on earlier builds of Windows 8, and all later IE versions after 8 on Windows Vista and 7.
|
||||
The Performance Information and Tools Control Panel applet introduced in Windows Vista is no longer available with the release of Windows 8.1.
|
||||
|
||||
== Appearance and personalization ==
|
||||
The Aero Glass theme is replaced by a new theme with a flatter visual appearance in line with the Metro design language. This was done to reduce the amount of skeuomorphism in the UI. Aside from the taskbar, the new theme uses fewer transparency effects than the previous Glass theme.
|
||||
Flip 3D introduced in Windows Vista and included up to Windows 8 build 8002 (fbl_dnt3_wireless) is removed. ⊞ Win+Tab ↹ now toggles between Windows Store apps and the desktop.
|
||||
The Windows Classic theme, first introduced in Windows 95 and included up to Windows 8 build 7785, is removed. High-contrast themes (which previously used the Classic appearance) are modified to use the new visual styles.
|
||||
"Advanced appearance settings...", once found in Personalization > Window Color and Appearance part of Control Panel is removed.
|
||||
Sample pictures, sample music clips, sample video clip and preset user account pictures (a form of avatar) are no longer available.
|
||||
The sound schemes that were first included with Windows 7: Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata are all no longer available; only the folders remain in C:\Windows\Media, and they are empty. However, if Windows 8 is directly upgraded from Windows 7 instead of a clean install, the sound schemes and the files relating to the sound schemes that are included in Windows 7 will be retained.
|
||||
|
||||
== File Explorer ==
|
||||
|
||||
The Briefcase option under New context menu is removed by default, but can be reinstated by editing the registry.
|
||||
Windows 8.1 no longer shows Libraries by default.
|
||||
Because of the Details pane being moved to the right instead of at the bottom, it can no longer be enabled at the same time as the Preview pane. If the Details pane was turned on permanently, turning on the Preview pane turns it off every time since only one of them can be enabled at a time.
|
||||
|
||||
== Games ==
|
||||
Chess Titans, FreeCell, Hearts, Mahjong Titans, Minesweeper, Purble Place, Solitaire, and Spider Solitaire, as well as Internet Backgammon, Checkers, and Spades were removed. Updated versions of FreeCell, Mahjong, Minesweeper, Solitaire, and Spider Solitaire were available in Windows Store.
|
||||
The Games Explorer was hidden since Windows 8 build 8128. The feature itself and its command line shortcut (shell:games) remained until Windows 10 version 1709. The hidden shell was removed permanently in Windows 10 version 1803.
|
||||
|
||||
== Networking ==
|
||||
For dial-up networking, some of the options under "Redialing options", such as "Redial attempts" and "Redial if line is dropped", are no longer available. Although dial-up networking using PSTN telephone line is becoming increasingly rare, this could affect users that still use it to connect to 2G, 3G and/or 3.5G mobile networks and also DSL subscribers that use the system's PPPoE dialer.
|
||||
The "Manage wireless networks" option on the task pane of the Network and Sharing Center control panel is no longer available, although some of its functionality is still available through the netsh command netsh wlan. Some of this functionality is reintroduced with the Windows 8.1 Update via the PC Settings app. Similarly, creating an ad hoc wireless connection via the "Set up a wireless ad hoc" option under "Set up a new connection or network" is no longer available through the GUI; users need to use the same netsh command or a third-party utility such as Connectify.
|
||||
One can no longer save a Wi-Fi connection to a flash drive from the Wireless Network Properties box under the Connection tab.
|
||||
Shortcuts for the Bluetooth File Transfer wizard, which are added by Windows 7 on a device with Bluetooth communication, are no longer provided. The utility itself (fsquirt.exe) remains available.
|
||||
Windows 8.x Bluetooth stack does not support Bluetooth A2DP sink role. So playing audio from other phones or other PCs using Bluetooth to a PC running Windows 8.x is not possible. Windows 7 supported both A2DP source and sink roles.
|
||||
Network Map is removed from Network and Sharing Center
|
||||
Connect to a Network Projector (netproj.exe) introduced in Windows Vista is deprecated as an optional component in Windows 8.1.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of features removed in Windows 8"
|
||||
chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:56.201754+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== User accounts and security ==
|
||||
Windows CardSpace was removed.
|
||||
Windows Defender:
|
||||
Can no longer schedule automatic system scans; it is now part of Action Center's maintenance schedule
|
||||
No longer shows the currently processed item
|
||||
|
||||
== Media features ==
|
||||
Windows Media Center is no longer included with any of Windows 8 editions and is no longer offered as an add-on by Microsoft. It was available until 2015-10-30 as a US$9.99 add-on (and before 2013-01-31 as a promotional free add-on) from Microsoft's now discontinued Windows 8 Feature Packs web site and through the now discontinued Add features to Windows 8 service for Windows 8 Pro (via the Media Center Pack) and Windows 8 core edition (via the Pro Pack).
|
||||
DVD-Video and MPEG-2 Video codecs are no longer included. Video DVDs can be played in Windows Media Center for those who acquired that add-on while it was available.
|
||||
Windows DVD Maker was removed in favor of third-party software.
|
||||
Windows Media Center cannot run on startup or on top of other windows because of "new Windows OS requirements and behaviors".
|
||||
Windows Media Player no longer has the Media Guide feature and the DVD tab in the Options menu.
|
||||
Windows 2000 Display Driver Model (XDDM), is discontinued in Windows 8.
|
||||
MIDI Mapper is removed; programs now need to select a specific MIDI device. No selection means device #0, which is Microsoft GS Wavetable Synth.
|
||||
Windows 8.1 removes Facebook and Flickr support from the Photos app.
|
||||
|
||||
== File system ==
|
||||
Backup and Restore is deprecated and renamed Windows 7 File Recovery in favor of File History. In Windows 8.1, incremental block-based file backup and scheduling backups is removed (however it was reintroduced in Windows 10). Only System Image Backup remains.
|
||||
Persistent shadow copies are no longer available. Therefore, the ability to browse, search and/or recover older versions of files via the Previous Versions tab of the Properties dialog of files was removed for local volumes. Configuring and scheduling of previous versions of files was also removed from the System Protection tab of the Advanced System Properties (systempropertiesadvanced.exe) dialog box.
|
||||
CHKDSK utility only shows the progress percentage when running at startup.
|
||||
|
||||
== Other ==
|
||||
Stop errors are simplified; specifically, several paragraphs of generic advice and auxiliary error codes are removed. Windows 8.1 added a Registry setting to revert the changes, which is also available to Windows 8 users after installing a hotfix.
|
||||
Microsoft Anna's text-to-speech voice introduced in Windows Vista and included up to Windows 8 build 7996 were replaced with three new voices; Microsoft David, Microsoft Hazel, and Microsoft Zira.
|
||||
The sounds played upon login, logout, and system shutdown and the sound events themselves were removed. The startup sound remains but is disabled by default.
|
||||
.NET Framework 3.5 is no longer installed. Windows requires an Internet connection to install it, although Microsoft has published a workaround that enables users to install it from Windows installation disc.
|
||||
.NET Framework 1.1 is not supported.
|
||||
Windows 8 only supports IA-32 and x86-64 processors with PAE, SSE2, and NX.
|
||||
Features like the IME Pad and the toolbars are removed in Sucheng/Quick, Cangjie and Dayi inputs, but still remain in Bopomofo inputs.
|
||||
In Windows 8.1, the Windows Experience Index score is removed.
|
||||
Drivers for OHCI-compliant FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394-1995) host controllers are removed, although they are available from Microsoft Support. Windows 8.x comes with drivers for FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b-2002).
|
||||
DirectDraw emulation, previously deprecated, now exhibits significant performance degradation in certain legacy games.
|
||||
The ability to set the time and date on the Windows Setup was removed, which was a feature dating back to the beginning of Windows and MS-DOS.
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Windows Server 2012
|
||||
Comparison of Start menu replacements for Windows 8
|
||||
|
||||
New features by Windows version:
|
||||
Removed features by Windows version:
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Features and configuration options removed in Windows 8 - Microsoft Technet. Fuller list of less obvious features and abilities removed.
|
||||
Add a Start Menu in Windows 8. Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine. Start Menu replacement in Windows 8.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of log-structured file systems"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_log-structured_file_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:54.370295+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is an incomplete list of log-structured file system implementations.
|
||||
|
||||
James T, Brady while in IBM Poughkeepsie Lab conceived a log structured paging file system in 1979 which was implemented in MVS SP2 in 1980.
|
||||
John K. Ousterhout and Mendel Rosenblum implemented the first log-structured file system for the Sprite operating system in 1992.
|
||||
BSD-LFS, an implementation by Margo Seltzer was added to 4.4BSD, and was later ported to 386BSD. It lacked support for snapshots. It was removed from FreeBSD and OpenBSD, but still lives on in NetBSD.
|
||||
Plan 9's Fossil file system is also log-structured and supports snapshots.
|
||||
NILFS is a log-structured file system implementation for Linux by NTT/Verio which supports snapshots.
|
||||
LinLogFS (formerly dtfs) and LFS are log-structured file system implementations for Linux. The latter was part of Google Summer of Code 2005. Both projects have been abandoned.
|
||||
LFS is another log-structured file system for Linux developed by Charles University, Prague. It was to include support for snapshots and indexed directories, but development has since ceased.
|
||||
Write Anywhere File Layout (WAFL) by NetApp is a file layout that supports large, high-performance RAID arrays, quick restarts without lengthy consistency checks in the event of a crash or power failure, and growing the filesystems size quickly. Built using log-structured file system concept, snapshots and off-line data deduplication.
|
||||
LSFS is a log-structured file system with writable snapshots and inline data deduplication created by StarWind Software.
|
||||
Cache Accelerated Sequential Layout (CASL) is a proprietary log-structured filesystem developed by Nimble Storage that uses Solid State Devices to cache traditional hard drives.
|
||||
ZeroFS is a OpenSource log-structured filesystem that presents S3-compatible object storage as traditional file and block interfaces via NFS, 9P, and NBD servers, with built-in XChaCha20-Poly1305 encryption and LZ4/Zstd compression.
|
||||
ObjectiveFS is a log-structured FUSE filesystem that uses cloud object stores (e.g. Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage and private cloud object store).
|
||||
NOVA for byte-addressable persistent memory (for example non-volatile dual in-line memory module (NVDIMM) and 3D XPoint) for Linux developed at the University of California, San Diego, US.
|
||||
Spiralog was a log-structured filesystem created by Digital Equipment Corporation for the OpenVMS operating system. Spiralog was an optional product, and was discontinued due to a variety of problems, including issues with handling full volumes.
|
||||
Some kinds of storage media, such as flash memory and CD-RW, slowly degrade as they are written to and have a limited number of erase/write cycles at any one location. Log-structured file systems are sometimes used on these media because they make fewer in-place writes and thus prolong the life of the device by wear leveling. The more common such file systems include:
|
||||
|
||||
UDF is a file system commonly used on optical discs.
|
||||
JFFS and its successor JFFS2 are simple Linux file systems intended for raw flash-based devices.
|
||||
UBIFS is a filesystem for raw NAND flash media and also intended to replace JFFS2.
|
||||
LogFS is a scalable flash filesystem for Linux that works on both raw flash media and block devices, intended to replace JFFS2.
|
||||
YAFFS is a raw NAND flash-specific file system for many operating systems (including Linux).
|
||||
F2FS is a new file system designed for the NAND flash memory-based storage devices on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Comparison of file systems
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of mobile app distribution platforms"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:58.284475+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This list of mobile app distribution platforms includes digital distribution platforms, or marketplace 'app stores', intended to provide mobile applications, aka 'apps' to mobile devices. For information on each mobile platform and its market share, see the mobile operating system and smartphone articles. A comparison of the development capabilities of each mobile platform can be found in the article on mobile app development. For cross-platform development, see the mobile development framework. The mobile app article contains other general information.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Mobile app platforms ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Native platforms ===
|
||||
These application marketplaces, or 'm' are native to the major mobile operating systems. Anyway, the relative store APK can often be installed in other compatible systems without rooting a device, as it happens for Huawei AppGallery and stock Android.
|
||||
There are 17 native mobile app distribution platforms currently on this list.
|
||||
|
||||
Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Google Play — App figures reported by app intelligence firms in 2025 indicate a substantial reduction in listed Play Store apps (from ~3.4M at the start of 2024 to ~1.8M in 2025) following tightened policy enforcement and purges. For details see TechCrunch / The Verge coverage.
|
||||
Huawei AppGallery — commonly reported HMS / AppGallery figures (220k+ HMS apps; ~580M MAU) are from Huawei / industry reporting in 2022; Huawei's HarmonyOS native app totals (HarmonyOS NEXT) and developer counts have been advanced in Huawei's 2024–2025 messaging (see Harmony Developers report).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Third-party platforms ===
|
||||
Third-party platforms are software distribution platforms which are used as alternatives to operating system native distribution platforms. Independent operating systems are software collections that use their own software distribution, customised user interface (UI), software development kit (SDK) and application programming interface (API) (except billing API which is related only to the application store).
|
||||
There are 18 third-party mobile app distribution platforms currently on this list.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Device platform references ===
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of network protocol stacks"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_protocol_stacks"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:59.422275+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of protocol stack architectures. A protocol stack is a suite of complementary communications protocols in a computer network or a computer bus system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Lists of network protocols
|
||||
IEEE 802
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of network protocols (OSI model)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:00.692902+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This article lists protocols, categorized by the nearest layer in the Open Systems Interconnection model. This list is not exclusive to only the OSI protocol family. Many of these protocols are originally based on the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and other models and they often do not fit neatly into OSI layers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Layer 1 (physical layer) ==
|
||||
Telephone network modems
|
||||
IrDA physical layer
|
||||
USB physical layer
|
||||
EIA RS-232, EIA-422, EIA-423, RS-449, RS-485
|
||||
Ethernet physical layer 10BASE-T, 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX, 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-SX and other varieties
|
||||
Varieties of 802.11 Wi-Fi physical layers
|
||||
DSL
|
||||
ISDN
|
||||
T1 and other T-carrier links, and E1 and other E-carrier links
|
||||
ITU Recommendations: see ITU-T
|
||||
IEEE 1394 interfaces
|
||||
TransferJet
|
||||
Etherloop
|
||||
ARINC 818 Avionics Digital Video Bus
|
||||
G.hn/G.9960 physical layer
|
||||
CAN bus (controller area network) physical layer
|
||||
Mobile Industry Processor Interface physical layer
|
||||
Frame Relay
|
||||
FO Fiber optics
|
||||
X.25
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Layer 2 (data link layer) ==
|
||||
ARCnet Attached Resource Computer NETwork
|
||||
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
|
||||
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
|
||||
CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
|
||||
CDP Cisco Discovery Protocol
|
||||
DCAP Data Link Switching Client Access Protocol
|
||||
Distributed Multi-Link Trunking
|
||||
Distributed Split Multi-Link Trunking
|
||||
DTP Dynamic Trunking Protocol
|
||||
Econet
|
||||
Ethernet
|
||||
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
|
||||
Frame Relay
|
||||
ITU-T G.hn
|
||||
HDLC High-Level Data Link Control
|
||||
IEEE 802.11 WiFi
|
||||
IEEE 802.15.4 Low-rate wireless personal area network
|
||||
IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
|
||||
LACP Link Aggregation Control Protocol
|
||||
LattisNet
|
||||
LocalTalk
|
||||
L2F Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol
|
||||
L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
|
||||
LLDP Link Layer Discovery Protocol
|
||||
LLDP-MED Link Layer Discovery Protocol - Media Endpoint Discovery
|
||||
MAC Media Access Control
|
||||
Q.710 Simplified Message Transfer Part
|
||||
Multi-link trunking Protocol
|
||||
NDP Neighbor Discovery Protocol
|
||||
PAgP - Cisco Systems proprietary link aggregation protocol
|
||||
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
|
||||
PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
|
||||
PAP Password Authentication Protocol
|
||||
RPR IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring
|
||||
SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol (obsolete)
|
||||
StarLAN
|
||||
Space Data Link Protocol, one of the norms for Space Data Link from the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
|
||||
STP Spanning Tree Protocol
|
||||
Split multi-link trunking Protocol
|
||||
Token Ring a protocol developed by IBM; the name can also be used to describe the token passing ring logical topology that it popularized.
|
||||
Virtual Extended Network (VEN) a protocol developed by iQuila.
|
||||
VTP VLAN Trunking Protocol
|
||||
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Network Topology ==
|
||||
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
|
||||
IS-IS, Intermediate System - Intermediate System (OSI)
|
||||
SPB Shortest Path Bridging
|
||||
MTP Message Transfer Part
|
||||
NSP Network Service Part
|
||||
TRILL (TRansparent Interconnection of Lots of Links)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Layer 2.5 ==
|
||||
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
|
||||
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
|
||||
PPPoE Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
|
||||
TIPC Transparent Inter-process Communication
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Layer 3 (Network Layer) ==
|
||||
CLNP Connectionless Networking Protocol
|
||||
IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange
|
||||
NAT Network Address Translation
|
||||
Routed-SMLT
|
||||
SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part
|
||||
AppleTalk DDP
|
||||
GLBP Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (a Cisco proprietary protocol)
|
||||
HSRP Hot Standby Router protocol
|
||||
VRRP Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
|
||||
IP Internet Protocol
|
||||
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
|
||||
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
|
||||
RIP Routing Information Protocol (v1 and v2)
|
||||
OSPF Open Shortest Path First (v1 and v2)
|
||||
IPSEC IPsec
|
||||
WireGuard WireGuard
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Layer 3+4 (Protocol Suites) ==
|
||||
AppleTalk
|
||||
DECnet
|
||||
IPX/SPX
|
||||
Internet Protocol Suite
|
||||
OSI protocols
|
||||
Xerox Network Systems
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Layer 4 (Transport Layer) ==
|
||||
AEP AppleTalk Echo Protocol
|
||||
AH Authentication Header over IP or IPSec
|
||||
DCCP Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
|
||||
ESP Encapsulating Security Payload over IP or IPSec
|
||||
FCP Fibre Channel Protocol
|
||||
IL Originally developed as transport layer for 9P
|
||||
iSCSI Internet Small Computer System Interface
|
||||
NetBIOS NetBIOS, File Sharing and Name Resolution
|
||||
NBF NetBIOS Frames protocol
|
||||
NBP Name Binding Protocol {for AppleTalk}
|
||||
QUIC
|
||||
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
|
||||
Sinec H1 for telecontrol
|
||||
TUP, Telephone User Part
|
||||
SPX Sequenced Packet Exchange
|
||||
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
|
||||
UDP User Datagram Protocol
|
||||
VXLAN Virtual eXtensible LAN
|
||||
RDP Reliable Data Protocol {A protocol stack covers Layer 4 - Layer 7}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Layer 5 (Session Layer) ==
|
||||
This layer, presentation Layer and application layer are combined in TCP/IP model.
|
||||
|
||||
9P Distributed file system protocol developed originally as part of Plan 9
|
||||
ADSP AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol
|
||||
ASP AppleTalk Session Protocol
|
||||
H.245 Call Control Protocol for Multimedia Communications
|
||||
iSNS — Internet Storage Name Service
|
||||
NetBIOS, File Sharing and Name Resolution protocol - the basis of file sharing with Windows.
|
||||
NetBEUI, NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface
|
||||
NCP NetWare Core Protocol
|
||||
PAP Printer Access Protocol
|
||||
RPC Remote Procedure Call
|
||||
RTCP RTP Control Protocol
|
||||
SDP Session Description Protocol {Used to describe multimedia sessions}
|
||||
SMB Server Message Block
|
||||
SMPP Short Message Peer-to-Peer
|
||||
SOCKS "SOCKetS"
|
||||
ZIP Zone Information Protocol {For AppleTalk}
|
||||
This layer provides session management capabilities between hosts. For example, if some host needs a password verification for access and if credentials are provided then for that session password verification does not happen again. This layer can assist in synchronization, dialog control and critical operation management (e.g., an online bank transaction).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Layer 6 (Presentation Layer) ==
|
||||
TLS Transport Layer Security
|
||||
SSL Secure Socket Tunneling
|
||||
AFP Apple Filing Protocol
|
||||
Independent Computing Architecture (ICA), the Citrix system core protocol
|
||||
Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP)
|
||||
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)
|
||||
Network Data Representation (NDR)
|
||||
Tox, The Tox protocol is sometimes regarded as part of both the presentation and application layer
|
||||
eXternal Data Representation (XDR)
|
||||
X.25 Packet Assembler/Disassembler Protocol (PAD)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Layer 7 (Application Layer) ==
|
||||
SOAP, Simple Object Access Protocol
|
||||
Simple Service Discovery Protocol, A discovery protocol employed by UPnP
|
||||
TCAP, Transaction Capabilities Application Part
|
||||
Universal Plug and Play
|
||||
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
|
||||
DNS Domain Name System
|
||||
BOOTP Bootstrap Protocol
|
||||
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
|
||||
HTTPS
|
||||
WebSocket
|
||||
NFS
|
||||
POP3 Post Office Protocol
|
||||
RTSP Real Time Streaming Protocol
|
||||
SMTP
|
||||
SNMP
|
||||
FTP
|
||||
NTP
|
||||
IRC
|
||||
Telnet Tele Communication Protocol
|
||||
SSH
|
||||
IMAP
|
||||
Gemini
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Other protocols ==
|
||||
Controller Area Network
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Protocol description languages ==
|
||||
Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of automation protocols
|
||||
Systems Network Architecture (SNA) developed by IBM
|
||||
Distributed System Security Architecture (DSSA)
|
||||
OSI model
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Network Protocols Handbook. Javvin Technologies. 2005. ISBN 978-0-9740945-2-6.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Protocol Encapsulation Chart - A PDF file illustrating the relationship between common protocols and the OSI Reference Model.
|
||||
Network Protocols Acronyms and Abbreviations - list of network protocols with abbreviations order by index.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of networked storage hardware platforms"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_networked_storage_hardware_platforms"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:39.692892+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Related articles are SAN and NAS.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of open-source hardware projects"
|
||||
chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_hardware_projects"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:04.470158+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of open-source hardware projects, including computer systems and components, cameras, radio, telephony, science education, machines and tools, robotics, renewable energy, home automation, medical and biotech, automotive, prototyping, test equipment, and musical instruments.
|
||||
|
||||
== Communications ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Amateur radio ===
|
||||
Homebrew D-STAR Radio
|
||||
HackRF One
|
||||
|
||||
=== Audio electronics ===
|
||||
Monome 40h – reconfigurable grid of 64 backlit buttons, used via USB; a limited batch of 500 was produced; all design process, specifications, firmware, and PCB schematics are available online
|
||||
Neuros Digital Audio Computer – portable digital audio player
|
||||
Arduinome
|
||||
MIDIbox – modular DIY hardware–software platform for MIDI devices including controllers, synthesizers, sequencers
|
||||
|
||||
=== Telephony ===
|
||||
|
||||
Openmoko – phone framework (first use case: First International Computer (FIC) Neo FreeRunner, released as of mid-2008
|
||||
OpenBTS and OsmoBTS – software-based GSM base stations
|
||||
Project Ara – modular design, hot swapping pluggable mobile phone; due to enter trial production in 2015, but was suspended in 2016
|
||||
PiPhone and ZeroPhone
|
||||
Telecom Infra Project – collaborative Open Compute Project focusing on optical broadband networks and open cellular networks to create global access
|
||||
PinePhone – developed by computer manufacturer Pine64, intended for allowing the user to have full hardware and software control over the device, released as of end-2019
|
||||
|
||||
=== Video electronics ===
|
||||
Milkymist One – video synthesizer for interactive and dance-directed VJing
|
||||
Neuros OSD – digital video recorder
|
||||
|
||||
=== Networking ===
|
||||
NetFPGA – hardware platform, software, community, and education material to enable research and education effort in a line-rate network environment
|
||||
|
||||
==== Wireless networking ====
|
||||
OpenPicus – platform for smart sensors and Internet of things
|
||||
Sun SPOT – hardware–software platform for sensor networks and battery powered, wireless, embedded development
|
||||
USRP – universal software radio peripheral is a mainboard with snap in modules providing software defined radio at different frequencies, has USB 2.0 link to a host computer
|
||||
PowWow Power Optimized Hardware and Software FrameWork for Wireless Motes – hardware–software platform for wireless sensor networks
|
||||
Twibright RONJA – free-space optic system, 10 Mbit/s full duplex/1.4 km
|
||||
SatNOGS – software-hardware project of a global low Earth orbit satellite ground station, including for data and Internet
|
||||
|
||||
== Electronics ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Cameras ===
|
||||
AXIOM – digital cinema camera built by apertus° community
|
||||
Elphel, Inc. – cameras based on free hardware–software designs
|
||||
|
||||
=== Computer systems ===
|
||||
Arduino – open-source microcontroller board
|
||||
The Bus Pirate – universal bus interface and programmer
|
||||
Chumby – information ambient device
|
||||
Color Maximite – open-source single-board computer running the BASIC language as its operating system and compatible with Arduino Uno micro-controller peripherals
|
||||
CUBIT – multitouch surface-interaction system
|
||||
Humane Reader and Humane PC
|
||||
LART
|
||||
Micro Bit – ARM-based embedded system
|
||||
MIPS – a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture
|
||||
N8VEM
|
||||
Netduino – microcontroller board, .NET Micro Framework based
|
||||
NodeMCU – Wi-Fi microcontroller board
|
||||
Novena – an ARM based computer built by Andrew Huang and associates
|
||||
NVIDIA Deep Learning Accelerator (NVDLA) – AI accelerator for training neural networks, created by Nvidia
|
||||
OpenPOWER – Power ISA, an open-source hardware instruction set architecture initiated by IBM
|
||||
OpenSPARC – Sun's, later Oracle's high-performance processor
|
||||
Parallax Propeller – a multi-core microcontroller with eight 32-bit RISC cores
|
||||
Parallella – single-board computer with a manycore coprocessor and field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
|
||||
Pinebook – Notebook from Pine64
|
||||
RISC-V – an open-source hardware instruction set architecture
|
||||
SparkFun Electronics – microcontroller development boards, breakout boards
|
||||
Turris Omnia – open-source SOHO network router
|
||||
|
||||
=== Peripherals ===
|
||||
Nitrokey – USB key for data and email encryption and strong authentication
|
||||
System76 Launch – US-manufactured Mechanical keyboard line designed and built by System76 with open-source firmware
|
||||
'Faire Computermaus' / 'fairtrade computer mice' by Fair IT yourself e.V.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Robotics ===
|
||||
|
||||
ArduCopter – Arduino-based drone
|
||||
e-puck mobile robot – mobile robot designed for education
|
||||
ICub – 1 metre high humanoid robot
|
||||
OpenRAVE
|
||||
RobotCub – predecessor of ICub
|
||||
Spykee
|
||||
multiplo
|
||||
OpenROV – telerobotic submarine
|
||||
Salvius
|
||||
Thymio – robot for education
|
||||
TurtleBot
|
||||
|
||||
=== Microcontrollers ===
|
||||
Freeduino – an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple I/O board and a development environment that implements the open source Processing / Wiring language. Also clones of this platform including Freeduino.
|
||||
Tinkerforge – a platform comprising stackable microcontrollers for interfacing with sensors and other I/O devices
|
||||
|
||||
=== Components ===
|
||||
Ethernut – embedded Ethernet adapters
|
||||
IOIO – a board that allows Android applications to interface with external electronics
|
||||
PLAICE – a device that combines a flash memory programmer, in-circuit emulation, and a multichannel logic analyzer. It runs uClinux.
|
||||
Twibrigh RONJA – a 10 Mbit/s full duplex FSO wireless optical network adapter from 2001
|
||||
System76 Thelio Io – System76 Thelio desktops use an open-source daughterboard to control thermals and other functions. This is a step toward building a fully open-source computer and give users full control over their hardware.
|
||||
|
||||
==== CPUs ====
|
||||
|
||||
Amber is an ARM-compatible 32-bit RISC processor. Amber implements the ARMv2 instruction set.
|
||||
LEON, a 32-bit, SPARC-like CPU created by the European Space Agency
|
||||
OpenPOWER, based on IBM's POWER8 and newer multicore processor designs
|
||||
OpenSPARC, a series of open-source microprocessors based on the UltraSPARC T1 and UltraSPARC T2 multicore processor designs
|
||||
Parallax P8X32A Propeller is a multicore microcontroller with an emphasis on general-purpose use
|
||||
ZPU, a small, portable CPU core with a GCC toolchain. It is designed to be compiled targeting FPGA
|
||||
OpenRISC 1200, an implementation of the open source OpenRISC 1000 RISC architecture
|
||||
|
||||
== Environmental ==
|
||||
Open Source Ecology
|
||||
|
||||
=== Renewable energy ===
|
||||
DIY wind turbines
|
||||
|
||||
=== Lighting and LED ===
|
||||
LED Throwies – nondestructive graffiti and light displays
|
||||
|
||||
== Neither electronic nor mechanical ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Architecture and design ===
|
||||
|
||||
WikiHouse – project to design and build houses
|
||||
OpenStructures – design from furniture to house
|
||||
|
||||
=== Domotics ===
|
||||
|
||||
== Machines and production tools ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Automotive ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Complete vehicles ====
|
||||
|
||||
===== Land =====
|
||||
|
||||
Rally Fighter – made by Local Motors
|
||||
OpenXC
|
||||
OScar
|
||||
Wikispeed
|
||||
OSVehicle Tabby
|
||||
|
||||
===== Airplanes =====
|
||||
MakerPlane
|
||||
|
||||
==== Engine control units ====
|
||||
SECU-3 – gasoline engine control unit
|
||||
|
||||
==== Electric vehicle chargers ====
|
||||
OpenEVSE – charger for electric cars
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of open-source hardware projects"
|
||||
chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_hardware_projects"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:04.470158+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== 3D printers and scanners ===
|
||||
RepRap project – 3D printer-fabber; recyclebots, like the Lyman filament extruder, provide the filament for RepRaps
|
||||
LulzBot – 3D printer design by Aleph Objects; is Respects Your Freedom certified by the Free Software Foundation
|
||||
Voron Design – nonprofit organization developing specifications for 3D printers, including the Voron 0.2, Voron 2.4, and Voron Trident
|
||||
|
||||
=== CNC milling machines ===
|
||||
FarmBot
|
||||
Maslow CNC - an open source CNC router project notable for low cost and unique vertical design
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other hardware ===
|
||||
Open Source Ecology's Global Village Construction Set (GVCS) – 50 industrial machines needed to build a small civilization with modern comforts
|
||||
Precious Plastic's – plastic recycling tools – Shredder, Extruder, Injector, Compressor, and supplemental resources
|
||||
Defense Distributed/Liberator (gun)
|
||||
Charon (gun)
|
||||
FGC-9 (gun)
|
||||
|
||||
== Science ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Medical devices ===
|
||||
|
||||
Open Prosthetics Project – design of open-source prosthetics
|
||||
Open-source ventilator
|
||||
|
||||
=== Scientific hardware ===
|
||||
Open-Source Lab – documents dozens of scientific tools, but is closed-source itself
|
||||
OpenBCI – EEG amplifier
|
||||
|
||||
== Satellite ==
|
||||
UPSat
|
||||
|
||||
== Partially open-source hardware ==
|
||||
Hardware that uses closed source components
|
||||
|
||||
=== Computers ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Single-board computers ====
|
||||
Tinkerforge RED Brick, executes user programs and controls other Bricks/Bricklets standalone
|
||||
|
||||
===== ARM =====
|
||||
Banana Pi, uses low-power processors with an ARM core; runs Linux, Android, and OpenWRT
|
||||
BeagleBoard, uses low-power Texas Instruments processors with an ARM Cortex-A8 core; runs Ångström distribution (Linux)
|
||||
IGEPv2, an ARM OMAP 3-based board designed and manufactured by ISEE in Spain. Its expansion boards are also open-source.
|
||||
OLinuXino, designed with KiCad by OLIMEX Ltd in Bulgaria
|
||||
PandaBoard, a variation of the BeagleBoard
|
||||
Rascal, an ARM based Linux board that works with Arduino shields, with a web server that includes an editor for users to program it in Python. Hardware design files released under the Creative Commons BY-SA license.
|
||||
96Boards (includes but not limited to, DragonBoard 410c, HiKey, HiKey960, Bubblegum-96 and more...)
|
||||
Parallella single-board computer with a manycore coprocessor and field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
|
||||
|
||||
===== ATMega =====
|
||||
Arduino – open-source microcontroller board
|
||||
|
||||
==== Desktop computers ====
|
||||
Thelio – Desktop computers manufactured in the US by System76
|
||||
|
||||
===== Motorola 68000 series =====
|
||||
Minimig – a re-implementation of an Amiga 500 using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA).
|
||||
|
||||
===== National Semiconductor NS320xx series =====
|
||||
PC532, a personal computer design released in 1990, based on the NS32532 microprocessor
|
||||
|
||||
===== RISC-V =====
|
||||
HiFive1 is an Arduino-compatible development kit featuring the Freedom E310, the industry's first commercially available RISC-V SoC
|
||||
HiFive Unleashed is a Linux development platform for SiFive’s Freedom U540 SoC, the world’s first 4+1 64-bit multi-core Linux-capable RISC-V SoC."
|
||||
|
||||
==== Notebook computers ====
|
||||
Novena, a notebook computer that uses a 1.2 GHz quad-core Freescale processor closely coupled with a Xilinx FPGA
|
||||
VIA OpenBook, a netbook case design released by VIA Technologies
|
||||
|
||||
==== Handhelds, palmtops, and smartphones ====
|
||||
Ben NanoNote, a palmtop PC based on the MIPS architecture
|
||||
Openmoko, a smartphone containing a single-board computer equipped with a GSM/UMTS modem
|
||||
Simputer, a handheld computer released in 2002
|
||||
uConsole, a handheld computer kit supporting Raspberry Pi and RISC-V modules
|
||||
|
||||
== Related ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Instruction sets ===
|
||||
J-Core, an implementation of the SuperH with some extensions
|
||||
MIPS
|
||||
Power, which originated from IBM's POWER ISA
|
||||
RISC-V, a RISC ISA that originated in 2010 at the University of California, Berkeley
|
||||
SPARC
|
||||
|
||||
=== Organisations ===
|
||||
Bug Labs, a US technology company that began by developing and selling open-source hardware peripherals for rapid prototyping of electronics
|
||||
LowRISC, a not-for-profit organization that aims to develop open hardware
|
||||
M-Labs, developers of the Milkymist system on a chip
|
||||
Open Compute Project, an organization for sharing designs of data center products among companies
|
||||
Open Graphics Project, a project that aims to design a standard open architecture for graphics cards
|
||||
OpenCores, a loose community of designers that supports open-source cores (logic designs) for CPUs, peripherals and other devices. OpenCores maintains an open-source on-chip interconnection bus specification called Wishbone
|
||||
OpenRISC is a group of developers working to produce a very-high-performance open-source RISC CPU.
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs (2014)
|
||||
Thingiverse, open-source designs of objects, many of which are 3D-printable
|
||||
Open-source hardware
|
||||
List of open-source first-person shooters
|
||||
List of open-source mobile phones
|
||||
List of open-source video games
|
||||
Open-source robotics
|
||||
Modular smartphone
|
||||
Open Source Ecology
|
||||
Preferred metric sizes
|
||||
Telecom Infra Project
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
138
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_file_formats-0.md
Normal file
138
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_file_formats-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of open file formats"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_file_formats"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:02.038494+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
An open file format is a file format for storing digital data, defined by a published specification usually maintained by a standards organization, and which can be used and implemented by anyone. For example, an open format can be implemented by both proprietary and free and open source software, using the typical software licenses used by each. In contrast to open formats, closed formats are considered trade secrets. Open formats are also called free file formats if they are not encumbered by any copyrights, patents, trademarks or other restrictions (for example, if they are in the public domain) so that anyone may use them at no monetary cost for any desired purpose.
|
||||
Open formats (in alphabetical order) include:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Multimedia ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Imaging ===
|
||||
APNG – It allows for animated PNG files that work similarly to animated GIF files.
|
||||
AVIF – An image format using AV1 compression.
|
||||
FLIF – Free Lossless Image Format.
|
||||
GBR – a 2D binary vector image file format, the de facto standard in the printed circuit board (PCB) industry
|
||||
GIF – CompuServe's Graphics Interchange Format (openly published specification, but patent-encumbered by a third party; became free when patents expired in 2004)
|
||||
JPEG – a lossy image format widely used to display photographic images, standardized by ISO/IEC
|
||||
JPEG 2000 – an image format standardized by ISO/IEC
|
||||
JPEG XL – an image format designed to outperform and replace existing formats. Especially legacy JPEG. Supports both lossy and lossless compression.
|
||||
MNG – moving pictures, based on PNG
|
||||
OpenEXR – a high dynamic range imaging image file format, released as an open standard along with a set of software tools created by Industrial Light and Magic (ILM).
|
||||
OpenRaster – a format for raster graphics editors that saves layers
|
||||
PNG – a raster image format standardized by ISO/IEC
|
||||
QOI – a simple, fast and lossless open source image file format https://qoiformat.org/
|
||||
SVG – a vector image format standardized by W3C
|
||||
WebP – image format developed by Google
|
||||
XPM – image file format used by the X Window System
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Audio ===
|
||||
ALAC – lossless audio codec, previously a proprietary format of Apple Inc.
|
||||
FLAC – lossless audio codec
|
||||
DAISY Digital Talking Book – a talking book format
|
||||
Musepack – an audio codec
|
||||
MP3 – lossy audio codec, previously patented
|
||||
Ogg – container for Vorbis, FLAC, Speex and Opus (audio formats) & Theora (a video format), each of which is an open format
|
||||
Opus – a lossy audio compression format developed by the IETF. Suitable for VoIP, videoconferencing (just audio), music transmission over the Internet and streaming applications (just audio).
|
||||
Speex – speech codec
|
||||
Vorbis – a lossy audio compression format.
|
||||
WavPack – "Hybrid" (lossless/lossy) audio codec
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Video ===
|
||||
AV1
|
||||
Dirac – a video compression format supporting both lossless and lossy compression
|
||||
Matroska (mkv) – container for all type of multimedia formats (audio, video, images, subtitles)
|
||||
WebM – a video/audio container format
|
||||
Theora – a lossy video compression format.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Various ===
|
||||
OBJ - A 3D model/scene format developed by Wavefront Technologies.
|
||||
DAE - A 3D model/scene format standardized by Khronos.
|
||||
glTF - A 3D model/scene format standardized by Khronos.
|
||||
CMML – timed metadata and subtitles
|
||||
SMIL – a media playlisting format and multimedia integration language
|
||||
VRML/X3D – realtime 3D data formats standardized by ISO/IEC
|
||||
XSPF – a playlist format for multimedia
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Text ===
|
||||
Plain text – encoded in numerous non-proprietary encodings, such as ASCII
|
||||
CSV – comma-separated values, commonly used for spreadsheets or simple databases
|
||||
HTML – HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser.
|
||||
Unicode Transformation Formats – text encodings with support for all common languages and scripts
|
||||
UTF-8 – byte oriented and ASCII compatible
|
||||
UTF-16 – 16-bit oriented
|
||||
Markdown – Lightweight markup language that converts to HTML
|
||||
DVI – device independent (TeX)
|
||||
DocBook – XML-based standard to publish books
|
||||
Darwin Information Typing Architecture – adaptable XML-based format for technical documentation, maintained by the OASIS consortium
|
||||
ePub – e-book standard by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF)
|
||||
FictionBook – XML-based e-book format, which originated and gained popularity in Russia
|
||||
LaTeX – document markup language
|
||||
Office Open XML – a formatted text format (ISO/IEC 29500:2008); see Licensing for details
|
||||
OpenDocument – a formatted text format (ISO/IEC 26300:2006); see Licensing for details
|
||||
OpenXPS – open standard for a page description language and a fixed-document format
|
||||
PDF started as a proprietary standard. PDF version 1.7 was standardized as ISO 32000-1 in 2008. However, some technologies indispensable for the full implementation of ISO 32000-1 are defined only by Adobe and remain proprietary (e.g. Adobe XML Forms Architecture, Adobe JavaScript). ISO 32000-2:2017 (PDF 2.0) does not include these dependencies. Various subsets of PDF have been standardized to meet a variety of needs, including ISO 15930 (PDF/X), ISO 19005 (PDF/A), ISO 14829 (PDF/UA) and ISO 24517 (PDF/E). The PDF Association has also standardized PDF/raster).
|
||||
PostScript – a page description language and programming language, started as a proprietary standard but is now a public specification.
|
||||
XHTML – XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language) is a family of XML markup languages that mirror or extend versions of the widely used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which web pages are written.
|
||||
ZIM – a file format that stores wiki content for offline usage.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Archiving and compression ==
|
||||
7z – for archiving and/or compression
|
||||
B1 – for archiving and/or compression
|
||||
bzip2 – for compression
|
||||
gzip – for compression
|
||||
lzip – for compression
|
||||
MAFF – for web page archiving, based on ZIP
|
||||
PAQ – for compression
|
||||
SQX – for archiving and/or compression
|
||||
tar – for archiving
|
||||
xz – for compression
|
||||
ZIP – for archiving and/or compression; the base format is in the public domain, but newer versions have some patented features
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Other ==
|
||||
CSS – style sheet format usually used with (X)HTML, standardized by W3C
|
||||
DjVu – file format for scanned images or documents
|
||||
EAS3 – binary file format for floating point data
|
||||
ELF – Executable and Linkable Format
|
||||
FreeOTFE – container for encrypted data
|
||||
GPX – GPs eXchange format – for describing waypoints, tracks and routes
|
||||
HDF – multi-platform data format for storing multidimensional arrays, among other data structures
|
||||
HTML/XHTML – markup language for web pages (ISO/IEC 15445:2000)
|
||||
iCalendar – calendar data format
|
||||
IFC – data model describing building and construction industry data
|
||||
JSON – object notation, subset of YAML and correct ECMAScript statement
|
||||
LTFS – Linear Tape File System
|
||||
LUKS – disk-encryption specification originally intended for Linux
|
||||
NetCDF – data format for multidimensional arrays
|
||||
NZB – for multipart binary files on Usenet
|
||||
RDF - graph based data model standardized by W3C, includes 7 standard serializations, N-Triples, N-Quads, Turtle, TriG, RDF/XML, JSON-LD and RDFa
|
||||
RSS – syndication
|
||||
SDXF – the Structured Data eXchange Format
|
||||
SFV – checksum format
|
||||
Thing Description – file format for W3C Web of Things data models
|
||||
TrueCrypt – discontinued container for encrypted data
|
||||
WOFF – font file format used in webpages
|
||||
XCF – GIMP project file
|
||||
XML – a general-purpose markup language, standardized by W3C
|
||||
YAML – human readable data serialization format
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
OpenFormats
|
||||
177
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-0.md
Normal file
177
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of operating systems"
|
||||
chunk: 1/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of operating systems. Computer operating systems can be categorized by technology, ownership, licensing, working state, usage, and by many other characteristics. In practice, many of these groupings may overlap. Criteria for inclusion is notability, as shown either through an existing Wikipedia article or citation to a reliable source.
|
||||
|
||||
== Proprietary ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Acorn Computers ===
|
||||
Arthur
|
||||
ARX
|
||||
MOS
|
||||
RISC iX
|
||||
RISC OS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Amazon ===
|
||||
Fire OS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Amiga Inc. ===
|
||||
AmigaOS
|
||||
AmigaOS 1.0-3.9 (Motorola 68000)
|
||||
AmigaOS 4 (PowerPC)
|
||||
Amiga Unix (a.k.a. Amix)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Amstrad ===
|
||||
AMSDOS
|
||||
Contiki
|
||||
CP/M 2.2
|
||||
CP/M Plus
|
||||
SymbOS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Apple ===
|
||||
Apple II
|
||||
Apple DOS
|
||||
Apple Pascal
|
||||
ProDOS
|
||||
GS/OS
|
||||
GNO/ME
|
||||
Contiki
|
||||
Apple III
|
||||
Apple SOS
|
||||
Apple Lisa
|
||||
Mac
|
||||
Classic Mac OS
|
||||
A/UX (UNIX System V with BSD extensions)
|
||||
Copland
|
||||
MkLinux
|
||||
Pink
|
||||
Rhapsody
|
||||
macOS (formerly Mac OS X and OS X)
|
||||
macOS Server (formerly Mac OS X Server and OS X Server)
|
||||
Apple Network Server
|
||||
IBM AIX (Apple-customized)
|
||||
Apple MessagePad
|
||||
Newton OS
|
||||
iPhone and iPod Touch
|
||||
iOS (formerly iPhone OS)
|
||||
iPad
|
||||
iPadOS
|
||||
Apple Watch
|
||||
watchOS
|
||||
Apple TV
|
||||
tvOS
|
||||
Embedded operating systems
|
||||
bridgeOS
|
||||
Apple Vision Pro
|
||||
visionOS
|
||||
Embedded operating systems
|
||||
A/ROSE
|
||||
iPod software (unnamed embedded OS for iPod)
|
||||
Unnamed NetBSD variant for Airport Extreme and Time Capsule
|
||||
|
||||
=== Apollo Computer, Hewlett-Packard ===
|
||||
Domain/OS – One of the first network-based systems. Run on Apollo/Domain hardware. Later bought by Hewlett-Packard.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Atari ===
|
||||
Atari DOS (for 8-bit computers)
|
||||
Atari TOS
|
||||
Atari MultiTOS
|
||||
Contiki (for 8-bit, ST, Portfolio)
|
||||
|
||||
=== BAE Systems ===
|
||||
XTS-400
|
||||
|
||||
=== Be Inc. ===
|
||||
BeOS
|
||||
BeIA
|
||||
BeOS r5.1d0
|
||||
magnussoft ZETA (based on BeOS r5.1d0 source code, developed by yellowTAB)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bell Labs ===
|
||||
Unix ("Ken's new system," for its creator (Ken Thompson), officially Unics and then Unix, the prototypic operating system created in Bell Labs in 1969 that formed the basis for the Unix family of operating systems)
|
||||
UNIX Time-Sharing System v1
|
||||
UNIX Time-Sharing System v2
|
||||
UNIX Time-Sharing System v3
|
||||
UNIX Time-Sharing System v4
|
||||
UNIX Time-Sharing System v5
|
||||
UNIX Time-Sharing System v6
|
||||
MINI-UNIX
|
||||
PWB/UNIX
|
||||
USG
|
||||
CB Unix
|
||||
UNIX Time-Sharing System v7 (It is from Version 7 Unix (and, to an extent, its descendants listed below) that almost all Unix-based and Unix-like operating systems descend.)
|
||||
Unix System III
|
||||
Unix System IV
|
||||
Unix System V
|
||||
Unix System V Releases 2.0, 3.0, 3.2, 4.0, and 4.2
|
||||
UNIX Time-Sharing System v8
|
||||
UNIX Time-Sharing System v9
|
||||
UNIX Time-Sharing System v10
|
||||
Non-Unix Operating Systems:
|
||||
|
||||
BESYS
|
||||
Plan 9 from Bell Labs
|
||||
Inferno
|
||||
|
||||
=== Burroughs Corporation, Unisys ===
|
||||
Burroughs MCP
|
||||
|
||||
=== CII ===
|
||||
Siris 8
|
||||
|
||||
=== Commodore International ===
|
||||
GEOS
|
||||
AmigaOS
|
||||
AROS Research Operating System
|
||||
|
||||
=== Control Data Corporation ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Lower 3000 series ====
|
||||
SCOPE (Supervisory Control Of Program Execution)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Upper 3000 series ====
|
||||
SCOPE (Supervisory Control Of Program Execution)
|
||||
Drum SCOPE
|
||||
|
||||
==== 6x00 and related Cyber ====
|
||||
Chippewa Operating System (COS)
|
||||
MACE (Mansfield and Cahlander Executive)
|
||||
Kronos (Kronographic OS)
|
||||
NOS (Network Operating System)
|
||||
NOS/VE (NOS Virtual Environment)
|
||||
SCOPE (Supervisory Control Of Program Execution)
|
||||
NOS/BE NOS Batch Environment
|
||||
SIPROS (Simultaneous Processing Operating System)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Star-100 ====
|
||||
Multiple Console Time Sharing System (MCTS), from General Motors Research
|
||||
|
||||
=== CloudMosa ===
|
||||
Puffin OS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Convergent Technologies ===
|
||||
Convergent Technologies Operating System (CTOS) – later acquired by Unisys
|
||||
|
||||
=== Cromemco ===
|
||||
Cromemco DOS (CDOS) – a Disk Operating system compatible with CP/M
|
||||
Cromix – a multitasking, multi-user, Unix-like OS for Cromemco microcomputers with Z80A and/or 68000 CPU
|
||||
|
||||
=== Data General ===
|
||||
AOS for 16-bit Data General Eclipse computers and AOS/VS for 32-bit (MV series) Eclipses, MP/AOS for microNOVA-based computers
|
||||
DG/UX
|
||||
RDOS Real-time Disk Operating System, with variants: RTOS and DOS (not related to PC DOS, MS-DOS etc.)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Datapoint ===
|
||||
CTOS Cassette Tape Operating System for the Datapoint 2200
|
||||
DOS Disk Operating System for the Datapoint 2200, 5500, and 1100
|
||||
|
||||
=== DDC-I, Inc. ===
|
||||
Deos – Time & Space Partitioned RTOS, Certified to DO-178B, Level A since 1998
|
||||
HeartOS – POSIX-based Hard Real-Time Operating System
|
||||
140
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-1.md
Normal file
140
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-1.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of operating systems"
|
||||
chunk: 2/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Digital Research, Inc. ===
|
||||
CP/M
|
||||
CP/M CP/M for Intel 8080/8085 and Zilog Z80
|
||||
Personal CP/M, a refinement of CP/M
|
||||
CP/M Plus with BDOS 3.0
|
||||
CP/M-68K CP/M for Motorola 68000
|
||||
CP/M-8000 CP/M for Zilog Z8000
|
||||
CP/M-86 CP/M for Intel 8088/8086
|
||||
CP/M-86 Plus
|
||||
Personal CP/M-86
|
||||
MP/M Multi-user version of CP/M-80
|
||||
MP/M II
|
||||
MP/M-86 Multi-user version of CP/M-86
|
||||
MP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of MP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs.
|
||||
Concurrent CP/M, the successor of CP/M-80 and MP/M-80
|
||||
Concurrent CP/M-86, the successor of CP/M-86 and MP/M-86
|
||||
Concurrent CP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent CP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs.
|
||||
Concurrent CP/M-68K, a variant for the 68000
|
||||
DOS
|
||||
Concurrent DOS, the successor of Concurrent CP/M-86 with PC-MODE
|
||||
Concurrent PC DOS, a Concurrent DOS variant for IBM compatible PCs
|
||||
Concurrent DOS 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent DOS for 8086 and 8080 CPUs
|
||||
Concurrent DOS 286
|
||||
Concurrent DOS XM, a real-mode variant of Concurrent DOS with EEMS support
|
||||
Concurrent DOS 386
|
||||
Concurrent DOS 386/MGE, a Concurrent DOS 386 variant with advanced graphics terminal capabilities
|
||||
Concurrent DOS 68K, a port of Concurrent DOS to Motorola 68000 CPUs with DOS source code portability capabilities
|
||||
FlexOS 1.0 – 2.34, a derivative of Concurrent DOS 286
|
||||
FlexOS 186, a variant of FlexOS for terminals
|
||||
FlexOS 286, a variant of FlexOS for hosts
|
||||
Siemens S5-DOS/MT, an industrial control system based on FlexOS
|
||||
IBM 4680 OS, a POS operating system based on FlexOS
|
||||
IBM 4690 OS, a POS operating system based on FlexOS
|
||||
Toshiba 4690 OS, a POS operating system based on IBM 4690 OS and FlexOS
|
||||
FlexOS 386, a later variant of FlexOS for hosts
|
||||
IBM 4690 OS, a POS operating system based on FlexOS
|
||||
Toshiba 4690 OS, a POS operating system based on IBM 4690 OS and FlexOS
|
||||
FlexOS 68K, a derivative of Concurrent DOS 68K
|
||||
Multiuser DOS, the successor of Concurrent DOS 386
|
||||
CCI Multiuser DOS
|
||||
Datapac Multiuser DOS
|
||||
Datapac System Manager, a derivative of Datapac Multiuser DOS
|
||||
IMS Multiuser DOS
|
||||
IMS REAL/32, a derivative of Multiuser DOS
|
||||
IMS REAL/NG, the successor of REAL/32
|
||||
DOS Plus 1.1 – 2.1, a single-user, multi-tasking system derived from Concurrent DOS 4.1 – 5.0
|
||||
DR-DOS 3.31 – 6.0, a single-user, single-tasking native DOS derived from Concurrent DOS 6.0
|
||||
Novell PalmDOS 1.0
|
||||
Novell "Star Trek"
|
||||
Novell DOS 7, a single-user, multi-tasking system derived from DR DOS
|
||||
Caldera OpenDOS 7.01
|
||||
Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 and higher
|
||||
|
||||
=== Digital Equipment Corporation, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, Hewlett Packard Enterprise ===
|
||||
Batch-11/DOS-11
|
||||
OS/8
|
||||
RSTS/E – multi-user time-sharing OS for PDP-11s
|
||||
RSX-11 – multiuser, multitasking OS for PDP-11s
|
||||
RT-11 – single user OS for PDP-11
|
||||
TOPS-10 – for the PDP-10
|
||||
TENEX – an ancestor of TOPS-20 from BBN, for the PDP-10
|
||||
TOPS-20 – for the PDP-10
|
||||
DEC MICA – for the DEC PRISM
|
||||
Digital UNIX – derived from OSF/1, became HP's Tru64 UNIX
|
||||
Ultrix
|
||||
VMS – originally by DEC (now by VMS Software Inc.) for the VAX mini-computer range; later renamed OpenVMS and ported to Alpha, and subsequently ported to Intel Itanium and then to x86-64
|
||||
WAITS – for the PDP-6 and PDP-10
|
||||
|
||||
=== ENEA AB ===
|
||||
OSE – Flexible, small footprint, high-performance RTOS for control processors
|
||||
|
||||
=== Fujitsu ===
|
||||
Towns OS
|
||||
XSP
|
||||
OS/IV
|
||||
MSP
|
||||
MSP-EX
|
||||
|
||||
=== GEC Computers ===
|
||||
COS
|
||||
DOS
|
||||
OS4000
|
||||
|
||||
=== General Electric, Honeywell, Bull ===
|
||||
Real-Time Multiprogramming Operating System
|
||||
GCOS
|
||||
Multics
|
||||
|
||||
=== Google ===
|
||||
|
||||
ChromiumOS is an open source operating system development version of ChromeOS. Both operating systems are based on the Linux kernel.
|
||||
ChromeOS is designed to work exclusively with web applications, though has been updated to run Android apps with full support for Google Play Store. Announced on July 7, 2009, ChromeOS is currently publicly available and was released summer 2011. The ChromeOS source code was released on November 19, 2009, under the BSD license as ChromiumOS.
|
||||
Container-Optimized OS (COS) is an operating system that is optimized for running Docker containers, based on ChromiumOS.
|
||||
Android is an operating system for mobile devices. It consists of Android Runtime (userland) with Linux (kernel), with its Linux kernel modified to add drivers for mobile device hardware and to remove unused Vanilla Linux drivers.
|
||||
gLinux, a Linux distribution that Google uses internally
|
||||
Fuchsia is a capability-based real-time operating system (RTOS) scalable to universal devices, in early development, from the tiniest embedded hardware, wristwatches, tablets to the largest personal computers. Unlike ChromeOS and Android, it is not based on the Linux kernel, but instead began on a new microkernel called "Zircon", derived from "Little Kernel".
|
||||
Wear OS a version of Google's Android operating system designed for smartwatches and other wearables.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Green Hills Software ===
|
||||
INTEGRITY – Reliable Operating system
|
||||
INTEGRITY-178B – A DO-178B certified version of INTEGRITY.
|
||||
μ-velOSity – A lightweight microkernel.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Harris Computer Systems ===
|
||||
Vulcan O/S – Proprietary O/S for Harris Computer Systems (HCX)
|
||||
CX/UX – Proprietary UNIX based OS for Harris' computers (MCX)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Heathkit, Zenith Data Systems ===
|
||||
HDOS – ran on the H8 and Heath/Zenith Z-89 series
|
||||
HT-11 – a modified version of RT-11 that ran on the Heathkit H11
|
||||
|
||||
=== Hewlett-Packard, Hewlett Packard Enterprise ===
|
||||
HP Multi-Programming Executive (MPE, MPE/XL, and MPE/iX) – runs on HP 3000 and HP e3000 mini-computers
|
||||
HP-UX – runs on HP9000 and Itanium servers (from small to mainframe-class computers)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Honeywell ===
|
||||
CP-6, CP-V work-alike for Honeywell Level/66
|
||||
|
||||
=== Huawei ===
|
||||
HarmonyOS
|
||||
HarmonyOS NEXT
|
||||
LiteOS
|
||||
EulerOS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Intel Corporation ===
|
||||
iRMX – real-time operating system originally created to support the Intel 8080 and 8086 processor families in embedded applications.
|
||||
ISIS, ISIS-II – "Intel Systems Implementation Supervisor" was an environment for development of software within the Intel microprocessor family in the early 1980s on their Intellec Microcomputer Development System and clones. ISIS-II worked with 8 inch floppy disks and had an editor, cross-assemblers, a linker, an object locator, debugger, compilers for PL/M, a BASIC interpreter, etc. and allowed file management through a console.
|
||||
iMAX 432 - an operating system for systems based on Intel's iAPX 432 architecture.
|
||||
|
||||
=== IBM ===
|
||||
94
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-2.md
Normal file
94
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-2.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of operating systems"
|
||||
chunk: 3/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== On early mainframes: 1410, 7010, 704, 709, 7090, 7094, 7040, 7044, 7030 ====
|
||||
BESYS – for the IBM 7090
|
||||
Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) – developed at MIT's Computation Center for use on a modified IBM 7094
|
||||
FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS) – for the IBM 709 and 7090
|
||||
GM OS & GM-NAA I/O – for the IBM 704
|
||||
IBSYS – tape based operating system for IBM 7090 and IBM 7094
|
||||
7040/7044 Operating System (16/32K) - 7040-PR-150
|
||||
IJMON – A bootable serial I/O monitor for loading programs for the IBM 1400 series
|
||||
1410 Processor Operating System (PR-155) for the 1410 and 7010
|
||||
SHARE Operating System (SOS) – for the IBM 704 and 709
|
||||
University of Michigan Executive System (UMES) – for the IBM 704, 709, and 7090)
|
||||
|
||||
==== On S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes ====
|
||||
OS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
|
||||
OS/360 (first official OS targeted for the System/360 architecture)
|
||||
PCP (Primary Control Program, a kernel and a ground breaking automatic space allocating file system)
|
||||
MFT (original Multi-programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, replaced by MFT II)
|
||||
MFT II (Multi-Programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, had up to 15 fixed size application partitions, plus partitions for system tasks, initially defined at boot time but redefinable by operator command)
|
||||
MVT (Multi-Programming with a Variable number of Tasks, had up to 15 application regions defined dynamically, plus additional regions for system tasks)
|
||||
M65MP (MVT with support for a multiprocessor 360/65)
|
||||
OS/VS (port of OS/360 targeted for the System/370 virtual memory architecture (OS/370 is not the correct name for OS/VS1 and OS/VS2.) OS/VS has the following variations:
|
||||
OS/VS1 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 1, Virtual-memory version of OS/360 MFT II)
|
||||
OS/VS1 Basic Programming Extensions (BPE) adds device support and VM handshaking
|
||||
OS/VS2 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 2, Virtual-memory version of OS/360 MVT)
|
||||
OS/VS2 R1 (Called Single Virtual Storage (SVS), Virtual-memory version of OS/360 MVT but without multiprocessing support)
|
||||
OS/VS2 R2 through R3.8 (called Multiple Virtual Storage, MVS, eliminated most need for VS1).
|
||||
MVS/SE (MVS System Extensions)
|
||||
MVS/SP (MVS System Product) V1
|
||||
MVS/370 refers to OS/VS2 MVS, MVS/SE and MVS/SP Version 1
|
||||
MVS/XA (MVS/SP V2, supports S/370 Extended Architecture, 31-bit addressing)
|
||||
MVS/ESA (MVS supported Enterprise Systems Architecture, horizontal addressing extensions: data only address spaces called Dataspaces)
|
||||
MVS/SP V3
|
||||
MVS/ESA SP V4 (a Unix environment was available for MVS/ESA SP V4R3)
|
||||
MVS/ESA SP V5 (the UNIX environment was bundled in this and all subsequent versions)
|
||||
OS/390 replacement for MVS/ESA SP V5 with some products bundled
|
||||
z/OS z/Architecture replacement for OS/390 with 64-bit virtual addressing
|
||||
Phoenix/MVS (Developed at Cambridge University)
|
||||
DOS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
|
||||
BOS/360 (early interim version of DOS/360, briefly available at a few Alpha & Beta System/360 sites)
|
||||
TOS/360 (similar to BOS above and more fleeting, able to boot and run from 2x00 series tape drives)
|
||||
DOS/360 (Disk Operating System (DOS), multi-programming system with up to 3 partitions, first commonly available OS for System/360)
|
||||
DOS/360/RJE (DOS/360 with a control program extension that provided for the monitoring of remote job entry hardware (card reader & printer) connected by dedicated phone lines)
|
||||
DOS/VS (First DOS offered on System/370 systems, provided virtual storage)
|
||||
DOS/VSE (also known as VSE, upgrade of DOS/VS, up to 14 fixed size processing partitions )
|
||||
VSE/Advanced Functions (VSE/AF) - Additional functionality for DOS/VSE
|
||||
VSE/SP (program product including DOS/VSE and VSE/AF)
|
||||
VSE/ESA, replaces VSE/SP, supports ESA/370 and ESA/390 with 31-bit addresses
|
||||
z/VSE (latest version of the four decades old DOS lineage, supports 64-bit addresses, multiprocessing, multiprogramming, SNA, TCP/IP, and some virtual machine features in support of Linux workloads)
|
||||
CP/CMS (Control Program/Cambridge Monitor System) and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
|
||||
CP-40/CMS (for System/360 Model 40)
|
||||
CP-67/CMS (for System/360 Model 67)
|
||||
Virtual Machine Facility/370 (VM/370) - the CP virtual machine hypervisor, Conversational Monitor System (CMS) operating system and supporting facilities for System/370 (24-bit addresses)
|
||||
VM/370 Basic System Extensions Program Product (VM/BSE, AKA BSEPP) is an enhancement to VM/370
|
||||
VM/370 System Extensions Program Product (VM/SE, AKA SEPP) is an enhancement to VM/370 that includes the facilities of VM/BSE
|
||||
Virtual Machine/System Product (VM/SP) replaces VM/370, VM/BSE and VM/SE.
|
||||
Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture (VM/XA) refers to three versions of VM that support System/370 Extended Architecture (S/370-XA) with 31-bit virtual addresses
|
||||
Virtual Machine/Extended architecture Migration Aid (VM/XA MA) - Intended for MVS/370 to MVS/XA migration
|
||||
Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture Systems Facility (VM/XA SF) - new release of VM/XA MA with additional functionality
|
||||
Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture System Product (VM/XA SP) - Replaces VM/SP, VM/SP HPO and VM/XA SF
|
||||
Virtual Machine/Enterprise Systems Architecture (VM/ESA), supports S/370, ESA/370 and ESA/390 (a Unix environment was available starting with Version 2.)
|
||||
z/VM (z/Architecture version of the VM OS with 64-bit addressing). Starting with Version 3, the Unix environment was standard.
|
||||
|
||||
TPF Line (Transaction Processing Facility) on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes (largely used by airlines)
|
||||
ACP (Airline Control Program)
|
||||
TPF (Transaction Processing Facility)
|
||||
z/TPF (z/Architecture extension)
|
||||
Unix-like on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
|
||||
VM/IX PRPQ ([[IBM's Interactive eXecutive, a System III Unix version)
|
||||
IX/370 ([[IBM's Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
|
||||
AIX/370 (IBM's Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
|
||||
AIX/ESA (IBM's Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
|
||||
OpenSolaris for System z
|
||||
UTS (developed by Amdahl)
|
||||
Linux on IBM Z
|
||||
Others on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes:
|
||||
BOS/360 (Basic Operating System)
|
||||
Distributed Processing Programming Executive/370 (DPPX/370) a port of DDPX from 8100 to S/370.
|
||||
MTS (Michigan Terminal System, developed by a group of universities in the US, Canada, and the UK for the IBM System/360 Model 67, System/370 series, and compatible mainframes)
|
||||
RTOS/360 (IBM's Real Time Operating System, ran on 5 NASA custom System/360-75s)
|
||||
TOS/360 (Tape Operating System)
|
||||
TSS/360 (IBM's Time Sharing System)
|
||||
TSS/370 PRPQ (IBM's Time Sharing System ported to S/370)
|
||||
MUSIC/SP (developed by McGill University for IBM System/370)
|
||||
ORVYL and WYLBUR (developed by Stanford University for IBM System/360)
|
||||
184
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-3.md
Normal file
184
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-3.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of operating systems"
|
||||
chunk: 4/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== On PC and Intel x86 based architectures ====
|
||||
PC DOS, IBM DOS
|
||||
PC DOS 1.x, 2.x, 3.x (developed jointly with Microsoft)
|
||||
IBM DOS 4.x, 5.0 (developed jointly with Microsoft)
|
||||
PC DOS 6.1, 6.3, 7, 2000, 7.10
|
||||
|
||||
OS/2
|
||||
OS/2 1.x (developed jointly with Microsoft)
|
||||
OS/2 2.x
|
||||
OS/2 Warp 3 (ported to PPC via Workplace OS)
|
||||
OS/2 Warp 4
|
||||
eComStation (Warp 4.5/Workspace on Demand, rebundled by Serenity Systems International)
|
||||
ArcaOS (Warp 4.52 based system sold by Arca Noae, LLC)
|
||||
IBM 4680 OS version 1 to 4, a POS operating system based on Digital Research's Concurrent DOS 286 and FlexOS 286 1.xx
|
||||
IBM 4690 OS version 1 to 6.3, a successor to 4680 OS based on Novell's FlexOS 286/FlexOS 386 2.3x
|
||||
Toshiba 4690 OS version 6.4, a successor to 4690 OS 6.3
|
||||
Unix-like on PS/2
|
||||
AIX (IBM's Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
|
||||
|
||||
==== On other hardware platforms ====
|
||||
IBM Series/1
|
||||
EDX (Event Driven Executive)
|
||||
RPS (Realtime Programming System)
|
||||
CPS (Control Programming Support, subset of RPS)
|
||||
SerIX (Unix on Series/1)
|
||||
IBM 1130
|
||||
DMS (Disk Monitor System)
|
||||
IBM 1800
|
||||
TSX (Time Sharing eXecutive)
|
||||
MPX (Multi Programming eXecutive)
|
||||
IBM 8100
|
||||
DPCX (Distributed Processing Control eXecutive)
|
||||
DPPX (Distributed Processing Programming Executive)
|
||||
IBM System/3
|
||||
DMS (Disk Management System)
|
||||
IBM System/34, IBM System/36
|
||||
SSP (System Support Program)
|
||||
IBM System/38
|
||||
CPF (Control Program Facility)
|
||||
IBM System/88
|
||||
Stratus VOS (developed by Stratus, and used for IBM System/88, Original equipment manufacturer from Stratus)
|
||||
IBM AS/400, iSeries, System i, IBM Power Systems
|
||||
IBM i (previously known as OS/400 and i5/OS, descendant of System/38 CPF, includes System/36 SSP and AIX environment)
|
||||
UNIX on IBM RT PC
|
||||
AOS (a BSD Unix version, not related to Data General AOS)
|
||||
AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
|
||||
UNIX on POWER ISA, PowerPC, and Power ISA
|
||||
AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
|
||||
Others
|
||||
Workplace OS (a microkernel based operating system including OS/2, developed and canceled in the 1990s)
|
||||
K42 (open-source research operating system on PowerPC or x86 based cache-coherent multiprocessor systems)
|
||||
Dynix (developed by Sequent, and used for IBM NUMA-Q too)
|
||||
|
||||
=== International Computers Limited ===
|
||||
J and MultiJob – for the System 4 series mainframes
|
||||
GEORGE 2/3/4 GEneral ORGanisational Environment – used by ICL 1900 series mainframes
|
||||
Edinburgh Multiple Access System (EMAS) for the ICL System 4/75, from the University of Edinburgh, later ported to other systems.
|
||||
Executive – used on the 1900 and 290x range of minicomputers. A modified version of Executive was also used as part of GEORGE 3 and 4.
|
||||
TME – used on the ME29 minicomputer
|
||||
ICL VME – including early variants VME/B and VME/2900, appearing on the ICL 2900 Series and Series 39 mainframes, implemented in S3
|
||||
VME/K – on early smaller 2900s
|
||||
|
||||
=== Jide ===
|
||||
Remix OS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Jolla ===
|
||||
Sailfish OS
|
||||
|
||||
=== KaiOS ===
|
||||
KaiOS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Lynx Real-time Systems, LynuxWorks, Lynx Software Technologies ===
|
||||
LynxOS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Meizu ===
|
||||
Flyme OS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Microsoft Corporation ===
|
||||
Xenix (licensed version of Unix; licensed to SCO in 1987)
|
||||
MS-DOS (developed jointly with IBM, versions 1.0–6.22)
|
||||
Z-DOS
|
||||
MS-Net
|
||||
MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)
|
||||
MS-DOS 7
|
||||
MSX-DOS (developed by MS Japan for the MSX 8-bit computer)
|
||||
DOS/V
|
||||
OS/2 1.x (developed jointly with IBM until version 1.3)
|
||||
LAN Manager
|
||||
Windows (16-bit and 32-bit preemptive and cooperative multitasking, running atop MS-DOS)
|
||||
Windows 1.0 (Windows 1)
|
||||
Windows 2.0 (Windows 2 – separate version for i386 processor)
|
||||
Windows 2.1 (Windows/286, Windows/386)
|
||||
Windows 3.0 (Windows 3)
|
||||
Windows 3.1x (Windows 3.1)
|
||||
Windows for Workgroups 3.1 (Codename Snowball)
|
||||
Windows 3.2 (Chinese-only release)
|
||||
Windows for Workgroups 3.11
|
||||
Windows 95 (codename Chicago – Windows 4.0)
|
||||
Windows 98 (codename Memphis – Windows 4.1)
|
||||
Windows Millennium Edition (Windows ME – Windows 4.9)
|
||||
Windows NT (Full 32-bit or 64-bit kernel, not dependent on MS-DOS)
|
||||
Windows NT 3.1
|
||||
Windows NT 3.5
|
||||
Windows NT 3.51
|
||||
Windows NT 4.0
|
||||
Windows 2000 (Windows NT 5.0)
|
||||
Windows XP (Windows NT 5.1)
|
||||
Windows Server 2003 (Windows NT 5.2)
|
||||
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (based on Windows XP)
|
||||
Windows Vista (Windows NT 6.0)
|
||||
Windows Azure (Cloud OS Platform) 2009
|
||||
Windows Home Server (based on Windows Server 2003)
|
||||
Windows Server 2008 (based on Windows Vista)
|
||||
Windows 7 (Windows NT 6.1)
|
||||
Windows Server 2008 R2 (based on Windows 7)
|
||||
Windows Home Server 2011 (based on Windows Server 2008 R2)
|
||||
Windows 8 (Windows NT 6.2)
|
||||
Windows RT
|
||||
Windows Phone 8
|
||||
Windows Server 2012 (based on Windows 8)
|
||||
Windows 8.1 (Windows NT 6.3)
|
||||
Windows Phone 8.1
|
||||
Windows Server 2012 R2 (based on Windows 8.1)
|
||||
Windows 10 (Windows NT 10.0)
|
||||
Windows 10 Mobile
|
||||
Windows Server 2016
|
||||
Windows Server 2019
|
||||
Windows 11 (Windows NT 10.0)
|
||||
Windows Server 2022
|
||||
Windows Server 2025
|
||||
Windows CE (OS for handhelds, embedded devices, and real-time applications that is similar to other versions of Windows)
|
||||
Windows CE 3.0
|
||||
Windows CE 5.0
|
||||
Windows Embedded CE 6.0
|
||||
Windows Embedded Compact 7
|
||||
Windows Embedded Compact 2013
|
||||
Windows Mobile (based on Windows CE, but for a smaller form factor)
|
||||
Windows Phone 7
|
||||
KIN OS
|
||||
Xbox system software
|
||||
Xbox (first generation) system software
|
||||
Xbox 360 system software
|
||||
Xbox One system software
|
||||
Xbox Series X/S system software
|
||||
Singularity – A research operating system written mostly in managed code (C#)
|
||||
Midori – A managed code operating system
|
||||
SONiC
|
||||
Azure Sphere
|
||||
CBL-Mariner
|
||||
|
||||
=== MITS ===
|
||||
Altair DOS – An early disk operating system for the Altair 8800 machine.
|
||||
|
||||
=== MontaVista ===
|
||||
MontaVista Mobilinux
|
||||
|
||||
=== Motorola ===
|
||||
VERSAdos
|
||||
|
||||
=== NCR Corporation ===
|
||||
TMX – Transaction Management eXecutive.
|
||||
IMOS – Interactive Multiprogramming Operating System (circa 1978), for the NCR Century 8200 series minicomputers.
|
||||
VRX – Virtual Resource eXecutive.
|
||||
|
||||
=== NeXT ===
|
||||
NeXTSTEP
|
||||
|
||||
=== Nintendo ===
|
||||
ES – a computer operating system developed originally by Nintendo and since 2008 by Esrille. It is open source and runs natively on x86 platforms.
|
||||
Nintendo DSi system software
|
||||
Wii system software
|
||||
Nintendo 3DS system software
|
||||
Wii U system software
|
||||
Nintendo Switch system software
|
||||
137
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-4.md
Normal file
137
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-4.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of operating systems"
|
||||
chunk: 5/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Novell ===
|
||||
NetWare – network operating system providing high-performance network services. Has been superseded by Open Enterprise Server line, which can be based on NetWare or Linux to provide the same set of services.
|
||||
UnixWare
|
||||
Novell "SuperNOS" – a never released merge of NetWare and UnixWare
|
||||
Novell "Corsair"
|
||||
Novell "Exposé"
|
||||
Open Enterprise Server – the successor to NetWare
|
||||
|
||||
=== Open Mobile Platform ===
|
||||
Aurora OS – the successor to Sailfish OS (not to be confused with a different Aurora OS)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Quadros Systems ===
|
||||
RTXC Quadros RTOS – proprietary C-based RTOS used in embedded systems
|
||||
|
||||
=== RCA ===
|
||||
Time Sharing Operating System (TSOS) – first OS supporting virtual addressing of the main storage and support for both timeshare and batch interface
|
||||
|
||||
=== RoweBots ===
|
||||
DSPnano RTOS – 8/16 Bit Ultra Tiny Embedded Linux Compatible RTOS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Samsung Electronics ===
|
||||
Bada
|
||||
Tizen is an operating system based on the Linux kernel, a project within the Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) while controlled by Samsung and backed by Intel. Tizen works on a wide range of Samsung devices including smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, PCs and wearable.
|
||||
Orsay
|
||||
One UI - Android custom ROM
|
||||
|
||||
=== Scientific Data Systems (SDS) ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== SDS 900 series ====
|
||||
Berkeley Timesharing System for the SDS 940
|
||||
|
||||
==== SDS Sigma series ====
|
||||
Universal Time-Sharing System CP-V, CP-R
|
||||
Xerox Operating System (XOS)
|
||||
GORDO from UCLA
|
||||
Ésope (operating system) from IRIA for the Sigma 7 and CII 10070
|
||||
|
||||
=== SCO, SCO Group ===
|
||||
Source:
|
||||
|
||||
Xenix, Unix System III based distribution for the Intel 8086/8088 architecture
|
||||
Xenix 286, Unix System V Release 2 based distribution for the Intel 80286 architecture
|
||||
Xenix 386, Unix System V Release 2 based distribution for the Intel 80386 architecture
|
||||
SCO Unix, SCO UNIX System V/386 was the first volume commercial product licensed by AT&T to use the UNIX System trademark (1989). Derived from AT&T System V Release 3.2 with an infusion of Xenix device drivers and utilities plus most of the SVR4 features
|
||||
SCO Open Desktop, the first 32-bit graphical user interface for UNIX Systems running on Intel processor-based computers. Based on SCO Unix
|
||||
SCO OpenServer 5, AT&T UNIX System V Release 3 based
|
||||
SCO OpenServer 6, SVR5 (UnixWare 7) based kernel with SCO OpenServer 5 application and binary compatibility, system administration, and user environments
|
||||
UnixWare
|
||||
UnixWare 2.x, based on AT&T System V Release 4.2MP
|
||||
UnixWare 7, UnixWare 2 kernel plus parts of 3.2v5 (UnixWare 2 + OpenServer 5 = UnixWare 7). Referred to by SCO as SVR5
|
||||
|
||||
=== Silicon Laboratories (formerly Micrium Inc.) ===
|
||||
Micrium OS - customized μC/OS-III for Silicon Laboratories's SoC products
|
||||
|
||||
=== Sinclair Research ===
|
||||
Sinclair BASIC was used in the 8-bit home computers from Sinclair Research and Timex Sinclair. It was included in the ROM, and the computers booted to the Basic interpreter. Various versions exist, with the latter ones supporting disk drive operations.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Sony ===
|
||||
PlayStation Vita system software
|
||||
PlayStation 3 system software
|
||||
PlayStation 4 system software
|
||||
PlayStation 5 system software
|
||||
|
||||
=== SYSGO ===
|
||||
PikeOS – a certified real time operating system for safety and security critical embedded systems
|
||||
|
||||
=== Tandem Computers, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, Hewlett Packard Enterprise ===
|
||||
NonStop OS - formerly Guardian (Tandem), then NonStop Kernel, then NonStop OS; runs on HPE's NonStop line of servers
|
||||
|
||||
=== Tandy Corporation ===
|
||||
TRSDOS – A floppy-disk-oriented OS supplied by Tandy/Radio Shack for their TRS-80 Z80-based line of personal computers. Eventually renamed as LS-DOS or LDOS.
|
||||
Color BASIC – A ROM-based OS created by Microsoft for the TRS-80 Color Computer.
|
||||
NewDos/80 – A third-party OS for Tandy's TRS-80 personal computers.
|
||||
DeskMate – Operating system created by Tandy Corporation and introduced with the Tandy 1000 computer.
|
||||
|
||||
=== TCSC (later NCSC) ===
|
||||
Edos – enhanced version of IBM's DOS/360 (and later DOS/VS and DOS/VSE) operating system for System/360 and System/370 IBM mainframes
|
||||
|
||||
=== Texas Instruments ===
|
||||
TI-RTOS Kernel – Real-time operating system for TI's embedded devices.
|
||||
|
||||
=== TRON Project ===
|
||||
TRON – open real-time operating system kernel
|
||||
T-Kernel
|
||||
|
||||
=== UNIVAC, Unisys ===
|
||||
EXEC I
|
||||
EXEC II
|
||||
EXEC 8/OS 1100/OS 2200
|
||||
VS/9, successor to RCA TSOS
|
||||
OS/4 for 9000 series
|
||||
|
||||
=== Valve ===
|
||||
SteamOS 1.0 & 2.0 - a Debian-based operating system for Steam Machine and x86-64PCs
|
||||
SteamOS 3.0 - an Arch Linux-based operating system for Handheld gaming PCs
|
||||
|
||||
=== Wang Laboratories ===
|
||||
WPS Wang Word Processing System. Micro-code based system.
|
||||
OIS Wang Office Information System. Successor to the WPS. Combined the WPS and VP/MVP systems.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Weston Embedded Solutions ===
|
||||
μC/OS-II – a small pre-emptive priority based multi-tasking kernel
|
||||
μC/OS-III – a small pre-emptive priority based multi-tasking kernel, with unlimited number of tasks and priorities, and round-robin scheduling
|
||||
Cesium RTOS - commercial continuation of Micrium's μC/OS-III forked from the open-sources release
|
||||
|
||||
=== Wind River Systems ===
|
||||
VxWorks – Small footprint, scalable, high-performance RTOS for embedded microprocessor based systems.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Zilog ===
|
||||
Z80-RIO
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Lisp-based ====
|
||||
Lisp Machines, Inc. (also known as LMI) used an operating system written in MIT's Lisp Machine Lisp.
|
||||
Symbolics Genera written in a systems dialect of the Lisp programming language called ZetaLisp and Symbolics Common Lisp. Genera was ported to a virtual machine for the DEC Alpha line of computers.
|
||||
Texas Instruments' Explorer Lisp machine workstations also had systems code written in Lisp Machine Lisp.
|
||||
Xerox 1100 series of Lisp machines used an operating system also written in Interlisp, and was also ported to a virtual machine called "Medley."
|
||||
|
||||
==== For Elektronika BK ====
|
||||
ANDOS
|
||||
CSI-DOS
|
||||
MK-DOS
|
||||
|
||||
==== Non-standard language-based ====
|
||||
Pilot operating system – written in the Mesa language and used on Xerox Star workstations.
|
||||
PERQ Operating System (POS) – written in PERQ Pascal.
|
||||
106
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-5.md
Normal file
106
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-5.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of operating systems"
|
||||
chunk: 6/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== Other proprietary non-Unix-like ====
|
||||
Operating system for Эльбрус-1 (Elbrus-1) and Эльбрус-2 – used for application, job control, system programming, implemented in uЭль-76 (AL-76).
|
||||
Business Operating System (BOS) – developed to be ported across microcomputers.
|
||||
EOS – developed by ETA Systems for use in their ETA-10 line of supercomputers
|
||||
EMBOS – developed by Elxsi for use on their mini-supercomputers
|
||||
GCOS – a proprietary operating system originally developed by General Electric
|
||||
MAI Basic Four – An OS implementing Business Basic from MAI Systems.
|
||||
Michigan Terminal System – Developed by a group of universities in the US, Canada, and the UK for use on the IBM System/360 Model 67, the System/370 series, and compatible mainframes
|
||||
MUSIC/SP – an operating system developed for the S/370, running normally under VM
|
||||
OS ES – an operating system for ES EVM
|
||||
PC-MOS/386 – DOS-like, but multiuser/multitasking
|
||||
Prolog-Dispatcher – used to control Soviet Buran space shuttle.
|
||||
SINTRAN III – an operating system used with Norsk Data computers.
|
||||
SkyOS – commercial desktop OS for PCs
|
||||
SODA – used by the Odra 1204 computers.
|
||||
THEOS
|
||||
TSX-32 – a 32-bit operating system for x86 platform.
|
||||
TX990/TXDS, DX10 and DNOS – proprietary operating systems for TI-990 minicomputers
|
||||
|
||||
==== Other proprietary Unix-like and POSIX-compliant ====
|
||||
Aegis (Apollo Computer)
|
||||
Amiga Unix (Amiga ports of Unix System V release 3.2 with Amiga A2500UX and SVR4 with Amiga A3000UX. Started in 1990, last version was in 1992)
|
||||
ChorusOS from INRIA
|
||||
Coherent (Unix-like OS from Mark Williams Co. for PC class computers)
|
||||
DC/OSx (DataCenter/OSx—an operating system developed by Pyramid Technology for its MIPS-based systems)
|
||||
DG/UX (Data General Corp)
|
||||
DNIX from DIAB
|
||||
DSPnano RTOS (POSIX nanokernel, DSP Optimized, Open Source)
|
||||
HeliOS developed and sold by Perihelion Software mainly for transputer-based systems
|
||||
Interactive Unix (a port of the UNIX System V operating system for Intel x86 by Interactive Systems Corporation)
|
||||
IRIX from SGI
|
||||
MASIX from MASI laboratory (a multiserver operating system based on Mach microkernel)
|
||||
MeikOS
|
||||
NeXTSTEP (developed by NeXT; a Unix-based OS based on the Mach microkernel)
|
||||
OS-9 Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Motorola 6809 based microcomputers)
|
||||
OS9/68K Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Motorola 680x0 based microcomputers; based on OS-9)
|
||||
OS-9000 Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Intel x86 based microcomputers; based on OS-9, written in C)
|
||||
OSF/1 (developed into a commercial offering by Digital Equipment Corporation)
|
||||
OPENSTEP
|
||||
QNX (POSIX, microkernel OS; usually a real time embedded OS)
|
||||
PNX, a port of UNIX v7 and System III to the PERQ computer
|
||||
Rhapsody (an early form of Mac OS X)
|
||||
RISC iX – derived from BSD 4.3, by Acorn computers, for their ARM family of machines
|
||||
RISC/os (a port by MIPS Technologies of 4.3BSD for its MIPS-based computers)
|
||||
RMX
|
||||
SCO UNIX (from SCO, bought by Caldera who renamed themselves SCO Group)
|
||||
SINIX (a port by SNI of Unix to the MIPS architecture)
|
||||
Solaris (from Sun, bought by Oracle; a System V-based replacement for SunOS)
|
||||
SunOS (BSD-based Unix system used on early Sun hardware)
|
||||
SUPER-UX (a port of System V Release 4.2MP with features adopted from BSD and Linux for NEC SX architecture supercomputers)
|
||||
System V (a release of AT&T Unix, 'SVR4' was the 4th minor release)
|
||||
System V/AT, 386 (The first version of AT&T System V UNIX on the IBM 286 and 386 PCs, ported and sold by Microport)
|
||||
Trusted Solaris (Solaris with kernel and other enhancements to support multilevel security)
|
||||
UniFLEX (Unix-like OS from TSC for DMA-capable, extended addresses, Motorola 6809 based computers; e.g. SWTPC, Gimix and others)
|
||||
Unicos (the version of Unix designed for Cray Supercomputers, mainly geared to vector calculations)
|
||||
UTX-32 (Developed by Gould CSD (Computer System Division), a Unix-based OS that included both BSD and System V characteristics. It was one of the first Unix based systems to receive NSA's C2 security level certification.)
|
||||
Zenix, Zenith corporations Unix (a popular USA electronics maker at the time)
|
||||
|
||||
== Non-proprietary ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Unix or Unix-like ===
|
||||
MINIX (study OS developed by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in the Netherlands)
|
||||
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a variant of Unix originally for DEC PDP-11 and VAX hardware)
|
||||
FreeBSD (one of the outgrowths of UC Regents' abandonment of CSRG's 'BSD Unix')
|
||||
DragonFlyBSD, forked from FreeBSD 4.8
|
||||
MidnightBSD, forked from FreeBSD 6.1
|
||||
GhostBSD
|
||||
TrueOS (previously known as PC-BSD), made for desktop/laptop usage, now discontinued
|
||||
NomadBSD, a project aiming to tend FreeBSD to desktop/laptop needs
|
||||
NetBSD (an embedded device BSD variant)
|
||||
OpenBSD forked from NetBSD
|
||||
Bitrig forked from OpenBSD, discontinued
|
||||
FuguIta, a live OpenBSD fork by a Japanese developer
|
||||
Darwin, created by Apple using code from NeXTSTEP, FreeBSD, and NetBSD
|
||||
GNU (also known as GNU/Hurd)
|
||||
Linux (see also List of Linux distributions) (alleged to be GNU/Linux see GNU/Linux naming controversy)
|
||||
Android
|
||||
Android-x86
|
||||
Remix OS
|
||||
EulerOS - Linux commercial distribution for cloud based software by Huawei
|
||||
openEuler - open-source community version of EulerOS
|
||||
NestOS - open-source cloud based operating system based on EulerOS, contributed by openEuler community
|
||||
NuttX - a Unix/Linux-like RTOS for Microcontrollers) (written in C)
|
||||
Redox (written in Rust)
|
||||
OpenSolaris
|
||||
illumos, contains original Unix (SVR4) code derived from the OpenSolaris (discontinued by Oracle in favor of Solaris 11 Express)
|
||||
OpenIndiana, operates under the illumos Foundation. Uses the illumos kernel, which is a derivative of OS/Net, which is basically an OpenSolaris/Solaris kernel with the bulk of the drivers, core libraries, and basic utilities.
|
||||
Nexenta OS, based on the illumos kernel with Ubuntu packages
|
||||
SmartOS, an illumos distribution for cloud computing with Kernel-based Virtual Machine integration.
|
||||
RTEMS (Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems)
|
||||
Syllable Desktop
|
||||
VSTa
|
||||
Plurix (or Tropix) (by Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ)
|
||||
TUNIS (University of Toronto)
|
||||
Xv6 - a simple Unix-like teaching operating system from MIT
|
||||
SerenityOS - aims to be a modern Unix-like operating system, yet with a look and feel that emulates 1990s operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and the classic Mac OS.
|
||||
115
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-6.md
Normal file
115
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-6.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of operating systems"
|
||||
chunk: 7/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Non-Unix ===
|
||||
Cosmos – written in C#
|
||||
EmuTOS - open source Atari TOS variant
|
||||
FreeDOS – open source MS-DOS variant
|
||||
Genode – operating system framework for microkernels (written in C++)
|
||||
Google Fuchsia
|
||||
Haiku – open source inspired by BeOS, in development
|
||||
Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS) – written in the MIDAS macro assembler language for the PDP-6 and PDP-10 by MIT students
|
||||
LiteOS
|
||||
MagiC - open source Atari TOS variant
|
||||
OpenHarmony - LiteOS kernel and kernel add-ons side of the kernel tree under Kernel Abstract Layer (KAL) structure
|
||||
Uniproton real-time operating system for ultra-low latency and adaptable mixed-critical deployment capabilities contributed by openEuler community and also part of OpenHarmony add-on kernel
|
||||
osFree – OS/2 Warp open source clone
|
||||
OSv – written in C++
|
||||
Phantom OS – persistent object-oriented
|
||||
ReactOS – open source OS designed to be binary compatible with Windows NT and its variants (Windows XP, Windows 2000, etc.); in development
|
||||
[Redacted] OS - open source made by Developed from Scratch
|
||||
SharpOS – written in .NET C#
|
||||
Visopsys – written in C and assembly by Andy McLaughlin
|
||||
Quantix
|
||||
|
||||
== Research ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Unix or Unix-like ===
|
||||
Plan 9 from Bell Labs – distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on original Unix design principles yet functionally different and going much further
|
||||
Inferno – distributed OS derived from Plan 9, originally from Bell Labs
|
||||
9front, a derivative open-source project made to resurrect Plan 9 to passionate developers
|
||||
Research Unix
|
||||
Sprite from U.C Berkeley
|
||||
|
||||
=== Non-Unix ===
|
||||
Accent - the precursor of CMU Mach, for the PERQ computer
|
||||
Amoeba – research OS by Andrew S. Tanenbaum
|
||||
Barrelfish
|
||||
Croquet
|
||||
EROS – microkernel, capability-based
|
||||
Harmony – realtime, multitasking, multiprocessing message-passing system developed at the National Research Council of Canada.
|
||||
HelenOS – research and experimental operating system
|
||||
ILIOS – Research OS designed for routing
|
||||
L4 – second generation microkernel
|
||||
Mach – from OS kernel research at Carnegie Mellon University; see NeXTSTEP
|
||||
Nemesis – Cambridge University research OS – detailed quality of service abilities
|
||||
Singularity – experimental OS from Microsoft Research written in managed code to be highly dependable
|
||||
Spring – research OS from Sun Microsystems
|
||||
THE multiprogramming system – by Dijkstra in 1968, at the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands, introduced the first form of software-based memory segmentation, freeing programmers from being forced to use actual physical locations
|
||||
Thoth – realtime, multiprocess message-passing system developed at the University of Waterloo.
|
||||
Tock
|
||||
V – from Stanford, early 1980s
|
||||
Verve – OS designed by Microsoft Research to be verified end-to-end for type safety and memory safety
|
||||
Xinu – Study OS developed by Douglas E. Comer in the United States
|
||||
|
||||
== Disk operating systems (DOS) ==
|
||||
|
||||
86-DOS (developed at Seattle Computer Products by Tim Paterson for the new Intel 808x CPUs; licensed to Microsoft, became PC DOS/MS-DOS. Also known by its working title QDOS.)
|
||||
PC DOS (IBM's DOS variant, developed jointly with Microsoft, versions 1.0–7.0, 2000, 7.10)
|
||||
MS-DOS (Microsoft's DOS variant for OEM, developed jointly with IBM, versions 1.x–6.22 Microsoft's now abandoned DOS variant)
|
||||
Concurrent CP/M-86 3.1 (BDOS 3.1) with PC-MODE (Digital Research's successor of CP/M-86 and MP/M-86)
|
||||
Concurrent DOS 3.1-4.1 (BDOS 3.1-4.1)
|
||||
Concurrent PC DOS 3.2 (BDOS 3.2) (Concurrent DOS variant for IBM compatible PCs)
|
||||
DOS Plus 1.1, 1.2 (BDOS 4.1), 2.1 (BDOS 5.0) (single-user, multi-tasking system derived from Concurrent DOS 4.1-5.0)
|
||||
Concurrent DOS 8-16 (dual-processor variant of Concurrent DOS for 8086 and 8080 CPUs)
|
||||
Concurrent DOS 286 1.x
|
||||
FlexOS 1.00-2.34 (derivative of Concurrent DOS 286)
|
||||
FlexOS 186 (variant of FlexOS for terminals)
|
||||
FlexOS 286 (variant of FlexOS for hosts)
|
||||
Siemens S5-DOS/MT (industrial control system based on FlexOS)
|
||||
IBM 4680 OS (POS operating system based on FlexOS)
|
||||
IBM 4690 OS (POS operating system based on FlexOS)
|
||||
Toshiba 4690 OS (POS operating system based on IBM 4690 OS and FlexOS)
|
||||
FlexOS 386 (later variant of FlexOS for hosts)
|
||||
IBM 4690 OS (POS operating system based on FlexOS)
|
||||
Toshiba 4690 OS (POS operating system based on IBM 4690 OS and FlexOS)
|
||||
Concurrent DOS 386 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0 (BDOS 5.0-6.2)
|
||||
Concurrent DOS 386/MGE (Concurrent DOS 386 variant with advanced graphics terminal capabilities)
|
||||
Multiuser DOS 5.0, 5.01, 5.1 (BDOS 6.3-6.6) (successor of Concurrent DOS 386)
|
||||
CCI Multiuser DOS 5.0-7.22 (up to BDOS 6.6)
|
||||
Datapac Multiuser DOS
|
||||
Datapac System Manager 7 (derivative of Datapac Multiuser DOS)
|
||||
IMS Multiuser DOS 5.1, 7.0, 7.1 (BDOS 6.6-6.7)
|
||||
IMS REAL/32 7.50, 7.51, 7.52, 7.53, 7.54, 7.60, 7.61, 7.62, 7.63, 7.70, 7.71, 7.72, 7.73, 7.74, 7.80, 7.81, 7.82, 7.83, 7.90, 7.91, 7.92, 7.93, 7.94, 7.95 (BDOS 6.8 and higher) (derivative of Multiuser DOS)
|
||||
IMS REAL/NG (successor of REAL/32)
|
||||
Concurrent DOS XM 5.0, 5.2, 6.0, 6.2 (BDOS 5.0-6.2) (real-mode variant of Concurrent DOS with EEMS support)
|
||||
DR-DOS 3.31, 3.32, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 5.0, 6.0 (BDOS 6.0-7.1) single-user, single-tasking native DOS derived from Concurrent DOS 6.0)
|
||||
Novell PalmDOS 1 (BDOS 7.0)
|
||||
Novell DR DOS "StarTrek"
|
||||
Novell DOS 7 (single-user, multi-tasking system derived from DR DOS, BDOS 7.2)
|
||||
Novell DOS 7 updates 1-10 (BDOS 7.2)
|
||||
Caldera OpenDOS 7.01 (BDOS 7.2)
|
||||
Enhanced DR-DOS 7.01.0x (BDOS 7.2)
|
||||
Dell Real Mode Kernel (DRMK)
|
||||
Novell DOS 7 updates 11–15.2 (BDOS 7.2)
|
||||
Caldera DR-DOS 7.02-7.03 (BDOS 7.3)
|
||||
DR-DOS "WinBolt"
|
||||
OEM DR-DOS 7.04-7.05 (BDOS 7.3)
|
||||
OEM DR-DOS 7.06 (PQDOS)
|
||||
OEM DR-DOS 7.07 (BDOS 7.4/7.7)
|
||||
FreeDOS (open source DOS variant)
|
||||
ProDOS (operating system for the Apple II series computers)
|
||||
PTS-DOS (MS-DOS variant by Russian company Phystechsoft)
|
||||
TurboDOS (Software 2000, Inc.) for Z80 and Intel 8086 processor-based systems
|
||||
Multi-tasking user interfaces and environments for MS-DOS compatible operating systems
|
||||
DESQview + QEMM 386 multi-tasking user interface
|
||||
DESQView/X (X-windowing GUI
|
||||
|
||||
== Network operating systems ==
|
||||
186
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-7.md
Normal file
186
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-7.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of operating systems"
|
||||
chunk: 8/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Banyan VINES – by Banyan Systems
|
||||
Cambridge Ring
|
||||
Cisco IOS – by Cisco Systems
|
||||
Cisco NX-OS – previously SAN-OS
|
||||
CTOS – by Convergent Technologies, later acquired by Unisys
|
||||
Data ONTAP – by NetApp
|
||||
ExtremeWare – by Extreme Networks
|
||||
ExtremeXOS – by Extreme Networks
|
||||
Fabric OS – by Brocade
|
||||
JunOS – by Juniper
|
||||
NetWare – networking OS by Novell
|
||||
Network operating system (NOS) – developed by CDC for use in their Cyber line of supercomputers
|
||||
Novell Open Enterprise Server – Open Source networking OS by Novell. Can incorporate either SUSE Linux or Novell NetWare as its kernel
|
||||
Plan 9 – distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on Unix design principles but not functionally identical
|
||||
Inferno – distributed OS derived from Plan 9, originally from Bell Labs
|
||||
SONiC
|
||||
TurboDOS – by Software 2000, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
== Generic, commodity, and other ==
|
||||
BLIS/COBOL
|
||||
A2 formerly named Active Object System (AOS), and then Bluebottle (a concurrent and active object update to the Oberon operating system)
|
||||
BS1000 by Siemens
|
||||
BS2000 by Siemens, now BS2000/OSD from Fujitsu Siemens (formerly Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme)
|
||||
BS3000 by Siemens (rebadging of Fujitsu's MSP operating system)
|
||||
Contiki for various, mostly 8-bit systems, including the Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, and some Commodore machines.
|
||||
FLEX9 (by Technical Systems Consultants (TSC) for Motorola 6809 based machines; successor to FLEX, which was for Motorola 6800 CPUs)
|
||||
Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) (windowing GUI for CP/M, DOS, and Atari TOS)
|
||||
GEOS (popular windowing GUI for PC, Commodore, Apple computers)
|
||||
JavaOS
|
||||
JNode (Java New Operating System Design Effort), written 99% in Java (native compiled), provides own JVM and JIT compiler. Based on GNU Classpath.
|
||||
JX Java operating system that focuses on a flexible and robust operating system architecture developed as an open source system by the University of Erlangen.
|
||||
KERNAL (default OS on Commodore 64)
|
||||
MERLIN for the Corvus Concept
|
||||
MorphOS (Amiga compatible)
|
||||
MSP by Fujitsu (successor to OS-IV), now MSP/EX, also known as Extended System Architecture (EXA), for 31-bit mode
|
||||
NetWare (networking OS by Novell)
|
||||
Oberon (operating system) (developed at ETH-Zürich by Niklaus Wirth et al.) for the Ceres and Chameleon workstation projects
|
||||
OSD/XC by Fujitsu-Siemens (BS2000 ported to an emulation on a Sun SPARC platform)
|
||||
OS-IV by Fujitsu (based on early versions of IBM's MVS)
|
||||
Pick (often licensed and renamed)
|
||||
PRIMOS by Prime Computer (sometimes spelled PR1MOS and PR1ME)
|
||||
Sinclair QDOS (multitasking for the Sinclair QL computer)
|
||||
SSB-DOS (by Technical Systems Consultants (TSC) for Smoke Signal Broadcasting; a variant of FLEX in most respects)
|
||||
SymbOS (GUI based multitasking operating system for Z80 computers)
|
||||
Symobi (GUI based modern micro-kernel OS for x86, ARM and PowerPC processors, developed by Miray Software; used and developed further at Technical University of Munich)
|
||||
TripOS, 1978
|
||||
TurboDOS (Software 2000, Inc.)
|
||||
UCSD p-System (portable complete programming environment/operating system/virtual machine developed by a long running student project at UCSD; directed by Prof Kenneth Bowles; written in Pascal)
|
||||
VOS by Stratus Technologies with strong influence from Multics
|
||||
VOS3 by Hitachi for its IBM-compatible mainframes, based on IBM's MVS
|
||||
VM2000 by Siemens
|
||||
Visi On (first GUI for early PC machines; not commercially successful)
|
||||
VPS/VM (IBM based, main operating system at Boston University for over 10 years.)
|
||||
|
||||
== Hobby ==
|
||||
|
||||
539kernel - a simple x86 32-bit educational kernel
|
||||
AROS – AROS Research Operating System (formerly known as Amiga Research Operating System)
|
||||
AtheOS – branched to become Syllable Desktop
|
||||
Syllable Desktop – a modern, independently originated OS; see AtheOS
|
||||
BareMetal
|
||||
DSPnano RTOS
|
||||
EmuTOS
|
||||
EROS – Extremely Reliable Operating System
|
||||
HelenOS – based on a preemptible microkernel design
|
||||
LSE/OS
|
||||
MenuetOS – extremely compact OS with GUI, written entirely in FASM assembly language
|
||||
KolibriOS – a fork of MenuetOS
|
||||
MMURTL (Message based MUltitasking Real-Time kerneL, pronounced 'Myrtle')
|
||||
osakaOS - An Azumanga daioh inspired 32 bit OS made with a focus on unconventional/ridiculous design choices.
|
||||
SerenityOS
|
||||
SerpaeOS
|
||||
TempleOS – biblical-themed OS, written in HolyC by Terry Davis
|
||||
ToaruOS
|
||||
PonyOS
|
||||
|
||||
== Embedded ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Mobile operating systems ===
|
||||
|
||||
DIP DOS on Atari Portfolio
|
||||
Embedded Linux (see also Linux for mobile devices)
|
||||
Android
|
||||
CalyxOS
|
||||
ColorOS
|
||||
DivestOS
|
||||
EMUI
|
||||
Flyme OS
|
||||
GrapheneOS
|
||||
Kali NetHunter
|
||||
LineageOS
|
||||
MIUI
|
||||
One UI
|
||||
Replicant
|
||||
See also List of custom Android distributions
|
||||
Firefox OS
|
||||
KaiOS
|
||||
Ångström distribution
|
||||
Familiar Linux
|
||||
Mæmo based on Debian deployed on Nokia's Nokia 770, N800 and N810 Internet Tablets.
|
||||
OpenZaurus
|
||||
webOS from Palm, Inc., later Hewlett-Packard via acquisition, and most recently at LG Electronics through acquisition from Hewlett-Packard
|
||||
Access Linux Platform
|
||||
bada
|
||||
Openmoko Linux
|
||||
OPhone
|
||||
MeeGo (from merger of Maemo & Moblin)
|
||||
Mobilinux
|
||||
MotoMagx
|
||||
Qt Extended
|
||||
Sailfish OS
|
||||
Tizen (earlier called LiMo Platform)
|
||||
Ubuntu Touch
|
||||
postmarketOS
|
||||
Inferno (distributed OS originally from Bell Labs)
|
||||
Magic Cap
|
||||
MS-DOS on Poqet PC, HP 95LX, HP 100LX, HP 200LX, HP 1000CX, HP OmniGo 700LX
|
||||
NetBSD
|
||||
Newton OS on Apple MessagePad
|
||||
Palm OS from Palm, Inc; now spun off as PalmSource
|
||||
PEN/GEOS on HP OmniGo 100 and 120
|
||||
PenPoint OS
|
||||
Plan 9 from Bell Labs
|
||||
PVOS
|
||||
Symbian OS
|
||||
EPOC
|
||||
Windows CE, from Microsoft
|
||||
Pocket PC from Microsoft, a variant of Windows CE
|
||||
Windows Mobile from Microsoft, a variant of Windows CE
|
||||
Windows Phone 7 from Microsoft
|
||||
Windows Phone based on Windows NT
|
||||
Windows Phone 8
|
||||
Windows 10 Mobile
|
||||
DSPnano RTOS
|
||||
iOS
|
||||
watchOS
|
||||
tvOS
|
||||
iPod software
|
||||
iPodLinux
|
||||
iriver clix OS
|
||||
RockBox
|
||||
BlackBerry OS
|
||||
PEN/GEOS, GEOS-SC, GEOS-SE
|
||||
Symbian platform (successor to Symbian OS)
|
||||
BlackBerry 10
|
||||
HarmonyOS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Routers ===
|
||||
CatOS – by Cisco Systems
|
||||
Cisco IOS – originally Internetwork Operating System by Cisco Systems
|
||||
DNOS – by DriveNets
|
||||
Inferno – distributed OS originally from Bell Labs
|
||||
IOS-XR – by Cisco Systems
|
||||
JunOS – by Juniper Networks
|
||||
LCOS – by LANCOM Systems
|
||||
Linux
|
||||
IPFire
|
||||
OpenWrt
|
||||
DD-WRT
|
||||
LEDE
|
||||
Gargoyle
|
||||
LibreCMC
|
||||
Zeroshell
|
||||
FTOS – by Force10 Networks
|
||||
FreeBSD
|
||||
Huawei VRP (Versatile Routing Platform) that many Huawei devices operate on
|
||||
LiteOS
|
||||
HarmonyOS
|
||||
OpenHarmony
|
||||
EulerOS
|
||||
openEuler
|
||||
m0n0wall
|
||||
OPNsense
|
||||
pfsense
|
||||
List of wireless router firmware projects
|
||||
HyperOS
|
||||
76
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-8.md
Normal file
76
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-8.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of operating systems"
|
||||
chunk: 9/9
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other embedded ===
|
||||
Apache Mynewt
|
||||
ChibiOS/RT
|
||||
Contiki
|
||||
CoRTOS "World's simplest embedded RTOS"
|
||||
ERIKA Enterprise
|
||||
eCos
|
||||
NetBSD
|
||||
Nucleus RTOS
|
||||
NuttX
|
||||
Minix
|
||||
NCOS
|
||||
freeRTOS, openRTOS, safeRTOS
|
||||
Fuchsia
|
||||
OpenEmbedded (or Yocto Project)
|
||||
OpenHarmony
|
||||
pSOS (Portable Software On Silicon)
|
||||
PX5 RTOS
|
||||
QNX – Unix-like real-time operating system, aimed primarily at the embedded systems market.
|
||||
REX OS – microkernel; usually an embedded cell phone OS
|
||||
RIOT
|
||||
ROM-DOS
|
||||
TinyOS
|
||||
ThreadX
|
||||
Tock
|
||||
RT-Thread
|
||||
DSPnano RTOS
|
||||
Windows IoT – formerly Windows Embedded
|
||||
Windows CE
|
||||
Windows IoT Core
|
||||
Windows IoT Enterprise
|
||||
Wind River VxWorks RTOS.
|
||||
Wombat – microkernel; usually real-time embedded
|
||||
Zephyr
|
||||
LiteOS
|
||||
SuperTinyKernel RTOS
|
||||
|
||||
=== LEGO Mindstorms ===
|
||||
brickOS
|
||||
leJOS
|
||||
|
||||
== Capability-based ==
|
||||
Cambridge CAP computer – operating system demonstrated the use of security capabilities, both in hardware and software, also a useful fileserver, implemented in ALGOL 68C
|
||||
Flex machine – Custom microprogrammable hardware, with an operating system, (modular) compiler, editor, * garbage collector and filing system all written in ALGOL 68.
|
||||
HYDRA – Running on the C.mmp computer at Carnegie Mellon University, implemented in the programming language BLISS
|
||||
KeyKOS nanokernel
|
||||
EROS microkernel
|
||||
V – from Stanford, early 1980s
|
||||
HarmonyOS NEXT
|
||||
Google Fuchsia
|
||||
Phantom OS
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Comparison of operating systems
|
||||
Comparison of real-time operating systems
|
||||
Timeline of operating systems
|
||||
|
||||
=== Category links ===
|
||||
Operating systems
|
||||
Embedded operating systems
|
||||
Real-time operating systems
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
"List of Operating Systems". www.operating-system.org.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of performance analysis tools"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_performance_analysis_tools"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:09.736625+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of performance analysis tools for use in software development.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== General purpose, language independent ==
|
||||
The following tools work based on log files that can be generated from various systems.
|
||||
|
||||
time (Unix) - can be used to determine the run time of a program, separately counting user time vs. system time, and CPU time vs. clock time.
|
||||
timem (Unix) - can be used to determine the wall-clock time, CPU time, and CPU utilization similar to time (Unix) but supports numerous extensions.
|
||||
Supports reporting peak resident set size, major and minor page faults, priority and voluntary context switches via getrusage.
|
||||
Supports sampling procfs on supporting systems to report metrics such as page-based resident set size, virtual memory size, read-bytes, and write-bytes, etc.
|
||||
Supports collecting hardware counters when built with PAPI support.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Multiple languages ==
|
||||
The following tools work for multiple languages or binaries.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== C and C++ ==
|
||||
Arm MAP, a performance profiler supporting Linux platforms.
|
||||
AppDynamics, an application performance management service for C/C++ applications via SDK.
|
||||
AQtime Pro, a performance profiler and memory allocation debugger that can be integrated into Microsoft Visual Studio, and Embarcadero RAD Studio, or can run as a stand-alone application.
|
||||
IBM Rational Purify was a memory debugger allowing performance analysis.
|
||||
Instruments (bundled with Xcode) is used to profile an executable's memory allocations, time usage, filesystem activity, GPU activity etc.
|
||||
Intel Parallel Studio contains Intel VTune Amplifier, which tunes both serial and parallel programs. It also includes Intel Advisor and Intel Inspector. Intel Advisor optimizes vectorization (use of SIMD instructions) and prototypes threading implementations. Intel Inspector detects and debugs races, deadlocks and memory errors.
|
||||
Parasoft Insure++ provides a graphical tool that displays and animates memory allocations in real time to expose memory blowout, fragmentation, overuse, bottlenecks and leaks.
|
||||
Visual Studio Team System Profiler, commercial profiler by Microsoft.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Java ==
|
||||
inspectIT is an open-source application performance management (APM) service for monitoring and analyzing software applications, available under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (ALv2).
|
||||
JConsole is the profiler which comes with the Java Development Kit
|
||||
JProfiler
|
||||
JRockit Mission Control, a profiler with low overhead.
|
||||
Netbeans Profiler, a profiler integrated into the NetBeans IDE (internally uses jvisualvm profiler)
|
||||
Plumbr, Java application performance monitoring with automated root cause detection. Links memory leaks, GC inefficiency, slow database and external web service calls, locked threads, and other performance problems to the line in source code that causes them.
|
||||
OverOps, Continuous reliability for the modern software supply chain, automatically detect and deliver root cause automation for all errors.
|
||||
VisualVM is a visual tool integrating several commandline JDK tools and lightweight profiling capabilities. It is bundled with the Java Development Kit since version 6, update 7.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== JavaScript ==
|
||||
The Firefox web browser's developer tools contain a Performance tool, which gives insight into JavaScript performance of a website.
|
||||
Microsoft Visual Studio AJAX Profiling Extensions is a free profiling tool for JavaScript by Microsoft Research.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== .NET ==
|
||||
CLR Profiler is a free memory profiler provided by Microsoft for CLR applications.
|
||||
GlowCode is a performance and memory profiler for .NET applications using C# and other .NET languages. It identifies time-intensive functions and detects memory leaks and errors in native, managed and mixed Windows x64 and x86 applications.
|
||||
Visual Studio
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== PHP ==
|
||||
BlackFire.io
|
||||
Dbg
|
||||
Xdebug is a PHP extension which provides debugging and profiling capabilities.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Performance analysis
|
||||
Memory debugger (includes list of memory profilers)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Performance Analysis Tools, article from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of publications in data science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:50.751972+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of publications in data science, generally organized by order of use in a data analysis workflow.
|
||||
|
||||
See the list of publications in statistics for more research-based and fundamental publications; while this list is more applied, business oriented, and cross-disciplinary.
|
||||
General article inclusion criteria are:
|
||||
|
||||
Papers from notable practitioners or notable professors, either with a Wikipedia page or reference to their notability
|
||||
Common knowledge all data professionals should know, with references validating this claim
|
||||
Highly cited applied statistics and machine learning publications
|
||||
Discussion-facilitating papers on the field of data science as a whole (for example, the Attention Is All You Need paper is arguably a landmark paper that can be added here, but it is specific to generative artificial intelligence, not for all practitioners of data)
|
||||
Some reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important:
|
||||
|
||||
Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic
|
||||
Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly
|
||||
Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of data science.
|
||||
When possible, a reference is used to validate the inclusion of the publication in this list.
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures (with comments and a rejoinder by the author)
|
||||
|
||||
Author: Leo Breiman
|
||||
Publication data:
|
||||
Online version: https://projecteuclid.org/journals/statistical-science/volume-16/issue-3/Statistical-Modeling--The-Two-Cultures-with-comments-and-a/10.1214/ss/1009213726.pdf
|
||||
Description: Describes two cultures of statistics, one using a parsimonious and generative stochastic model, while the other is an algorithmic model with no known mechanism for how the data is generated. Breiman argues that while statistics has traditionally favored using the stochastic model, there is value in expanding the methods that statisticians can use to study phenomenon.
|
||||
Importance: Influence on the philosophies of statisticians right before the increased use of machine learning and deep learning methods. In a 20-year retrospective on this article, "Breiman's words are perhaps more relevant than ever". Notable statisticians at the time wrote opinion pieces about the publication. Although overall critical of the publication, David Cox writes that the publication "contains enough truth and exposes enough weaknesses to be thought-provoking." Bradley Efron commented that this publication is a "stimulating paper". Emanuel Parzen also comments about this publication that "Breiman alerts us to systematic blunders (leading to wrong conclusions) that have been committed applying current statistical practice of data modeling".
|
||||
Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century
|
||||
|
||||
Author: Thomas H. Davenport and DJ Patil
|
||||
Publication data:
|
||||
Online version: hbr.org/2022/07/is-data-scientist-still-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century
|
||||
Description: Describes the new role at companies that is coined "Data scientist", what they do, how an organization might recruit one to their organization, and how to work with one effectively.
|
||||
Importance: This publication has been an influence on the data community as mentioned near the time it was published in 2012 by institutions like IEEE Spectrum, but also mentioned nearly a decade later asking the same question the title poses. In a retrospective response to their own publication 10 years earlier, authors Davenport and Patil have reflected that the role of a data scientist has "become better institutionalized, the scope of the job has been redefined, the technology it relies on has made huge strides, and the importance of non-technical expertise, such as ethics and change management, has grown".
|
||||
50 Years of Data Science
|
||||
|
||||
Author: David Donoho
|
||||
Publication data:
|
||||
Online version: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10618600.2017.1384734
|
||||
Description: Retrospective discussion paper on the history and origins of data science, with a number of commentary from notable statisticians.
|
||||
Importance: This has been described as "the first in the field to present such a comprehensive and in-depth survey and overview", and helps to define the field that has many definitions.
|
||||
The Composable Data Management System Manifesto
|
||||
|
||||
Author: Pedro Pedreira, Orri Erling, Konstantinos Karanasos, Scott Schneider, Wes McKinney, Satya R Valluri, Mohamed Zait, Jacques Nadeau
|
||||
Publication data:
|
||||
Online version: https://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol16/p2679-pedreira.pdf
|
||||
Description: The vision paper advocating for a paradigm shift in how data management systems are designed using standard, composable, interoperable tools rather than siloed software tools.
|
||||
Importance: A paradigm shifting view on how future data science software tools should be designed for more efficient workflows, the principles of which "will be especially crucial for addressing fragmentation, improving interoperability, and promoting user-centricity as data ecosystems grow increasingly complex".
|
||||
|
||||
== Data collection and organization ==
|
||||
Tidy Data
|
||||
|
||||
Author: Hadley Wickham
|
||||
Publication data:
|
||||
Online version: https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v059i10/ https://vita.had.co.nz/papers/tidy-data.pdf
|
||||
Description: Describes a framework for data cleaning that is summarized in the quote, "each variable is a column, each observation is a row, and each type of observational unit is a table". This allows a standard data structure for which data analysis tools can be consistently built around.
|
||||
Importance: Cited over 1,500 times, this effort for tidy data has been described by David Donoho as having "more impact on today's practice of data analysis than many highly regarded theoretical statistics articles". In the context of data visualization, this publication is said to support "efficient exploration and prototyping because variables can be assigned different roles in the plot without modifying anything about the original dataset".
|
||||
Data Organization in Spreadsheets
|
||||
|
||||
Author: Karl W. Broman and Kara H. Woo
|
||||
Publication data:
|
||||
Online version: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2017.1375989
|
||||
Description: This article offers practical recommendations for organizing data in spreadsheets, like Microsoft Excel and Google Sheets, to reduce errors and lower the barrier for later analyses due to limitations in spreadsheets or quirks in the software.
|
||||
Importance: Influences teaching both data and non-data practitioners to create more analysis-friendly spreadsheets, and has been described to outline "spreadsheet best practices".
|
||||
|
||||
== Data visualizations ==
|
||||
Quantitative Graphics in Statistics: A Brief History
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of publications in data science"
|
||||
chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:50.751972+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Author: James R. Beniger and Dorothy L. Robyn
|
||||
Publication data:
|
||||
Online version: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2683467
|
||||
Description: Outlines history and evolution of quantitative graphics in statistics, going through spatial organization (17th and 18th centuries), discrete comparison (18th and 19th centuries), continuous distribution (19th century), and multivariate distribution and correlation (late 19th and 20th centuries).
|
||||
Importance: Helps put into perspective for learning data practitioners the recency of graphics that are used. A later publication "Graphical Methods in Statistics" by Stephen Fienberg in 1979 writes that his publication "owes much to the work of Beniger and Robyn".
|
||||
|
||||
== Practice ==
|
||||
Data Science for Business
|
||||
|
||||
Author: Foster Provost and Tom Fawcett
|
||||
Publication data:
|
||||
Online version: N/A
|
||||
Description: Broadly outlines principles of data science and data-analytic thinking for businesses.
|
||||
Importance: Cited over 3,000 times, it is "highly recommended for students" but also it is also recommended due to its "relevance to senior management leaders who want to build and lead a team of data scientists and implement data science in solving complex business problems".
|
||||
|
||||
== Tooling ==
|
||||
Hidden Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems
|
||||
|
||||
Author: D. Sculley, Gary Holy, Daniel Golovin, Eugene Davydov, Todd Phillips, Dietmar Ebner, Vinay Chaudhary, Michael Young, Jean-François Crespo, Dan Dennison
|
||||
Publication data:
|
||||
Online version: https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2015/file/86df7dcfd896fcaf2674f757a2463eba-Paper.pdf
|
||||
Description: This paper argues that it is "dangerous to think of [complex machine learning] quick wins as coming for free" and overviews risk factors to account for when implementing a machine learning system.
|
||||
Importance: All authors worked for Google, article is cited over 2,000 times, and helped practitioners thinking about quickly implementing a machine learning tool without understanding the long-term maintenance of the tool.
|
||||
A few useful things to know about machine learning
|
||||
|
||||
Author: Pedro Domingos
|
||||
Publication data:
|
||||
Online version: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2347736.2347755 https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~pedrod/papers/cacm12.pdf
|
||||
Description: The purpose of this paper is to distill inaccessible "folk knowledge" to effectively implement machine learning projects because "machine learning projects take much longer than necessary or wind up producing less-than-ideal results".
|
||||
Importance: Cited over 4,000 times to influence the common set of knowledge for data practitioners using machine learning.
|
||||
|
||||
== Teaching data science ==
|
||||
The Introductory Statistics Course: A Ptolemaic Curriculum
|
||||
|
||||
Author: George W. Cobb
|
||||
Publication data:
|
||||
Online version: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6hb3k0nz
|
||||
Description: This paper argues for a rethinking of how teachers of statistics should structure their introductory statistics courses away from the technical machinery based on the normal distribution and towards simpler alternative methods based on permutations done on computers.
|
||||
Importance: Cited over 300 times, this paper influenced teachers of statistics in the 21st century to reconsider teaching the mere mechanics of statistics, while the use of computers can be leveraged for doing more with less.
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of publications in statistics
|
||||
Lists of publications in science
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Papers and tech blogs by companies sharing their work on data science and machine learning in production.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of random number generators"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_random_number_generators"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:18.399851+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Random number generators are important in many kinds of technical applications, including physics, engineering or mathematical computer studies (e.g., Monte Carlo simulations), cryptography and gambling (on game servers).
|
||||
This list includes many common types, regardless of quality or applicability to a given use case.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) ==
|
||||
The following algorithms are pseudorandom number generators.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Cryptographic algorithms ==
|
||||
Cipher algorithms and cryptographic hashes can be used as very high-quality pseudorandom number generators. However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators.
|
||||
These include:
|
||||
|
||||
Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4.
|
||||
Block ciphers in counter mode. Common choices are AES (which is very fast on systems supporting it in hardware), TwoFish, Serpent and Camellia.
|
||||
Cryptographic hash functions
|
||||
A few cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators do not rely on cipher algorithms but try to link mathematically the difficulty of distinguishing their output from a `true' random stream to a computationally difficult problem. These approaches are theoretically important but are too slow to be practical in most applications. They include:
|
||||
|
||||
Blum–Micali algorithm (1984)
|
||||
Blum Blum Shub (1986)
|
||||
Naor–Reingold pseudorandom function (1997)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Random number generators that use external entropy ==
|
||||
These approaches combine a pseudo-random number generator (often in the form of a block or stream cipher) with an external source of randomness (e.g., mouse movements, delay between keyboard presses etc.).
|
||||
|
||||
/dev/random – Unix-like systems
|
||||
CryptGenRandom – Microsoft Windows
|
||||
Fortuna
|
||||
RDRAND instructions (called Intel Secure Key by Intel), available in Intel x86 CPUs since 2012. They use the AES generator built into the CPU, reseeding it periodically.
|
||||
Yarrow
|
||||
RANDOM.org
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Diceware
|
||||
Diehard tests – statistical test suite for random number generators
|
||||
Non-uniform random variate generation
|
||||
Hardware random number generator
|
||||
Random number generator attack
|
||||
Randomness
|
||||
TestU01 – statistical test suite for random number generators
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
SP800-90 series on Random Number Generation, NIST
|
||||
Random Number Generation in the GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual
|
||||
Random Number Generation Routines in the NAG Numerical Library
|
||||
Chris Lomont's overview of PRNGs, including a good implementation of the WELL512 algorithm
|
||||
Source code to read data from a TrueRNG V2 hardware TRNG
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of search appliance vendors"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_appliance_vendors"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:19.660880+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A search appliance is a type of computer which is attached to a corporate network for the purpose of indexing the content shared across that network in a way that is similar to a web search engine. It may be made accessible through a public web interface or restricted to users of that network. A search appliance is usually made up of: a gathering component, a standardizing component, a data storage area, a search component, a user interface component, and a management interface component.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Vendors of search appliances ==
|
||||
Fabasoft
|
||||
Google
|
||||
InfoLibrarian Search Appliance™
|
||||
Maxxcat
|
||||
Searchdaimon
|
||||
Thunderstone
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Former/defunct vendors of search appliances ==
|
||||
Black Tulip Systems
|
||||
Google Search Appliance
|
||||
Index Engines
|
||||
Munax
|
||||
Perfect Search Appliance
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
7 Enterprise Search Appliances That Can Save the Day
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of security assessment tools"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_security_assessment_tools"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:20.825315+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of available software and hardware tools that are designed for or are particularly suited to various kinds of security assessment and security testing.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Operating systems and tool suites ==
|
||||
Several operating systems and tool suites provide bundles of tools useful for various types of security assessment.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Operating system distributions ===
|
||||
Kali Linux (formerly BackTrack), a penetration-test-focused Linux distribution based on Debian
|
||||
Pentoo, a penetration-test-focused Linux distribution based on Gentoo
|
||||
ParrotOS, a Linux distro focused on penetration testing, forensics, and online anonymity.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Tools ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
SecTools.org: Top 125 Network Security Tools – a list of security tools suggested by a community
|
||||
37
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_smart_TV_platforms-0.md
Normal file
37
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_smart_TV_platforms-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of smart TV platforms"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_smart_TV_platforms"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:24.671276+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The following list encompasses notable smart TV platforms and application software that are used as software framework and middleware platforms used by more than just one manufacturer.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Smart TV middleware providers to multiple third parties ==
|
||||
For TV sets and companion boxes vendors, available under OEM license.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Smart TV framework platforms managed by standardization bodies or technology consortium ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Smart TV framework platforms managed by single companies or foundations ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Smart TV platforms utilized by vendors ==
|
||||
Includes first and third-party solutions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Smart TV
|
||||
Digital media player
|
||||
Home theater PC
|
||||
Comparison of digital media players
|
||||
Next Generation Broadcasting Network TVOS, a Chinese-only operating system announced in December 2008
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
141
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple-0.md
Normal file
141
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software by Apple"
|
||||
chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:51.971012+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This list of software by Apple covers software written by Apple Inc., organised by category.
|
||||
|
||||
== Archiving, backup, restore, and recovery ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
Archive Utility – built-in archive file handler
|
||||
Time Machine – built-in backup software
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
Backup – built-in backup software, discontinued in 2012 with MobileMe
|
||||
|
||||
== CD and DVD authoring ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
DVD Studio Pro – DVD authoring application, the final update was in 2009 and was removed from Final Cut Studio in 2011
|
||||
iDVD – a basic DVD-authoring application, last updated in 2010 and incompatible since macOS Catalina dropped 32-bit support in 2019 (previously part of the iLife suite)
|
||||
|
||||
== Audio-specific software ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
GarageBand – an amateur-oriented digital audio workstation (previously part of the iLife suite)
|
||||
Logic Pro – a digital audio workstation (previously part of Logic Studio)
|
||||
MainStage – music software for use in live performances
|
||||
Shazam
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
Logic Express – a prosumer music production, discontinued in 2011
|
||||
Logic Studio – a music-writing studio package, discontinued in 2011 in favour of Logic Pro X
|
||||
Apple Loops Utility – production and organisation of Apple Loops, last updated in 2009 and has been discontinued, with its features integrated into Logic Pro
|
||||
Apple Qmaster – app for automated work distribution for audio-visual rendering and part of both Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio, discontinued as a standalone app and integrated into Compressor. Incompatible since MacOS Catalina dropped 32-bit support in 2019
|
||||
Qadministrator – software to create and manage Qmaster clusters, incompatible since MacOS Catalina dropped 32-bit support in 2019
|
||||
Soundtrack Pro – a musical composition and editing app and part of both Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio, discontinued with the release of Logic Pro 9 and Final Cut Pro X
|
||||
|
||||
== Chat (text, voice, image, and video) ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
FaceTime – a videoconferencing between Mac, iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch
|
||||
iMessage – an instant messaging service between Mac, and other apple devices
|
||||
Messages - an instant messaging software application for apple devices utilising SMS, MMS, iMessage and RCS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
iChat – an instant messaging and videoconferencing application for Macs, discontinued since OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion in favour of FaceTime and iMessage
|
||||
|
||||
== Developer tools, frameworks, and IDEs ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
Xcode – IDE made by Apple, available for macOS
|
||||
Script Editor
|
||||
Swift Playgrounds – an educational tool and development environment for the Swift programming language
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
Apple Media Tool – a multimedia authoring tool and programming environment for the Eiffel-based Apple Media Language (AML) object-oriented programming language
|
||||
MacApp – an object oriented application framework for the classic Mac OS
|
||||
Macintosh Programmer's Workshop – a software development environment for the Classic Mac OS operating system, discontinued in favour of Project Builder
|
||||
Project Builder (PBX) – an IDE for software development, rebranded for OS X Panther in 2003 and became Xcode
|
||||
|
||||
== Email clients ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
Apple Mail – the bundled email client
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
Claris Emailer – classic Mac OS only, no longer supported
|
||||
|
||||
== Layout and desktop publishing ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
Preview (macOS) – basic image and PDF viewer and editor
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
iBooks Author – an interactive book creating software for Apple Books, discontinued in 2020 and integrated its features into Pages
|
||||
|
||||
== Graphic and photo editors ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
Photos – a bundled image editing and management application
|
||||
Photo Booth – an application for taking and editing photos and videos
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
Aperture – an image editing and organising application, discontinued in 2015.
|
||||
iPhoto – a photo editor application, discontinued in 2015. (previously part of the iLife suite)
|
||||
MacDraw – a vector graphic drawing application
|
||||
MacPaint – a raster graphics editor
|
||||
|
||||
== Integrated software technologies ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
AVFoundation – a multimedia framework
|
||||
Finder – the native file manager for macOS
|
||||
Terminal – a command line interface for Macs
|
||||
XQuartz – a Mac port of the X11 windowing system (formerly known as X11.app)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Former ===
|
||||
HyperCard – a software application and development kit for Apple Macintosh and Apple IIGS computers, the last update was in 1998 but was officially discontinued in 2004
|
||||
MacTerminal – Telecommunications and terminal emulation application software program. Ceased development following the 1987 spin-off of Apple's software division into Claris.
|
||||
MacX – A display server implementation of the X11 windowing system for Macs using the A/UX, System 7, and Mac OS 8 and 9 operating systems. Discontinued in 1998 following the transition to Mac OS X which had native support for X11.
|
||||
QuickTime – A multimedia architecture for streaming, encoding and transcoding media. It was deprecated in favour of AVFoundation with OS X Lion.
|
||||
|
||||
== Media ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
iTunes – a media library and player
|
||||
Music – a media player application
|
||||
Apple Podcasts – a podcast streaming application
|
||||
Apple Books – an e-book reading and store application (previously known as iBooks until iOS 12 and macOS Mojave)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Former ===
|
||||
Front Row (software) - a media center application for navigating and viewing video, photos, podcasts and music from a computer, optical disc or the Internet
|
||||
|
||||
== Networking and telecommunications ==
|
||||
Apple Remote Desktop – a remote desktop program
|
||||
|
||||
== News aggregators ==
|
||||
Apple News – a news aggregator application
|
||||
|
||||
== Office and productivity ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
FileMaker – a relational database management system
|
||||
Calendar – a bundled calendar app (known as iCal until 2012)
|
||||
Calculator – a basic calculator application
|
||||
Contacts – a computerized address book (known as Address Book prior to Mac OS X Mountain Lion)
|
||||
Dictionary
|
||||
Grapher – a graphing calculator application bundled with macOS since Mac OS X Tiger
|
||||
iWork – suite:
|
||||
Pages – word processor application
|
||||
Numbers – spreadsheet application
|
||||
Keynote – presentation application
|
||||
Notes – a note-taking app
|
||||
Pixelmator Pro
|
||||
Reminders – a task management program
|
||||
132
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple-1.md
Normal file
132
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple-1.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software by Apple"
|
||||
chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:51.971012+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
AppleWorks – An office suite containing word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation applications. Discontinued in 2007 and replaced by iWork.
|
||||
Claris Resolve - a spreadsheet computer program, discontinued in 1994 with support ending in 1995
|
||||
MacProject- a project management and scheduling business application, later sold to Claris and officially discontinued in 1998
|
||||
MacWrite - word processor application, later sold to Claris and officially discontinued in 1998
|
||||
|
||||
== Operating systems ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
Darwin – the BSD-licensed and XNU-based core of macOS
|
||||
iOS – operating System for iPhones (known as iPhoneOS until version 4 in 2010)
|
||||
iPadOS – operating System for iPads (called iOS until version 13.1 in 2019)
|
||||
macOS – A Darwin-based Operating system for Macintosh computers. Originally named "Mac OS X" until 2012 and then "OS X" until 2016.
|
||||
tvOS – operating System for Apple TV (called Apple TV Software until version 9 in 2015)
|
||||
visionOS – operating System for Apple Vision Pro
|
||||
watchOS – operating System for Apple Watch
|
||||
XNU – a kernel based on Mach that is used as the core of apple operating systems
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
A/UX – a Unix-based operating system for Macintosh computers, discontinued in 1995
|
||||
Apple DOS – a disk operating system (DOS) for Apple II, discontinued in 1983 and succeeded by ProDOS
|
||||
Apple GS/OS – an operating system for Apple IIGS, it was a core component of System Software (now Classic MacOS) from System 4.0 through System 6.0.1
|
||||
Apple Pascal – An operating system based on UCSD Pascal created for Apple's implementation of the Pascal programming language. The final update for it was in 1983 with version 1.1.
|
||||
Apple ProDOS – A disk operating system for Apple IIs, with 8-bit and 16-bit versions. Discontinued in 1993, with the 16-bit version succeeded by GS/OS.
|
||||
Apple SOS – a disk operating system for Apple III (discontinued after version 1.3 in 1982)
|
||||
Classic Mac OS – a series of operating systems developed for Macintosh computers, discontinued in 2001 and replaced with OS X
|
||||
System 1 (discontinued in 1984)
|
||||
System 2, 3 & 4 (discontinued in 1985, 1988, and 1987 respectively)
|
||||
System 5 (final release in 1987, succeeded by System 6 in 1988)
|
||||
System 6 (succeeded by System 7 in 1991, and discontinued in 1992)
|
||||
System 7 (became Mac OS after version 7.6, discontinued in 1997)
|
||||
Mac OS 8 (discontinued in 1999)
|
||||
Mac OS 9 (discontinued in 2001)
|
||||
Lisa OS – An operating system based on Apple SOS developed 3 years prior. It was discontinued in 1986 alongside the Lisa line of computers, with System Software being partially based on it.
|
||||
macOS Server – the server computing variant of macOS
|
||||
MkLinux – an open-source Linux-based software computer operating system, support dropped by Apple in 2002
|
||||
Newton OS – a mobile operating system for the Apple Newton, discontinued in 1997
|
||||
|
||||
== Text editors ==
|
||||
TextEdit – text editor and word processor
|
||||
|
||||
== Utilities ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
Activity Monitor – native system monitor for hardware and software with task manager functionality
|
||||
Automator – built-in, utility to automate repetitive tasks
|
||||
Files
|
||||
Stickies – put Post-It Note-like notes on the desktop
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
Dashboard – Built-in macOS widgets, removed in macOS Catalina. With macOS Sonoma in 2023, widgets were reintroduced through the Notification Center.
|
||||
Grab – built-in macOS screenshot utility, replaced with another tool in macOS Mojave
|
||||
iSync – syncing software, bundled with Mac OS X up to version 10.6
|
||||
Sherlock – File searching (version 2), web services (version 3). Discontinued with the introduction of Mac OS X Leopard.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Support for non-Macintosh software ====
|
||||
Boot Camp – A multi-boot utility built into macOS from 10.5 Support dropped in transition from intel macs to Apple silicon.
|
||||
|
||||
== Video ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
Apple TV app – a media player software program
|
||||
DVD Player – DVD player software built into macOS
|
||||
Final Cut Pro – video-editing software (formerly part of Final Cut Studio)
|
||||
Final Cut Camera - pro video recording app
|
||||
iMovie – basic video editing application (previously part of iLife suite)
|
||||
QuickTime Player
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
Clips
|
||||
Final Cut Express – A video editing suite, a prosumer version of Final Cut Pro. Discontinued in 2011 in favour of Final Cut Pro X.
|
||||
Final Cut Studio – audio-video editing suite:
|
||||
Cinema Tools
|
||||
Compressor
|
||||
LiveType
|
||||
Motion 2
|
||||
QuickTime Pro – Video editor and encoder. Support was dropped in 2018 when 32-bit support was dropped.
|
||||
|
||||
== Stores ==
|
||||
App Store – an app marketplace for iOS and iPadOS apps
|
||||
Mac App Store – an app marketplace for macOS apps
|
||||
|
||||
== Others ==
|
||||
Apple Intelligence – an artificial intelligence suite integrated into Siri in iOS 18 and macOS 15 Sequoia (Apple Silicon Macs only)
|
||||
Classroom
|
||||
Clock
|
||||
Safari – a graphical web browser based on WebKit
|
||||
Find My – an asset tracking app and service utilising Bluetooth and UWB
|
||||
Font Book – a font manager
|
||||
Health
|
||||
Launchpad – an application launcher
|
||||
Apple Maps – a web mapping app and service
|
||||
Shortcuts
|
||||
Siri – a virtual assistant
|
||||
Translate
|
||||
Weather
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
AppleLink/eWorld – Client software to access Apple's online service for its dealers, third-party developers, and users. The service was discontinued in 1997.
|
||||
iWeb – a HTML editor for creating websites and blogs, discontinued in 2012 alongside MobileMe (previously part of the iLife suite)
|
||||
|
||||
== Software for non-Apple operating systems ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
Apple Music (Windows)
|
||||
Apple Maps (Web)
|
||||
iTunes (Windows)
|
||||
Apple Devices – a Microsoft Windows app for managing Apple devices
|
||||
Apple TV (Windows)
|
||||
iCloud (Windows, Online)
|
||||
Photos (Windows, Online)
|
||||
Find My (Online)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Discontinued ===
|
||||
Safari (Windows)
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of built-in iOS apps
|
||||
List of built-in macOS apps
|
||||
List of Swift software and tools
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software package management systems"
|
||||
chunk: 1/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:28.540830+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of notable software package manager systems, categorized first by package format (binary, source code, hybrid) and then by operating system family.
|
||||
|
||||
== Binary packages ==
|
||||
The following package manager systems distribute software in binary package form; i.e., all executables are compiled and ready to install and use.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Unix-like ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Linux ====
|
||||
dpkg: Originally used by Debian and now by Ubuntu and derivatives. Uses the .deb format and was the first to have a widely known dependency resolution tool, APT. The ncurses-based front-end for APT, aptitude, is also a popular package manager for Debian-based systems;
|
||||
Flatpak: A containerized/sandboxed packaging format formerly named xdg-app;
|
||||
Snap: Cross-distribution containerized package manager, non-free on the server-side, originally developed for Ubuntu;
|
||||
Nix: Aims to make package management reliable and reproducible. It provides atomic upgrades and rollbacks, side-by-side installation of multiple versions of a package, multi-user package management, and easy setup of build environments;
|
||||
GNU Guix: Used by the GNU Guix System. It is based on Nix, with Guile Scheme APIs. The default channel in the GNU Guix System omits proprietary software, but users can add third party channels without this restriction;
|
||||
Pacman: Used in Arch Linux, Frugalware and DeLi Linux. Its binary package format is a compressed tar archive (default file extension: .pkg.tar.zst) built using the makepkg utility (which comes bundled with pacman) and a specialized type of shell script called a PKGBUILD;
|
||||
Pamac: A user-friendly frontend to pacman with both a CLI and a GUI, built and maintained by Manjaro;
|
||||
Portage: A package management system invoked by the emerge command, originally created for and used by Gentoo Linux;
|
||||
Entropy: Used by and created for Sabayon Linux. It works with binary packages that are bzip2-compressed tar archives (file extension: .tbz2), that are created using Entropy, from tbz2 binaries produced by Portage from ebuilds, a type of specialized shell script;
|
||||
RPM Package Manager: Created by Red Hat. RPM is the Linux Standard Base packaging format and the base of a number of additional tools:
|
||||
APT-RPM: an APT-like frontend to RPM;
|
||||
openSUSE's ZYpp (zypper);
|
||||
Fedora's DNF and YUM, also used by Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Yellow Dog Linux;
|
||||
slackpkg;
|
||||
netpkg: The package manager used by Zenwalk. Compatible with Slackware package management tools;
|
||||
slapt-get: An APT-like package manager for Slackware;
|
||||
XBPS (X Binary Package System): Used by Void Linux.
|
||||
apk-tools: Used by Alpine Linux. Originally a collection of shell scripts, but has been since rewritten in C.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Linux (discontinued) ====
|
||||
OpenPKG: Cross-platform package management system based on RPM Package Manager;
|
||||
PISI: Stands for "Packages Installed Successfully as Intended"; used by Pisi Linux. Pardus used to use Pisi, but migrated to APT in 2013.
|
||||
Red Hat's up2date, an out-of-date/discontinued predecessor to YUM.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Android ====
|
||||
Accrescent
|
||||
Amazon Appstore: Alternative app store for Android devices;
|
||||
Aptoide: application for installing mobile applications which runs on the Android operating system. In Aptoide there is no centralized store; instead, each user manages their own store.
|
||||
F-Droid: Alternative app store for Android, whose official repository contains only free software;
|
||||
Samsung Galaxy Store: An app store developed by Samsung for Android, Tizen, Windows Mobile and Bada devices.
|
||||
GetJar: An independent mobile phone app store founded in Lithuania in 2004;
|
||||
Google Play: Online app store developed by Google for Android devices that license the proprietary Google Application set;
|
||||
Huawei AppGallery: An app store developed by Huawei for Android devices and HarmonyOS devices;
|
||||
SlideME: Alternative app store for Android.
|
||||
|
||||
==== BSD ====
|
||||
FreeBSD pkg – FreeBSD binary packages are built on top of source based FreeBSD Ports and managed with the pkg tool;
|
||||
OpenBSD ports: The infrastructure behind the binary packages on OpenBSD;
|
||||
pkgsrc: A cross-platform package manager, with regular binary packages provided for NetBSD, Linux and macOS by multiple vendors;
|
||||
dpkg: Used as part of Debian GNU/kFreeBSD;
|
||||
OpenPKG: Cross-platform package management system based on rpm;
|
||||
PC-BSD: Up to and including version 8.2 uses files with the .pbi (Push Button Installer) filename extension which, when double-clicked, bring up an installation wizard program. Each PBI is self-contained and uses de-duplicated private dependencies to avoid version conflicts. An autobuild system tracks the FreeBSD ports collection and generates new PBIs daily. PC-BSD also uses the FreeBSD pkg binary package system; new packages are built approximately every two weeks from both a stable and rolling release branch of the FreeBSD ports tree.
|
||||
|
||||
==== macOS (OS X) ====
|
||||
Mac App Store: Official digital distribution platform for OS X apps. Part of OS X 10.7 and available as an update for OS X 10.6;
|
||||
Fink: A port of dpkg, it is one of the earliest package managers for macOS;
|
||||
Homebrew: Command-Line Interface-based package manager, known for its ease-of-use and extensibility.
|
||||
MacPorts: Formerly named DarwinPorts, based on FreeBSD Ports (as is macOS);
|
||||
Joyent: Provides a repository of 10,000+ binary packages for macOS based on pkgsrc;
|
||||
|
||||
==== Solaris, illumos ====
|
||||
Image Packaging System (IPS, also known as "pkg(5)"): Used by Solaris, OpenSolaris, and Illumos distributions like OpenIndiana and OmniOS;
|
||||
pkgsrc: SmartOS, OS distribution of Illumos from Joyent. Uses pkgsrc, can be bootstrapped to use on OpenIndiana;
|
||||
OpenCSW: Community supported collection of packages in SysV format for SunOS 5.8-5.11 (Solaris 8-11);
|
||||
OpenPKG: Cross-platform package management system based on RPM Package Manager.
|
||||
|
||||
==== iOS ====
|
||||
App Store: Official app store for iOS apps;
|
||||
Cydia: Frontend to a port of APT. Maintained by the jailbreak community.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software package management systems"
|
||||
chunk: 2/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:28.540830+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Windows ===
|
||||
Microsoft Store: Official app store for Universal Windows Platform apps on Windows NT and Windows 10 Mobile. As of Windows 11, it distributes video games and films as well;
|
||||
Windows Package Manager (aka winget): Free and open-source package manager designed for Microsoft Windows;
|
||||
Chocolatey: Open-source decentralized package manager for Windows in the spirit of Yum and apt-get. Usability wrapper for NuGet;
|
||||
Cygwin: Free and open-source software repository for Windows NT. Provides many Linux tools and an installation tool with package manager;
|
||||
Homebrew: a port of the MacOS package manager meant for use with Windows Subsystem for Linux, using the already existing Linux port as its base;
|
||||
Ninite: Proprietary package manager for Windows NT;
|
||||
NuGet: A Microsoft-official free and open-source package manager for Windows, available as a plug-in for Visual Studio, and extendable from the command-line;
|
||||
Pacman: MSYS2-ported Windows version of the Arch Linux package manager;
|
||||
Scoop Package Manager: free and open-source package manager for Windows
|
||||
wpkg: Open-source package manager that handles Debian packages on Windows. Started as a clone of dpkg, and has many apt-get like features too;
|
||||
Superseded:
|
||||
|
||||
Windows Phone Store: Former official app store for Windows Phone. Now superseded by Microsoft Store;
|
||||
|
||||
=== z/OS ===
|
||||
SMP/E.
|
||||
|
||||
== Source code-based ==
|
||||
The following package management systems distribute the source code of their apps. Either the user must know how to compile the packages, or they come with a script that automates the compilation process. For example, in GoboLinux a recipe file contains information on how to download, unpack, compile and install a package using its Compile tool. In both cases, the user must provide the computing power and time needed to compile the app, and is legally responsible for the consequences of compiling the package.
|
||||
|
||||
=== BSD ===
|
||||
FreeBSD Ports is an original implementation of source based software management system commonly referred to as Ports collection. It gave way and inspired many others systems;
|
||||
OpenBSD ports is a Perl based reimplementation of ports collection;
|
||||
|
||||
=== Linux ===
|
||||
ABS is used by Arch Linux to automate binary packages building from source or even other binary archives, with automatic download and dependency checking;
|
||||
apt-build is used by distributions which use deb packages, allowing automatic compiling and installation of software in a deb source repository;
|
||||
Sorcery is Sourcemage GNU/Linux's bash based package management program that automatically downloads software from their original site and compiles and installs it on the local machine;
|
||||
|
||||
=== macOS (OS X) ===
|
||||
Fink, for OS X, derives partially from dpkg/apt and partially from ports;
|
||||
MacPorts, formerly called DarwinPorts, originated from the OpenDarwin project;
|
||||
Homebrew, with close Git integration;
|
||||
pkgsrc can be used to install software directly from source-code, or to use the binary packages provided by several independent vendors.
|
||||
|
||||
== Hybrid systems ==
|
||||
Nix: Package manager that manages software in a purely functional programming way, with multi-user support, atomic upgrades, and rollbacks. Allows installing multiple versions or variants of software at the same time. Supports macOS and cross-Linux distributions;
|
||||
Portage and emerge are used by Gentoo Linux, Funtoo Linux, and Sabayon Linux. It is inspired by the BSD ports collection and uses text based ebuilds to automatically download, customize, build, and update packages from source code. It has automatic dependency checking and allows installing multiple versions of a software package in different slots on the same system. Has use flags to allow fully customizing a software build to suit the needs of a platform in an automated way. While source code distributing and customizing is the preferred method, some larger packages that would take many hours to compile on a typical desktop computer are also offered as pre-compiled binaries to ease installing;
|
||||
Upkg: Package manager and build system based on Mono and XML specifications. Used by paldo and formerly by ExTiX Linux;
|
||||
MacPorts for macOS;
|
||||
NetBSD's pkgsrc works on several Unix-like operating systems, with regular binary packages for macOS and Linux provided by multiple independent vendors;
|
||||
Collective Knowledge is a cross-platform package and workflow framework with JSON API that can download binary packages or build them from sources for Linux, Windows, macOS, and Android platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
== Meta package managers ==
|
||||
The following unify package management for several or all Linux and sometimes Unix variants. These, too, are based on the concept of a recipe file.
|
||||
|
||||
AppImage (formerly klik and PortableLinuxApps) aims to provide an easy way to get software packages for most major distributions without the dependency problems so common in many other package formats.
|
||||
Autopackage uses .package files.
|
||||
PackageKit is a set of utilities and libraries for creating applications that can manage packages across multiple package managers using back-ends to call the correct program.
|
||||
|
||||
== Game package managers ==
|
||||
Package management systems geared toward developing and distributing video games.
|
||||
|
||||
Steam: A cross-platform video game distribution, licensing and social gameplay platform, developed and maintained by Valve. Used to shop for, download, install, update, uninstall and back up video games. Works on Windows NT, OS X and Linux
|
||||
Uplay: A cross-platform video game distribution, licensing and social gameplay platform, developed and maintained by Ubisoft. Used to shop for, download, install and update video games. Works on Windows NT and Windows Phone, as well as PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Wii U, iOS and Android.
|
||||
Xbox Live: A cross-platform video game distribution platform by Microsoft. Works on Windows NT, Windows Phone and Xbox. Initially called Games for Windows – Live on Windows 7 and earlier. On Windows 10, the distribution function is taken over by Windows Store
|
||||
|
||||
== Proprietary software systems ==
|
||||
A wide variety of package management systems are in common use today by proprietary software operating systems, handling the installation of both proprietary and free packages.
|
||||
|
||||
Software Distributor is the HP-UX package manager.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software package management systems"
|
||||
chunk: 3/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:28.540830+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== Application-level package managers ==
|
||||
Bitnami: a library of installers or software packages for web applications
|
||||
Cargo: is Rust's build system and package manager. It downloads, compiles, distributes, and uploads packages—called crates
|
||||
CocoaPods: a dependency manager for Swift and Objective-C Cocoa projects
|
||||
Composer: a dependency manager for PHP
|
||||
Conda: a package manager for open data science platform of the Python and R
|
||||
CPAN: a programming library and package manager for Perl
|
||||
CRAN: a programming library and package manager for R
|
||||
CTAN: a package manager for TeX
|
||||
Deno: a JavaScript runtime that functions as its own package manager
|
||||
Docker: Docker, a system for managing containers, serves as a package manager for deploying containerized applications
|
||||
Enthought Canopy: a package manager for Python scientific and analytic computing distribution and analysis environment
|
||||
Gradle: a build system and package manager for Groovy and other JVM languages, and also C++
|
||||
Ivy: a package manager for Java, integrated into the Ant build tool, also used by sbt
|
||||
Leiningen: a project automation tool for Clojure
|
||||
LuaRocks: a programming library and package manager for Lua
|
||||
Maven: a package manager and build tool for Java
|
||||
npm: a programming library and package manager for Node.js and JavaScript
|
||||
NuGet: the package manager for the Microsoft development platform including .NET Framework and Xamarin
|
||||
PAR::Repository and Perl package manager: binary package managers for Perl
|
||||
PEAR: a programming library for PHP
|
||||
pip: a package manager for Python and the PyPI programming library
|
||||
Podman: an open source Open Container Initiative (OCI)-compliant container management tool
|
||||
RubyGems: a package manager and repository for Ruby
|
||||
sbt: a build tool for Scala, uses Ivy for dependency management
|
||||
vcpkg: a package manager and repository for C/C++ developed by Microsoft
|
||||
yarn: an alternative to npm for Node.js and JavaScript
|
||||
|
||||
== Meta server application-level package manager ==
|
||||
Sonatype Nexus Repository
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Binary repository manager
|
||||
Package format
|
||||
Linux package formats
|
||||
List of Linux distributions
|
||||
App stores — The commercial version of a package manager, focusing on payment and closed source software.
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
70
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents-0.md
Normal file
70
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software patents"
|
||||
chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:29.879474+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of software patents, which contains notable patents and patent applications involving computer programs (also known as a software patent). Software patents cover a wide range of topics and there is therefore important debate about whether such subject-matter should be excluded from patent protection. However, there is no official way of identifying software patents and different researchers have devised their own ways of doing so.
|
||||
This article lists patents relating to software which have been the subject of litigation or have achieved notoriety in other ways. Notable patent applications are also listed and comparisons made between corresponding patents and patent applications in different countries. The patents and patent applications are categorised according to the subject matter of the patent or the particular field in which the patent had an effect that brought it into the public view.
|
||||
|
||||
== Business methods ==
|
||||
|
||||
== Data compression ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Data compression in general ===
|
||||
US 5016009 – (Main article: Stac Electronics)
|
||||
US 4701745 – also granted as GB 2172127 - now expired
|
||||
Stac Electronics sued Microsoft for patent infringement when Microsoft introduced the DoubleSpace data compression scheme into MS-DOS. Stac was awarded $120 million by a jury in 1994 and Microsoft was ordered to recall versions of MS-DOS with the infringing technology.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Audio compression ===
|
||||
US 5579430 – (Main article: MP3)
|
||||
One of several patents covering the MP3 format owned by the Fraunhofer Society which led to the development of the Ogg Vorbis format as an alternative to MP3.
|
||||
US 5627938 – (Main article: Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft)
|
||||
US 5341457
|
||||
Two patents owned by Alcatel-Lucent relating to MP3 technology under which they sued Microsoft for $1.5 billion. Microsoft thought they had already licensed the technology from Fraunhofer, and this case illustrates one of the basic principles of patents that a license does not necessarily permit the licensee to work the technology, but merely prevents the licensee from being sued by the licensor.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Image compression ===
|
||||
US 4558302 (Main article: GIF)
|
||||
EP 0129439
|
||||
Unisys's patent on LZW compression, a fundamental part of the widely used GIF graphics format.
|
||||
US 4698672 and its EP equivalent EP 0266049
|
||||
(Main article: Forgent Networks)
|
||||
Forgent Networks claimed this patent, granted in 1987, covered the JPEG image compression format. The broadest claims of the US patent were found to be invalid in 2005 following re-examination by the US Patent and Trademark Office.
|
||||
US 5710835
|
||||
EP 0864135
|
||||
|
||||
This patent, owned by Lizardtech, Inc., was the subject of infringement proceedings against companies including Earth Resource Mapping, Inc. However, Lizardtech lost the trial on the grounds that an important part of their invention was the step of "maintaining updated sums of discrete wavelet transform coefficients from the discrete tile image to form a seamless discrete wavelet transform of the image". Claim 21 of the patent lacked this feature and was therefore obvious. The remaining claims contained this feature, but were not infringed by ERM. Internet buzz suggested the patent covered the JPEG 2000 image compression format but the additional feature of the valid claims appears not to be a JPEG 2000 requirement.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Video compression ===
|
||||
|
||||
== Data encryption ==
|
||||
|
||||
== Gaming systems ==
|
||||
EP 0625760 (Main article: Menashe v. William Hill)
|
||||
A patent for a gaming system that has particular importance regarding Internet usage. A server running the game was located outside the UK but could be used within the UK. The Court of Appeal of England and Wales judged that the patent was being infringed by virtue of the sale of CDs in the UK containing software intended to put the invention into effect in the UK.
|
||||
|
||||
== Image processing ==
|
||||
US 6137498 also granted as EP 0852363 - (Main article: Photographic mosaic)
|
||||
Robert Silver's patent on his photographic mosaicing technique. The UK part of the European patent is currently undergoing revocation proceedings, the results of which may be important in comparing the practice of the UK Patent Office with that of the European Patent Office.
|
||||
US 6384822 (Main article: Shadow volume)
|
||||
A patent covering the technique commonly known as Carmack's Reverse
|
||||
|
||||
== Internet tools ==
|
||||
|
||||
== Fair division ==
|
||||
US 5983205 - (Main article: Adjusted winner procedure)
|
||||
An algorithm to divide n divisible goods between two parties as fairly as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
== Search engines ==
|
||||
US 6269361 (Main article: Yahoo! Search Marketing)
|
||||
A patent relating to pay-per-click Internet search engine advertising. Originally filed by Goto.com, Inc. (renamed Overture Services, Inc.), Google and FindWhat were both sued for infringement prior to Overture's acquisition by Yahoo!
|
||||
|
||||
== Telecommunications ==
|
||||
US 7116963
|
||||
Washington Research Foundation asserted this patent in December 2006 against Matsushita (owners of the Panasonic brand), Nokia and Samsung. Granted in October 2006 (originating from a 1996 filing) it relates to dynamically varying the passband bandwidth of a tuner. If the claims had been upheld, CSR plc (previously known as Cambridge Silicon Radio), who supply the defendants with Bluetooth chips, could have lost market share to Broadcom who already had a license under the patent.
|
||||
US 4744028
|
||||
One of three patents granted in respect of Karmarkar's algorithm, which relates to linear programming problems. Claim 1 of this patent suggests the algorithm should be applied to the allocation of telecommunication transmission facilities among subscribers.
|
||||
34
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents-1.md
Normal file
34
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents-1.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software patents"
|
||||
chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:29.879474+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== User interfaces ==
|
||||
US 6275213 and US 6424333 related to EP application 0864145
|
||||
Immersion Corporation sued Sony under these US patents in 2002. They relate to force-feedback technology such as that used in PlayStation 2 DualShock controllers. Sony lost the case and Immersion were awarded $90.7 million, an injunction (stayed pending appeal), and a compulsory license. The claims of the related European patent application require the device to be attached to a body part and were, in any event, refused by the examining division of the European Patent Office for lacking an inventive step.
|
||||
EP 0394160
|
||||
US 5301348
|
||||
The patent relates to a progress bar. Filed in 1989, it was highlighted in 2005 by Richard Stallman in New Scientist and The Guardian as an example of a software patent granted by the European Patent Office, that would impede software development and would be dangerous. The claims as granted describe a process of breaking down a task to be performed by a computer into a number of equal task units and updating a display each time a unit is completed and therefore does not cover progress bars which operate in different ways.
|
||||
|
||||
== Miscellaneous ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Notable due to proprietor hyperbole ===
|
||||
US 5241671
|
||||
Owned at various times by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. and Compton's NewMedia, Inc. this patent was granted in August 1993. Just a few months later, in November 1993, Compton's announced that "Everything that is now multimedia and computer-based utilizes this invention" and tried to use the patent to ensure that everyone licensed their software. Although a cursory review of the granted claims showed this statement to be mere hyperbole, there was nonetheless an outcry from the industry and the patent was revoked following re-examination.
|
||||
US 5842213 and US 6393426
|
||||
Patents owned by Scientigo and claimed by them to cover the markup language XML, a notion rejected by patent attorneys and other commentators including Microsoft.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Notable due to misconception ===
|
||||
US application 2006015812 – Emoticon keyboard button patent application.
|
||||
EP application 1784745
|
||||
Early in 2006, rumours circulated on the Internet that Cingular Wireless had patented the emoticon and, in particular, had patented the concept of using emoticons on mobile phones. This resulted in a great deal of anger directed at the US Patent Office that such patents should never have been granted. Ultimately, it was pointed out that it was only a published patent application, not a granted patent, and that the claims of the patent application actually related to a mobile phone with a dedicated button for inserting emoticons.
|
||||
This patent application is currently being examined by the US patent office. All of the originally filed claims were rejected on 22 February 2007 as being known or obvious, although the rejection was not final. Examination of the corresponding European patent application also suggested that the claims lacked an inventive step, and the application lapsed in 2010.
|
||||
US D599372
|
||||
This design patent was granted to Google on 1 September 2009 for the simple and clean appearance of their homepage from five years earlier. Referred to in the media as a patent, it received criticism for not being as original as Google's web search technology and was held up as evidence that the US patent system was broken. The New York Post said that Google now had the right to sue anyone who used a similarly no-frills website. However, a "design patent" is not the same as a "patent" (sometimes referred to as a "utility patent") since it provides only limited protection for ornamental appearance. Design patents are typically hard to infringe and even Google's own homepage at the time the design patent was granted was almost certainly different enough from the design patent that it did not infringe it.
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software that supports OpenDocument"
|
||||
chunk: 1/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Current support ==
|
||||
A number of applications support the OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications; listed alphabetically they include:
|
||||
|
||||
=== Word processors ===
|
||||
AbiWord 2.4+ (import from 2.4.0, export from 2.4.2; used to require separate download and installation of plugins – up to version 2.6.8).
|
||||
Adobe Creative Cloud
|
||||
Apache OpenOffice Writer uses ODT as its native file format.
|
||||
Atlantis Word Processor 1.6.5+ can import ODT documents.
|
||||
Calligra Words uses ODT as its native file format.
|
||||
Collabora Office Writer for Mobile and Desktop apps uses ODT as its native file format.
|
||||
Collabora Online Writer uses ODT as its native file format.
|
||||
eyeOS Cloud computing operating system with eyeDocs Word Processor has basic support for ODF text documents.
|
||||
EasiWriter (for RISC OS) Version 9.1 can import/save ODT files on RISC OS.
|
||||
FileApp allows viewing OpenDocument files on iPhone and iPad.
|
||||
FocusWriter, a distraction-free word processor.
|
||||
Google Docs, a web-based word processor and spreadsheet application derived from the application Writely.
|
||||
Gwennel, a WYSIWYG word processor written in assembly language, under 200 KB.
|
||||
IBM Lotus Notes 8.0+ includes an office suite for creating text, spreadsheet and presentation files.
|
||||
IBM Lotus Symphony Viewer allows viewing OpenDocument texts, spreadsheets and presentations on iPad and iPhone.
|
||||
JustSystems Ichitaro (Japanese), read/write support via plug-in from version 2006, full built-in support from 2007.
|
||||
LibreOffice Writer (an OpenOffice.org fork) uses ODT as its native file format. (≥ v25.2 supports ODF 1.4)
|
||||
Go-oo, an OpenOffice.org fork which was later merged with Libreoffice (Development discontinued).
|
||||
Microsoft Word 2003 and Office XP Word (with the Open Source OpenXML/ODF Translator Add-in for Office)
|
||||
Microsoft Word 2007 (with Service Pack 2 or 3) supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only)
|
||||
Microsoft Word 2010 supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only)
|
||||
Microsoft Word 2013 supports ODF 1.2 (Windows only)
|
||||
Microsoft Word 2016 and Microsoft Word 2019 support ODF 1.2 (Windows: read/write; OS X: read-only after online conversion)
|
||||
Microsoft Word 2021 supports ODF 1.3 (Windows and MacOS)
|
||||
Microsoft Word 2024 supports ODF 1.4 (Windows and MacOS)
|
||||
Microsoft 365 Word app supports ODF 1.4
|
||||
Microsoft OneDrive / Office Web Apps
|
||||
Mobile Office, an office package for Symbian mobile phones.
|
||||
Microsoft WordPad included with Windows 7 has limited support for opening and saving in the ODT format.
|
||||
Nisus Writer Pro 1.2+ for Mac OS X.
|
||||
OnlyOffice online and desktop editors, both online and offline suites support ODT for opening, editing and exporting.
|
||||
OpenDocument Viewer, a free Android app for reading ODT, released under GPLv3 (also available from F-Droid).
|
||||
OpenOffice Writer – full support from 2.0, import-only in 1.1.5.
|
||||
IBM Lotus Symphony Documents 1.0+ (OpenOffice.org 1.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
|
||||
NeoOffice Writer – full support from 2.0 (OpenOffice.org 2.0.3 derivative), import only in 1.2.2 (OpenOffice.org 1.1.5 derivative).
|
||||
StarOffice 8+ Writer (OpenOffice.org 2.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
|
||||
RomanianOffice, a proprietary word processor based on OpenOffice.org.
|
||||
Open Word Processor allows editing OpenDocument text files (.odt) on iPad.
|
||||
ownCloud Documents, a plugin for ownCloud, allows creation and collaborative editing of ODT files stored in ownCloud.
|
||||
TechWriter (for RISC OS) Version 9.1 of TechWriter can import/save ODT files on RISC OS.
|
||||
TextEdit, (In Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard) can read/write ODT format but does not retain all formatting.
|
||||
Bean 1.1.0+, basic word processor with limited ODT support implemented in Mac OS X.
|
||||
TextMaker starting with version 2008.
|
||||
Visioo Writer 0.6.1 (in development) — document viewer, incomplete support.
|
||||
WordPerfect Office (import-only in X4).
|
||||
Zoho Writer, an online word processor, allows reading and writing of ODT.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other applications ===
|
||||
Apple Inc.'s Quick Look, the built-in quick preview feature of Mac OS X, supports OpenDocument format files starting with Mac OS X v10.5. Support is limited to basic ODF implementation in Mac OS X.
|
||||
Oxygen XML Editor 9.3+ allows users to extract, validate, edit, transform (using XSLT or XQuery) to other file formats, compare and process the XML data stored in OpenDocument files. Validation uses the latest ODF Documents version 1.1 Relax NG Schemas.
|
||||
IBM WebSphere Portal 6.0.1+ can preview texts from ODT files as HTML documents.
|
||||
IBM Lotus Domino 8.0+ KeyView (10.4.0.0) filter supports ODT, ODS, ODP for viewing files.
|
||||
FreeViewer ODT File Viewer, can read/write ODT files, can convert ODT files to HTML documents.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Data management ====
|
||||
phpMyAdmin 2.9.0+ – database manager, exports to ODT.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Text management ====
|
||||
Dokuwiki — wiki software, exports to ODT with the odt plugin.
|
||||
Drupal ODF Import – a Drupal module allows importing ODT files into CMS nodes.
|
||||
eZ publish — content management system, supports import and export of writer documents via extension.
|
||||
Scribus 1.2.2+ — desktop publishing suite, imports ODT.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Translation support ====
|
||||
OmegaT — computer-assisted translation tool, can import ODF files.
|
||||
Translate Toolkit — converts OpenDocument into XLIFF 1.2 for localisation in any XLIFF aware CAT tool.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Bibliographic ====
|
||||
RefWorks – Web-based commercial citation manager, supports uploading ODT files for citation formatting.
|
||||
|
||||
== Spreadsheet documents (.ods) ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software that supports OpenDocument"
|
||||
chunk: 2/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Spreadsheets ===
|
||||
Calligra Sheets uses ODS as default file format.
|
||||
Collabora Office Calc for Mobile and Desktop apps uses ODS as its native file format.
|
||||
Collabora Online Calc uses ODS as its native file format.
|
||||
EditGrid, a web-based (online) spreadsheet service – full support.
|
||||
FileApp allows viewing OpenDocument files on iPhone and iPad.
|
||||
Gnumeric can both open and save files in this format and plans to continue to support this format in the future.
|
||||
Google Docs, a web-based word processor and spreadsheet application which can read and save OpenDocument files.
|
||||
IBM Lotus Notes 8.0+ includes an office suite for creating text, spreadsheet and presentation files.
|
||||
IBM Lotus Symphony Spreadsheets 1.0+ (OpenOffice.org 1.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
|
||||
IBM Lotus Symphony Viewer allows viewing OpenDocument texts, spreadsheets and presentations on iPad and iPhone.
|
||||
JustSystems JUST Suite 2009 Sanshiro (Japanese).
|
||||
LibreOffice Calc (an OpenOffice.org fork) uses ODS as its native file format.
|
||||
Microsoft Excel 2003 and Office XP Excel (with the Open Source OpenXML/ODF Translator Add-in for Office)
|
||||
Microsoft Excel 2007 (with Service Pack 2 or 3) supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only)
|
||||
Microsoft Excel 2010 supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only)
|
||||
Microsoft Excel 2013 supports ODF 1.2 (Windows only)
|
||||
Microsoft Excel 2016 and Microsoft Excel 2019 support ODF 1.2 (Windows: read/write; OS X: read-only after online conversion)
|
||||
Microsoft Excel 2021 supports ODF 1.3 (Windows and MacOS)
|
||||
Microsoft Excel 2024 supports ODF 1.4 (Windows and MacOS)
|
||||
Microsoft 365 Excel app supports ODF 1.4
|
||||
OnlyOffice online and desktop editors, both online and offline suites support ODF for opening, editing and exporting.
|
||||
OpenOffice Calc – full support from 2.0, import-only in 1.1.5.
|
||||
NeoOffice – native support from 2.0 (OpenOffice.org 2.0.3 derivative), import only in 1.2.2 (OpenOffice.org 1.1.5 derivative).
|
||||
StarOffice 8+ Calc (OpenOffice 2.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
|
||||
Zoho Sheet, an online spreadsheet application, can import and export ODS format.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other applications ===
|
||||
Oxygen XML Editor 9.3+ allows users to extract, validate, edit, transform (using XSLT or XQuery) to other file formats, compare and process the XML data stored in OpenDocument files. Validation uses the latest ODF Documents version 1.1 Relax NG Schemas.
|
||||
IBM WebSphere Portal 6.0.1+ can preview texts from ODS files as HTML documents.
|
||||
odsgenerator v1.8.0+ allows generation of ODS files from JSON or YAML files.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Data management ====
|
||||
phpMyAdmin 2.9.0+ – database manager, exports to ODS, exports to system32\windows.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Knowledge management ====
|
||||
Knomos 1.0 – Law office management application.
|
||||
EndNote X 1.0.1 – Reference management software.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Statistics ====
|
||||
gretl 1.7.0 – Statistical analysis software (import only).
|
||||
|
||||
==== Translation support ====
|
||||
OmegaT — Allows translation of comments and sheet names.
|
||||
|
||||
== Presentation documents (.odp) ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Presentation ===
|
||||
Calligra Stage uses ODP as default file format.
|
||||
Collabora Office Impress for Mobile and Desktop apps uses ODP as its native file format.
|
||||
Collabora Online Impress uses ODP as its native file format.
|
||||
FileApp allows viewing OpenDocument files on iPhone and iPad.
|
||||
IBM Lotus Notes 8.0+ includes an office suite for creating text, spreadsheet and presentation files.
|
||||
IBM Lotus Symphony Presentations 1.0+ (OpenOffice.org 1.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
|
||||
IBM Lotus Symphony Viewer allows viewing OpenDocument texts, spreadsheets and presentations on iPad and iPhone.
|
||||
JustSystems JUST Suite 2009 Agree (Japanese).
|
||||
LibreOffice Impress uses ODP as its native file format.
|
||||
LibreOffice Online Impress uses ODP as its native file format.
|
||||
Microsoft Powerpoint 2003 and Office XP Powerpoint (with the Open Source OpenXML/ODF Translator Add-in for Office)
|
||||
Microsoft Powerpoint 2007 (with Service Pack 2 or 3) supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only)
|
||||
Microsoft Powerpoint 2010 supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only)
|
||||
Microsoft Powerpoint 2013 supports ODF 1.2 (Windows only)
|
||||
Microsoft Powerpoint 2016 and Microsoft Powerpoint 2019 support ODF 1.2 (Windows: read/write; OS X: read-only after online conversion)
|
||||
Microsoft Powerpoint 2021 supports ODF 1.3 (Windows and MacOS)
|
||||
Microsoft Powerpoint 2024 supports ODF 1.4 (Windows and MacOS)
|
||||
Microsoft 365 Powerpoint app supports ODF 1.4
|
||||
OnlyOffice online and desktop editors, where both online and offline suites support ODF for opening, editing and exporting.
|
||||
OpenOffice Impress – native support from 2.0, import-only in 1.1.5.
|
||||
NeoOffice 1.2 Impress (OpenOffice 1.1.5 derivative).
|
||||
NeoOffice 2.0 Impress (OpenOffice 2.0.3 derivative).
|
||||
StarOffice 8 Impress (OpenOffice 2.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
|
||||
WPS Office WPS Presentation support ppt, pot, pps, dps, dpt, pptx, potx, ppsx, pptm, potm, ppsm, dpss.
|
||||
Zoho Show, an online presentation program, can import/export ODP format files.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other applications ===
|
||||
Oxygen XML Editor 9.3+ allows users to extract, validate, edit, transform (using XSLT or XQuery) to other file formats, compare and process the XML data stored in OpenDocument files. Validation uses the latest ODF Documents version 1.1 Relax NG Schemas.
|
||||
IBM WebSphere Portal 6.0.1+ can preview texts from ODP files as HTML documents.
|
||||
|
||||
== Database documents (.odb) ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Database ===
|
||||
LibreOffice Base (an OpenOffice.org fork)
|
||||
|
||||
== Graphics documents (.odg) ==
|
||||
Collabora Office Draw allows read/write of ODG files.
|
||||
Collabora Online Draw can read/write ODG files.
|
||||
Karbon, vector graphics editor, part of Calligra Suite — OpenDocument support since 1.5+ (import and export).
|
||||
LibreOffice Draw uses ODG as its native file format.
|
||||
JustSystems JUST Suite 2008+ Hanako (Japanese).
|
||||
OpenOffice Draw – full support from 2.0, import-only in 1.1.5.
|
||||
NeoOffice Draw – full support from 2.0 (OpenOffice.org 2.0.3 derivative), import only in 1.2.2 (OpenOffice.org 1.1.5 derivative).
|
||||
StarOffice 8 Draw (OpenOffice 2.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
|
||||
Scribus 1.2.2+ (import only) — Desktop publishing application.
|
||||
Inkscape 0.44+ (export only) — vector graphics editor.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other applications ===
|
||||
IBM WebSphere Portal 6.0.1+ can preview texts from ODG files as HTML documents.
|
||||
|
||||
== Formula documents (.odf) ==
|
||||
KFormula 1.5+ (full native support).
|
||||
LibreOffice Math — Allows read/write of ODF files.
|
||||
Collabora Office for Desktop apps uses ODF as its native file format.
|
||||
Math uses ODF as its native file format.
|
||||
OpenOffice Math (full support from 2.0).
|
||||
NeoOffice 2.0 Math (OpenOffice 2.0.3 derivative).
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software that supports OpenDocument"
|
||||
chunk: 3/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== Search tools ==
|
||||
Google supports searching in content of ODT, ODS, and ODP files and also searching for these filetypes. Found files can be viewed directly in a converted HTML view.
|
||||
Google Desktop Search has an unofficial OpenDocument plug-in available, supporting ODT, OTT, ODG, OTG, ODP, OTP, ODS, OTS, and ODF OpenDocument formats. The plug-in does not correctly handle Unicode characters.
|
||||
Apple Spotlight (built into OS X 10.4 and later) supports indexed searching of OpenDocument files using a third-party plug-in from the NeoOffice team.
|
||||
Copernic Desktop Search (Windows).
|
||||
|
||||
== Other planned support ==
|
||||
Ability Office developers declared planned ODF support for the next major version of their office suite.
|
||||
Evermore Integrated Office – EIOffice 2009 will support ODF in the update. As stated on Evermore Software website: "Work is underway to both read and write to this new format as well as *.pdf and *.odf file formats in the update." Last version of EIOffice 2009 (5.0.1272.101EN.L1) cannot open or save ODF files.
|
||||
Haansoft's Hangul Word Processor will support OpenDocument format documents in its next version for Windows, which is planned for the end of 2009.
|
||||
An extension for Mozilla Firefox has been proposed by a developer named Tallinn, according to Mozilla hacker Gervase Markham (source); it has since been further modified by Alex Hudson. and was hosted in the official Firefox extension repository.
|
||||
Wikipedia announced that it will use ODF for printing wikis.
|
||||
BlackBerry smartphones are going to support ODF in their embedded office suites, starting mid-2009.
|
||||
The WordPad editor in Windows 7 includes support for ODF.
|
||||
|
||||
== Programmatic support, filters, converters ==
|
||||
There are OpenDocument-oriented libraries available for languages such as Java, Python, Ruby, C++ and C#. OpenDoc Society maintains an extensive list of ODF software libraries for OpenDocument Format.
|
||||
OpenDocument packages are ordinary zip files. There is an OpenDocument format which is just a single XML file, but most applications use the package format. Thus, any of the vast number of tools for handling zip files and XML data can be used to handle OpenDocument. Nearly all programming languages have libraries (built-in or available) for processing XML files and zip files.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Microsoft ===
|
||||
Microsoft has been offering native support for ODF since Office 2007 Service Pack 2. Microsoft is hosting the 8th ODF Plugfest in Brussels in 2012.
|
||||
In October 2005, one year before the Microsoft Office 2007 suite was released, Microsoft declared that there is not sufficient demand from Microsoft customers for international standard OpenDocument format support and therefore it will not be included in Microsoft Office 2007. This statement was repeated also in next months. As an answer, on 20 October 2005 an online petition was created to demand ODF support from Microsoft. The petition was signed by circa 12000 people.
|
||||
In May 2006, ODF plugin for Microsoft Office was released by OpenDocument Foundation. Microsoft declared that the company did not work with the developers of the plug-in.
|
||||
In July 2006 Microsoft announced the creation of the Open XML Translator project—tools to build a technical bridge between the Microsoft Office Open XML Formats and the OpenDocument Format (ODF). This work was started in response to government requests for interoperability with ODF. The goal of project is not to implement ODF direct to Microsoft Office, but only to create plugin and external tools. In February 2007, this project released first version of ODF plug-in for Microsoft Word.
|
||||
In February 2007 SUN released initial version of SUN ODF plugin for Microsoft Office. Version 1.0 was released in July 2007.
|
||||
Microsoft Office 2007 Service Pack 2 was released on 28 April 2009. It added native support of OpenDocument 1.1 as well as other formats like XPS and PDF.
|
||||
In April 2012, Microsoft announced support for ODF 1.2 in Microsoft Office 2013. Microsoft Office 2021 supports ODF 1.3 (Windows and MacOS).
|
||||
Microsoft has financed the creation of an Open XML translator, to enable the conversion of documents between Office Open XML and OpenDocument. The project, hosted on SourceForge, is an effort by several of Microsoft's partners to create a plugin for Microsoft Office that will be freely available under a BSD license. By December 2007, plugins had been released for Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint. Independent analysis has, however, reported several concerns with these plugins, including lack of support for Office 2007.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software that supports OpenDocument"
|
||||
chunk: 4/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== Third party support: Plug-ins for Microsoft Office ====
|
||||
Sun Microsystems' ODF Plugin for Microsoft Office users (download link no longer available as of 30 March 2013)— was a plugin that allowed users to read and edit ISO-standard Open Document Format (ODF) files in Microsoft Office. It works with Microsoft Office 2007 (with service pack 1 or higher), Microsoft Office 2003, Microsoft Office XP, and even Microsoft Office 2000.
|
||||
ooo-word-filter was a plugin that allowed users to open ODF files in Microsoft Office 2003.
|
||||
OpenOpenOffice (O3), is apparently inactive. OpenOpenOffice was developed by Phase-n, a free and open source software plug-in to enable Microsoft Office to read and write OpenDocument files (and any other formats supported by OpenOffice.org). Instead of installing a complete office application or even a large plug-in, O3 intended to install a tiny plug-in to the Microsoft Office system. This tiny plug-in intended to automatically send the file to some server, which would then do the conversion, returning the converted file. The server could be local to an organization (so private information doesn't go over the Internet) or accessed via the Internet (for those who do not want to set up a server). A beta of the server half has been completed, and further expected announcements have not occurred. Phase-n argued that the main advantage of their approach is simplicity. Their website announces that O3 "requires no new concepts to be explored, no significant development, and leverages the huge existing body of work already created by the OpenOffice developers, the CPAN module authors, and the Microsoft .NET and Office teams. They also argue that this approach significantly simplifies maintenance; when a new version of OpenOffice is released, only the server needs to be upgraded.
|
||||
The OpenDocument Foundation announced plans to develop a plugin for Microsoft Office in May 2006 but development was stopped in October 2007.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Microsoft Office 2007 SP2 support controversy ====
|
||||
Microsoft supports OpenDocument format in Office 2007 SP2. The current implementation faces criticism for not supporting encrypted documents and formula format in the same way as other OpenDocument compatible software, as well as for stripping out formulas in imported spreadsheets created by other OpenDocument compatible software. Critics say that with this conflict of standards Microsoft actually managed to reduce interoperability between office productivity software. The company had previously reportedly stated that "where ODF 1.1 is ambiguous or incomplete, the Office implementation can be guided by current practice in OpenOffice.org, mainly, and other implementations including KOffice and AbiWord. Peter Amstein and the Microsoft Office team are reluctant to make liberal use of extension mechanisms, even though provided in ODF 1.1. They want to avoid all appearance of an embrace-extend attempt." However, according to the ODF Alliance, "ODF spreadsheets created in Excel 2007 SP2 do not in fact conform to ODF 1.1 because Excel 2007 incorrectly encodes formulas with cell addresses. Section 8.3.1 of ODF 1.1 says that addresses in formulas "start with a "[" and end with a "]"." In Excel 2007, cell addresses were not enclosed with the necessary square brackets, which could be easily corrected." This however has been contested as the ISO/IEC 26300 specification states that the semantics and the syntax is dependent on the used namespace which is implementation dependent leaving the syntax implementation defined as well.
|
||||
Before SP2, Microsoft had sponsored the creation of the Open XML translator project to allow the conversion of documents between OOXML and OpenDocument. As a result of this project, Microsoft financed the ODF add-in for Word project on SourceForge. This project is an effort by several of Microsoft's partners to create a plugin for Microsoft Office that will be freely available under a BSD license. The project released version 1.0 for Microsoft Word of this software in January 2007 followed by versions for Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint in December of the same year. Sun Microsystems has created the competing OpenDocument plugin for Microsoft Office 2007 (Service Pack 1 or higher), 2000, XP, and 2003 that supports Word, Excel, and PowerPoint documents.
|
||||
The ODF Alliance has claimed that third-party plug-ins "provide better support for ODF than the recently released
|
||||
Microsoft Office 2007 SP2".
|
||||
|
||||
== Accessibility ==
|
||||
One important issue raised in the discussion of OpenDocument is whether the format is accessible to those with disabilities. There are two issues: does the specification support accessibility, and are implementations accessible?
|
||||
|
||||
=== Specification ===
|
||||
While the specification of OpenDocument is going through an extensive accessibility review, many of the components it is built on (such as SMIL for audio and multimedia and SVG for vector graphics) have already gone through the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)'s Web Accessibility Initiative processes.
|
||||
There are already applications that currently read/write OpenDocument that export Tagged PDF files (to support PDF accessibility); this suggests that much or all of the necessary data for accessibility is already included in the OpenDocument format.
|
||||
The OASIS OpenDocument technical committee released a draft of OpenDocument 1.1 on 27 July 2006, for public comment through 25 September 2006.
|
||||
This is a minor update to the specification to add accessibility information, mainly soft page break markings, table header markings, presentation navigation markings, alternative text and captions, and specifically stating that spreadsheets may be embedded in presentations.
|
||||
Peter Korn (an accessibility expert) reviewed version 1.1 "to satisfy myself that all of our accessibility concerns have been addressed", and declared "I am so satisfied."
|
||||
|
||||
=== Implementations ===
|
||||
Peter Korn gave an in-depth report on OpenDocument accessibility. He noted that there are many kinds of impairments, including visual (minor, major, or blind), physical (minor, major with vocal control, major without vocal control), auditory, and cognitive. He then noted that the situation varies, depending on the specific disability. For a vast number of disabilities, there are no known problems, though.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of software that supports OpenDocument"
|
||||
chunk: 5/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
OpenOffice is expected to work well with existing solutions in MS Windows' on-screen keyboards (etc.) when driven by single-switch access, head-mouse, and eye-gaze systems. On Unix-like systems, GNOME's "On-screen Keyboard" can be used. Also available on both Linux and Windows systems is Dasher, a text-entry alternative released under the GPL for head-mouse and eye-gaze users (35+ word-per-minute typing speeds using nothing but eye movement are possible).
|
||||
If those with disabilities are already using Microsoft Office, then a plug-in enabling them to load and save OpenDocument files using Microsoft Office may give them the same capabilities they already have (assuming the opening/saving cycle is accessible). So from that perspective, OpenDocument is at least as accessible as Microsoft Office.
|
||||
For users using alternatives to Microsoft Office there may be problems, not necessarily due to the ODF file format but rather due to the lower investment to date by assistive technology vendors on these platforms, though there is ongoing work. For example, IBM has stated that its "Workplace productivity tools available through Workplace Managed Client including word processing, spreadsheet and presentation editors are currently planned to be fully accessible on a Windows platform by 2007. Additionally, these productivity tools are currently planned to be fully accessible on a Linux platform by 2008" (Sutor, 10 November 2005).
|
||||
Since OpenDocument is an Open Standard file format, there is no need for everyone to use the same program to read and write OpenDocument files; someone with a disability is free to use whatever program works best for them.
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Comparison of OpenDocument software
|
||||
Network effect
|
||||
Open format
|
||||
Office suite
|
||||
Office Open XML
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Application support for ODF (OpenDocument Fellowship).
|
||||
Groklaw's ODF Resources.
|
||||
lpOD-Perl, OpenDocument Connector Perl programming interfaces for ODF.
|
||||
lpOD-Python, ODFpy Python programming interfaces for ODF.
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spreadsheet_mistakes-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spreadsheet_mistakes-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of spreadsheet mistakes"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spreadsheet_mistakes"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:34.807577+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A 2017 study concluded that up to 90% of spreadsheets had errors that affected their results.
|
||||
Below is a list of examples of spreadsheet mistakes that are caused by a variety of reasons.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Model risk § Spreadsheet Errors
|
||||
Spreadsheet § Spreadsheet risk
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
EuSPRIG Horror Stories - European Spreadsheet Risk Interest Group
|
||||
Data Organization in Spreadsheets for Ecologists
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of storage area network management systems"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storage_area_network_management_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:53.184509+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of Storage area network (SAN) management systems. A storage area network is a dedicated network that provides access to consolidated, block level data storage.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Systems ==
|
||||
Brocade Network Advisor
|
||||
Cisco Fabric Manager
|
||||
Enterprise Fabric Connectivity (EFC) Manager
|
||||
EMC ControlCenter
|
||||
EMC VisualSRM
|
||||
EMC Invista
|
||||
Hitachi Data Systems HiCommand
|
||||
HP OpenView Storage Area Manager
|
||||
IBM SAN Volume Controller
|
||||
Symantec Veritas Command Central Storage
|
||||
KernSafe Cross-Platform iSCSI SAN
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
56
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_users'_groups-0.md
Normal file
56
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_users'_groups-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of users' groups"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_users'_groups"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:49.810893+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of notable computer users' groups categorized by interest.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== General ==
|
||||
Chaos Computer Club
|
||||
Computer Measurement Group (CMG)
|
||||
ComputerTown UK
|
||||
Homebrew Computer Club
|
||||
Port7Alliance
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Hardware platforms ==
|
||||
Adamcon (Coleco Adam user group)
|
||||
Toronto PET Users Group (TPUG)
|
||||
SHARE
|
||||
Macintosh User Groups in the UK
|
||||
DUsers, the first Macintosh users group, based at Drexel University
|
||||
IIUG International Informix Users Group
|
||||
COMMON for Power Systems (IBM i, AS/400, iSeries, System i, AIX and Linux) users in North America.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Linux ==
|
||||
Bangalore Linux User Group
|
||||
Beijing GNU/Linux User Group
|
||||
Linux Users' Group of Davis
|
||||
ILUG-Delhi
|
||||
Lanka Linux User Group
|
||||
Linux Australia
|
||||
Linux Users of Victoria
|
||||
LinuxChix
|
||||
Loco team
|
||||
NYLUG
|
||||
Portland Linux/Unix Group
|
||||
RLUG
|
||||
SEUL
|
||||
Southern California Linux Expo
|
||||
Tehlug
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Programming languages ==
|
||||
Z User Group
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Markup languages ==
|
||||
TeX Users Group
|
||||
Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX
|
||||
43
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_connectors-0.md
Normal file
43
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_connectors-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of video connectors"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_connectors"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:51.345801+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of physical RF and video connectors and related video signal standards.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Physical connectors ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== D-subminiature family ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== DVI-related ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== DIN/Mini-DIN ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Others ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== By signal standard ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Computer display standard
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Monitor Ports Pinouts and other technical information; lacks more recent interfaces such as HDMI
|
||||
PC Graphics standard overview Simple table of PC video standards thru XGA with DB9 pinouts
|
||||
Standard and device-specific video interfaces pinouts Numerous standards described and categorized, including such recent ones as DVI and HDMI
|
||||
List of computer video standards and connectors pinouts Wiki format (including community updates and free redistribution); broad coverage including HDMI
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volunteer_computing_projects"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:16:33.883054+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:52.539742+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of web service specifications"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_service_specifications"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:53.775257+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
There are a variety of specifications associated with web services. These specifications are in varying degrees of maturity and are maintained or supported by various standards bodies and entities. These specifications are the basic web services framework established by first-generation standards represented by WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI. Specifications may complement, overlap, and compete with each other. Web service specifications are occasionally referred to collectively as "WS-*", though there is not a single managed set of specifications that this consistently refers to, nor a recognized owning body across them all.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== XML specification ==
|
||||
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
|
||||
XML Namespaces
|
||||
XML Schema
|
||||
XPath
|
||||
XQuery
|
||||
XML Information Set
|
||||
XInclude
|
||||
XML Pointer
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Messaging specification ==
|
||||
SOAP (formerly known as Simple Object Access Protocol)
|
||||
SOAP-over-UDP
|
||||
SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism
|
||||
WS-Addressing
|
||||
WS-EndpointResolution
|
||||
WS-Notification
|
||||
WS-BaseNotification
|
||||
WS-Topics
|
||||
WS-BrokeredNotification
|
||||
WS-Transfer
|
||||
WS-Eventing
|
||||
WS-Enumeration
|
||||
WS-MakeConnection
|
||||
WS-MessageData
|
||||
WS-MessageDelivery (see WS-Addressing § History)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Metadata exchange specification ==
|
||||
JSON-WSP
|
||||
WS-Policy
|
||||
WS-PolicyAssertions
|
||||
WS-PolicyAttachment
|
||||
WS-Discovery
|
||||
WS-Inspection
|
||||
WS-MetadataExchange
|
||||
Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI)
|
||||
WSDL 2.0 Core
|
||||
WSDL 2.0 SOAP Binding
|
||||
Web Services Semantics (WSDL-S)
|
||||
WS-Naming
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Security specification ==
|
||||
WS-Security
|
||||
XML Signature
|
||||
XML Encryption
|
||||
XML Key Management (XKMS)
|
||||
WS-SecureConversation
|
||||
WS-SecurityPolicy
|
||||
WS-Trust
|
||||
WS-Federation
|
||||
WS-Federation Active Requestor Profile
|
||||
WS-Federation Passive Requestor Profile
|
||||
Web Services Security Kerberos Binding
|
||||
Web Single Sign-On Interoperability Profile
|
||||
Web Single Sign-On Metadata Exchange Protocol
|
||||
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)
|
||||
Extensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Privacy ==
|
||||
P3P
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Reliable messaging specifications ==
|
||||
WS-ReliableMessaging
|
||||
WS-Reliability
|
||||
WS-RM Policy Assertion
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Resource specifications ==
|
||||
Web Service Data Access and Integration (WS-DAI)
|
||||
Web Services Resource Framework
|
||||
WS-Resource
|
||||
WS-BaseFaults
|
||||
WS-ServiceGroup
|
||||
WS-ResourceProperties
|
||||
WS-ResourceLifetime
|
||||
WS-Transfer
|
||||
WS-Fragment
|
||||
Resource Representation SOAP Header Block
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Web services interoperability (WS-I) specification ==
|
||||
|
||||
These specifications provide additional information to improve interoperability between vendor implementations.
|
||||
|
||||
WS-I Basic Profile
|
||||
WS-I Basic Security Profile
|
||||
Simple Soap Binding Profile
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Business process specifications ==
|
||||
WS-BPEL
|
||||
WS-CDL
|
||||
Web Service Choreography Interface (WSCI)
|
||||
WS-Choreography
|
||||
XML Process Definition Language
|
||||
Web Services Conversation Language (WSCL)
|
||||
Web Services Flow Language (WSFL)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Transaction specifications ==
|
||||
WS-Agreement
|
||||
WS-AtomicTransaction
|
||||
WS-BusinessActivity
|
||||
WS-Coordination
|
||||
WS-CAF
|
||||
WS-Transaction
|
||||
WS-Context
|
||||
WS-CF
|
||||
WS-TXM
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Management specifications ==
|
||||
WS-CIM
|
||||
WS-GAF
|
||||
WS-Management
|
||||
WS-Management Catalog
|
||||
WS-ResourceTransfer
|
||||
WSDM
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Presentation-oriented specification ==
|
||||
Web Services for Remote Portlets
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Draft specifications ==
|
||||
WS-Provisioning – Describes the APIs and schemas necessary to facilitate interoperability between provisioning systems in a consistent manner using Web services
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Other ==
|
||||
Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS)
|
||||
ebXML
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Standardization ==
|
||||
ISO/IEC 19784-2:2007 Information technology -- Biometric application programming interface -- Part 2: Biometric archive function provider interface
|
||||
ISO 19133:2005 Geographic information -- Location-based services -- Tracking and navigation
|
||||
ISO/IEC 20000-1:2005 Information technology -- Service management -- Part 1: Specification
|
||||
ISO/IEC 20000-2:2005 Information technology -- Service management -- Part 2: Code of practice
|
||||
ISO/IEC 24824-2:2006 Information technology -- Generic applications of ASN.1: Fast Web Services
|
||||
ISO/IEC 25437:2006 Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- WS-Session -- Web Services for Application Session Services
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Web service
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
These sites contain documents and links about the different Web services standards identified on this page.
|
||||
|
||||
IBM Developerworks: Standard and Web Service Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
innoQ's WS-Standard Overview ("Diagram" (PDF).)
|
||||
MSDN .NET Developer Centre: Web Service Specification Index Page
|
||||
OASIS Standards and Other Approved Work
|
||||
Open Grid Forum Final Document Archived 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
XML CoverPage
|
||||
W3C's Web Services Activity
|
||||
392
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_programming-0.md
Normal file
392
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_programming-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of computer programming"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_programming"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:12.753055+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer programming:
|
||||
Computer programming – process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding) of algorithms in a target programming language. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
History of computer science
|
||||
History of computing hardware
|
||||
History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
|
||||
History of programming languages
|
||||
Timeline of programming languages
|
||||
Computer programming in the punched card era
|
||||
Operating systems timeline
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Platforms ==
|
||||
|
||||
Computer
|
||||
Computer hardware
|
||||
Analog computer
|
||||
Analytical Engine
|
||||
Digital computer
|
||||
Vacuum-tube computer
|
||||
List of vacuum-tube computers
|
||||
Transistor computer
|
||||
List of transistorized computers
|
||||
Mainframe
|
||||
Minicomputer
|
||||
Microcomputer
|
||||
Home computers
|
||||
IBM PC compatible
|
||||
Personal computer
|
||||
Desktop computer
|
||||
Laptop computer
|
||||
Mobile computer
|
||||
Personal digital assistant (PDA)
|
||||
Smartphone
|
||||
Tablet computer
|
||||
Wearable computer
|
||||
Server
|
||||
Supercomputer
|
||||
Virtual machine
|
||||
Hardware virtualization
|
||||
Runtime system
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Paradigms ==
|
||||
|
||||
Agent-oriented
|
||||
Aspect-oriented
|
||||
Automata-based
|
||||
Class-based
|
||||
Concatenative
|
||||
Concept
|
||||
Concurrent
|
||||
Data-driven
|
||||
Declarative (as opposed to imperative programming)
|
||||
Constraint
|
||||
Constraint logic
|
||||
Concurrent constraint logic
|
||||
Dataflow
|
||||
Flow-based (FBP)
|
||||
Reactive
|
||||
Functional
|
||||
Functional logic
|
||||
Purely functional
|
||||
Logic
|
||||
Abductive logic
|
||||
Answer set
|
||||
Concurrent logic
|
||||
Functional logic
|
||||
Inductive logic
|
||||
Probabilistic logic
|
||||
Event-driven
|
||||
Time-driven
|
||||
Expression-oriented
|
||||
Feature-oriented
|
||||
Function-level (as opposed to value-level programming)
|
||||
Generic
|
||||
Imperative (as opposed to declarative programming)
|
||||
Literate
|
||||
Procedural
|
||||
Inductive programming
|
||||
Language-oriented (LOP)
|
||||
Natural language programming
|
||||
Non-structured (as opposed to Structured)
|
||||
Array
|
||||
Nondeterministic
|
||||
Probabilistic
|
||||
Process-oriented
|
||||
Role-oriented
|
||||
Semantic-oriented (SOP)
|
||||
Structured (as opposed to non-structured programming)
|
||||
Block-structured
|
||||
Modular
|
||||
Concurrent computing
|
||||
Relativistic programming
|
||||
Object-oriented (OOP)
|
||||
Class-based
|
||||
Concurrent OOP
|
||||
Prototype-based
|
||||
Subject-oriented
|
||||
Tacit
|
||||
Value-level (as opposed to function-level programming)
|
||||
Visual
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Writing programs ==
|
||||
Pseudocode
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Methodology ===
|
||||
|
||||
Array programming
|
||||
End-user development
|
||||
Metaprogramming
|
||||
Automatic programming
|
||||
Reflection
|
||||
Attribute-oriented programming (AOP)
|
||||
Homoiconicity
|
||||
Template metaprogramming
|
||||
Policy-based design
|
||||
Service-oriented architecture
|
||||
Service-oriented modeling
|
||||
Recursion
|
||||
Separation of concerns
|
||||
Threaded coding
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Algorithms ==
|
||||
|
||||
List of algorithms
|
||||
List of algorithm general topics
|
||||
Algorithm characterizations
|
||||
Introduction to Algorithms
|
||||
Theory of computation
|
||||
Computational complexity theory
|
||||
Analysis of algorithms
|
||||
Empirical algorithmics
|
||||
Big O notation
|
||||
Algorithmic efficiency
|
||||
Algorithmic information theory
|
||||
Algorithmic probability
|
||||
Algorithmically random sequence
|
||||
Search algorithm
|
||||
Sorting algorithm
|
||||
Merge algorithm
|
||||
String algorithms
|
||||
Greedy algorithm
|
||||
Reduction
|
||||
Sequential algorithm
|
||||
Parallel algorithm
|
||||
Distributed algorithm
|
||||
Deterministic algorithm
|
||||
Randomized algorithm
|
||||
Quantum algorithm
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Programming languages ==
|
||||
Programming language – formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.
|
||||
|
||||
Generational list of programming languages
|
||||
List of programming languages by type
|
||||
List of open-source programming languages
|
||||
Alphabetical list of programming languages
|
||||
Compiled language
|
||||
Interpreted language
|
||||
Scripting language
|
||||
Comparison of programming languages
|
||||
Programming language dialect
|
||||
Programming language theory
|
||||
Formal semantics of programming languages
|
||||
Assembly language
|
||||
Macro
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Attributes of programming languages ===
|
||||
Domain-specific language
|
||||
Dynamic programming language
|
||||
Esoteric programming language
|
||||
Extensible programming language
|
||||
High-level programming language
|
||||
Interpreted language
|
||||
Low-level programming language
|
||||
Machine programming language
|
||||
Multi-paradigm programming language
|
||||
Non-English-based programming language
|
||||
Object-based language
|
||||
Off-side rule programming language
|
||||
Reflective programming language
|
||||
Synchronous programming language
|
||||
Very high-level programming language
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Popular languages ===
|
||||
The top 20 most popular programming languages as of December 2025:
|
||||
|
||||
Python
|
||||
C
|
||||
C++
|
||||
Java
|
||||
C#
|
||||
JavaScript
|
||||
Visual Basic .NET
|
||||
SQL
|
||||
Perl
|
||||
R
|
||||
Delphi/Object Pascal
|
||||
Fortran
|
||||
MATLAB
|
||||
Ada
|
||||
Go
|
||||
PHP
|
||||
Rust
|
||||
Scratch
|
||||
Assembly Language
|
||||
Kotlin
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Anatomy of a programming language ===
|
||||
Syntax
|
||||
Lexical grammar
|
||||
Semicolons
|
||||
Values
|
||||
Types
|
||||
Operators
|
||||
Program structures
|
||||
Variables
|
||||
Expressions
|
||||
Statements
|
||||
Keywords and reserved words
|
||||
Control structures
|
||||
Subroutines (also known as functions)
|
||||
Anonymous functions
|
||||
Loops
|
||||
For loops
|
||||
While loops
|
||||
Conditionals
|
||||
If-then
|
||||
If-then-else
|
||||
Case and switch statements
|
||||
Control flow
|
||||
Data structures
|
||||
Objects
|
||||
Arrays
|
||||
Regular expressions
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Comparisons of programming languages ===
|
||||
Programming language comparisons
|
||||
|
||||
General comparison
|
||||
Basic syntax
|
||||
Basic instructions
|
||||
Exception handling
|
||||
Enumerated types
|
||||
Anonymous functions
|
||||
Conditional expressions
|
||||
Functional instructions
|
||||
Arrays
|
||||
Associative arrays
|
||||
String operations
|
||||
String functions
|
||||
List comprehension
|
||||
Object-oriented programming
|
||||
Object-oriented constructors
|
||||
While loops
|
||||
For loops
|
||||
Evaluation strategy
|
||||
List of "Hello World" programs
|
||||
Languages with dependent types
|
||||
Comparison of type systems
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Comparisons of individual languages ====
|
||||
ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60
|
||||
ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages
|
||||
ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages
|
||||
Compatibility of C and C++
|
||||
Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi
|
||||
Comparison of Object Pascal and C
|
||||
Comparison of Pascal and C
|
||||
Comparison of Java and C++
|
||||
Comparison of C# and Java
|
||||
Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET
|
||||
Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Compilation ==
|
||||
|
||||
Programmer
|
||||
Source code
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
Compilation
|
||||
Preprocessing
|
||||
Translation
|
||||
Assembly
|
||||
Linking
|
||||
Compiler optimization
|
||||
Compilation error
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Software ==
|
||||
|
||||
Computer program
|
||||
Hello world (a common form of example program for learning programmers)
|
||||
Application software
|
||||
Software suite
|
||||
Database management system
|
||||
Programming software
|
||||
Programming tool
|
||||
Text editor
|
||||
Source code editor
|
||||
Integrated development environment (IDE)
|
||||
Assembler
|
||||
Compiler
|
||||
Interpreter
|
||||
Linker
|
||||
Debugger
|
||||
System software
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Components ===
|
||||
Instruction
|
||||
Library
|
||||
Application programming interface (API)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Software development ===
|
||||
Software development
|
||||
Software development process
|
||||
Copilot
|
||||
Debugging
|
||||
Human error
|
||||
Software development methodology
|
||||
Agile software development
|
||||
Extreme programming
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Software engineering ===
|
||||
Software engineering –
|
||||
|
||||
Implementation
|
||||
Execution
|
||||
Software architecture
|
||||
Software reliability
|
||||
Software quality
|
||||
Software testing
|
||||
Software maintenance
|
||||
Software optimization
|
||||
Software brittleness
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Outline of computers
|
||||
Outline of computing
|
||||
Outline of computer science
|
||||
Outline of artificial intelligence
|
||||
Outline of cryptography
|
||||
Outline of the Internet
|
||||
Outline of Google
|
||||
Outline of software
|
||||
Types of software
|
||||
Outline of free software
|
||||
Outline of search engines
|
||||
Outline of software development
|
||||
Outline of software engineering
|
||||
Outline of web design and web development
|
||||
Outline of computer programming
|
||||
Programming languages
|
||||
Outline of C++
|
||||
Outline of the C programming language
|
||||
Outline of the Java programming language
|
||||
Outline of Perl
|
||||
Outline of the Python programming language
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
How to Think Like a Computer Scientist - by Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey and Chris Meyers
|
||||
360
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-0.md
Normal file
360
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of machine learning"
|
||||
chunk: 1/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The following outline is provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, machine learning:
|
||||
Machine learning (ML) is a subfield of artificial intelligence within computer science that evolved from the study of pattern recognition and computational learning theory. In 1959, Arthur Samuel defined machine learning as a "field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed". ML involves the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data. These algorithms operate by building a model from a training set of example observations to make data-driven predictions or decisions expressed as outputs, rather than following strictly static program instructions.
|
||||
|
||||
== How can machine learning be categorized? ==
|
||||
An academic discipline
|
||||
A branch of science
|
||||
An applied science
|
||||
A subfield of computer science
|
||||
A branch of artificial intelligence
|
||||
A subfield of soft computing
|
||||
Application of statistics
|
||||
|
||||
=== Paradigms of machine learning ===
|
||||
Supervised learning, where the model is trained on labeled data
|
||||
Unsupervised learning, where the model tries to identify patterns in unlabeled data
|
||||
Reinforcement learning, where the model learns to make decisions by receiving rewards or penalties.
|
||||
|
||||
== Applications of machine learning ==
|
||||
Applications of machine learning
|
||||
Bioinformatics
|
||||
Biomedical informatics
|
||||
Computer vision
|
||||
Customer relationship management
|
||||
Data mining
|
||||
Earth sciences
|
||||
Email filtering
|
||||
Inverted pendulum (balance and equilibrium system)
|
||||
Natural language processing
|
||||
Named Entity Recognition
|
||||
Automatic summarization
|
||||
Automatic taxonomy construction
|
||||
Dialog system
|
||||
Grammar checker
|
||||
Language recognition
|
||||
Handwriting recognition
|
||||
Optical character recognition
|
||||
Speech recognition
|
||||
Text to Speech Synthesis
|
||||
Speech Emotion Recognition
|
||||
Machine translation
|
||||
Question answering
|
||||
Speech synthesis
|
||||
Text mining
|
||||
Term frequency–inverse document frequency
|
||||
Text simplification
|
||||
Pattern recognition
|
||||
Facial recognition system
|
||||
Handwriting recognition
|
||||
Image recognition
|
||||
Optical character recognition
|
||||
Speech recognition
|
||||
Recommendation system
|
||||
Collaborative filtering
|
||||
Content-based filtering
|
||||
Hybrid recommender systems
|
||||
Search engine
|
||||
Search engine optimization
|
||||
Social engineering
|
||||
|
||||
== Machine learning hardware ==
|
||||
Graphics processing unit
|
||||
Tensor processing unit
|
||||
Vision processing unit
|
||||
|
||||
== Machine learning tools ==
|
||||
Comparison of machine learning software
|
||||
Comparison of deep learning software
|
||||
|
||||
=== Machine learning frameworks ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Proprietary machine learning frameworks ====
|
||||
Amazon Machine Learning
|
||||
Microsoft Azure Machine Learning Studio
|
||||
DistBelief (replaced by TensorFlow)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Open source machine learning frameworks ====
|
||||
Apache Singa
|
||||
Apache MXNet
|
||||
Caffe
|
||||
PyTorch
|
||||
mlpack
|
||||
TensorFlow
|
||||
Torch
|
||||
CNTK
|
||||
Accord.Net
|
||||
Jax
|
||||
MLJ.jl – A machine learning framework for Julia
|
||||
|
||||
=== Machine learning libraries ===
|
||||
Deeplearning4j
|
||||
Theano
|
||||
scikit-learn
|
||||
Keras
|
||||
|
||||
=== Machine learning algorithms ===
|
||||
|
||||
== Machine learning methods ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Instance-based algorithm ===
|
||||
K-nearest neighbors algorithm (KNN)
|
||||
Learning vector quantization (LVQ)
|
||||
Self-organizing map (SOM)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Regression analysis ===
|
||||
Logistic regression
|
||||
Ordinary least squares regression (OLSR)
|
||||
Linear regression
|
||||
Stepwise regression
|
||||
Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
|
||||
Regularization algorithm
|
||||
Ridge regression
|
||||
Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)
|
||||
Elastic net
|
||||
Least-angle regression (LARS)
|
||||
Classifiers
|
||||
Probabilistic classifier
|
||||
Naive Bayes classifier
|
||||
Binary classifier
|
||||
Linear classifier
|
||||
Hierarchical classifier
|
||||
|
||||
=== Dimensionality reduction ===
|
||||
Dimensionality reduction
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical correlation analysis (CCA)
|
||||
Factor analysis
|
||||
Feature extraction
|
||||
Feature selection
|
||||
Independent component analysis (ICA)
|
||||
Linear discriminant analysis (LDA)
|
||||
Multidimensional scaling (MDS)
|
||||
Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF)
|
||||
Partial least squares regression (PLSR)
|
||||
Principal component analysis (PCA)
|
||||
Principal component regression (PCR)
|
||||
Projection pursuit
|
||||
Sammon mapping
|
||||
t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ensemble learning ===
|
||||
Ensemble learning
|
||||
|
||||
AdaBoost
|
||||
Boosting
|
||||
Bootstrap aggregating (also "bagging" or "bootstrapping")
|
||||
Ensemble averaging
|
||||
Gradient boosted decision tree (GBDT)
|
||||
Gradient boosting
|
||||
Random Forest
|
||||
Stacked Generalization
|
||||
|
||||
=== Meta-learning ===
|
||||
Meta-learning
|
||||
|
||||
Inductive bias
|
||||
Metadata
|
||||
|
||||
=== Reinforcement learning ===
|
||||
Reinforcement learning
|
||||
|
||||
Q-learning
|
||||
State–action–reward–state–action (SARSA)
|
||||
Temporal difference learning (TD)
|
||||
Learning Automata
|
||||
|
||||
=== Supervised learning ===
|
||||
Supervised learning
|
||||
|
||||
Averaged one-dependence estimators (AODE)
|
||||
Artificial neural network
|
||||
Case-based reasoning
|
||||
Gaussian process regression
|
||||
Gene expression programming
|
||||
Group method of data handling (GMDH)
|
||||
Inductive logic programming
|
||||
Instance-based learning
|
||||
Lazy learning
|
||||
Learning Automata
|
||||
Learning Vector Quantization
|
||||
Logistic Model Tree
|
||||
Minimum message length (decision trees, decision graphs, etc.)
|
||||
Nearest Neighbor Algorithm
|
||||
Analogical modeling
|
||||
Probably approximately correct learning (PAC) learning
|
||||
Ripple down rules, a knowledge acquisition methodology
|
||||
Symbolic machine learning algorithms
|
||||
Support vector machines
|
||||
Random Forests
|
||||
Ensembles of classifiers
|
||||
Bootstrap aggregating (bagging)
|
||||
Boosting (meta-algorithm)
|
||||
Ordinal classification
|
||||
Conditional Random Field
|
||||
ANOVA
|
||||
Quadratic classifiers
|
||||
k-nearest neighbor
|
||||
Boosting
|
||||
SPRINT
|
||||
Bayesian networks
|
||||
Naive Bayes
|
||||
Hidden Markov models
|
||||
Hierarchical hidden Markov model
|
||||
|
||||
==== Bayesian ====
|
||||
Bayesian statistics
|
||||
|
||||
Bayesian knowledge base
|
||||
Naive Bayes
|
||||
Gaussian Naive Bayes
|
||||
Multinomial Naive Bayes
|
||||
Averaged One-Dependence Estimators (AODE)
|
||||
Bayesian Belief Network (BBN)
|
||||
Bayesian Network (BN)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Decision tree algorithms ====
|
||||
Decision tree algorithm
|
||||
|
||||
Decision tree
|
||||
Classification and regression tree (CART)
|
||||
Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3)
|
||||
C4.5 algorithm
|
||||
C5.0 algorithm
|
||||
Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID)
|
||||
Decision stump
|
||||
Conditional decision tree
|
||||
ID3 algorithm
|
||||
Random forest
|
||||
SLIQ
|
||||
|
||||
==== Linear classifier ====
|
||||
Linear classifier
|
||||
|
||||
Fisher's linear discriminant
|
||||
Linear regression
|
||||
Logistic regression
|
||||
Multinomial logistic regression
|
||||
Naive Bayes classifier
|
||||
Perceptron
|
||||
Support vector machine
|
||||
|
||||
=== Unsupervised learning ===
|
||||
Unsupervised learning
|
||||
|
||||
Expectation-maximization algorithm
|
||||
Vector Quantization
|
||||
Generative topographic map
|
||||
Information bottleneck method
|
||||
Association rule learning algorithms
|
||||
Apriori algorithm
|
||||
Eclat algorithm
|
||||
|
||||
==== Artificial neural networks ====
|
||||
Artificial neural network
|
||||
|
||||
Feedforward neural network
|
||||
Extreme learning machine
|
||||
Convolutional neural network
|
||||
Recurrent neural network
|
||||
Long short-term memory (LSTM)
|
||||
Logic learning machine
|
||||
Self-organizing map
|
||||
|
||||
==== Association rule learning ====
|
||||
Association rule learning
|
||||
|
||||
Apriori algorithm
|
||||
Eclat algorithm
|
||||
FP-growth algorithm
|
||||
|
||||
==== Hierarchical clustering ====
|
||||
Hierarchical clustering
|
||||
|
||||
Single-linkage clustering
|
||||
Conceptual clustering
|
||||
|
||||
==== Cluster analysis ====
|
||||
Cluster analysis
|
||||
|
||||
BIRCH
|
||||
DBSCAN
|
||||
Expectation–maximization (EM)
|
||||
Fuzzy clustering
|
||||
Hierarchical clustering
|
||||
k-means clustering
|
||||
k-medians
|
||||
Mean-shift
|
||||
OPTICS algorithm
|
||||
|
||||
==== Anomaly detection ====
|
||||
Anomaly detection
|
||||
|
||||
k-nearest neighbors algorithm (k-NN)
|
||||
Local outlier factor
|
||||
|
||||
=== Semi-supervised learning ===
|
||||
Semi-supervised learning
|
||||
|
||||
Active learning
|
||||
Generative models
|
||||
Low-density separation
|
||||
Graph-based methods
|
||||
Co-training
|
||||
Transduction
|
||||
|
||||
=== Deep learning ===
|
||||
Deep learning
|
||||
|
||||
Deep belief networks
|
||||
Deep Boltzmann machines
|
||||
Deep Convolutional neural networks
|
||||
Deep Recurrent neural networks
|
||||
Hierarchical temporal memory
|
||||
Generative Adversarial Network
|
||||
Style transfer
|
||||
Transformer
|
||||
Stacked Auto-Encoders
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other machine learning methods and problems ===
|
||||
Anomaly detection
|
||||
Association rules
|
||||
Bias-variance dilemma
|
||||
Classification
|
||||
Multi-label classification
|
||||
Clustering
|
||||
Data Pre-processing
|
||||
Empirical risk minimization
|
||||
Feature engineering
|
||||
Feature learning
|
||||
Learning to rank
|
||||
Occam learning
|
||||
Online machine learning
|
||||
PAC learning
|
||||
Regression
|
||||
Reinforcement Learning
|
||||
Semi-supervised learning
|
||||
Statistical learning
|
||||
Structured prediction
|
||||
Graphical models
|
||||
Bayesian network
|
||||
Conditional random field (CRF)
|
||||
Hidden Markov model (HMM)
|
||||
Unsupervised learning
|
||||
VC theory
|
||||
|
||||
== Machine learning research ==
|
||||
List of artificial intelligence projects
|
||||
List of datasets for machine learning research
|
||||
|
||||
== History of machine learning ==
|
||||
History of machine learning
|
||||
198
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-1.md
Normal file
198
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-1.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of machine learning"
|
||||
chunk: 2/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Timeline of machine learning
|
||||
|
||||
== Machine learning projects ==
|
||||
Machine learning projects:
|
||||
|
||||
DeepMind
|
||||
Google Brain
|
||||
OpenAI
|
||||
Meta AI
|
||||
Hugging Face
|
||||
|
||||
== Machine learning organizations ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Machine learning conferences and workshops ===
|
||||
Artificial Intelligence and Security (AISec) (co-located workshop with CCS)
|
||||
Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)
|
||||
ECML PKDD
|
||||
International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)
|
||||
ML4ALL (Machine Learning For All)
|
||||
|
||||
== Machine learning publications ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Books on machine learning ===
|
||||
Mathematics for Machine Learning
|
||||
Hands-On Machine Learning Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow
|
||||
The Hundred-Page Machine Learning Book
|
||||
|
||||
=== Machine learning journals ===
|
||||
Machine Learning
|
||||
Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR)
|
||||
Neural Computation
|
||||
|
||||
== Persons influential in machine learning ==
|
||||
Alberto Broggi
|
||||
Andrei Knyazev
|
||||
Andrew McCallum
|
||||
Andrew Ng
|
||||
Anuraag Jain
|
||||
Armin B. Cremers
|
||||
Ayanna Howard
|
||||
Barney Pell
|
||||
Ben Goertzel
|
||||
Ben Taskar
|
||||
Bernhard Schölkopf
|
||||
Brian D. Ripley
|
||||
Christopher G. Atkeson
|
||||
Corinna Cortes
|
||||
Demis Hassabis
|
||||
Douglas Lenat
|
||||
Eric Xing
|
||||
Ernst Dickmanns
|
||||
Geoffrey Hinton
|
||||
Hans-Peter Kriegel
|
||||
Hartmut Neven
|
||||
Heikki Mannila
|
||||
Ian Goodfellow
|
||||
Jacek M. Zurada
|
||||
Jaime Carbonell
|
||||
Jeremy Slovak
|
||||
Jerome H. Friedman
|
||||
John D. Lafferty
|
||||
John Platt
|
||||
Julie Beth Lovins
|
||||
Jürgen Schmidhuber
|
||||
Karl Steinbuch
|
||||
Katia Sycara
|
||||
Leo Breiman
|
||||
Lise Getoor
|
||||
Luca Maria Gambardella
|
||||
Léon Bottou
|
||||
Marcus Hutter
|
||||
Mehryar Mohri
|
||||
Michael Collins
|
||||
Michael I. Jordan
|
||||
Michael L. Littman
|
||||
Nando de Freitas
|
||||
Ofer Dekel
|
||||
Oren Etzioni
|
||||
Pedro Domingos
|
||||
Peter Flach
|
||||
Pierre Baldi
|
||||
Pushmeet Kohli
|
||||
Ray Kurzweil
|
||||
Rayid Ghani
|
||||
Ross Quinlan
|
||||
Salvatore J. Stolfo
|
||||
Sebastian Thrun
|
||||
Selmer Bringsjord
|
||||
Sepp Hochreiter
|
||||
Shane Legg
|
||||
Stephen Muggleton
|
||||
Steve Omohundro
|
||||
Tom M. Mitchell
|
||||
Trevor Hastie
|
||||
Vasant Honavar
|
||||
Vladimir Vapnik
|
||||
Yann LeCun
|
||||
Yasuo Matsuyama
|
||||
Yoshua Bengio
|
||||
Zoubin Ghahramani
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Outline of artificial intelligence
|
||||
Outline of computer vision
|
||||
Outline of deep learning
|
||||
Outline of robotics
|
||||
Accuracy paradox
|
||||
Action model learning
|
||||
Activation function
|
||||
Activity recognition
|
||||
ADALINE
|
||||
Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system
|
||||
Adaptive resonance theory
|
||||
Additive smoothing
|
||||
Adjusted mutual information
|
||||
AIVA
|
||||
AIXI
|
||||
AlchemyAPI
|
||||
AlexNet
|
||||
Algorithm selection
|
||||
Algorithmic inference
|
||||
Algorithmic learning theory
|
||||
AlphaGo
|
||||
AlphaGo Zero
|
||||
Alternating decision tree
|
||||
Apprenticeship learning
|
||||
Causal Markov condition
|
||||
Competitive learning
|
||||
Concept learning
|
||||
Decision tree learning
|
||||
Differentiable programming
|
||||
Distribution learning theory
|
||||
Eager learning
|
||||
End-to-end reinforcement learning
|
||||
Error tolerance (PAC learning)
|
||||
Explanation-based learning
|
||||
Feature
|
||||
GloVe
|
||||
Hyperparameter
|
||||
Inferential theory of learning
|
||||
Learning automata
|
||||
Learning classifier system
|
||||
Learning rule
|
||||
Learning with errors
|
||||
M-Theory (learning framework)
|
||||
Machine learning control
|
||||
Machine learning in bioinformatics
|
||||
Margin
|
||||
Markov chain geostatistics
|
||||
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
|
||||
Markov information source
|
||||
Markov logic network
|
||||
Markov model
|
||||
Markov random field
|
||||
Markovian discrimination
|
||||
Maximum-entropy Markov model
|
||||
Multi-armed bandit
|
||||
Multi-task learning
|
||||
Multilinear subspace learning
|
||||
Multimodal learning
|
||||
Multiple instance learning
|
||||
Multiple-instance learning
|
||||
Never-Ending Language Learning
|
||||
Offline learning
|
||||
Parity learning
|
||||
Population-based incremental learning
|
||||
Predictive learning
|
||||
Preference learning
|
||||
Proactive learning
|
||||
Proximal gradient methods for learning
|
||||
Semantic analysis
|
||||
Similarity learning
|
||||
Sparse dictionary learning
|
||||
Stability (learning theory)
|
||||
Statistical learning theory
|
||||
Statistical relational learning
|
||||
Tanagra
|
||||
Transfer learning
|
||||
Variable-order Markov model
|
||||
Version space learning
|
||||
Waffles
|
||||
Weka
|
||||
Loss function
|
||||
Loss functions for classification
|
||||
Mean squared error (MSE)
|
||||
Mean squared prediction error (MSPE)
|
||||
Taguchi loss function
|
||||
Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy
|
||||
472
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-2.md
Normal file
472
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-2.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of machine learning"
|
||||
chunk: 3/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other ===
|
||||
Anne O'Tate
|
||||
Ant colony optimization algorithms
|
||||
Anthony Levandowski
|
||||
Anti-unification (computer science)
|
||||
Apache Flume
|
||||
Apache Giraph
|
||||
Apache Mahout
|
||||
Apache SINGA
|
||||
Apache Spark
|
||||
Apache SystemML
|
||||
Aphelion (software)
|
||||
Arabic Speech Corpus
|
||||
Archetypal analysis
|
||||
Arthur Zimek
|
||||
Artificial ants
|
||||
Artificial bee colony algorithm
|
||||
Artificial development
|
||||
Artificial immune system
|
||||
Astrostatistics
|
||||
Averaged one-dependence estimators
|
||||
Bag-of-words model
|
||||
Balanced clustering
|
||||
Ball tree
|
||||
Base rate
|
||||
Bat algorithm
|
||||
Baum–Welch algorithm
|
||||
Bayesian hierarchical modeling
|
||||
Bayesian interpretation of kernel regularization
|
||||
Bayesian optimization
|
||||
Bayesian structural time series
|
||||
Bees algorithm
|
||||
Behavioral clustering
|
||||
Bernoulli scheme
|
||||
Bias–variance tradeoff
|
||||
Biclustering
|
||||
BigML
|
||||
Binary classification
|
||||
Bing Predicts
|
||||
Bio-inspired computing
|
||||
Biogeography-based optimization
|
||||
Biplot
|
||||
Bondy's theorem
|
||||
Bongard problem
|
||||
Bradley–Terry model
|
||||
BrownBoost
|
||||
Brown clustering
|
||||
Burst error
|
||||
CBCL (MIT)
|
||||
CIML community portal
|
||||
CMA-ES
|
||||
CURE data clustering algorithm
|
||||
Cache language model
|
||||
Calibration (statistics)
|
||||
Canonical correspondence analysis
|
||||
Canopy clustering algorithm
|
||||
Cascading classifiers
|
||||
Category utility
|
||||
CellCognition
|
||||
Cellular evolutionary algorithm
|
||||
Chi-square automatic interaction detection
|
||||
Chromosome (genetic algorithm)
|
||||
Classifier chains
|
||||
Cleverbot
|
||||
Clonal selection algorithm
|
||||
Cluster-weighted modeling
|
||||
Clustering high-dimensional data
|
||||
Clustering illusion
|
||||
CoBoosting
|
||||
Cobweb (clustering)
|
||||
Cognitive computer
|
||||
Cognitive robotics
|
||||
Collostructional analysis
|
||||
Common-method variance
|
||||
Complete-linkage clustering
|
||||
Computer-automated design
|
||||
Concept class
|
||||
Concept drift
|
||||
Conference on Artificial General Intelligence
|
||||
Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
|
||||
Confirmatory factor analysis
|
||||
Confusion matrix
|
||||
Congruence coefficient
|
||||
Connect (computer system)
|
||||
Consensus clustering
|
||||
Constrained clustering
|
||||
Constrained conditional model
|
||||
Constructive cooperative coevolution
|
||||
Correlation clustering
|
||||
Correspondence analysis
|
||||
Cortica
|
||||
Coupled pattern learner
|
||||
Cross-entropy method
|
||||
Cross-validation (statistics)
|
||||
Crossover (genetic algorithm)
|
||||
Cuckoo search
|
||||
Cultural algorithm
|
||||
Cultural consensus theory
|
||||
Curse of dimensionality
|
||||
DADiSP
|
||||
DARPA LAGR Program
|
||||
Darkforest
|
||||
Dartmouth workshop
|
||||
DarwinTunes
|
||||
Data Mining Extensions
|
||||
Data exploration
|
||||
Data pre-processing
|
||||
Data stream clustering
|
||||
Dataiku
|
||||
Davies–Bouldin index
|
||||
Decision boundary
|
||||
Decision list
|
||||
Decision tree model
|
||||
Deductive classifier
|
||||
DeepArt
|
||||
DeepDream
|
||||
Deep Web Technologies
|
||||
Defining length
|
||||
Dendrogram
|
||||
Dependability state model
|
||||
Detailed balance
|
||||
Determining the number of clusters in a data set
|
||||
Detrended correspondence analysis
|
||||
Developmental robotics
|
||||
Diffbot
|
||||
Differential evolution
|
||||
Discrete phase-type distribution
|
||||
Discriminative model
|
||||
Dissociated press
|
||||
Distributed R
|
||||
Dlib
|
||||
Document classification
|
||||
Documenting Hate
|
||||
Domain adaptation
|
||||
Doubly stochastic model
|
||||
Dual-phase evolution
|
||||
Dunn index
|
||||
Dynamic Bayesian network
|
||||
Dynamic Markov compression
|
||||
Dynamic topic model
|
||||
Dynamic unobserved effects model
|
||||
EDLUT
|
||||
ELKI
|
||||
Edge recombination operator
|
||||
Effective fitness
|
||||
Elastic map
|
||||
Elastic matching
|
||||
Elbow method (clustering)
|
||||
Emergent (software)
|
||||
Encog
|
||||
Entropy rate
|
||||
Erkki Oja
|
||||
Eurisko
|
||||
European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
|
||||
Evaluation of binary classifiers
|
||||
Evolution strategy
|
||||
Evolution window
|
||||
Evolutionary Algorithm for Landmark Detection
|
||||
Evolutionary algorithm
|
||||
Evolutionary art
|
||||
Evolutionary music
|
||||
Evolutionary programming
|
||||
Evolvability (computer science)
|
||||
Evolved antenna
|
||||
Evolver (software)
|
||||
Evolving classification function
|
||||
Expectation propagation
|
||||
Exploratory factor analysis
|
||||
F1 score
|
||||
FLAME clustering
|
||||
Factor analysis of mixed data
|
||||
Factor graph
|
||||
Factor regression model
|
||||
Factored language model
|
||||
Farthest-first traversal
|
||||
Fast-and-frugal trees
|
||||
Feature Selection Toolbox
|
||||
Feature hashing
|
||||
Feature scaling
|
||||
Feature vector
|
||||
Firefly algorithm
|
||||
First-difference estimator
|
||||
First-order inductive learner
|
||||
Fish School Search
|
||||
Fisher kernel
|
||||
Fitness approximation
|
||||
Fitness function
|
||||
Fitness proportionate selection
|
||||
Fluentd
|
||||
Folding@home
|
||||
Formal concept analysis
|
||||
Forward algorithm
|
||||
Fowlkes–Mallows index
|
||||
Frederick Jelinek
|
||||
Frrole
|
||||
Functional principal component analysis
|
||||
GATTO
|
||||
GLIMMER
|
||||
Gary Bryce Fogel
|
||||
Gaussian adaptation
|
||||
Gaussian process
|
||||
Gaussian process emulator
|
||||
Gene prediction
|
||||
General Architecture for Text Engineering
|
||||
Generalization error
|
||||
Generalized canonical correlation
|
||||
Generalized filtering
|
||||
Generalized iterative scaling
|
||||
Generalized multidimensional scaling
|
||||
Generative adversarial network
|
||||
Generative model
|
||||
Genetic algorithm
|
||||
Genetic algorithm scheduling
|
||||
Genetic algorithms in economics
|
||||
Genetic fuzzy systems
|
||||
Genetic memory (computer science)
|
||||
Genetic operator
|
||||
Genetic programming
|
||||
Genetic representation
|
||||
Geographical cluster
|
||||
Gesture Description Language
|
||||
Geworkbench
|
||||
Glossary of artificial intelligence
|
||||
Glottochronology
|
||||
Golem (ILP)
|
||||
Google matrix
|
||||
Grafting (decision trees)
|
||||
Gramian matrix
|
||||
Grammatical evolution
|
||||
Granular computing
|
||||
GraphLab
|
||||
Graph kernel
|
||||
Gremlin (programming language)
|
||||
Growth function
|
||||
HUMANT (HUManoid ANT) algorithm
|
||||
Hammersley–Clifford theorem
|
||||
Harmony search
|
||||
Hebbian theory
|
||||
Hidden Markov random field
|
||||
Hidden semi-Markov model
|
||||
Hierarchical hidden Markov model
|
||||
Higher-order factor analysis
|
||||
Highway network
|
||||
Hinge loss
|
||||
Holland's schema theorem
|
||||
Hopkins statistic
|
||||
Hoshen–Kopelman algorithm
|
||||
Huber loss
|
||||
IRCF360
|
||||
Ian Goodfellow
|
||||
Ilastik
|
||||
Ilya Sutskever
|
||||
Immunocomputing
|
||||
Imperialist competitive algorithm
|
||||
Inauthentic text
|
||||
Incremental decision tree
|
||||
Induction of regular languages
|
||||
Inductive bias
|
||||
Inductive probability
|
||||
Inductive programming
|
||||
Influence diagram
|
||||
Information Harvesting
|
||||
Information gain in decision trees
|
||||
Information gain ratio
|
||||
Inheritance (genetic algorithm)
|
||||
Instance selection
|
||||
Intel RealSense
|
||||
Interacting particle system
|
||||
Interactive machine translation
|
||||
International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
|
||||
International Meeting on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics
|
||||
International Semantic Web Conference
|
||||
Iris flower data set
|
||||
Island algorithm
|
||||
Isotropic position
|
||||
Item response theory
|
||||
Iterative Viterbi decoding
|
||||
JOONE
|
||||
Jabberwacky
|
||||
Jaccard index
|
||||
Jackknife variance estimates for random forest
|
||||
Java Grammatical Evolution
|
||||
Joseph Nechvatal
|
||||
Jubatus
|
||||
Julia (programming language)
|
||||
Junction tree algorithm
|
||||
k-SVD
|
||||
k-means++
|
||||
k-medians clustering
|
||||
k-medoids
|
||||
KNIME
|
||||
KXEN Inc. k q-flats
|
||||
Kaggle
|
||||
Kalman filter
|
||||
Katz's back-off model
|
||||
Kernel adaptive filter
|
||||
Kernel density estimation
|
||||
Kernel eigenvoice
|
||||
Kernel embedding of distributions
|
||||
Kernel method
|
||||
Kernel perceptron
|
||||
Kernel random forest
|
||||
Kinect
|
||||
Klaus-Robert Müller
|
||||
Kneser–Ney smoothing
|
||||
Knowledge Vault
|
||||
Knowledge integration
|
||||
LIBSVM
|
||||
LPBoost
|
||||
Labeled data
|
||||
LanguageWare
|
||||
Language identification in the limit
|
||||
Language model
|
||||
Large margin nearest neighbor
|
||||
Latent Dirichlet allocation
|
||||
Latent class model
|
||||
Latent semantic analysis
|
||||
Latent variable
|
||||
Latent variable model
|
||||
Lattice Miner
|
||||
Layered hidden Markov model
|
||||
Learnable function class
|
||||
Least squares support vector machine
|
||||
Leslie P. Kaelbling
|
||||
Linear genetic programming
|
||||
Linear predictor function
|
||||
Linear separability
|
||||
Linkurious
|
||||
Lior Ron (business executive)
|
||||
List of genetic algorithm applications
|
||||
List of metaphor-based metaheuristics
|
||||
List of text mining software
|
||||
Local case-control sampling
|
||||
Local independence
|
||||
Local tangent space alignment
|
||||
Locality-sensitive hashing
|
||||
Log-linear model
|
||||
Logistic model tree
|
||||
Low-rank approximation
|
||||
Low-rank matrix approximations
|
||||
MATLAB
|
||||
MIMIC (immunology)
|
||||
MXNet
|
||||
Mallet (software project)
|
||||
Manifold regularization
|
||||
Margin-infused relaxed algorithm
|
||||
Margin classifier
|
||||
Mark V. Shaney
|
||||
Massive Online Analysis
|
||||
Matrix regularization
|
||||
Matthews correlation coefficient
|
||||
Mean shift
|
||||
Mean squared error
|
||||
Mean squared prediction error
|
||||
Measurement invariance
|
||||
Medoid
|
||||
MeeMix
|
||||
Melomics
|
||||
Memetic algorithm
|
||||
Meta-optimization
|
||||
Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence
|
||||
Michael Kearns (computer scientist)
|
||||
MinHash
|
||||
Mixture model
|
||||
Mlpy
|
||||
Models of DNA evolution
|
||||
Moral graph
|
||||
Mountain car problem
|
||||
Movidius
|
||||
Multi-armed bandit
|
||||
Multi-label classification
|
||||
Multi expression programming
|
||||
Multiclass classification
|
||||
Multidimensional analysis
|
||||
Multifactor dimensionality reduction
|
||||
Multilinear principal component analysis
|
||||
Multiple correspondence analysis
|
||||
Multiple discriminant analysis
|
||||
Multiple factor analysis
|
||||
Multiple sequence alignment
|
||||
Multiplicative weight update method
|
||||
Multispectral pattern recognition
|
||||
Mutation (genetic algorithm)
|
||||
N-gram
|
||||
NOMINATE (scaling method)
|
||||
Native-language identification
|
||||
Natural Language Toolkit
|
||||
Natural evolution strategy
|
||||
Nearest-neighbor chain algorithm
|
||||
Nearest centroid classifier
|
||||
Nearest neighbor search
|
||||
Neighbor joining
|
||||
Nest Labs
|
||||
NetMiner
|
||||
NetOwl
|
||||
Neural Designer
|
||||
Neural Engineering Object
|
||||
Neural modeling fields
|
||||
Neural network software
|
||||
NeuroSolutions
|
||||
Neuroevolution
|
||||
Neuroph
|
||||
Niki.ai
|
||||
Noisy channel model
|
||||
Noisy text analytics
|
||||
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
|
||||
Novelty detection
|
||||
Nuisance variable
|
||||
One-class classification
|
||||
Onnx
|
||||
OpenNLP
|
||||
Optimal discriminant analysis
|
||||
Oracle Data Mining
|
||||
Orange (software)
|
||||
Ordination (statistics)
|
||||
Overfitting
|
||||
PROGOL
|
||||
PSIPRED
|
||||
Pachinko allocation
|
||||
PageRank
|
||||
Parallel metaheuristic
|
||||
Parity benchmark
|
||||
Part-of-speech tagging
|
||||
Particle swarm optimization
|
||||
Path dependence
|
||||
Pattern language (formal languages)
|
||||
Peltarion Synapse
|
||||
Perplexity
|
||||
Persian Speech Corpus
|
||||
Pietro Perona
|
||||
Pipeline Pilot
|
||||
Piranha (software)
|
||||
Pitman–Yor process
|
||||
Plate notation
|
||||
Polynomial kernel
|
||||
Pop music automation
|
||||
Population process
|
||||
Portable Format for Analytics
|
||||
Predictive Model Markup Language
|
||||
Predictive state representation
|
||||
Preference regression
|
||||
Premature convergence
|
||||
Principal geodesic analysis
|
||||
Prior knowledge for pattern recognition
|
||||
Prisma (app)
|
||||
Probabilistic Action Cores
|
||||
Probabilistic context-free grammar
|
||||
Probabilistic latent semantic analysis
|
||||
Probabilistic soft logic
|
||||
Probability matching
|
||||
Probit model
|
||||
Product of experts
|
||||
Programming with Big Data in R
|
||||
Proper generalized decomposition
|
||||
Pruning (decision trees)
|
||||
Pushpak Bhattacharyya
|
||||
Q methodology
|
||||
Qloo
|
||||
Quality control and genetic algorithms
|
||||
Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab
|
||||
Queueing theory
|
||||
Quick, Draw!
|
||||
153
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-3.md
Normal file
153
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-3.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of machine learning"
|
||||
chunk: 4/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
R (programming language)
|
||||
Rada Mihalcea
|
||||
Rademacher complexity
|
||||
Radial basis function kernel
|
||||
Rand index
|
||||
Random indexing
|
||||
Random projection
|
||||
Random subspace method
|
||||
Ranking SVM
|
||||
RapidMiner
|
||||
Rattle GUI
|
||||
Raymond Cattell
|
||||
Reasoning system
|
||||
Regularization perspectives on support vector machines
|
||||
Relational data mining
|
||||
Relationship square
|
||||
Relevance vector machine
|
||||
Relief (feature selection)
|
||||
Renjin
|
||||
Repertory grid
|
||||
Representer theorem
|
||||
Reward-based selection
|
||||
Richard Zemel
|
||||
Right to explanation
|
||||
RoboEarth
|
||||
Robust principal component analysis
|
||||
RuleML Symposium
|
||||
Rule induction
|
||||
Rules extraction system family
|
||||
SAS (software)
|
||||
SNNS
|
||||
SPSS Modeler
|
||||
SUBCLU
|
||||
Sample complexity
|
||||
Sample exclusion dimension
|
||||
Santa Fe Trail problem
|
||||
Savi Technology
|
||||
Schema (genetic algorithms)
|
||||
Search-based software engineering
|
||||
Selection (genetic algorithm)
|
||||
Self-Service Semantic Suite
|
||||
Semantic folding
|
||||
Semantic mapping (statistics)
|
||||
Semidefinite embedding
|
||||
Sense Networks
|
||||
Sensorium Project
|
||||
Sequence labeling
|
||||
Sequential minimal optimization
|
||||
Shattered set
|
||||
Shogun (toolbox)
|
||||
Silhouette (clustering)
|
||||
SimHash
|
||||
SimRank
|
||||
Similarity measure
|
||||
Simple matching coefficient
|
||||
Simultaneous localization and mapping
|
||||
Sinkov statistic
|
||||
Sliced inverse regression
|
||||
Snakes and Ladders
|
||||
Soft independent modelling of class analogies
|
||||
Soft output Viterbi algorithm
|
||||
Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference
|
||||
SolveIT Software
|
||||
Spectral clustering
|
||||
Spike-and-slab variable selection
|
||||
Statistical machine translation
|
||||
Statistical parsing
|
||||
Statistical semantics
|
||||
Stefano Soatto
|
||||
Stephen Wolfram
|
||||
Stochastic block model
|
||||
Stochastic cellular automaton
|
||||
Stochastic diffusion search
|
||||
Stochastic grammar
|
||||
Stochastic matrix
|
||||
Stochastic universal sampling
|
||||
Stress majorization
|
||||
String kernel
|
||||
Structural equation modeling
|
||||
Structural risk minimization
|
||||
Structured sparsity regularization
|
||||
Structured support vector machine
|
||||
Subclass reachability
|
||||
Sufficient dimension reduction
|
||||
Sukhotin's algorithm
|
||||
Sum of absolute differences
|
||||
Sum of absolute transformed differences
|
||||
Swarm intelligence
|
||||
Switching Kalman filter
|
||||
Symbolic regression
|
||||
Synchronous context-free grammar
|
||||
Syntactic pattern recognition
|
||||
TD-Gammon
|
||||
TIMIT
|
||||
Teaching dimension
|
||||
Teuvo Kohonen
|
||||
Textual case-based reasoning
|
||||
Theory of conjoint measurement
|
||||
Thomas G. Dietterich
|
||||
Thurstonian model
|
||||
Topic model
|
||||
Tournament selection
|
||||
Training, test, and validation sets
|
||||
Transiogram
|
||||
Trax Image Recognition
|
||||
Trigram tagger
|
||||
Truncation selection
|
||||
Tucker decomposition
|
||||
UIMA
|
||||
UPGMA
|
||||
Ugly duckling theorem
|
||||
Uncertain data
|
||||
Uniform convergence in probability
|
||||
Unique negative dimension
|
||||
Universal portfolio algorithm
|
||||
User behavior analytics
|
||||
VC dimension
|
||||
VIGRA
|
||||
Validation set
|
||||
Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory
|
||||
Variable-order Bayesian network
|
||||
Variable kernel density estimation
|
||||
Variable rules analysis
|
||||
Variational message passing
|
||||
Varimax rotation
|
||||
Vector quantization
|
||||
Vicarious (company)
|
||||
Viterbi algorithm
|
||||
Vowpal Wabbit
|
||||
WACA clustering algorithm
|
||||
WPGMA
|
||||
Ward's method
|
||||
Weasel program
|
||||
Whitening transformation
|
||||
Winnow (algorithm)
|
||||
Win–stay, lose–switch
|
||||
Witness set
|
||||
Wolfram Language
|
||||
Wolfram Mathematica
|
||||
Writer invariant
|
||||
Xgboost
|
||||
Yooreeka
|
||||
Zeroth (software)
|
||||
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-4.md
Normal file
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-4.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of machine learning"
|
||||
chunk: 5/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani and Jerome H. Friedman (2001). The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer. ISBN 0-387-95284-5.
|
||||
Pedro Domingos (September 2015), The Master Algorithm, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-06570-7
|
||||
Mehryar Mohri, Afshin Rostamizadeh, Ameet Talwalkar (2012). Foundations of Machine Learning, The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01825-8.
|
||||
Ian H. Witten and Eibe Frank (2011). Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques Morgan Kaufmann, 664pp., ISBN 978-0-12-374856-0.
|
||||
David J. C. MacKay. Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-64298-1
|
||||
Richard O. Duda, Peter E. Hart, David G. Stork (2001) Pattern classification (2nd edition), Wiley, New York, ISBN 0-471-05669-3.
|
||||
Christopher Bishop (1995). Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853864-2.
|
||||
Vladimir Vapnik (1998). Statistical Learning Theory. Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-03003-1.
|
||||
Ray Solomonoff, An Inductive Inference Machine, IRE Convention Record, Section on Information Theory, Part 2, pp., 56–62, 1957.
|
||||
Ray Solomonoff, "An Inductive Inference Machine" A privately circulated report from the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on AI.
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
Data Science: Data to Insights from MIT (machine learning)
|
||||
Popular online course by Andrew Ng, at Coursera. It uses GNU Octave. The course is a free version of Stanford University's actual course taught by Ng, see.stanford.edu/Course/CS229 available for free].
|
||||
mloss is an academic database of open-source machine learning software.
|
||||
302
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering-0.md
Normal file
302
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of software engineering"
|
||||
chunk: 1/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:27.296851+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to software engineering:
|
||||
Software engineering – application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is the application of engineering to software.
|
||||
The ACM Computing Classification system is a poly-hierarchical ontology that organizes the topics of the field and can be used in semantic web applications and as a de facto standard classification system for the field. The major section "Software and its Engineering" provides an outline and ontology for software engineering.
|
||||
|
||||
== Software applications ==
|
||||
Software engineers build software (applications, operating systems, system software) that people use.
|
||||
Applications influence software engineering by pressuring developers to solve problems in new ways. For example, consumer software emphasizes low cost, medical software emphasizes high quality, and Internet commerce software emphasizes rapid development.
|
||||
|
||||
Business software
|
||||
Accounting software
|
||||
Analytics
|
||||
Data mining closely related to database
|
||||
Decision support systems
|
||||
Airline reservations
|
||||
Banking
|
||||
Automated teller machines
|
||||
Cheque processing
|
||||
Credit cards
|
||||
Commerce
|
||||
Trade
|
||||
Auctions (e.g. eBay)
|
||||
Reverse auctions (procurement)
|
||||
Bar code scanners
|
||||
Compilers
|
||||
Parsers
|
||||
Compiler optimization
|
||||
Interpreters
|
||||
Linkers
|
||||
Loaders
|
||||
Communication
|
||||
E-mail
|
||||
Instant messengers
|
||||
VOIP
|
||||
Calendars — scheduling and coordinating
|
||||
Contact managers
|
||||
Computer graphics
|
||||
Animation
|
||||
Special effects for video and film
|
||||
Editing
|
||||
Post-processing
|
||||
Cryptography
|
||||
Databases, support almost every field
|
||||
Embedded systems Both software engineers and traditional engineers write software control systems for embedded products.
|
||||
Automotive software
|
||||
Avionics software
|
||||
Heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) software
|
||||
Medical device software
|
||||
Telephony
|
||||
Telemetry
|
||||
Engineering All traditional engineering branches use software extensively. Engineers use spreadsheets, more than they ever used calculators. Engineers use custom software tools to design, analyze, and simulate their own projects, like bridges and power lines. These projects resemble software in many respects, because the work exists as electronic documents and goes through analysis, design, implementation, and testing phases. Software tools for engineers use the tenets of computer science; as well as the tenets of calculus, physics, and chemistry.
|
||||
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
|
||||
Electronic Design Automation (EDA)
|
||||
Numerical Analysis
|
||||
Simulation
|
||||
File
|
||||
FTP
|
||||
File sharing
|
||||
File synchronization
|
||||
Finance
|
||||
Bond market
|
||||
Futures market
|
||||
Stock market
|
||||
Games
|
||||
Poker
|
||||
Multiuser Dungeons
|
||||
Video games
|
||||
Information systems, support almost every field
|
||||
LIS Management of laboratory data
|
||||
MIS Management of financial and personnel data
|
||||
Logistics
|
||||
Supply chain management
|
||||
Manufacturing
|
||||
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
|
||||
Distributed Control Systems (DCS)
|
||||
Music
|
||||
Music sequencers
|
||||
Sound effects
|
||||
Music synthesis
|
||||
Network Management
|
||||
Network management system
|
||||
Element Management System
|
||||
Operations Support System
|
||||
Business Support Systems
|
||||
Networks and Internet
|
||||
Domain Name System
|
||||
Protocols
|
||||
Routers
|
||||
Office suites
|
||||
Word processors
|
||||
Spreadsheets
|
||||
Presentations
|
||||
Operating systems
|
||||
Embedded
|
||||
Graphical
|
||||
Multitasking
|
||||
Real-time
|
||||
Robotics
|
||||
Signal processing, encoding and interpreting signals
|
||||
Image processing, encoding and interpreting visual information
|
||||
Speech processing
|
||||
Text recognition
|
||||
Handwriting recognition
|
||||
Simulation, supports almost every field.
|
||||
Engineering, A software simulation can be cheaper to build and more flexible to change than a physical engineering model.
|
||||
Sciences
|
||||
Sciences
|
||||
Genomics
|
||||
Traffic Control
|
||||
Air traffic control
|
||||
Ship traffic control
|
||||
Road traffic control
|
||||
Training
|
||||
Drill
|
||||
Simulation
|
||||
Testing
|
||||
Visualization, supports almost every field
|
||||
Architecture
|
||||
Engineering
|
||||
Sciences
|
||||
Voting
|
||||
World Wide Web
|
||||
Browsers
|
||||
Servers
|
||||
|
||||
== Software engineering topics ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Programming paradigm, based on a programming language technology ===
|
||||
Object-oriented programming
|
||||
Aspect-oriented programming
|
||||
Functional decomposition
|
||||
Structured programming
|
||||
Rule-based programming
|
||||
|
||||
=== Databases ===
|
||||
Hierarchical
|
||||
Object
|
||||
Relational
|
||||
SQL/XML
|
||||
SQL
|
||||
NoSQL
|
||||
|
||||
=== Graphical user interfaces ===
|
||||
GTK+ GIMP Toolkit
|
||||
wxWidgets
|
||||
Ultimate++
|
||||
Qt toolkit
|
||||
FLTK
|
||||
|
||||
=== Programming tools ===
|
||||
Configuration management and source code management
|
||||
CVS
|
||||
Subversion
|
||||
Git
|
||||
Mercurial
|
||||
RCS
|
||||
GNU Arch
|
||||
LibreSource Synchronizer
|
||||
Team Foundation Server
|
||||
Visual Studio Team Services
|
||||
Build tools
|
||||
Make
|
||||
Rake
|
||||
Cabal
|
||||
Ant
|
||||
CADES
|
||||
Nant
|
||||
Maven
|
||||
Final Builder
|
||||
Gradle
|
||||
Team Foundation Server
|
||||
Visual Studio Team Services
|
||||
Visual Build Pro
|
||||
Editors
|
||||
Integrated development environments (IDEs)
|
||||
Text editors
|
||||
Word processors
|
||||
Parser creation tools
|
||||
Yacc/Bison
|
||||
Static code analysis tools
|
||||
|
||||
=== Libraries ===
|
||||
Component-based software engineering
|
||||
|
||||
=== Design languages ===
|
||||
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Patterns, document many common programming and project management techniques ===
|
||||
Anti-patterns
|
||||
Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
=== Processes and methodologies ===
|
||||
Agile
|
||||
Agile software development
|
||||
Extreme programming
|
||||
Lean software development
|
||||
Rapid application development (RAD)
|
||||
Rational Unified Process
|
||||
Scrum
|
||||
Heavyweight
|
||||
Cleanroom
|
||||
ISO/IEC 12207 — software life cycle processes
|
||||
ISO 9000 and ISO 9001
|
||||
Process Models
|
||||
CMM and CMMI/SCAMPI
|
||||
ISO 15504 (SPICE)
|
||||
Metamodels
|
||||
ISO/IEC 24744
|
||||
SPEM
|
||||
|
||||
=== Platforms ===
|
||||
A platform combines computer hardware and an operating system. As platforms grow more powerful and less costly, applications and tools grow more widely available.
|
||||
|
||||
BREW
|
||||
Cray supercomputers
|
||||
DEC minicomputers
|
||||
IBM mainframes
|
||||
Linux PCs
|
||||
Classic Mac OS and macOS PCs
|
||||
Microsoft .NET
|
||||
Palm PDAs
|
||||
Sun Microsystems Solaris
|
||||
Windows PCs (Wintel)
|
||||
Symbian OS
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other Practices ===
|
||||
Communication
|
||||
Method engineering
|
||||
Pair programming
|
||||
Performance Engineering
|
||||
Programming productivity
|
||||
Refactoring
|
||||
Software inspections/Code reviews
|
||||
Software reuse
|
||||
Systems integration
|
||||
Teamwork
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other tools ===
|
||||
Decision tables
|
||||
Feature
|
||||
User stories
|
||||
Use cases
|
||||
|
||||
=== Computer science topics ===
|
||||
Skilled software engineers know a lot of computer science including what is possible and impossible, and what is easy and hard for software.
|
||||
|
||||
Algorithms, well-defined methods for solving specific problems.
|
||||
Searching
|
||||
Sorting
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
Numerical analysis
|
||||
Compiler theory
|
||||
Yacc/Bison
|
||||
Data structures, well-defined methods for storing and retrieving data.
|
||||
Lists
|
||||
Trees
|
||||
Hash tables
|
||||
Computability, some problems cannot be solved at all
|
||||
List of unsolved problems in computer science
|
||||
Halting problem
|
||||
Complexity, some problems are solvable in principle, yet unsolvable in practice
|
||||
NP completeness
|
||||
Computational complexity theory
|
||||
Formal methods
|
||||
Proof of correctness
|
||||
Program synthesis
|
||||
Adaptive Systems
|
||||
Neural Networks
|
||||
Evolutionary Algorithms
|
||||
|
||||
=== Mathematics topics ===
|
||||
Discrete mathematics is a key foundation of software engineering.
|
||||
|
||||
Number representation
|
||||
Set (computer science)
|
||||
Bags
|
||||
Graphs
|
||||
Sequences
|
||||
Trees
|
||||
Graph (data structure)
|
||||
Logic
|
||||
Deduction
|
||||
First-order logic
|
||||
Higher-order logic
|
||||
Combinatory logic
|
||||
Induction
|
||||
Combinatorics
|
||||
Other
|
||||
|
||||
Domain knowledge
|
||||
Statistics
|
||||
Decision theory
|
||||
Type theory
|
||||
197
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering-1.md
Normal file
197
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering-1.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of software engineering"
|
||||
chunk: 2/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:27.296851+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Life cycle phases ===
|
||||
Development life cycle phase
|
||||
Requirements gathering / analysis
|
||||
Software architecture
|
||||
Computer programming
|
||||
Testing, detects bugs
|
||||
Black box testing
|
||||
White box testing
|
||||
Quality assurance, ensures compliance with process.
|
||||
Product Life cycle phase and Project lifecycle
|
||||
Inception
|
||||
First development
|
||||
Major release
|
||||
Minor release
|
||||
Bug fix release
|
||||
Maintenance
|
||||
Obsolescence
|
||||
Release development stage, near the end of a release cycle
|
||||
Alpha
|
||||
Beta
|
||||
Gold master
|
||||
1.0; 2.0
|
||||
Software development lifecycle
|
||||
Waterfall model — Structured programming and Stepwise refinement
|
||||
SSADM
|
||||
Spiral model — Iterative development
|
||||
V-model
|
||||
Agile software development
|
||||
DSDM
|
||||
Chaos model — Chaos strategy
|
||||
|
||||
=== Deliverables ===
|
||||
Deliverables must be developed for many SE projects. Software engineers rarely make all of these deliverables themselves. They usually cooperate with the writers, trainers, installers, marketers, technical support people, and others who make many of these deliverables.
|
||||
|
||||
Application software — the software
|
||||
Database — schemas and data.
|
||||
Documentation, online and/or print, FAQ, Readme, release notes, Help, for each role
|
||||
User
|
||||
Administrator
|
||||
Manager
|
||||
Buyer
|
||||
Administration and Maintenance policy, what should be backed-up, checked, configured, ...
|
||||
Installers
|
||||
Migration
|
||||
Upgrade from previous installations
|
||||
Upgrade from competitor's installations
|
||||
Training materials, for each role
|
||||
User
|
||||
Administrator
|
||||
Manager
|
||||
Buyer
|
||||
Support info for computer support groups.
|
||||
Marketing and sales materials
|
||||
White papers, explain the technologies used in the applications
|
||||
|
||||
=== Business roles ===
|
||||
Operations
|
||||
Users
|
||||
Administrators
|
||||
Managers
|
||||
Buyers
|
||||
Development
|
||||
Analysts
|
||||
Programmers
|
||||
Testers
|
||||
Managers
|
||||
Business
|
||||
Consulting — customization and installation of applications
|
||||
Sales
|
||||
Marketing
|
||||
Legal — contracts, intellectual property rights
|
||||
Privacy and Privacy engineering
|
||||
Support — helping customers use applications
|
||||
Personnel — hiring and training qualified personnel
|
||||
Finance — funding new development
|
||||
Academia
|
||||
Educators
|
||||
Researchers
|
||||
|
||||
=== Management topics ===
|
||||
Leadership
|
||||
Coaching
|
||||
Communication
|
||||
Listening
|
||||
Motivation
|
||||
Vision, SEs are good at this
|
||||
Example, everyone follows a good example best
|
||||
Human resource management
|
||||
Hiring, getting people into an organization
|
||||
Training
|
||||
Evaluation
|
||||
Project management
|
||||
Goal setting
|
||||
Customer interaction (Rethink)
|
||||
Estimation
|
||||
Risk management
|
||||
Change management
|
||||
Process management
|
||||
Software development processes
|
||||
Metrics
|
||||
|
||||
=== Business topics ===
|
||||
Quality programs
|
||||
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
|
||||
Six Sigma
|
||||
Total Quality Management (TQM)
|
||||
|
||||
== Software engineering profession ==
|
||||
Software engineering demographics
|
||||
Software engineering economics
|
||||
CCSE
|
||||
History of software engineering
|
||||
Software engineering professionalism
|
||||
Ethics
|
||||
Licensing
|
||||
Legal
|
||||
Intellectual property
|
||||
Consumer protection
|
||||
|
||||
== History of software engineering ==
|
||||
History of software engineering
|
||||
|
||||
=== Pioneers ===
|
||||
Many people made important contributions to SE technologies, practices, or applications.
|
||||
|
||||
John Backus: Fortran, first optimizing compiler, BNF
|
||||
Victor Basili: Experience factory.
|
||||
F.L. Bauer: Stack principle, popularized the term Software Engineering
|
||||
Kent Beck: Refactoring, extreme programming, pair programming, test-driven development.
|
||||
Tim Berners-Lee: World Wide Web
|
||||
Barry Boehm: SE economics, COCOMO, Spiral model.
|
||||
Grady Booch: Object-oriented design, UML.
|
||||
Fred Brooks: Managed System 360 and OS 360. Wrote The Mythical Man-Month and No Silver Bullet.
|
||||
Larry Constantine: Structured design, coupling, cohesion
|
||||
Edsger Dijkstra: Wrote Notes on Structured Programming, A Discipline of Programming and Go To Statement Considered Harmful, algorithms, formal methods, pedagogy.
|
||||
Michael Fagan: Software inspection.
|
||||
Tom Gilb: Software metrics, Software inspection, Evolutionary Delivery ("Evo").
|
||||
Adele Goldstine: Wrote the Operators Manual for the ENIAC, the first electronic digital computer, and trained some of the first human computers
|
||||
Lois Haibt: FORTRAN, wrote the first parser
|
||||
Margaret Hamilton: Coined the term "software engineering", developed Universal Systems Language
|
||||
Mary Jean Harrold: Regression testing, fault localization
|
||||
Grace Hopper: The first compiler (Mark 1), COBOL, Nanoseconds.
|
||||
Watts Humphrey: Capability Maturity Model, Personal Software Process, fellow of the Software Engineering Institute.
|
||||
Jean Ichbiah: Ada
|
||||
Michael A. Jackson: Jackson Structured Programming, Jackson System Development
|
||||
Bill Joy: Berkeley Unix, vi, Java.
|
||||
Alan Kay: Smalltalk
|
||||
Brian Kernighan: C and Unix.
|
||||
Donald Knuth: Wrote The Art of Computer Programming, TeX, algorithms, literate programming
|
||||
Nancy Leveson: System safety
|
||||
Bertrand Meyer: Design by Contract, Eiffel programming language.
|
||||
Peter G. Neumann: RISKS Digest, ACM Sigsoft.
|
||||
David Parnas: Module design, social responsibility, professionalism.
|
||||
Jef Raskin: Developed the original Macintosh GUI, authored The Humane Interface
|
||||
Dennis Ritchie: C and Unix.
|
||||
Winston W. Royce: Waterfall model.
|
||||
Mary Shaw: Software architecture.
|
||||
Richard Stallman: Founder of the Free Software Foundation
|
||||
Linus Torvalds: Linux kernel, free software / open source development.
|
||||
Will Tracz: Reuse, ACM Software Engineering Notes.
|
||||
Gerald Weinberg: Wrote The Psychology of Computer Programming.
|
||||
Elaine Weyuker: Software testing
|
||||
Jeannette Wing: Formal specifications.
|
||||
Ed Yourdon: Structured programming, wrote The Decline and Fall of the American Programmer.
|
||||
See also
|
||||
|
||||
List of programmers
|
||||
List of computer scientists
|
||||
|
||||
== Notable publications ==
|
||||
About Face: The Essentials of User Interface Design by Alan Cooper, about user interface design. ISBN 0-7645-2641-3
|
||||
The Capability Maturity Model by Watts Humphrey. Written for the Software Engineering Institute, emphasizing management and process. (See Managing the Software Process ISBN 0-201-18095-2)
|
||||
The Cathedral and the Bazaar by Eric Raymond about open source development.
|
||||
The Decline and Fall of the American Programmer by Ed Yourdon predicts the end of software development in the U.S. ISBN 0-13-191958-X
|
||||
Design Patterns by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides. ISBN 0-201-63361-2
|
||||
Extreme Programming Explained by Kent Beck ISBN 0-321-27865-8
|
||||
"Go To Statement Considered Harmful" by Edsger Dijkstra.
|
||||
"Internet, Innovation and Open Source:Actors in the Network" — First Monday article by Ilkka Tuomi (2000) source Archived 2013-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
The Mythical Man-Month by Fred Brooks, about project management. ISBN 0-201-83595-9
|
||||
Object-oriented Analysis and Design by Grady Booch. ISBN 0-8053-5340-2
|
||||
Peopleware by Tom DeMarco and Tim Lister. ISBN 0-932633-43-9
|
||||
The pragmatic engineer versus the scientific designer by E. W. Dijkstra [1]
|
||||
Principles of Software Engineering Management by Tom Gilb about evolutionary processes. ISBN 0-201-19246-2
|
||||
The Psychology of Computer Programming by Gerald Weinberg. Written as an independent consultant, partly about his years at IBM. ISBN 0-932633-42-0
|
||||
Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code by Martin Fowler, Kent Beck, John Brant, William Opdyke, and Don Roberts. ISBN 0-201-48567-2
|
||||
The Pragmatic Programmer: from journeyman to master by Andrew Hunt, and David Thomas. ISBN 0-201-61622-X
|
||||
Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK) ISO/IEC TR 19759
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of software engineering"
|
||||
chunk: 3/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:27.296851+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== Related fields ==
|
||||
Computer science
|
||||
Information engineering
|
||||
Information technology
|
||||
Traditional engineering
|
||||
Computer engineering
|
||||
Electrical engineering
|
||||
Software engineering
|
||||
Domain engineering
|
||||
Information technology engineering
|
||||
Knowledge engineering
|
||||
User interface engineering
|
||||
Web engineering
|
||||
Arts and Sciences
|
||||
Mathematics
|
||||
Computer science
|
||||
Information science
|
||||
Application software
|
||||
Information systems
|
||||
Programming
|
||||
Systems Engineering
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Index of software engineering articles
|
||||
Search-based software engineering
|
||||
SWEBOK Software engineering body of knowledge
|
||||
CCSE Computing curriculum for software engineering
|
||||
Computer terms etymology, the origins of computer terms
|
||||
Complexity or scaling
|
||||
Second system syndrome
|
||||
optimization
|
||||
Source code escrow
|
||||
Feature interaction problem
|
||||
Certification (software engineering)
|
||||
Engineering disasters#Failure due to software
|
||||
Outline of software development
|
||||
List of software development philosophies
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
ACM Computing Classification System
|
||||
Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK) Archived 2009-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
Professional organizations
|
||||
British Computer Society
|
||||
Association for Computing Machinery
|
||||
IEEE Computer Society
|
||||
Professionalism
|
||||
SE Code of Ethics
|
||||
Professional licensing in Texas Archived 2006-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
Education
|
||||
CCSE Undergraduate curriculum
|
||||
Standards
|
||||
|
||||
IEEE Software Engineering Standards
|
||||
Internet Engineering Task Force
|
||||
ISO
|
||||
Government organizations
|
||||
|
||||
European Software Institute
|
||||
Software Engineering Institute
|
||||
Agile
|
||||
|
||||
Organization to promote Agile software development
|
||||
Test driven development
|
||||
Extreme programming
|
||||
Other organizations
|
||||
|
||||
Online community for software engineers
|
||||
Software Engineering Society
|
||||
Demographics
|
||||
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics on SE
|
||||
Surveys
|
||||
|
||||
David Redmiles page from the University of California site
|
||||
Other
|
||||
|
||||
Full text in PDF from the NATO conference in Garmisch
|
||||
Computer Risks Peter G. Neumann's risks column.
|
||||
70
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card_input/output-0.md
Normal file
70
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card_input/output-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Punched card input/output"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card_input/output"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:14.676413+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A computer punched card reader or just computer card reader is a computer input device used to read computer programs in either source or executable form and data from punched cards. A computer card punch is a computer output device that punches holes in cards. Sometimes computer punch card readers were combined with computer card punches and, later, other devices to form multifunction machines.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
Many early computers, such as the ENIAC, and the IBM NORC, provided for punched card input/output. Card readers and punches, either connected to computers or in off-line card to/from magnetic tape configurations, were ubiquitous through the mid-1970s.
|
||||
Punched cards had been in use since the 1890s; their technology was mature and reliable. Card readers and punches developed for punched card machines were readily adaptable for computer use. Businesses were familiar with storing data on punched cards and keypunch machines were widely employed. Punched cards were a better fit for some computer applications than other 1950s technologies, such as magnetic tape, because individual cards could easily be updated without having to access a computer. Also file drawers of punched cards served as a low-density offline storage medium for data.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Operation ==
|
||||
The standard measure of speed is cards per minute, abbreviated CPM: The number of cards which can be read or punched in one minute. Card reader models vary from 150 to around 2,000 CPM. At 1200 CPM, i.e. 20 cards per second, this translates to 1,600 characters per second (CPS), assuming all 80 columns of each card encode information.
|
||||
Early computer card readers were based on electromechanical unit record equipment and used mechanical brushes that make an electrical contact for a hole, and no contact if there was no hole. Later readers used photoelectric sensors to detect the presence or absence of a hole. Timing within each read cycle relates the resulting signals to the corresponding position on the card. Early readers read cards in parallel, row by row, following unit record practice (hence the orientation of the rectangular holes). Later, card readers that read cards serially, column by column became more common.
|
||||
Card punches necessarily run more slowly to allow for the mechanical action of punching, up to around 300 CPM or 400 characters per second.
|
||||
Some card devices offer the ability to interpret, or print a line on the card displaying the data that is punched. Typically this slows down the punch operation. Many punches would read the card just punched and compare its actual contents to the original data punched, to protect against punch errors. Some devices allowed data to be read from a card and additional information to be punched into the same card.
|
||||
Readers and punches include a hopper for input cards and one or more stacker bins to collect cards read or punched. A function called stacker select allows the controlling computer to choose which stacker a card just read or punched will be placed into.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Card readers/punches ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Control Data Corporation ===
|
||||
CDC 405 — CDC 6000 series card reader, 1200 or 1600 cards per minute (CPM)
|
||||
CDC 415 — CDC 6000 series card punch, 250 cards per minute
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Documation ===
|
||||
Documation Inc., of Melbourne, Florida, made card readers for minicomputers in the 1970s:
|
||||
|
||||
M-200 card reader, 300 cards/minute also sold by DEC as the CR-11 card reader for the PDP-11
|
||||
M-600 card reader, 600 cards/minute, also sold by HP as 2892A and 2893A
|
||||
M-1000-L card reader 1,000 cards/minute
|
||||
Their card readers have been used in elections, including the 2000 "chads" election in Florida.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== IBM ===
|
||||
IBM 711 card reader computer peripheral used in the vacuum tube era, 150 or 250 CPM
|
||||
IBM 2501 card reader, 600 or 1000 CPM
|
||||
IBM 1402 high speed reader/punch introduced with the IBM 1401, 800 CPM
|
||||
IBM 1442 reader/punch introduced with the lower-cost IBM 1440, read 80-400 CPM, punch 91-355 CPM
|
||||
IBM 2540 reader/punch derived from the 1402 that was introduced with System 360
|
||||
IBM 2560 Multi-Function Card Machine (MFCM), first introduced for the IBM System/360 Model 20, could also collate, sort and print/interpret.
|
||||
IBM 3505 reader and its companion 3525 reader/printer/punch that was introduced for the System/370 in 1971, read 1200 CPM, punch 300 CPM
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Binary format ===
|
||||
|
||||
For some computer applications, binary formats were used, where each hole represented a single binary digit (or "bit"), every column (or row) is treated as a simple bitfield, and every combination of holes is permitted. For example, the IBM 711 card reader used with the 704/709/7090/7094 series scientific computers treated every row as two 36-bit words, ignoring 8 columns. (The specific 72 columns used were selectable using a plugboard control panel, which is almost always wired to select columns 1–72.) Sometimes the ignored columns (usually 73–80) were used to contain a sequence number for each card, so the card deck could be sorted to the correct order in case it was dropped.
|
||||
An alternative format, used by the IBM 704's IBM 714 native card reader, is referred to as Column Binary or Chinese Binary, and used 3 columns for each 36-bit word. Later computers, such as the IBM 1130 or System/360, used every column. The IBM 1401's card reader could be used in Column Binary mode, which stored two characters in every column, or one 36-bit word in three columns when used as input device for other computers. However, most of the older card punches were not intended to punch more than 3 holes in a column. The multipunch key is used to produce binary cards, or other characters not on the keypunch keyboard.
|
||||
As a prank, in binary mode, cards could be punched where every possible punch position had a hole. Such "lace cards" lacked structural strength, and would frequently buckle and jam inside the machine.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Plugboard discusses how early card readers worked in some detail
|
||||
Computer programming in the punched card era
|
||||
List of IBM products#Punched card and paper tape equipment
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Punched card equipment ==
|
||||
45
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-0.md
Normal file
45
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Software testing tactics"
|
||||
chunk: 1/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This article discusses a set of tactics useful in software testing. It is intended as a comprehensive list of tactical approaches to software quality assurance (more widely colloquially known as quality assurance (traditionally called by the acronym "QA")) and general application of the test method (usually just called "testing" or sometimes "developer testing").
|
||||
|
||||
== Installation testing ==
|
||||
|
||||
Installation testing evaluates whether a software system can be successfully installed in its intended environments (including operating systems, hardware, and specific system configurations). This tactic may also verify upgrade and uninstall procedures, as well as check for incorrect configurations and errors during setup.
|
||||
|
||||
== The box approach ==
|
||||
Software testing methods are traditionally divided into white-box, black-box, and grey-box testing. These three approaches differ in the extent of visibility the test engineer has into the software product's internal algorithms and data structures when designing test cases.
|
||||
|
||||
=== White-box testing ===
|
||||
|
||||
White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, because the tester sees the source code) focuses on internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing, an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT).
|
||||
Although white-box testing can be applied at the unit, integration and system levels of the software testing process, it is most frequently performed at the unit level. It can test paths within a unit, paths between units during integration, and between subsystems during a system-level test. Though this method of test design can uncover many errors or problems, it might not detect unimplemented parts of the specification or missing requirements.
|
||||
Techniques used in white-box testing include:
|
||||
|
||||
API testing – testing of the application using public and private APIs (application programming interfaces)
|
||||
Code coverage – creating tests to satisfy some criteria of code coverage (e.g., the test designer can create tests to cause all statements in the program to be executed at least once)
|
||||
Fault injection methods – intentionally introducing faults to gauge the efficacy of testing strategies
|
||||
Mutation testing methods
|
||||
Static testing methods
|
||||
Code coverage tools can evaluate the completeness of a test suite that was created with any method, including black-box testing. This allows the software team to examine parts of a system that are rarely tested and ensures that the most important function points have been tested. Code coverage as a software metric can be reported as a percentage for:
|
||||
|
||||
Function coverage, which reports on functions executed
|
||||
Statement coverage, which reports on the number of lines executed to complete the test
|
||||
Decision coverage, which reports on whether both the True and the False branch of a given test has been executed
|
||||
100% statement coverage ensures that all code paths or branches (in terms of control flow) are executed at least once. This is helpful in ensuring correct functionality, but not sufficient since the same code may process different inputs correctly or incorrectly.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Black-box testing ===
|
||||
|
||||
Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, state transition tables, decision table testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, use case testing, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.
|
||||
Specification-based testing aims to test software functionality according to the applicable requirements. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value specified in the test case.
|
||||
Test cases are built around specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application is supposed to do. It uses external descriptions of the software, including specifications, requirements, and designs to derive test cases. These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually functional.
|
||||
Specification-based testing may be necessary to assure correct functionality, but it is insufficient to guard against complex or high-risk situations.
|
||||
One advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required. Whatever biases the programmers may have had, the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality. On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight." Because they do not examine the source code, there are situations when a tester writes many test cases to check something that could have been tested by only one test case, or leaves some parts of the program untested.
|
||||
This testing method can be applied to all levels of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. It typically comprises most if not all testing at higher levels, but can also dominate unit testing as well.
|
||||
44
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-1.md
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44
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@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Software testing tactics"
|
||||
chunk: 2/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== Visual testing ====
|
||||
The aim of visual testing is to provide developers with the ability to examine what was happening at the point of software failure by presenting the data in such a way that developers can easily find the required information, and the information is expressed clearly.
|
||||
At the core of visual testing is the idea that showing someone a problem (or a test failure), rather than just describing it, greatly increases clarity and understanding. Visual testing therefore requires the recording of the entire test process – capturing everything that occurs on the test system in video format. Output videos are supplemented by real-time tester input via picture-in-a-picture webcam and audio commentary from microphones.
|
||||
Visual testing provides a number of advantages. The quality of communication is increased drastically because testers can show the problem (and the events leading up to it) to the developer as opposed to just describing it, eliminating the need to replicate test failures in many cases. Developers obtain all necessary evidence of a test failure and can instead focus on identifying and fixing its root cause.
|
||||
Visual testing is particularly well-suited for environments that deploy agile methods in their development of software, since agile methods require closer cooperation between testers and developers, as well as collaboration within small teams.
|
||||
Ad hoc testing and exploratory testing are important methodologies for checking software integrity, because they require less preparation time to implement, while the important bugs can be found quickly. In ad hoc testing, where testing takes place in an improvised, impromptu way, the ability of a test tool to visually record everything that occurs on a system becomes very important in order to document the steps taken to uncover the bug.
|
||||
Visual testing is gathering recognition in customer acceptance and usability testing, because the test can be used by many individuals involved in the development process. For the customer, it becomes easy to provide detailed bug reports and feedback, and for program users, visual testing can record user actions on screen, as well as their voice and image, to provide a complete picture at the time of software failure for the developers.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Grey-box testing ===
|
||||
|
||||
Grey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester is not required to have full access to the software's source code. Manipulating input data and formatting output do not qualify as grey-box, because the input and output are clearly outside of the "black box" that we are calling the system under test. This distinction is particularly important when conducting integration testing between two modules of code written by two different developers, where only the interfaces are exposed for test.
|
||||
However, tests that require modifying a back-end data repository such as a database or a log file does qualify as grey-box, as the user would not normally be able to change the data repository in normal production operations. Grey-box testing may also include reverse engineering to determine, for instance, boundary values or error messages.
|
||||
By knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester can observe the state of the product being tested after performing certain actions such as executing SQL statements against the database and then executing queries to ensure that the expected changes have been reflected. Grey-box testing implements intelligent test scenarios, based on limited information. This will particularly apply to data type handling, exception handling, and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
== Automated testing ==
|
||||
|
||||
Many programming groups are relying more and more on automated testing, especially groups that use
|
||||
test-driven development. There are many frameworks to write tests in, and continuous integration software will run tests automatically every time code is checked into a version control system.
|
||||
While automation cannot reproduce everything that a human can do (and all the ways they think of doing it), it can be very useful for regression testing. However, it does require a well-developed test suite of testing scripts in order to be truly useful.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Automated testing tools ===
|
||||
Program testing and fault detection can be aided significantly by testing tools and debuggers.
|
||||
Testing/debug tools include features such as:
|
||||
|
||||
Program monitors, permitting full or partial monitoring of program code including:
|
||||
Instruction set simulator, permitting complete instruction level monitoring and trace facilities
|
||||
Hypervisor, permitting complete control of the execution of program code including:-
|
||||
Program animation, permitting step-by-step execution and conditional breakpoint at source level or in machine code
|
||||
Code coverage reports
|
||||
Formatted dump or symbolic debugging, tools allowing inspection of program variables on error or at chosen points
|
||||
Automated functional GUI (graphical user interface) testing tools are used to repeat system-level tests through the GUI
|
||||
Benchmarks, allowing run-time performance comparisons to be made
|
||||
Performance analysis (or profiling tools) that can help to highlight hot spots and resource usage
|
||||
Some of these features may be incorporated into a single composite tool or an Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
|
||||
39
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-2.md
Normal file
39
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-2.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Software testing tactics"
|
||||
chunk: 3/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Abstraction of application layers as applied to automated testing ===
|
||||
There are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during the development process as defined by the SWEBOK guide are unit-, integration-, and system testing that are distinguished by the test target without implying a specific process model. Other test levels are classified by the testing objective.
|
||||
There are two different levels of tests from the perspective of customers: low-level testing (LLT) and high-level testing (HLT). LLT is a group of tests for different level components of software application or product. HLT is a group of tests for the whole software application or product.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Unit testing ====
|
||||
|
||||
Unit testing refers to tests that verify the functionality of a specific section of code, usually at the function level. In an object-oriented environment, this is usually at the class level, and the minimal unit tests include the constructors and destructors.
|
||||
These types of tests are usually written by developers as they work on code (white-box style), to ensure that the specific function is working as expected. One function might have multiple tests, to catch corner cases or other branches in the code. Unit testing alone cannot verify the functionality of a piece of software, but rather is used to ensure that the building blocks of the software work independently from each other.
|
||||
Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.
|
||||
Depending on the organization's expectations for software development, unit testing might include static code analysis, data-flow analysis, metrics analysis, peer code reviews, code coverage analysis and other software verification practices.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Integration testing ====
|
||||
|
||||
Integration testing is any type of software testing that seeks to verify the interfaces between components against a software design. Software components may be integrated in an iterative way or all together ("big bang"). Normally the former is considered a better practice since it allows interface issues to be located more quickly and fixed.
|
||||
Integration testing works to expose defects in the interfaces and interaction between integrated components (modules). Progressively larger groups of tested software components corresponding to elements of the architectural design are integrated and tested until the software works as a system.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Component interface testing ====
|
||||
The practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as "message packets" and the range or data types can be checked, for data generated from one unit, and tested for validity before being passed into another unit. One option for interface testing is to keep a separate log file of data items being passed, often with a timestamp logged to allow analysis of thousands of cases of data passed between units for days or weeks. Tests can include checking the handling of some extreme data values while other interface variables are passed as normal values. Unusual data values in an interface can help explain unexpected performance in the next unit. Component interface testing is a variation of black-box testing, with the focus on the data values beyond just the related actions of a subsystem component.
|
||||
|
||||
==== System testing ====
|
||||
|
||||
System testing tests a completely integrated system to verify that the system meets its requirements. For example, a system test might involve testing a logon interface, then creating and editing an entry, plus sending or printing results, followed by summary processing or deletion (or archiving) of entries, then logoff.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Operational acceptance testing ====
|
||||
|
||||
Operational acceptance is used to conduct operational readiness (pre-release) of a product, service or system as part of a quality management system. OAT is a common type of non-functional software testing, used mainly in software development and software maintenance projects. This type of testing focuses on the operational readiness of the system to be supported, and/or to become part of the production environment. Hence, it is also known as operational readiness testing (ORT) or Operations readiness and assurance (OR&A) testing. Functional testing within OAT is limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system.
|
||||
In addition, the software testing should ensure that the portability of the system, as well as working as expected, does not also damage or partially corrupt its operating environment or cause other processes within that environment to become inoperative.
|
||||
|
||||
== Compatibility testing ==
|
||||
46
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-3.md
Normal file
46
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-3.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Software testing tactics"
|
||||
chunk: 4/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application, which must render in a web browser). For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running. This results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment, or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment was capable of using. Sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library.
|
||||
|
||||
== Smoke and sanity testing ==
|
||||
Sanity testing determines whether it is reasonable to proceed with further testing.
|
||||
Smoke testing consists of minimal attempts to operate the software, designed to determine whether there are any basic problems that will prevent it from working at all. Such tests can be used as build verification test.
|
||||
|
||||
== Regression testing ==
|
||||
|
||||
Regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working correctly, stops working as intended. Typically, regressions occur as an unintended consequence of program changes, when the newly developed part of the software collides with the previously existing code. Common methods of regression testing include re-running previous sets of test cases and checking whether previously fixed faults have re-emerged. The depth of testing depends on the phase in the release process and the risk of the added features. They can either be complete, for changes added late in the release or deemed to be risky, or be very shallow, consisting of positive tests on each feature, if the changes are early in the release or deemed to be of low risk. Regression testing is typically the largest test effort in commercial software development, due to checking numerous details in prior software features, and even new software can be developed while using some old test cases to test parts of the new design to ensure prior functionality is still supported.
|
||||
|
||||
== Acceptance testing ==
|
||||
|
||||
Acceptance testing can mean one of two things:
|
||||
|
||||
A smoke test is used as an acceptance test prior to introducing a new build to the main testing process, i.e., before integration or regression.
|
||||
Acceptance testing performed by the customer, often in their lab environment on their own hardware, is known as user acceptance testing (UAT). Acceptance testing may be performed as part of the hand-off process between any two phases of development.
|
||||
|
||||
== Alpha testing ==
|
||||
Alpha testing is simulated or actual operational testing by potential users/customers or an independent test team at the developers' site. Alpha testing is often employed for off-the-shelf software as a form of internal acceptance testing, before the software goes to beta testing.
|
||||
|
||||
== Beta testing ==
|
||||
Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can ensure the product has few faults or bugs. Beta versions can be made available to the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number of future users and to deliver value earlier, for an extended or even indefinite period of time (perpetual beta).
|
||||
|
||||
== Functional vs non-functional testing ==
|
||||
Functional testing refers to activities that verify a specific action or function of the code. These are usually found in the code requirements documentation, although some development methodologies work from use cases or user stories. Functional tests tend to answer the question of "can the user do this" or "does this particular feature work."
|
||||
Non-functional testing refers to aspects of the software that may not be related to a specific function or user action, such as scalability or other performance, behavior under certain constraints, or security. Testing will determine the breaking point, the point at which extremes of scalability or performance leads to unstable execution. Non-functional requirements tend to be those that reflect the quality of the product, particularly in the context of the suitability perspective of its users.
|
||||
|
||||
== Continuous testing ==
|
||||
|
||||
Continuous testing is the process of executing automated tests as part of the software delivery pipeline to obtain immediate feedback on the business risks associated with a software release candidate. Continuous testing includes the validation of both functional requirements and non-functional requirements; the scope of testing extends from validating bottom-up requirements or user stories to assessing the system requirements associated with overarching business goals.
|
||||
|
||||
== Destructive testing ==
|
||||
|
||||
Destructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub-system to fail. It verifies that the software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs, thereby establishing the robustness of input validation and error-management routines. Software fault injection, in the form of fuzzing, is an example of failure testing. Various commercial non-functional testing tools are linked from the software fault injection page; there are also numerous open-source and free software tools available that perform destructive testing.
|
||||
|
||||
== Software performance testing ==
|
||||
66
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-4.md
Normal file
66
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-4.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Software testing tactics"
|
||||
chunk: 5/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Performance testing is generally executed to determine how a system or sub-system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload. It can also serve to investigate, measure, validate or verify other quality attributes of the system, such as scalability, reliability and resource usage.
|
||||
Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a non-functional activity is often referred to as endurance testing. Volume testing is a way to test software functions even when certain components (for example a file or database) increase radically in size. Stress testing is a way to test reliability under unexpected or rare workloads. Stability testing (often referred to as load or endurance testing) checks to see if the software can continuously function well in or above an acceptable period.
|
||||
There is little agreement on what the specific goals of performance testing are. The terms load testing, performance testing, scalability testing, and volume testing, are often used interchangeably.
|
||||
Real-time software systems have strict timing constraints. To test if timing constraints are met, real-time testing is used.
|
||||
|
||||
== Usability testing ==
|
||||
Usability testing is to check if the user interface is easy to use and understand. It is concerned mainly with the use of the application.
|
||||
|
||||
== Accessibility testing ==
|
||||
Accessibility testing may include compliance with standards such as:
|
||||
|
||||
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
|
||||
Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
|
||||
Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
|
||||
|
||||
== Security testing ==
|
||||
Security testing is essential for software that processes confidential data to prevent system intrusion by hackers.
|
||||
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines this as a "type of testing conducted to evaluate the degree to which a test item, and associated data and information, are protected so that unauthorised persons or systems cannot use, read or modify them, and authorized persons or systems are not denied access to them."
|
||||
|
||||
== Internationalization and localization testing ==
|
||||
The general ability of software to be internationalized and localized can be automatically tested without actual translation, by using pseudolocalization. It will verify that the application still works, even after it has been translated into a new language or adapted for a new culture (such as different currencies or time zones).
|
||||
Actual translation to human languages must be tested, too. Possible localization failures include:
|
||||
|
||||
Software is often localized by translating a list of strings out of context, and the translator may choose the wrong translation for an ambiguous source string.
|
||||
Technical terminology may become inconsistent if the project is translated by several people without proper coordination or if the translator is imprudent.
|
||||
Literal word-for-word translations may sound inappropriate, artificial or too technical in the target language.
|
||||
Untranslated messages in the original language may be left hard coded in the source code.
|
||||
Some messages may be created automatically at run time and the resulting string may be ungrammatical, functionally incorrect, misleading or confusing.
|
||||
Software may use a keyboard shortcut which has no function on the source language's keyboard layout, but is used for typing characters in the layout of the target language.
|
||||
Software may lack support for the character encoding of the target language.
|
||||
Fonts and font sizes which are appropriate in the source language may be inappropriate in the target language; for example, CJK characters may become unreadable if the font is too small.
|
||||
A string in the target language may be longer than the software can handle. This may make the string partly invisible to the user or cause the software to crash or malfunction.
|
||||
Software may lack proper support for reading or writing bi-directional text.
|
||||
Software may display images with text that was not localized.
|
||||
Localized operating systems may have differently named system configuration files and environment variables and different formats for date and currency.
|
||||
|
||||
== Development testing ==
|
||||
|
||||
"Development testing" is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Development Testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.
|
||||
Depending on the organization's expectations for software development, Development Testing might include static code analysis, data flow analysis, metrics analysis, peer code reviews, unit testing, code coverage analysis, traceability, and other software verification practices.
|
||||
|
||||
== A/B testing ==
|
||||
|
||||
A/B testing is basically a comparison of two outputs, generally when only one variable has changed: run a test, change one thing, run the test again, compare the results. This is more useful with more small-scale situations, but very useful in fine-tuning any program. With more complex projects, multivariant testing can be done.
|
||||
|
||||
== Concurrent testing ==
|
||||
|
||||
In concurrent testing, the focus is on the performance while continuously running with normal input and under normal operational conditions, as opposed to stress testing, or fuzz testing. Memory leaks, as well as basic faults are easier to find with this method.
|
||||
|
||||
== Conformance testing or type testing ==
|
||||
|
||||
In software testing, conformance testing verifies that a product performs according to its specified standards. Compilers, for instance, are extensively tested to determine whether they meet the recognized standard for that language.
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Technology transfer in computer science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer_in_computer_science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:44.964496+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Technology transfer in computer science refers to the transfer of technology developed in computer science or applied computing research, from universities and governments to the private sector. These technologies may be abstract, such as algorithms and data structures, or concrete, such as open source software packages.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Examples ==
|
||||
Notable examples of technology transfer in computer science include:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
34
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing-0.md
Normal file
34
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ubiquitous computing"
|
||||
chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:46.169407+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
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Ubiquitous computing (or "ubicomp") is a concept in software engineering, hardware engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear seamlessly anytime and everywhere. In contrast to desktop computing, ubiquitous computing implies use on any device, in any location, and in any format. A user interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms, including laptop computers, tablets, smart phones and terminals in everyday objects such as a refrigerator or a pair of glasses. The underlying technologies to support ubiquitous computing include the Internet, advanced middleware, kernels, operating systems, mobile codes, sensors, microprocessors, new I/Os and user interfaces, computer networks, mobile protocols, global navigational systems, and new materials.
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This paradigm is also described as pervasive computing, ambient intelligence, or "everyware". Each term emphasizes slightly different aspects. When primarily concerning the objects involved, it is also known as physical computing, the Internet of Things, haptic computing, and "things that think".
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Rather than propose a single definition for ubiquitous computing and for these related terms, a taxonomy of properties for ubiquitous computing has been proposed, from which different kinds or flavors of ubiquitous systems and applications can be described.
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Ubiquitous computing themes include: distributed computing, mobile computing, location computing, mobile networking, sensor networks, human–computer interaction, context-aware smart home technologies, and artificial intelligence.
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== Core concepts ==
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Ubiquitous computing is the concept of using small internet connected and inexpensive computers to help with everyday functions in an automated fashion.
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Mark Weiser proposed three basic forms for ubiquitous computing devices:
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Tabs: a wearable device that is approximately a centimeter in size
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Pads: a hand-held device that is approximately a decimeter in size
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Boards: an interactive larger display device that is approximately a meter in size
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Ubiquitous computing devices proposed by Mark Weiser are all based around flat devices of different sizes with a visual display. These conceptual device categories were later implemented at Xerox PARC in experimental systems including the PARCTab, PARCPad, and LiveBoard, which served as early prototypes of handheld, tablet-style, and large interactive display computing environments. Expanding beyond those concepts there is a large array of other ubiquitous computing devices that could exist.
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== History ==
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Mark Weiser coined the phrase "ubiquitous computing" around 1988, during his tenure as Chief Technologist of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Both alone and with PARC Director and Chief Scientist John Seely Brown, Weiser wrote some of the earliest papers on the subject, largely defining it and sketching out its major concerns.
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== Recognizing the effects of extending processing power ==
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Recognizing that the extension of processing power into everyday scenarios would necessitate understandings of social, cultural and psychological phenomena beyond its proper ambit, Weiser was influenced by many fields outside computer science, including "philosophy, phenomenology, anthropology, psychology, post-Modernism, sociology of science and feminist criticism". He was explicit about "the humanistic origins of the 'invisible ideal in post-modernist thought'", referencing as well the ironically dystopian Philip K. Dick novel Ubik.
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Andy Hopper from Cambridge University UK proposed and demonstrated the concept of "Teleporting" – where applications follow the user wherever he/she moves.
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Roy Want (now at Google), while at Olivetti Research Ltd, designed the first "Active Badge System", which is an advanced location computing system where personal mobility is merged with computing. Later at Xerox PARC, he designed and built the "PARCTab" or simply "Tab", widely recognized as the world's first Context-Aware computer, which has great similarity to the modern smartphone.
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Bill Schilit (now at Google) also did some earlier work in this topic, and participated in the early Mobile Computing workshop held in Santa Cruz in 1996.
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Ken Sakamura of the University of Tokyo, Japan leads the Ubiquitous Networking Laboratory (UNL), Tokyo as well as the T-Engine Forum. The joint goal of Sakamura's Ubiquitous Networking specification and the T-Engine forum, is to enable any everyday device to broadcast and receive information.
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MIT has also contributed significant research in this field, notably Things That Think consortium (directed by Hiroshi Ishii, Joseph A. Paradiso and Rosalind Picard) at the Media Lab and the CSAIL effort known as Project Oxygen. Other major contributors include University of Washington (Shwetak Patel, Anind Dey and James Landay), Dartmouth College's HealthX Lab (directed by Andrew Campbell), Georgia Tech's College of Computing (Gregory Abowd and Thad Starner), Cornell Tech's People Aware Computing Lab (directed by Tanzeem Choudhury), NYU's Interactive Telecommunications Program, UC Irvine's Department of Informatics, Microsoft Research, Intel Research and Equator, Ajou University UCRi & CUS.
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