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+---
+title: "Alchemical symbol"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemical_symbol"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:52.883968+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Alchemical symbols were used to denote chemical elements and compounds, as well as alchemical apparatus and processes, until the 18th century. Although notation was partly standardized, style and symbol varied between alchemists. Lüdy-Tenger published an inventory of 3,695 symbols and variants, and that was not exhaustive, omitting for example many of the symbols used by Isaac Newton. This page therefore lists only the most common symbols.
+
+
+== Three primes ==
+According to Paracelsus (1493–1541), the three primes or tria prima – of which material substances are immediately composed – are:
+
+Sulfur or soul, the principle of combustibility: 🜍 ()
+Mercury or spirit, the principle of fusibility and volatility: ☿ ()
+Salt or body, the principle of non-combustibility and non-volatility: 🜔 ()
+
+
+== Four basic elements ==
+
+Western alchemy makes use of the four classical elements.  The symbols used for these are:
+
+Air  🜁 ()
+Earth 🜃 ()
+Fire 🜂 ()
+Water 🜄 ()
+
+
+== Seven planetary metals ==
+
+The seven metals known since Classical times in Europe were associated with the seven classical planets; this figured heavily in alchemical symbolism. The exact correlation varied over time, and in early centuries bronze or electrum were sometimes found instead of mercury, or copper for Mars instead of iron; however, gold, silver, and lead had always been associated with the Sun, Moon, and Saturn.
+The associations below are attested from the 7th century and had stabilized by the 15th. They started breaking down with the discovery of antimony, bismuth, and zinc in the 16th century. Alchemists would typically call the metals by their planetary names, e.g. "Saturn" for lead, "Mars" for iron; compounds of tin, iron, and silver continued to be called "jovial", "martial", and "lunar"; or "of Jupiter", "of Mars", and "of the moon", through the 17th century. The tradition remains today with the name of the element mercury, where chemists decided the planetary name was preferable to common names like "quicksilver", and in a few archaic terms such as lunar caustic (silver nitrate) and saturnism (lead poisoning).
+
+Silver, corresponding with the Moon ☽ or ☾ ( or ) [also 🜛 in Newton]
+Gold, corresponding with the Sun ☉ 🜚 ☼ (  )
+Quicksilver, corresponding with Mercury ☿ ()
+Copper, corresponding with Venus ♀ ()
+Iron, corresponding with Mars ♂ ()
+Tin, corresponding with Jupiter ♃ ()
+Lead, corresponding with Saturn ♄ ()
+
+
+== Mundane elements and later metals ==
+
+Antimony ♁ () (in Newton), also 
+Arsenic 🜺 ()
+Bismuth ♆ () (in Newton), 🜘 () (in Bergman)
+Cobalt  (approximately 🜶) (in Bergman)
+Manganese  (in Bergman)
+Nickel  (in Bergman; previously used for regulus of sulfur)
+Oxygen  (in Lavoisier)
+Phlogiston  (in Bergman)
+Phosphorus  or 
+Platinum  or  (in Bergman et al.)
+Sulfur 🜍 () (in Newton)
+Zinc  (in Bergman)
+
+
+== Alchemical compounds ==
+
+The following symbols, among others, have been adopted into Unicode.
+
+Acid (incl. vinegar) 🜊 ()
+Sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) 🜹 ()
+Aqua fortis (nitric acid) 🜅 (), A.F.
+Aqua regia (nitro-hydrochloric acid) 🜆 (), 🜇 (), A.R.
+Spirit of wine (concentrated ethanol; called aqua vitae or spiritus vini) 🜈 (), S.V. or 🜉 ()
+Amalgam (alloys of a metal and mercury) 🝛 () = a͞a͞a, ȧȧȧ (among other abbreviations).
+Cinnabar (mercury sulfide) 🜓 ()
+Vinegar (distilled) 🜋 () (in Newton)
+Vitriol (sulfates) 🜖 ()
+Black sulphur (residue from sublimation of sulfur) 🜏 ()
+
+
+== Alchemical processes ==
+
+The alchemical magnum opus was sometimes expressed as a series of chemical operations. In cases where these numbered twelve, each could be assigned one of the Zodiac signs as a form of cryptography.  The following example can be found in Pernety's Dictionnaire mytho-hermétique (1758):
+
+Calcination (Aries ) ♈︎
+Congelation (Taurus ) ♉︎
+Fixation (Gemini ) ♊︎ (Solidification)
+Solution (Cancer ) ♋︎
+Digestion (Leo ) ♌︎
+Distillation (Virgo ) ♍︎
+Sublimation (Libra ) ♎︎
+Separation (Scorpio ) ♏︎
+Ceration (Sagittarius ) ♐︎
+Fermentation (Capricorn ) ♑︎ (Putrefaction)
+Multiplication (Aquarius ) ♒︎
+Projection (Pisces ) ♓︎
+
+
+== Units ==
+Several symbols indicate units of time.
+
+Month 🝱 () or  or xXx
+Day-Night 🝰 ()
+Hour 🝮 ()
+
+
+== Unicode ==
+
+The Alchemical Symbols block was added to Unicode in 2010 as part of Unicode 6.0.
+
+
+== Gallery ==
+A list of symbols published in 1931:
+
+An 1888 reproduction of a Venetian list of medieval Greek alchemical symbols from about the year 1100 but circulating since about 300 and attributed to Zosimos of Panopolis. The list starts with 🜚 for gold and has early conventions that would later change: here ☿ is tin and ♃ electrum; ☾ is silver but ☽ is mercury. Many of the 'symbols' are simply abbreviations of the Greek word or phrase. View the files on Commons for the list of symbols.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Other symbols commonly used in alchemy and related esoteric traditions:
+
+Astronomical symbols – Symbols in astronomy
+Astrological symbols – Symbols denoting astrological concepts
+Planet symbols – Graphical symbols used in astrology and astronomyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
+Suns in alchemy – Sun symbols have a variety of uses
+Circled dot (disambiguation)
+Monas Hieroglyphica – 1564 book by John Dee about an esoteric symbol
+Rub el Hizb – Islamic symbol in the shape of an octagram
+Wuxing (Chinese philosophy) – Chinese five elements
+Seal of Solomon – Signet ring attributed to the Israelite king Solomon
+Rosy Cross – Western esoteric symbol
+Eye of Providence – SymbolPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
+Sigil – Magical symbol, as used by Hermetic theurgists
+Sigillum Dei – Seal of God, or Seal of Truth, according to John Dee
+
+
+== Footnotes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+=== Works cited ===
+Friedlander, Walter J. (1992). The Golden Wand of Medicine: A History of the Caduceus Symbol in Medicine. Contributions in Medical Studies, 35. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28023-1.
+Holmyard, Eric J. (1957). Alchemy. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. OCLC 2080637.
+Reutter de Rosemont, Louis (1931). Histoire de la pharmacie a travers les ages. Vol. II. Paris: J. Peyronnet. 4 plates after p. 260 and 2 plates after p. 268 – via Internet Archive.
+
+
+== External links ==
+ Media related to Alchemical symbols at Wikimedia Commons
+
+wikt:Appendix:Unicode/Alchemical Symbols
+Alchemical symbols in Unicode

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-0.md

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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols-0.md

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+---
+title: "Astronomical symbols"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:55.281815+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Astronomical symbols are abstract pictorial symbols used to represent astronomical objects, theoretical constructs and observational events in European astronomy. The earliest forms of these symbols appear in Greek papyrus texts of late antiquity. The Byzantine codices in which many Greek papyrus texts were preserved continued and extended the inventory of astronomical symbols. New symbols have been invented to represent many planets and minor planets discovered in the 18th to the 21st centuries.
+These symbols were once commonly used by professional astronomers, amateur astronomers, alchemists, and astrologers. While they are still commonly used in almanacs and astrological publications, their occurrence in published research and texts on astronomy is relatively infrequent, with some exceptions such as the Sun and Earth symbols appearing in astronomical constants, and certain zodiacal signs used to represent the solstices and equinoxes.
+Unicode has encoded many of these symbols, mainly in the Miscellaneous Symbols, Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows, Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs,
+Alchemical Symbols, and Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement blocks.
+
+== Sun and Moon ==
+The use of astronomical symbols for the Sun and Moon dates to antiquity. The forms of the symbols that appear in the original papyrus texts of Greek horoscopes are a circle with one ray () for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon. The modern Sun symbol, a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in Europe in the Renaissance.
+
+In modern academic writing, the Sun symbol is used for astronomical constants relating to the Sun. Teff☉ represents the solar effective temperature, and the luminosity, mass, and radius of stars are often represented using the corresponding solar constants (L☉, M☉, and R☉, respectively) as units of measurement.
+
+== Planets ==
+
+Symbols for the classical planets appear in many medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved. The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyrus texts. The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus. According to A.S.D. Maunder, antecedents of the planetary symbols were used in art to represent the gods associated with the classical planets; Bianchini's planisphere, discovered by Francesco Bianchini in the 18th century, produced in the 2nd century, shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached.
+A diagram in Byzantine astronomer Johannes Kamateros's 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter Zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark at the bottom of the modern versions of the symbols for Mercury and Venus. These cross-marks first appear around the 16th century. According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be "an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the symbols of the old pagan gods."
+
+The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery. One symbol, , invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, commonly called white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for the planetary elements iron, ♂, and gold, ☉. 
+Another symbol, , was suggested by Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande in 1784. In a letter to William Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name"). Today, Köhler's symbol is more common among astronomers, and Lalande's among astrologers, although it is not uncommon to see each symbol in the other context.
+Several symbols were proposed for Neptune to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right to name his discovery, Urbain Le Verrier originally proposed the name Neptune and the symbol of a trident, while falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Leverrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago, who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet (). However, this suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet. Professor James Pillans of the University of Edinburgh defended the name Janus for the new planet, and proposed a key for its symbol. Meanwhile, German-Russian astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve presented the name Neptune on December 29, 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In August 1847, the Bureau des Longitudes announced its decision to follow prevailing astronomical practice and adopt the choice of Neptune, with Arago refraining from participating in this decision.
+The International Astronomical Union discourages the use of these symbols in journal articles, though they do occur. In certain cases where planetary symbols might be used, such as in the headings of tables, the IAU Style Manual permits certain one- and (to disambiguate Mercury and Mars) two-letter abbreviations for the names of the planets.
+
+== Asteroids ==

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+---
+title: "Astronomical symbols"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:55.281815+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Following the discovery of Ceres in 1801 by the astronomer and Catholic priest Giuseppe Piazzi, a group of astronomers ratified the name, which Piazzi had proposed. At that time, the sickle was chosen as a symbol of the planet.
+The symbol for 2 Pallas, the spear of Pallas Athena, was invented by Baron Franz Xaver von Zach, who organized a group of twenty-four astronomers to search for a planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The symbol was introduced by von Zach in 1802.
+In a letter to von Zach, discoverer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers (who had discovered and named Pallas) expressed his approval of the proposed symbol, but wished that the handle of the sickle of Ceres had been adorned with a pommel instead of a crossbar, to better differentiate it from the sign of Venus.
+
+German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding created the symbol for 3 Juno. Harding, who discovered this asteroid in 1804, proposed the name Juno and the use of a scepter topped with a star as its astronomical symbol.
+The symbol for 4 Vesta was invented by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Olbers, having previously discovered and named 2 Pallas, gave Gauss the honor of naming his newest discovery. Gauss decided to name the new asteroid for the goddess Vesta, and also designed the symbol (): the altar of the goddess, with the sacred fire burning on it. Other contemporaneous writers use a more elaborate symbol () instead.
+Karl Ludwig Hencke, a German amateur astronomer, discovered the next two asteroids, 5 Astraea (in 1845) and 6 Hebe (in 1847). Hencke requested that the symbol for 5 Astraea be an upside-down anchor; however, a weighing scale was sometimes used instead. Gauss named 6 Hebe at Hencke's request, and chose a wineglass as the symbol.
+As more new asteroids were discovered, astronomers continued to assign symbols to them. Thus, 7 Iris (discovered 1847) had for its symbol a rainbow with a star; 8 Flora (discovered 1847), a flower; 9 Metis (discovered 1848), an eye with a star; 10 Hygiea (discovered 1849), an upright snake with a star on its head; 11 Parthenope (discovered 1850), a standing fish with a star; 12 Victoria (discovered 1850), a star topped with a branch of laurel; 13 Egeria (discovered 1850), a buckler; 14 Irene (discovered 1851), a dove carrying an olive branch with a star on its head; 15 Eunomia (discovered 1851), a heart topped with a star; 16 Psyche (discovered 1852), a butterfly wing with a star; 17 Thetis (discovered 1852), a dolphin with a star; 18 Melpomene (discovered 1852), a dagger over a star; and 19 Fortuna (discovered 1852), a star over Fortuna's wheel.
+In most cases the discovery reports only describe the symbols and do not draw them; from Hygiea onward, there are significant glyph variants as well as a significant delay between the discovery and the symbols having been communicated to the astronomical community as a whole. Consequently, astronomical publications were not always complete. The discovery reports for Melpomene and Fortuna do not even describe the symbols, which only appear in a later reference work by the discoverer; the symbols are drawn in the reports for Astraea, Hebe, and Thetis. Benjamin Apthorp Gould criticised the symbols in 1852 as being often inefficient at suggesting the bodies they represented and difficult to draw, and pointed out that the symbol that had been described for Irene had to his knowledge never actually been drawn. The same year, John Russell Hind expressed the contrary view that the symbols were easier to remember than the numbers, but also admitted that the names were more commonly used than either the numbers or the symbols.
+The last edition of the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch (BAJ, Berlin Astronomical Yearbook) to use asteroid symbols was for the year 1853, published in 1850: although it includes eleven asteroids up to Parthenope, it only includes symbols for the first nine (up to Metis), noting that the symbols for Hygiea and Parthenope had not yet been made definitively known. The last edition of the British The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris to include asteroid ephemerides was that for 1855, published in 1852: despite fifteen asteroids being known (up to Eunomia), symbols are only included for the first nine.
+Johann Franz Encke made a major change in the BAJ for the year 1854, published in 1851. He introduced encircled numbers instead of symbols, although his numbering began with Astraea, the first four asteroids continuing to be denoted by their traditional symbols. This symbolic innovation was adopted very quickly by the astronomical community. The following year (1852), Astraea's number was bumped up to 5, but Ceres through Vesta were not listed by their numbers until the 1867 edition. The Astronomical Journal edited by Gould adopted the symbolism in this form, with Ceres at 1 and Astraea at 5. This form had previously been proposed in an 1850 letter by Heinrich Christian Schumacher to Gauss. The circle later became a pair of parentheses, which were easier to typeset, and the parentheses were sometimes omitted altogether over the next few decades. Thus the iconic asteroid symbols fell out of use; reference works continued giving them for the next few decades, though they often noted them as being obsolete.
+A few asteroids were given symbols by their discoverers after the encircled-number notation became widespread. 26 Proserpina (discovered 1853), 28 Bellona (discovered 1854), 35 Leukothea (discovered 1855), and 37 Fides (discovered 1855), all discovered by German astronomer Robert Luther, were assigned, respectively, a pomegranate with a star inside; a whip and spear; an antique lighthouse; and a cross. These symbols were drawn in the discovery reports. 29 Amphitrite was named and assigned a shell for its symbol by George Bishop, the owner of the observatory where astronomer Albert Marth discovered it in 1854, though the symbol was not drawn in the discovery report.

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+---
+title: "Astronomical symbols"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:55.281815+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+All these symbols are rare or obsolete in modern astronomy, though NASA has used Ceres' symbol when describing the dwarf planets, and Psyche's symbol may have influenced the design of the insignia for the Psyche mission. The major use of symbols for minor planets today is by astrologers, who have invented symbols for many more objects, though they sometimes use symbols that differ from the historical symbols for the same bodies.
+The symbol for 99942 Apophis, a near-Earth asteroid discovered in 2004 that attracted interest when initial observations suggested a significant probability of an Earth impact in 2029 (a possibility since eliminated), is much later. It was designed by Denis Moskowitz, who also designed many of the dwarf-planet symbols, at a time when asteroid symbols had become extremely rare in astronomy. Nonetheless, its inclusion of a star is meant to recall the 19th-century asteroid symbols.
+
+=== Asteroid table ===
+
+== Trans-Neptunian objects ==
+Pluto's name and symbol were announced by the discoverers on May 1, 1930. 
+The symbol, a monogram of the letters PL, could be interpreted to stand for Pluto or for Percival Lowell, the astronomer who initiated Lowell Observatory's search for a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune. Pluto has an alternative symbol consisting of an orb over Pluto's bident: it is more common in astrology than astronomy, and was popularised by the astrologer Paul Clancy, but has been used by NASA to refer to Pluto as a dwarf planet. There are a few other astrological symbols for Pluto that are used locally. Pluto also had the IAU abbreviation P when it was considered the ninth planet.
+The other large trans-Neptunian objects were only discovered around the dawn of the 21st century. They were not generally thought to be planets on their discovery, and planetary symbols had in any case mostly fallen out of use among astronomers by then. Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts, proposed astronomical symbols for the dwarf planets Quaoar, Sedna, Orcus, Haumea, Eris, Makemake, and Gonggong. These symbols are somewhat standard among astrologers (e.g. in the program Astrolog), which is where planetary symbols are most used today. Moskowitz has also proposed symbols for Varuna, Ixion, and Salacia, and others have done so for additional TNOs, but there is little consistency between sources.
+NASA has used Moskowitz's symbols for Haumea, Makemake, and Eris in an astronomical context, and Unicode labels the symbols for Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, and Orcus (added to Unicode in 2022) as "astronomy symbols".
+
+== Zodiac and other constellations ==
+
+The zodiac symbols have several astronomical interpretations. Depending on context, a zodiac symbol may denote either a constellation, or a point or interval on the ecliptic plane.
+Lists of astronomical phenomena published by almanacs sometimes included conjunctions of stars and planets or the Moon; rather than print the full name of the star, a Greek letter and the symbol for the constellation of the star was sometimes used instead.
+The ecliptic was sometimes divided into 12 signs, each subdivided into 30 degrees,
+and the sign component of ecliptic longitude was expressed either with a number from 0 to 11. or with the corresponding zodiacal symbol.
+In modern astronomical writing, all the constellations, including the 12 of the zodiac, have dedicated three-letter abbreviations, which specifically refer to constellations rather than signs.
+The zodiac symbols are also sometimes used to represent points on the ecliptic, particularly the solstices and equinoxes. Each symbol is taken to represent the "first point" of each sign, rather than the place in the visible constellation where the alignment is observed.
+Thus, ♈︎ the symbol for Aries, represents the March equinox;
+♋︎, for Cancer, the June solstice;
+♎︎, for Libra, the September equinox;
+and ♑︎, for Capricorn, the December solstice.
+Although the use of astrological sign symbols is rare, the particular symbol ♈︎ for Aries, is an exception; it is commonly used in modern astronomy to represent the location of the (slowly) moving reference point for the ecliptic and equatorial celestial coordinate systems.
+
+Ophiuchus has been proposed as a thirteenth sign of the zodiac by astrologer Walter Berg in 1995, who gave it a symbol that has become popular in Japan.
+
+None of the constellations have official symbols. However, in addition to the zodiac, occasional symbols for other modern constellations, as well as older constellations that occur in modern nomenclature, have appeared in publication. The symbols below were devised by Denis Moskowitz (except those for the 13 constellations already listed above).
+
+== Other ==
+Symbols for aspects and nodes appear in medieval texts, although medieval and modern usage of the node symbols differ; the modern ascending node symbol (☊) formerly stood for the descending node, and the modern descending node symbol (☋) was used for the ascending node. In describing the Keplerian elements of an orbit, ☊ is sometimes used to denote the ecliptic longitude of the ascending node, although it is more common to use Ω (capital omega, and inverted ℧), which were originally typographical substitutes for the astronomical symbols.
+The symbols for aspects first appear in Byzantine codices. Of the symbols for the five Ptolemaic aspects, only the three displayed here — for conjunction, opposition, and quadrature — are used in astronomy.
+Symbols for a comet (☄) and a fixed star () have been used in published astronomical observations of comets. In tables of these observations, ☄ stood for the comet being discussed and  for the star of comparison relative to which measurements of the comet's position were made.
+
+Meteor showers also have limited use of astronomical symbols in the literature, designed by Denis Moskowitz. They are based on the parent constellation symbols, with letters included to disambiguate the Aquariids and Taurids.
+
+For planetary transits of Mercury and Venus, Moskowitz proposed overlaying the respective planetary symbol on that of the Sun, extending the crossbar into an arrow:  (Mercury),  (Venus). This also has some limited use.
+Limited use can also be found of Moskowitz's symbol for Halley's Comet, : it is simply the standard comet symbol with an H.
+
+== See also ==
+
+Astrological symbols
+Alchemical symbols
+List of common astronomy symbols
+Maya calendar for the logograms used in Maya astronomy
+Solar symbol
+Zodiac
+
+== Footnotes ==
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_statistics-0.md

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+---
+title: "Basketball statistics"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_statistics"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:05.485270+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Statistics in basketball are kept to evaluate a player's or a team's performance.
+
+
+== Examples ==
+Examples of basketball statistics include:
+
+Averages per game are denoted by *PG, e.g. PPG (points), BLKPG or BPG (blocks), STPG or SPG (steals), APG (assists), RPG (rebounds) and MPG (minutes). Sometime the players statistics are divided by minutes played and multiplied by 48 minutes (had he played the entire game), denoted by * per 48 min. or *48M.
+A player who makes double digits in a game in any two of the PTS, REB, AST, STL, and BLK statistics is said to make a double double; in three statistics, a triple double; in four statistics, a quadruple double.  A quadruple double is extremely rare (and has only occurred four times in the NBA).  There is also a 5x5, when a player records at least a 5 in each of the 5 statistics.
+The NBA also posts to the statistics section of its website a simple composite efficiency statistic, denoted EFF and derived by the formula, ((Points + Rebounds + Assists + Steals + Blocks) − ((Field Goals Attempted − Field Goals Made) + (Free Throws Attempted − Free Throws Made) + Turnovers)). While conveniently distilling most of a player's key statistics in one numerical score, the formula is not highly regarded by the statistics community, with the alternative Player Efficiency Rating developed by ESPN basketball statistician John Hollinger being more widely used to compare the overall efficiency of players.
+
+
+== Tempo-free statistics ==
+Examples of tempo-free statistics including the following
+
+Pace: Possessions per game (typically ranges from 60 to 75)
+PPP: Points per possession, the points a team score for each possession regardless of a team's pace
+TO%: Turnover percentage, the measure of how often a team loses possession of the ball before creating a scoring opportunity
+
+
+== Fantasy leagues ==
+In fantasy basketball, statistics are used in a formula as the measurement of a player's performance.
+
+
+== See also ==
+NBA records
+Player Efficiency Rating
+Efficiency (basketball)
+Similarity score
+Advanced statistics in basketball
+ Basketball portal
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+NBA & pro Basketball statistics
+Basketball-Reference.com
+ESPN.com Current NBA statistics. From Kade Richard and NBA statistics team.
+Statistics at NBA.com

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-0.md

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 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:57:42.724301+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:01.700996+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:57:42.724301+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:01.700996+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-2.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/3
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:57:42.724301+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:01.700996+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_ecology-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+title: "Bibliography of ecology"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_ecology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:06.903792+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a bibliography of ecology.
+
+
+== Introductory ==
+Beman, J. (2010). "Energy economics in ecosystems". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (8): 22.
+Bryant, P. J. Biodiversity and Conservation. A Hypertext Book. Archived from the original on 2006-04-24. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
+Cleland, E. E. (2011). "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability". Nature Education Knowledge. 2 (1): 2.
+Costanza, R.; Cumberland, J. H.; Daily, H.; Goodland, R.; Norgaard, R. B. (2007). An Introduction to Ecological Economics (e-book). St. Lucie Press and International Society for Ecological Economics.
+"Ecosystem Services: A Primer". Ecological Society of America. 2000. Archived from the original on 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
+Farabee, M. J. The Online Biology Book. Avondale, Arizona: Estrella Mountain Community College. Archived from the original on 2017-12-25. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
+Forseth, I. (2010). "Terrestrial Biomes". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (8): 12.
+Henkel, T. P. (2010). "Coral reefs". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (11): 5.
+McCabe, D. J. (2010). "Rivers and streams: Life in flowing water". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (12): 4.
+Odum, H. (1973). "Energy, ecology, and economics" (PDF). Ambio. 2 (6): 220–227.
+Stevens, A. (2010). "Predation, herbivory, and parasitism". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (8): 38.
+
+
+== Advanced ==
+Brand, F. S.; Jax, K. (2007). "Focusing the meaning(s) of resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object". Ecology and Society. 12 (1): 23. doi:10.5751/ES-02029-120123. hdl:10535/3371.
+Carpenter, S. R.; Mooney, H. A.; Agard, J.; Capistrano, D.; DeFries, R. S.; Díaz, S.; Dietz, T.; Duraiappah, A. K.; et al. (2009). "Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (5): 1305–1312. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1305C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808772106. PMC 2635788. PMID 19179280.
+Ettema, C.H.; Wardle, D.A. (2002). "Spatial soil ecology" (PDF). Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 17 (4): 177–183. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02496-5.
+Green, J.L.; Hastings, A.; Arzberger, P.; Ayala, F.; Cottingham, K.L.; Cuddington, K.; Davis, F.; Dunne, J.A.; Fortin, M-J.; et al. (2005). "Complexity in ecology and conservation: mathematical, statistical, and computational challenges" (PDF). BioScience. 55 (6): 501–510. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0501:CIEACM]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568.
+Hanski, I. (1998). "Metapopulation dynamics" (PDF). Nature. 396 (6706): 41–49. Bibcode:1998Natur.396...41H. doi:10.1038/23876. S2CID 4405264. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-31.
+Magurran, A. E.; Henderson, P. A. (2010). "Temporal turnover and the maintenance of diversity in ecological assemblages". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 365 (1558): 3611–3620. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0285. PMC 2982009. PMID 20980310.
+Peterson, G.; Allen, C. R.; Holling, C. S. (1998). "Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale" (PDF). Ecosystems. 1: 6–18. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.484.146. doi:10.1007/s100219900002. S2CID 3500468.
+Quinn, J. F.; Dunham, A. E. (1983). "On hypothesis testing in ecology and evolution" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 122 (5): 602–617. doi:10.1086/284161. S2CID 84260487.
+Simberloff, D. S. (1974). "Equilibrium theory of island biogeography and ecology" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5 (1): 161–182. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001113.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Outline of ecology

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+title: "Bibliography of science and technology in Canada"
+chunk: 1/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a bibliography on the history of science and technology in Canada mainly compiled in 2011 from the Canadiana : the national bibliography with  very few additions since then.
+
+== Overviews ==
+G. Bruce Doern; Peter W. B. Phillips; David Castle (2016). Canadian Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy: The Innovation Economy and Society Nexus. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-4724-7.
+Edward Jones-Imhotep; Tina Adcock (2018). Made Modern: Science and Technology in Canadian History. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-3726-2.
+Council of Canadian Academies (2012). The State of Science and Technology in Canada, 2012. Council of Canadian Academies. ISBN 978-1-926558-47-9.
+
+== Nuclear issues ==
+Atomic Energy Canada Limited (1997), Canada enters the nuclear age, McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 0-7735-1601-8
+Buckley, Brian (2000). Canada's early nuclear policy: fate, chance and character. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2077-6.
+Clearwater, John (1998), Canadian nuclear weapons: the untold story of Canada's Cold War arsenal, Dundurn Press Ltd., ISBN 978-1-55002-299-5
+Doern, G. Bruce; Robert W. Morrison; Arslan Dorman (2001). Canadian nuclear energy policy: changing ideas, institutions, and interests. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-4788-5.
+Eggleston, Wilfred, Canada's Nuclear Story *Toronto: Clarke Irwin, 1965)
+Richter, Andrew (2002), Avoiding Armageddon: Canadian military strategy and nuclear weapons, 1950-63, UBC Press, ISBN 978-0-7748-0888-0
+Steed, Roger G (2007), Nuclear Power in Canada and Beyond, General Store Pub. House, ISBN 978-1-897113-51-6

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+---
+title: "Bibliography of science and technology in Canada"
+chunk: 2/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Technological and industrial ==
+Avery, Donald H., The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1998.
+Babaian, Sharon, Radio Communication in Canada: A Historical and Technological Survey, Transformation Series 1, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1992.
+Ball, Norman R., Mind, Heart, and Vision: Professional Engineering in Canada 1887 to 1987, National Museum of Science and Technology/Museums of Canada, Ottawa, 1987.
+Ball, Norman R. ed., Building Canada: A History of Public Works, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988.
+Barris, Theodore (26 September 2015). Fire Canoe: Prairie Steamboat Days Revisited. Dundurn Press 2015. ISBN 9781459732100. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
+Berger, Carl, Science, God, and Nature in Victorian Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1983.
+Bliss, Michael, Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1987.
+Bothwell, Robert, Nucleus: The History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988.
+Brown, J.J., Ideas in Exile, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967.
+Bryden, John, Deadly Allies: Canada's Secret War 1937–1947, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1989.
+Chisholm, Barbara, ed., Castles of the North: Canada's Grand Hotels, Lynx Images Inc., Toronto, 2001.
+Collins, Robert, A Voice from Afar: The History of Telecommunications in Canada, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1977.
+Dewalt, Bryan, Building a Digital Network in Canada: Data Communications and Digital Telephony, 1959–1990, Transformation Series 2, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1992.
+Dewalt, Bryan, Technology and Canadian Printing: A History from Lead Type to Lasers, Transformation Series 3, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1995.
+Eggleston, Wilfred, National Research in Canada: The NRC 1916–1966, Clarke Irwin, Toronto, 1978.
+Faucher, Philippe, Grands projets et innovations technologiques au Canada, Les presses de l'universite de Montréal, Montreal, 1999.
+Germain, Georges-Hebert, Le Genie Québécois: Histoire d'une conquete, Ordre des ingenieurs du Québec/Libre Expression, Montreal, 1995.
+Guillet, Edwin C., The Story of Canadian Roads, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1967.
+Harry, J., Smith, G., Lessard, Gilles, Forestry Resources Research in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971.
+Hopps, John A., Passing Pulses: The Pacemaker and Medical Engineering: A Canadian Story, Publishing Plus Limited, Ottawa, 1995.
+Knowles Middleton, W.E., Radar Development in Canada: The Radio Branch of the National Research Council of Canada, 1939–1946, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ontario, 1981.
+Koppel, Ted, Powering the Future: the Ballard Fuel Cell and the Race to Change the World, John Wiley & Sons, Etobicoke, 1999.
+Lowther, William, Arms and the Man: Dr. Gerald Bull, Iraq and the Supergun, Doubleday Canada Limites, Toronto, 1991.
+MacDermot, H.E., One Hundred Years of Medicine in Canada 1867–1967, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967.
+Macpherson, Burgess, The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910–1985, Collins, Toronto, 1981.
+McDonnell, The History of Canadian Railroads, New Burlington Books, London, 1985.
+McGrath, T.M., History of Canadian Airports, Lugus Publications, Ottawa, 1992.
+Madger, Ted, Canada's Hollywood: The Canadian State and Feature Films, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1993.
+Maginley, Collin, The Ships of Canada's Marine Services, Vanwell, St. Catharines, 2001.
+Mayer, Roy, Inventing Canada: One Hundred Years of Innovation, Raincoast Books, Vancouver, 1997.
+Mayer, Roy, Scientific Canadian: Invention and Innovation from Canada's national Research Council, Raincoast Books, Vancouver, 1999.
+Milberry, Larry, Aviation in Canada, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Toronto, 1979.
+Millard, J. Rodney, The Master Spirit of the Age: Canadian Engineers and the Politics of Professionalism 1887–1922, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988.
+Morton, Desmond, A Military History of Canada, Hurtig, Edmonton, 1990.
+Mouat, Jeremy, Metal Mining in Canada, 1840 −1950, Transformation Series 9, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 2000.
+Muise, McIntosh, Coal Mining in Canada: A Historical and Comparative Overview, Transformation Series 5, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1996.
+Robertson, Heather, Driving Force, The McLaughlin Family and the Age of the Car, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1995.
+Silversides, C.Ross, Broadaxe to Flying Shear: the Mechanization of Forest Harvesting East of the Rockies, Transformation Series 6, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1997.
+Smallman, B.N., et al., Agriculture Science in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1970.
+Stewart, R.W., Dickie, L.M., Ad Mare: Canada Looks to the Sea—A Study on Marine Science and Technology, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971.
+Süsskind, Charles. "technology." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2008. Grolier Online. 23 Oct. 2008 [1]
+Taylor, Baskerville, A Concise Business History of Canada, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1994.
+Thomson, Don W., Men and Mericians Volumes 1,2,3, Information Canada, Ottawa, 1966.
+Thomson, Malcolm, M., The Beginning of the Long Dash: A History of Timekeeping in Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1978.
+Tremblay, Robert, Histoire des outils manuels au Canada de 1828 a 1960, Transformation Series 10, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 2001.
+Warrington, Newbold, Chemical Canada: Past and Present, The Chemical Institute of Canada, Ottawa, 1970.
+Weir, E. Austin, The Struggle for National Broadcasting in Canada, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1965.
+Westman, A.E.R., Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: A Survey of Research and Development in Canada, The Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1969.
+Wilson, Andrew, Background to Invention, Science Council of Canada, 1970.
+Wilson, Andrew, Research Councils in the Provinces: A Canadian Resource, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1971.
+Wilson, Garth, A History of Shipbuilding and Naval Architecture in Canada, Transformation Series 4, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1994.
+Williams, Michael, Massey Ferguson Tractors, Blandford Press, London, 1987.
+Wright, J.W., A History of the Native Peoples of Canada: Volumes I(2001) & II(1999), Canadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa.
+Zeller, Suzanne, Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987.
+Scientia Canadensis

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-2.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+---
+title: "Bibliography of science and technology in Canada"
+chunk: 3/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Natural scientific research ==
+Ainley, Marianne Gosztonyi, ed., Despite All Odds: Essays on Canadian Women and Science, Vehicle Press, Montreal, 1990.
+Anstey, T.H., One Hundred Harvests: Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1886–1986, Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Historical Series No. 27, 1986.
+Appley, M.H., Rickwood, Jean, Psychology in Canada, Science Secretariat, Ottawa, 1967.
+Avery, Donald H., The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1998.
+Babbitt, J.D. ed., Science in Canada: Selections from the Speeches of Dr. E.W.R. Steacie, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1965.
+Beltzner, Klaus P., Coleman, A. John, Edwards, Gordon G., Mathematical Sciences in Canada, Science Council of Canada, ottawa, 1976.
+Berger, Carl, Science, God, and Nature in Victorian Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1983.
+Berger, Carl, Honour and the Search for Influence: A History of the Royal Society of Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1996.
+Bliss, Michael, Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1987.
+Bothwell, Robert, Nucleus: The History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988.
+Bryden, John, Best-Kept Secret: Canadian Secret Intelligence in the Second World War, Lester Publishing, Toronto, 1993.
+Bryden, John, Deadly Allies: Canada's Secret War 1937–1947, McClelland & stewart, Toronto, 1989.
+Chapman, J.H., et al., Upper Atmosphere and Space Programmes in Canada, Science Secretariat, Ottawa, 1967.
+Chartrand, Duchesne, Gingras, Histoire des sciences au Québec, Boreal, Montreal, 1987.
+Doern, G. Bruce, Science and Politics in Canada, McGill-Queen's University Press, Toronto, 1972.
+Duchesne, R., La science et le pouvoir au Québec, Editeur officiel du Québec, Quebec, 1978.
+Eggleston, Wilfred, National Research in Canada: The NRC 1916–1966, Clarke Irwin, Toronto, 1978.
+Edmonds, Alan, Voyage to the Edge of the World, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1973.
+Fillmore, Peter ed., Canadian Mathematical Society 1945–1995: Volume I—Mathematics in Canada, Canadian Mathematical Society, Ottawa, 1995.
+Gingras, Yves, Les origines de la recherche scientifique au Canada: Le cas des physiciens, Boreal, Montreal, 1991.
+Gingras, Yves, Pour l'avancement des sciences, Histoire de l'ACFAS 1923–1993, Boreal, Montreal, 1994.
+Gillmor, Don, I Swear By Apollo: Dr Ewen Cameron and the CIA-Brainwashing Experiments, Eden Press, Montreal, 1987.
+Harris, Robin, A History of Higher Education in Canada: 1663–1960, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1976.
+Harry, J., Smith, G., Lessard, Gilles, Forestry Resources Research in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971.
+Hayes, F. Ronald, The Chaining of Prometheus: Evolution of a Power Structure for Canadian Science, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1973.
+Hopps, John A., Passing Pulses: The Pacemaker and Medical Engineering: A Canadian Story, Publishing Plus Limited, Ottawa, 1995.
+Jarrell, Richard, The Cold Light of Dawn: A History of Canadian Astronomy, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988.
+Johnstone, Kenneth, The Aquatic Explorers: A History of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Fisheries Research Board/University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1977.
+King, Christine, E.W.R. Steacie and Science in Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1989.
+Knowles Middleton, W.E., Physics at the National Research Council of Canada, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ontario, 1979.
+Knowles Middleton, W.E., Radar Development in Canada: The Radio Branch of the National Research Council of Canada, 1939–1946, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ontario, 1981.
+Kruus, P., Basic Research, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1971.
+Lamontagne, Maurice, Une politique scientifique canadienne, Volume I—Une analyse critique: Le passe et le present, Information Canada, Ottawa, 1971.
+Levere, Jarrell, A Curious Field Book: Science and Society in Canadian History, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1974.
+Lithwick, Canada's Science Policy, Methuen, Toronto, 1969.
+MacDermot, H.E., One Hundred Years of Medicine in Canada 1867–1967, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967.
+OECD, Reviews of National Science Policy: Canada, OECD Publications, Paris, 1969.
+Ouellet, Cyrias, La vie des sciences au Canada Francais, Ministere des Affaires culturelles, Quebec, 1964.
+Rose, D.C. er al., Physics in Canada: Survey and Outlook, Science Secretariat, Ottawa, 1967.
+Royal Society of Canada, Fifty Years Retrospect, Canada 1882–1932, The Ryerson Press, Toronto, 1932.
+Smallman, B.N., et al., Agriculture Science in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1970.
+Spalding, David, Into the Dinosaurs' Graveyard, Doubleday Canada, Toronto, 1999.
+Stewart, R.W., Dickie, L.M., Ad Mare: Canada Looks to the Sea—A Study on Marine Science and Technology, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971.
+Taylor, Baskerville, A Concise Business History of Canada, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1994.
+Thomson, Don W., Men and Mericians Volumes 1,2,3, Information Canada, Ottawa, 1966.
+Thomson, Malcolm, M., The Beginning of the Long Dash: A History of Timekeeping in Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1978.
+Thistle, Mel, The Inner Ring: The Early History of the National Research Council of Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1966.
+Wallace, W. Stewart ed., The Royal Canadian Institute Centennial Volume 1849–1949, Royal Canadian Institute, Toronto, 1949.
+Warrington, Newbold, Chemical Canada: Past and Present, The Chemical Institute of Canada, Ottawa, 1970.
+Westman, A.E.R., Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: A Survey of Research and Development in Canada, The Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1969.
+Wilson, Andrew, Research Councils in the Provinces: A Canadian Resource, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1971.
+Zaslow, Morris, Reading the Rocks: The Story of the Geological Survey of Canada 1842–1972, Macmillan of Canada, Toronto, 1975.
+Zeller, Suzanne, Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-3.md

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+---
+title: "Bibliography of science and technology in Canada"
+chunk: 4/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Invention ==
+Ainley, Marianne Gosztonyi, ed., Despite All Odds: Essays on Canadian Women and Science, Vehicle Press, Montreal, 1990.
+Anstey, T.Branch Agriculture Canada, Historical Series No. 27, 1986.
+Avery, Donald H., The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1998.
+Babaian, Sharon, Radio Communication in Canada: A Historical and Technological Survey, Transformation Series 1, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1992.
+Babbitt, J.D. ed., Science in Canada: Selections from the Speeches of Dr. E.W.R. Steacie, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1965.
+Ball, Norman R., Mind, Heart, and Vision: Professional Engineering in Canada 1887 to 1987, National Museum of Science and Technology/Museums of Canada, Ottawa, 1987.
+Ball, Norman R. ed., Building Canada: A History of Public Works, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988.
+Barris, Theodore, Fire Canoe: Prairie Steamboat Days Revisited, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1977.
+Berger, Carl, Science, God, and Nature in Victorian Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1983.
+Bothwell, Robert, Nucleus: The History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988.
+Brown, J.J., Ideas in Exile, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967.
+Bryden, John, Deadly Allies: Canada's Secret War 1937 - 1947, McClelland & stewart, Toronto, 1989.
+Chapman, J.H., et al., Upper Atmosphere and Space Programmes in Canada, Science Secretariat, Ottawa, 1967.
+Collins, Robert, A Voice from Afar: The History of Telecommunications in Canada, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1977.
+Dewalt, Bryan, Building a Digital Network in Canada: Data Communications and Digital Telephony, 1959-1990, Transformation Series 2, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1992.
+Dewalt, Bryan, Technology and Canadian Printing: A History from Lead Type to Lasers, Transformation Series 3, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1995.
+Eggleston, Wilfred, National Research in Canada: The NRC 1916 - 1966, Clarke Irwin, Toronto, 1978.
+Faucher, Philippe, Grands projets et innovations technologiques au Canada, Les presses de l'université de Montréal, Montreal, 1999.
+Germain, Georges-Hebert, Le Génie Québécois: Histoire d'une conquête, Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec/Libre Expression, Montreal, 1995.
+Guillet, Edwin C., The Story of Canadian Roads, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1967.
+Harry, J., Smith, G., Lessard, Gilles, Forestry Resources Research in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971.
+Hopps, John A., Passing Pulses: The Pacemaker and Medical Engineering: A Canadian Story, Publishing Plus Limited, Ottawa, 1995.
+Knowles Middleton, W.E., Radar Development in Canada: The Radio Branch of the National Research Council of Canada, 1939-1946, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ontario, 1981.
+Koppel, Ted, Powering the Future: the Ballard Fuel Cell and the Race to Change the World, John Wiley & Sons, Etobicoke, 1999.
+Lowther, William, Arms and the Man: Dr. Gerald Bull, Iraq and the Supergun, Doubleday Canada Limites, Toronto, 1991.
+MacDermot, H.E., One Hundred Years of Medicine in Canada 1867-1967, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967.
+Macpherson, Burgess, The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910-1985, Collins, Toronto, 1981.
+McDonnell, The History of Canadian Railroads, New Burlington Books, London, 1985.
+McGrath, T.M., History of Canadian Airports, Lugus Publications, Ottawa, 1992.
+Madger, Ted, Canada's Hollywood: The Canadian State and Feature Films, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1993.
+Maginley, Collin, The Ships of Canada's Marine Services, Vanwell, St. Catharines, 2001.
+Mayer, Roy, Inventing Canada: One Hundred Years of Innovation, Raincoast Books, Vancouver, 1997.
+Mayer, Roy, Scientific Canadian: Invention and Innovation from Canada's national Research Council, Raincoast Books, Vancouver, 1999.
+Milberry, Larry, Aviation in Canada, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Toronto, 1979.
+Millard, J. Rodney, The Master Spirit of the Age: Canadian Engineers and the Politics of Professionalism 1887 - 1922, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988.
+Morton, Desmond, A Military History of Canada, Hurtig, Edmonton, 1990.
+Mouat, Jeremy, Metal Mining in Canada, 1840–1950, Transformation Series 9, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 2000.
+Muise, McIntosh, Coal Mining in Canada: A Historical and Comparative Overview, Transformation Series 5, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1996.
+OECD, Reviews of National Science Policy: Canada, OECD Publications, Paris, 1969.
+Robertson, Heather, Driving Force, The McLaughlin Family and the Age of the Car, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1995.
+Silversides, C.Ross, Broadaxe to Flying Shear: the Mechanization of Forest Harvesting East of the Rockies, Transformation Series 6, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1997.
+Smallman, B.N., et al., Agriculture Science in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1970.
+Stewart, R.W., Dickie, L.M., Ad Mare: Canada Looks to the Sea - A Study on Marine Science and Technology, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971.
+Taylor, Baskerville, A Concise Business History of Canada, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1994.
+Thomson, Malcolm, M., The Beginning of the Long Dash: A History of Timekeeping in Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1978.
+Tremblay, Robert, Histoire des outils manuels au Canada de 1828 a 1960, Transformation Series 10, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 2001.
+Warrington, Newbold, Chemical Canada: Past and Present, The Chemical Institute of Canada, Ottawa, 1970.
+Weir, E. Austin, The Struggle for National Broadcasting in Canada, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1965.
+Westman, A.E.R., Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: A Survey of Research and Development in Canada, The Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1969.
+Wilson, Andrew, Background to Invention, Science Council of Canada, 1970.
+Wilson, Andrew, Research Councils in the Provinces: A Canadian Resource, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1971.
+Wilson, Garth, A History of Shipbuilding and Naval Architecture in Canada, Transformation Series 4, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1994.
+Williams, Michael, Massey Ferguson Tractors, Blandford Press, London, 1987.
+Zeller, Suzanne, Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987.
+
+== See also ==
+
+Bibliography of Canada
+Lists of books
+List of bibliographies
+Lists of important publications in science
+
+== External links ==
+Science and Technology for Canadians - Government of Canada
+Canada Science and Technology Museum - Government of Canada
+Canadian Institute for Advanced Research: Science
+Canadian Encyclopedia: Science

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-0.md

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+---
+title: "Bibliography of sociology"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:21.458700+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This bibliography of sociology is a list of works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject of sociology. Some of the works are selected from general anthologies of sociology, while other works are selected because they are notable enough to be mentioned in a general history of sociology or one of its subdisciplines.
+Sociology studies society using various methods of empirical investigation to understand human social activity, from the micro level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and social structure.
+
+== Foundations ==
+
+Comte, Auguste. 1865. Discours sur l'ensemble du positivisme [A General View of Positivism].
+Marx, Karl. 1867. Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie Capital [Capital: A Critique of Political Economy].
+Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich. 1846. Die deutsche Ideologie [The German Ideology].
+Weber, Max. 1904. Die protestantische Ethik und der 'Geist' des Kapitalismus [The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism].
+Putting forward a thesis that Puritan ethic and ideas had influenced the development of capitalism, Weber observes religious devotion to usually be accompanied by rejection of mundane affairs, including economic pursuit. Weber addresses the paradox of why this was not the case within Protestantism.
+Du Bois, W. E. B. 1899. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study.
+
+=== Durkheim ===
+
+1893. De La Division Du Travail Social [The Division of Labour in Society].
+1897. Le Suicide: étude de sociologie [Suicide: A Study in Sociology].
+A case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic, Protestant and Jewish populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. Also a major contribution to structural functionalism.
+1912. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse [The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life].
+1919. Les Règles de la Méthode Sociologique [The Rules of Sociological Method].
+
+== Culture ==
+
+Bourdieu, Pierre. 1979. La distinction: Critique sociale du jugement [Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste].
+Bourdieu, Pierre, and Jean-Claude Passeron.1970. La Reproduction. Éléments pour une théorie du système d'enseignement [Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture].
+Katz, Jack. 1988. Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil.
+Schultz, Alfred. 1967. Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt [The Phenomenology of the Social world].
+
+== Economy ==
+
+Economic sociology attempts to explain economic phenomena. While overlapping with the general study of economics at times, economic sociology chiefly concentrates on the roles of social relations and institutions.
+
+Boltanski, Luc, and Ève Chiapello. 2005. The New Spirit of Capitalism.
+Boltanski, Luc, and Laurent Thévenot. 2006. On Justification. The Economies of Worth.
+de Tocqueville, Alexis. 1835/1840. De La Démocratie en Amérique [On Democracy in America] 1 & 2.
+— 1856. L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution [The Old Regime and the French Revolution].
+Durkheim, Emile. 1893. De La Division Du Travail Social [The Division of Labour in Society].
+Granovetter, Mark. 1985. "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." The American Journal of Sociology 91(3):481–510.
+Hirschman, Albert O. 1982. "Rival Interpretations of Market Society: Civilizing, Destructive, or Feeble?" Journal of Economic Literature 20(4):1463–84.
+Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.
+Simmel, George. 1907. The Philosophy of Money.
+Smelser, Neil and Richard Swedberg, eds. 2005. The Handbook of Economic Sociology.
+Weber, Max. 1922. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft  [Economy and Society].
+White, Harrison C. 2002. Markets from Networks: Socioeconomic Models of Production.
+
+=== Industry ===
+Industrial sociology is the sociology of technological change, globalization, labor markets, work organization, managerial practices and employment relations.
+
+Bell, Daniel. 1973. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting.
+Braverman, Harry. 1974. Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century.
+Burawoy, Michael. 1979. Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism.
+Dore, Ronald P. 1973. British factory, Japanese Factory.
+Goldthorpe, John, David Lockwood, Frank Bechhofer, and Jennifer Platt. 1968. The Affluent Worker: Industrial Attitudes and Behaviour.
+
+== Spatial sociology ==
+
+=== Environment ===
+Environmental sociology studies the relationship between society and environment, particularly the social factors that cause environmental problems, the societal impacts of those problems, and efforts to solve the problems.
+
+Carson, Rachel. 1962. Silent Spring.
+Diamond, Jared. 2006. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.
+Hannigan, John A. 1995. Environmental Sociology: A Social Constructionist Perspective.
+Argues that a society's willingness to recognize and solve environmental problems depends more upon the way these claims are presented by a limited number of interest groups than upon the severity of the threat they pose.
+Michelson, William. 2002. Handbook of Environmental Sociology.
+Provides an overview of the field of environmental sociology and its various research emphases.
+Schnaiberg, Allan, and Kenneth Alan Gould. 2000. Environment and Society: The Enduring Conflict. Caldwell.
+Demonstrates how our global economy requires increasing levels of economic expansion, which in turn requires increasing withdrawals for the natural environment.
+
+=== Demography ===
+Demography is the statistical study of human population. It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of these populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death.
+
+Malthus, Thomas. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population.
+Myrdal, Alva, and Gunnar Myrdal. 1934. Crisis in the Population Question.
+
+=== Urban ===
+Urban sociology refers the study of social life and human interaction in metropolitan areas.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-1.md

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+---
+title: "Bibliography of sociology"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:21.458700+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Castells, Manuel 1972. The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach.
+Delany, Samuel R. 1999. Times Square Red, Times Square Blue.
+Gottdiener, Mark, and Ray Hutchison. 2000. The New Urban Sociology.
+Hutter, Mark. 2007. Experiencing Cities: A Global Approach.
+Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities.
+"[This book] became perhaps the most influential single work in the history of town planning, and simultaneously helped to kill off the modern movement in architecture."
+Molotch, Harvey, and John R. Logan. 1987. Urban Fortunes: The Political economy of Place.
+Turned mainstream sociological opinion against the Chicago school of Human Ecology by foregrounding the influence of institutions and political settings in the growth of cities.
+Park, Robert E., and Ernest W. Burgess. 1925. The City.
+Foundational text in American sociology, Chicago school, Urban sociology, and Human ecology.
+Simmel, Georg. 1903. The Metropolis and Mental Life.
+
+== Gender and Intersectionality ==
+
+Bem, Sandra Lipsitz. 1994. Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality.
+Chodorow, Nancy. 1978. The Reproduction of Mothering.
+Collins, Patricia Hill. 2005. Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism.
+— 2006. From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism.
+Connell, Raewyn W. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics.
+—  2002. Gender: Short Introductions.
+Harding, Sandra. 1991. Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?: Thinking from Women's Lives.
+
+== Knowledge ==
+
+Sociology of knowledge refers to the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises, as well as of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies.
+
+Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge.
+Bloor, David. 1976. Knowledge and social imagery.
+Gave rise to the field known as Science and Technology Studies.
+Fleck, Ludwik. 1935. Genesis and development of a scientific fact.
+Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar. 1979. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts.
+Ethnography of microbiologists working at the Salk Institute. Explains the elevation of observations to the level of fact through a system of credibility. Started the ethnographic laboratory studies movement in the sociology of knowledge.
+Mannheim, Karl. 1936. Ideologie und Utopie [Ideology and Utopia].
+
+== Politics ==
+
+Traditionally, political sociology has been concerned with the ways in which social trends, dynamics, and structures of domination affect formal political processes, as well as exploring how various social forces work together to change political policies. Now, it is also concerned with the formation of identity through social interaction, the politics of knowledge, and other aspects of social relations.
+
+Mills, C. Wright. 1958. The Power Elite.
+Domhoff, G. William. 1967. Who Rules America?.
+Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China.
+Piven, Frances Fox, and Richard Cloward. 1988. Why Americans Don't Vote.
+—  2000. Why Americans Still Don't Vote: And Why Politicians Want It That Way.
+
+== Race and ethnicity ==
+
+The sociology of race and ethnic relations refers to the study of social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society, encompassing subjects such as racism and residential segregation.
+
+Du Bois, W. E. B. 1899. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study.
+— 1903. The Souls of Black Folk.
+Myrdal, Gunnar. 1944. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy.
+
+== Religion ==
+
+The sociology of religion concerns the role of religion in society, including practices, historical backgrounds, developments, and universal themes. There is particular emphasis on the recurring role of religion in all societies and throughout recorded history.
+
+Durkheim, Émile. 1912. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse [The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life].
+Berger, Peter L. 1967. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion.
+— 1970. A Rumor of Angels: Modern Society and the Rediscovery of the Supernatural.
+
+== Theory ==
+
+Sociological theories are complex theoretical and methodological frameworks used to analyze and explain objects of social study, which ultimately facilitate the organization of sociological knowledge.
+
+=== Conflict Theory ===
+Conflict theories, originally influenced by Marxist thought, are perspectives that see societies as defined through conflicts that are produced by inequality. Conflict theory emphasizes social conflict, as well as economic inequality, social inequality, oppression, and crime.
+
+Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. 1848. The Communist Manifesto.
+Marx, Karl. 1859. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.
+Veblen, Thorstein. 1899. The Theory of the Leisure Class.
+— 1904. The Theory of Business Enterprise.
+Mills, C. Wright. 1951. White Collar: The American Middle Classes.
+— 1958. The Power Elite.
+— 1959. The Sociological Imagination.
+Sharp, Gene. 1985. Making Europe Unconquerable.
+
+=== Rational Choice Theory ===
+Rational choice theory models social behavior as the interaction of utility-maximizing individuals.
+
+Coleman, James Samuel. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory.
+Olson, Mancur. 1971. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups.
+
+=== Social Exchange Theory ===
+Social Exchange Theory models social interaction as a series of exchanges between actors who give one another rewards and penalties, which impacts and guides future behavior. George Homans' version of exchange theory specifically argues that behaviorist stimulus-response principles can explain the emergence of complex social structures.
+
+Blau, Peter. 1964. Exchange & Power in Social Life.
+Emerson, Richard. 1962. "Power-Dependence Theory." American Sociological Review 27(1):31-41.
+Homans, George C. 1958. "Social Behavior as Exchange." American Journal of Sociology 63(6):597-606.
+Homans, George C. 1961. Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms.
+
+=== Social Network Analysis ===
+Making use of network theory, social network analysis is structural approach to sociology that views norms and behaviors as embedded in chains of social relations.
+
+Scott, John. 1991. Social Network Analysis: A Handbook.
+Provides a broad introduction to the subject.
+Wasserman, Stanley, and Katherine Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications.
+Presents thorough methodological coverage of the approach.
+Wellman, Barry, and S.D. Berkowitz, eds. 1988. Social Structures: A Network Approach.
+Provides a readable theoretical overview of the subject using many case studies.
+
+=== Sociocybernetics ===
+
+Sociocybernetics is the application of systems theory and cybernetics to sociology.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-2.md

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+---
+title: "Bibliography of sociology"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:21.458700+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Bánáthy, Béla H. 1996. Designing Social Systems in a Changing World.
+Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology.
+— (1979). Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity.
+Bateson, Gregory, and M. C. Bateson. 1988. Angels Fear: Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred.
+László, Ervin. 1984. The Systems View of the World: The Natural Philosophy of the New Developments in the Sciences.
+von Bertalanffy, Ludwig. 1968. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications.
+Wiener, Norbert. 1948. Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.
+
+=== Structural Functionalism ===
+Structural functionalism is a broad perspective that interprets society as a structure with interrelated parts.
+
+Durkheim, Emile. 1897. Le Suicide: étude de sociologie [Suicide: A Study in Sociology].
+Parsons, Talcott. 1937. The Structure of Social Action.
+— 1951. The Social System.
+Parsons, Talcott, and Edward A. Shils. 1951. Toward a General Theory of Action: Theoretical Foundations for the Social Sciences.
+
+=== Symbolic Interactionism ===
+Symbolic interactionism argues that human behavior is guided by the meanings people construct together in social interaction.
+
+Blumer, Herbert. 1969. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method.
+Cooley, Charles Horton. 1902. Human Nature and the Social Order.
+Mead, George Herbert. 1934. Mind, Self, and Society.
+Stryker, Sheldon. 1980. Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version.
+
+== See also ==
+List of scientific journals in sociology
+Sociology
+Engaged theory
+History of the social sciences
+Outline of sociology
+
+== References ==
+
+=== Notes ===
+
+=== Citations ===
+
+=== Bibliography ===
+
+== External links ==
+Major Sociological Studies And Publications (ThoughtCo.com)
+Top 978 sociological books of the 20th century up to 1997 as voted by the World Congress of the International Sociological Association.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sustainability-0.md

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+---
+title: "Bibliography of sustainability"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sustainability"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:24.102868+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a bibliography of sustainability publications.
+
+
+== Bibliography ==
+Atkinson, G., Dietz, S. & Neumayer, E. (2007). Handbook of Sustainable Development. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84376-577-6.
+Bartlett, A. (1998). Reflections on Sustainability, Population Growth, and the Environment—Revisited Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine revised version (January 1998) paper first published in Population & Environment 16(1): 5–35. Retrieved on: 2009-03-12.
+Braungart, M., and W. McDonough (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. North Point Press.
+Benyus, J. (1997). Biomimicry: Innovations Inspired by Nature. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-06-053322-6.
+Blackburn, W.R. (2007). The Sustainability Handbook. London: Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-495-2.
+Costanza, R., Graumlich, L.J. & Steffen, W. (eds), (2007). Sustainability or Collapse? An Integrated History and Future of People on Earth. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03366-4.
+Edwards, A.R., and B. McKibben (2010). Thriving Beyond Sustainability: Pathways to a Resilient Society, New Society Publishers.
+Encyclopedia of Earth
+Formica, P. (2020). Nature's Voice: Health and Humanities Chicago: bioGraph. ISBN 1951946103.
+Komiyama, Hiroshi; Kraines, Steven Benjamin (2008). Vision 2050: Roadmap for a Sustainable Earth. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-4-431-09430-2.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
+Huesemann, M.H., and J.A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment, Chapter 6, "Sustainability or Collapse", New Society Publishers.
+Jackson, T. (2011). Prosperity without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet. Routledge.
+James, Paul; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. (2015). Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability. London: Routledge.
+James, Paul; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012). Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
+Li, R.Y.M. (2011). Building Our Sustainable Cities. Illinois: Common Ground Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86335-834-7.
+Liam Magee; Andy Scerri; Paul James; James A. Thom; Lin Padgham; Sarah Hickmott; Hepu Deng; Felicity Cahill (2013). "Reframing social sustainability reporting: Towards an engaged approach". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 15 (1): 225–43. doi:10.1007/s10668-012-9384-2. S2CID 153452740.
+Norton, B. (2005). Sustainability, A Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-59521-4.
+Rogers, P., K.F. Jalal, and J.A. Boyd (2007). An Introduction to Sustainable Development. Routledge.
+Welford, R. (1997). Hijacking Environmentalism: Corporate Responses to Sustainable Development. Routledge.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+title: "Bibliography of water clocks"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:00.353692+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a bibliography of water clocks.
+
+== Overview of water clocks and other time instruments ==
+Barnett, Jo Ellen (1998). Time's Pendulum: From Sundials to Atomic Clocks, the Fascinating History of Timekeeping and How Our Discoveries Changed the World. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-15-600649-9.
+Bruton, Eric (1979). The History of Clocks and Watches. Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-0261-2.
+Cowan, Harrison J. (1958). Time and Its Measurement: From the stone age to the nuclear age. Ohio: The World Publishing Company. Bibcode:1958tmfs.book.....C.
+Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-15510-2. OCLC 33440282.
+Higgins, K.; Miner, D.; Smith, C.N.; Sullivan, D.B. (2004). "A Walk Through Time (version 1.2.1)". Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
+Jespersen, James; Fitz-Randolph, Jane (1999). From Sundials to Atomic Clocks: Understanding Time and Frequency (Second revised ed.). Courier Corporation. ISBN 0-486-40913-9.
+King, David A. (July 2004). "Towards a History from Antiquity to the Renaissance of Sundials and Other Instruments for Reckoning Time by the Sun and Stars". Annals of Science. 61 (3): 375–388. doi:10.1080/00033790310001642795..
+Landes, D (1983). Revolution in Time. Harvard University Press.
+McNown, J.S. (1976). "When Time Flowed: The Story of the Clepsydra". La Houille Blanche. 62 (5): 347–353. Bibcode:1976LHBl...62..347M. doi:10.1051/lhb/1976021. ISSN 0018-6368.
+Milham, Willis I. (1945). Time & Timekeepers including The History, Construction, Care, and Accuracy of Clocks and Watches. New York: The Macmillan Company.
+Rees, Abraham (1970). Rees's Clocks, Watches, and Chronometers 1819–20. Charles E. Tuttle Company.
+Richards, E.G. (1998). Mapping Time: The Calendar and Its History. Oxford University Press.
+Toulmin, Stephen; Goodhead, J. (1999). The Discovery of Time. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-80842-4.
+Turner, Anthony J. (1984). The Time Museum. Vol. I: Time Measuring Instruments, Part 3: Water-clocks, Sand-glasses, Fire-clocks. Rockford, IL: The Museum. ISBN 0-912947-01-2. OCLC 159866762.
+
+== Arabic & Islamic water clocks ==
+Hill, Donald Routledge, ed. (1976). Archimedes' On the Construction of Water-Clocks. Paris: Turner & Devereux.
+Hill, D.R. (1981). Arabic Water–Clocks. Syria: University of Aleppo.
+al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.; Hill, Donald R. (1986). Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26333-6. OCLC 13332728.
+Hill, Donald Routledge (1998). Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to Al-Jazari - from Alexandria to Diyar Bakr. Collected Studies Series 555. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0860786061.
+King, David A. (1990). "'Mikat', Astronomical Timekeeping". The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 7. Brill. (Reprinted in King, David A (1993). "Chapter V". Astronomy in the Service of Islam Variorum.)
+
+== Babylonian water clocks ==
+Englund, R.K. (1988). "Administrative Timekeeping in Ancient Mesopotamia" (PDF). Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. XXXI (31): 121–185. doi:10.1163/156852088X00070.
+Fermor, John; Steele, John M. (July 2000). "The design of Babylonian waterclocks: Astronomical and experimental evidence". Centaurus. 42 (3): 210–222. Bibcode:2000Cent...42..210F. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0498.2000.420303.x.
+Høyrup, J. (1997–1998). "A Note on Waterclocks and the Authority of Texts" (PDF). Archiv für Orientforschung. 44/45: 192–194.
+Michel-Nozières, C. (July 2000). "Second Millennium Babylonian Water Clocks: a physical study". Centaurus. 42 (3): 180–209. Bibcode:2000Cent...42..180M. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0498.2000.420302.x.
+Neugebauer, Otto (1947). "Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy". Isis. 37 (1/2): 37–43. doi:10.1086/347965. PMID 20247883. S2CID 120229480. (Reprinted in Neugebauer, Otto (1983). Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. pp. 239–245.)
+Price, Derek deSolla (1976). Science Since Babylon. New Haven: Yale University Press.
+Teresi, Dick (2002). Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science – from the Babylonians to the Maya. New York: Simon & Schuster.
+van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1951). "Babylonian Astronomy: III. The Earliest Astronomical Computations". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 10: 20–34. doi:10.1086/371009. S2CID 222450259.
+
+== Chinese water clocks ==
+Lorch, Richard P. (June 1981). "Al-Khazini's Balance-clock and the Chinese Steelyard Clepsydra". Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences. 31: 183–189.
+Needham, Joseph; Ling, W.; de Solla Price, D.J. (1986). Heavenly Clockwork: The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China (2nd ed.). CUP Archive. ISBN 0-521-32276-6.
+Needham, Joseph (1986). Science & Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books.
+Needham, Joseph (1995). Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05801-5. OCLC 153247126.
+Needham, Joseph (2000). Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05803-1. OCLC 153247141.
+Quan, He Jun (November 13–16, 1985). "Research on scale and precision of the water clock in ancient China". In G. Swarup; A. K. Bag; K. S. Shukla (eds.). History of Oriental Astronomy. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Colloquium No. 91, New Delhi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1987). pp. 57–61. ISBN 0-521-34659-2.
+Walsh, Jennifer Robin (May 21, 2004). Ancient Chinese Astronomical Technologies. American Physical Society, 6th Annual Northwest Section Meeting, 21–22 May 2004 (Poster). Pullman, WA.
+
+== Egyptian water clocks ==
+Clagett, Marshall (1995). Ancient Egyptian Science. Vol. II: Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy. American Philosophical Society. pp. 457–462. ISBN 0-87169-214-7.
+Cotterell, B.; Dickson, F.P.; Kamminga, J. (1986). "Ancient Egyptian Water-clocks: A Reappraisal". Journal of Archaeological Science. 13 (1): 31–50. Bibcode:1986JArSc..13...31C. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(86)90025-7.
+Cotterell, Brian; Kamminga, Johan (1990). Mechanics of pre-industrial technology: An introduction to the mechanics of ancient and traditional material culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42871-8. OCLC 18520966.
+Fermor, John (1997). "Timing the Sun in Egypt and Mesopotamia". Vistas in Astronomy. 41 (1): 157–167. Bibcode:1997VA.....41..157F. doi:10.1016/S0083-6656(96)00069-4.
+Neugebauer, Otto; Parker, Richard A. (1969). Egyptian Astronomical Texts. Vol. III: Decans, Planets, Constellations, and Zodiacs. Providence, RI: Brown University Press/Lund Humphries.
+Pogo, Alexander (1936). "Egyptian water clocks". Isis. 25 (2): 403–425. doi:10.1086/347090. S2CID 122385803. (Reprinted in Mayr, Otto, ed. (1976). Philosophers and Machines. Science History Publications.)
+Sloley, R.W. (1924). "Ancient Clepsydrae". Ancient Egypt: 43–50.
+Sloley, R.W. (1931). "Primitive methods of measuring time". JEA. 17: 174–176.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-1.md

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+---
+title: "Bibliography of water clocks"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:00.353692+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== European water clocks ==
+Bedini, S.A. (1962). "The Compartmented Cylindrical Clepsydra". Technology and Culture. 3 (2): 115–141. doi:10.2307/3101437. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 3101437. S2CID 112844914.
+Drover, C.B. (1954). "A Medieval Monastic Water Clock". Antiquarian Horology. I (5): 54–58.
+Hill, Donald Routledge (1996). A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. La Salle, IL: Open Court. ISBN 0-415-15291-7.
+Hill, D.R (1994). "The Toledo Water-Clocks of c.1075". History of Technology. 16: 62–71.
+Maddison, Francis; Scott, Byan; Kent, Allan (1962). "An early medieval water-clock". Antiquarian Horology. 3, n. 12: 348–353.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
+Scattergood, John. (October 2003). "Writing the clock: the reconstruction of time in the late Middle Ages". European Review. 11 (4): 453–474. doi:10.1017/S1062798703000425. S2CID 145056908.
+
+== Greek and Alexandrian water clocks ==
+Hill, Donald Routledge, ed. (1976). Archimedes' On the Construction of Water-Clocks. Paris: Turner & Devereux.
+Lepschy, Antonio M. (February 1992). "Feedback Control in Ancient Water and Mechanical Clocks". IEEE Transactions on Education. 35 (1): 3–10. Bibcode:1992ITEdu..35....3L. doi:10.1109/13.123411.
+Lewis, Michael (2000). "Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks". In Wikander, Örjan (ed.). Handbook of Ancient Water Technology. Technology and Change in History. Vol. 2. Leiden. pp. 343–369 (356f.). ISBN 90-04-11123-9.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
+Noble, J.V.; de Solla Price, D. J. (1968). "The Water clock in the Tower of the Winds". American Journal of Archaeology. 72 (4): 345–355. doi:10.2307/503828. JSTOR 503828. S2CID 193112893.
+The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria. Translated by Woodcroft, Bennet. London: Taylor Walton and Maberly. 1851. Bibcode:1851phal.book.....W.
+Vitruvius, P. (1960). The Ten Books on Architecture. Translated by Morgan, M.H. New York: Dover Publications.
+
+== Indian water clocks ==
+Achar, N (1998). "On the Vedic origin of the ancient mathematical astronomy of India". Journal of Studies on Ancient India. 1: 95–108.
+Fleet, J. F. (1915). "The ancient Indian water clock". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 213–230.
+Kumar, Narendra (2004). Science in Ancient India. Anmol Publications. ISBN 81-261-2056-8.
+Pingree, D. (1973). "The Mesopotamian origin of early Indian mathematical astronomy". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 4: 1–12. Bibcode:1973JHA.....4....1P. doi:10.1177/002182867300400102. S2CID 125228353.
+Pingree, D. (1976). "The recovery of early Greek astronomy from India". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 7 (2): 109–123. Bibcode:1976JHA.....7..109P. doi:10.1177/002182867600700202. S2CID 68858864.
+
+== Korean water clocks ==
+Hong, Sungook (July 1998). "Book Review: Korean Water-Clocks: "Chagyongnu", the Striking Clepsydra, and the History of Control and Instrumentation Engineering". Technology and Culture. 39 (3): 553–555.
+Nam, Moon-Hyon (1990). "Chagyongnu: The Automatic Striking Water clock". Korea Journal. 30 (7): 9–21.
+Nam, Moon-Hyon; Jeon, San-Woon (October 6–11, 1993). Timekeeping Systems of Early Choson Dynasty. First International Conference on Oriental Astronomy, From Guo Shoujing to King Sejong, Seoul. Seoul: Yonsei University Press (published 1997). pp. 305–324.
+Needham, Joseph; Major, John S.; Lu, Gwei-Djen (1986). Hall of Heavenly Records: Korean Astronomical Instruments and Clocks, 1380–1780. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30368-0.
+From the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty:
+Hyeonjong Shillock (Veritable Records of King Hyeonjong), 1669
+Jungjong Shillok (Veritable Records of King Jungjong), 1536.
+Sejong Shillock (Veritable Records of King Sejong), Chapter. 65, AD 1434 and Chapter. 80, AD 1438.
+
+== Mesopotamian water clocks ==
+Brown, David R.; Fermor, John; Walker, Christopher B.F. (1999–2000). "The Water Clock in Mesopotamia". Archiv für Orientforschung (46/47).
+Chadwick, R. (1984). "The Origins of Astronomy and Astrology in Mesopotamia". Archaeoastronomy. BULL. CTR ARCH. 7 (1–4): 89. Bibcode:1984Arch....7...89C.
+Fermor, John (1997). "Timing the Sun in Egypt and Mesopotamia". Vistas in Astronomy. 41 (1): 157–167. Bibcode:1997VA.....41..157F. doi:10.1016/S0083-6656(96)00069-4.
+Walker, Christopher; Britton, John (1996). "Astronomy and Astrology in Mesopotamia". In Walker, C. (ed.). Astronomy Before the Telescope. London: British Museum Press. pp. 42–67.
+
+== Russian ancient water clocks ==
+Vodolazhskaya, Larisa N.; Usachuk, Anatoliy N.; Nevsky, Mikhail Yu (2015). "Clepsydra of the Bronze Age from the Central Donbass" (PDF). Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies. 3 (1): 65–87. doi:10.24411/2310-2144-2015-00010.
+
+== Present-day water clocks ==
+Gitton, Bernard (June 1989). ""Time, like an everflowing stream." Trans. Mlle. Annie Chadeyron. Ed. Anthony Randall". Horological Journal. 131 (12): 18–20.
+Taylor, Robert (March 15, 2006). "Taiwan's Biggest Cuckoo Clock?: Recreating an Astronomical Timepiece". Sinorama Magazine. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
+Xuan, Gao (August 18–21, 2003). Principle Research and Reconstruction Experiment of the Astronomical Clock Tower in Ancient China. 11th World Congress in Mechanism and machine Science. Tianjin, China.
+
+== Other topics on water clocks and related material ==
+Goodenow, Jennifer; Orr, Richard; Ross, David (2007), Mathematical Models of Water Clocks (PDF), Rochester Institute of Technology
+Landels, John G. (1979). "Water-Clocks and Time Measurement in Classical Antiquity". Endeavour. 3 (1): 32–37. doi:10.1016/0160-9327(79)90007-3. ISSN 0160-9327.
+Mills, A. A. (1982). "Newton's Water Clocks and the Fluid Mechanics of Clepsydrae". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 37 (1): 35–61. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1982.0004. ISSN 0035-9149. JSTOR 531476. S2CID 145355791.
+Neugebauer, Otto (1969) [1957]. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. Vol. 9 (2 ed.). Dover Publications. pp. 1–191. ISBN 978-0-486-22332-2. PMID 14884919. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
+Sarma, S.R. (2004). "Setting up the Water Clock for Telling the Time of Marriage". In Ch. Burnett; J.P. Hogendijk; K. Plofker; M. Yano (eds.). Studies in the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of David Pingree. Leiden: Brill. pp. 302–330. ISBN 978-9004132023.
+Snell, Daniel (1997). Life in the Ancient Near East, 3100-332 B.C.E. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07666-5.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-2.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+title: "Bibliography of water clocks"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:00.353692+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Non-English resources ==
+Bilfinger, Gustav (1888). Die babylonische Doppelstunde: Eine chronologische Untersuchung (in German). Stuttgart: Wildt.
+Borchardt, Ludwig (1920). Die Altägyptische Zeitmessung [Old Egyptian time measurement] (in German). Berlin: Leipzig.
+Daressy, G. (1915). "Deux clepsydres antiques". BIE (in French). 5 (9): 5–16.
+Ginzel, Friedrich Karl (1920). "Die Wassermessungen der Babylonier und das Sexagesimalsystem". Klio: Beiträge zur alten Geschichte (in German). 16: 234–241.
+Hahn, Young-Ho; Nam, Moon-Hyon (1997). "Reconstruction of the Armillary Spheres of Mid-Chosun: The Armillary Clocks of Yi Minchol". Hanguk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji (Journal of the Korean History of Science Society) (in Korean). 19 (1): 3–19.
+Hahn, Young-Ho (2000). "Astronomical Clocks of Chosun Dynasty: King Sejong's Heumgyonggaknu". Kisulgwa Yoksa (Journal of the Korean Society for the History of Technology and Industry) (in Korean). 1 (1): 99–140.
+Nam, Moon-Hyon (1995). Korean Water Clocks: Jagyongnu, The Striking Clepsydra and The History of Control and Instrumentation Engineering (in Korean). Seoul: Konkuk University Press.
+Nam, Moon-Hyon (1998). "On the BORUGAKGI of Kim Don—Principles and Structures of JAYEONGNU". Hanguksa Yeongu (Studies on Korean History) (in Korean). 101: 75–114.
+Nam, Moon-Hyon (2002). Jang Yeong-Shil and Jagyeongnu – Reconstruction of Time Measuring History of Choseon Period (in Korean). Seoul National University Press.
+Planchon. "L'Heure Par Les Clepsydres". La Nature (in French): 55–59.
+Thureau-Dangin, François (1932). "La clepsydre chez les Babyloniens (Notes assyriologiques LXIX)". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 29: 133–136.
+Thureau-Dangin, François (1933). "Clepsydre babylonienne et clepsydre égyptienne". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 30: 51–52.
+Thureau-Dangin, François (1937). "Le clepsydre babylonienne". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 34: 144.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "CAD standards"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:47.704786+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CAD standards are a set of guidelines for the appearance of computer-aided design (CAD) drawings and for how CAD data is organized, most prominently in architecture and engineering. The standards are intended to improve productivity and to facilitate the interchange of information between different organizations and computer platforms.
+In education, CAD standards may refer to skill requirements to be met for an individual's certification in CAD.
+
+== Background ==
+
+Computer-aided design (CAD) made its first appearance in the mid-1960s and brought rapid technological change to the drafting and design professions. CAD systems evolved alongside developments in computer hardware and software, resulting in a wide range of CAD products by the 1980s. Multiple, overlapping CAD standards resulted from the need to address different issues in organization, appearance, and sharing of CAD files.
+In the United States, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) introduced its popular CAD Layer Guidelines in 1990. The National CAD Standard (NCS) was released in 1999, developed by the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) for 2D CAD organization. This brought together independent standards of the AIA, the Construction Specifications Institute, and the US Department of Defense Tri-Services CAD plotting standards. In data standardization, the International Alliance for Interoperability (now BuildingSMART) was founded in 1995, with some 600 software firms as members. This organization developed and released a number of open-data object-oriented data sets (Industry Foundation Classes) which were adopted by software companies. Compliant software could share data, allowing, for example, spatial planning data from a spreadsheet to be used by other programs to generate a floorplan, a 3D CAD model, or a building cost estimate.
+More specific CAD standards are often set among organizations, such as a manufacturing company and its suppliers, to ensure efficiency and accuracy.
+
+== Architecture standards ==
+
+=== CAD layer standards ===
+Most common:
+
+National CAD Standard (NCS), a US standard which combines:
+AIA CAD Layer Guidelines, 2nd edition (1997)
+Construction Specifications Institute's (CSI) Uniform Drawing System (UDS)
+Department of Defense's Tri-Services CAD Center's plotting Standards.
+Architecture/Engineering/Construction CAD Standard, used for standardization across US Department of Defense facilities.
+BS 1192, which relies heavily on the UK Code of Procedure for the Construction Industry
+AEC (UK), an adaptation of BS-1192 based on Uniclass.
+ISO 13567-1/3, International standard, commonly used in Northern Europe;
+SIA 2014 (1996), Swiss standard for engineers and architects, based on ISO 13567.
+ÖNORM A 6240-4 (2012), Austrian standard for digital documentation in technical drawings, based on ISO 13567.
+Samples of standardized layers:
+
+A-B374--E- (ISO13567: agent Architect, element Roof window in SfB, presentation graphic element);
+A-37420-T2N01B113B23pro (ISO13567: agent Architect, element Roof Window in SfB, presentation Text#2, New part, floor 01, block B1, phase 1, projection 3D, scale 1:5(B), work package 23 and user definition "pro");
+A-G25---D-R (ISO13567: agent Architect, element wall in Uniclass, presentation dimensions, status Existing to be removed);
+A-G251-G-WallExtl-Fwd (AEC(UK): agent Architect, element External Wall in Uniclass, presentation graphic element, user definition "WallExtl" and view Forward);
+A210_M_ExtWall (BS1192: agent Architect, element External Wall in SfB, presentation model, user definition "ExtWall");
+A-E04---E- (ISO13567 SIA 2014: agent Architect, element Stair in SIA classification, presentation graphic element);
+A-WALL-FULL (AIA: agent Architect, element Wall, Full height).
+
+=== Line-thickness ===
+Thickness for pens and plot: 0.13 mm Gray, 0.18 mm Red, 0.25 mm White, 0.35 mm Yellow, 0.50 mm Magenta, 0.70 mm Blue, 1.00 mm Green. In AutoCAD usually parts to be printed in black are drawn in 1 to 7 basic colors. Color layer: Green-Center, Magenta-Measure of length, and Blue-Hidden.
+
+=== Text and dimension ===
+Heights: 2.5 mm, 3.5 mm, 5.0 mm, 7.0 mm (stroke thickness (lineweight) should be 0.1 of the character height).
+Font styles: "Romans.shx – Romantic Simplex", "ISOCPEUR.ttf". Exceptional use of screen fonts (arial, Times New Roman etc.).
+
+=== Scales ===
+2:1, 20:1, 200:1 ...
+1:1, 1:10, 1:100 ...
+3⁄16 in = 1 ft
+1⁄4 in = 1 ft
+3⁄8 in = 1 ft
+1⁄2 in = 1 ft
+3⁄4 in = 1 ft
+1 in = 1 ft
+1+1⁄2 in = 1 ft
+3 in = 1 ft (QUARTER SCALE)
+6 in = 1 ft (HALF SCALE)
+1 ft = 1 ft (FULL SCALE)
+
+=== File naming standards ===
+BS 1192: Discipline (1 char), Element (2 char, using SfB Table 1 or Uniclass), Drawing type (1 char, P=preliminary, X=special/xref, L=layout, C=component, S=schedules, A=assembly drawings, K=co-ordination drawing), Unique number (3 char), Revision (1 char, A=emission, B,C,D...= revisions).
+Samples: A22P012G.dwg (architect, internal walls in SfB, preliminary design, sheet 012, revision G).
+
+AIA
+AEC
+Samples: ZE1G-124.dwg, XE1G-100.dwg
+
+AEC (UK): Project (unlimited char), Discipline (2 char max, recommended mandatory), Zone (optional), View (1 char, rec.mand.), Level (2 char, rec.mand.), Content (rec.mand.), Sequential number (up to 3 char);
+Samples: 1234-A-Off-P-M1-Furn-11c.dwg (project #1234, architect, office zone, plan, mezzanine 1, furnitures, version 1.1 revision c), A-P-01-Part (architect, plan, 1st floor, partitions), 1234-A-S-055.dgn (project #1234, architect, section, sheet 055), A-S-xx-AA.dwg (architect, section, full building, section AA), A-P-x-Grid.dgn (architect, plan, all floor, grid), 1838-S-C-P-03 (project 1838, structures, building C, plan, 3rd floor).
+
+Other local: Job number (4 char), Agent (1 char), Section (4 char), phase (1 char), sheet number (2 char), revision (2 char).
+Samples: 0512-A-00A_-1-01-02.dwg
+Job number (3 char), View (2 char), section (2char), phase (1 char), revision (1 char)
+Samples: 123p0s2d0.dwg (job 1239, plan, 2nd floor, definitive drawing, emission), 459s0BBD0.dgn (job 123, section B, definitive drawing, emission).
+it produces a large number of photos that could then be CAD into a file format.
+
+== Mechanical standards ==
+
+=== Model-based definition ===
+
+Model-based definition (MBD) is a method of product specification using elements within 3D models as defined by the US standard ASME Y14.41-2012. ASME Y14.41-2012 is based upon ASME Y14.5-2009 symbols and definition methods, such as geometry dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T).
+Subscribers of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have the standards ISO 1101 and ISO 16792 for model-based definition.
+
+=== Geometry quality ===
+VDA 4955

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+title: "CAD standards"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:47.704786+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Product data quality ==
+Product data quality (PDQ) is a field of product lifecycle management (PLM) relating to the quality of product data, particularly the geometrical and organizational quality of CAD data. Checkers, software that analyze CAD data formats, are often employed before and after data translation.
+The checkers can check the organization and quality of the data against internal company standards and international or industry standards.
+These checkers can be built into specific CAD packages or work on a number of CAD file formats.
+In 2006–07 Part 59 of STEP ISO 10303-59 Product data representation and exchange: Integrated generic resource: Quality of product shape data is under development. It defines how to represent quality criteria together with measurement requirements and representation of inspection results.
+
+== See also ==
+Model based definition
+Construction Project Information Committee
+Uniclass
+ISO Standards Handbook – Technical drawings, a broad collection of all basic ISO drawing standards
+Vol.1 Technical drawings in general, ISBN 92-67-10370-9
+Vol.2 Mechanical engineering drawings, construction drawings, drawing equipment, ISBN 92-67-10371-7
+ISO 128 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation
+ISO 13567 Technical product documentation – Organization and naming of layers for CAD
+ISO 16792 Technical product documentation – Digital product definition data practices, for the presentation of 3D models and GD&T
+ASTM F2915 Additive Manufacturing File Format
+IGES Initial Graphics Exchange Specification
+X3D ISO standardized royalty free 3D format – CAD Interchange sub-component of interest here.
+United States Military Standard
+Myriad (typeface) § MyriadCAD
+technical lettering
+
+== Further reading ==
+Kiziltas, S.; Leite, F.; Akinci, F.; Lipman, R. (2009) "Interoperable Methodologies and Techniques in CAD". Chapter 4. In: CAD and GIS Integration. Karimi, H.; Akinci, B. (ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 73–110.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+AutoCAD Layer Names for Architecture / Interiors (PDF available)
+aec-uk.org Home of the AEC(UK) standards.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_articles_in_probability_theory-0.md

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+---
+title: "Catalog of articles in probability theory"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_articles_in_probability_theory"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:06.672877+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This page lists articles related to probability theory. In particular, it lists many articles corresponding to specific probability distributions. Such articles are marked here by a code of the form (X:Y), which refers to number of random variables involved and the type of the distribution. For example (2:DC) indicates a distribution with two random variables, discrete or continuous. Other codes are just abbreviations for topics. The list of codes can be found in the table of contents.
+
+
+== Core probability: selected topics ==
+Probability theory
+
+
+=== Basic notions (bsc) ===
+
+
+=== Instructive examples (paradoxes) (iex) ===
+
+
+=== Moments (mnt) ===
+
+
+=== Inequalities (inq) ===
+
+
+=== Markov chains, processes, fields, networks (Mar) ===
+
+
+=== Gaussian random variables, vectors, functions (Gau) ===
+
+
+=== Conditioning (cnd) ===
+
+
+=== Specific distributions (spd) ===
+
+
+=== Empirical measure (emm) ===
+
+
+=== Limit theorems (lmt) ===
+
+
+=== Large deviations (lrd) ===
+
+
+=== Random graphs (rgr) ===
+
+
+=== Random matrices (rmt) ===
+
+
+=== Stochastic calculus (scl) ===
+
+
+=== Malliavin calculus (Mal) ===
+
+
+=== Random dynamical systems (rds) ===
+Random dynamical system / scl
+
+Absorbing set
+Base flow
+Pullback attractor
+
+
+=== Analytic aspects (including measure theoretic) (anl) ===
+
+
+== Core probability: other articles, by number and type of random variables ==
+
+
+=== A single random variable (1:) ===
+
+
+==== Binary (1:B) ====
+
+
+==== Discrete (1:D) ====
+
+
+==== Continuous (1:C) ====
+
+
+==== Real-valued, arbitrary (1:R) ====
+
+
+==== Random point of a manifold (1:M) ====
+Bertrand's paradox / (1:M)
+
+
+==== General (random element of an abstract space) (1:G) ====
+Pitman–Yor process / (1:G)
+Random compact set / (1:G)
+Random element / (1:G)
+
+
+=== Two random variables (2:) ===
+
+
+==== Binary (2:B) ====
+Coupling / (2:BRG)
+Craps principle / (2:B)
+
+
+==== Discrete (2:D) ====
+Kullback–Leibler divergence / (2:DCR)
+Mutual information / (23F:DC)
+
+
+==== Continuous (2:C) ====
+
+
+==== Real-valued, arbitrary (2:R) ====
+
+
+==== General (random element of an abstract space) (2:G) ====
+Coupling / (2:BRG)
+Lévy–Prokhorov metric / (2:G)
+Wasserstein metric / (2:G)
+
+
+=== Three random variables (3:) ===
+
+
+==== Binary (3:B) ====
+Pairwise independence / (3:B) (F:R)
+
+
+==== Discrete (3:D) ====
+Mutual information / (23F:DC)
+
+
+==== Continuous (3:C) ====
+Mutual information / (23F:DC)
+
+
+=== Finitely many random variables (F:) ===
+
+
+==== Binary (F:B) ====
+
+
+==== Discrete (F:D) ====
+
+
+==== Continuous (F:C) ====
+
+
+==== Real-valued, arbitrary (F:R) ====
+
+
+==== General (random element of an abstract space) (F:G) ====
+Finite-dimensional distribution / (FU:G)
+Hitting time / (FU:G)
+Stopped process / (FU:DG)
+
+
+=== A large number of random variables (finite but tending to infinity) (L:) ===
+
+
+==== Binary (L:B) ====
+Random walk / (FLS:BD) (U:C)
+
+
+==== Discrete (L:D) ====
+
+
+==== Real-valued, arbitrary (L:R) ====
+
+
+=== An infinite sequence of random variables (S:) ===
+
+
+==== Binary (S:B) ====
+
+
+==== Discrete (S:D) ====
+
+
+==== Continuous (S:C) ====
+
+
+==== Real-valued, arbitrary (S:R) ====
+
+
+==== General (random element of an abstract space) (S:G) ====
+
+
+=== Uncountably many random variables (continuous-time processes etc) (U:) ===
+
+
+==== Discrete (U:D) ====
+
+
+==== Continuous (U:C) ====
+
+
+==== Real-valued, arbitrary (U:R) ====
+
+
+==== General (random element of an abstract space) (U:G) ====
+
+
+== Around the core ==
+
+
+=== General aspects (grl) ===
+
+
+=== Foundations of probability theory (fnd) ===
+
+
+=== Gambling (gmb) ===
+
+
+=== Coincidence (cnc) ===
+
+
+=== Algorithmics (alg) ===
+
+
+=== Bayesian approach (Bay) ===
+
+
+=== Financial mathematics (fnc) ===
+
+
+=== Physics (phs) ===
+
+
+=== Genetics (gnt) ===
+
+
+=== Stochastic process (spr) ===
+
+
+=== Geometric probability (geo) ===
+
+
+=== Empirical findings (emp) ===
+Benford's law
+Pareto principle
+
+
+=== Historical (hst) ===
+
+
+=== Miscellany (msc) ===
+
+
+== Counters of articles ==
+
+Here k(n) means: n links to k articles. (Some articles are linked more than once.)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols-0.md

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+---
+title: "Chess annotation symbols"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:14.184479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+When annotating chess games, commentators frequently use widely recognized annotation symbols. Question marks and exclamation points that denote a move as bad or good are ubiquitous in chess literature. Some publications intended for an international audience, such as the Chess Informant, have a wide range of additional symbols that transcend language barriers.
+The common symbols for evaluating the merits of a move are "??", "?", "?!", "!?", "!", and "!!". The chosen symbol is appended to the text describing the move (e.g. Re7? or Kh1!?); see Algebraic chess notation.
+Use of these annotation symbols is subjective, as different annotators use the same symbols differently or for a different reason.
+
+== Evaluation symbols ==
+
+=== Moves ===
+Move evaluation symbols, by decreasing severity or increasing effectiveness of the move:
+
+==== ?? (Blunder) ====
+
+The double question mark "??" indicates a blunder, a critically bad mistake. Typical moves that receive double question marks are those that overlook a tactic that wins substantial material, overlook a checkmate, or miss a winning move after a severe mistake by the opponent. A "??"-worthy move may result in an immediately lost position, turn a won position into a draw, lose an important piece or otherwise severely worsen the player's position. 
+Blunders occur at all levels of play. In fact, one of the most infamous blunders in chess history occurred in the twenty-third game of the 1892 World Chess Championship, which famously came to an abrupt and unexpected end when Mikhail Chigorin hung a mate in two in an otherwise completely winning position.
+
+==== ? (Mistake) ====
+A single question mark "?" indicates that the annotator thinks that the move is a mistake and should not have been played. Mistakes often lead to loss of tempo, material, or otherwise a worsening of the player's position. The nature of a mistake may be more strategic or positional than tactical. The symbol can also be used for a move that overlooks a far stronger move.
+
+==== ?! (Dubious move / Inaccuracy) ====
+A question mark followed by an exclamation mark "?!" usually indicates that the annotator believes the move to be dubious or questionable but to possibly have merits or be difficult to refute. The "?!" may also indicate that the annotator believes the move is weak, of doubtful value, or deserves criticism but not bad enough to warrant a "?". On certain Internet chess servers, such as Chess.com and Lichess, this kind of move is marked as an "inaccuracy", denoting a weak move, appearing more regularly than with most annotators. A sacrifice leading to a dangerous attack that the opponent should be able to defend against if they play well may receive a "?!". Alternatively, this may denote a move that is objectively bad but sets up an attractive trap.
+
+==== !? (Interesting move) ====
+Similar to "?!" (see above), an exclamation mark followed by a question mark "!?" is one of the most controversial symbols. Different sources have varying definitions, such as "interesting, but perhaps not the best move", "move deserving attention", "speculative move", "enterprising move" or "risky move". Usually it indicates that the move leads to exciting or wild play but that the objective evaluation of the move is unclear. It is also often used when a player sets a cunning trap in a lost position. Typical moves receiving a "!?" are those involving speculative sacrifices or dangerous attacks that might turn out to be unsound.
+Andrew Soltis jokingly called "!?" the symbol of the lazy annotator who finds a move interesting but cannot be bothered to work out whether it is good or bad.
+
+==== ! (Good move) ====
+An exclamation point "!" indicates a good move, especially one that is surprising or requires particular skill. 
+The symbol may also be interpreted as "best move". Annotators are usually somewhat conservative with the use of this symbol; for example, it is not usually awarded to obvious moves that capture material or deliver checkmate.
+Reasons for awarding the symbol vary greatly between annotators; among them are strong opening novelties, good psychological opening choices, well-timed breakthroughs, sound sacrifices, moves that set traps in lost positions, moves that avoid such traps, moves that punish mistakes well, sequential moves during brilliancies, and being the only good move that maintains the player's position.
+
+==== !! (Brilliant move) ====
+The double exclamation point "!!" is used for outstanding or particularly strong moves, usually difficult-to-find moves that require a high level of skill or calculation. Annotators are generally more conservative and withhold this rating more than they do the "!". Typical moves that receive a double exclamation mark include sound sacrifices of large amounts of material and counter-intuitive moves that prove very powerful. Endgame swindles sometimes receive the "!!" mark too.
+For example, in what is known as the Game of the Century, there are two moves by 13-year-old Bobby Fischer which annotators typically award a double exclamation point – 11...Na4!! and 17...Be6!!, knight and queen sacrifices respectively.
+
+==== Unusual symbols ====
+The majority of chess writers and editors consider symbols more than two characters long unnecessary. However a few writers have used three or more exclamation points  ("!!!") for an exceptionally brilliant move, three or more question marks ("???") for an exceptionally bad blunder, or unusual combinations of exclamation points and question marks ("!?!", "?!?" etc) for particularly unusual, spectacular, controversial or unsound moves.
+For example, when annotating Rotlewi–Rubinstein 1907, Hans Kmoch awarded Rubinstein's 22...Rxc3 three exclamation points. Annotators have also awarded the final move of Levitsky–Marshall 1912 (the "Gold Coins Game"), 23...Qg3 the "!!!" symbol.
+An exceptionally bad blunder which has sometimes been awarded three or more question marks occurred in Deep Fritz–Kramnik 2006, when Kramnik played 34...Qe3, overlooking a mate in one with 35.Qh7#.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols-1.md

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+---
+title: "Chess annotation symbols"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:14.184479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+==== Parentheses ====
+Sometimes annotation symbols are put in parentheses, e.g. "(?)", "(!)". Different writers have used these in different ways.
+Ludek Pachman used "(?)" to indicate a move that he considered inferior but that he did not wish to comment on further; Simon Webb used it to indicate a move that is objectively sound, but was in his opinion a poor psychological choice; and Robert Hübner (see below) used it to indicate a move that is inaccurate and makes the player's task more difficult.
+When put in parentheses, "(!)" usually indicates a subtlety which demonstrates the player's skill rather than a spectacular move.
+
+== Formalized definitions ==
+Some writers choose to take a less subjective or more formalized approach to these symbols.
+
+=== Nunn's convention ===
+In his 1992 book Secrets of Rook Endings and other books in the series (Secrets of Minor-Piece Endings and Secrets of Pawnless Endings), John Nunn uses these symbols in a more specific way in the context of endgames where the optimal line of play can be determined with certainty:
+
+This convention has been used in some later works, such as Fundamental Chess Endings and Secrets of Pawn Endings by Karsten Müller and Frank Lamprecht, but it can be safely assumed the convention is not being used unless there is a specific note otherwise. The Nunn convention cannot be used to annotate full games because the exact evaluation of a position is generally impractical to compute.
+In 1959, Euwe and Hooper made the same use of the question mark, "... a decisive error ...".
+
+=== Hübner's approach ===
+German grandmaster Robert Hübner prefers an even more specific and restrained use of move evaluation symbols:
+
+I have attached question marks to the moves which change a winning position into a drawn game, or a drawn position into a losing one, according to my judgment; a move which changes a winning game into a losing one deserves two question marks ... I have distributed question marks in brackets to moves which are obviously inaccurate and significantly increase the difficulty of the player's task ... There are no exclamation marks, as they serve no useful purpose. The best move should be mentioned in the analysis in any case; an exclamation mark can only serve to indicate the personal excitement of the commentator.
+
+=== Chess composition ===
+When the solution to a certain chess problem is given, there are also some conventions that have become a common practice:
+
+=== Positions ===
+These symbols indicate the strategic balance of the game position:
+
+== Other symbols ==
+There are other symbols used by various chess engines and publications, such as Chess Informant and Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings, when annotating moves or describing positions. Many of the symbols now have Unicode encodings, but quite a few still require a special chess font with appropriated characters.
+
+=== Move-related ===
+
+=== Positions or conditions ===
+
+== See also ==
+Algebraic notation (chess)
+Chess notation
+Chess symbols in Unicode
+Numeric Annotation Glyphs
+
+== Notes ==
+
+== References ==
+
+=== Bibliography ===
+Euwe, Max; Hooper, David (1976) [1959]. A Guide to Chess Endings (reprint ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-23332-1 – via Archive.org.
+Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1996) [First pub. 1992]. The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280049-3.
+Matanović, Aleksandar, ed. (1987). Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings. Vol. D (2nd ed.). Yugoslavia: Chess Informant. ISBN 86-7297-008-X.
+Müller, Karsten; Lamprecht, Frank (2001). Fundamental Chess Endings. Gambit Publications. ISBN 978-1-901983-53-1.
+Nunn, John (1999). Secrets of Rook Endings. Gambit Publications. ISBN 978-1-901983-18-0.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode-0.md

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+---
+title: "Chess symbols in Unicode"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:15.379486+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Unicode has text representations of chess pieces. These allow to produce the symbols using plain text without the need of a graphics interface. The inclusion of the chess symbols enables the use of figurine algebraic notation, which replaces the letter that stands for a piece by its symbol, e.g. ♛f1 instead of Qf1. This also allows the play of chess games in text-only environments, such as the terminal.
+
+
+== Unicode blocks ==
+Unicode 15.1 specifies a total of 110 spread across two blocks. The standard set of chess pieces—king, queen, rook, bishop, knight, or pawn, with white and black variants—were included in the block Miscellaneous Symbols. In Unicode 12.0, the Chess Symbols block (U+1FA00–U+1FA6F) was allocated for inclusion of extra chess piece representations. This includes fairy chess pieces, such as rotated pieces, neutral (neither white nor black) pieces, knighted pieces, equihoppers, as well as xiangqi pieces.
+In 2024, four shatranj pieces were provisionally assigned for a future version in the range U+1FA54–U+1FA57. This was completed in Unicode 17.0.
+
+
+=== Miscellaneous symbols ===
+
+
+=== Chess symbols ===
+
+
+== Emoji ==
+
+In Unicode 11.0, an emojified representation of the character U+265F ♟ BLACK CHESS PAWN was added. As of Unicode 15.1, only this character has an emoji version. In 2024, a proposal was submitted to include emoji versions of the other standard chess symbols.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding-independent_code_points-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+---
+title: "Coding-independent code points"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding-independent_code_points"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:48.939133+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Coding-independent code points (CICP) is a way to signal the properties of a video or audio stream. It can describe the color profile of videos (and still images) in a simpler way than the use of ICC profiles. It is defined in both ITU-T H.273 and ISO/IEC 23091-2. It is used by multiple codecs including AVC, HEVC, VVC, and AVIF.
+
+
+== Standardization ==
+ITU-T H.273, for video.
+ISO/IEC 23001-8:2016, part of MPEG-B (system technologies). Later split into three parts:
+ISO/IEC 23091-1:2018, for systems.
+ISO/IEC 23091-2:2019, for video. (Revised by ISO/IEC 23091-2:2021).
+ISO/IEC 23091-3:2018, for audio.
+
+
+== Common CICP values ==
+Common combinations of H.273 parameters are summarized in ITU-T Series H Supplement 19.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaussian_process_software-0.md

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+---
+title: "Comparison of Gaussian process software"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaussian_process_software"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:08.937625+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a comparison of statistical analysis software that allows doing inference with Gaussian processes often using approximations.
+This article is written from the point of view of Bayesian statistics, which may use a terminology different from the one commonly used in kriging. The next section should clarify the mathematical/computational meaning of the information provided in the table independently of contextual terminology.
+
+
+== Description of columns ==
+This section details the meaning of the columns in the table below.
+
+
+=== Solvers ===
+These columns are about the algorithms used to solve the linear system defined by the prior covariance matrix, i.e., the matrix built by evaluating the kernel.
+
+Exact: whether generic exact algorithms are implemented. These algorithms are usually appropriate only up to some thousands of datapoints.
+Specialized: whether specialized exact algorithms for specific classes of problems are implemented. Supported specialized algorithms may be indicated as:
+Kronecker: algorithms for separable kernels on grid data.
+Toeplitz: algorithms for stationary kernels on uniformly spaced data.
+Semisep.: algorithms for semiseparable covariance matrices.
+Sparse: algorithms optimized for sparse covariance matrices.
+Block: algorithms optimized for block diagonal covariance matrices.
+Markov: algorithms for kernels which represent (or can be formulated as) a Markov process.
+Approximate: whether generic or specialized approximate algorithms are implemented. Supported approximate algorithms may be indicated as:
+Sparse: algorithms based on choosing a set of "inducing points" in input space, or  more in general imposing a sparse structure on the inverse of the covariance matrix.
+Hierarchical: algorithms which approximate the covariance matrix with a hierarchical matrix.
+
+
+=== Input ===
+These columns are about the points on which the Gaussian process is evaluated, i.e. 
+  
+    
+      
+        x
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle x}
+  
+ if the process is 
+  
+    
+      
+        f
+        (
+        x
+        )
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle f(x)}
+  
+.
+
+ND: whether multidimensional input is supported. If it is, multidimensional output is always possible by adding a dimension to the input, even without direct support.
+Non-real: whether arbitrary non-real input is supported (for example, text or complex numbers).
+
+
+=== Output ===
+These columns are about the values yielded by the process, and how they are connected to the data used in the fit.
+
+Likelihood: whether arbitrary non-Gaussian likelihoods are supported.
+Errors: whether arbitrary non-uniform correlated errors on datapoints are supported for the Gaussian likelihood. Errors may be handled manually by adding a kernel component, this column is about the possibility of manipulating them separately. Partial error support may be indicated as:
+iid: the datapoints must be independent and identically distributed.
+Uncorrelated: the datapoints must be independent, but can have different distributions.
+Stationary: the datapoints can be correlated, but the covariance matrix must be a Toeplitz matrix, in particular this implies that the variances must be uniform.
+
+
+=== Hyperparameters ===
+These columns are about finding values of variables which enter somehow in the definition of the specific problem but that can not be inferred by the Gaussian process fit, for example parameters in the formula of the kernel.
+
+Prior: whether specifying arbitrary hyperpriors on the hyperparameters is supported.
+Posterior: whether estimating the posterior is supported beyond point estimation, possibly in conjunction with other software.
+If both the "Prior" and "Posterior" cells contain "Manually", the software provides an interface for computing the marginal likelihood and its gradient w.r.t. hyperparameters, which can be feed into an optimization/sampling algorithm, e.g., gradient descent or Markov chain Monte Carlo.
+
+
+=== Linear transformations ===
+These columns are about the possibility of fitting datapoints simultaneously to a process and to linear transformations of it.
+
+Deriv.: whether it is possible to take an arbitrary number of derivatives up to the maximum allowed by the smoothness of the kernel, for any differentiable kernel. Example partial specifications may be the maximum derivability or implementation only for some kernels. Integrals can be obtained indirectly from derivatives.
+Finite: whether finite arbitrary 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          
+            R
+          
+          
+            n
+          
+        
+        →
+        
+          
+            R
+          
+          
+            m
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} ^{m}}
+  
+ linear transformations are allowed on the specified datapoints.
+Sum: whether it is possible to sum various kernels and access separately the processes corresponding to each addend. It is a particular case of finite linear transformation but it is listed separately because it is a common feature.
+
+
+== Comparison table ==
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+[1] The website hosting C. E. Rasmussen's book Gaussian processes for machine learning; contains a (partially outdated) list of software.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "Comparison of mobile phone standards"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:50.209254+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a comparison of standards of wireless networking technologies for devices such as mobile phones. A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1979 and the early to mid-1980s.
+
+== Issues ==
+Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM, around 80–85% market share) and IS-95 (around 10–15% market share) were the two most prevalent 2G mobile communication technologies in 2007. In 3G, the most prevalent technology was UMTS with CDMA-2000 in close contention.
+All radio access technologies have to solve the same problems: to divide the finite RF spectrum among multiple users as efficiently as possible. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA for user and cell separation. UMTS, IS-95 and CDMA-2000 use CDMA. WiMAX and LTE use OFDM.
+
+Time-division multiple access (TDMA)  provides multiuser access by chopping up the channel into sequential time slices. Each user of the channel takes turns to transmit and receive signals. In reality, only one person is actually using the channel at a specific moment.  This is analogous to time-sharing on a large computer server.
+Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) provides multiuser access by separating the used frequencies. This is used in GSM to separate cells, which then use TDMA to separate users within the cell.
+Code-division multiple access (CDMA)  This uses a digital modulation called spread spectrum which spreads the voice data over a very wide channel in pseudorandom fashion using a user or cell specific pseudorandom code. The receiver undoes the randomization to collect the bits together and produce the original data. As the codes are pseudorandom and selected in such a way as to cause minimal interference to one another, multiple users can talk at the same time and multiple cells can share the same frequency. This causes an added signal noise forcing all users to use more power, which in exchange decreases cell range and battery life.
+Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) uses bundling of multiple small frequency bands that are orthogonal to one another to provide for separation of users. The users are multiplexed in the frequency domain by allocating specific sub-bands to individual users. This is often enhanced by also performing TDMA and changing the allocation periodically so that different users get different sub-bands at different times.
+In theory, CDMA, TDMA and FDMA have exactly the same spectral efficiency but practically, each has its own challenges – power control in the case of CDMA, timing in the case of TDMA, and frequency generation/filtering in the case of FDMA.
+For a classic example for understanding the fundamental difference of TDMA and CDMA, imagine a cocktail party where couples are talking to each other in a single room.  The room represents the available bandwidth:
+
+TDMA: A speaker takes turns talking to a listener. The speaker talks for a short time and then stops to let another couple talk. There is never more than one speaker talking in the room, no one has to worry about two conversations mixing. The drawback is that it limits the practical number of discussions in the room (bandwidth wise).
+CDMA: any speaker can talk at any time; however each uses a different language. Each listener can only understand the language of their partner.  As more and more couples talk, the background noise (representing the noise floor) gets louder, but because of the difference in languages, conversations do not mix. The drawback is that at some point, one cannot talk any louder. After this if the noise still rises (more people join the party/cell) the listener cannot make out what the talker is talking about without coming closer to the talker. In effect, CDMA cell coverage decreases as the number of active users increases. This is called cell breathing.
+
+== Comparison ==
+
+== Strengths and weaknesses of IS-95 and GSM ==
+Source:
+
+=== Advantages of GSM ===
+Less signal deterioration inside buildings.
+Ability to use repeaters.
+Talktime is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of transmission.
+The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets at will, aside from a subsidy lock.
+GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem.
+The much bigger number of subscribers globally creates a better network effect for GSM handset makers, carriers and end users.
+
+=== Disadvantages of GSM ===
+Interferes with some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers.
+Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers. Situation is however worse in CDMA-based systems like IS-95, where Qualcomm is the major IP holder.
+GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 120 km, which is imposed by technical limitations.  This is expanded from the old limit of 35 km.
+
+=== Advantages of IS-95 ===
+Capacity is IS-95's biggest asset; it can accommodate more users per MHz of bandwidth than any other technology.
+Has no built-in limit to the number of concurrent users.
+Uses precise clocks that do not limit the distance a tower can cover.
+Consumes less power and covers large areas so cell size in IS-95 is larger.
+Able to produce a reasonable call with lower signal (cell phone reception) levels.
+Uses soft handoff, reducing the likelihood of dropped calls.
+IS-95's variable rate voice coders reduce the rate being transmitted when speaker is not talking, which allows the channel to be packed more efficiently.
+Has a well-defined path to higher data rates.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+title: "Comparison of mobile phone standards"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:50.209254+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Disadvantages of IS-95 ===
+Most technologies are patented and must be licensed from Qualcomm.
+Breathing of base stations, where coverage area shrinks under load. As the number of subscribers using a particular site goes up, the range of that site goes down.
+Because IS-95 towers interfere with each other, they are normally installed on much shorter towers.  Because of this, IS-95 may not perform well in hilly terrain.
+USSD, PTT, concatenated/E-sms are not supported by IS-95/CDMA
+IS-95 covers a smaller portion of the world, and IS-95 phones are generally unable to roam internationally.
+Manufacturers are often hesitant to release IS-95 devices due to the smaller market, so features are sometimes late in coming to IS-95 devices.
+Even barring subsidy locks, CDMA phones are linked by ESN to a specific network, thus phones are typically not portable across providers.
+
+== Development of the market share of mobile standards ==
+This graphic compares the market shares of the different mobile standards.
+
+In a fast-growing market, GSM/3GSM (red) grows faster than the market and is gaining market share, the CDMA family (blue) grows at about the same rate as the market, while other technologies (grey) are being phased out
+
+== Comparison of wireless Internet standards ==
+As a reference, a comparison of mobile and non-mobile wireless Internet standards follows.
+
+Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available.
+For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.
+
+== See also ==
+
+Advanced Mobile Phone System
+Car phone
+List of wireless network protocols
+Spectral efficiency comparison table
+SMS – contain the content of its standardization
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+title: "Comparison of statistical packages"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:10.068725+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following tables compare general and technical information for many statistical analysis software packages.
+
+
+== General information ==
+
+
+== Operating system support ==
+
+
+== ANOVA ==
+Support for various ANOVA methods
+
+
+== Regression ==
+Support for various regression methods.
+
+
+== Time series analysis ==
+Support for various time series analysis methods.
+
+
+== Charts and diagrams ==
+Support for various statistical charts and diagrams.
+
+
+== Other abilities ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Comparison of computer algebra systems
+Comparison of deep learning software
+Comparison of survey software
+Comparison of Gaussian process software
+List of scientific journals in statistics
+List of statistical packages
+
+
+== Footnotes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+McCullough, B. D. (1999). "Econometric software reliability: EViews, LIMDEP, Shazam, and TSP". Journal of Applied Econometrics. 14 (2): 191–202. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1255(199903/04)14:2<191::AID-JAE524>3.0.CO;2-K.
+McCullough, B. D.; Vinod, H. D. (1999). "The Numerical Reliability of Econometric Software". Journal of Economic Literature. 37 (2): 633–665. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.136.9939. doi:10.1257/jel.37.2.633. JSTOR 2565215.
+Ooms, Marius (2009). "Trends in Applied Econometrics Software Development 1985–2008: An Analysis of Journal of Applied Econometrics Research Articles, Software Reviews, Data and Code". Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics. Vol. 2: Applied Econometrics. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1321–1348. ISBN 978-1-4039-1800-0.
+Renfro, Charles G. (2004). Computational Econometrics: Its Impact on the Development of Quantitative Economics. IOS Press. ISBN 1-58603-426-X.
+Zhu, Xiaoping; Kuljaca, Ognjen (2005). "A Short Preview of Free Statistical Software Packages for Teaching Statistics to Industrial Technology Majors" (PDF). Journal of Industrial Technology. 21 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2005.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_flowers_of_the_United_Kingdom-0.md

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+---
+title: "County flowers of the United Kingdom"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_flowers_of_the_United_Kingdom"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:16.650902+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In 2002 Plantlife conducted a "County Flowers" public survey to assign flowers to each of the counties of the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man. The results of this campaign designated a single plant species to a "county or metropolitan area" in the UK and Isle of Man. Some English counties already had flowers traditionally associated with them before 2002, and which were different from those assigned to them by Plantlife, including the white rose for Yorkshire (assigned the harebell), the poppy for Norfolk (assigned the Alexanders), and the cowslip for Essex (assigned the poppy). Some flowers were assigned to multiple counties.
+
+
+== England ==
+
+
+== Isle of Man ==
+
+
+== Northern Ireland ==
+
+
+== Scotland ==
+
+
+== Wales ==
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+=== Bibliography ===
+The list of county flowers above is taken from the county flowers pages at Plantlife's website.
+County statuses are taken from:
+Stace, C. A., R. G. Ellis, D. H. Kent and D. J. McCosh (2003) Vice-county Census Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Great Britain Botanical Society of the British Isles (for British counties)
+Source to be determined for Northern Ireland

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "Drinking water quality standards"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:56.822367+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Drinking water quality standards describes the quality parameters set for drinking water. Water may contain many harmful constituents, yet there are no universally recognised and accepted international standards for drinking water. Even where standards do exist, the permitted concentration of individual constituents may vary by up to ten times from one set of standards to another. Many countries specify standards to be applied in their own country. In Europe, this includes the European Drinking Water Directive and in the United States, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes standards as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act. China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2002. For countries without a legislative or administrative framework for such standards, the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes guidelines on the standards that should be achieved.  
+Where drinking water quality standards do exist, most are expressed as guidelines or targets rather than requirements, and very few water standards have any legal basis or, are subject to enforcement. Two exceptions are the European Drinking Water Directive and the Safe Drinking Water Act in the United States, which require legal compliance with specific standards. In Europe, this includes a requirement for member states to enact appropriate local legislation to mandate the directive in each country. Routine inspection and, where required, enforcement is enacted by means of penalties imposed by the European Commission on non-compliant nations.
+
+== Range of standards ==
+
+Drinking water standards include lists of parametric values, and also specify the sampling location, sampling methods, sampling frequency, analytical methods, and laboratory accreditation (AQC). In addition, a number of standards documents also require calculation to determine whether a level exceeds the standard, such as taking an average. Some standards give complex, detailed requirements for the statistical treatment of results, temporal and seasonal variations, summation of related parameters, and mathematical treatment of apparently aberrant results.
+For example, when comparing drinking water quality parameters in Kenya and Ethiopia with published guideline values (thresholds), scientists compared several standards: the Kenyan drinking water standard, Ethiopian standard, WHO health guideline, WHO Aesthetic guideline and the EAS (East African Standards) for natural potable water. Furthermore, the non-regulatory health-based screening levels (HBSLs) for cobalt, lithium, silver, strontium, and thallium published by the United States Geological Survey and EPA were also included in the analysis.
+
+== Parametric values ==
+A parametric value in this context is most commonly the concentration of a substance, e.g. 30 mg/L of iron. It may also be a count such as 500 E. coli per litre or a statistical value such as the average concentration of copper is 2 mg/L. Many countries not only specify parametric values that may have health impacts but also specify parametric values for a range of constituents that by themselves are unlikely to have any impact on health. These include colour, turbidity, pH, and the organoleptic (aesthetic) parameters (taste and odour).
+It is possible and technically acceptable to refer to the same parameter in different ways that may appear to suggest a variation in the standard required. For example, nitrite may be measured as nitrite ion or expressed as N. A standard of "nitrite as N" set at 1.4 mg/L equals a nitrite ion concentration of 4.6 mg/L. This is an apparent difference of nearly threefold.
+
+== Standards by country ==
+Countries with guideline values as their standards include Canada, which has guideline values for a relatively small suite of parameters, New Zealand, where there is a legislative basis, but water providers have to make "best endeavours" to comply with the standards, and Australia.
+
+=== Australia ===
+Drinking water quality standards in Australia have been developed by the Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) in the form of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. These guidelines provide contaminant limits (pathogen, aesthetic, organic, inorganic, and radiological) as well as guidance on applying limits for the management of drinking water in Australian drinking water treatment and distribution.
+
+=== China ===
+China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2002. 
+
+=== European Union ===
+The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here, but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given.
+
+Acrylamide 0.10 μg/L
+Antimony 5.0 μg/L
+Arsenic 10 μg/L
+Benzene 1.0 μg/L
+Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/L
+Boron 1.0 mg/L
+Bromate 10 μg/L
+Cadmium 5.0 μg/L
+Chromium 50 μg/L
+Copper 2.0 mg/L
+Cyanide 50 μg/L
+1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/L
+Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/L
+Fluoride 1.5 mg/L
+Lead 10 μg/L
+Mercury 1.0 μg/L
+Nickel 20 μg/L
+Nitrate 50 mg/L
+Nitrite 0.50 mg/L
+Pesticides 0.10 μg/L
+Pesticides 0.50 μg/L total
+Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 0.10 μg/L sum of concentrations of specified compounds
+Selenium 10 μg/L
+Tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene 10 μg/L sum of concentrations of specified parameters
+Trihalomethanes 100 μg/L sum of concentrations of specified compounds
+Vinyl chloride 0.50 μg/L
+
+=== United States ===
+
+In the United States, the federal legislation controlling drinking water quality is the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) which is implemented by EPA, mainly through state or territorial health agencies. 
+EPA has set standards for over 90 contaminants organised into six groups: microorganisms, disinfectants, disinfection byproducts, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals and radionuclides. States and territories must implement rules that are at least as stringent as EPA's to retain primary enforcement authority (primacy) over drinking water. Many states also apply their own state-specific standards, which may be more rigorous or include additional parameters. Many countries look to the standards set by EPA for appropriate scientific and public health guidance and may reference or adopt US standards.
+
+== World Health Organization guidelines ==
+The WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards-1.md

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+---
+title: "Drinking water quality standards"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:56.822367+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Arsenic 10 μg/L
+Barium 10 μg/L
+Boron 2400 μg/L
+Chromium 50 μg/L
+Fluoride 1500 μg/L
+Selenium 40 μg/L
+Uranium 30 μg/L
+Organic species:
+
+Benzene 10 μg/L
+Carbon tetrachloride 4 μg/L
+1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000 μg/L
+1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300 μg/L
+1,1-Dichloroethane 30 μg/L
+1,2-Dichloroethene 50 μg/L
+Dichloromethane 20 μg/L
+Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/L
+1,4-Dioxane 50 μg/L
+Edetic acid 600 μg/L
+Ethylbenzene 300 μg/L
+Hexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/L
+Nitrilotriacetic acid 200 μg/L
+Pentachlorophenol 9 μg/L
+Styrene 20 μg/L
+Tetrachloroethene 40 μg/L
+Toluene 700 μg/L
+Trichloroethene 20 μg/L
+Xylene 500 μg/L
+
+== Comparison of parametric values ==
+The following table provides a comparison of a selection of parameters for concentrations listed by WHO, the European Union, EPA, and Ministry of Environmental Protection of China.
+
+Notes
+" indicates that no standard has been identified by editors of this article and ns indicates that no standard exists. μg/L = micrograms per litre, or 0.001 ppm; mg/L = 1 ppm, or 1000 μg/L.
+* means action level; not a concentration standard. A public water system exceeding the action level must implement "treatment techniques" which are enforceable procedures.
+** TT (treatment technique). The public water system must certify that the combination of dose and monomer level does not exceed: acrylamide = 0.05% dosed at 1 mg/L (or equivalent); epichlorohydrin = 0.01% dosed at 20 mg/L (or equivalent).
+
+== See also ==
+Water pollution
+
+== References ==
+
+== Further reading ==
+Water Quality and Your Health - US Centers for Disease Control
+Guidelines for drinking-water quality incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda (PDF). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). World Health Organization. 2008. ISBN 978-92-4-154761-1.
+Drinking Water Regulations: Overview - US EPA

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore-0.md

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+---
+title: "Economic statistics of Singapore"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:11.247180+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This article contains economic statistics of the country Singapore. The GDP, GDP Per Capita, GNI Per Capita, Total Trade, Total Imports, Total Exports, Foreign Reserves, Current Account Balance, Average Exchange Rate, Operating Revenue and Total Expenditure are mentioned in the table below for years 1965 through 2018.
+
+
+== 1965 to 2014 ==
+
+
+== 2014 to 2018 ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Economy of Singapore
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_the_United_States-0.md

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+---
+title: "Economic statistics of the United States"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_the_United_States"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:12.357362+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This article contains economic statistics for the United States dating back to 1929. Included are relevant statistics about GDP, personal income, household wealth, international trade, government finance, labor, industry and agriculture.
+
+
+== Main indicators ==
+The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of the US economy over time, including nominal and real GDP. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values. Inflation over 2% is shown in red. 
+
+
+== Government financial indicators ==
+The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of the US Government, including government debt and the budget balance. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values
+
+
+== External transaction statistics ==
+The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of external economic transactions, including international trade. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values
+
+
+== Private sector business statistics ==
+The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of the private sector, including corporate profits, bankruptcies and domestic net investment. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values
+
+
+== Labor statistics ==
+The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of the US labor market, including employment and labor productivity. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values 
+
+
+== Agricultural indicators ==
+The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of US agriculture. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values. 
+
+
+== Industrial indicators ==
+The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of US industry and manufacturing. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values. 
+
+
+== See also ==
+Economy of the United States
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Labor productivity by regions and states

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_safety_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "Electrical safety standards"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_safety_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:00.915548+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static electricity.
+
+
+== History ==
+
+The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989  OSHA promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was successful in promulgation of regulations for utility.
+In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace.
+
+Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 – for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant locations
+Standards are compared with those of IEEE and National Fire Protection Association.
+
+
+== Lightning and earthing protection ==
+Lightning and Earthing protection systems are essential for the protection of humans, structures, protecting buildings from mechanical destruction caused by lightning effects and the associated risk of fire, Transmission lines, and electrical equipment from electric shock and Overcurrent.
+
+
+=== Earthing protection systems ===
+
+TT system
+TN system
+IT system
+
+
+=== Lightning protection systems ===
+
+lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system)
+lightning rod with taut wires.
+lightning conductor with meshed cage (Faraday cage)
+
+
+== Physiological effects of electricity ==
+Electrical shocks on humans can lead to permanent disabilities or death. Size, frequency and duration of the electrical current affect the damage. The effects from electric shock can be: stopping the heart beating properly, preventing the person from breathing, causing muscle spasms. The skin features also affect the consequences of electric shock.
+
+Indirect contact – can be avoided by automatic disconnection for TT system, automatic disconnection for TN systems, automatic disconnection on a second fault in an IT system, measures of protection against direct or indirect contact without automatic disconnection of supply
+Direct contact – can be avoided by protection by the insulation of live parts, protection by means of barriers or enclosures, partial measures of protection, particular measures of protection
+
+
+== Electrical safety conductors ==
+
+ United States – NEC 2008 Table 250.122 – Safeco Electric Supply
+
+
+== Electrical safety standards ==
+ Australia – Australian Standards AS/NZS 3000:2007, AS/NZS 3012:2010, AS/NZS 3017:2007, AS/NZS 3760:2010, AS/NZS 4836:2011
+ Brazil – National Regulation – NR10
+ Bulgaria – Български Държавен Стандарт – (On English:Bulgarian state standard) – БДС 12.2.096:1986
+ China – GB4943, GB17625, GB9254
+ France – La norme français C 15-100 – Aspects de la norme d’installation électrique
+ Germany – IEEE/TÜV, NSR Niederspannungsrichtlinie 2014/35/EU
+ India – India Standardization IS-5216, IS-5571, IS-6665
+ Netherlands – NEN 1010
+ Poland – Polska Norma PN-EN 61010-2-201:2013-12E
+ Russia – ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000,ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р 52726-2007
+ United Kingdom – British standards BS 7671, BS EN 61439, BS 5266, BS 5839, BS 6423, BS 6626, BS EN 62305, BS EN 60529
+ United States – OSHA, NFPA 70, NFPA 70E
+
+
+== Lightning protection standards ==
+ Bulgaria – БДС EN 62305-1:2011
+ China – GB/T 36490–2018
+ Spain – UNE 21186. Protección contra el rayo
+ France – Norme NF C 15–100
+ Germany – DIN EN 62305–1
+ India – IS 2309
+ Indonesia – SNI 03–7015–2004
+ Poland – PN-EN 62305
+ Russia – СТО 083-004-2010,ГОСТ Р МЭК 62561.2-2014
+ United Kingdom – BS-EN 62305
+ United States – NFPA 780, IEC 62305
+
+
+== Electronics and communications ==
+
+
+=== Electronic products safety standards ===
+The manufacturers of electronic tools must take into account several standard for electronic safety to protect the health of humans and animals.
+
+ Argentina – CNC-St2-44.01 V02.1.1
+ Europe – CE Marking
+ Israel – MET MOC 023/96
+ Japan – PSE law
+ Mexico – NOM-152
+ United States – ANSI C95.3:1972 – Techniques & instrumentation for measurement of potentially hazardous electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequencies.
+
+
+=== Communication and high frequency safety standards ===
+Few standard were introduced for the harmful impact from high frequency.
+
+ Canada – CB-02 Radio Equipment
+ Russia – ГОСТ Р 50829-95 for radio Communication safety
+ United States – ANSI/IEEE 1.2 mW/Cm for antennas 1800-2000 MHz range, ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992 for radio Communication safety
+Mobile Communication safety 73/23/EEC and 91/263/EEC
+
+
+== See also ==
+Extra-low voltage
+Electrical safety testing
+
+
+== External links ==
+Electrical Color Codes
+
+
+== Gallery ==
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Miller_Memorial_Lectures-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+---
+title: "Emanuel Miller Memorial Lectures"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Miller_Memorial_Lectures"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:59.431962+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lectures commemorate the British child psychiatrist Emanuel Miller (1892–1970). The Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health began them in 1972.
+
+
+== List ==
+
+1972 Meyer Fortes, The First-born
+1973 Jack Tizard, The Upbringing of Other People's Children: Implications of Research and for Research
+1974 Leon Eisenberg, The Ethics of Intervention: Acting amidst Ambiguity
+1975 Robert A. Hinde, On Describing Relationships
+1976 Eric Midwinter, The Professional-Lay Relationship: A Victorian Legacy
+1981 Michael Rutter, Stress, Coping and Development: Some Issues and Some Questions
+1982 (9th) Jerome Kagan, The Emergence of Self
+1987 P. H. Venables, Childhood markers for adult disorders
+1990 Neville Bennett, Cooperative Learning in Classrooms: Processes and Outcomes
+1991 Christopher Gillberg, Autism and autistic-like conditions
+1992 Peter Fonagy, The theory and practice of resilience
+1993 Robert Plomin, Genetic research and identification of environmental influences
+1994 M. Kovacs, Depressive disorders in childhood: an impressionistic landscape
+1995 J. Dunn, Children's relationships: bridging the divide between cognitive and social development
+1996 M. Main, Current Issues in Attachment
+1997 M. Sigman, Change and continuity in the development of children with autism.
+1998 Michael Rutter, Autism: Two-way interplay between research and clinical work
+2000 William Yule, From Pogroms to "Ethnic Cleansing": Meeting the Needs of War Affected Children
+2001 Jay Belsky, Developmental Risks (Still) Associated with Early Child Care
+2004 Uta Frith, Confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome
+2006 Femmie Juffer, Adoption as intervention
+2008 Ian M. Goodyer, Early onset depressions – meanings, mechanisms and processes
+2009 Michael Rutter, Attachment insecurity, disinhibited attachment, and attachment disorders: where do research findings leave the concepts?
+2012 D. V. M. Bishop, Neuroscientific studies of intervention for language impairment in children: interpretive and methodological problems
+2018 announcement, Sir Robin Murray
+
+
+== See also ==
+Child and Adolescent Mental Health
+Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
+
+
+== Notes ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_symbols-0.md

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+---
+title: "Esperanto symbols"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_symbols"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:18.850252+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Esperanto symbols, primarily the Esperanto flag, have seen much consistency over the time of Esperanto's existence (namely in the consistent usage of the colour green), though a few variations in exact flag patterning and symbology exist.
+The main flag of Esperanto, featuring the Verda Stelo ('Green Star'), was adopted in 1905 for use as a symbol of mutual recognition among Esperantists, and is used by most Esperantists. As an alternative to the flag, the jubilea simbolo ('jubilee symbol') was proposed in 1987.
+
+
+== History ==
+
+
+=== Verda Stelo ===
+
+Since the earliest days of Esperanto, the colour green has been used as a symbol of mutual recognition, and it appears prominently in all Esperanto symbols. In a letter to The British Esperantist in 1911, L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, wrote: "It seems to me, that my attention was drawn to the color green by Mr. Richard H. Geoghegan and from that time I began to publish all of my works with green covers . . .  Looking at one of my pamphlets that I had entirely by chance printed with a green cover, he pointed out that this was the color of his homeland, Ireland; at that time it came to me, that we could certainly look at that color as a symbol of HOPE. About the five-pointed star, it seems to me, that at first Mr. de Beaufront had it imprinted on his grammar [of Esperanto]. I liked that and I adopted it as a symbol. Afterward by association of ideas, the star appeared with a green color."
+The Verda Stelo was first proposed in an 1892 article in La Esperantisto for use as a symbol of mutual recognition among Esperantists. The flag was created by the Esperanto Club of Boulogne-sur-Mer, initially for their own use, but was adopted as the flag of the worldwide Esperanto movement by a decision of the first World Esperanto Congress, which took place in 1905 in that town.
+
+
+=== Other proposed flags and symbols ===
+
+In 1905, delegates to the first conference of Esperantists at Boulogne-sur-Mer, unanimously approved a version differing from the modern only by the superimposition of an "E" over the green star. Other variants include that for Christian Esperantists, with a white Christian cross superimposed upon the green star, and that for Leftists, with the color of the field changed from green to red.
+Some Esperanto speakers consider the traditional flag too nationalistic for an international language, so many organizations no longer recommend its use and, instead, use the jubilea simbolo (jubilee symbol, two green "E"s facing each other—or alternatively a Latin-alphabet "E" facing a Cyrillic-alphabet "Э", the first letter of "Эсперанто", the Russian name for Esperanto—on a white field). This symbol was created in 1987 by a Brazilian Esperantist to mark the centenary of the creation of Esperanto.
+
+
+== Design of the Verda Stelo ==
+
+The Esperanto flag is composed of a green background with a white square (canton) in the upper lefthand corner, which in turn contains a green star. The green field symbolizes hope, the white symbolizes peace and neutrality, and the five-pointed star represents the five continents (Europe, America, Asia, Oceania, Africa). 
+By recommendation of the board of the Universal Esperanto Association, the flag should have the following proportions: The ratio of the width of the flag to the height of the flag to a side of the white square should be 3 to 2 to 1. The ratio of a side of the white square to the radius of a circle enclosing the star should be 10 to 3.5.
+
+
+== In popular culture ==
+Most Esperantists continue to hold the verda stelo dear as a symbol of international or supranational solidarity (with the jubilea simbolo jokingly called la melono ('the melon') by some), though many also regard the preference of one symbol over another as a purely personal choice. At most Esperanto congresses, the flag, the star, and the jubilea simbolo can all be seen in use on displays or being worn as badges. Sometimes, Esperanto travelers will display the flag, wear a badge with one of the above symbols, or even wear green clothes, to make themselves known to other Esperanto speakers.
+On December 15, 2009, the Verda Stelo flew on the Google home search page "Google" logo to mark L. L. Zamenhof's 150th birthday. The flag flew on a flagstaff consisting of the "L" in the search-company's name.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Finvenkism – Pursuing worldwide adoption of EsperantoPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
+Flag icons for languages – Using national flags as icons for languages
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hazard_symbols-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+---
+title: "European hazard symbols"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hazard_symbols"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:20.093948+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+European hazard symbols for chemicals are pictograms defined by the European Union for labelling chemical packaging (for storage and workplace) and containers (for transportation). They are standardised currently by the CLP/GHS classification.
+
+
+== GHS hazard pictograms ==
+
+The European Union CLP Regulation (for "Classification, Labelling and Packaging") was introduced as EC Regulation 1272/2008. It is based on the GHS system, to secure for "physical, health and environment hazards".
+
+The European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) fixed harmonised pictograms for transportation. Vehicles carrying dangerous goods have to be fitted with orange signs, where the lower number identifies the substance, while the upper number is a key for the threat it may pose.
+
+
+== Chemical warning signage ==
+Directive 92/58/EEC provides several safety signs for identifying dangerous materials and areas where they are handled and stored.
+
+
+== Former hazard pictograms (1967–2017) ==
+The previous hazard symbols for chemicals, were introduced in the Directive Directive 67/548/EEC, in 1967, and required to be adopted no later than 1 January 1970. The symbols were also included as a part of Directive 1999/45/EC. The symbols were replaced from 1 December 2010 to 1 June 2017, via a gradual phaseout. After 1 June 2017, Directive 67/548/EEC symbols were no longer allowed to be used.
+From 1967 to 2017, these symbols were used for labeling containers and piping systems containing dangerous substances/mixtures. These symbols could also be used to identify areas where dangerous substances/mixtures were being stored in large quantities, as an alternative to the yellow triangular Directive 92/58/EEC warning signage.
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ Media related to Directive 67/548/EEC hazard symbols and GHS hazard symbols at Wikimedia Commons
+ Media related to Directive 92/58/EEC Safety Signs and ISO 7010 safety signs at Wikimedia Commons

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+---
+title: "Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:00.592831+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following is a list of evolutionary psychology research groups and centers.

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+---
+title: "Founders of statistics"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_of_statistics"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:15.775338+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn. Statisticians are skilled people who thus apply statistical methods. Hundreds of statisticians are notable. This article lists statisticians who have been especially instrumental in the development of theoretical and applied statistics.
+
+
+== Founders of departments of statistics ==
+The role of a department of statistics is discussed in a 1949 article by Harold Hotelling, which helped to spur the creation of many departments of statistics.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+List of statisticians
+History of statistics
+Timeline of probability and statistics
+List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+"Statisticians in History". American Statistical Association. 30 November 2016.
+"Life and Work of Statisticians". Department of Mathematics, University of York.
+"Portraits of Statisticians". Department of Mathematics, University of York.
+John Aldrich. "Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics". University of Southampton.
+Lawrence H. Riddle. "Biographies of Women Mathematicians". Agnes Scott College.
+StatProb – peer-reviewed encyclopedia sponsored by statistics and probability societies

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+---
+title: "Heights distribution"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heights_distribution"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:19.540365+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Below is a table which reports the average adult human height by country or geographical region. With regard to the table, original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered.
+
+
+== Individual surveys and studies ==
+
+
+=== Accuracy ===
+As with any statistical data, the accuracy of the findings may be challenged. In this case, for the following reasons:
+
+Some studies may allow subjects to self-report values. Generally speaking, self-reported height tends to be taller than measured height, although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject's height, age, gender and region.
+Test subjects may have been invited instead of random sampling, resulting in sampling bias.
+Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions. For instance, one survey shows there is 10.8 centimetres (4.3 in) difference in mean height between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany. Under such circumstances, the mean height may not represent the total population unless sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using weighted average of the different regional groups.
+Different social groups can show different mean height. According to a study in France, executives and professionals are 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in) taller, and university students are 2.55 centimetres (1.0 in) taller than the national average. As this case shows, data taken from a particular social group may not represent a total population in some countries.
+Height measurement can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as a decrease from exercise done directly before measurement (i.e. inversely correlated), or an increase after lying down for a significant period of time (i.e. positively correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean decrease of 1.54 centimetres (0.6 in) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day. Such factors may not have been controlled in all of the following studies.
+It should be remembered that the stature of a man standing, in adult males, varies between the normal individual extremes of 120 cm (3 ft 11 in)–190 cm (6 ft 3 in) and that can lead to mean results lower than 140 cm (4 ft 7 in) (very short height) or ≥180–182 cm (about 6 ft) (very tall height): but these extreme results are based on series "in which a choice has occurred, voluntarily or not".
+According to the geographical-anthropological study by Asutosh Goswami et al. (2023), 95% of the global adult population has average statures between 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) and 165 cm (5 ft 5 in).
+
+
+=== Measured and self-reported figures ===
+
+Note: where available, standard deviation (SD) is listed under sample population / age range
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==

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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_soil-related_articles-0.md

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+---
+title: "Index of soil-related articles"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_soil-related_articles"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:30.191705+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is an index of articles relating to soil.
+
+
+== A ==
+Acid sulfate soil
+- Acrisol
+- Active layer
+- Agricultural soil science
+- Akadama
+- Albeluvisols
+- Alfisols
+- Alkali soil
+- Andisols
+- Angle of repose
+- Antigo (soil)
+- Anthrosol
+- Aridisols
+- Atriplex
+- Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated - 
+
+
+== B ==
+Baer's law
+- Bama (soil)
+- Barren vegetation
+- Base-richness
+- Bay mud
+- Bearing capacity
+- Bentonite
+- Berkshire (soil)
+- Bevameter
+- Biochar
+- Biogeology
+- Blandford (soil)
+- Blue goo
+- Bog
+- Brickearth
+- Brown earth
+- Brown podzolic
+
+
+== C ==
+Calcareous grassland
+- Calcareous
+- Calciorthid
+- Calcisols
+- Cambisols
+- Canada Land Inventory
+- Capacitance probe
+- Carbon cycle re-balancing
+- Casa Grande (soil)
+- Cation-exchange capacity 
+- Cellular confinement
+- Cecil (soil)
+- Characterisation of pore space in soil
+- Charlottetown (soil series)
+- Chernozem
+- Clay
+- Claypan
+- Cob (material)
+- Cohesion (geology)
+- Compressed earth block
+- Consolidation (soil)
+- Contour ploughing
+- Critical state soil mechanics
+
+
+== D ==
+Darcy (unit)
+- Darcy's law
+- Darcy–Weisbach equation
+- Dark earth
+- Dispersion (geology)
+- Downer (soil)
+- Downhill creep
+- Drainage research
+- Drilosphere
+- Drucker–Prager yield criterion
+- Drummer (soil)
+- Dry quicksand
+- Dryland salinity
+- Duricrust
+- Durisols
+- Dynamic compaction
+
+
+== E ==
+Ecological land classification
+- Ecosystem ecology
+- Edaphic
+- Edaphology
+- Effective stress
+- Eluvium
+- Entisol
+- Environmental impact of irrigation
+- Erosion
+- European Soil Bureau Network
+- European Soil Database
+- Expansive clay
+
+
+== F ==
+Factors affecting permeability of soils
+- Fech fech
+- Fen
+- Ferrallitisation
+- Fill dirt
+- Flatwood
+- Flownet
+- Fractal in soil mechanics
+- Frequency domain sensor
+- Fresno scraper
+- Frost heaving
+- Frost line
+- Fuller's earth
+
+
+== G ==
+Gelisols
+- Geosmin
+- Geotechnical investigation
+- Gleysol
+- Gravitational erosion
+- Groundwater-related subsidence
+- Guelph soil
+- Gypcrust
+- Gypsisols
+
+
+== H ==
+Hardpan
+- Headland (agriculture)
+- Hesco bastion
+- Hilo (soil)
+- History of soil science
+- Histosol
+- Houdek (soil)
+- Hume (soil)
+- Humin
+- Humus
+- Humus form
+- Hydraulic conductivity
+- Hydric soil
+- Hydro axe mulching
+- Hydrological transport model
+- Hydropedology
+- Hydrophobic soil
+
+
+== I ==
+Immobilization (soil science)
+- Inceptisols
+- Infiltration capacity
+- International Humic Substances Society
+- International Soil Reference and Information Centre
+- International Union of Soil Sciences
+
+
+== J ==
+Jory (soil)
+
+
+== K ==
+Kalkaska sand
+- Kerogen
+
+
+== L ==
+Lahar
+- Laimosphere
+- Land improvement
+- Lateral earth pressure
+- Leaching (agriculture)
+- Leaching (pedology)
+- Leaching model (soil)
+- Leptosols
+- Lessivage
+- Liming (soil)
+- Linear aeration
+- Lixisols
+- Loam
+- Loess
+- Lunar soil
+
+
+== M ==
+Martian soil
+- Miami (soil)
+- Multi-Scale Soil Information Systems
+- Mineralization (soil science)
+- Mollisols
+- Mud
+- Multiscale European Soil Information System
+- Muskeg
+- Myakka (soil)
+
+
+== N ==
+Narragansett (soil)
+- Natchez silt loam
+- National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists
+- Natural organic matter
+- Newmark's influence chart
+- No-till farming
+
+
+== O ==
+On-Grade Mat Foundation for Expansive Soils
+- OPAL Soil Centre
+- Orovada (soil)
+- Orthent
+- Overburden pressure
+- Oxisol
+
+
+== P ==
+Paleosol
+- Particle size (grain size)
+- Paxton (soil)
+- Peat
+- Pedalfer
+- Pedocal
+- Pedodiversity
+- Pedology
+- Permeability (earth sciences)
+- Petrichor
+- Plaggen soil
+- Plainfield (soil)
+- Planosol
+- Plough pan
+- Podzol
+- Pore water pressure
+- Porosity
+- Port Silt Loam
+- Prime farmland
+- Psamment
+- Pygmy forest
+
+
+== Q ==
+Quick clay
+- Quicksand
+
+
+== R ==
+Rankers
+- Red Mediterranean soil
+- Regosols
+- Rendzina
+- Residual Sodium Carbonate Index
+- Reynolds' dilatancy
+- Rill
+- Rock flour
+
+
+== S ==
+SahysMod
+- Saline seep
+- Salinity in Australia
+- Salt marsh
+- Salting the earth
+- SaltMod
+- San Joaquin (soil)
+- Sand
+- Sand boil
+- Sandbag
+- Scobey (soil)
+- Seitz (soil)
+- Serpentine soil
+- Shear strength (soil)
+- Shear strength test
+- Shrub swamp
+- Silt
+- Slope stability
+- Slump
+- Sodium adsorption ratio
+- Soil
+- Soil acidification
+- Soil amendment
+- Soil and water assessment tool
+- Soil Association
+- Soil biodiversity
+- Soil biology
+- Soil carbon
+- Soil cement
+- Soil chemistry
+- Soil classification
+- Soil compaction
+- Soil conditioner
+- Soil conservation
+- Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
+- Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936
+- Soil contamination
+- Soil crust
+- Soil depletion
+- Soil ecology
+- Soil erosion
+- Soil fertility
+- Soil food web
+- Soil functions
+- Soil gradation
+- Soil guideline value
+- Soil health
+- Soil horizon
+- Soil inoculant
+- Soil life
+- Soil liquefaction
+- Soil management 
+- Soil mechanics
+- Soil moisture
+- Soil moisture sensors
+- Soil nailing
+- Soil organic matter
+- Soil pH
+- Soil physics
+- Soil policy (Victoria, Australia)
+- Soil profile
+- Soil resilience
+- Soil respiration
+- Soil salinity
+- Soil salinity control
+- Soil science
+- Soil Science Society of America
+- Soil series
+- Soil solarization
+- Soil steam sterilization
+- Soil structure
+- Soil survey
+- Soil test
+- Soil texture
+- Soil type
+- Soil water (retention)
+- Soils retrogression and degradation
+- Solonchak
+- Solonetz
+- Specific storage
+- Specific weight
+- Spodic soils
+- Stagnosol
+- Strip farming
+- Stuttgart (soil)
+- Subaqueous soil
+- Subsidence
+- Subsoil
+
+
+== T ==
+Talik
+- Tanana (soil)
+- Technosols
+- Tepetate
+- Terrace (agriculture)
+- Terracette
+- Terramechanics
+- Terra preta
+- Terra rosa (soil)
+- Terzaghi's principle
+- Thaw depth
+- Thixotropy
+- Threebear (soil)
+- Throughflow
+- Tifton (soil)
+- Tillage
+- Topsoil
+- Tropical peat
+
+
+== U ==
+Umbric horizon
+- Ultisols
+- Umbrisols
+- Unified Soil Classification System
+- USDA soil taxonomy
+- Ustochrept
+
+
+== V ==
+Vegetation and slope stability
+- Vertisol
+- Vibro stone column
+- Void ratio
+
+
+== W ==
+Water content
+- Weathering
+- White-eye (soil)
+- Windsor (soil)
+- World Congress of Soil Science
+
+
+== Y ==
+Yedoma
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of state soil science associations
+List of state soil science licensing boards
+List of U.S. state soils
+List of bogs
+List of vineyard soil types

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "Interactive television standards"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:07.444979+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Interactive television standards are standards for television broadcasting that are designed to add modes of interaction and feedback mechanisms, thereby extending the traditional television experience.
+
+== History ==
+Interactive television was first standardized in the 1980s with Teletext, used in analog television. This standard, which simply added data to invisible scan lines, allowed limited interaction with television sets to visualize extra textual and numerical information, such as show schedules and weather data, as well as optional subtitles. Today, the technology has developed to a point that allows for a more complex, bidirectional communication. Early private broadcasters, such as Canal+, were the first to adopt this new form and have continued to develop it over the years.
+As the analog format became obsolete, the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) project was developed, which digitalized public television, in competition with private broadcasters. Among its new features was interactive menus, which (as in private broadcasting) gave information to the user and allowed them to adapt the product for their own needs.
+This interaction is possible due to Set-top-Boxes (STBs), television decoders that are able to receive a digital signal, decode it, and display it through an analogue television set. This device allows analog users access to the same content as the digital television net. Running interactive programs is one of the STB's functions, among others.
+STBs are required to be dynamically programmed and updated, often done by an intermediary software that runs both the applications and the audiovisual signals simultaneously. This intermediary software is referred to as middleware. Some STB systems allow updates via USB flash drives.
+
+== Private standards or private property ==
+
+=== Media Highway ===
+Defined by Canal Plus Technologies, the media highway represents the wide range of middleware solutions that allow the STB software to do the following: interpret and execute interactive applications, broadcast software and data from servers to interactive applications via satellite, cable, and/or terrestrial nets. Other functions also include having different profiles to better respond to the needs of the broadcaster.
+These interactive applications can be written in different programming languages as Java, MHEG-5 or HTML, and can support the middleware specifications DVB-MHP, OCAP, DAVIC or ATSC, and other specifications.
+
+=== Open TV Core ===
+Open TV Core is the most important product from Open TV, a middleware for digital television (DTV). The Open TV Core software technology contains a hardware abstraction layer (allowing the hardware to be independent), TV libraries (a selection of execution environments for the interactive applications), and support for Personal Video Recorders (PVRs), to create a DTT environment for the decoders (carried out by the STBs).
+TV libraries include support for Rich Graphics (RG) and High Definition (HD), net communications from a phone line or a broadband internet provider (via DSL, ethernet or fibre), management for the digital audio and video signals (DVB or other standards and formats), and authentication/encryption via CA/DRM systems.
+Open TV Core supports a number of Applications Environments Execution (AEE) programs, including the 'C' Virtual Machine (an HTML browser), an Adobe Flash presentation environment, and a Java Virtual Machine, in compliance with the MHP standard. The 'C' Virtual Machine is an execution environment that allows the APIs of the Open TV software Developers Kit to create applications in O code, centered on TV by via development tools from Open TV or other sellers.
+
+== Open or public standards ==
+
+=== MHEG ===
+As early as 1995, the ISO (International Organization for Standardization), together with the Multimedia and Hypermedia Experts Group, published the MHEG standard. This gave an approach to the creation of multimedia applications that could work in every operative system in compliance with this standard. Conceptually, MHEG intended to do for multimedia application as HTML did for documents, to give a common exchange format that can be executed by every receiver.
+MHEG-1: this version included support for objects containing procedure codes. One may add to the basic model of MHEG-1 by adding decision making functions, as it was not possible in any other way.
+MHEG-3: this version defined a standard virtual machine and a byte representation code, giving it portability through hardware platforms.
+These versions were unsuccessful because they were based on concepts that the industry was not technologically ready to execute. MHEG-5, a simpler version of MHEG-1, was created in April 1997. While many of the functions were identical, there were many differences between the two versions.
+MHEG-3 was overshadowed by the success of Java, and in 1998, the ISO created MHEG-6, based on the fifth version but with added support for the use of Java to develop object scripts, combining MHEG with the procedural elements of Java. For this, they defined a Java application programming interface (API) for MHEG, allowing Java to manipulate MHEG objects in its mother application.
+Though the MHEG-6 was not extended, it was the basis for the DAVIC's (Digital Audio Video Council) standard.
+
+=== DAVIC ===
+This standard was created a little later on after the MHEG-6 in 1998. It was created by adding a new series of APIs for Java to MHEG's sixth version. The APIs of the above-mentioned standard allowed the Java-created objects access to some information services, as well as control of audio and video services, and the management of resources in the receiver. Though the creation of an application was not possible with Java alone for the receiver DAVIC, the Java APIs were already capable of controlling more elements in the receiver than what was possible with other standards.
+
+=== DVB-MHP (The Multimedia Home Platform) ===
+This was defined by the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) to offer interactive services in digital television (DTV). It is a limited version of the Java virtual machine, where a set of extra functionalities are added to make adjustments to the DTV environment. To arrange this standard's specifications, there are three definable profiles, all relating to the capabilities of the STBs:

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards-1.md

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+---
+title: "Interactive television standards"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:07.444979+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+1. Interactive Broadcast: incorporates bidirectional communications via a backward IP channel towards the STB, allowing the download of applications.
+2. Enhanced Broadcast Profile: interactive applications are downloaded via broadcasting. This does not incorporate a backward channel into the STB.
+3. Internet Access: The STB itself processes internet content, without broadcasting.
+There exist two versions that cover the mentioned profiles:
+
+MHP 1.0 covers the first two profiles. This version is used most by modern receivers, and the majority implement the Interactive Broadcast profile. Many countries such as Spain, Italy and Finland have adopted it into their DTV's interactive services.
+MHP 1.1 covers all three profiles, but it is not found in most commercial receivers because there are limited compatible protocols.
+
+=== OCAP ===
+The American company CableLabs collaborated with DVB for the creation of a new open standard, which led to the acceptance of MHP as a base for OCAP standard (OpenCable Application Platform), in January 2002. With MHP as its center, OCAP provides a common specification for the middleware layer in the cable systems within the United States. Since DVB standards are not used in the United States, OCAP is based on parts that are not DVB-specific, replacing DVB-specific parts with others. Originally, OCAP was based on the 1.0.0 version of the MHP standard.
+Later, DVB presented the specification Globally Executable MHP (GEM) to facilitate the use of MHP's elements in other standards. OCAP's most recent versions use GEM instead of MHP as their base, but they still refer to some MHP elements that are not included in the GEM specification.
+
+=== ACAP (Advanced Common Application Platform) ===
+ACAP was created by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) as a common base for all systems of interactive TV in USA, via cable, terrestrial, or satellite. It is also based on GEM while adding some of OCAP's elements adapted for the USA market.
+
+== See also ==
+Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV
+Project Canvas
+Open IPTV Forum
+Teletext
+Videotex
+Ceefax
+Minitel
+
+== Further reading ==
+MHP: https://web.archive.org/web/20060421101018/http://www.mhp.org/
+MHEG: https://www.mheg.org/
+Canal+ Technologies: https://web.archive.org/web/20071223011417/http://www.canalplus-technologies.com/
+Open TV: http://www.opentv.com Archived 2007-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
+Steven Morris and Anthony Smith-Chaigneau, "Interactive TV Standards: A Guide to MHP, OCAP, and JavaTV". Elsevier 2005.
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of ATSC standards"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:43.860534+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Below are the published ATSC standards for ATSC digital television service, issued by the Advanced Television Systems Committee.
+
+A/49: Ghost Canceling Reference Signal for NTSC (for adjacent-channel interference or co-channel interference with analog NTSC stations nearby)
+A/52B: audio data compression (Dolby AC-3 and E-AC-3)
+A/53E: "ATSC Digital Television Standard" (the primary document governing the standard)
+A/55: "Program Guide for Digital Television" (now deprecated in favor of A/65 PSIP)
+A/56: "System Information for Digital Television" (now deprecated in favor of A/65 PSIP)
+A/57A: "Content Identification and Labeling for ATSC Transport" (for assigning a unique digital number to each episode of each TV show, to assist DVRs)
+A/63: "Standard for Coding 25/50 Hz Video" (for use with PAL and SECAM-originated programming)
+A/64A "Transmission Measurement and Compliance for Digital Television"
+A/65C: "Program and System Information Protocol for Terrestrial Broadcast and Cable" (PSIP includes virtual channels, electronic program guides, and content ratings)
+A/68: "PSIP Standard for Taiwan" (defines use of Chinese characters via Unicode 3.0)
+A/69: recommended practices for implementing PSIP at a TV station
+A/70A: "Conditional Access System for Terrestrial Broadcast"
+A/71: "ATSC Parameterized Services Standard"
+A/72: "Video System Characteristics of AVC in the ATSC Digital Television System" (implementing H.264/MPEG-4 as well as MVC for 3D television)
+A/76: "Programming Metadata Communication Protocol" (XML-based PMCP maintains PSIP metadata though a TV station's airchain)
+A/79: "Conversion of ATSC Signals for Distribution to NTSC Viewers" (recommended practice, issued February 2009)
+A/80: "Modulation and Coding Requirements for Digital TV (DTV) Applications Over Satellite" (ATSC-S)
+A/81: "Direct-to-Home Satellite Broadcast Standard" (not yet implemented by any services)
+A/82: "Automatic Transmitter Power Control (ATPC) Data Return Link (DRL) Standard"
+A/85: "Techniques for Establishing and Maintaining Audio Loudness for Digital Television"
+A/90: "Data Broadcast Standard" (for datacasting)
+A/92: "Delivery of IP Multicast Sessions over Data Broadcast Standard" (for IP multicasting)
+A/93: "Synchronized/Asynchronous Trigger Standard"
+A/94: "ATSC Data Application Reference Model"
+A/95: "Transport Stream File System Standard" (TSFS is a special file system for downloading computer files)
+A/96: "ATSC Interaction Channel Protocols" (interactive TV)
+A/97: "Software Data Download Service" (used by UpdateTV for upgrades and software patches in ATSC tuners)
+A/98: "System Renewability Message Transport"
+A/99: "Carriage Of Legacy TV Data Services" (for former analog supplemental services that used the vertical blanking interval lines, such as closed captioning and teletext)
+A/100: "DTV Application Software Environment - Level 1" (DASE-1)
+A/101: "Advanced Common Application Platform" (ACAP)
+A/103:2014: "Non-Real-Time Delivery"
+A/104: "ATSC 3D-TV Terrestrial Broadcasting"
+A/105:2015: "Interactive Services Standard"
+A/106:2015: "ATSC Security and Service Protection Standard"
+A/107:2015: "ATSC 2.0 Standard"
+A/110A: "Synchronization Standard for Distributed Transmission" (single-frequency networks)
+A/112: E-VSB (Enhanced Vestigal Sideband)
+A/153: ATSC-M/H
+In 2004, the main ATSC standard was amended to support Enhanced ATSC (A/112); this transmission mode is backwardly compatible with the original 8-Bit Vestigal Sideband modulation scheme, but provides much better error correction.
+ATSC-M/H for mobile TV has been approved and added to some stations, though it is known that it uses MPEG-4 instead of MPEG-2 for encoding, and behaves as an MPEG-4-encoded subchannel, inheriting 8VSB from the remainder of the channel.
+
+== ATSC 3.0 ==
+
+ATSC 3.0 is a non-backwards-compatible version of ATSC being developed (as of May 18, 2016) that uses OFDM instead of 8VSB and a much newer video codec (instead of ATSC 1 and 2's MPEG-2).
+On March 28, 2016, the Bootstrap component of ATSC 3.0 (System Discovery and Signalling) was upgraded from candidate standard to finalized standard.
+On May 4, 2016, the Audio Codec component of ATSC 3.0 was elevated to candidate standard, with two finalists remaining: Dolby AC-4 and MPEG-H Audio Alliance format from Fraunhofer IIS, Qualcomm and Technicolor SA.  A third entry from DTS named DTS:X (a successor to DTS-HD) was withdrawn before the standard was upgraded to candidate status.
+On September 8, 2016, the Physical Layer Download (OFDM) component of ATSC 3.0 was upgraded from candidate standard to finalized standard.
+On October 5, 2016, the Link Layer Protocol Standard (A/330) was elevated from Candidate to final standard, along with the Audio Watermark Emission Standard (A/334) and Video Watermark Emission Standard (A/335).  ATSC Technology Group 3 (TG3) members have also begun voting on elevating the following Candidate Standards to Proposed Standard status (the final step before becoming an approved standard): Service Announcement (A/322), Service Usage Reporting (A/333) and Captions and Subtitles (A/343).  TG3 members also are voting to elevate Security (A/360) to Candidate Standard status, joining Schedule and Studio-to-Transmitter Link Standard (A/324), which was recently elevated.  On March 30, 2016, A/324 (Schedule and Studio-to-Transmitter Link) was upgraded from Proposed to Candidate Standard.
+On January 3, 2017, ATSC announced the updated status of its standards, in time for its debut at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.  As a result, this update, Captions and Subtitles (A/343) was upgraded from Candidate to Finalized Standard; Security (A-360), Lab Performance Test Plan (A-325) and Field Test Plan (A-326) were upgraded to Candidate Standard from "Under Consideration".
+By March 7, 2017, ATSC announced a further update to the status of its standards, with the following as Finalized: A/321 (System Discovery and Signaling); A/322 Physical Layer Protocol (COFDM); A/326 (Field Test Plan [Recommended Practice]); A/330 (Link Layer Protocol); A/333 (Service Usage Reporting); A/334 (Audio Watermark Emission); A/335 (Video Watermark Emission); A/336 (Content Recovery in Redistribution Scenarios [ATSC 3.0 over Cable and Satellite]); A/342 Part 1 (Audio Common Elements); A/342 Part 2 (Audio: Dolby AC-4 System); A/342 Part 3 (Audio MPEG-H System); and A/343 (Captions and Subtitles).  The following are Proposed Standards: A/325 (Lab Performance Test Plan [Recommended Practice]); A/332 (Service Announcement); A/338 (Companion Device); A/341 (Video - H.265/HEVC).  The following are Candidate Standards: A/300 (ATSC 3.0 System); A/324 (Scheduler/Studio-to-Transmitter Link); A/331 (Signalling, Delivery, Sync Error Protection); A/337 (Application Signalling); A/344 (Interactive Content); A/360 (Security and Service Protection).  The following is a Draft Standard: A/323 (Physical Layer Uplink/Downlink).

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards-1.md

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+---
+title: "List of ATSC standards"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:43.860534+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Structure/ATSC 3.0 System Layers
+Bootstrap: System Discovery and Signalling
+Physical Layer: Transmission (OFDM)
+Link Layer Protocols: IP, MMT
+Presentation: Audio and Video standards (to be determined), Ultra HD with High Definition and standard-definition multicast,  Immersive Audio
+Applications: Screen is a web page
+Finalized Standards
+
+A/200: Regional Service Availability (finalized on July 8, 2020)
+A/300: ATSC 3.0
+A/321: System Discovery and Signalling
+A/322: Physical Layer Download
+A/323: Dedicated Return Channel for ATSC 3.0 (Physical Layer Upload/Download (Uplink/Downlink)) (accepted on 2 November 2017, finalized on December 7, 2018)
+A/324: Schedule and Studio-to-Transmitter Link (finalized on 5 January 2018)
+A/325: Recommended Practice: TG3/S32 Lab Performance Test Plan
+A/326: Field Test Plan (Recommended Practice)
+A/330: Link Layer Protocol
+A/331: Signaling, Delivery, Synchronization, and Error Protection (finalized on 6 December 2017)
+A/332: Service Announcement
+A/333: Service Usage Reporting
+A/334: Audio Watermark Emission
+A/335: Video Watermark Emission
+A/336: Content Recovery in Redistribution Scenarios
+A/337: Application Signaling (finalized on January 2, 2018)
+A/338: Companion Device
+A/339:2017, “ATSC Recommended Practice: Audio Watermark Modification and Erasure”
+A/341: Video Standard (H.265, Scalable HEVC with HDR) 
+A/341:2018, “Video – HEVC, With Amendments No. 1 and No. 2″ (Approved January 24, 2018. Amendment No. 1 approved March 9, 2018. Amendment No. 2 approved March 12, 2018, finalized on February 14, 2019)
+A/342: Audio Standard (composed of the following three parts)
+A/341 Amendment – 2094-40 (HEVC Video Codec, Finalized on September 19, 2021)
+A/342 Part 1: Audio Common Elements
+A/342 Part 2: AC-4 System
+A/342 Part 3: MPEG-H AA System (declared the audio standard for ATSC 3.0 in South Korea)
+A/343: Captions and Subtitles
+A/344: Application Runtime Environment Standard (apps for advanced televisions) (finalized December 18, 2017)
+A/360: Security and Service Protection (encryption for broadcasters) (finalized January 9, 2018)
+Proposed Standards
+
+Candidate Standards
+
+A/331:2021: Signaling, Delivery, Synchronization, and Error Protection (Most Recent Document, approved on December 9, 2021
+A/344:2021: Interactive Content (Most Recent Document, approved November 24, 2021)
+A/345: Personalization
+Draft Standards
+
+Under Consideration - Working Drafts and Recommended Practices
+
+A/327: Guidelines for the Physical Layer Protocol (Most Recent Document Approved January 25, 2021)
+A/350: Guide to the Link-Layer Protocol (Most Recent Document Approved: July 19, 2019)
+A/351: Techniques for Signaling, Delivery and Synchronization (Most Recent Document Approved: February 15, 2021)
+A/361: Security and Content Protection (Most Recent Document Approved: December 10, 2019)
+A/362: Digital Rights Management (DRM) (Most Recent Document Approved: January 17, 2020)
+A/370: Conversion of ATSC 3.0 Services for Redistribution (Most Recent Document Approved: December 11, 2019)
+A/380: Haptics for ATSC 3.0 (Most Recent Document Approved: February 3, 2021)
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+ATSC standards

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of British Standards"
+chunk: 1/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+British Standards are the standards produced by BSI Group which is incorporated under a Royal Charter (and which is formally designated as the National Standards Body (NSB) for the UK). The BSI Group produces British Standards under the authority of the Charter, which lays down as one of the BSI's objectives to:
+
+Set up standards of quality for goods and services, and prepare and promote the general adoption of British Standards and schedules in connection therewith and from time to time to revise, alter and amend such standards and schedules as experience and circumstances require
+
+== Standards ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+---
+title: "List of British Standards"
+chunk: 2/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+BS 0 A standard for standards specifies Development, Structure and Drafting of British Standards themselves. BS 1 Lists of Rolled Sections for Structural Purposes
+BS 2 Specification and Sections of Tramway Rails and Fishplates
+BS 3 Report on Influence of Gauge Length and Section of Test Bar on the Percentage of Elongation
+BS 4 Specification for Structural Steel Sections
+BS 5 Report on Locomotives for Indian Railways
+BS 6 Properties of Rolled Sections for Structural Purposes
+BS 7 Dimensions of Copper Conductors Insulated Annealed, for Electric Power and Light
+BS 8 Specification for Tubular Tramway Poles
+BS 9 Specification and Sections of Bull Head Railway Rails
+BS 10 Tables of Pipe Flanges
+BS 11 Specifications and Sections of Flat Bottom Railway Rails
+BS 12 Specification for Portland Cement
+BS 13 Specification for Structural Steel for Shipbuilding
+BS 14 Specification for Structural Steel for Marine Boilers
+BS 15 Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges, etc., and General Building Construction
+BS 16 Specification for telegraph material (insulators, pole fittings, etc.)
+BS 17 Interim Report on Electrical Machinery
+BS 18 Forms of Tensile Test Pieces
+BS 19 Report on Temperature Experiments on Field Coils of Electrical Machines
+BS 20 Report on BS Screw Threads
+BS 21 Report on Pipe Threads for Iron or Steel Pipes and Tubes
+BS 22 Report on Effect of Temperature on Insulating Materials
+BS 23 Standards for Trolley Groove and Wire,
+BS 24 Specifications for Material used in the Construction of Standards for Railway Rolling Stock
+BS 25 Report on Errors in Workmanship Based on Measurements Carried Out for the Committee by the National Physical Laboratory
+BS 26 Second Report on Locomotives for Indian Railways (Superseding No 5)
+BS 27 Report on Standard Systems of Limit Gauges for Running Fits
+BS 28 Report on Nuts, Bolt Heads and Spanners
+BS 29 Specification for Ingot Steel Forgings for Marine Purposes
+BS 30 Specification for Steel Castings for Marine Purposes
+BS 31 Specification for Steel Conduits for Electrical Wiring
+BS 32 Specification for Steel Bars for use in Automatic Machines
+BS 33 Carbon Filament Electric Lamps
+BS 34 Tables of BS Whitworth, BS Fine and BS Pipe Threads
+BS 35 Specification for Copper Alloy Bars for use in Automatic Machines
+BS 36 Report on British Standards for Electrical Machinery
+BS 37 Specification for Electricity Meters
+BS 38 Report on British Standards Systems for Limit Gauges for Screw Threads
+BS 39 Combined Report on BS Screw Threads
+BS 40 Specification for Spigot and Socket Cast Iron Low Pressure Heating Pipes
+BS 41 Specification for Spigot and Socket Cast Iron Flue or Smoke Pipes
+BS 42 Report on Reciprocating Steam Engines for Electrical Purposes
+BS 43 Specification for Charcoal Iron Lip-welded Boiler Tubes
+BS 44 Specification for Cast Iron Pipes for Hydraulic Power
+BS 45 Report on Dimensions for Sparking Plugs (for Internal Combustion Engines)
+BS 46 Specification for Keys and Keyways
+BS 47 Steel Fishplates for Bullhead and Flat Bottom Railway Rails, Specification and Sections of
+BS 48 Specification for Wrought Iron of Smithing Quality for Shipbuilding  (Grade D)
+BS 49 Specification for Ammeters and Voltmeters
+BS 50 Third Report on Locomotives for Indian Railways (Superseding Nos. 5 and 26)
+BS 51 Specification for Wrought Iron for use in Railway Rolling Stock ('Best Yorkshire' and Grades A, B and C)
+BS 52 Specification for bayonet lamp-caps lampholders and B.C. adaptors (lampholder plugs)
+BS 53 Specification for Cold Drawn Weldless Steel Boiler Tubes for Locomotive Boilers
+BS 54 Report on Screw Threads, Nuts and Bolt Heads for use in Automobile Construction
+BS 55 Report on Hard Drawn Copper and Bronze Wire
+BS 56 Definitions of Yield Point and Elastic Limit
+BS 57 Report on heads for Small Screws
+BS 58 Specification for Spigot and socket Cast Iron Soil Pipes
+BS 59 Specification for Spigot and Socket Cast Iron Waste and Ventilating Pipes (for other than Soil Purposes)
+BS 60 Report of Experiments on Tungsten Filament Glow Lamps
+BS 61 Specification for Copper Tubes and their Screw Threads (primarily for domestic and similar work)
+BS 62 Screwing for Marine Boiler Stays,
+BS 63 Specification for Sizes of Broken Stone and Chippings
+BS 64 Specification for Fishbolts and Nuts for Railway Rails
+BS 65 Specification for Salt-Glazed Ware Pipes,
+BS 66 Specification for Copper-Alloy Three-Piece Unions (for Low and Medium Pressure Screwed Copper Tubes)
+BS 67 Specification for Two and Three-Plate Ceiling Roses
+BS 68 Method of Specifying the Resistance of Steel Conductor Rails
+BS 69 Report on Tungsten Filament Glow Lamps (Vacuum Type) for Automobiles
+BS 70 Report on Pneumatic Tyre Rims for Automobiles, Motor Cycles and Cycles
+BS 71 Report on Dimensions of Wheel Rims and Tyre Bands for Solid Rubber Tyres for Automobiles
+BS 72 British Standardisation Rules for Electrical Machinery,
+BS 73 Specification for Two-Pin Wall Plugs and Sockets (Five-, Fifteen- and Thirty-Ampere)
+BS 74 Charging Plug and Socket, for Vehicles Propelled by Electric Secondary Batteries, Specification for
+BS 75 Steels for Automobiles, Specification for Wrought
+BS 76 Report of and Specifications for Tar and Pitch for Road Purposes
+BS 77 Specification. Voltages for a.c. transmission and distribution systems
+BS 78 Specification for Cast Iron Pipes and Special Castings for Water, Gas and Sewage
+BS 79 Report on Dimensions of Special Trackwork for Tramways
+BS 80 Magnetos for Automobile Purposes
+BS 81 Specification for Instrument Transformers
+BS 82 Specification for Starters for Electric Motors
+BS 83 Standard of Reference for Dope and Protective Covering for Aircraft
+BS 84 Report on Screw Threads (British Standard Fine), and their Tolerances (Superseding parts of Reports Nos. 20 and 33)
+BS 85 Steel for aircraft for Government purchases in the U.S.A
+BS 86 Report on Dimensions of Magnetos for Aircraft Purposes
+BS 87 Report on Dimensions for Airscrew Hubs
+BS 88 Specification for cartridge fuses for voltages up to and including 1000 V a.c. and 1500 V d.c. Originally titled: “Specification for Electric Cut-Outs (Low Pressure, Type O)”
+BS 89 Specification for Indicating Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeters, Frequency and Power-Factor Meters
+BS 90 Specification for Recording (Graphic) Ammeters, Voltmeters and Wattmeters
+BS 91 Specification for electric cable soldering sockets
+BS 92 Screw threads, British Standard Whitworth and their tolerances
+BS 93 Specification for British Association (B.A.) screw threads with tolerances for sizes 0 B.A. to 16 B.A. BS 94 Watertight glands for electric cables
+BS 95 Tables of Corrections to Effective Diameter required to compensate Pitch and Angle Errors in Screw Threads of Whitworth Form
+BS 96 Specification for carbon brushes (parallel-sided) for use on commutator and slip-ring machines
+BS 97 Waterproof electric light fittings
+BS 98 Specification for Goliath Lamp Caps and Lamp Holders
+BS 100 Body spaces and frame ends for chassis for private automobiles (dimensions for)
+BS 103 Specification for Falling Weight Testing Machines for Rails
+BS 104 Sections of Light Flat Bottom Railway Rails and Fishplates
+BS 105 Sections of Light and Heavy Bridge Type Railway Rails
+BS 107 Standard for Rolled Sections for Magnet Steel
+BS 196 for protected-type non-reversible plugs, socket-outlets cable-couplers and appliance-couplers with earthing contacts for single phase a.c. circuits up to 250 volts
+BS 275 Specification Dimensions of rivets
+BS 308 a now deleted standard for engineering drawing conventions, having been absorbed into BS 8888.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-2.md

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+---
+title: "List of British Standards"
+chunk: 3/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+BS 317  for Hand-Shield and Side Entry Pattern Three-Pin Wall Plugs and Sockets (Two Pin and Earth Type)
+BS 336 for fire hose couplings and ancillary equipment
+BS 372 for Side-entry wall plugs and sockets for domestic purposes (Part 1 superseded BS 73 and Part 2 superseded BS 317)
+BS 381 for colours used in identification, coding and other special purposes
+BS 476 for fire resistance of building materials / elements
+BS 499 Welding terms and symbols. BS 546 for Two-pole and earthing-pin plugs, socket-outlets and socket-outlet adaptors for AC (50–60 Hz) circuits up to 250V
+BS 857 for safety glass for land transport
+BS 970 Specification for wrought steels for mechanical and allied engineering purposes
+BS 984 Method for Determination of net mass of retail packages of knitting and rug yarns
+BS 987C Camouflage Colours
+BS 1088 for marine plywood
+BS 1192 for Construction Drawing Practice. Part 5 (BS1192-5:1998) concerns Guide for structuring and exchange of CAD data. BS 1361 for cartridge fuses for a.c. circuits in domestic and similar premises
+BS 1362 for cartridge fuses for BS 1363 power plugs
+BS 1363 for mains power plugs and sockets
+BS 1377 Methods of test for soils for civil engineering. BS 1380 Speed and Exposure Index of Photographic Negative Materials. BS 1572 Colours for Flat Finishes for Wall Decoration
+BS 1870 for safety footwear. BS 1881 Testing Concrete
+BS 1852 Specification for marking codes for resistors and capacitors
+BS 1952 and BS 1953 – Copper alloy gate valves for general purposes. Superseded by BS 5154. BS 2060 Copper alloy screw-down stop valves for general purposes. Superseded by BS 5154. BS 2660 Colours for building and decorative paints
+BS 2777 Specification for asbestos-cement cisterns
+BS 2979 Transliteration of Cyrillic and Greek Letters
+BS 3262 Hot-applied thermoplastic road marking materials
+BS 3506 for unplasticized PVC pipe for industrial uses
+BS 3621 Thief resistant lock assembly. Key egress. BS 3943 Specification for plastics waste traps
+BS 4142 Methods for rating and assessing industrial and commercial sound
+BS 4293 for residual current-operated circuit-breakers
+BS 4343 for industrial electrical power connectors
+BS 4532 Specification for snorkels and face masks. BS 4573 Specification for 2-pin reversible plugs and shaver socket-outlets
+BS 4800 for paint colours used in building construction
+BS 4900 for vitreous enamel colours used in building construction
+BS 4901 for plastic colours used in building construction
+BS 4902 for sheet / tile floor covering colours used in building construction
+BS 4960 for weighing instruments for domestic cookery
+BS 4962 for plastics pipes and fittings for use as subsoil field drains
+BS 5145 Specification for lined industrial rubber boots. BS 5154 Specifications for two types of globe valves, globe stop and check valves, and check and gate valves, made out of one of two alloys of copper, zinc, lead, tin. This standard is a metric edition of BS 1952, BS 1953 and BS 2060. BS 5228 Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites
+BS 5252 for colour-coordination in building construction
+BS 5306: Fire extinguishing installations
+BS 5306-0:2011: Guide for the selection of installed systems and other fire equipment
+BS 5306-1:2006: Hose reels and foam inlets
+BS 5306-2:1990: Specification for sprinkler systems
+BS 5306-3:2017: Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises. Commissioning and maintenance of portable fire extinguishers. Code of practice
+BS 5306-4:2001+A1: 2012: Specification for carbon dioxide systems
+BS 5306-8:2012: Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises
+BS 5306-9:2015: Recharging of portable fire extinguishers – Code of practice
+BS 5400 for steel, concrete and composite bridges
+BS 5499 for graphical symbols and signs in building construction; including shape, colour and layout
+BS 5544 for anti-bandit glazing (glazing resistant to manual attack)
+BS 5750 for quality management, the ancestor of ISO 9000
+BS 5759 Specification for webbing load restraint assemblies for use in surface transport
+BS 5837 for protection of trees during construction work
+BS 5839 for fire detection and alarm systems for buildings
+BS 5930 for site investigations
+BS 5950 for structural steel
+BS 5975 Code of practice for temporary works procedures and the permissible stress design of falsework
+BS 5993 Specification for cricket balls
+BS 6008 for preparation of a liquor of tea for use in sensory tests
+BS 6312 for telephone plugs and sockets
+BS 6472 Guide to evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings
+BS 6651 code of practice for protection of structures against lightning; replaced by BS EN 62305 (IEC 62305) series. BS 6701 installation, operation and maintenance of telecommunications equipment and telecommunications cabling
+BS 6879 for British geocodes, a superset of ISO 3166-2:GB
+BS 7000 - Design management systems
+Part 1 Design management systems. Guide to managing product design
+Part 2 Design management systems. Guide to managing the design of manufactured products
+Part 3 Design management systems. Guide to managing service design
+Part 4 Design management systems. Guide to managing design in construction
+Part 5 Design management systems. Design management systems. Guide to managing obsolescence
+Part 6 Design management systems. Managing inclusive design. Guide
+Part 10 Design management systems. Glossary of terms used in design management
+BS 7346-8: 2013 Components for smoke control systems: code of practice for planning, design, installation, commissioning and maintenance
+BS 7385 Evaluation and measurement for vibration in buildings
+BS 7430 code of practice for earthing
+BS 7671 Requirements for Electrical Installations, The IEE Wiring Regulations, produced by the IET. BS 7799 for information security, the ancestor of the ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards, including 27002 (formerly 17799)
+BS 7901 for recovery vehicles and vehicle recovery equipment
+BS 7909 Code of practice for temporary electrical systems for entertainment and related purposes
+BS 7971 Elastomer Insulated Fire Resistant (limited circuit integrity) cables for fixed wiring in ships and on mobile and fixed offshore units
+BS 7919 Electric cables. Flexible cables rated up to 450/750V, for use with appliances and equipment intended for industrial and similar environments
+BS 7910 guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures
+BS 7925 Software testing
+BS 7971 Protective clothing and equipment for use in violent situations and in training
+BS 8110 for structural concrete
+BS 8210:2012 Guide to facilities maintenance management, replaced by BS 8210:2020 Facilities maintenance management. Code of practice. BS 8233 Guidance on sound insulation and noise reduction in buildings
+BS 8418 Design, Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance of Detection-Activated Video Surveillance Systems (VSS)
+BS 8442 Miscellaneous road traffic signs and devices - requirements and test methods
+BS 8484 for the provision of lone worker device services
+BS 8485 for the characterization and remediation from ground gas in affected developments
+BS 8494 (2007), for portable apparatuses detecting and measuring carbon dioxide levels in ambient air or extraction systems
+BS 8534:2011 Construction procurement policies, strategies and procedures: Code of practice
+BS 8546 Travel adaptors compatible with UK plug and socket system. BS 8572:2018 Procurement of Facility-Related Services Code of Practice: developed to establish a common and standardised approach towards the way in which facilities services are both specified and managed
+BS 8636 The voluntary standards provide a specification on the production process for UK-made whisky being sold here or traded globally.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-3.md

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+---
+title: "List of British Standards"
+chunk: 4/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+BS 8647 Respiratory equipment - Full-face snorkel masks - Specification
+BS 8888 for engineering drawing and technical product specification
+BS 8900-1 Managing sustainable development of organizations. BS 8900-2 Managing sustainable development of organizations. Framework for assessment against BS 8900-1
+BS 9997 Fire risk management systems. BS 9999 Fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. Code of practice
+BS 15000 for IT Service Management (ITIL), now ISO/IEC 20000
+BS 3G 101 for general requirements for mechanical and electromechanical aircraft indicators
+BS 10008 best practice for the implementation and operation of electronic information management systems
+
+=== BS EN standards ===
+
+BS EN 12195 Load restraining on road vehicles.
+BS EN 15331:2011 Criteria for design, management and control of maintenance services for buildings
+BS EN ISO 41012 Facility management – Guidance on strategic sourcing and the development of agreements
+BS EN 60204 Safety of machinery
+BS EN 61184:2017 Bayonet lampholders, fourth edition.
+BS EN ISO 4210 – Cycles. Safety Requirements for Bicycles
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:58.889270+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of the symbols of the provinces and territories of Canada. Each province and territory has a unique set of official symbols.
+
+
+== Provinces and territories ==
+ 
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+ Canada portal
+Coat of arms of Canada
+List of Canadian flags
+National symbols of Canada
+Canadian Red Ensign
+Regional tartans of Canada
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DIN_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of DIN standards"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DIN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:54.235719+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is an incomplete list of DIN standards.
+
+The "STATUS" column gives the latest known status of the standard.
+If a standard has been withdrawn and no replacement specification is listed, either the specification was withdrawn without replacement or a replacement specification could not be identified.
+DIN stands for "Deutsches Institut für Normung", meaning "German institute for standardization". DIN standards that begin with "DIN V" ("Vornorm", meaning "pre-standard") are the result of standardization work, but because of certain reservations on the content or because of the divergence compared to a standard installation procedure of DIN, they are not yet published standards.
+
+
+== DIN 1 to DIN 999 ==
+
+
+=== DIN 1 to DIN 99 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 100 to DIN 199 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 200 to DIN 299 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 300 to DIN 399 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 400 to DIN 499 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 500 to DIN 599 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 600 to DIN 699 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 700 to DIN 799 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 800 to DIN 899 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 900 to DIN 999 ===
+
+
+== DIN 1000 to DIN 9999 ==
+
+
+=== DIN 1000 to DIN 1999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 2000 to DIN 2999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 3000 to DIN 3999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 4000 to DIN 4999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 5000 to DIN 5999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 6000 to DIN 6999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 7000 to DIN 7999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 8000 to DIN 8999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 9000 to DIN 9999 ===
+
+
+== DIN 10000 to DIN 19999 ==
+
+
+=== DIN 10000 to DIN 10999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 11000 to DIN 11999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 12000 to DIN 12999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 13000 to DIN 13999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 14000 to DIN 14999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 15000 to DIN 15999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 16000 to DIN 16999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 17000 to DIN 17999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 18000 to DIN 18999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 19000 to DIN 19999 ===
+
+
+== DIN 20000 to DIN 29999 ==
+
+
+=== DIN 24000 to DIN 24999 ===
+
+
+=== DIN 28000 to DIN 28999 ===
+
+
+== DIN 30000 to DIN 39999 ==
+
+
+=== DIN 31000 to DIN 31999 ===
+
+
+== DIN 40000 to DIN 49999 ==
+
+
+== DIN 51097 to DIN 59999 ==
+
+DIN ISO 53438
+
+
+== DIN 60000 to DIN 69999 ==
+
+
+== DIN 70000 to DIN 79999 ==
+
+
+== DIN 80000 to DIN 99999 ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of EN standards
+List of IEC standards
+List of ISO standards
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+DIN Website, in English
+DIN Fasteners in Details

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EIA_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of EIA standards"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EIA_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:59.473303+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of American Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) Standards.
+The EIA ceased operations on February 11, 2011, but the former sectors continue to serve the constituencies of EIA.  EIA designated ECA to continue to develop standards for interconnect, passive and electro-mechanical (IP&E) electronic components under the ANSI-designation of EIA standards. All other electronic components standards are managed by their respective sectors. ECA is expected to merge with the National Electronic Distributors Association (NEDA) to form the Electronic Components Industry Association (ECIA). However, the EIA standards brand will continue for IP&E standards within ECIA.  As currently authorized, any ANSI standard designated at ANSI EIA-xxx is developed and/or managed by ECA (and, in the future, ECIA).
+
+
+== 1–199 ==
+TIA/EIA-41 Cellular Radiocommunications Intersystem Operations.
+EIA/TIA/IS-55 Recommended Minimum Performance Standards of 800 MHz Dual Mode Mobile Stations
+EIA/TIA/IS-66 Sectional Specification for Nonpressurized Fiber Optic Splice Closures
+EIA-96
+TIA/EIA-136-310-A-1 TDMA Third Generation Wireless - Radio Link Protocol –1
+JEP-143C Solid-State Reliability Assessment and Qualification Methodologies
+EIA-170/RS-170 Electrical Performance Standards-Monochrome Television Studio Facilities 01 November 1957.
+ Note: EIA-170 only appears on the cover page of the document, internal pages are labeled RS-170 in the upper right corner. 
+ EIA-170/RS-170 applies only to monochrome (black & white) video. 
+ The later color video version is RS-170A which shows color burst and the 4 color field sequence of NTSC.
+ The RS-170A version is only a tentative standard, and was never formally adopted. NAB Engineering Handbook Seventh Edition.
+
+EIA-189A Formerly RS-189A.  Encoded color bar signal (preceded SMPTE color bars).
+EIA-198
+EIA RS-198-A?
+EIA RS-198-B:1971
+EIA-198-C:1983
+EIA-198-D:1991 Ceramic dielectric capacitors classes I, II, III
+EIA-198-1-E:1998
+EIA-198-2-E:1998
+EIA-198-3-E:1998
+EIA-198-1-F:2002
+EIA-198-2-F:2002
+EIA-198-3-F:2002
+EIA-198-3-4-F:2009
+
+
+== 200–299 ==
+EIA-222 Standards for antenna mast structural integrity
+RS-225, 50Ω RF high power RF connectors, (EIA RF Connectors)
+RS-232 (or EIA-232) electrical characteristics, single-ended voltage digital interface circuit (serial data communications)
+RS-259, 75Ω RF high power RF connectors, (EIA RF Connectors)
+EIA-274 is the most common NC code format. In the machine tool industry it also known as G-code. In the PCB industry Standard Gerber, now revoked, was based on it.
+RS-279 electronic color code originally known as the RETMA color code
+
+
+== 300–399 ==
+EIA/ECA-310 Cabinets, Racks, Panels, and Associated Equipment, maintained by the ECIA (includes 19-inch racks, rack units)
+EIA/TIA-329-B Minimum Standards for Communication Antennas Part I - Base Station Antennas
+EIA/TIA-329-B-1 Minimum Standards for Communication Antennas Part II - Vehicular Antennas
+EIA-343 Formerly RS-343. Signal standard for non-broadcast high resolution monochrome video.
+EIA-343A Formerly RS-343 A. Video signal standard for high resolution monochrome CCTV. Based on EIA-343.
+EIA-364-38 TP-38D Cable Pull-Out Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors
+EIA-370-B Designation System for Semiconductor Devices.
+
+
+== 400–499 ==
+RS-422 (or EIA-422 or TIA-422), electrical characteristics of the balanced voltage digital interface circuit (serial data communications)
+RS-423, a standard for serial communications
+RS-449 for serial data communications
+EIA/TIA-455-A	Standard Test Procedure for Fiber Optic Fibers, Cables, Transducers, Sensors, Connecting and Terminating Devices, and Other Fiber Optic Components
+EIA/TIA-455-12A FOTP-12 Fluid Immersion Test for Fiber Optic Components
+EIA/TIA-455-37A FOTP-37 Low or High Temperature Bend Test for Fiber Optic Cable
+EIA/TIA-455-48B FOTP-48 Measurement of Optical Fiber Cladding Diameter Using Laser-Based Instruments
+EIA/TIA-455-87B FOTP-87 Fiber Optic Cable Knot Test
+EIA/TIA-455-188 FOTP-188 Low Temperature Testing of Fiber Optic Components
+EIA-476 Date Code Marking
+EIA-RS-481 Taping/Leadless Components for Automatic Placement
+RS-485 Electrical Characteristics of Generators and Receivers for Use in Balanced Digital Multipoint Systems (serial data communications)
+RS-494 A 1983 Binary Cutter Location (BCL) standard for CNC
+
+
+== 500–599 ==
+EIA-535 Fixed Tantalum Capacitors
+TIA-568 cable wiring standard for structured cabling (Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard)
+EIA/TIA-569 Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces
+EIA/TIA-570 Residential and Light Commercial Telecommunications Wiring Standard
+TIA-574 standardizes the 9-pin D-subminiature connector pinout for use with EIA-232 electrical signalling
+
+
+== 600–699 ==
+EIA-608 standard for closed captioning for NTSC TV broadcasts in the United States and Canada
+TIA/EIA-634-B MC-BS Interface for Public Wireless Communications Systems
+EIA/TIA-662 standard for Personal Wireless Telecommunications (PWT).
+TIA/EIA-667 Personal Access Communications System Wireless User Premises Equipment (PACS-WUPE) Air Interface Standard
+
+
+== 700–799 ==
+TIA/EIA/IS-707-A Data Service Options for Wideband Spread Spectrum Systems
+EIA-708 is the standard for closed captioning for ATSC digital television streams in the United States and Canada.
+CEA-709.1-B Control Network Protocol Specification
+
+
+== 800–899 ==
+EIA/CEA-861 A DTV Profile for Uncompressed High Speed Digital Interfaces (now CTA-861)
+TIA/EIA/IS-880 TIA-41-D Based Network Enhancements for CDMA Packet Data Service (C-PDS) Phase 1
+
+
+== 900–999 ==
+TIA-968-A Technical Requirements for Connection of Terminal Equipment to the Telephone Network
+
+
+== 1000–1099 ==
+TIA-1096-A Connector Requirements for Connection of Terminal Equipment to the Telephone Network
+
+
+== 2000–2099 ==
+TIA/EIA/IS-2000.5-A Upper Layer (Layer 3) Signaling Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems
+TIA/EIA/IS-2000.5-C Upper Layer (Layer 3) Signaling Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems
+
+
+== 3100–3199 ==
+EIA SP 3128 polarizing/coding key overstress test procedure for electrical connectors
+
+
+== Notes ==
+The above list of standards is not only incomplete, but also out of date. For example, the standard on capacitor dielectric classes is as of Nov 2002: EIA-198-1-F Ceramic Dielectric Capacitors: Classes I, II, III, and IV
+RS is for "Recommended Standard", an early prefix used for electronic standards
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+SCART
+ANSI
+EIA Recommended Standard
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+EIA Standards Store, IHS is the official distributor of EIA standards
+Search for EIA Standards, ECIA provides a searchable database of EIA standards and projects.
+TIA
+ECA
+JEDEC
+CEA Archived 2008-11-03 at the Wayback Machine
+GEIA (TechAmerica)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 1/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+European Standards (abbreviated EN, from the German name Europäische Norm ("European standard")) are technical standards drafted and maintained by CEN (European Committee for Standardization), CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) and ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute).

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-1.md

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+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 2/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== EN 1–999 ==
+EN 1: Flued oil stoves with vaporizing burners
+EN 2: Classification of fires
+EN 3: Portable fire extinguishers
+EN 14: Dimensions of bed blankets
+EN 19: Industrial valves – Marking of metallic valves
+EN 20: Wood preservatives. EN 26: Gas-fired instantaneous water heaters for the production of domestic hot water
+EN 40: Lighting columns
+EN 40-1: Part 1: Definitions and terms
+EN 40-2: Part 2: General requirements and dimensions
+EN 40-3-1: Part 3-1: Design and verification - Specification for characteristic loads
+EN 40-3-2: Part 3-2: Design and verification - Verification by testing
+EN 40-3-3: Part 3-3: Design and verification - Verification by calculation
+EN 40-4: Part 4: Requirements for reinforced and prestressed concrete lighting columns
+EN 40-5: Part 5: Requirements for steel lighting columns
+EN 40-6: Part 6: Requirements for aluminium lighting columns
+EN 40-7: Part 7: Requirements for fibre reinforced polymer composite lighting columns
+EN 54: Fire detection and fire alarm systems
+EN 71: Safety of toys
+EN 81: Safety of lifts and escalators
+EN 115: Safety of escalators & Moving walks
+EN 131: Ladders
+EN 136: Respiratory protective devices – Full-face masks – Requirements, testing and marking
+EN 137: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with full face mask – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 140: Respiratory protective devices – Half masks and quarter masks – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 142: Respiratory protective devices – Mouthpiece assemblies – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 143: Respiratory protective devices – Particle filters – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 144: Respiratory protective devices – Gas cylinder valves
+EN 144-1: Part 1: Thread connections for insert connector
+EN 144-2: Part 2: Outlet connections
+EN 144-3: Part 3: Outlet connections for diving gases Nitrox and oxygen
+EN 145 Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained closed-circuit breathing apparatus compressed oxygen or compressed oxygen-nitrogen type – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 148 Respiratory protective devices – Threads for facepieces
+EN 148-1: Part 1: Standard thread connection
+EN 148-2: Part 2: Centre thread connection
+EN 148-3: Part 3: Tread connection M 45 x 3
+EN 149: Respiratory protective devices – Filtering half masks to protect against particles – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 166: Personal eye-protection – Specifications
+EN 169: Personal eye-protection – Filters for welding and related techniques – Transmittance requirements and recommended use
+EN 170: Personal eye-protection – Ultraviolet filters – Transmittance requirements and recommended use
+EN 172: Personal eye protection – Sunglare filters for industrial use
+EN 174: Personal eye-protection – Ski goggles for downhill skiing
+EN 175: Personal protection – Equipment for eye and face protection during welding and allied processes
+EN 196: Methods for testing cement (10 parts)
+EN 197-1: Cement – Part 1 : Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
+EN 197-2: Cement – Part 2 : Conformity evaluation
+EN 206-1: Concrete – Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity
+EN 207: Personal eye-protection equipment – Filters and eye-protectors against laser radiation (laser eye-protectors)
+EN 208: Personal eye-protection – Eye-protectors for adjustment work on lasers and laser systems (laser adjustment eye-protectors)
+EN 228: Specifications for automotive petrol
+EN 250: Respiratory equipment – Open-circuit self-contained compressed air diving apparatus - Requirements, testing and marking
+EN 280: Mobile elevating work platforms. Design calculations, Stability criteria, Construction, Safety Examinations and tests
+EN 286: Simple unfired pressure vessels designed to contain air or nitrogen
+Part 3: Steel pressure vessels designed for air braking equipment and auxiliary pneumatic equipment for railway rolling stock
+Part 4: Aluminium alloy pressure vessels designed for air braking equipment and auxiliary pneumatic equipment for railway rolling stock
+EN 287: Qualification test of welders — Fusion welding
+Part 1: Steels
+EN 294: Safety of machinery; safety distances to prevent danger zones from being reached by the upper limbs
+EN 298: Automatic gas burner control systems for gas burners and gas burning appliances with or without fans
+EN 301 549: European standard for digital accessibility
+EN 336: Structural timber — Sizes, permitted deviations
+EN 338: Structural timber — Strength classes
+EN 341: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Descender devices
+EN 342: Protective clothing – Ensembles and garments for protection against cold
+EN 343: Protective clothing – Protection against rain
+EN 352: Hearing protectors – General requirements
+EN 352-1: Part 1: Earmuffs
+EN 352-2: Part 2: Earplugs
+EN 352-3: Part 3: Earmuffs attached to head protection and/or face protection devices
+EN 352: Hearing protectors – Safety requirements
+EN 352-4: Part 4: Level-dependent earmuffs
+EN 352-5: Part 5: Active noise reduction earmuffs
+EN 352-6: Part 6: Earmuffs with safety-related audio input
+EN 352-7: Part 7: Level-dependent earplugs
+EN 352-8: Part 8: Entertainment audio earmuffs
+EN 352-9: Part 9: Earplugs with safety-related audio input
+EN 352-10: Part 10: Entertainment audio earplugs
+EN 353-1: Personal fall protection equipment – Guided type fall arresters including an anchor line – Part 1: Guided type fall arresters including a rigid anchor line
+EN 353-2: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Part 2: Guided type fall arresters including a flexible anchor line
+EN 354: Personal fall protection equipment – Lanyards
+EN 355: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Energy absorbers
+EN 358: Personal protective equipment for work positioning and prevention of falls from a height – Belts and lanyards for work positioning or restraint
+EN 360: Personal fall protection equipment – Retractable type fall arresters
+EN 361: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Full body harnesses
+EN 362: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Connectors
+EN 363: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Fall arrest systems
+EN 365: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – General requirements for instructions for use, maintenance, periodic examination, repair, marking and packaging
+EN ISO 374: Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms
+EN ISO 374-1: Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks (ISO 374-1:2016)
+EN ISO 374-5: Part 5: Terminology and performance requirements for micro-organisms risks (ISO 374-5:2016)
+EN 379: Personal eye-protection – Automatic welding filters
+EN 381: Protective clothing for users of hand-held chain saws
+EN 381-5: Part 5: Requirements for leg protectors
+EN 381-7: Part 7: Requirements for chainsaw protective gloves
+EN 381-9: Part 9: Requirements for chain saw protective gaiters
+EN 381-11: Part 11: Requirements for upper body protectors
+EN 386: Glued laminated timber - Performance requirements and minimum production requirements
+EN 388: Protective gloves against mechanical risks
+EN 390: Glued laminated timber. Sizes.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-10.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 11/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== EN 50000–59999 (CENELEC specific, non-IEC electrical standards) ==
+EN 50022: 35 mm snap-on top-hat mounting rails for low-voltage switchgear (DIN rail)
+EN 50075: Europlug
+EN 50090: Home and Building Electronic Systems (KNX/EIB)
+EN 50102: Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against external mechanical impacts
+EN 50119: Railway applications - Fixed installations: Electric traction overhead contact lines for railways
+EN 50121: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility
+EN 50121-1: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility Part 1: General
+EN 50121-2:  Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 2 : emission of the whole railway system to the outside world
+EN 50121-3-1: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 3-1 : rolling stock - Train and complete vehicle
+EN 50121-3-2: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 3-2 : rolling stock - Apparatus
+EN 50121-4:  Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 4 : emission and immunity of the signaling and telecommunications apparatus
+EN 50121-5: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 5: Emission and immunity of fixed power supply installations and apparatus
+EN 50122: Railway applications - Fixed installations
+EN 50122-1: Railway applications - Fixed installations - Electrical safety, earthing and the return circuit - Part 1: Protective provisions against electric shock
+EN 50122-2: Railway applications - Fixed installations - Part 2: Protective provisions against the effects of Stray currents caused by d.c. traction systems
+EN 50122-3: Railway applications - Fixed installations - Electrical safety, earthing and the return circuit - Part 3: Mutual Interaction of a.c. and d.c. traction systems
+EN 50123: Railway applications - Fixed installations - D.C. switchgear
+EN 50124: Railway applications - Insulation coordination
+EN 50125-1: Railway applications - Environmental conditions for equipment - Part 1: Rolling stock and on-board equipment
+EN 50125-2: Railway applications - Environmental conditions for equipment - Part 2: Fixed electrical installations
+EN 50125-3: Railway applications - Environmental conditions for equipment - Part 3: Equipment for signaling and telecommunications
+EN 50126: Railway applications - The specification and demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS)
+EN 50128: Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems - Software for railway control and protection systems
+EN 50129: Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems – Safety related electronic systems for signalling
+EN 50130: Alarm systems - Electromagnetic compatibility and Environmental test methods
+EN 50131: Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems
+EN 50136: Alarm systems - Alarm transmission systems
+EN 50153: Railway applications - Rolling stock - Protective provisions relating to electrical hazards
+EN 50155: Railway applications - Electronic equipment used on rolling stock
+EN 50157: Domestic and Similar Electronic Equipment Interconnection Requirements (Part1 = AV.link)
+EN 50159: Railway applications - Communication, signaling and processing systems - Safety-related communication in transmission systems
+EN 50163: Railway applications - Supply voltages of traction systems
+EN 50178: Electronic equipment for use in power installations
+EN 50207: Railway applications - Electronic power converters for rolling stock
+EN 50262: Metric cable glands
+EN 50267: Corrosive Gases
+EN 50272-1: Standards for Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations - Part 1 General safety information
+EN 50272-2: Standards for Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations - Part 2 Stationary batteries
+EN 50522: Earthing of power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.
+EN 50308: Wind Turbines - Protective Measures - Requirements for design, operation and maintenance
+EN 50321-1: Live working – Footwear for electrical protection – Insulating footwear and overboots
+EN 50325: Industrial communications subsystem based on ISO 11898 (CAN) for controller-device interfaces
+EN 50365: Live Working – Electrically insulating helmets for use on low and medium voltage installations
+EN 50412: Power line communication apparatus and systems used in low-voltage installations in the frequency range 1.6 MHz to 30 MHz
+EN 50436: Alcohol interlocks
+EN 50465: Gas appliances - Combined heat and power appliance of nominal heat input inferior or equal to 70 kW
+EN 50470-3: Electricity metering equipment - Part 3: Particular requirements - Static meters for AC active energy (class indexes A, B and C)
+EN 50470-4: Electricity metering equipment - Part 4: Particular requirements - Static meters for DC active energy (class indexes A, B and C)
+EN 50525: Low voltage energy cables; a merger of HD 21 and HD 22.
+EN 50571: Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Particular requirements for commercial electric washing machines
+EN 50562: Railway applications - Fixed installations - Process, protective measures and demonstration of safety for electric traction systems
+EN 50581: documentation for the assessment of electrical and electronic products with respect to the RoHS
+EN 50600: Information technology - Data centre facilities and infrastructures
+EN 50617-1: Railway applications - Technical parameters of train detection systems for the interoperability of the trans-European railway system - Part 1: Track circuits
+EN 50617-2: Railway Applications - Technical parameters of train detection systems for the interoperability of the trans-European railway system - Part 2: Axle counters
+EN 50632: Electric motor-operated tools - Dust measurement Procedure
+EN 50657: Railways Applications - Rolling stock applications - Software on Board Rolling Stock
+EN 50716: Cross-functional Software Standard for Railways
+EN 55011: Industrial, scientific and medical equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement
+EN 55014: Electromagnetic compatibility — Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus
+EN 55022: Information technology equipment. Radio disturbance characteristics.
+EN 55024: Information technology equipment. Immunity characteristics.
+EN 55032: Electromagnetic Compatibility of Multimedia Equipment. Emission requirements.
+EN 55035: Electromagnetic Compatibility of Multimedia Equipment. Immunity requirements.
+
+== EN 60000-69999 (CENELEC editions of IEC standards) ==

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+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 12/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+EN 60065: Audio, Video and similar electronics apparatus - Safety requirements.
+EN 60077: Railway applications - Electric equipment for rolling stock
+EN 60950-1: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part1: General requirements
+EN 60950-21: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part21: Remote power feeding
+EN 60950-22: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part22: Equipment installed outdoors
+EN 60950-23: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part23: Large data storage equipment
+EN 61000-1-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. Methodology for the achievement of functional safety of electrical and electronic systems including equipment with regard to electromagnetic phenomena
+EN 61000-1-3: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. The effects of high-altitude EMP (HEMP) on civil equipment and systems
+EN 61000-1-4: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range up to 2 kHz
+EN 61000-1-5: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. High power electromagnetic (HPEM) effects on civil systems
+EN 61000-1-6: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. Guide to the assessment of measurement uncertainty
+EN 61000-2-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signaling in public low-voltage power supply systems
+EN 61000-2-4: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances
+EN 61000-2-9: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Description of HEMP environment. Radiated disturbance. Basic EMC publication
+EN 61000-2-10: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Description of HEMP environment. Conducted disturbance
+EN 61000-2-12: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signaling in public medium-voltage power supply systems
+EN 61000-3-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and including 16 A per phase)
+EN 61000-3-3: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with rated current ≤ 16 A per phase and not subject to conditional connection
+EN 61000-3-11: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems. Equipment with rated voltage current ≤ 75 A and subject to conditional connection
+EN 61000-3-12: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits.
+EN 61000-4-1: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Overview of IEC 61000-4 series
+EN 61000-4-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Electrostatic discharge immunity test. Basic EMC publication
+EN 61000-4-3: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
+EN 61000-4-4: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test
+EN 61000-4-5: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Surge immunity test
+EN 61000-4-6: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields
+EN 61000-4-7: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto
+EN 61000-4-8: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Power frequency magnetic field immunity test. Basic EMC publication
+EN 61000-4-11: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests
+EN 61000-4-12: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Oscillatory waves immunity test. Basic EMC publication
+EN 61000-4-13: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Harmonics and interharmonics including mains signaling at a.c. power port, low frequency immunity tests
+EN 61000-4-14: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Voltage fluctuation immunity test for equipment with input current not exceeding 16 A per phase
+EN 61000-4-15: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Flickermeter. Functional and design specifications. Basic EMC publication
+EN 61000-4-16: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Test for immunity to conducted, common mode disturbances in the frequency range 0 Hz to 150 kHz
+EN 61000-4-17: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Ripple on d.c. input power port immunity test
+EN 61000-4-18: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Damped oscillatory wave immunity test
+EN 61000-4-19: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Test for immunity to conducted, differential mode disturbances and signaling in the frequency range 2 kHz to 150 kHz at a.c. power ports
+EN 61000-4-20: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides
+EN 61000-4-21: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Reverberation chamber test methods
+EN 61000-4-22: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Radiated emission and immunity measurements in fully anechoic rooms (FARs)
+EN 61000-4-23: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Test methods for protective devices for HEMP and other radiated disturbances
+EN 61000-4-24: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Test methods for protective devices for HEMP conducted disturbance. Basic EMC publication
+EN 61000-4-25: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. HEMP immunity test methods for equipment and systems
+EN 61000-4-27: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Unbalance, immunity test for equipment with input current not exceeding 16 A per phase
+EN 61000-4-28: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Variation of power frequency, immunity test for equipment with input current not exceeding 16 A per phase
+EN 61000-4-29: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations on d.c.input power ports. Immunity tests. Basic EMC Publication.
+EN 61000-4-30: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Testing and measurement techniques. Power quality measurement methods
+EN 61000-4-34: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests for equipment with mains current more than 16 A per phase
+IEC 61000-5-1 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Installation and mitigation guidelines. General considerations. Basic EMC publication
+EN 61000-5-5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Installation and mitigation guidelines. Specification of protective devices for HEMP conducted disturbance. Basic EMC publication
+EN 61000-5-7 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Installation and mitigation guidelines. Degrees of protection by enclosures against electromagnetic disturbances (EM code). Degrees of protection against electromagnetic disturbances provided by enclosures (EM code)
+EN 61000-6-1 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments
+EN 61000-6-2 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Immunity for industrial environments
+EN 61000-6-3 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Emission standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments
+EN 61000-6-4 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Emission standard for industrial environments
+EN 61482-2: Live working – Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc – Part 2: Requirements
+EN 62061 /IEC 62061 Safety of machinery: Functional safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems
+EN 62353:2014 Medical electrical equipment. Recurrent test and test after repair of medical electrical equipment
+Moreover, there are a lot of ISO and IEC standards that were accepted as "European Standard" (headlined as EN ISO xxxxx) and are valid in the European Economic Region.
+
+== See also ==
+Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM)
+List of ASTM International standards (D5001-6000)
+List of ASTM International standards (D6001-7000)
+List of DIN standards
+List of ISO standards
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==

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+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 3/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Permissible deviations
+EN 391: Glued laminated timber - Delamination tests of glue lines
+EN 392: Glued laminated timber - Shear test of glue lines
+EN 397: Industrial safety helmets
+EN 402: Respiratory protective devices – Lung governed demand self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with full face mask or mouthpiece assembly for escape – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 403: Respiratory protective devices for self-rescue – Filtering devices with hood for escape from fire – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 404: Respiratory protective devices for self-rescue – Filter self-rescuer from carbon monoxide with mouthpiece assembly
+EN 405: Respiratory protective devices – Valved filtering half masks to protect against gases or gases and particles – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 407: Protective gloves against thermal risks (heat and/or fire)
+EN 408: Structural timber and glued laminated timber — Determination of some physical and mechanical properties
+EN 417: Non-refillable metallic cartridges for liquefied petroleum gases
+EN 420: Protective gloves – General requirements and test methods
+EN 421: Protective gloves against ionizing radiation and radioactive contamination
+EN 438: Decorative high-pressure laminates (HPL) sheets based on thermosetting resins. EN 440: "Welding consumables wire electrodes and deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steel - Classification" (1994)
+EN 443: Helmets for fire fighting in buildings and other structures
+EN 450: Fly ash for concrete - Definitions, requirements and quality control
+EN 469: Protective clothing for firefighters – Performance requirements for protective clothing for firefighting activities
+EN 474: Earth-moving Machinery. Safety. General Requirements
+EN 510: Specification for protective clothing for use where there is a risk of entanglement with moving parts
+EN 511: Protective gloves against cold
+EN 518: Structural timber. Grading. Requirements for visual strength grading standards   (replaced by EN 14081-1)
+EN 519: Structural timber. Grading. Requirements for machine strength graded timber and grading machines (Replaced by EN 14081-1)
+EN 564: Mountaineering equipment – Accessory cords – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 565: Mountaineering equipment – Tape – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 566: Mountaineering equipment – Slings – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 567: Mountaineering equipment – Rope clamps – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 568: Mountaineering equipment – Ice anchors – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 569: Mountaineering equipment – Pitons – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 590: Specification for automotive diesel
+EN 631: Containers for foodstuffs
+EN 659: Protective gloves for firefighters
+EN 694: Fire-fighting hoses. Semi-rigid hoses for fixed systems
+EN 716: Children's cots and folding cots for domestic use
+EN 795: Personal fall protection equipment – Anchor devices
+EN 805: Water supply. Requirements for systems and components outside buildings
+EN 812: Industrial bump caps
+EN 813: Personal fall protection equipment – Sit harnesses
+EN 837: Pressure connections
+EN 840: Mobile waste containers. EN 877: Cast iron pipes and fittings, their joints and accessories for the evacuation of water from buildings. Requirements, test methods and quality assurance
+EN 892: Mountaineering equipment – Dynamic mountaineering ropes – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 893: Mountaineering equipment – Crampons – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 926: Paragliding equipment - Paragliders
+EN 926-1: Part 1: Requirements and test methods for structural strength
+EN 926-2: Part 2: Requirements and test methods for classifying flight safety characteristics
+EN 933-1: Test for geometrical properties of aggregates - Part 1: determination of particle size distribution - Sieving method
+EN 934-2: Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout - Part 2: concrete admixtures - Definitions and requirements
+EN 943: Protective clothing against dangerous solid, liquid and gaseous chemicals, including liquid and solid aerosols
+EN 943-1: Part 1: Performance requirements for Type 1 (gas-tight) chemical protective suits
+EN 943-2: Part 2: Performance requirements for Type 1 (gas-tight) chemical protective suits for emergency teams (ET)
+EN 958: Mountaineering equipment – Energy absorbing systems for use in klettersteig (via ferrata) climbing – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 966: Helmets for airborne sports
+EN 980: Symbols for use in the labeling of medical devices

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+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 4/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== EN 1000–1989 ==
+EN 1010-1: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Common requirements
+EN 1010-2: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Printing and varnishing machines including pre-press machinery
+EN 1010-3: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Cutting machines
+EN 1010-4: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Bookbinding, paper converting and finishing machines
+EN 1010-5: Safety of machinery - Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Machines for the production of corrugated board
+EN 1069: Water slides of 2 m height and more
+EN 1073-1: Protective clothing against solid airborne particles including radioactive contamination – Part 1: Requirements and test methods for compressed air line ventilated protective clothing, protecting the body and the respiratory tract
+EN 1073-2: Protective clothing against radioactive contamination – Part 2: Requirements and test methods for non-ventilated protective clothing against particulate radioactive contamination
+EN 1077: Helmets for alpine skiers and snowboarders
+EN 1078: Helmets for pedal cyclists and for users of skateboards and roller skates
+EN 1080: Impact protection helmets for young children
+EN 1082: Protective clothing – Gloves and arm guards protecting against cuts and stabs by hand knives
+EN 1082-1: Part 1: Chain mail gloves and arm guards
+EN 1082-2: Part 2: Gloves and arm guards made of material other than chain mail
+EN 1090: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures (3 parts)
+EN 1092: Flanges and their joints. Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated
+EN 1146: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus incorporating a hood for escape – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 1149-5: Protective clothing – Electrostatic properties – Part 5: Material performance and design requirements
+EN 1150: Protective clothing – Visibility clothing for non-professional use – Test methods and requirements
+EN 1168: Precast concrete products - Hollow core slabs
+EN 1176-1: Playground equipment. General safety requirements and test methods
+EN 1177: Impact absorbing playground surfacing. Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 1325:2014: Value Management. Vocabulary. Terms and definitions
+EN 1325-1:1997 Value management, value analysis, functional analysis vocabulary. Value analysis and functional analysis (withdrawn, replaced by EN 1325:2014) 
+EN 1337: Structural bearings
+EN 1384: Helmets for equestrian activities
+EN 1385: Helmets for canoeing and white water sports
+EN 1399: Resilient floor coverings. Determination of resistance to stubbed and burning cigarettes
+EN 1401: Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage - Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
+EN 1466: Child use and care articles - Carry cots and stands - Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 1486: Protective clothing for fire-fighters – Test methods and requirements for reflective clothing for specialised fire-fighting
+EN 1496: Personal fall protection equipment – Rescue lifting devices
+EN 1497: Personal fall protection equipment – Rescue harnesses
+EN 1679: Reciprocating internal combustion engines: Compression ignition engines
+EN 1731: Personal eye protection – Mesh eye and face protectors
+EN 1809: Diving accessories. Buoyancy compensators. Functional and safety requirements, test methods.
+EN 1815: Resilient and textile floor coverings. Assessment of static electrical propensity
+EN 1827: Respiratory protective devices – Half masks without inhalation valves and with separable filters to protect against gases or gases and particles or particles only – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 1846: Firefighting and rescue service vehicles
+EN 1888-1: Child use and care articles - Wheeled child conveyances (Part 1: Pushchairs and prams—Up to 15 kg)
+EN 1888-2: Child use and care articles - Wheeled child conveyances (Part 2: Pushchairs for children above 15 kg up to 22 kg)
+EN 1891: Personal protective equipment for the prevention of falls from a height – Low stretch kernmantel ropes
+EN 1938: Personal eye protection – Goggles for motorcycle and moped users
+EN 1972: Diving equipment - Snorkels - Requirements and test methods
+
+== EN 1990–1999 (Eurocodes) ==
+
+EN 1990: (Eurocode 0) Basis of structural design
+EN 1991: (Eurocode 1) Actions on structures
+EN 1992: (Eurocode 2) Design of concrete structures
+EN 1993: (Eurocode 3) Design of steel structures
+EN 1994: (Eurocode 4) Design of composite steel and concrete structures
+EN 1995: (Eurocode 5) Design of timber structures
+EN 1996: (Eurocode 6) Design of masonry structures
+EN 1997: (Eurocode 7) Geotechnical design
+EN 1998: (Eurocode 8) Design of structures for earthquake resistance
+EN 1999: (Eurocode 9) Design of aluminium structures
+
+== EN 10000–10999 ==
+This range includes almost exclusively CEN Standards related to iron and steel.

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+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 5/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+EN 10002: Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing
+EN 10002-1: Method of Test at Ambient Temperature
+EN 10002-5: Method of testing at elevated temperatures
+EN 10024: Hot rolled taper flange I sections. Tolerances on shape and dimensions
+EN 10025: Hot rolled products of structural steels
+EN 10025-1: Part 1: General technical delivery conditions
+EN 10025-2: Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels
+EN 10025-3: Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
+EN 10025-4: Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
+EN 10025-5: Part 5: Technical delivery conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance
+EN 10025-6:Part 6: Technical delivery conditions for flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition
+EN 10027: Designation systems for steel.
+EN 10088-1 Stainless steels - Part 1: List of stainless steels
+EN 10088-2 Stainless steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes
+EN 10088-3 Stainless steels - Part 3: Stainless steels - Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes
+EN 10088-4 Stainless steels - Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for construction purposes;
+EN 10149: Hot rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming.
+EN 10149-1: General technical delivery conditions
+EN 10149-2: Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanically rolled steels
+EN 10149-3: Technical delivery conditions for normalized or normalized rolled steels
+EN 10204: Metallic products - Types of inspection documents
+EN 10216: Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes
+EN 10216-1: Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties
+EN 10216-2: Part 2: Non alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties
+EN 10216-3: Part 3: Alloy fine grain steel tubes
+EN 10216-4: Part 4: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified low temperature properties
+EN 10216-5: Part 5: Stainless steel tubes
+EN 10217: Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes
+EN 10217-1: Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties
+EN 10217-2: Part 2: Electric welded non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties
+EN 10217-3: Part 3: Alloy fine grain steel tubes
+EN 10217-4: Part 4: Electric welded non-alloy steel tubes with specified low temperature properties
+EN 10217-7: Part 7: Welded stainless steel tubes for pressure purposes at low and elevated temperature environment
+EN 10220: Seamless and welded steel tubes — Dimensions and masses per unit length
+EN 10240: Internal and/or external protective coating for steel tubes - specification for hot dip galvanized coatings applied in automatic plants
+EN 10270-1: Steel wire for mechanical springs - Part 1: Patented cold drawn unalloyed spring steel wire
+EN 10270-2: Steel wire for mechanical springs - Part 2: Oil hardened and tempered spring steel wire
+EN 10305: Steel tubes for precision applications — Technical delivery conditions
+Part 4: Seamless cold drawn tubes for hydraulic and pneumatic power systems
+Part 6: Welded cold drawn tubes for hydraulic and pneumatic power systems
+EN 12080, Railway applications — Axleboxes — Rolling bearings
+
+EN 10357: Austenitic, austenitic-ferritic and ferritic longitudinally welded stainless steel tubes for the food and chemical industry
+EN 10365: Hot rolled steel channels, I and H sections. Dimensions and masses
+EN ISO 10819: Mechanical vibration and shock – Hand-arm vibration – Measurement and evaluation of the vibration transmissibility of gloves at the palm of the hand (ISO 10819:2013)
+EN ISO 10862: Small craft – Quick release system for trapeze harness (ISO 10862:2009)

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+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 6/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== EN 11000–19999 ==
+EN ISO 11393: Protective clothing for users of hand-held chainsaws
+EN ISO 11393-2: Part 2: Performance requirements and test methods for leg protectors (ISO 11393-2:2018)
+EN ISO 11393-4: Part 4: Performance requirements and test methods for protective gloves (ISO 11393-4:2018)
+EN ISO 11393-5: Part 5: Performance requirements and test methods for protective gaiters (ISO 11393-5:2018)
+EN ISO 11393-6: Part 6: Performance requirements and test methods for upper body protectors (ISO 11393-6:2018)
+EN 12021: Respiratory equipment – Compressed gases for breathing apparatus
+EN 12083: Respiratory protective devices – Filters with breathing hoses, (Non-mask mounted filters) – Particle filters, gas filters, and combined filters – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 12102: Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages, heat pumps and dehumidifiers with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling - Measurement of airborne noise - Determination of the sound power level
+EN 12103: Resilient floor coverings - Agglomerated cork underlays - specification
+EN 12104: Resilient floor coverings - Cork floor tiles - Specification
+EN 12105: Resilient floor coverings - Determination of moisture content of agglomerated composition cork
+EN 12199: Resilient floor coverings. Specifications for homogeneous and heterogeneous relief rubber floor coverings
+EN 12221: Changing units for domestic use
+EN 12246: Quality classification of timber used in pallets and packaging
+EN 12255: Wastewater treatment plants
+EN 12255-1: Part 1: General construction principles
+EN 12255-2: Part 2: Performance requirements of raw wastewater pumping installations
+EN 12255-3: Part 3: Preliminary treatment
+EN 12255-4: Part 4: Primary settlement
+EN 12255-5: Part 5: Lagooning processes
+EN 12255-6: Part 6: Activated sludge process
+EN 12255-7: Part 7: Biological fixed-film reactors
+EN 12255-8: Part 8: Sludge treatment and storage
+EN 12255-9: Part 9: Odour control and ventilation
+EN 12255-10: Part 10: Safety principles
+EN 12255-11: Part 11: General data required
+EN 12255-12: Part 12: Control and automation
+EN 12255-13: Part 13: Chemical treatment - Treatment of wastewater by precipitation/flocculation
+EN 12255-14: Part 14: Disinfection
+EN 12255-15: Part 15: Measurement of the oxygen transfer in clean water in aeration tanks of activated sludge plants
+EN 12255-16: Part 16: Physical (mechanical) filtration
+EN 12270: Mountaineering equipment – Chocks – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 12275: Mountaineering equipment – Connectors – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 12276: Mountaineering equipment – Frictional anchors – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 12277: Mountaineering equipment – Harnesses – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 12278: Montaineering equipment – Pulleys – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 12281: Printing and business paper. Requirements for copy paper. EN ISO 12312: Eye and face protection – Sunglasses and related eyewear
+EN ISO 12312-1: Part 1: Sunglasses for general use (ISO 12312-1:2013)
+EN ISO 12312-2: Part 2: Filters for direct observation of the sun (ISO 12312-2:2015)
+EN 12345: Welding. Multilingual terms for welded joints with illustrations
+EN ISO 12401: Small craft – Deck safety harness and safety line – Safety requirements and test methods (ISO 12401:2009)
+EN ISO 12402: Personal flotation devices
+EN ISO 12402-2: Part 2: Lifejackets, performance level 275 – Safety requirements (ISO 12402-2:2020)
+EN ISO 12402-3: Part 3: Lifejackets, performance level 150 – Safety requirements (ISO 12402-3:2020)
+EN ISO 12402-4: Part 4: Lifejackets, performance level 100 – Safety requirements (ISO 12402-4:2020)
+EN ISO 12402-5: Part 5: Buoyancy aids (level 50) – Safety requirements (ISO 12402-5:2020)
+EN ISO 12402-6: Part 6: Special application lifejackets and buoyancy aids – Safety requirements and additional test methods (ISO 12402-6:2020)
+EN ISO 12402-8: Part 8: Accessories – Safety requirements and test methods (ISO 12402-8:2020)
+EN 12477: Protective gloves for welders
+EN 12492: Mountaineering equipment – Helmets for mountaineers – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 12566: Small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PT
+EN 12566-1: Part 1: Prefabricated septic tanks
+EN 12566-2: Part 2: Soil infiltration systems
+EN 12566-3: Part 3: Packaged and/or site assembled domestic wastewater treatment plants
+EN 12566-4: Part 4: Septic tanks assembled in situ from prefabricated kits
+EN 12566-5: Part 5: Pretreated Effluent Filtration systems
+EN 12566-6: Part 6: Prefabricated treatment units for septic tank effluent
+EN 12566-7: Part 7: Prefabricated tertiary treatment units
+EN 12572: Artificial climbing structures
+EN 12600: Classification of Resistance of Glazing to Impact
+EN 12663: Railway applications - Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodies
+Part 1: Locomotives and passenger rolling stock (and alternative method for freight wagons)
+Part 2: Freight wagons
+EN 12797: Brazing – Destructive tests of brazed joints
+EN 12799: Brazing – Non-destructive examination brazed joints
+EN 12810: Facade scaffolds made of prefabricated parts
+EN 12811: Temporary works equipment
+EN 12841: Personal fall protection equipment – Rope access systems – Rope adjustment devices
+EN 12845 Fixed firefighting systems. Automatic sprinkler systems. Design, installation and maintenance 
+EN 12890: Patterns, pattern equipment and coreboxes for the production of sand molds and sand cores
+EN 12896: Public Transport Reference Data Model
+EN 12941: Respiratory protective devices – Powered filtering devices incorporating a loose fitting respiratory interface – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 12942: Respiratory protective devices – Powered filtering devices incorporating full face masks, half masks or quarter masks – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 12952: Water-Tube Boilers and Auxiliary Installations
+EN 12973: Value Management
+EN 12975-1: Thermal solar systems and components - Solar collectors
+EN 13000: Cranes - Mobile Cranes
+EN 13034: Protective clothing against liquid chemicals – Performance requirements for chemical protective clothing offering limited protective performance against liquid chemicals (Type 6 and Type PB [6] equipment)
+EN 13061: Protective clothing – Shin guards for association football players – Requirements and test methods
+EN 13089: Mountaineering equipment – Ice-tools – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 13103: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Non-powered axles — Design method
+EN 13104: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Powered axles — Design method
+EN 13133: "Brazing - Brazer approval" (2000)
+EN 13138-1: Buoyant aids for swimming instruction – Part 1: Safety requirements and test methods for buoyant aids to be worn
+EN 13145: Railway applications - Track - Wood sleepers and bearers
+EN 13146: Railway applications - Track - Test methods for fastening systems
+EN 13146-1: Part 1: Determination of longitudinal rail restraint
+EN 13146-2: Part 2: Determination of torsional resistance
+EN 13146-3: Part 3: Determination of attenuation of impact loads
+EN 13146-4: Part 4: Effect of repeated loading
+EN 13146-5: Part 5: Determination of electrical resistance
+EN 13146-6: Part 6: Effect of severe environmental conditions
+EN 13146-7: Part 7: Determination of clamping force
+EN 13146-8: Part 8: In service testing
+EN 13146-9: Part 9: Determination of stiffness
+EN 13158: Protective clothing – Protective jackets, body and shoulder protectors for equestrian use, for horse riders and those working with horses, and for horse drivers – Requirements and test methods
+EN 13162: Thermal insulation products for buildings - Factory made mineral wool (MW) products
+EN 13165: Thermal insulation products for buildings - Factory made rigid polyurethane foam (PU) products
+EN 13178: Personal eye-protection – Eye protectors for snowmobile users
+EN 13204: Double acting hydraulic rescue tools for fire and rescue service use.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-6.md

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+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 7/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Safety and performance requirements
+EN 13231: Railway applications - Track - Acceptance of works
+EN 13231-1: Part 1: Works on ballasted track - Plain line, switches and crossings
+EN 13231-2: Part 2: Acceptance of reprofiling rails in plain line, switches, crossings, and expansion devices
+EN 13231-3: withdrawn, replaced by EN 13231-2
+EN 13231-4: withdrawn, replaced by EN 13231-2
+EN 13231-5: Part 5: Procedures for rail reprofiling in plain line, switches, crossings, and expansion devices
+EN 13260: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Wheelsets — Product requirements
+EN 13261: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Axles — Product requirements
+EN 13262: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Wheels — Product requirements
+EN 13277: Protective equipment for martial arts
+EN 13277-1: Part 1: General requirements and test methods
+EN 13277-2: Part 2: Additional requirements and test methods for instep protectors, shin protectors and forearm protectors
+EN 13277-3: Part 3: Additional requirements and test methods for trunk protectors
+EN 13277-4: Part 4: Additional requirements and test methods for head protectors
+EN 13277-5: Part 5: Additional requirements and test methods for genital protectors and abdominal protectors
+EN 13277-6: Part 6: Additional requirements and test methods for breast protectors for females
+EN 13277-7: Part 7: Additional requirements and test methods for hand and foot protectors
+EN 13277-8: Part 8: Additional requirements and test methods for karate face protectors
+EN 13300: quality and classification of (interior) wall paint
+EN 13309: Construction machinery - Electromagnetic compatibility of machines with internal power supply
+EN 13319: Diving accessories. Depth gauges and combined depth and time measuring devices. Functional and safety requirements, test methods. EN 13356: Visibility accessories for non-professional use – Test methods and requirements
+EN 13402: Size designation of clothes
+EN 13432: Compostable and biodegradable packaging
+EN 13445: Unfired pressure vessels
+EN 13480: Metallic industrial piping
+EN 13484: Helmets for users of luges
+EN 13501: Fire classification of construction products and building elements
+EN 13537: Temperature ratings for sleeping bags
+EN 13546: Protective clothing – Hand, arm, chest, abdomen, leg, foot and genital protectors for field hockey goal keepers, and shin protectors for field players – Requirements and test methods
+EN 13567: Protective clothing – Hand, arm, chest, abdomen, leg, genital and face protectors for fencers – Requirements and test methods
+EN 13594: Protective gloves for motorcycle riders – Requirements and test methods
+EN 13595: Protective clothing for professional motorcycle riders – Jackets, trousers and one piece or divided suits
+EN 13595-1: Part 1: General requirements
+EN 13595-2: Part 2: Test method for determination of impact abrasion resistance
+EN 13595-3: Part 3: Test method for determination of burst strength
+EN 13595-4: Part 4: Test methods for the determination of impact cut resistance
+EN 13612: Performance evaluation of in-vitro diagnostic devices
+EN 13634: Protective footwear for motorcycle riders – Requirements and test methods
+EN 13640: Stability testing of in vitro diagnostic reagents
+EN ISO 13688: Protective clothing – General requirements (ISO 13688:2013)
+EN 13749 Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Method of specifying the structural requirements of bogie frames
+EN 13757: Communication system for meters and remote reading of meters (Meter-Bus)
+EN 13781: Protective helmets for drivers and passengers of snowmobiles and bobsleighs
+EN 13794: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained closed-circuit breathing apparatus for escape – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 13803: Railway applications - Track - Track alignment design parameters - Track gauges 1435 mm and wider
+EN 13832: Footwear protecting against chemicals
+EN 13832-2: Part 2: Requirements for limited contact with chemicals
+EN 13832-3: Part 3: Requirements for prolonged contact with chemicals
+EN 13940:2016: System of concepts to support continuity of care
+EN 13949: Respiratory equipment – Open-circuit self-contained diving apparatus for use with compressed Nitrox and oxygen – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 13979: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Monobloc wheels — Technical approval procedure
+Part 1: Forged and rolled wheels
+EN ISO 13982: Protective clothing for use against solid particulates
+EN ISO 13982-1: Part 1: Performance requirements for chemical protective clothing providing protection to the full body against airborne solid particulates (type 5 clothing) (ISO 13982-1:2004)
+EN ISO 13998: Protective clothing – Aprons, trousers and vests protecting against cuts and stabs by hand knives (ISO 13998:2003)
+EN 14021: Stone shields for off-road motorcycling suited to protect riders against stones and debris – Requirements and test methods
+EN 14033: Railway applications — Track — Railbound construction and maintenance machines
+Part 1: Technical requirements for running
+Part 2: Technical requirements for travelling and working
+Part 3: General safety requirements
+EN 14052: High performance industrial helmets
+EN 14058: Protective clothing – Garments for protection against cool environments
+EN 14067: Railway applications — Aerodynamics
+Part 1: Symbols and units
+Part 3: Aerodynamics in tunnels
+Part 4: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics on open track
+Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels
+Part 6: Requirements and test procedures for cross wind assessment
+EN 14081: Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section
+Part 1: General requirements
+Part 2: Machine grading - additional requirements for initial type testing. Part 3: Machine grading - additional requirements for factory production control. Part 4: Machine grading - grading machine settings for machine controlled systems.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-7.md

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+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 8/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+EN 14120: Protective clothing – Wrist, palm, knee and elbow protectors for users of roller sports equipment – Requirements and test methods
+EN 14126: Protective clothing – Performance requirements and tests methods for protective clothing against infective agents
+EN 14143: Respiratory equipment – Self-contained re-breathing diving apparatus
+EN 14214: The pure biodiesel standard
+EN 14225: Diving suits
+EN 14225-1: Part 1: Wet suits – Requirements and test methods
+EN 14225-2: Part 2: Dry suits – Requirements and test methods
+EN 14225-3: Part 3: Actively heated or cooled suit systems and components – Requirements and test methods
+EN 14328: Protective clothing – Gloves and armguards protecting against cuts by powered knives – Requirements and test methods
+EN 14363: Railway applications — Testing and Simulation for the acceptance of running characteristics of railway vehicles — Running Behaviour and stationary tests
+EN 14387: Respiratory protective devices — Gas filter(s) and combined filter(s) — Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 14435: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with half mask designed to be used with positive pressure only – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 14450: Secure storage units — Requirements, classification and methods of test for resistance to burglary - Secure safe cabinets
+EN 14458: Personal eye-equipment – High performance visors intended only for use with protective helmets
+EN ISO 14460: Protective clothing for automobile racing drivers – Protection against heat and flame – Performance requirements and test methods (ISO 14460:1999)
+EN 14511: Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling
+EN 14529: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with half mask designed to include a positive pressure lung governed demand valve for escape purposes only
+EN 14531: Railway applications — Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking
+Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles
+Part 2: Step by step calculations for train sets or single vehicles
+EN 14535: Railway applications — Brake discs for railway rolling stock
+Part 1: Brake discs pressed or shrunk onto the axle or drive shaft, dimensions and quality requirements
+Part 2: Brake discs mounted onto the wheel, dimensions and quality requirements
+EN 14593-1: Respiratory protective devices – Compressed air line breathing apparatus with demand valve – Part 1: Apparatus with a full face mask – Requirements, testing, marking
+EN 14594: Respiratory protective devices – Continuous flow compressed air line breathing devices – Requirements, testing and marking
+EN 14601: Railway applications — Straight and angled end cocks for brake pipe and main reservoir pipe
+EN 14605: Protective clothing against liquid chemicals – performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections, including items providing protection to parts of the body only (Types PB [3] and PB [4])
+EN 14683: Medical face masks — Requirements and test method
+EN ISO 14877: Protective clothing for abrasive blasting operations using granular abrasives (ISO 14877:2002)
+EN 14904: Surfaces for sports areas. Indoor surfaces for multi-sports use. Specification
+EN 14988: Children's High chairs
+Part 1: Safety requirements
+Part 2: Test methods
+EN ISO 15027: Immersion suits
+EN ISO 15027-1: Part 1: Constant wear suits, requirements including safety (ISO 15027-1:2012)
+EN ISO 15027-2: Part 2: Abandonment suits, requirements including safety (ISO 15027-2:2012)
+EN 15090: Footwear for firefighters
+EN 15151-1: Mountaineering equipment – Braking devices – Part 1: Braking devices with manually assisted locking, safety requirements and test methods
+EN 15152: Railway applications — Front windscreens for train cabs
+EN 15153: Railway applications — External visible and audible warning devices
+Part 1: Head, marker and tail lamps
+Part 2: Warning horns
+EN 15179: Railway applications — Braking — Requirements for the brake system of coaches
+EN 15220: Railway applications — Brake indicators
+EN 15227: Railway applications — Crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies
+EN 15251: Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings- addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics
+EN 15273: Railway applications - Gauges
+Part 1: General - Common rules for infrastructure and rolling stock
+Part 2: Rolling stock gauge
+Part 3: Structure gauges
+EN 15313: Railway applications — In-service wheelset operation requirements — In-service and off-vehicle wheelset maintenance
+EN 15329: Railway applications — Braking — Brake block holder and brake shoe key for railway vehicles
+EN 15333: Respiratory equipment – Open-circuit umbilical supplied compressed gas diving apparatus
+EN 15333-1: Part 1: Demand apparatus
+EN 15333-2: Part 2: Free flow apparatus
+EN 15355: Railway applications — Braking — Distributor valves and distributor-isolating devices
+EN 15427 Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management
+Part 1-1: Equipment and Application – Flange lubrication
+Part 1-2: Equipment and Application – Top of Rail materials
+Part 1-3: Equipment and Application – Adhesion materials
+Part 2-1: Properties and Characteristics – Flange lubricants
+Part 2-2: Properties and Characteristics – Top of Rail materials
+Part 2-3: Properties and Characteristics – Adhesion materials
+EN 15437: Railway applications — Axlebox condition monitoring — Interface and design requirements
+Part 1: Track side equipment and rolling stock axlebox
+EN 15528: Railway applications — Line categories for managing the interface between load limits of vehicles and infrastructure
+EN 15531: Service Interface for Real Time Information
+EN 15551: Railway applications — Railway rolling stock — Buffers
+EN 15566: Railway applications — Railway rolling stock — Draw gear and screw coupling
+EN 15595: Railway applications - Braking - Wheel slide protection
+EN 15610: Railway applications - Acoustics - Rail and wheel roughness measurement related to noise generation
+EN 15611: Railway applications — Braking — Relay valves
+EN 15612: Railway applications — Braking — Brake pipe accelerator valve
+EN 15613: Knee and elbow protectors for indoor sports – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 15624: Railway applications — Braking — Empty-loaded changeover devices
+EN 15625: Railway applications — Braking — Automatic variable load sensing devices
+EN 15663: Railway applications — Definition of vehicle reference masses
+EN 15714: Industrial Valves - Actuators
+EN 15744: Film identification — Minimum set of metadata for cinematographic works
+EN 15804: Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products
+EN 15806: Railway applications — Braking — Static brake testing
+EN 15807: Railway applications — Pneumatic half couplings
+EN 15827: Railway applications — Requirements for bogies and running gears
+EN 15838: Customer Contact Centres - Requirements for service provision
+EN 15839: Railway applications — Testing for the acceptance of running characteristics of railway vehicles — Freight wagons — Testing of running safety under longitudinal compressive forces
+EN 15877: Railway applications — Marking on railway vehicles
+Part 1: Freight wagons
+Part 2: External markings on coaches, motive power units, locomotives and on track machines
+EN 15883: Washer-disinfectors
+EN 15907: Film identification — Enhancing interoperability of metadata - Element sets and structures
+EN 16001: Energy management systems; withdrawn, replaced by ISO 50001
+EN 16027: Protective clothing – Gloves with protective effect for association football goal keepers
+EN 16034: Pedestrian doorsets, industrial, commercial, garage doors and openable windows. Product standard, performance characteristics.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-8.md

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+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 9/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Fire resisting and/or smoke control characteristics
+EN 16114: Management consultancy services
+EN 16207: Railway applications — Braking — Functional and performance criteria of Magnetic Track Brake systems for use in railway rolling stock
+EN 16228: Drilling and foundation equipment – Safety
+EN 16228-1: Common requirements
+EN 16228-2: Mobile drill rigs for civil and geotechnical engineering, quarrying and mining
+EN 16228-3: Horizontal directional drilling equipment (HDD)
+EN 16228-4: Foundation equipment
+EN 16228-5: Diaphragm walling equipment
+EN 16228-6: Jetting, grouting and injection equipment
+EN 16228-7: Interchangeable auxiliary equipment
+EN 16247: Energy audits
+EN ISO 16321: Eye and face protection for occupational use
+EN ISO 16321-1: Part 1: General requirements (ISO 16321-1:2021)
+EN ISO 16321-2: Part 2: Additional requirements for protectors used during welding and related techniques (ISO 16321-2:2021)
+EN ISO 16321-3: Part 3: Additional requirements for mesh protectors (ISO 16321-3:2021)
+EN 16350: Protective gloves – Electrostatic properties
+EN 16404: Railway applications — Re-railing and recovery requirements for railway vehicles
+EN 16473: Firefighters helmets – Helmets for technical rescue
+EN 16716: Mountaineering equipment – Avalanche airbag systems – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 16725: Railway applications — Track — Restoration and repair of manganese crossings
+EN 16729: Railway applications – Infrastructure – Non-destructive testing on rails in track
+EN 16729-1: Part 1: Requirements for ultrasonic inspection and evaluation principles
+EN 16729-2: Part 2: Eddy current testing of rails in track
+EN 16729-3: Part 3: Requirements for identifying internal and surface rail defects
+EN 16729-4: Part 4: Qualification of personnel for non-destructive testing on rails
+EN 16729-5: Part 5: Non-destructive testing on welds in track
+EN 16804: Diving equipment — Diving open heel fins — Requirements and test methods
+EN 16805: Diving equipment — Diving mask — Requirements and test methods
+EN 16931-1: Electronic Invoicing - Semantic data model of the core elements of an electronic invoice
+EN 17092: Protective garments for motorcycle riders
+EN 17092-2: Part 2: Class AAA garments – Requirements
+EN 17092-3: Part 3: Class AA garments – Requirements
+EN 17092-4: Part 4: Class A garments – Requirements
+EN 17092-5: Part 5: Class B garments – Requirements
+EN 17092-6: Part 6: Class C garments – Requirements
+EN 17109: Mountaineering equipment – Individual safety systems for rope courses – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 17161: Design for All - Accessibility following a Design for All approach in products, goods and services - Extending the range of users
+EN ISO 17249: Safety footwear with resistance to chain saw cutting (ISO 17249:2013)
+EN 17282: Railway applications — Infrastructure —Under ballast mats
+EN 17343: Railway applications — General terms and definitions
+EN 17353: Protective clothing – Enhanced visibility equipment for medium risk situations – Test methods and requirements
+EN 17397: Railway applications — Rail defects
+EN 17397-1: Part 1: Rail defect management
+EN 17495: Railway Applications — Acoustics — Determination of the dynamic stiffness of elastic track components related to noise and vibration: Rail pads and rail fastening assemblies
+EN 17520: Mountaineering equipment – Personal belay lanyards – Safety requirements and test methods
+EN 17682: Railway applications — Infrastructure — Resilient element for floating slab system
+EN 17927: Security Evaluation Standard for IoT Platforms (SESIP)
+EN ISO 18527: Eye and face protection for sports use
+EN ISO 18527-1: Part 1: Requirements for downhill skiing and snowboarding goggles (ISO 18527-1:2021)
+EN ISO 18527-2: Part 2: Requirements for eye protectors for squash and eye protectors for racquetball and squash 57 (ISO 18527-2:2021)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-9.md

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+---
+title: "List of EN standards"
+chunk: 10/12
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== EN 20000–49999 ==
+EN ISO 20320: Protective clothing for use in Snowboarding – Wrist Protectors – Requirements and test methods (ISO 20320:2020)
+EN ISO 20345: Personal protective equipment – Safety footwear (ISO 20345:2021)
+EN ISO 20346: Personal protective equipment – Protective footwear (ISO 20346:2021)
+EN ISO 20347: Personal protective equipment – Occupational footwear (ISO 20347:2021)
+EN ISO 20349: Personal protective equipment – Footwear protecting against risks in foundries and welding
+EN ISO 20349-1: Part 1: Requirements and test methods for protection against risks in foundries (ISO 20349-1:2017)
+EN ISO 20349-2: Part 2: Requirements and test methods for protection against risks in welding and allied processes (ISO 20349-2:2017)
+EN ISO 20471: High visibility clothing – Test methods and requirements (ISO 20471:2013, Corrected version 2013-06-01)
+EN ISO 27065: Protective clothing – Performance requirements for protective clothing worn by operators applying pesticides and for re-entry workers (ISO 27065:2017)
+EN 28601: Data elements and interchange formats; information interchange; representation of dates and times
+EN 45011: General requirements for bodies operating product certification systems, replaced in 2012 by ISO/IEC 17065 Conformity assessment: Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services.
+EN 45502-1: Active implantable medical devices - Part 1: General requirements for safety, marking and information to be provided by the manufacturer
+EN 45545: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles.
+EN 45545-1: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. General
+EN 45545-2: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Requirements for fire behaviour of materials and components
+EN 45545-3: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Fire resistance requirements for fire barriers
+EN 45545-4: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Fire safety requirements for rolling stock design
+EN 45545-5: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Fire safety requirements for electrical equipment including that of trolley buses, track guided buses and magnetic levitation vehicles
+EN 45545-6: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Fire control and management systems
+EN 45545-7: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Fire safety requirements for flammable liquid and flammable gas installations
+EN 45554: General methods for the assessment of the ability to repair, reuse and upgrade energy-related products

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of Ecma standards"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:58.196189+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of standards published by Ecma International, formerly the European Computer Manufacturers Association.
+
+
+== ECMA-1 – ECMA-99 ==
+
+
+== ECMA-100 – ECMA-199 ==
+
+
+== ECMA-200 – ECMA-299 ==
+
+ECMA-205 – Commercially Oriented Functionality Class for Security Evaluation (COFC)
+ECMA-206 – Association Context Management including Security Context Management
+ECMA-208 – System-Independent Data Format - SIDF (same as ISO/IEC 14863)
+ECMA-209
+ECMA-219 – Authentication and Privilege Attribute Security Application with related Key Distribution Functions - Part 1, 2 and 3
+ECMA-231
+ECMA-234 – Application Programming Interface for Windows
+ECMA-235 – The Ecma GSS-API Mechanism
+ECMA-246 – Specification of AIT-1
+ECMA-258
+ECMA-259
+ECMA-262 – ECMAScript (ISO/IEC 16262) (standardised JavaScript)
+ECMA-286
+ECMA-291 – Specification of AIT-1 with MIC Format
+ECMA-292 – Specification of AIT-2 with MIC Format
+
+
+== ECMA-300 – ECMA-399 ==
+ECMA-307 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Generic Functional Protocol for the Support of Supplementary Services
+ECMA-308 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Transfer Supplementary Services
+ECMA-309 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Diversion Supplementary Services
+ECMA-316 – VXA
+ECMA-319 – Ultrium-1
+ECMA-320 – Super DLT
+ECMA-326 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Completion Supplementary Services
+ECMA-329 – Specification of AIT-3
+ECMA-332 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Basic Services
+ECMA-334 – C# programming language (ISO/IEC 23270)
+ECMA-335 – Common Language Infrastructure (ISO/IEC 23271)
+ECMA-355 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Tunnelling of QSIG over SIP
+ECMA-357 – ECMAScript for XML (E4X) (withdrawn)
+ECMA-360 – Corporate telecommunication networks - Signalling interworking between QSIG and SIP - Call diversion
+ECMA-361 – Corporate telecommunication networks - Signalling interworking between QSIG and SIP - Call transfer
+ECMA-363 – Universal 3D file format
+ECMA-365 – Universal Media Disc (UMD)
+ECMA-367 – Eiffel: Analysis, Design and Programming Language
+ECMA-368 – Ultra-wideband physical and MAC layers
+ECMA-369 – Ultra-wideband MAC-PHY interface
+ECMA-370 – TED - The Eco Declaration
+ECMA-372 – C++/CLI
+ECMA-376 – Office Open XML
+ECMA-377 – Holographic Versatile Disc 200 GB recordable cartridge
+ECMA-378 – Holographic Versatile Disc 100 GB HVD-ROM
+ECMA-379 – Test Method for the Estimation of the Archival Lifetetime of Optical Media
+ECMA-380 – Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
+ECMA-381 – Procedure for the Registration of Assigned Numbers for ECMA-368 and ECMA-369
+ECMA-388 – Open XML Paper Specification
+
+
+== ECMA-400 – ECMA-499 ==
+ECMA-402 – ECMAScript Internationalization API Specification
+ECMA-404 – The JSON Data Interchange Format
+ECMA-407 – Scalable Sparse Spatial Sound System (S5) – Base S5 Coding
+ECMA-408 – Dart Programming Language Specification
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of ISO standards
+
+
+== External links ==
+List of Ecma standards (Ecma International)
+List of Ecma withdrawn Standards (Ecma International)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards-0.md

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-date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:04.747641+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:04.865972+00:00"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GOST_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of GOST standards"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GOST_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:06.115437+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) refers to a set of international technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), a regional standards organization operating under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). 
+GOST standards were originally developed by the government of the Soviet Union as part of its national standardization strategy. The word GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) is an acronym for gosudarstvennyy standart (Russian: государственный стандарт), which means state standard or governmental standard.
+
+
+== GOST Standards ==
+GOST 2.109-73: Unified system for design documentation. Basic requirements for drawing
+GOST 2.123-93: Unified system for design documentation. Sets of design documents for printing plates under automated design
+GOST 7.67-94: System of standards on information librarianship and publishing. Codes of names of countries
+GOST 7.79-2000: Standard for transliteration from Cyrillic to Latin script for use on the internet, for speakers of languages that are normally written in Cyrillic script but who do not have access to a Cyrillic keyboard.
+GOST 2187-79: Diving weights. Specifications
+GOST 2817-45: Transparent sublayer photographic materials. Method of general sensitometric test
+GOST 2583-70: Manganese-zinc dry galvanic cells. Technical specifications.
+GOST 3303-82: Rubber hot-water bottles
+GOST 4805-49: Rubber boots
+GOST 5284-84: Canned meat "stewed beef"
+GOST 5461-59 and 13393-76 Electronic electro-vacuum and semiconductor devices. Ion instruments. Designation system
+GOST 7396-69: Plug-in connectors, double-pole with cylindrical contacts
+GOST 9155-88: Rubber and rubbertextile sports footwear (moulded and injection moulded). Specifications
+GOST 10585-99: Oil fuel. Mazut
+GOST 10859-64: Computing machines. Alphanumeric codes for punched cards and punched tapes A 1964 character set for computers, includes non-ASCII/non-Unicode characters required when programming in the ALGOL programming language.
+GOST 11828-86: Rotating electrical machines. General test methods
+GOST 13052-64: Computing machines and data transfer equipment. 7-bit codes for information exchange
+GOST 13393-76: Electric vacuum devices. Identification code
+GOST 14771-76: Gas-shielded arc welding. Welded joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions
+GOST 15150-69: Machines, instruments and other industrial products. Modifications for different climatic regions. Categories, operating, storage and transportation conditions as to environment climatic aspects influence
+GOST 16876-71: Rules of transliteration of the Cyrillic alphabet letters using the Latin alphabet letters
+GOST 18682-73: Integrated circuits. Classification and reference designation system
+GOST 19768-74: Computer machines and data processing systems. 8-bit codes for information exchange and processing
+GOST 20568-75: Rubber masks for submarine swimming
+GOST 22469-77: Swimming rubber flippers
+GOST 26765.52-87: Bus serial interface for system of electronic modules. General requirements
+GOST 27463-87: Information processing systems. 7-Bit coded character sets
+GOST 27974-88: Programming language ALGOL 68
+GOST 27975-88: Programming language ALGOL 68 extended
+GOST 28147-89: Block cipher – commonly referred to as just GOST in cryptography
+GOST 32569-2013: Steel pipe technology. Requirements for design and operation of explosive and chemically dangerous production
+GOST 32410-2013: Emergency crash-systems railway rolling stock for passenger transportations. Technical requirements and methods of control
+
+
+== GOST R Standards ==
+GOST R, or Russian certification system, is a subset of GOST standards that is valid only in the territory of the Russian Federation, in contrast to the GOST standards, used across all CIS countries, including Russia.
+
+GOST R 1.5-2012: Standardization in Russian Federation. National Standards. Rules of structure, drafting, presentation and indication
+GOST R 1.13-2001: State system for standardization of Russian Federation. Procedure of notifications preparation on projects of normative documents
+GOST R 8.932-2017: State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Requirement to methodologies (to the methods) of measuring in area of uses of nuclear-power. Substantive provisions
+GOST R 21.1101-2013: System of design documents for construction. Main requirements for design and working documents
+GOST R 34.11-94: Information technology. Cryptographic data security. Hashing function
+GOST R 34.12-2015: Information technology. Cryptographic data security. Block ciphers
+GOST R 42.7.01-2021 Civil defense. Emergency disposal of the dead in wartime and peace time. General requirements
+GOST R 60.2.2.1-2016: Robots and robotic devices. Safety requirements for personal care robots
+GOST R 50696-2006: Domestic cooking appliances burning gas. General technical requirements and test methods
+GOST R 52070-2003: Bus serial interface of electronic modules system. General requirements
+GOST R 50860-96: Aircraft and helicopters. Antenna feeder devices of connection, navigation, landing and air traffic control. General specification, parameters, methods of measurements
+GOST R 51555-99: Toys. General safety requirements and methods of tests. Mechanical and physical properties
+GOST R 52888-2007: Social services of the population. Social services to children
+GOST R 52630-2012: Steel welded vessels and apparatus. General specifications
+GOST R 52936-2008: Free-flow diving suits. General technical requirements
+GOST R 53279-2009: Fire equipment. Fire connecting heads. General technical requirements. Methods of testing
+GOST R 53574-2009: Noise. Assessment of noise annoyance by means of social and socio-acoustic surveys
+GOST R 53685-2009: Electrification and electric supply of the railways. Terms and definitions
+GOST R 53865-2010: Gas distribution systems. Terms and definitions
+GOST R 53940-2010: Cash register machines. General requirements for product and its application procedure
+GOST R 53953-2010: Railway telecommunication. Terms and definitions
+GOST R 54382-2011: Oil and gas industry. Submarine pipeline systems. General requirements
+GOST R 54435-2011: Wind power plant constructions. Base safety requirements
+GOST R 54594-2011: Offshore platforms. Rules of Inhabitation. General requirements
+GOST R 55967-2014: Lifts. Special safety requirements for the installation new lifts in existing buildings
+GOST R 56066-2014: Safety of amusement rides. Methods of measuring the acceleration acting on the passenger rides
+GOST R 56436-2015: Gymnastic equipment. Rings. Functional requirements, safety requirements and test methods
+GOST R 56825-2021: Intellectual property. Management at the State Academy of Sciences
+GOST R 57725-2017: Activities of legislative (representative) bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation elected officials assistants. General requirements
+GOST R 57841-2017: Mining equipment. Belt conveyor rollers. General specifications
+GOST R 58783-2019: Conducting research in the polar regions. Terms and Definitions
+GOST R 59201-2021: Roads of public roads. Major repair, repair and maintenance. Technical rules
+GOST R 59488-2021: Automobile roads for general use. Bridge structures. Calculation rules for reinforcing reinforced concrete beam spans
+GOST R 59769-2021: Medical products. Risk management. Guidance for planning the risk analysis and assessment process
+GOST R 70033-2022: Earth Remote Sensing from Space. Data of Earth Remote Sensing from Space. General requirements to freely distributable data
+GOST R 70177-2022: Internet resources and other information presented in electronic digital form. User agents. Principles of accessibility for people with disabilities and other persons with disabilities
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Gostperevod.com - Official English translations of GOST standards and regulations Russian GOST standards in English translations | EN version
+Gostperevod.ru - Стандарты ГОСТы и ГОСТы Р на английском языке | Official English translations of GOST standards and regulations - Russian GOST standards | RU version
+Meganorms.com - Russian and CIS standards norms laws in English | Official website Russian GOST standards in English translations | EN version
+Meganorms.ru - ГОСТы, стандарты и законы РФ и стран СНГ на английском языке | Official website Russian version Russian GOST standards in English translations | RU version

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guidances_for_Statistics_in_Regulatory_Affairs-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of Guidances for Statistics in Regulatory Affairs"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guidances_for_Statistics_in_Regulatory_Affairs"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:24.198231+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This List of Guidances for Statistics in Regulatory Affairs presents a source of references for statistical guidance documents and related articles that are relevant to regulatory affairs for those statisticians that work on clinical studies.
+
+
+== Abbreviations ==
+EMA = European Medicines Agency
+EU-HTA = European Commission Health Technology Assessment
+FDA = U.S. Food and Drug Administration
+ICH = International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
+IQWiG = Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care
+UK-NICE = National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
+
+
+== Drugs ==
+
+
+== Medical Devices ==
+
+
+== Health Technology Assessment (HTA) ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Guidances for statistics in regulatory affairs
+Clinical trials
+Medical statistics
+Epidemiological method
+Epidemiology
+Medicine
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ICH Efficacy Guidelines
+European Medicines Agency's (EMA) scientific guidelines on biostatistics Archived 2016-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
+FDA Regulatory Information - Guidances

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of IEC standards"
+chunk: 1/18
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC; French: Commission électrotechnique internationale) is an international standards organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies within electrotechnology.
+The numbers of older IEC standards were converted in 1997 by adding 60000; for example IEC 27 became IEC 60027. IEC standards often have multiple sub-part documents; only the main title for the standard is listed here.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-1.md

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+---
+title: "List of IEC standards"
+chunk: 2/18
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+IEC 60027 Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology
+IEC 60028 International standard of resistance for copper
+IEC 60034 Rotating electrical machines
+IEC 60038 IEC Standard Voltages
+IEC 60041 Field acceptance tests to determine the hydraulic performance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines
+IEC 60044 Instrument transformers
+IEC 60045 Steam turbines
+IEC 60050 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
+IEC 60051 Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring instruments and their accessories
+IEC 60052 Voltage measurement by means of standard air gaps
+IEC 60055 Paper-insulated metal-sheathed cables for rated voltages up to 18/30 kV (with copper or aluminium conductors and excluding gas-pressure and oil-filled cables)
+IEC 60059 IEC standard current ratings
+IEC 60060 High-voltage test techniques
+IEC 60061 Lamp caps and holders together with gauges for the control of interchangeability and safety
+IEC 60062 Marking codes for resistors and capacitors
+IEC 60063 Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors
+IEC 60064 Tungsten filament lamps for domestic and similar general lighting purposes – Performance requirements
+IEC 60065 Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus – Safety requirements
+IEC 60067 Dimensions of electronic tubes and valves
+IEC 60068 Environmental testing
+IEC 60071 Insulation co-ordination
+IEC 60072 Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines
+IEC 60073 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification – Coding principles for indicators and actuators
+IEC 60076 Power transformers
+IEC 60077 Railway applications – Electric equipment for rolling stock
+IEC 60079 Explosive atmospheres
+IEC 60081 Double-capped fluorescent lamps – Performance specifications
+IEC 60083 Plugs and socket-outlets for domestic and similar general use standardized in member countries of IEC
+IEC 60085 Electrical insulation – Thermal evaluation and designation
+IEC 60086 Primary batteries;
+IEC 60092 Electrical installations in ships
+IEC 60094 Magnetic tape sound recording and reproducing systems
+IEC 60095 Lead-acid starter batteries
+IEC 60096 Radio frequency cables
+IEC 60098 Rumble measurement on Vinyl Disc Turntables
+IEC 60099 Surge arresters
+IEC 60100 Methods for the measurement of direct inter-electrode capacitance of electronic tubes and valves
+IEC 60104 Aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy wire for overhead line conductors
+IEC 60105 Recommendation for commercial-purity aluminium busbar material
+IEC 60107 Methods of measurement on receivers for television broadcast transmissions
+IEC 60110 Power capacitors for induction heating installations
+IEC 60112 Method for the determination of the proof and the comparative tracking indices of solid insulating materials
+IEC 60114 Recommendation for heat-treated aluminium alloy busbar material of the aluminium-magnesium-silicon type
+IEC 60115 Fixed resistors for use in electronic equipment
+IEC 60118 Electroacoustics – Hearing aids
+IEC 60119 The Electrical Performance of Semiconductor Rectifiers (Metal Rectifiers) (withdrawn)
+IEC 60120 Dimensions of ball and socket couplings of string insulator units
+IEC 60121 Recommendation for commercial annealed aluminium electrical conductor wire
+IEC 60122 Quartz crystal units of assessed quality
+IEC 60127 Miniature fuses
+IEC 60130 Connectors for frequencies below 3 MHz
+IEC 60134 Rating systems for electronic tubes and valves and analogous semiconductor devices
+IEC 60135 Numbering of electrodes and designation of units in electronic tubes and valves
+IEC 60136 Dimensions of brushes and brush-holders for electrical machinery
+IEC 60137 Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1000 V
+IEC 60139 Preparation of outline drawings for cathode-ray tubes, their components, connections and gauges
+IEC 60141 Tests on oil-filled and gas-pressure cables and their accessories
+IEC 60143 Series capacitors for power systems
+IEC 60146 Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated converters
+IEC 60151 Measurements of the electrical properties of electronic tubes and valves
+IEC 60152 Identification by hour numbers of the phase conductors of 3-phase electric systems
+IEC 60153 Hollow metallic waveguides
+IEC 60154 Flanges for waveguides
+IEC 60155 Glow-starters for fluorescent lamps
+IEC 60156 Insulating liquids – Determination of the breakdown voltage at power frequency
+IEC 60168 Tests on indoor and outdoor post insulators of ceramic material or glass for systems with nominal voltages greater than 1000 V
+IEC 60169 Radio frequency connectors
+IEC 60172 Test procedure for the determination of the temperature index of enamelled and tape wrapped winding wires
+IEC 60183 Guidance for the selection of high-voltage A.C. cable systems
+IEC 60188 High-pressure mercury vapour lamps – Performance specifications
+IEC 60189 Low-frequency cables and wires with PVC insulation and PVC sheath
+IEC 60191 Mechanical standardization of semiconductor devices
+IEC 60192 Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps – Performance specifications
+IEC 60193 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines – Model acceptance tests
+IEC 60194 Printed board design, manufacture and assembly – Terms and definitions
+IEC 60195 Method of measurement of current noise generated in fixed resistors
+IEC 60196 IEC standard frequencies
+IEC 60197 High-voltage connecting wire with flame retarding insulation for use in television receivers
+IEC 60204 Safety of machinery – Electrical equipment of machines
+IEC 60205 Calculation of the effective parameters of magnetic piece parts
+IEC 60211 Maximum demand indicators, Class 1.0
+IEC 60212 Standard conditions for use prior to and during the testing of solid electrical insulating materials
+IEC 60214 Tap-changers
+IEC 60215 Safety requirements for radio transmitting equipment
+IEC 60216 Electrical insulating materials – Thermal endurance properties
+IEC 60227 Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V
+IEC 60228 Conductors of insulated cables
+IEC 60229 Electric cables – Tests on extruded over-sheaths with a special protective function
+IEC 60230 Impulse tests on cables and their accessories
+IEC 60231 General principles of nuclear reactor instrumentation
+IEC 60233 Tests on Hollow Insulators for use in Electrical Equipment (withdrawn)
+IEC 60235 Measurement of the electrical properties of microwave tubes
+IEC 60236 Methods for the designation of electrostatic deflecting electrodes of cathode-ray tubes
+IEC 60238 Edison screw lampholders
+IEC 60239 Graphite electrodes for electric arc furnaces – Dimensions and designation
+IEC 60240 Characteristics of electric infra-red emitters for industrial heating
+IEC 60243 Electric strength of insulating materials
+IEC 60244 Methods of measurement for radio transmitters
+IEC 60245 Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V
+IEC 60246 Connecting wires having a rated voltage of 20 kV and 25 kV d.c. and a maximum working temperature of 105 °C for use in television receivers
+IEC 60247 Insulating liquids – Measurement of relative permittivity, dielectric dissipation factor (tan d) and d.c.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-10.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+---
+title: "List of IEC standards"
+chunk: 11/18
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+systems
+IEC 61247 PM-cores made of magnetic oxides and associated parts – Dimensions
+IEC 61248 Transformers and inductors for use in electronic and telecommunication equipment
+IEC 61249 Materials for printed boards and other interconnecting structures
+IEC 61250 Nuclear reactors – Instrumentation and control systems important for safety – Detection of leakage in coolant systems
+IEC 61251 Electrical insulating materials and systems – AC voltage endurance evaluation
+IEC 61252 Electroacoustics – Specifications for personal sound exposure meters
+IEC 61253 Piezoelectric ceramic resonators – A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ)
+IEC 61254 Electric shavers for household use – Methods for measuring the performance
+IEC 61256 Radiation protection instrumentation – Installed monitors for the detection of radioactive contamination of laundry
+IEC TR 61258 Guidelines for the development and use of medical electrical equipment educational materials
+IEC 61260 Electroacoustics – Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filters
+IEC 61261 Piezoelectric ceramic filters for use in electronic equipment – A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ)
+IEC 61262 Medical electrical equipment – Characteristics of electro-optical X-ray image intensifiers
+IEC 61265 Electroacoustics – Instruments for measurement of aircraft noise – Performance requirements for systems to measure one-third-octave-band sound pressure levels in noise certification of transport-category aeroplanes
+IEC 61266 Ultrasonics – Hand-held probe Doppler foetal heartbeat detectors – Performance requirements and methods of measurement and reporting
+IEC 61267 Medical diagnostic X-ray equipment – Radiation conditions for use in the determination of characteristics
+IEC 61270 Capacitors for microwave ovens
+IEC 61274 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Adaptors for fibre optic connectors
+IEC 61275 Radiation protection instrumentation – Measurement of discrete radionuclides in the environment – In situ photon spectrometry system using a germanium detector
+IEC 61277 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) power generating systems – General and guide (withdrawn)
+IEC 61280 Fibre optic communication subsystem basic test procedures
+IEC 61281 Fibre optic communication subsystems
+IEC TR 61282 Fibre optic communication system design guides
+IEC 61284 Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for fittings
+IEC 61285 Industrial-process control – Safety of analyser houses
+IEC 61286 Character set with electrotechnical symbols (withdrawn)
+IEC 61287 Railway applications – Power converters installed on board rolling stock
+IEC TR 61289 High frequency surgical equipment – Operation and maintenance
+IEC 61290 Optical amplifiers – Test methods
+IEC 61291 Optical amplifiers
+IEC TR 61292 Optical amplifiers
+IEC 61293 Marking of electrical equipment with ratings related to electrical supply – Safety requirements
+IEC TR 61294 Insulating liquids – Determination of the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) – Test procedure
+IEC TR 61295 Calibration tapes for broadcast VTRs
+IEC 61297 Industrial-process control systems – Classification of adaptive controllers for the purpose of evaluation
+IEC 61298 Process measurement and control devices – General methods and procedures for evaluating performance
+IEC 61300 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Basic test and measurement procedures
+IEC 61301 Nuclear instrumentation – Digital bus for NIM instruments
+IEC 61302 Electrical insulating materials – Method to evaluate the resistance to tracking and erosion – Rotating wheel dip test
+IEC 61303 Medical electrical equipment – Radionuclide calibrators – Particular methods for describing performance
+IEC 61304 Nuclear instrumentation – Liquid-scintillation counting systems – Performance verification
+IEC 61305 Household high-fidelity audio equipment and systems – Methods of measuring and specifying the performance
+IEC 61307 Industrial microwave heating installations – Test methods for the determination of power output
+IEC 61308 High-frequency dielectric heating installations – Test methods for the determination of power output
+IEC 61309 Deep-fat fryers for household use – Methods for measuring the performance
+IEC 61310 Safety of machinery – Indication, marking and actuation
+IEC 61314 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic fan-outs
+IEC 61315 Calibration of fibre-optic power meters
+IEC 61316 Industrial cable reels
+IEC 61318 Live working – Conformity assessment applicable to tools, devices and equipment
+IEC 61319 Interconnections of satellite receiving equipment
+IEC 61322 Radiation protection instrumentation – Installed dose equivalent rate meters, warning assemblies and monitors for neutron radiation of energy from thermal to 15 MeV
+IEC 61325 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1000 V – Ceramic or glass insulator units for d.c.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-11.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+title: "List of IEC standards"
+chunk: 12/18
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+systems – Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria
+IEC 61326 Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use – EMC requirements
+IEC 61327 Helical-scan digital composite video cassette recording system using 12,65 mm (0,5 in) magnetic tape – Format D-3
+IEC 61328 Live working – Guidelines for the installation of transmission and distribution line conductors and earth wires – Stringing equipment and accessory items
+IEC 61329 Sound system equipment – Methods of measuring and specifying the performance of sounders (electroacoustic transducers for tone production)
+IEC 61331 Protective devices against diagnostic medical X-radiation
+IEC 61332 Soft ferrite material classification
+IEC 61333 Marking on U and E ferrite cores
+IEC 61334 Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems – a standard for low-speed reliable power line communications by electricity meters, water meters and SCADA
+IEC 61335 Nuclear instrumentation – Bore-hole apparatus for X-ray fluorescence analysis
+IEC 61336 Nuclear instrumentation – Thickness measurement systems utilizing ionizing radiation – Definitions and test methods
+IEC 61337 Filters using waveguide type dielectric resonators
+IEC 61338 Waveguide type dielectric resonators
+IEC 61340 Electrostatics
+IEC 61341 Method of measurement of centre beam intensity and beam angle(s) of reflector lamps
+IEC 61343 Nuclear reactor instrumentation – Boiling light water reactors (BWR) – Measurements in the reactor vessel for monitoring adequate cooling within the core
+IEC 61345 UV test for photovoltaic (PV) modules (withdrawn)
+IEC 61346 Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – Structuring principles and reference designations (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC 81346)
+IEC 61347 Lamp control gear
+IEC TR 61352 Mnemonics and symbols for integrated circuits
+IEC 61355 Classification and designation of documents for plants, systems and equipment
+IEC 61360 Standard data element types with associated classification scheme
+IEC 61362 Guide to specification of hydraulic turbine control systems
+IEC 61363 Electrical installations of ships and mobile and fixed offshore units
+IEC TR 61364 Nomenclature for hydroelectric powerplant machinery
+IEC TR 61366 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines – Tendering Documents
+IEC TS 61370 Steam turbines – Steam purity
+IEC 61373 Railway applications – Rolling stock equipment – Shock and vibration tests
+IEC 61375 Electronic railway equipment – Train communication network (TCN)
+IEC 61377 Railway applications – Rolling stock – Combined test method for traction systems
+IEC 61378 Converter transformers
+IEC 61386 Conduit systems for cable management
+IEC TS 61390 Ultrasonics – Real-time pulse-echo systems – Test procedures to determine performance specifications
+IEC 61391 Ultrasonics – Pulse-echo scanners
+IEC 61394 Overhead lines – Requirements for greases for aluminium, aluminium alloy and steel bare conductors
+IEC 61395 Overhead electrical conductors – Creep test procedures for stranded conductors
+IEC 61400 Wind turbines
+IEC 61427 Secondary cells and batteries for renewable energy storage – General requirements and methods of test
+IEC 61429 Marking of secondary cells and batteries with the international recycling symbol ISO 7000-1135
+IEC TS 61430 Secondary cells and batteries – Test methods for checking the performance of devices designed for reducing explosion hazards – Lead-acid starter batteries
+IEC TR 61431 Guide for the use of monitor systems for lead-acid traction batteries
+IEC 61434 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Guide to designation of current in alkaline secondary cell and battery standards
+IEC 61435 Nuclear instrumentation – High-purity germanium crystals for radiation detectors – Measurement methods of basic characteristics
+IEC TR 61438 Possible safety and health hazards in the use of alkaline secondary cells and batteries – Guide to equipment manufacturers and users
+IEC 61439 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies
+IEC 61442 Test methods for accessories for power cables with rated voltages from 6 kV (Um = 7,2 kV) up to 30 kV (Um = 36 kV)
+IEC 61443 Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated voltages above 30 kV (Um = 36 kV)
+IEC 61445 Digital Test Interchange Format (DTIF)
+IEC 61452 Nuclear instrumentation – Measurement of gamma-ray emission rates of radionuclides – Calibration and use of germanium spectrometers
+IEC 61453 Nuclear instrumentation – Scintillation gamma ray detector systems for the assay of radionuclides – Calibration and routine tests
+IEC 61462 Composite hollow insulators – Pressurized and unpressurized insulators for use in electrical equipment with rated voltage greater than 1 000 V – Definitions, test methods, acceptance criteria and design recommendations
+IEC TS 61463 Bushings – Seismic qualification
+IEC TS 61464 Insulated bushings – Guide for the interpretation of dissolved gas analysis (DGA) in bushings where oil is the impregnating medium of the main insulation (generally paper)
+IEC 61466 Composite string insulator units for overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V
+IEC 61467 Insulators for overhead lines – Insulator strings and sets for lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V – AC power arc tests
+IEC 61468 Nuclear power plants – In-core instrumentation – Characteristics and test methods of self-powered neutron detectors
+IEC 61472 Live working – Minimum approach distances for a.c.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-12.md

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+---
+title: "List of IEC standards"
+chunk: 13/18
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+systems in the voltage range 72,5 kV to 800 kV – A method of calculation
+IEC 61477 Live working – Minimum requirements for the utilization of tools, devices and equipment
+IEC 61478 Live working – Ladders of insulating material
+IEC 61479 Live working – Flexible conductor covers (line hoses) of insulating material
+IEC 61481 Live working – Phase comparators
+IEC 61482 Live working – Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc
+IEC 61496 Safety of machinery – Electro-sensitive protective equipment
+IEC 61497 Nuclear power plants – Electrical interlocks for functions important to safety – Recommendations for design and implementation
+IEC 61499 Function blocks
+IEC 61500 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – Data communication in systems performing category A functions
+IEC 61501 Nuclear reactor instrumentation – Wide range neutron fluence rate meter – Mean square voltage method
+IEC 61502 Nuclear power plants – Pressurized water reactors – Vibration monitoring of internal structures
+IEC 61504 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control systems important to safety – Plant-wide radiation monitoring
+IEC 61506 Industrial-process measurement and control – Documentation of application software
+IEC 61508 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems
+IEC 61511 Functional safety – safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector
+IEC 61512 Batch control
+IEC 61513 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – General requirements for systems
+IEC 61514 Industrial process control systems – Methods of evaluating the performance of valve positioners with pneumatic outputs
+IEC 61515 Mineral insulated thermocouple cables and thermocouples
+IEC 61518 Mating dimensions between differential pressure (type) measuring instruments and flanged-on shut-off devices up to 413 BAR (41,3 MPa)
+IEC 61520 Metal thermowells for thermometer sensors – Functional dimensions
+IEC 61523 Delay and Power Calculation Standards
+IEC 61526 Radiation protection instrumentation – Measurement of personal dose equivalents Hp(10) and Hp(0,07) for X, gamma, neutron and beta radiations – Direct reading personal dose equivalent meters
+IEC 61534 Powertrack systems
+IEC 61535 Installation couplers intended for permanent connection in fixed installations
+IEC 61537 Cable management – Cable tray systems and cable ladder systems
+IEC 61540 Electrical accessories – Portable residual current devices without integral overcurrent protection for household and similar use (PRCDs)
+IEC 61543 Residual current-operated protective devices (RCDs) for household and similar use – Electromagnetic compatibility
+IEC 61545 Connecting devices – Devices for the connection of aluminium conductors in clamping units of any material and copper conductors in aluminium bodied clamping units
+IEC 61547 Equipment for general lighting purposes – EMC immunity requirements
+IEC 61549 Miscellaneous lamps
+IEC 61554 Panel-Mounted equipment – Electrical measuring instruments – Dimensions for panel mounting
+IEC 61557 Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1 000 V a.c. and 1 500 V d.c. – Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures
+IEC 61558 Safety of power transformers, power supplies, reactors and similar products
+IEC 61559 Radiation protection instrumentation in nuclear facilities – Centralized systems for continuous monitoring of radiation and/or levels of radioactivity
+IEC 61560 Radiation protection instrumentation – Apparatus for non-destructive radiation tests of fur and other cloth samples
+IEC 61562 Radiation protection instrumentation – Portable equipment for measuring specific activity of beta-emitting radionuclides in foodstuffs
+IEC 61563 Radiation protection instrumentation – Equipment for measuring specific activity of gamma-emitting radionuclides in foodstuffs
+IEC 61566 Measurement of exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields – Field strength in the frequency range 100 kHz to 1 GHz
+IEC 61577 Radiation protection instrumentation – Radon and radon decay product measuring instruments
+IEC 61578 Radiation protection instrumentation – Calibration and verification of the effectiveness of radon compensation for alpha and/or beta aerosol measuring instruments – Test methods
+IEC 61580 Measurement of return loss on waveguide and waveguide assemblies
+IEC 61582 Radiation protection instrumentation – In vivo counters – Classification, general requirements and test procedures for portable, transportable and installed equipment
+IEC 61584 Radiation protection instrumentation – Installed, portable or transportable assemblies – Measurement of air kerma direction and air kerma rate
+IEC TS 61586 Estimation of the reliability of electrical connectors
+IEC 61587 Mechanical structures for electronic equipment – Tests for IEC 60917 and IEC 60297 series
+IEC 61588 Precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems
+IEC 61591 Household range hoods – Methods for measuring performance
+IEC TR 61592 Household electrical appliances – Guidelines for consumer panel testing
+IEC 61595 Multichannel digital audio tape recorder (DATR), reel-to-reel system, for professional use
+IEC TR 61597 Overhead electrical conductors – Calculation methods for stranded bare conductors
+IEC 61599 Videodisk players – Methods of measurement
+IEC TR 61602 Connectors used in the field of audio, video and audiovisual engineering
+IEC 61603 Transmission of audio and/or video and related signals using infra-red radiation
+IEC TR 61604 Dimensions of uncoated ring cores of magnetic oxides (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC 62317-12:2016)
+IEC 61605 Fixed inductors for use in electronic and telecommunication equipment – Marking codes
+IEC 61606 Audio and audiovisual equipment – Digital audio parts – Basic measurement methods of audio characteristics
+IEC 61609 Microwave ferrite components – Guide for the drafting of specifications
+IEC 61610 Prints and transparencies produced from electronic sources – Assessment of image quality
+IEC 61619 Insulating liquids – Contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) – Method of determination by capillary column gas chromatography
+IEC 61620 Insulating liquids – Determination of the dielectric dissipation factor by measurement of the conductance and capacitance – Test method
+IEC 61621 Dry, solid insulating materials – Resistance test to high-voltage, low-current arc discharges
+IEC 61628 Corrugated pressboard and presspaper for electrical purposes
+IEC 61629 Aramid pressboard for electrical purposes
+IEC 61631 Test method for the mechanical strength of cores made of magnetic oxides
+IEC 61636 Software interface for Maintenance Information Collection and Analysis (SIMICA)
+IEC TR 61641 Enclosed low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies – Guide for testing under conditions of arcing due to internal fault
+IEC 61642 Industrial a.c. networks affected by harmonics – Application of filters and shunt capacitors
+IEC 61643 Low-voltage surge protective devices
+IEC 61646 Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules – Design qualification and type approval (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC 61215)
+IEC 61649 Weibull analysis
+IEC 61650 Reliability data analysis techniques – Procedures for comparison of two constant failure rates and two constant failure (event) intensities
+IEC 61660 Short-circuit currents in d.c.

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+---
+title: "List of IEC standards"
+chunk: 14/18
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+auxiliary installations in power plants and substations
+IEC 61666 Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – Identification of terminals within a system
+IEC 61669 Electroacoustics – Measurement of real-ear acoustical performance characteristics of hearing aids
+IEC 61671 Automatic Test Markup Language (ATML) for Exchanging Automatic Test Equipment and Test Information via XML
+IEC 61672 Electroacoustics – Sound level meters
+IEC 61674 Medical electrical equipment – Dosimeters with ionization chambers and/or semiconductor detectors as used in X-ray diagnostic imaging
+IEC 61675 Radionuclide imaging devices – Characteristics and test conditions
+IEC 61676 Medical electrical equipment – Dosimetric instruments used for non-invasive measurement of X-ray tube voltage in diagnostic radiology
+IEC 61683 Photovoltaic systems – Power conditioners – Procedure for measuring efficiency
+IEC 61685 Ultrasonics – Flow measurement systems – Flow test object
+IEC 61689 Ultrasonics – Physiotherapy systems – Field specifications and methods of measurement in the frequency range 0,5 MHz to 5 MHz
+IEC 61690 Electronic design interchange format (EDIF)
+IEC 61691 Behavioural languages
+IEC 61701 Salt mist corrosion testing of photovoltaic (PV) modules
+IEC 61703 Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance support terms
+IEC 61709 Electric components – Reliability – Reference conditions for failure rates and stress models for conversion
+IEC 61710 Power law model – Goodness-of-fit tests and estimation methods
+IEC 61724 Photovoltaic system performance
+IEC 61725 Analytical expression for daily solar profiles
+IEC 61726 Cable assemblies, cables, connectors and passive microwave components – Screening attenuation measurement by the reverberation chamber method
+IEC 61727 Photovoltaic (PV) systems – Characteristics of the utility interface
+IEC 61730 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification
+IEC TR 61734 Application of symbols for binary logic and analogue elements
+IEC 61739 Integrated circuits
+IEC 61744 Calibration of fibre optic chromatic dispersion test sets
+IEC 61745 End-face image analysis procedure for the calibration of optical fibre geometry test sets
+IEC 61746 Calibration of optical time-domain reflectometers (OTDR)
+IEC 61747 Liquid crystal display devices
+IEC 61753 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Performance standard
+IEC 61754 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic connector interfaces
+IEC 61755 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Connector optical interfaces
+IEC 61756 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Interface standard for fibre management systems
+IEC 61757 Fibre optic sensors
+IEC 61758 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Interface standard for closures
+IEC 61760 Surface mounting technology
+IEC 61770 Electric appliances connected to the water mains – Avoidance of back-siphonage and failure of hose-sets
+IEC 61771 Nuclear power plants – Main control-room – Verification and validation of design
+IEC 61772 Nuclear power plants – Control rooms – Application of visual display units (VDUs)
+IEC 61773 Overhead lines – Testing of foundations for structures
+IEC TS 61774 Overhead lines – Meteorological data for assessing climatic loads
+IEC 61784 Industrial communication networks – Profiles
+IEC 61786 Measurement of DC magnetic, AC magnetic and AC electric fields from 1 Hz to 100 kHz with regard to exposure of human beings
+IEC 61788 Superconductivity
+IEC 61797 Transformers and inductors for use in telecommunication and electronic equipment – Main dimensions of coil formers
+IEC 61800 Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems
+IEC 61803 Determination of power losses in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) converter stations
+IEC TS 61804 Function blocks (FB) for process control
+IEC TR 61807 Magnetic properties of magnetically hard materials at elevated temperatures – Methods of measurement
+IEC 61810 Electromechanical elementary relays
+IEC 61811 Electromechanical telecom elementary relays of assessed quality
+IEC 61812 Time relays for industrial and residential use
+IEC TS 61813 Live working – Care, maintenance and in-service testing of aerial devices with insulating booms
+IEC 61817 Household portable appliances for cooking, grilling and similar use – Methods of measuring performance Household portable appliances for cooking, grilling and similar use – Methods for measuring performance
+IEC 61821 Electrical installations for lighting and beaconing of aerodromes – Maintenance of aeronautical ground lighting constant current series circuits
+IEC 61822 Electrical installations for lighting and beaconing of aerodromes – Constant current regulators
+IEC 61823 Electrical installations for lighting and beaconing of aerodromes – AGL series transformers
+IEC TS 61827 Electrical installations for lighting and beaconing of aerodromes – Characteristics of inset and elevated luminaires used on aerodromes and heliports
+IEC 61828 Ultrasonics – Focusing transducers – Definitions and measurement methods for the transmitted fields
+IEC 61829 Photovoltaic (PV) array – On-site measurement of current-voltage characteristics
+IEC TR 61831 On-line analyser systems – Guide to design and installation
+IEC TR 61832 Design and installation of on-line analyser systems – Guide to technical enquiry and bid evaluation
+IEC 61834 Recording – Helical-scan digital video cassette recording system using 6,35 mm magnetic tape for consumer use (525-60, 625–50, 1125–60 and 1250-50 systems)
+IEC 61835 Helical-scan digital component video cassette recording system using 12,65 mm (0,5 in) magnetic tape – Format D-5
+IEC TS 61836 Solar photovoltaic energy systems – Terms, definitions and symbols
+IEC 61837 Surface mounted piezoelectric devices for frequency control and selection – Standard outlines and terminal lead connections
+IEC TR 61838 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – Use of probabilistic safety assessment for the classification of functions
+IEC 61839 Nuclear power plants – Design of control rooms – Functional analysis and assignment
+IEC 61842 Microphones and earphones for speech communications
+IEC 61843 Measuring method for the level of intermodulation products generated in a gyromagnetic device
+IEC 61846 Ultrasonics – Pressure pulse lithotripters – Characteristics of fields
+IEC 61847 Ultrasonics – Surgical systems – Measurement and declaration of the basic output characteristics
+IEC 61850 Communication networks and systems for power utility automation
+IEC 61851 Electric vehicle conductive charging system
+IEC TR 61852 Medical electrical equipment – Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) – Radiotherapy objects
+IEC 61853 Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating
+IEC 61854 Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for spacers
+IEC 61855 Household electrical hair care appliances – Methods of measuring the performance
+IEC 61857 Electrical insulation systems
+IEC 61858 Electrical insulation systems – Thermal evaluation of modifications to an established electrical insulation system (EIS)
+IEC TR 61859 Guidelines for radiotherapy treatment rooms design
+IEC 61865 Overhead lines – Calculation of the electrical component of distance between live parts and obstacles – Method of calculation
+IEC 61866 Audiovisual systems – Interactive text transmission system (ITTS)
+IEC 61868 Mineral insulating oils – Determination of kinematic viscosity at very low temperatures
+IEC 61869 Instrument transformers
+IEC 61874 Nuclear instrumentation – Geophysical borehole instrumentation to determine rock density ('density logging')
+IEC 61880 Video systems (525/60) – Video and accompanied data using the vertical blanking interval – Analogue interface
+IEC 61881 Railway applications – Rolling stock equipment – Capacitors for power electronics
+IEC 61882 Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP studies) – Application guide
+IEC 61883 Consumer audio/video equipment – Digital interface
+IEC 61888 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation important to safety – Determination and maintenance of trip setpoints
+IEC 61892 Mobile and fixed offshore units – Electrical installations
+IEC TS 61895 Ultrasonics – Pulsed Doppler diagnostic systems – Test procedures to determine performance
+IEC 61897 Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for Stockbridge type aeolian vibration dampers
+IEC TR 61901 Development tests recommended on cables with a longitudinally applied metal foil for rated voltages above 30 kV (Um = 36 kV)
+IEC 61904 Video recording – Helical-scan digital component video cassette recording format using 12,65 mm magnetic tape and incorporating data compression (Format digital-L)
+IEC 61907 Communication network dependability engineering
+IEC TR 61908 The technology roadmap for industry data dictionary structure, utilization and implementation
+IEC 61909 Audio recording – Minidisc system
+IEC 61910 Medical electrical equipment – Radiation dose documentation
+IEC TR 61911 Live working – Guidelines for installation of distribution line conductors – Stringing equipment and accessory items (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC TR 61328:2017)
+IEC TR 61912 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear – Overcurrent protective devices
+IEC 61914 Cable cleats for electrical installations
+IEC 61915 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear – Device profiles for networked industrial devices
+IEC TR 61916 Electrical accessories – Harmonization of general rules
+IEC 61918 Industrial communication networks – Installation of communication networks in industrial premises
+IEC 61920 Infrared free air applications
+IEC 61921 Power capacitors – Low-voltage power factor correction banks
+IEC 61922 High-frequency induction heating installations – Test methods for the determination of power output of the generator
+IEC TR 61923 Household electrical appliances – Method of measuring performance – Assessment of repeatability and reproducibility
+IEC 61924 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Integrated navigation systems
+IEC 61925 Multimedia systems and equipment – Multimedia home server systems – Vocabulary of home server
+IEC 61926 Design automation
+IEC TR 61930 Fibre optic graphical symbology
+IEC TR 61931 Fibre optic – Terminology
+IEC TS 61934 Electrical insulating materials and systems – Electrical measurement of partial discharges (PD) under short rise time and repetitive voltage impulses
+IEC 61935 Specification for the testing of balanced and coaxial information technology cabling
+IEC 61936 Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.

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+---
+title: "List of IEC standards"
+chunk: 15/18
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+IEC 61937 Digital audio – Interface for non-linear PCM encoded audio bitstreams applying IEC 60958
+IEC 61938 Multimedia systems – Guide to the recommended characteristics of analogue interfaces to achieve interoperability
+IEC 61943 Integrated circuits – Manufacturing line approval application guideline
+IEC TS 61944 Integrated circuits – Manufacturing line approval – Demonstration vehicles
+IEC TS 61945 Integrated circuits – Manufacturing line approval – Methodology for technology and failure analysis
+IEC TR 61946 Mineral insulating oils – Characterization of paraffinic/naphthenic nature – Low temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test method
+IEC 61947 Electronic projection – Measurement and documentation of key performance criteria
+IEC TR 61948 Nuclear medicine instrumentation – Routine tests
+IEC TS 61949 Ultrasonics – Field characterization – In situ exposure estimation in finite-amplitude ultrasonic beams
+IEC 61950 Cable management systems – Specifications for conduit fittings and accessories for cable installations for extra heavy duty electrical steel conduit
+IEC 61951 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Portable sealed rechargeable single cells
+IEC 61952 Insulators for overhead lines – Composite line post insulators for A.C.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-15.md

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+---
+title: "List of IEC standards"
+chunk: 16/18
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+systems with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V – Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria
+IEC 61954 Static var compensators (SVC) – Testing of thyristor valves
+IEC TS 61956 Methods of test for the evaluation of water treeing in insulating materials
+IEC 61959 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Mechanical tests for sealed portable secondary cells and batteries
+IEC 61960 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications
+IEC 61964 Integrated circuits – Memory devices pin configurations
+IEC 61965 Mechanical safety of cathode ray tubes
+IEC 61966 Multimedia systems and equipment – Colour measurement and management
+IEC 61967 Integrated circuits – Measurement of electromagnetic emissions, 150 kHz to 1 GHz
+IEC 61968 Application integration at electric utilities – System interfaces for distribution management
+IEC 61969 Mechanical structures for electronic equipment – Outdoor enclosures
+IEC 61970 Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API)
+IEC TS 61973 High voltage direct current (HVDC) substation audible noise
+IEC 61975 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) installations – System tests
+IEC 61976 Nuclear instrumentation – Spectrometry – Characterization of the spectrum background in HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry
+IEC 61977 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic filters – Generic specification
+IEC 61978 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic passive chromatic dispersion compensators
+IEC 61980 Electric vehicle wireless power transfer (WPT) systems
+IEC 61982 Secondary batteries (except lithium) for the propulsion of electric road vehicles – Performance and endurance tests
+IEC 61984 Connectors – Safety requirements and tests
+IEC 61987 Industrial-process measurement and control – Data structures and elements in process equipment catalogues
+IEC 61988 Plasma display panels
+IEC 61991 Railway applications – Rolling stock – Protective provisions against electrical hazards
+IEC 61992 Railway applications – Fixed installations – DC switchgear
+IEC 61993 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems
+IEC TS 61994 Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for frequency control, selection and detection – Glossary
+IEC 61995 Devices for the connection of luminaires for household and similar purposes
+IEC 61996 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Shipborne voyage data recorder (VDR)
+IEC TR 61997 Guidelines for the user interface in multimedia equipment for general purpose use
+IEC TR 61998 Model and framework for standardization in multimedia equipment and systems
+IEC TR 62000 Guidance for combining different single-mode fibres types
+IEC TR 62001 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems – Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC
+IEC 62002 Mobile and portable DVB-T/H radio access
+IEC 62003 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – Requirements for electromagnetic compatibility testing
+IEC 62004 Thermal-resistant aluminium alloy wire for overhead line conductor
+IEC 62005 Reliability of fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components
+IEC 62006 Hydraulic machines – Acceptance tests of small hydroelectric installations
+IEC 62007 Semiconductor optoelectronic devices for fibre optic system applications
+IEC 62008 Performance characteristics and calibration methods for digital data acquisition systems and relevant software
+IEC TR 62010 Analyser systems – Guidance for maintenance management
+IEC 62011 Insulating materials – Industrial, rigid, moulded, laminated tubes and rods of rectangular and hexagonal cross-section based on thermosetting resins for electrical purposes
+IEC 62012 Multicore and symmetrical pair/quad cables for digital communications to be used in harsh environments
+IEC 62014 Electronic design automation libraries
+IEC 62014-4 IP-XACT – Standard Structure for Packaging, Integrating, and Reusing IP within Tool Flows
+IEC 62014-5 Quality of Electronic and Software Intellectual Property Used in System and System on Chip (SoC) Designs
+IEC 62018 Power consumption of information technology equipment – Measurement methods
+IEC 62019 Electrical accessories – Circuit-breakers and similar equipment for household use – Auxiliary contact units
+IEC 62020 Electrical accessories – Residual current monitors for household and similar uses (RCMs)
+IEC 62021 Insulating liquids – Determination of acidity
+IEC 62022 Installed monitors for the control and detection of gamma radiations contained in recyclable or non-recyclable materials transported by vehicles
+IEC 62023 Structuring of technical information and documentation
+IEC 62024 High frequency inductive components – Electrical characteristics and measuring methods
+IEC 62025 High frequency inductive components – Non-electrical characteristics and measuring methods
+IEC 62026 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear – Controller-device interfaces (CDIs)
+IEC 62027 Preparation of object lists, including parts lists
+IEC 62028 General methods of measurement for digital television receivers
+IEC 62031 LED modules for general lighting – Safety specifications
+IEC 62032 Guide for the Application, Specification and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers
+IEC 62033 Attenuation uniformity in optical fibres
+IEC 62034 Automatic test systems for battery powered emergency escape lighting
+IEC 62035 Discharge lamps (excluding fluorescent lamps) – Safety specifications
+IEC 62036 Mineral insulating oils – Oxidation stability test method based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
+IEC 62037 Passive RF and microwave devices, intermodulation level measurement
+IEC TR 62039 Selection guide for polymeric materials for outdoor use under HV stress
+IEC 62040 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS)
+IEC 62041 Transformers, power supplies, reactors and similar products – EMC requirements
+IEC 62044 Cores made of soft magnetic materials – Measuring methods
+IEC TS 62045 Multimedia security – Guideline for privacy protection of equipment and systems in and out of use
+IEC TS 62046 Safety of machinery – Application of protective equipment to detect the presence of persons
+IEC 62047 Semiconductor devices – Micro-electromechanical devices
+IEC TR 62048 Optical fibres – Reliability – Power law theory
+IEC TR 62051 Electricity metering – Data exchange for meter reading, tariff and load control – Glossary of terms
+IEC 62052 Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) – General requirements, tests and test conditions
+IEC 62053 Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) – Particular requirements
+IEC 62054 Electricity metering (a.c.) – Tariff and load control
+IEC 62055 Electricity metering – Payment systems
+IEC 62056 Electricity metering data exchange – The DLMS/COSEM suite
+IEC 62057-1 Electrical energy meters – Test equipment, techniques and procedures – Part 1: Stationary meter test units (MTUs)
+IEC 62057-3 Electrical energy meters – Test equipment, techniques and procedures – Part 3: Automatic meter testing system (AMTS)
+IEC 62058 Electricity metering equipment (AC) – Acceptance inspection
+IEC 62059 Electricity metering equipment – Dependability
+IEC 62060 Secondary cells and batteries – Monitoring of lead acid stationary batteries – User guide
+IEC 62061 Safety of machinery: Functional safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems
+IEC TR 62063 High-voltage switchgear and control gear – The use of electronic and associated technologies in auxiliary equipment of switchgear and control gear
+IEC 62065 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Track control systems – Operational and performance requirements, methods of testing and required test results
+IEC TR 62066 Surge overvoltages and surge protection in low-voltage a.c.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-16.md

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+---
+title: "List of IEC standards"
+chunk: 17/18
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+power systems – General basic information
+IEC 62067 Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages above 150 kV (Um = 170 kV) up to 500 kV (Um = 550 kV) – Test methods and requirements
+IEC 62068 Electrical insulating materials and systems – General method of evaluation of electrical endurance under repetitive voltage impulses
+IEC 62070 Broadcast digital video tape recorders – Identification method for recording and/or reproduction error status
+IEC 62071 Helical-scan compressed digital video cassette system using 6,35 mm magnetic tape – Format D-7
+IEC TS 62073 Guidance on the measurement of hydrophobicity of insulator surfaces
+IEC 62074 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic WDM devices
+IEC 62075 Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment – Environmentally conscious design
+IEC 62076 Industrial electroheating installations – Test methods for induction channel and induction crucible furnaces
+IEC 62077 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic circulators – Generic specification
+IEC 62080 Sound signalling devices for household and similar purposes
+IEC 62083 Medical electrical equipment – Requirements for the safety of radiotherapy treatment planning systems
+IEC 62087 Audio, video, and related equipment – Determination of power consumption
+IEC 62088 Nuclear instrumentation – Photodiodes for scintillation detectors – Test procedures
+IEC 62089 Nuclear instrumentation – Calibration and usage of alpha/beta gas proportional counters
+IEC 62090 Product package labels for electronic components using bar code and two-dimensional symbologies
+IEC 62091 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear – Controllers for drivers of stationary fire pumps
+IEC 62093 Balance-of-system components for photovoltaic systems – Design qualification natural environments
+IEC 62094 Indicator light units for household and similar fixed-electrical installations
+IEC TR 62095 Electric cables – Calculations for current ratings – Finite element method
+IEC TR 62096 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – Guidance for the decision on modernization
+IEC 62097 Hydraulic machines, radial and axial – Performance conversion method from model to prototype
+IEC TS 62098 Evaluation methods for microprocessor- based instruments
+IEC 62099 Fibre optic wavelength switches – Generic specification
+IEC TS 62100 Cables for aeronautical ground lighting primary circuits
+IEC TS 62101 Electrical insulation systems – Short-time evaluation of combined thermal and electrical stresses
+IEC TS 62102 Electrical safety – Classification of interfaces for equipment to be connected to information and communications technology networks
+IEC 62104 Characteristics of DAB receivers
+IEC 62105 Digital audio broadcast system – Specification of the receiver data interface (RDI)
+IEC 62106 Specification of the radio data system (RDS) for VHF/FM sound broadcasting in the frequency range from 87,5 MHz to 108,0 MHz
+IEC 62107 Super video compact disc – Disc-interchange system-specification
+IEC 62108 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies – Design qualification and type approval
+IEC 62109 Safety of power converters for use in photovoltaic power systems
+IEC 62110 Electric and magnetic field levels generated by AC power systems – Measurement procedures with regard to public exposure
+IEC 62115 Electric toys – Safety
+IEC 62116 Utility-interconnected photovoltaic inverters – Test procedure of islanding prevention measures
+IEC 62117 Nuclear reactor instrumentation – Pressurized light water reactors (PWR) – Monitoring adequate cooling within the core during cold shutdown
+IEC 62121 Methods of measurement for minidisc recorders/players
+IEC 62122 Methods of measurement for consumer-use digital VTRs – Electronic and mechanical performances
+IEC 62124 Photovoltaic (PV) stand alone systems – Design verification
+IEC TR 62125 Environmental statement specific to IEC TC 20 – Electric cables
+IEC 62127 Ultrasonics – Hydrophones
+IEC 62128 Railway applications – Fixed installations – Electrical safety, earthing and the return circuit
+IEC 62129 Calibration of wavelength/optical frequency measurement instruments
+IEC TR 62130 Climatic field data including validation
+IEC TR 62131 Environmental conditions – Vibration and shock of electrotechnical equipment
+IEC 62132 Integrated circuits – Measurement of electromagnetic immunity
+IEC 62133 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells, and for batteries made from them, for use in portable applications
+IEC 62134 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic closures
+IEC 62135 Resistance welding equipment
+IEC 62137 Surface mounting technology – Environmental and endurance test methods for surface mount solder joint
+IEC 62138 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important for safety – Software aspects for computer-based systems performing category B or C functions
+IEC 62141 Helical-scan digital video cassette recording format using 12,65 mm magnetic tape and incorporating MPEG-4 compression – Type D-16 format
+IEC TS 62143 Electrical installations for lighting and beaconing of aerodromes – Aeronautical ground lighting systems – Guidelines for the development of a safety lifecycle methodology
+IEC 62146 Grading capacitors for high-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers
+IEC 62148 Fibre optic active components and devices – Package and interface standards
+IEC 62149 Fibre optic active components and devices – Performance standards
+IEC 62150 Fibre optic active components and devices – Test and measurement procedures
+IEC 62151 Safety of equipment electrically connected to a telecommunication network
+IEC TR 62152 Transmission properties of cascaded two-ports or quadripols – Background of terms and definitions
+IEC 62153 Metallic communication cables test methods
+IEC 62155 Hollow pressurized and unpressurized ceramic and glass insulators for use in electrical equipment with rated voltages greater than 1 000 V
+IEC 62156 Digital video recording with video compression 12,65 mm type D-9 component format 525/60 and 625/50 (Digital S)
+IEC TR 62157 Cylindrical machined carbon electrodes – Nominal dimensions
+IEC PAS 62162 Field-induced charged-device model test method for electrostatic discharge withstand thresholds of microelectronic components
+IEC TR 62188 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Design and manufacturing recommendations for portable batteries made from sealed secondary cells
+IEC 62192 Live working – Insulating ropes
+IEC 62193 Live working – Telescopic sticks and telescopic measuring sticks
+IEC 62194 Method of evaluating the thermal performance of enclosures
+IEC 62196 Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets – Conductive charging of electric vehicles
+IEC 62197 Connectors for electronic equipment – Quality assessment requirements
+IEC 62198 Managing risk in projects – Application guidelines
+IEC 62208 Empty enclosures for low-voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies – General requirements
+IEC 62209 Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices – Human models, instrumentation, and procedures
+IEC 62211 Inductive components – Reliability management
+IEC 62215 Integrated circuits – Measurement of impulse immunity
+IEC 62216 Digital terrestrial television receivers for the DVB-T system
+IEC 62217 Polymeric HV insulators for indoor and outdoor use – General definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria
+IEC 62219 Overhead electrical conductors – Formed wire, concentric lay, stranded conductors
+IEC 62220 Medical electrical equipment – Characteristics of digital X-ray imaging devices
+IEC TR 62221 Optical fibres – Measurement methods – Microbending sensitivity
+IEC TR 62222 Fire performance of communication cables installed in buildings
+IEC 62223 Insulators – Glossary of terms and definitions
+IEC TS 62224 Multimedia home server systems – Conceptual model for digital rights management
+IEC 62226 Exposure to electric or magnetic fields in the low and intermediate frequency range – Methods for calculating the current density and internal electric field induced in the human body
+IEC 62227 Multimedia home server systems – Digital rights permission code
+IEC 62228 Integrated circuits – EMC evaluation of transceivers
+IEC TS 62229 Multimedia systems and equipment – Multimedia e-publishing and e-book – Conceptual model for multimedia e-publishing
+IEC 62230 Electric cables – Spark-test method
+IEC 62231 Composite station post insulators for substations with AC voltages greater than 1 000 V up to 245 kV
+IEC 62232 Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
+IEC 62233 Measurement methods for electromagnetic fields of household appliances and similar apparatus with regard to human exposure
+IEC TR 62235 Nuclear facilities – Instrumentation and control systems important to safety – Systems of interim storage and final repository of nuclear fuel and waste
+IEC 62236 Railway applications – Electromagnetic compatibility
+IEC 62237 Live working – Insulating hoses with fittings for use with hydraulic tools and equipment
+IEC 62238 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – VHF radiotelephone equipment incorporating Class "D" Digital Selective Calling (DSC) – Methods of testing and required test results
+IEC TS 62239 Process management for avionics – Management plan
+IEC TR 62240 Process management for avionics – Electronic components capability in operation
+IEC 62241 Nuclear power plants – Main control room – Alarm functions and presentation
+IEC 62243 Artificial Intelligence Exchange and Service Tie to All Test Environments (AI-ESTATE)
+IEC 62244 Radiation protection instrumentation – Installed radiation monitors for the detection of radioactive and special nuclear materials at national borders
+IEC 62246 Reed switches
+IEC TR 62251 Multimedia systems and equipment – Quality assessment – Audio-video communication systems
+IEC 62253 Photovoltaic pumping systems – Design qualification and performance measurements
+IEC 62255 Multicore and symmetrical pair/quad cables for broadband digital communications (high bit rate digital access telecommunication networks) – Outside plant cables
+IEC 62256 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines – Rehabilitation and performance improvement
+IEC TS 62257 Recommendations for renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification
+IEC 62258 Semiconductor die products
+IEC 62259 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Nickel-cadmium prismatic secondary single cells with partial gas recombination
+IEC 62262 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against external mechanical impacts (IK code)
+IEC TR 62263 Live working – Guidelines for the installation and maintenance of optical fibre cables on overhead power lines
+IEC 62264 Enterprise-control system integration
+IEC 62265 Advanced Library Format (ALF) describing Integrated Circuit (IC) technology, cells and blocks (withdrawn)
+IEC 62267 Railway applications – Automated urban guided transport (AUGT) – Safety requirements
+IEC 62270 Guide for computer-based control for hydroelectric power plant automation
+IEC 62271 High-voltage switchgear and control gear
+IEC 62272 Digital radio mondiale (DRM)
+IEC 62273 Methods of measurement for radio transmitters
+IEC 62274 Medical electrical equipment – Safety of radiotherapy record and verify systems
+IEC 62275 Cable management systems – Cable ties for electrical installations
+IEC 62276 Single crystal wafers for surface acoustic wave (SAW) device applications – Specifications and measuring methods
+IEC 62278 Railway applications – Specification and demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS)
+IEC 62279 Railway applications – Communication, signalling and processing systems – Software for railway control and protection systems
+IEC 62280 Railway applications – Communication, signalling and processing systems – Safety related communication in transmission systems
+IEC 62281 Safety of primary and secondary lithium cells and batteries during transport
+IEC 62282 Fuel cell technologies
+IEC TR 62283 Optical fibres – Guidance for nuclear radiation tests
+IEC TR 62284 Effective area measurements of single-mode optical fibres – Guidance
+IEC TR 62285 Application guide for non-linear coefficient measuring methods
+IEC 62286 Service diagnostic interface for consumer electronics products and networks – Implementation for IEEE 1394
+IEC 62287 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Class B shipborne equipment of the automatic identification system (AIS)
+IEC 62288 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Presentation of navigation-related information on shipborne navigational displays – General requirements, methods of testing and required test results
+IEC 62289 Video recording – Helical-scan digital video cassette recording format using 12,65 mm magnetic tape and incorporating MPEG-2 Compression – Format D-10
+IEC 62290 Railway applications – Urban guided transport management and command/control systems
+IEC TR 62291 Multimedia data storage – Application program interface for UDF based file systems
+IEC 62295 Multimedia systems – Common communication protocol for inter-connectivity on heterogeneous networks
+IEC TR 62296 Considerations of unaddressed safety aspects in the second edition of IEC 60601-1 and proposals for new requirements
+IEC 62297 Triggering messages for broadcast applications
+IEC 62298 Teleweb application
+IEC 62300 Consumer audio/video equipment digital interface with plastic optical fibre
+IEC 62301 Household electrical appliances – Measurement of standby power
+IEC 62304 Medical Device Software – Software Life Cycle Processes
+IEC 62305 Protection Against Lightning
+IEC 62310 Static Transfer Systems (STS)
+IEC 62325 Standards related to energy market models & communications
+IEC TR 62331 Pulsed field magnetometry
+IEC 62351 Power System Control and Associated Communications – Data and Communication Security
+IEC 62353 Medical electrical equipment – Recurrent test and test after repair of medical electrical equipment
+IEC/TR 62357 Power system control and associated communications – Reference architecture for object models, services and protocols
+IEC 62365 Digital audio – Digital input-output interfacing – Transmission of digital audio over asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks
+IEC 62366 Medical devices – Application of usability engineering to medical devices
+IEC 62368 Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment
+IEC 62379 Common control interface for networked digital audio and video products
+IEC 62384 DC or AC supplied electronic control gear for LED modules – Performance requirements
+IEC 62386 Digital addressable lighting interface
+IEC 62388 Maritime Navigation and Radio Communications, Shipborne Radar
+IEC 62395 Electrical resistance trace heating systems for industrial and commercial applications
+IEC 62420 Concentric lay stranded overhead electrical conductors containing one or more gap(s)
+IEC 62425 Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems - Safety related electronic systems for signalling
+IEC 62439 Industrial communication networks – High availability automation networks
+IEC 62443 Industrial communication networks – Network and system security
+IEC 62446 Grid connected photovoltaic systems – Minimum requirements for system documentation, commissioning tests and inspection
+IEC 62455 Internet protocol (IP) and transport stream (TS) based service access
+IEC 62464 Magnetic resonance equipment for medical imaging
+IEC 62471 Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems
+IEC 62474 Material declaration for products of and for the electrotechnical industry
+IEC 62477 Safety requirements for power electronic converter systems and equipment
+IEC 62481 Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) home networked device interoperability guidelines
+IEC 62491 Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – Labelling of cables and cores
+IEC 62493 Assessment of lighting equipment related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields
+IEC 62502 Analysis techniques for dependability – Event tree analysis (ETA)
+IEC 62504 General lighting – Light emitting diode (LED) products and related equipment – Terms and definitions
+IEC 62505 Railway applications – Fixed installations – Particular requirements for a.c.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-17.md

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+---
+title: "List of IEC standards"
+chunk: 18/18
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+switchgear
+IEC 62507 Identification systems enabling unambiguous information interchange – Requirements
+IEC 62531 Property Specification Language (PSL)
+IEC TS 62556 Ultrasonics – Field characterization – Specification and measurement of field parameters for high intensity therapeutic ultrasound (HITU) transducers and systems
+IEC 62560 Self-ballasted LED-lamps for general lighting services by voltage > 50 V – Safety specifications
+IEC 62561 Lightning protection system components (LPSC)
+IEC 62600 Marine energy - Wave, tidal and other water current converters. IEC 62605 Multimedia systems and equipment – Multimedia e-publishing and e-books – Interchange format for e-dictionaries
+IEC 62606 General requirements for arc fault detection devices
+IEC 62612 Self-ballasted LED lamps for general lighting services with supply voltages > 50 V – Performance requirements
+IEC 62680 Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces for data and power
+IEC 62682 Management of alarm systems for the process industries
+IEC 62684 Interoperability specifications of common external power supply (EPS) for use with data-enabled mobile telephones
+IEC/TR 62685 Industrial communication networks – Profiles – Assessment guideline for safety devices using IEC 61784-3 functional safety communication profiles (FSCPs)
+IEC 62693 Industrial electroheating installations – Test methods for infrared electroheating installations
+IEC 62700 DC Power supply for notebook computer
+IEC 62703 Expression of performance of fluorometric oxygen analyzers in liquid media
+IEC 62708 Documents kinds for electrical and instrumentation projects in the process industry
+IEC 62717 LED modules for general lighting – Performance requirements
+IEC 62734 Industrial networks – Wireless communication network and communication profiles – ISA 100.11a
+IEC 62752 In-cable control and protection device for mode 2 charging of electric roadvehicles
+IEC 62769 Field device integration (FDI)
+IEC 62776 Double-capped LED lamps designed to retrofit linear fluorescent lamps – Safety specifications
+IEC/TR 62794 Industrial-process measurement, control and automation – Reference model for representation of production facilities (digital factory)
+IEC/TR 62795 Interoperation guide of field device tool (FDT) / device type manager (DTM) and electronic device description language (EDDL)
+IEC/TS 62796 Energy efficiency in electroheating installations
+IEC 62798 Industrial electroheating equipment – Test methods for infrared emitters
+IEC/TR 62837 Energy efficiency through automation systems
+IEC 62840 Electric vehicle battery swap system
+IEC 62881 Cause and Effect Matrix
+IEC 62885 Dry vacuum cleaners for household or similar use – Methods for measuring the performance
+IEC/TS 62872 Industrial-process measurement, control and automation system interface between industrial facilities and the smart grid
+IEC/TR 62914 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Experimental procedure for the forced internal short-circuit test of IEC 62133:2012
+IEC/PAS 62948 Industrial networks – Wireless communication network and communication profiles – WIA-FA
+IEC/PAS 62953 Industrial communication networks – Fieldbus specifications – ADS-net
+IEC 63110 Protocol for the management of electric vehicles charging and discharging infrastructures
+IEC 63119 Protocol for information exchange for electric vehicle charging roaming services
+IEC 63382 Protocol for the management of distributed energy storage systems based on electric vehicles
+IEC/TS 63383 Cybersecurity aspects of devices used for power metering and monitoring, power quality monitoring, data collection and analysis
+IEC/TS 63384 Power System Stability Control
+IEC/TR 63385 Transmitting and receiving equipment for radiocommunication
+IEC/PAS 63386 CONDUCTIVE CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
+IEC 63387 Hybrid CPV/PV modules
+IEC/TS 63389 Developing a profile composed of a set of Basic Application Profiles (BAPs) of IEC 61850 for DER compliant to IEEE 1547
+IEC/TS 63390 Technical Specifications for Digitalization of Operation and Maintenance in Hydropower Assets
+IEC 63391 General technical requirements for millimeter wave holographic imaging body scanner
+IEC/TS 63392 Fire test for concentrator PV modules
+IEC/TR 63393 Electrical systems for electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks
+IEC/TS 63394 Safety of machinery – Guidelines on functional safety of safety-related control system
+IEC 63395 Sustainable management of waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste). IEC/TS 63397 Guidelines for qualifying PV modules for increased hail resistance
+IEC/TS 63398 Technical Specification for Black Start of Hydropower Plant
+IEC 63399 Household and similar use electrical rice cookers - Methods for measuring the performance
+IEC/TR 63401 Dynamic characteristics of inverter-based resources in bulk power systems
+IEC 63402 Energy Efficiency Systems - Smart Grid - Customer Energy Management Systems - General Requirements and Architecture
+IEC 63403 LED packages for horticultural lighting
+IEC 63404 Switchgear and controlgear and their assemblies for low voltage – Integration method of radiocommunication device into an equipment
+IEC 63405 High-voltage test techniques - Dielectric loss measurements "PROPOSED HORIZONTAL STANDARD"
+IEC/TS 63406 Generic RMS simulation models of converter-based generating units for power system dynamic analysis
+IEC 63407 Conductive charging of electric vehicles - Contact interface for automated connection device (ACD)
+IEC/SRD 63408 Safety Aspects – Guideline for Adult AAL Care Recipients in standards and other specifications
+IEC 63409 Photovoltaic power generating systems connection with grid
+IEC/TR 63410 Decentralized electrical energy systems roadmap
+IEC/TR 63411 Grid Connection of Offshore Wind via VSC-HVDC System
+IEC 63412 Ultrasonics - Shear-wave elastography
+IEC 63413 Nuclear Power Plants - Instrumentation and control systems important to safety - Platform qualification
+IEC/TS 63414 Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage insulators made of hydrophobicity transfer materials to be used on a.c. and d.c. systems
+IEC/TR 63415 Nuclear Power plants – Instrumentation and control systems – Use of formal security models for I&C security architecture design and assessment
+IEC/SRD 63416 Ethical considerations of AI when Applied in the Active Assisted Living (AAL) context
+IEC/TS 63417 Guide and plan to develop a unified IEC Smart energy Ontology
+IEC 63418 Fixed accessories intended for household and similar purposes that supply power through an interface
+IEC 63419 Guideline for Switching Reliability Evaluation procedures for Gallium Nitride Power Conversion Devices
+IEC/SRD 63420 Cooperative Multiple Systems in Connected Home Environments – AAL SOTIF of E/E Systems
+IEC 63423 Nuclear Power Plants - Instrumentation and control systems important to safety - Cable assemblies for Harsh Environment Purposes
+IEC/TR 63424 Validation of dynamic power control and exposure time-averaging algorithms
+IEC/TR 63425 Connectivity for Lighting Systems
+IEC 63584 Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP)
+IEC 80000 Quantities and units
+IEC 80001 Application of risk management for IT-networks incorporating medical devices
+IEC/TR 80002 Medical device software
+IEC/TS 80004 Nanotechnologies
+IEC/IEEE 80005 Utility connections in port
+IEC 80369 Small-bore connectors for liquids and gases in healthcare applications
+IEC 80416 Basic principles for graphical symbols for use on equipment
+IEC 80601 Medical electrical equipment
+IEC 81346 Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – Structuring principles and reference designations
+IEC 81714 Design of graphical symbols for use in the technical documentation of products
+IEC 82045 Document management
+IEC 82079 Preparation of instructions for use – Structuring, content and presentation
+IEC 82304 Health software
+IEC 88528 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets
+
+== See also ==
+Category:IEC standards
+List of IEC technical committees
+List of ISO standards – covers also standards jointly published by the International Organization for Standardization and the IEC
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Search IEC catalogue

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-2.md

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+---
+title: "List of IEC standards"
+chunk: 3/18
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+resistivity
+IEC 60250 Recommended methods for the determination of the permittivity and dielectric dissipation factor of electrical insulating materials at power, audio and radio frequencies including metre wavelengths
+IEC 60252 AC motor capacitors
+IEC 60254 Lead-acid traction batteries
+IEC 60255 Measuring relays and protection equipment
+IEC 60258 Direct acting recording electrical measuring instruments and their accessories
+IEC 60261 Sealing test for pressurized waveguide tubing and assemblies
+IEC 60263 Scales and sizes for plotting frequency characteristics and polar diagrams
+IEC 60264 Packaging of winding wires
+IEC 60268 Sound system equipment
+IEC 60269 Low-voltage fuses
+IEC 60270 High-voltage test techniques – Partial discharge measurements
+IEC 60273 Characteristic of indoor and outdoor post insulators for systems with nominal voltages greater than 1000 V
+IEC 60276 Definitions and nomenclature for carbon brushes, brush-holders, commutators and slip-rings
+IEC 60282 High-voltage fuses
+IEC 60286 Packaging of components for automatic handling
+IEC 60287 Electric cables – Calculation of the current rating
+IEC 60294 Measurement of the dimensions of a cylindrical component with axial terminations
+IEC 60296 Fluids for electrotechnical applications – Unused mineral insulating oils for transformers and switchgear
+IEC 60297 Mechanical structures for electronic equipment – Dimensions of mechanical structures of the 482,6 mm (19 in) series
+IEC 60298 high voltage switchgear in metallic enclosure (withdrawn)
+IEC 60299 Household electric blankets – Methods for measuring performance
+IEC 60300 Dependability management
+IEC 60301 Preferred diameters of wire terminations of capacitors and resistors
+IEC 60304 Standard colours for insulation for low-frequency cables and wires
+IEC 60305 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1000 V – Ceramic or glass insulator units for a.c. systems – Characteristics of insulator units of the cap and pin type
+IEC 60306 Measurement of photosensitive devices
+IEC 60308 Hydraulic turbines – Testing of control systems
+IEC 60309 Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes
+IEC 60310 Railway applications – Traction transformers and inductors on board rolling stock
+IEC 60311 Electric irons for household or similar use – Methods for measuring performance
+IEC 60315 Methods of measurement on radio receivers for various classes of emission
+IEC 60317 Specifications for particular types of winding wires
+IEC 60318 Electroacoustics – Simulators of human head and ear
+IEC 60319 Presentation and specification of reliability data for electronic components
+IEC 60320 Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes
+IEC 60322 Railway applications – Electric equipment for rolling stock – Rules for power resistors of open construction
+IEC 60325 Radiation protection instrumentation – Alpha, beta and alpha/beta (beta energy >60 keV) contamination meters and monitors
+IEC 60329 Strip-wound cut cores of grain oriented silicon-iron alloy, used for electronic and telecommunication equipment
+IEC 60331 Tests for electric cables under fire conditions – Circuit integrity
+IEC 60332 Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions
+IEC 60335 Household and similar electrical appliances – Safety
+IEC 60336 Medical electrical equipment – X-ray tube assemblies for medical diagnosis – Characteristics of focal spots
+IEC 60338 Telemetering for consumption and demand
+IEC 60339 General purpose rigid coaxial transmission lines and their associated flange connectors
+IEC 60343 Recommended test methods for determining the relative resistance of insulating materials to breakdown by surface discharges
+IEC TR 60344 Calculation of d.c. resistance of plain and coated copper conductors of low-frequency cables and wires – Application guide
+IEC 60345 Method of test for electrical resistance and resistivity of insulating materials at elevated temperatures
+IEC 60347 Transverse track recorders
+IEC 60349 Electric traction – Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles
+IEC 60350 Household electric cooking appliances
+IEC 60352 Solderless connections
+IEC 60353 Line traps for a.c. power systems
+IEC 60356 Dimensions for commutators and slip-rings
+IEC 60357 Tungsten halogen lamps (non vehicle) – Performance specifications
+IEC 60358 Coupling capacitors and capacitor dividers
+IEC 60360 Standard method of measurement of lamp cap temperature rise
+IEC 60364 Low-voltage electrical installations
+IEC 60368 Piezoelectric filters of assessed quality
+IEC 60370 Test procedure for thermal endurance of insulating varnishes – Electric strength method
+IEC 60371 Specification for insulating materials based on mica
+IEC 60372 Locking devices for ball and socket couplings of string insulator units – Dimensions and tests
+IEC 60374 Guide for choosing modular dimensions for waveguide components
+IEC 60375 Conventions concerning electric and magnetic circuits
+IEC 60376 Specification of technical grade sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) for use in electrical equipment
+IEC 60377 Methods for the determination of the dielectric properties of insulating materials at frequencies above 300 MHz
+IEC 60379 Methods for measuring the performance of electric storage water-heaters for household purposes
+IEC 60381 Analogue signals for process control systems
+IEC 60382 Analogue pneumatic signal for process control systems
+IEC 60383 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1000 V
+IEC 60384 Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment
+IEC 60386 Method of measurement of speed fluctuations in sound recording and reproducing equipment
+IEC 60392 Guide for the drafting of specifications for microwave ferrites
+IEC 60393 Potentiometers for use in electronic equipment
+IEC 60394 Varnished fabrics for electrical purposes
+IEC 60397 Test methods for batch furnaces with metallic heating resistors
+IEC 60398 Installations for electroheating and electromagnetic processing – General performance test methods
+IEC 60399 Barrel thread for lampholders with shade holder ring
+IEC 60400 Lampholders for tubular fluorescent lamps and starter holders
+IEC 60401 Terms and nomenclature for cores made of magnetically soft ferrites
+IEC 60404 Magnetic materials
+IEC 60412 Nuclear instrumentation – Nomenclature (identification) of scintillators and scintillation detectors and standard dimensions of scintillators
+IEC 60413 Test procedures for determining physical properties of brush materials for electrical machines
+IEC 60417 Graphical symbols for use on equipment
+IEC 60422 Mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment – Supervision and maintenance guidance
+IEC 60423 Conduit systems for cable management – Outside diameters of conduits for electrical installations and threads for conduits and fittings
+IEC 60424 Ferrite cores – Guidelines on the limits of surface irregularities
+IEC 60426 Electrical insulating materials – Determination of electrolytic corrosion caused by insulating materials – Test methods
+IEC 60428 Standard Cells
+IEC 60432 Incandescent lamps – Safety specifications
+IEC 60433 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1 000 V – Ceramic insulators for a.c.