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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic alphabets | 4/6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T08:11:27.700181+00:00 | kb-cron |
Ve (В в) represents /ʋ/ (which may be pronounced [w] in a word final position and before consonants). He (Г г) represents a breathy-voiced glottal transition, (/ɦ/), similar to the respective sound in Belarusian. Ge (Ґ ґ) appears after He, representing /ɡ/. It looks like He with an "upturn" pointing up from the right side of the top bar. This letter is generally restricted to loanwords/borrowed words. (This letter was removed in Soviet Ukraine in 1933–1990, so it may be missing from older Cyrillic fonts.) E (Е е) represents /ɛ/. Ye (Є є) appears after E and represents the sound /jɛ/. I (И и) represents the sound /ɪ/, unlike in Russian. Dotted I (І і) appears after И and represents the sound /i/, as in Belarusian. Yi (Ї ї) appears after I and represents the sound /ji/. Jot (Й й) represents /j/, as in Russian Shcha (Щ, щ) represents the cluster /ʃt͡ʃ/. An apostrophe (’) is used to mark the lack of palatalization of the preceding consonant before Ya (Я, я), Yu (Ю, ю), Ye (Є, є), Yi (Ї, ї), the same as how it is used in Belarusian. Before 1990, Ь was positioned at the end of the alphabet rather than in its current position after Щ; the original order may still show up in historic documents. As in Belarusian Cyrillic, the sounds /dʒ/, /dz/ are represented by digraphs Дж and Дз respectively.
==== Carpathian Rusyn ====
The Carpathian Rusyn language is spoken by the Carpatho-Rusyns in Carpathian Ruthenia, Slovakia, and Poland.
The Carpathian Rusyn alphabet differs from Ukrainian in that the letters Ё, Ы, and the hard sign (Ъ), from Russian, are also used, and the order is slightly different.
=== West Slavic ===
==== Pannonian Rusyn ====
The Pannonian Rusyn language is spoken by the Pannonian Rusyns.
This alphabet uses all the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet except Dotted I (І і). Note that Pannonian Rusyn is a West Slavic language despite its name.
== Non-Slavic Indo-European languages ==
=== Romance languages ===
==== Romanian and Moldovan ==== The Romanian language used the Cyrillic script up to the 19th century (see Romanian Cyrillic alphabet). The Moldovan language (an alternative name of the Romanian language in Bessarabia, Moldavian ASSR, Moldavian SSR and Moldova) used varieties of the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet in 1812–1918, and the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (derived from the Russian alphabet and standardised in the Soviet Union) in 1924–1932 and 1938–1989. Nowadays, this alphabet is still official in the unrecognized republic of Transnistria (see Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet).
==== Ladino ==== Ladino uses the Cyrillic script in occasional Bulgarian Sephardic publications.
=== Indo-Aryan ===
==== Romani ==== Romani is written in Cyrillic in Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and the former USSR.
=== Iranian ===
==== Kurdish ====
Kurds in the former Soviet Union use a Cyrillic alphabet:
==== Ossetic ====
The Ossetic language has officially used the Cyrillic script since 1937.
==== Tajik ====
The Tajik alphabet is written using a Cyrillic-based alphabet.
==== Other ==== Judeo-Tat Yaghnobi Yazghulami
== Uralic languages == Uralic languages using the Cyrillic script (currently or in the past) include:
Finnic: Karelian until 1921 and 1937–1940 (Ludic, Olonets Karelian); Veps; Votic Sami: Kildin Sami and Ter Sami in Russia (since the 1980s) Komi (Zyrian (since the 17th century, modern alphabet since the 1930s); Permyak; Yodzyak) Udmurt Khanty Mansi (writing has not received distribution since 1937) Samoyedic: Enets; Yurats; Nenets since 1937 (Forest Nenets; Tundra Nenets); Nganasan; Kamassian; Koibal; Mator; Selkup (since the 1950s; not used recently) Mari, since the 19th century (Hill; Meadow) Mordvin, since the 18th century (Erzya; Moksha) Other: Merya; Muromian; Meshcherian
=== Karelian ===
The Karelian language was written in the Cyrillic script in various forms until 1940 when publication in Karelian ceased in favor of Finnish, except for Tver Karelian, written in a Latin alphabet. In 1989 publication began again in the other Karelian dialects and Latin alphabets were used, in some cases with the addition of Cyrillic letters such as ь.
=== Kildin Sámi ===
Over the last century, the alphabet used to write Kildin Sámi has changed three times: from Cyrillic to Latin and back again to Cyrillic. Work on the latest version of the official orthography commenced in 1979. It was officially approved in 1982 and started to be widely used by 1987.
=== Komi-Permyak ===
The Komi-Permyak Cyrillic alphabet:
=== Mari alphabets ===
Meadow Mari Cyrillic alphabet:
Hill Mari Cyrillic alphabet
== Turkic languages ==
=== Azerbaijani ===
Latin Alphabet (as of 1992) Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz
=== Bashkir === The Cyrillic script was used for the Bashkir language after the winter of 1938.
=== Chuvash === The Cyrillic alphabet is used for the Chuvash language since the late 19th century, with some changes in 1938.
The Cyrillic letters Бб, Гг, Дд, Ёё, Жж, Зз, Оо, Фф, Цц, Щщ and Ъъ are not used in native Chuvash words, but only for Russian loans.
=== Kazakh ===
Kazakh can be alternatively written in the Latin alphabet. Latin is expected to entirely replace Cyrillic by the 2030s, alongside the modified Arabic alphabet (in the People's Republic of China, Iran and Afghanistan).
Ә ә = /æ/ Ғ ғ = /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) Е е = /jɪ/ И и = /ɪj/, /ɘj/ Қ қ = /q/ (voiceless uvular plosive) Ң ң = /ŋ/, /ɴ/ О о = /o/, /ʷo/, /ʷʊ/ Ө ө = /œ/, /ʷœ/, /ʷʏ/ У у = /ʊw/, /ʉw/, /w/ Ұ ұ = /ʊ/ Ү ү = /ʉ/, /ʏ/ Һ һ = /h/ Щ щ = /ʃʃ/ Ы ы = /ɯ/, /ә/ І і = /ɪ/, /ɘ/ The Cyrillic letters Вв, Ёё, Цц, Чч, Ъъ, Ьь and Ээ are not used in native Kazakh words, but only for Russian loans.
=== Kyrgyz ===
Kyrgyz has also been written in Latin and in Arabic.