diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index e66c52b98..9402cc660 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemical_symbol-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemical_symbol-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afc71b54c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemical_symbol-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +--- +title: "Alchemical symbol" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:52.883968+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Alchemical symbols were used to denote chemical elements and compounds, as well as alchemical apparatus and processes, until the 18th century. Although notation was partly standardized, style and symbol varied between alchemists. Lüdy-Tenger published an inventory of 3,695 symbols and variants, and that was not exhaustive, omitting for example many of the symbols used by Isaac Newton. This page therefore lists only the most common symbols. + + +== Three primes == +According to Paracelsus (1493–1541), the three primes or tria prima – of which material substances are immediately composed – are: + +Sulfur or soul, the principle of combustibility: 🜍 () +Mercury or spirit, the principle of fusibility and volatility: ☿ () +Salt or body, the principle of non-combustibility and non-volatility: 🜔 () + + +== Four basic elements == + +Western alchemy makes use of the four classical elements. The symbols used for these are: + +Air 🜁 () +Earth 🜃 () +Fire 🜂 () +Water 🜄 () + + +== Seven planetary metals == + +The seven metals known since Classical times in Europe were associated with the seven classical planets; this figured heavily in alchemical symbolism. The exact correlation varied over time, and in early centuries bronze or electrum were sometimes found instead of mercury, or copper for Mars instead of iron; however, gold, silver, and lead had always been associated with the Sun, Moon, and Saturn. +The associations below are attested from the 7th century and had stabilized by the 15th. They started breaking down with the discovery of antimony, bismuth, and zinc in the 16th century. Alchemists would typically call the metals by their planetary names, e.g. "Saturn" for lead, "Mars" for iron; compounds of tin, iron, and silver continued to be called "jovial", "martial", and "lunar"; or "of Jupiter", "of Mars", and "of the moon", through the 17th century. The tradition remains today with the name of the element mercury, where chemists decided the planetary name was preferable to common names like "quicksilver", and in a few archaic terms such as lunar caustic (silver nitrate) and saturnism (lead poisoning). + +Silver, corresponding with the Moon ☽ or ☾ ( or ) [also 🜛 in Newton] +Gold, corresponding with the Sun ☉ 🜚 ☼ ( ) +Quicksilver, corresponding with Mercury ☿ () +Copper, corresponding with Venus ♀ () +Iron, corresponding with Mars ♂ () +Tin, corresponding with Jupiter ♃ () +Lead, corresponding with Saturn ♄ () + + +== Mundane elements and later metals == + +Antimony ♁ () (in Newton), also +Arsenic 🜺 () +Bismuth ♆ () (in Newton), 🜘 () (in Bergman) +Cobalt (approximately 🜶) (in Bergman) +Manganese (in Bergman) +Nickel (in Bergman; previously used for regulus of sulfur) +Oxygen (in Lavoisier) +Phlogiston (in Bergman) +Phosphorus or +Platinum or (in Bergman et al.) +Sulfur 🜍 () (in Newton) +Zinc (in Bergman) + + +== Alchemical compounds == + +The following symbols, among others, have been adopted into Unicode. + +Acid (incl. vinegar) 🜊 () +Sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) 🜹 () +Aqua fortis (nitric acid) 🜅 (), A.F. +Aqua regia (nitro-hydrochloric acid) 🜆 (), 🜇 (), A.R. +Spirit of wine (concentrated ethanol; called aqua vitae or spiritus vini) 🜈 (), S.V. or 🜉 () +Amalgam (alloys of a metal and mercury) 🝛 () = a͞a͞a, ȧȧȧ (among other abbreviations). +Cinnabar (mercury sulfide) 🜓 () +Vinegar (distilled) 🜋 () (in Newton) +Vitriol (sulfates) 🜖 () +Black sulphur (residue from sublimation of sulfur) 🜏 () + + +== Alchemical processes == + +The alchemical magnum opus was sometimes expressed as a series of chemical operations. In cases where these numbered twelve, each could be assigned one of the Zodiac signs as a form of cryptography. The following example can be found in Pernety's Dictionnaire mytho-hermétique (1758): + +Calcination (Aries ) ♈︎ +Congelation (Taurus ) ♉︎ +Fixation (Gemini ) ♊︎ (Solidification) +Solution (Cancer ) ♋︎ +Digestion (Leo ) ♌︎ +Distillation (Virgo ) ♍︎ +Sublimation (Libra ) ♎︎ +Separation (Scorpio ) ♏︎ +Ceration (Sagittarius ) ♐︎ +Fermentation (Capricorn ) ♑︎ (Putrefaction) +Multiplication (Aquarius ) ♒︎ +Projection (Pisces ) ♓︎ + + +== Units == +Several symbols indicate units of time. + +Month 🝱 () or or xXx +Day-Night 🝰 () +Hour 🝮 () + + +== Unicode == + +The Alchemical Symbols block was added to Unicode in 2010 as part of Unicode 6.0. + + +== Gallery == +A list of symbols published in 1931: + +An 1888 reproduction of a Venetian list of medieval Greek alchemical symbols from about the year 1100 but circulating since about 300 and attributed to Zosimos of Panopolis. The list starts with 🜚 for gold and has early conventions that would later change: here ☿ is tin and ♃ electrum; ☾ is silver but ☽ is mercury. Many of the 'symbols' are simply abbreviations of the Greek word or phrase. View the files on Commons for the list of symbols. + + +== See also == +Other symbols commonly used in alchemy and related esoteric traditions: + +Astronomical symbols – Symbols in astronomy +Astrological symbols – Symbols denoting astrological concepts +Planet symbols – Graphical symbols used in astrology and astronomyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Suns in alchemy – Sun symbols have a variety of uses +Circled dot (disambiguation) +Monas Hieroglyphica – 1564 book by John Dee about an esoteric symbol +Rub el Hizb – Islamic symbol in the shape of an octagram +Wuxing (Chinese philosophy) – Chinese five elements +Seal of Solomon – Signet ring attributed to the Israelite king Solomon +Rosy Cross – Western esoteric symbol +Eye of Providence – SymbolPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces +Sigil – Magical symbol, as used by Hermetic theurgists +Sigillum Dei – Seal of God, or Seal of Truth, according to John Dee + + +== Footnotes == + + +== References == + + +=== Works cited === +Friedlander, Walter J. (1992). The Golden Wand of Medicine: A History of the Caduceus Symbol in Medicine. Contributions in Medical Studies, 35. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28023-1. +Holmyard, Eric J. (1957). Alchemy. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. OCLC 2080637. +Reutter de Rosemont, Louis (1931). Histoire de la pharmacie a travers les ages. Vol. II. Paris: J. Peyronnet. 4 plates after p. 260 and 2 plates after p. 268 – via Internet Archive. + + +== External links == + Media related to Alchemical symbols at Wikimedia Commons + +wikt:Appendix:Unicode/Alchemical Symbols +Alchemical symbols in Unicode \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-0.md index 9c5ce9494..a544fd905 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:22:51.108220+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:59.064277+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-1.md index 61ad6dad6..fc0c30fd2 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:22:51.108220+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:59.064277+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-2.md index bb93a7bd5..71a38a6bd 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:22:51.108220+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:59.064277+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14b19eaf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Astronomical symbols" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:55.281815+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Astronomical symbols are abstract pictorial symbols used to represent astronomical objects, theoretical constructs and observational events in European astronomy. The earliest forms of these symbols appear in Greek papyrus texts of late antiquity. The Byzantine codices in which many Greek papyrus texts were preserved continued and extended the inventory of astronomical symbols. New symbols have been invented to represent many planets and minor planets discovered in the 18th to the 21st centuries. +These symbols were once commonly used by professional astronomers, amateur astronomers, alchemists, and astrologers. While they are still commonly used in almanacs and astrological publications, their occurrence in published research and texts on astronomy is relatively infrequent, with some exceptions such as the Sun and Earth symbols appearing in astronomical constants, and certain zodiacal signs used to represent the solstices and equinoxes. +Unicode has encoded many of these symbols, mainly in the Miscellaneous Symbols, Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows, Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs, +Alchemical Symbols, and Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement blocks. + +== Sun and Moon == +The use of astronomical symbols for the Sun and Moon dates to antiquity. The forms of the symbols that appear in the original papyrus texts of Greek horoscopes are a circle with one ray () for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon. The modern Sun symbol, a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in Europe in the Renaissance. + +In modern academic writing, the Sun symbol is used for astronomical constants relating to the Sun. Teff☉ represents the solar effective temperature, and the luminosity, mass, and radius of stars are often represented using the corresponding solar constants (L☉, M☉, and R☉, respectively) as units of measurement. + +== Planets == + +Symbols for the classical planets appear in many medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved. The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyrus texts. The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus. According to A.S.D. Maunder, antecedents of the planetary symbols were used in art to represent the gods associated with the classical planets; Bianchini's planisphere, discovered by Francesco Bianchini in the 18th century, produced in the 2nd century, shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached. +A diagram in Byzantine astronomer Johannes Kamateros's 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter Zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark at the bottom of the modern versions of the symbols for Mercury and Venus. These cross-marks first appear around the 16th century. According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be "an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the symbols of the old pagan gods." + +The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery. One symbol, , invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, commonly called white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for the planetary elements iron, ♂, and gold, ☉. +Another symbol, , was suggested by Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande in 1784. In a letter to William Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name"). Today, Köhler's symbol is more common among astronomers, and Lalande's among astrologers, although it is not uncommon to see each symbol in the other context. +Several symbols were proposed for Neptune to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right to name his discovery, Urbain Le Verrier originally proposed the name Neptune and the symbol of a trident, while falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Leverrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago, who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet (). However, this suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet. Professor James Pillans of the University of Edinburgh defended the name Janus for the new planet, and proposed a key for its symbol. Meanwhile, German-Russian astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve presented the name Neptune on December 29, 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In August 1847, the Bureau des Longitudes announced its decision to follow prevailing astronomical practice and adopt the choice of Neptune, with Arago refraining from participating in this decision. +The International Astronomical Union discourages the use of these symbols in journal articles, though they do occur. In certain cases where planetary symbols might be used, such as in the headings of tables, the IAU Style Manual permits certain one- and (to disambiguate Mercury and Mars) two-letter abbreviations for the names of the planets. + +== Asteroids == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e2cd67e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Astronomical symbols" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:55.281815+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Following the discovery of Ceres in 1801 by the astronomer and Catholic priest Giuseppe Piazzi, a group of astronomers ratified the name, which Piazzi had proposed. At that time, the sickle was chosen as a symbol of the planet. +The symbol for 2 Pallas, the spear of Pallas Athena, was invented by Baron Franz Xaver von Zach, who organized a group of twenty-four astronomers to search for a planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The symbol was introduced by von Zach in 1802. +In a letter to von Zach, discoverer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers (who had discovered and named Pallas) expressed his approval of the proposed symbol, but wished that the handle of the sickle of Ceres had been adorned with a pommel instead of a crossbar, to better differentiate it from the sign of Venus. + +German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding created the symbol for 3 Juno. Harding, who discovered this asteroid in 1804, proposed the name Juno and the use of a scepter topped with a star as its astronomical symbol. +The symbol for 4 Vesta was invented by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Olbers, having previously discovered and named 2 Pallas, gave Gauss the honor of naming his newest discovery. Gauss decided to name the new asteroid for the goddess Vesta, and also designed the symbol (): the altar of the goddess, with the sacred fire burning on it. Other contemporaneous writers use a more elaborate symbol () instead. +Karl Ludwig Hencke, a German amateur astronomer, discovered the next two asteroids, 5 Astraea (in 1845) and 6 Hebe (in 1847). Hencke requested that the symbol for 5 Astraea be an upside-down anchor; however, a weighing scale was sometimes used instead. Gauss named 6 Hebe at Hencke's request, and chose a wineglass as the symbol. +As more new asteroids were discovered, astronomers continued to assign symbols to them. Thus, 7 Iris (discovered 1847) had for its symbol a rainbow with a star; 8 Flora (discovered 1847), a flower; 9 Metis (discovered 1848), an eye with a star; 10 Hygiea (discovered 1849), an upright snake with a star on its head; 11 Parthenope (discovered 1850), a standing fish with a star; 12 Victoria (discovered 1850), a star topped with a branch of laurel; 13 Egeria (discovered 1850), a buckler; 14 Irene (discovered 1851), a dove carrying an olive branch with a star on its head; 15 Eunomia (discovered 1851), a heart topped with a star; 16 Psyche (discovered 1852), a butterfly wing with a star; 17 Thetis (discovered 1852), a dolphin with a star; 18 Melpomene (discovered 1852), a dagger over a star; and 19 Fortuna (discovered 1852), a star over Fortuna's wheel. +In most cases the discovery reports only describe the symbols and do not draw them; from Hygiea onward, there are significant glyph variants as well as a significant delay between the discovery and the symbols having been communicated to the astronomical community as a whole. Consequently, astronomical publications were not always complete. The discovery reports for Melpomene and Fortuna do not even describe the symbols, which only appear in a later reference work by the discoverer; the symbols are drawn in the reports for Astraea, Hebe, and Thetis. Benjamin Apthorp Gould criticised the symbols in 1852 as being often inefficient at suggesting the bodies they represented and difficult to draw, and pointed out that the symbol that had been described for Irene had to his knowledge never actually been drawn. The same year, John Russell Hind expressed the contrary view that the symbols were easier to remember than the numbers, but also admitted that the names were more commonly used than either the numbers or the symbols. +The last edition of the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch (BAJ, Berlin Astronomical Yearbook) to use asteroid symbols was for the year 1853, published in 1850: although it includes eleven asteroids up to Parthenope, it only includes symbols for the first nine (up to Metis), noting that the symbols for Hygiea and Parthenope had not yet been made definitively known. The last edition of the British The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris to include asteroid ephemerides was that for 1855, published in 1852: despite fifteen asteroids being known (up to Eunomia), symbols are only included for the first nine. +Johann Franz Encke made a major change in the BAJ for the year 1854, published in 1851. He introduced encircled numbers instead of symbols, although his numbering began with Astraea, the first four asteroids continuing to be denoted by their traditional symbols. This symbolic innovation was adopted very quickly by the astronomical community. The following year (1852), Astraea's number was bumped up to 5, but Ceres through Vesta were not listed by their numbers until the 1867 edition. The Astronomical Journal edited by Gould adopted the symbolism in this form, with Ceres at 1 and Astraea at 5. This form had previously been proposed in an 1850 letter by Heinrich Christian Schumacher to Gauss. The circle later became a pair of parentheses, which were easier to typeset, and the parentheses were sometimes omitted altogether over the next few decades. Thus the iconic asteroid symbols fell out of use; reference works continued giving them for the next few decades, though they often noted them as being obsolete. +A few asteroids were given symbols by their discoverers after the encircled-number notation became widespread. 26 Proserpina (discovered 1853), 28 Bellona (discovered 1854), 35 Leukothea (discovered 1855), and 37 Fides (discovered 1855), all discovered by German astronomer Robert Luther, were assigned, respectively, a pomegranate with a star inside; a whip and spear; an antique lighthouse; and a cross. These symbols were drawn in the discovery reports. 29 Amphitrite was named and assigned a shell for its symbol by George Bishop, the owner of the observatory where astronomer Albert Marth discovered it in 1854, though the symbol was not drawn in the discovery report. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60201fe80 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "Astronomical symbols" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:55.281815+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +All these symbols are rare or obsolete in modern astronomy, though NASA has used Ceres' symbol when describing the dwarf planets, and Psyche's symbol may have influenced the design of the insignia for the Psyche mission. The major use of symbols for minor planets today is by astrologers, who have invented symbols for many more objects, though they sometimes use symbols that differ from the historical symbols for the same bodies. +The symbol for 99942 Apophis, a near-Earth asteroid discovered in 2004 that attracted interest when initial observations suggested a significant probability of an Earth impact in 2029 (a possibility since eliminated), is much later. It was designed by Denis Moskowitz, who also designed many of the dwarf-planet symbols, at a time when asteroid symbols had become extremely rare in astronomy. Nonetheless, its inclusion of a star is meant to recall the 19th-century asteroid symbols. + +=== Asteroid table === + +== Trans-Neptunian objects == +Pluto's name and symbol were announced by the discoverers on May 1, 1930. +The symbol, a monogram of the letters PL, could be interpreted to stand for Pluto or for Percival Lowell, the astronomer who initiated Lowell Observatory's search for a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune. Pluto has an alternative symbol consisting of an orb over Pluto's bident: it is more common in astrology than astronomy, and was popularised by the astrologer Paul Clancy, but has been used by NASA to refer to Pluto as a dwarf planet. There are a few other astrological symbols for Pluto that are used locally. Pluto also had the IAU abbreviation P when it was considered the ninth planet. +The other large trans-Neptunian objects were only discovered around the dawn of the 21st century. They were not generally thought to be planets on their discovery, and planetary symbols had in any case mostly fallen out of use among astronomers by then. Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts, proposed astronomical symbols for the dwarf planets Quaoar, Sedna, Orcus, Haumea, Eris, Makemake, and Gonggong. These symbols are somewhat standard among astrologers (e.g. in the program Astrolog), which is where planetary symbols are most used today. Moskowitz has also proposed symbols for Varuna, Ixion, and Salacia, and others have done so for additional TNOs, but there is little consistency between sources. +NASA has used Moskowitz's symbols for Haumea, Makemake, and Eris in an astronomical context, and Unicode labels the symbols for Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, and Orcus (added to Unicode in 2022) as "astronomy symbols". + +== Zodiac and other constellations == + +The zodiac symbols have several astronomical interpretations. Depending on context, a zodiac symbol may denote either a constellation, or a point or interval on the ecliptic plane. +Lists of astronomical phenomena published by almanacs sometimes included conjunctions of stars and planets or the Moon; rather than print the full name of the star, a Greek letter and the symbol for the constellation of the star was sometimes used instead. +The ecliptic was sometimes divided into 12 signs, each subdivided into 30 degrees, +and the sign component of ecliptic longitude was expressed either with a number from 0 to 11. or with the corresponding zodiacal symbol. +In modern astronomical writing, all the constellations, including the 12 of the zodiac, have dedicated three-letter abbreviations, which specifically refer to constellations rather than signs. +The zodiac symbols are also sometimes used to represent points on the ecliptic, particularly the solstices and equinoxes. Each symbol is taken to represent the "first point" of each sign, rather than the place in the visible constellation where the alignment is observed. +Thus, ♈︎ the symbol for Aries, represents the March equinox; +♋︎, for Cancer, the June solstice; +♎︎, for Libra, the September equinox; +and ♑︎, for Capricorn, the December solstice. +Although the use of astrological sign symbols is rare, the particular symbol ♈︎ for Aries, is an exception; it is commonly used in modern astronomy to represent the location of the (slowly) moving reference point for the ecliptic and equatorial celestial coordinate systems. + +Ophiuchus has been proposed as a thirteenth sign of the zodiac by astrologer Walter Berg in 1995, who gave it a symbol that has become popular in Japan. + +None of the constellations have official symbols. However, in addition to the zodiac, occasional symbols for other modern constellations, as well as older constellations that occur in modern nomenclature, have appeared in publication. The symbols below were devised by Denis Moskowitz (except those for the 13 constellations already listed above). + +== Other == +Symbols for aspects and nodes appear in medieval texts, although medieval and modern usage of the node symbols differ; the modern ascending node symbol (☊) formerly stood for the descending node, and the modern descending node symbol (☋) was used for the ascending node. In describing the Keplerian elements of an orbit, ☊ is sometimes used to denote the ecliptic longitude of the ascending node, although it is more common to use Ω (capital omega, and inverted ℧), which were originally typographical substitutes for the astronomical symbols. +The symbols for aspects first appear in Byzantine codices. Of the symbols for the five Ptolemaic aspects, only the three displayed here — for conjunction, opposition, and quadrature — are used in astronomy. +Symbols for a comet (☄) and a fixed star () have been used in published astronomical observations of comets. In tables of these observations, ☄ stood for the comet being discussed and for the star of comparison relative to which measurements of the comet's position were made. + +Meteor showers also have limited use of astronomical symbols in the literature, designed by Denis Moskowitz. They are based on the parent constellation symbols, with letters included to disambiguate the Aquariids and Taurids. + +For planetary transits of Mercury and Venus, Moskowitz proposed overlaying the respective planetary symbol on that of the Sun, extending the crossbar into an arrow: (Mercury), (Venus). This also has some limited use. +Limited use can also be found of Moskowitz's symbol for Halley's Comet, : it is simply the standard comet symbol with an H. + +== See also == + +Astrological symbols +Alchemical symbols +List of common astronomy symbols +Maya calendar for the logograms used in Maya astronomy +Solar symbol +Zodiac + +== Footnotes == + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_statistics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_statistics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1954d56f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_statistics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Basketball statistics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_statistics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:05.485270+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Statistics in basketball are kept to evaluate a player's or a team's performance. + + +== Examples == +Examples of basketball statistics include: + +Averages per game are denoted by *PG, e.g. PPG (points), BLKPG or BPG (blocks), STPG or SPG (steals), APG (assists), RPG (rebounds) and MPG (minutes). Sometime the players statistics are divided by minutes played and multiplied by 48 minutes (had he played the entire game), denoted by * per 48 min. or *48M. +A player who makes double digits in a game in any two of the PTS, REB, AST, STL, and BLK statistics is said to make a double double; in three statistics, a triple double; in four statistics, a quadruple double. A quadruple double is extremely rare (and has only occurred four times in the NBA). There is also a 5x5, when a player records at least a 5 in each of the 5 statistics. +The NBA also posts to the statistics section of its website a simple composite efficiency statistic, denoted EFF and derived by the formula, ((Points + Rebounds + Assists + Steals + Blocks) − ((Field Goals Attempted − Field Goals Made) + (Free Throws Attempted − Free Throws Made) + Turnovers)). While conveniently distilling most of a player's key statistics in one numerical score, the formula is not highly regarded by the statistics community, with the alternative Player Efficiency Rating developed by ESPN basketball statistician John Hollinger being more widely used to compare the overall efficiency of players. + + +== Tempo-free statistics == +Examples of tempo-free statistics including the following + +Pace: Possessions per game (typically ranges from 60 to 75) +PPP: Points per possession, the points a team score for each possession regardless of a team's pace +TO%: Turnover percentage, the measure of how often a team loses possession of the ball before creating a scoring opportunity + + +== Fantasy leagues == +In fantasy basketball, statistics are used in a formula as the measurement of a player's performance. + + +== See also == +NBA records +Player Efficiency Rating +Efficiency (basketball) +Similarity score +Advanced statistics in basketball + Basketball portal + + +== References == + + +== External links == +NBA & pro Basketball statistics +Basketball-Reference.com +ESPN.com Current NBA statistics. From Kade Richard and NBA statistics team. +Statistics at NBA.com \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-0.md index 1db580823..ec87b2b87 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:57:42.724301+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:01.700996+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-1.md index 980b4eb0c..f1230c737 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:57:42.724301+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:01.700996+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-2.md index 34a7f8921..b46b7c5b9 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:57:42.724301+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:01.700996+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_ecology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_ecology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a79fbbc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_ecology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of ecology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_ecology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:06.903792+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a bibliography of ecology. + + +== Introductory == +Beman, J. (2010). "Energy economics in ecosystems". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (8): 22. +Bryant, P. J. Biodiversity and Conservation. A Hypertext Book. Archived from the original on 2006-04-24. Retrieved 2013-01-28. +Cleland, E. E. (2011). "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability". Nature Education Knowledge. 2 (1): 2. +Costanza, R.; Cumberland, J. H.; Daily, H.; Goodland, R.; Norgaard, R. B. (2007). An Introduction to Ecological Economics (e-book). St. Lucie Press and International Society for Ecological Economics. +"Ecosystem Services: A Primer". Ecological Society of America. 2000. Archived from the original on 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2013-01-28. +Farabee, M. J. The Online Biology Book. Avondale, Arizona: Estrella Mountain Community College. Archived from the original on 2017-12-25. Retrieved 2013-01-28. +Forseth, I. (2010). "Terrestrial Biomes". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (8): 12. +Henkel, T. P. (2010). "Coral reefs". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (11): 5. +McCabe, D. J. (2010). "Rivers and streams: Life in flowing water". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (12): 4. +Odum, H. (1973). "Energy, ecology, and economics" (PDF). Ambio. 2 (6): 220–227. +Stevens, A. (2010). "Predation, herbivory, and parasitism". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (8): 38. + + +== Advanced == +Brand, F. S.; Jax, K. (2007). "Focusing the meaning(s) of resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object". Ecology and Society. 12 (1): 23. doi:10.5751/ES-02029-120123. hdl:10535/3371. +Carpenter, S. R.; Mooney, H. A.; Agard, J.; Capistrano, D.; DeFries, R. S.; Díaz, S.; Dietz, T.; Duraiappah, A. K.; et al. (2009). "Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (5): 1305–1312. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1305C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808772106. PMC 2635788. PMID 19179280. +Ettema, C.H.; Wardle, D.A. (2002). "Spatial soil ecology" (PDF). Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 17 (4): 177–183. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02496-5. +Green, J.L.; Hastings, A.; Arzberger, P.; Ayala, F.; Cottingham, K.L.; Cuddington, K.; Davis, F.; Dunne, J.A.; Fortin, M-J.; et al. (2005). "Complexity in ecology and conservation: mathematical, statistical, and computational challenges" (PDF). BioScience. 55 (6): 501–510. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0501:CIEACM]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568. +Hanski, I. (1998). "Metapopulation dynamics" (PDF). Nature. 396 (6706): 41–49. Bibcode:1998Natur.396...41H. doi:10.1038/23876. S2CID 4405264. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-31. +Magurran, A. E.; Henderson, P. A. (2010). "Temporal turnover and the maintenance of diversity in ecological assemblages". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 365 (1558): 3611–3620. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0285. PMC 2982009. PMID 20980310. +Peterson, G.; Allen, C. R.; Holling, C. S. (1998). "Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale" (PDF). Ecosystems. 1: 6–18. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.484.146. doi:10.1007/s100219900002. S2CID 3500468. +Quinn, J. F.; Dunham, A. E. (1983). "On hypothesis testing in ecology and evolution" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 122 (5): 602–617. doi:10.1086/284161. S2CID 84260487. +Simberloff, D. S. (1974). "Equilibrium theory of island biogeography and ecology" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5 (1): 161–182. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001113. + + +== See also == +Outline of ecology \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a1ec922a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of science and technology in Canada" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a bibliography on the history of science and technology in Canada mainly compiled in 2011 from the Canadiana : the national bibliography with very few additions since then. + +== Overviews == +G. Bruce Doern; Peter W. B. Phillips; David Castle (2016). Canadian Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy: The Innovation Economy and Society Nexus. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-4724-7. +Edward Jones-Imhotep; Tina Adcock (2018). Made Modern: Science and Technology in Canadian History. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-3726-2. +Council of Canadian Academies (2012). The State of Science and Technology in Canada, 2012. Council of Canadian Academies. ISBN 978-1-926558-47-9. + +== Nuclear issues == +Atomic Energy Canada Limited (1997), Canada enters the nuclear age, McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 0-7735-1601-8 +Buckley, Brian (2000). Canada's early nuclear policy: fate, chance and character. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2077-6. +Clearwater, John (1998), Canadian nuclear weapons: the untold story of Canada's Cold War arsenal, Dundurn Press Ltd., ISBN 978-1-55002-299-5 +Doern, G. Bruce; Robert W. Morrison; Arslan Dorman (2001). Canadian nuclear energy policy: changing ideas, institutions, and interests. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-4788-5. +Eggleston, Wilfred, Canada's Nuclear Story *Toronto: Clarke Irwin, 1965) +Richter, Andrew (2002), Avoiding Armageddon: Canadian military strategy and nuclear weapons, 1950-63, UBC Press, ISBN 978-0-7748-0888-0 +Steed, Roger G (2007), Nuclear Power in Canada and Beyond, General Store Pub. House, ISBN 978-1-897113-51-6 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..273b5660b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of science and technology in Canada" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Technological and industrial == +Avery, Donald H., The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1998. +Babaian, Sharon, Radio Communication in Canada: A Historical and Technological Survey, Transformation Series 1, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1992. +Ball, Norman R., Mind, Heart, and Vision: Professional Engineering in Canada 1887 to 1987, National Museum of Science and Technology/Museums of Canada, Ottawa, 1987. +Ball, Norman R. ed., Building Canada: A History of Public Works, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. +Barris, Theodore (26 September 2015). Fire Canoe: Prairie Steamboat Days Revisited. Dundurn Press 2015. ISBN 9781459732100. Retrieved 2020-08-22. +Berger, Carl, Science, God, and Nature in Victorian Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1983. +Bliss, Michael, Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1987. +Bothwell, Robert, Nucleus: The History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. +Brown, J.J., Ideas in Exile, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967. +Bryden, John, Deadly Allies: Canada's Secret War 1937–1947, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1989. +Chisholm, Barbara, ed., Castles of the North: Canada's Grand Hotels, Lynx Images Inc., Toronto, 2001. +Collins, Robert, A Voice from Afar: The History of Telecommunications in Canada, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1977. +Dewalt, Bryan, Building a Digital Network in Canada: Data Communications and Digital Telephony, 1959–1990, Transformation Series 2, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1992. +Dewalt, Bryan, Technology and Canadian Printing: A History from Lead Type to Lasers, Transformation Series 3, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1995. +Eggleston, Wilfred, National Research in Canada: The NRC 1916–1966, Clarke Irwin, Toronto, 1978. +Faucher, Philippe, Grands projets et innovations technologiques au Canada, Les presses de l'universite de Montréal, Montreal, 1999. +Germain, Georges-Hebert, Le Genie Québécois: Histoire d'une conquete, Ordre des ingenieurs du Québec/Libre Expression, Montreal, 1995. +Guillet, Edwin C., The Story of Canadian Roads, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1967. +Harry, J., Smith, G., Lessard, Gilles, Forestry Resources Research in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971. +Hopps, John A., Passing Pulses: The Pacemaker and Medical Engineering: A Canadian Story, Publishing Plus Limited, Ottawa, 1995. +Knowles Middleton, W.E., Radar Development in Canada: The Radio Branch of the National Research Council of Canada, 1939–1946, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ontario, 1981. +Koppel, Ted, Powering the Future: the Ballard Fuel Cell and the Race to Change the World, John Wiley & Sons, Etobicoke, 1999. +Lowther, William, Arms and the Man: Dr. Gerald Bull, Iraq and the Supergun, Doubleday Canada Limites, Toronto, 1991. +MacDermot, H.E., One Hundred Years of Medicine in Canada 1867–1967, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967. +Macpherson, Burgess, The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910–1985, Collins, Toronto, 1981. +McDonnell, The History of Canadian Railroads, New Burlington Books, London, 1985. +McGrath, T.M., History of Canadian Airports, Lugus Publications, Ottawa, 1992. +Madger, Ted, Canada's Hollywood: The Canadian State and Feature Films, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1993. +Maginley, Collin, The Ships of Canada's Marine Services, Vanwell, St. Catharines, 2001. +Mayer, Roy, Inventing Canada: One Hundred Years of Innovation, Raincoast Books, Vancouver, 1997. +Mayer, Roy, Scientific Canadian: Invention and Innovation from Canada's national Research Council, Raincoast Books, Vancouver, 1999. +Milberry, Larry, Aviation in Canada, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Toronto, 1979. +Millard, J. Rodney, The Master Spirit of the Age: Canadian Engineers and the Politics of Professionalism 1887–1922, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. +Morton, Desmond, A Military History of Canada, Hurtig, Edmonton, 1990. +Mouat, Jeremy, Metal Mining in Canada, 1840 −1950, Transformation Series 9, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 2000. +Muise, McIntosh, Coal Mining in Canada: A Historical and Comparative Overview, Transformation Series 5, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1996. +Robertson, Heather, Driving Force, The McLaughlin Family and the Age of the Car, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1995. +Silversides, C.Ross, Broadaxe to Flying Shear: the Mechanization of Forest Harvesting East of the Rockies, Transformation Series 6, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1997. +Smallman, B.N., et al., Agriculture Science in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1970. +Stewart, R.W., Dickie, L.M., Ad Mare: Canada Looks to the Sea—A Study on Marine Science and Technology, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971. +Süsskind, Charles. "technology." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2008. Grolier Online. 23 Oct. 2008 [1] +Taylor, Baskerville, A Concise Business History of Canada, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1994. +Thomson, Don W., Men and Mericians Volumes 1,2,3, Information Canada, Ottawa, 1966. +Thomson, Malcolm, M., The Beginning of the Long Dash: A History of Timekeeping in Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1978. +Tremblay, Robert, Histoire des outils manuels au Canada de 1828 a 1960, Transformation Series 10, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 2001. +Warrington, Newbold, Chemical Canada: Past and Present, The Chemical Institute of Canada, Ottawa, 1970. +Weir, E. Austin, The Struggle for National Broadcasting in Canada, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1965. +Westman, A.E.R., Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: A Survey of Research and Development in Canada, The Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1969. +Wilson, Andrew, Background to Invention, Science Council of Canada, 1970. +Wilson, Andrew, Research Councils in the Provinces: A Canadian Resource, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1971. +Wilson, Garth, A History of Shipbuilding and Naval Architecture in Canada, Transformation Series 4, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1994. +Williams, Michael, Massey Ferguson Tractors, Blandford Press, London, 1987. +Wright, J.W., A History of the Native Peoples of Canada: Volumes I(2001) & II(1999), Canadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa. +Zeller, Suzanne, Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987. +Scientia Canadensis \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61e20cc1d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of science and technology in Canada" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Natural scientific research == +Ainley, Marianne Gosztonyi, ed., Despite All Odds: Essays on Canadian Women and Science, Vehicle Press, Montreal, 1990. +Anstey, T.H., One Hundred Harvests: Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1886–1986, Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Historical Series No. 27, 1986. +Appley, M.H., Rickwood, Jean, Psychology in Canada, Science Secretariat, Ottawa, 1967. +Avery, Donald H., The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1998. +Babbitt, J.D. ed., Science in Canada: Selections from the Speeches of Dr. E.W.R. Steacie, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1965. +Beltzner, Klaus P., Coleman, A. John, Edwards, Gordon G., Mathematical Sciences in Canada, Science Council of Canada, ottawa, 1976. +Berger, Carl, Science, God, and Nature in Victorian Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1983. +Berger, Carl, Honour and the Search for Influence: A History of the Royal Society of Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1996. +Bliss, Michael, Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1987. +Bothwell, Robert, Nucleus: The History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. +Bryden, John, Best-Kept Secret: Canadian Secret Intelligence in the Second World War, Lester Publishing, Toronto, 1993. +Bryden, John, Deadly Allies: Canada's Secret War 1937–1947, McClelland & stewart, Toronto, 1989. +Chapman, J.H., et al., Upper Atmosphere and Space Programmes in Canada, Science Secretariat, Ottawa, 1967. +Chartrand, Duchesne, Gingras, Histoire des sciences au Québec, Boreal, Montreal, 1987. +Doern, G. Bruce, Science and Politics in Canada, McGill-Queen's University Press, Toronto, 1972. +Duchesne, R., La science et le pouvoir au Québec, Editeur officiel du Québec, Quebec, 1978. +Eggleston, Wilfred, National Research in Canada: The NRC 1916–1966, Clarke Irwin, Toronto, 1978. +Edmonds, Alan, Voyage to the Edge of the World, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1973. +Fillmore, Peter ed., Canadian Mathematical Society 1945–1995: Volume I—Mathematics in Canada, Canadian Mathematical Society, Ottawa, 1995. +Gingras, Yves, Les origines de la recherche scientifique au Canada: Le cas des physiciens, Boreal, Montreal, 1991. +Gingras, Yves, Pour l'avancement des sciences, Histoire de l'ACFAS 1923–1993, Boreal, Montreal, 1994. +Gillmor, Don, I Swear By Apollo: Dr Ewen Cameron and the CIA-Brainwashing Experiments, Eden Press, Montreal, 1987. +Harris, Robin, A History of Higher Education in Canada: 1663–1960, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1976. +Harry, J., Smith, G., Lessard, Gilles, Forestry Resources Research in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971. +Hayes, F. Ronald, The Chaining of Prometheus: Evolution of a Power Structure for Canadian Science, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1973. +Hopps, John A., Passing Pulses: The Pacemaker and Medical Engineering: A Canadian Story, Publishing Plus Limited, Ottawa, 1995. +Jarrell, Richard, The Cold Light of Dawn: A History of Canadian Astronomy, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. +Johnstone, Kenneth, The Aquatic Explorers: A History of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Fisheries Research Board/University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1977. +King, Christine, E.W.R. Steacie and Science in Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1989. +Knowles Middleton, W.E., Physics at the National Research Council of Canada, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ontario, 1979. +Knowles Middleton, W.E., Radar Development in Canada: The Radio Branch of the National Research Council of Canada, 1939–1946, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ontario, 1981. +Kruus, P., Basic Research, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1971. +Lamontagne, Maurice, Une politique scientifique canadienne, Volume I—Une analyse critique: Le passe et le present, Information Canada, Ottawa, 1971. +Levere, Jarrell, A Curious Field Book: Science and Society in Canadian History, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1974. +Lithwick, Canada's Science Policy, Methuen, Toronto, 1969. +MacDermot, H.E., One Hundred Years of Medicine in Canada 1867–1967, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967. +OECD, Reviews of National Science Policy: Canada, OECD Publications, Paris, 1969. +Ouellet, Cyrias, La vie des sciences au Canada Francais, Ministere des Affaires culturelles, Quebec, 1964. +Rose, D.C. er al., Physics in Canada: Survey and Outlook, Science Secretariat, Ottawa, 1967. +Royal Society of Canada, Fifty Years Retrospect, Canada 1882–1932, The Ryerson Press, Toronto, 1932. +Smallman, B.N., et al., Agriculture Science in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1970. +Spalding, David, Into the Dinosaurs' Graveyard, Doubleday Canada, Toronto, 1999. +Stewart, R.W., Dickie, L.M., Ad Mare: Canada Looks to the Sea—A Study on Marine Science and Technology, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971. +Taylor, Baskerville, A Concise Business History of Canada, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1994. +Thomson, Don W., Men and Mericians Volumes 1,2,3, Information Canada, Ottawa, 1966. +Thomson, Malcolm, M., The Beginning of the Long Dash: A History of Timekeeping in Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1978. +Thistle, Mel, The Inner Ring: The Early History of the National Research Council of Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1966. +Wallace, W. Stewart ed., The Royal Canadian Institute Centennial Volume 1849–1949, Royal Canadian Institute, Toronto, 1949. +Warrington, Newbold, Chemical Canada: Past and Present, The Chemical Institute of Canada, Ottawa, 1970. +Westman, A.E.R., Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: A Survey of Research and Development in Canada, The Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1969. +Wilson, Andrew, Research Councils in the Provinces: A Canadian Resource, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1971. +Zaslow, Morris, Reading the Rocks: The Story of the Geological Survey of Canada 1842–1972, Macmillan of Canada, Toronto, 1975. +Zeller, Suzanne, Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..800d93824 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of science and technology in Canada" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Invention == +Ainley, Marianne Gosztonyi, ed., Despite All Odds: Essays on Canadian Women and Science, Vehicle Press, Montreal, 1990. +Anstey, T.Branch Agriculture Canada, Historical Series No. 27, 1986. +Avery, Donald H., The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1998. +Babaian, Sharon, Radio Communication in Canada: A Historical and Technological Survey, Transformation Series 1, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1992. +Babbitt, J.D. ed., Science in Canada: Selections from the Speeches of Dr. E.W.R. Steacie, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1965. +Ball, Norman R., Mind, Heart, and Vision: Professional Engineering in Canada 1887 to 1987, National Museum of Science and Technology/Museums of Canada, Ottawa, 1987. +Ball, Norman R. ed., Building Canada: A History of Public Works, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. +Barris, Theodore, Fire Canoe: Prairie Steamboat Days Revisited, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1977. +Berger, Carl, Science, God, and Nature in Victorian Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1983. +Bothwell, Robert, Nucleus: The History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. +Brown, J.J., Ideas in Exile, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967. +Bryden, John, Deadly Allies: Canada's Secret War 1937 - 1947, McClelland & stewart, Toronto, 1989. +Chapman, J.H., et al., Upper Atmosphere and Space Programmes in Canada, Science Secretariat, Ottawa, 1967. +Collins, Robert, A Voice from Afar: The History of Telecommunications in Canada, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1977. +Dewalt, Bryan, Building a Digital Network in Canada: Data Communications and Digital Telephony, 1959-1990, Transformation Series 2, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1992. +Dewalt, Bryan, Technology and Canadian Printing: A History from Lead Type to Lasers, Transformation Series 3, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1995. +Eggleston, Wilfred, National Research in Canada: The NRC 1916 - 1966, Clarke Irwin, Toronto, 1978. +Faucher, Philippe, Grands projets et innovations technologiques au Canada, Les presses de l'université de Montréal, Montreal, 1999. +Germain, Georges-Hebert, Le Génie Québécois: Histoire d'une conquête, Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec/Libre Expression, Montreal, 1995. +Guillet, Edwin C., The Story of Canadian Roads, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1967. +Harry, J., Smith, G., Lessard, Gilles, Forestry Resources Research in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971. +Hopps, John A., Passing Pulses: The Pacemaker and Medical Engineering: A Canadian Story, Publishing Plus Limited, Ottawa, 1995. +Knowles Middleton, W.E., Radar Development in Canada: The Radio Branch of the National Research Council of Canada, 1939-1946, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ontario, 1981. +Koppel, Ted, Powering the Future: the Ballard Fuel Cell and the Race to Change the World, John Wiley & Sons, Etobicoke, 1999. +Lowther, William, Arms and the Man: Dr. Gerald Bull, Iraq and the Supergun, Doubleday Canada Limites, Toronto, 1991. +MacDermot, H.E., One Hundred Years of Medicine in Canada 1867-1967, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967. +Macpherson, Burgess, The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910-1985, Collins, Toronto, 1981. +McDonnell, The History of Canadian Railroads, New Burlington Books, London, 1985. +McGrath, T.M., History of Canadian Airports, Lugus Publications, Ottawa, 1992. +Madger, Ted, Canada's Hollywood: The Canadian State and Feature Films, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1993. +Maginley, Collin, The Ships of Canada's Marine Services, Vanwell, St. Catharines, 2001. +Mayer, Roy, Inventing Canada: One Hundred Years of Innovation, Raincoast Books, Vancouver, 1997. +Mayer, Roy, Scientific Canadian: Invention and Innovation from Canada's national Research Council, Raincoast Books, Vancouver, 1999. +Milberry, Larry, Aviation in Canada, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Toronto, 1979. +Millard, J. Rodney, The Master Spirit of the Age: Canadian Engineers and the Politics of Professionalism 1887 - 1922, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. +Morton, Desmond, A Military History of Canada, Hurtig, Edmonton, 1990. +Mouat, Jeremy, Metal Mining in Canada, 1840–1950, Transformation Series 9, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 2000. +Muise, McIntosh, Coal Mining in Canada: A Historical and Comparative Overview, Transformation Series 5, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1996. +OECD, Reviews of National Science Policy: Canada, OECD Publications, Paris, 1969. +Robertson, Heather, Driving Force, The McLaughlin Family and the Age of the Car, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1995. +Silversides, C.Ross, Broadaxe to Flying Shear: the Mechanization of Forest Harvesting East of the Rockies, Transformation Series 6, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1997. +Smallman, B.N., et al., Agriculture Science in Canada, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1970. +Stewart, R.W., Dickie, L.M., Ad Mare: Canada Looks to the Sea - A Study on Marine Science and Technology, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa 1971. +Taylor, Baskerville, A Concise Business History of Canada, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1994. +Thomson, Malcolm, M., The Beginning of the Long Dash: A History of Timekeeping in Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1978. +Tremblay, Robert, Histoire des outils manuels au Canada de 1828 a 1960, Transformation Series 10, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 2001. +Warrington, Newbold, Chemical Canada: Past and Present, The Chemical Institute of Canada, Ottawa, 1970. +Weir, E. Austin, The Struggle for National Broadcasting in Canada, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1965. +Westman, A.E.R., Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: A Survey of Research and Development in Canada, The Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1969. +Wilson, Andrew, Background to Invention, Science Council of Canada, 1970. +Wilson, Andrew, Research Councils in the Provinces: A Canadian Resource, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1971. +Wilson, Garth, A History of Shipbuilding and Naval Architecture in Canada, Transformation Series 4, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1994. +Williams, Michael, Massey Ferguson Tractors, Blandford Press, London, 1987. +Zeller, Suzanne, Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987. + +== See also == + +Bibliography of Canada +Lists of books +List of bibliographies +Lists of important publications in science + +== External links == +Science and Technology for Canadians - Government of Canada +Canada Science and Technology Museum - Government of Canada +Canadian Institute for Advanced Research: Science +Canadian Encyclopedia: Science \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1e8fa4a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of sociology" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:21.458700+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This bibliography of sociology is a list of works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject of sociology. Some of the works are selected from general anthologies of sociology, while other works are selected because they are notable enough to be mentioned in a general history of sociology or one of its subdisciplines. +Sociology studies society using various methods of empirical investigation to understand human social activity, from the micro level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and social structure. + +== Foundations == + +Comte, Auguste. 1865. Discours sur l'ensemble du positivisme [A General View of Positivism]. +Marx, Karl. 1867. Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie Capital [Capital: A Critique of Political Economy]. +Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich. 1846. Die deutsche Ideologie [The German Ideology]. +Weber, Max. 1904. Die protestantische Ethik und der 'Geist' des Kapitalismus [The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism]. +Putting forward a thesis that Puritan ethic and ideas had influenced the development of capitalism, Weber observes religious devotion to usually be accompanied by rejection of mundane affairs, including economic pursuit. Weber addresses the paradox of why this was not the case within Protestantism. +Du Bois, W. E. B. 1899. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. + +=== Durkheim === + +1893. De La Division Du Travail Social [The Division of Labour in Society]. +1897. Le Suicide: étude de sociologie [Suicide: A Study in Sociology]. +A case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic, Protestant and Jewish populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. Also a major contribution to structural functionalism. +1912. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse [The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life]. +1919. Les Règles de la Méthode Sociologique [The Rules of Sociological Method]. + +== Culture == + +Bourdieu, Pierre. 1979. La distinction: Critique sociale du jugement [Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste]. +Bourdieu, Pierre, and Jean-Claude Passeron.1970. La Reproduction. Éléments pour une théorie du système d'enseignement [Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture]. +Katz, Jack. 1988. Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. +Schultz, Alfred. 1967. Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt [The Phenomenology of the Social world]. + +== Economy == + +Economic sociology attempts to explain economic phenomena. While overlapping with the general study of economics at times, economic sociology chiefly concentrates on the roles of social relations and institutions. + +Boltanski, Luc, and Ève Chiapello. 2005. The New Spirit of Capitalism. +Boltanski, Luc, and Laurent Thévenot. 2006. On Justification. The Economies of Worth. +de Tocqueville, Alexis. 1835/1840. De La Démocratie en Amérique [On Democracy in America] 1 & 2. +— 1856. L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution [The Old Regime and the French Revolution]. +Durkheim, Emile. 1893. De La Division Du Travail Social [The Division of Labour in Society]. +Granovetter, Mark. 1985. "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." The American Journal of Sociology 91(3):481–510. +Hirschman, Albert O. 1982. "Rival Interpretations of Market Society: Civilizing, Destructive, or Feeble?" Journal of Economic Literature 20(4):1463–84. +Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. +Simmel, George. 1907. The Philosophy of Money. +Smelser, Neil and Richard Swedberg, eds. 2005. The Handbook of Economic Sociology. +Weber, Max. 1922. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft [Economy and Society]. +White, Harrison C. 2002. Markets from Networks: Socioeconomic Models of Production. + +=== Industry === +Industrial sociology is the sociology of technological change, globalization, labor markets, work organization, managerial practices and employment relations. + +Bell, Daniel. 1973. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. +Braverman, Harry. 1974. Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. +Burawoy, Michael. 1979. Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism. +Dore, Ronald P. 1973. British factory, Japanese Factory. +Goldthorpe, John, David Lockwood, Frank Bechhofer, and Jennifer Platt. 1968. The Affluent Worker: Industrial Attitudes and Behaviour. + +== Spatial sociology == + +=== Environment === +Environmental sociology studies the relationship between society and environment, particularly the social factors that cause environmental problems, the societal impacts of those problems, and efforts to solve the problems. + +Carson, Rachel. 1962. Silent Spring. +Diamond, Jared. 2006. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. +Hannigan, John A. 1995. Environmental Sociology: A Social Constructionist Perspective. +Argues that a society's willingness to recognize and solve environmental problems depends more upon the way these claims are presented by a limited number of interest groups than upon the severity of the threat they pose. +Michelson, William. 2002. Handbook of Environmental Sociology. +Provides an overview of the field of environmental sociology and its various research emphases. +Schnaiberg, Allan, and Kenneth Alan Gould. 2000. Environment and Society: The Enduring Conflict. Caldwell. +Demonstrates how our global economy requires increasing levels of economic expansion, which in turn requires increasing withdrawals for the natural environment. + +=== Demography === +Demography is the statistical study of human population. It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of these populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death. + +Malthus, Thomas. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population. +Myrdal, Alva, and Gunnar Myrdal. 1934. Crisis in the Population Question. + +=== Urban === +Urban sociology refers the study of social life and human interaction in metropolitan areas. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cbb4598d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of sociology" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:21.458700+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Castells, Manuel 1972. The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach. +Delany, Samuel R. 1999. Times Square Red, Times Square Blue. +Gottdiener, Mark, and Ray Hutchison. 2000. The New Urban Sociology. +Hutter, Mark. 2007. Experiencing Cities: A Global Approach. +Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. +"[This book] became perhaps the most influential single work in the history of town planning, and simultaneously helped to kill off the modern movement in architecture." +Molotch, Harvey, and John R. Logan. 1987. Urban Fortunes: The Political economy of Place. +Turned mainstream sociological opinion against the Chicago school of Human Ecology by foregrounding the influence of institutions and political settings in the growth of cities. +Park, Robert E., and Ernest W. Burgess. 1925. The City. +Foundational text in American sociology, Chicago school, Urban sociology, and Human ecology. +Simmel, Georg. 1903. The Metropolis and Mental Life. + +== Gender and Intersectionality == + +Bem, Sandra Lipsitz. 1994. Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality. +Chodorow, Nancy. 1978. The Reproduction of Mothering. +Collins, Patricia Hill. 2005. Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism. +— 2006. From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism. +Connell, Raewyn W. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics. +— 2002. Gender: Short Introductions. +Harding, Sandra. 1991. Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?: Thinking from Women's Lives. + +== Knowledge == + +Sociology of knowledge refers to the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises, as well as of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies. + +Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. +Bloor, David. 1976. Knowledge and social imagery. +Gave rise to the field known as Science and Technology Studies. +Fleck, Ludwik. 1935. Genesis and development of a scientific fact. +Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar. 1979. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. +Ethnography of microbiologists working at the Salk Institute. Explains the elevation of observations to the level of fact through a system of credibility. Started the ethnographic laboratory studies movement in the sociology of knowledge. +Mannheim, Karl. 1936. Ideologie und Utopie [Ideology and Utopia]. + +== Politics == + +Traditionally, political sociology has been concerned with the ways in which social trends, dynamics, and structures of domination affect formal political processes, as well as exploring how various social forces work together to change political policies. Now, it is also concerned with the formation of identity through social interaction, the politics of knowledge, and other aspects of social relations. + +Mills, C. Wright. 1958. The Power Elite. +Domhoff, G. William. 1967. Who Rules America?. +Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. +Piven, Frances Fox, and Richard Cloward. 1988. Why Americans Don't Vote. +— 2000. Why Americans Still Don't Vote: And Why Politicians Want It That Way. + +== Race and ethnicity == + +The sociology of race and ethnic relations refers to the study of social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society, encompassing subjects such as racism and residential segregation. + +Du Bois, W. E. B. 1899. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. +— 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. +Myrdal, Gunnar. 1944. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. + +== Religion == + +The sociology of religion concerns the role of religion in society, including practices, historical backgrounds, developments, and universal themes. There is particular emphasis on the recurring role of religion in all societies and throughout recorded history. + +Durkheim, Émile. 1912. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse [The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life]. +Berger, Peter L. 1967. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. +— 1970. A Rumor of Angels: Modern Society and the Rediscovery of the Supernatural. + +== Theory == + +Sociological theories are complex theoretical and methodological frameworks used to analyze and explain objects of social study, which ultimately facilitate the organization of sociological knowledge. + +=== Conflict Theory === +Conflict theories, originally influenced by Marxist thought, are perspectives that see societies as defined through conflicts that are produced by inequality. Conflict theory emphasizes social conflict, as well as economic inequality, social inequality, oppression, and crime. + +Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. 1848. The Communist Manifesto. +Marx, Karl. 1859. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. +Veblen, Thorstein. 1899. The Theory of the Leisure Class. +— 1904. The Theory of Business Enterprise. +Mills, C. Wright. 1951. White Collar: The American Middle Classes. +— 1958. The Power Elite. +— 1959. The Sociological Imagination. +Sharp, Gene. 1985. Making Europe Unconquerable. + +=== Rational Choice Theory === +Rational choice theory models social behavior as the interaction of utility-maximizing individuals. + +Coleman, James Samuel. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. +Olson, Mancur. 1971. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. + +=== Social Exchange Theory === +Social Exchange Theory models social interaction as a series of exchanges between actors who give one another rewards and penalties, which impacts and guides future behavior. George Homans' version of exchange theory specifically argues that behaviorist stimulus-response principles can explain the emergence of complex social structures. + +Blau, Peter. 1964. Exchange & Power in Social Life. +Emerson, Richard. 1962. "Power-Dependence Theory." American Sociological Review 27(1):31-41. +Homans, George C. 1958. "Social Behavior as Exchange." American Journal of Sociology 63(6):597-606. +Homans, George C. 1961. Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. + +=== Social Network Analysis === +Making use of network theory, social network analysis is structural approach to sociology that views norms and behaviors as embedded in chains of social relations. + +Scott, John. 1991. Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. +Provides a broad introduction to the subject. +Wasserman, Stanley, and Katherine Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. +Presents thorough methodological coverage of the approach. +Wellman, Barry, and S.D. Berkowitz, eds. 1988. Social Structures: A Network Approach. +Provides a readable theoretical overview of the subject using many case studies. + +=== Sociocybernetics === + +Sociocybernetics is the application of systems theory and cybernetics to sociology. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62f091873 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of sociology" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:21.458700+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Bánáthy, Béla H. 1996. Designing Social Systems in a Changing World. +Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology. +— (1979). Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. +Bateson, Gregory, and M. C. Bateson. 1988. Angels Fear: Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred. +László, Ervin. 1984. The Systems View of the World: The Natural Philosophy of the New Developments in the Sciences. +von Bertalanffy, Ludwig. 1968. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. +Wiener, Norbert. 1948. Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. + +=== Structural Functionalism === +Structural functionalism is a broad perspective that interprets society as a structure with interrelated parts. + +Durkheim, Emile. 1897. Le Suicide: étude de sociologie [Suicide: A Study in Sociology]. +Parsons, Talcott. 1937. The Structure of Social Action. +— 1951. The Social System. +Parsons, Talcott, and Edward A. Shils. 1951. Toward a General Theory of Action: Theoretical Foundations for the Social Sciences. + +=== Symbolic Interactionism === +Symbolic interactionism argues that human behavior is guided by the meanings people construct together in social interaction. + +Blumer, Herbert. 1969. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. +Cooley, Charles Horton. 1902. Human Nature and the Social Order. +Mead, George Herbert. 1934. Mind, Self, and Society. +Stryker, Sheldon. 1980. Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version. + +== See also == +List of scientific journals in sociology +Sociology +Engaged theory +History of the social sciences +Outline of sociology + +== References == + +=== Notes === + +=== Citations === + +=== Bibliography === + +== External links == +Major Sociological Studies And Publications (ThoughtCo.com) +Top 978 sociological books of the 20th century up to 1997 as voted by the World Congress of the International Sociological Association. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sustainability-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sustainability-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52e938815 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sustainability-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of sustainability" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sustainability" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:24.102868+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a bibliography of sustainability publications. + + +== Bibliography == +Atkinson, G., Dietz, S. & Neumayer, E. (2007). Handbook of Sustainable Development. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84376-577-6. +Bartlett, A. (1998). Reflections on Sustainability, Population Growth, and the Environment—Revisited Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine revised version (January 1998) paper first published in Population & Environment 16(1): 5–35. Retrieved on: 2009-03-12. +Braungart, M., and W. McDonough (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. North Point Press. +Benyus, J. (1997). Biomimicry: Innovations Inspired by Nature. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-06-053322-6. +Blackburn, W.R. (2007). The Sustainability Handbook. London: Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-495-2. +Costanza, R., Graumlich, L.J. & Steffen, W. (eds), (2007). Sustainability or Collapse? An Integrated History and Future of People on Earth. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03366-4. +Edwards, A.R., and B. McKibben (2010). Thriving Beyond Sustainability: Pathways to a Resilient Society, New Society Publishers. +Encyclopedia of Earth +Formica, P. (2020). Nature's Voice: Health and Humanities Chicago: bioGraph. ISBN 1951946103. +Komiyama, Hiroshi; Kraines, Steven Benjamin (2008). Vision 2050: Roadmap for a Sustainable Earth. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-4-431-09430-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) +Huesemann, M.H., and J.A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment, Chapter 6, "Sustainability or Collapse", New Society Publishers. +Jackson, T. (2011). Prosperity without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet. Routledge. +James, Paul; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. (2015). Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability. London: Routledge. +James, Paul; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012). Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. +Li, R.Y.M. (2011). Building Our Sustainable Cities. Illinois: Common Ground Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86335-834-7. +Liam Magee; Andy Scerri; Paul James; James A. Thom; Lin Padgham; Sarah Hickmott; Hepu Deng; Felicity Cahill (2013). "Reframing social sustainability reporting: Towards an engaged approach". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 15 (1): 225–43. doi:10.1007/s10668-012-9384-2. S2CID 153452740. +Norton, B. (2005). Sustainability, A Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-59521-4. +Rogers, P., K.F. Jalal, and J.A. Boyd (2007). An Introduction to Sustainable Development. Routledge. +Welford, R. (1997). Hijacking Environmentalism: Corporate Responses to Sustainable Development. Routledge. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..998e8f5e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of water clocks" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:00.353692+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a bibliography of water clocks. + +== Overview of water clocks and other time instruments == +Barnett, Jo Ellen (1998). Time's Pendulum: From Sundials to Atomic Clocks, the Fascinating History of Timekeeping and How Our Discoveries Changed the World. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-15-600649-9. +Bruton, Eric (1979). The History of Clocks and Watches. Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-0261-2. +Cowan, Harrison J. (1958). Time and Its Measurement: From the stone age to the nuclear age. Ohio: The World Publishing Company. Bibcode:1958tmfs.book.....C. +Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-15510-2. OCLC 33440282. +Higgins, K.; Miner, D.; Smith, C.N.; Sullivan, D.B. (2004). "A Walk Through Time (version 1.2.1)". Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved October 13, 2022. +Jespersen, James; Fitz-Randolph, Jane (1999). From Sundials to Atomic Clocks: Understanding Time and Frequency (Second revised ed.). Courier Corporation. ISBN 0-486-40913-9. +King, David A. (July 2004). "Towards a History from Antiquity to the Renaissance of Sundials and Other Instruments for Reckoning Time by the Sun and Stars". Annals of Science. 61 (3): 375–388. doi:10.1080/00033790310001642795.. +Landes, D (1983). Revolution in Time. Harvard University Press. +McNown, J.S. (1976). "When Time Flowed: The Story of the Clepsydra". La Houille Blanche. 62 (5): 347–353. Bibcode:1976LHBl...62..347M. doi:10.1051/lhb/1976021. ISSN 0018-6368. +Milham, Willis I. (1945). Time & Timekeepers including The History, Construction, Care, and Accuracy of Clocks and Watches. New York: The Macmillan Company. +Rees, Abraham (1970). Rees's Clocks, Watches, and Chronometers 1819–20. Charles E. Tuttle Company. +Richards, E.G. (1998). Mapping Time: The Calendar and Its History. Oxford University Press. +Toulmin, Stephen; Goodhead, J. (1999). The Discovery of Time. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-80842-4. +Turner, Anthony J. (1984). The Time Museum. Vol. I: Time Measuring Instruments, Part 3: Water-clocks, Sand-glasses, Fire-clocks. Rockford, IL: The Museum. ISBN 0-912947-01-2. OCLC 159866762. + +== Arabic & Islamic water clocks == +Hill, Donald Routledge, ed. (1976). Archimedes' On the Construction of Water-Clocks. Paris: Turner & Devereux. +Hill, D.R. (1981). Arabic Water–Clocks. Syria: University of Aleppo. +al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.; Hill, Donald R. (1986). Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26333-6. OCLC 13332728. +Hill, Donald Routledge (1998). Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to Al-Jazari - from Alexandria to Diyar Bakr. Collected Studies Series 555. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0860786061. +King, David A. (1990). "'Mikat', Astronomical Timekeeping". The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 7. Brill. (Reprinted in King, David A (1993). "Chapter V". Astronomy in the Service of Islam Variorum.) + +== Babylonian water clocks == +Englund, R.K. (1988). "Administrative Timekeeping in Ancient Mesopotamia" (PDF). Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. XXXI (31): 121–185. doi:10.1163/156852088X00070. +Fermor, John; Steele, John M. (July 2000). "The design of Babylonian waterclocks: Astronomical and experimental evidence". Centaurus. 42 (3): 210–222. Bibcode:2000Cent...42..210F. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0498.2000.420303.x. +Høyrup, J. (1997–1998). "A Note on Waterclocks and the Authority of Texts" (PDF). Archiv für Orientforschung. 44/45: 192–194. +Michel-Nozières, C. (July 2000). "Second Millennium Babylonian Water Clocks: a physical study". Centaurus. 42 (3): 180–209. Bibcode:2000Cent...42..180M. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0498.2000.420302.x. +Neugebauer, Otto (1947). "Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy". Isis. 37 (1/2): 37–43. doi:10.1086/347965. PMID 20247883. S2CID 120229480. (Reprinted in Neugebauer, Otto (1983). Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. pp. 239–245.) +Price, Derek deSolla (1976). Science Since Babylon. New Haven: Yale University Press. +Teresi, Dick (2002). Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science – from the Babylonians to the Maya. New York: Simon & Schuster. +van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1951). "Babylonian Astronomy: III. The Earliest Astronomical Computations". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 10: 20–34. doi:10.1086/371009. S2CID 222450259. + +== Chinese water clocks == +Lorch, Richard P. (June 1981). "Al-Khazini's Balance-clock and the Chinese Steelyard Clepsydra". Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences. 31: 183–189. +Needham, Joseph; Ling, W.; de Solla Price, D.J. (1986). Heavenly Clockwork: The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China (2nd ed.). CUP Archive. ISBN 0-521-32276-6. +Needham, Joseph (1986). Science & Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books. +Needham, Joseph (1995). Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05801-5. OCLC 153247126. +Needham, Joseph (2000). Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05803-1. OCLC 153247141. +Quan, He Jun (November 13–16, 1985). "Research on scale and precision of the water clock in ancient China". In G. Swarup; A. K. Bag; K. S. Shukla (eds.). History of Oriental Astronomy. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Colloquium No. 91, New Delhi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1987). pp. 57–61. ISBN 0-521-34659-2. +Walsh, Jennifer Robin (May 21, 2004). Ancient Chinese Astronomical Technologies. American Physical Society, 6th Annual Northwest Section Meeting, 21–22 May 2004 (Poster). Pullman, WA. + +== Egyptian water clocks == +Clagett, Marshall (1995). Ancient Egyptian Science. Vol. II: Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy. American Philosophical Society. pp. 457–462. ISBN 0-87169-214-7. +Cotterell, B.; Dickson, F.P.; Kamminga, J. (1986). "Ancient Egyptian Water-clocks: A Reappraisal". Journal of Archaeological Science. 13 (1): 31–50. Bibcode:1986JArSc..13...31C. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(86)90025-7. +Cotterell, Brian; Kamminga, Johan (1990). Mechanics of pre-industrial technology: An introduction to the mechanics of ancient and traditional material culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42871-8. OCLC 18520966. +Fermor, John (1997). "Timing the Sun in Egypt and Mesopotamia". Vistas in Astronomy. 41 (1): 157–167. Bibcode:1997VA.....41..157F. doi:10.1016/S0083-6656(96)00069-4. +Neugebauer, Otto; Parker, Richard A. (1969). Egyptian Astronomical Texts. Vol. III: Decans, Planets, Constellations, and Zodiacs. Providence, RI: Brown University Press/Lund Humphries. +Pogo, Alexander (1936). "Egyptian water clocks". Isis. 25 (2): 403–425. doi:10.1086/347090. S2CID 122385803. (Reprinted in Mayr, Otto, ed. (1976). Philosophers and Machines. Science History Publications.) +Sloley, R.W. (1924). "Ancient Clepsydrae". Ancient Egypt: 43–50. +Sloley, R.W. (1931). "Primitive methods of measuring time". JEA. 17: 174–176. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5657983b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of water clocks" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:00.353692+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== European water clocks == +Bedini, S.A. (1962). "The Compartmented Cylindrical Clepsydra". Technology and Culture. 3 (2): 115–141. doi:10.2307/3101437. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 3101437. S2CID 112844914. +Drover, C.B. (1954). "A Medieval Monastic Water Clock". Antiquarian Horology. I (5): 54–58. +Hill, Donald Routledge (1996). A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. La Salle, IL: Open Court. ISBN 0-415-15291-7. +Hill, D.R (1994). "The Toledo Water-Clocks of c.1075". History of Technology. 16: 62–71. +Maddison, Francis; Scott, Byan; Kent, Allan (1962). "An early medieval water-clock". Antiquarian Horology. 3, n. 12: 348–353.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) +Scattergood, John. (October 2003). "Writing the clock: the reconstruction of time in the late Middle Ages". European Review. 11 (4): 453–474. doi:10.1017/S1062798703000425. S2CID 145056908. + +== Greek and Alexandrian water clocks == +Hill, Donald Routledge, ed. (1976). Archimedes' On the Construction of Water-Clocks. Paris: Turner & Devereux. +Lepschy, Antonio M. (February 1992). "Feedback Control in Ancient Water and Mechanical Clocks". IEEE Transactions on Education. 35 (1): 3–10. Bibcode:1992ITEdu..35....3L. doi:10.1109/13.123411. +Lewis, Michael (2000). "Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks". In Wikander, Örjan (ed.). Handbook of Ancient Water Technology. Technology and Change in History. Vol. 2. Leiden. pp. 343–369 (356f.). ISBN 90-04-11123-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) +Noble, J.V.; de Solla Price, D. J. (1968). "The Water clock in the Tower of the Winds". American Journal of Archaeology. 72 (4): 345–355. doi:10.2307/503828. JSTOR 503828. S2CID 193112893. +The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria. Translated by Woodcroft, Bennet. London: Taylor Walton and Maberly. 1851. Bibcode:1851phal.book.....W. +Vitruvius, P. (1960). The Ten Books on Architecture. Translated by Morgan, M.H. New York: Dover Publications. + +== Indian water clocks == +Achar, N (1998). "On the Vedic origin of the ancient mathematical astronomy of India". Journal of Studies on Ancient India. 1: 95–108. +Fleet, J. F. (1915). "The ancient Indian water clock". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 213–230. +Kumar, Narendra (2004). Science in Ancient India. Anmol Publications. ISBN 81-261-2056-8. +Pingree, D. (1973). "The Mesopotamian origin of early Indian mathematical astronomy". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 4: 1–12. Bibcode:1973JHA.....4....1P. doi:10.1177/002182867300400102. S2CID 125228353. +Pingree, D. (1976). "The recovery of early Greek astronomy from India". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 7 (2): 109–123. Bibcode:1976JHA.....7..109P. doi:10.1177/002182867600700202. S2CID 68858864. + +== Korean water clocks == +Hong, Sungook (July 1998). "Book Review: Korean Water-Clocks: "Chagyongnu", the Striking Clepsydra, and the History of Control and Instrumentation Engineering". Technology and Culture. 39 (3): 553–555. +Nam, Moon-Hyon (1990). "Chagyongnu: The Automatic Striking Water clock". Korea Journal. 30 (7): 9–21. +Nam, Moon-Hyon; Jeon, San-Woon (October 6–11, 1993). Timekeeping Systems of Early Choson Dynasty. First International Conference on Oriental Astronomy, From Guo Shoujing to King Sejong, Seoul. Seoul: Yonsei University Press (published 1997). pp. 305–324. +Needham, Joseph; Major, John S.; Lu, Gwei-Djen (1986). Hall of Heavenly Records: Korean Astronomical Instruments and Clocks, 1380–1780. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30368-0. +From the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty: +Hyeonjong Shillock (Veritable Records of King Hyeonjong), 1669 +Jungjong Shillok (Veritable Records of King Jungjong), 1536. +Sejong Shillock (Veritable Records of King Sejong), Chapter. 65, AD 1434 and Chapter. 80, AD 1438. + +== Mesopotamian water clocks == +Brown, David R.; Fermor, John; Walker, Christopher B.F. (1999–2000). "The Water Clock in Mesopotamia". Archiv für Orientforschung (46/47). +Chadwick, R. (1984). "The Origins of Astronomy and Astrology in Mesopotamia". Archaeoastronomy. BULL. CTR ARCH. 7 (1–4): 89. Bibcode:1984Arch....7...89C. +Fermor, John (1997). "Timing the Sun in Egypt and Mesopotamia". Vistas in Astronomy. 41 (1): 157–167. Bibcode:1997VA.....41..157F. doi:10.1016/S0083-6656(96)00069-4. +Walker, Christopher; Britton, John (1996). "Astronomy and Astrology in Mesopotamia". In Walker, C. (ed.). Astronomy Before the Telescope. London: British Museum Press. pp. 42–67. + +== Russian ancient water clocks == +Vodolazhskaya, Larisa N.; Usachuk, Anatoliy N.; Nevsky, Mikhail Yu (2015). "Clepsydra of the Bronze Age from the Central Donbass" (PDF). Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies. 3 (1): 65–87. doi:10.24411/2310-2144-2015-00010. + +== Present-day water clocks == +Gitton, Bernard (June 1989). ""Time, like an everflowing stream." Trans. Mlle. Annie Chadeyron. Ed. Anthony Randall". Horological Journal. 131 (12): 18–20. +Taylor, Robert (March 15, 2006). "Taiwan's Biggest Cuckoo Clock?: Recreating an Astronomical Timepiece". Sinorama Magazine. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2021. +Xuan, Gao (August 18–21, 2003). Principle Research and Reconstruction Experiment of the Astronomical Clock Tower in Ancient China. 11th World Congress in Mechanism and machine Science. Tianjin, China. + +== Other topics on water clocks and related material == +Goodenow, Jennifer; Orr, Richard; Ross, David (2007), Mathematical Models of Water Clocks (PDF), Rochester Institute of Technology +Landels, John G. (1979). "Water-Clocks and Time Measurement in Classical Antiquity". Endeavour. 3 (1): 32–37. doi:10.1016/0160-9327(79)90007-3. ISSN 0160-9327. +Mills, A. A. (1982). "Newton's Water Clocks and the Fluid Mechanics of Clepsydrae". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 37 (1): 35–61. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1982.0004. ISSN 0035-9149. JSTOR 531476. S2CID 145355791. +Neugebauer, Otto (1969) [1957]. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. Vol. 9 (2 ed.). Dover Publications. pp. 1–191. ISBN 978-0-486-22332-2. PMID 14884919. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) +Sarma, S.R. (2004). "Setting up the Water Clock for Telling the Time of Marriage". In Ch. Burnett; J.P. Hogendijk; K. Plofker; M. Yano (eds.). Studies in the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of David Pingree. Leiden: Brill. pp. 302–330. ISBN 978-9004132023. +Snell, Daniel (1997). Life in the Ancient Near East, 3100-332 B.C.E. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07666-5. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9351e3fa --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Bibliography of water clocks" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:00.353692+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Non-English resources == +Bilfinger, Gustav (1888). Die babylonische Doppelstunde: Eine chronologische Untersuchung (in German). Stuttgart: Wildt. +Borchardt, Ludwig (1920). Die Altägyptische Zeitmessung [Old Egyptian time measurement] (in German). Berlin: Leipzig. +Daressy, G. (1915). "Deux clepsydres antiques". BIE (in French). 5 (9): 5–16. +Ginzel, Friedrich Karl (1920). "Die Wassermessungen der Babylonier und das Sexagesimalsystem". Klio: Beiträge zur alten Geschichte (in German). 16: 234–241. +Hahn, Young-Ho; Nam, Moon-Hyon (1997). "Reconstruction of the Armillary Spheres of Mid-Chosun: The Armillary Clocks of Yi Minchol". Hanguk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji (Journal of the Korean History of Science Society) (in Korean). 19 (1): 3–19. +Hahn, Young-Ho (2000). "Astronomical Clocks of Chosun Dynasty: King Sejong's Heumgyonggaknu". Kisulgwa Yoksa (Journal of the Korean Society for the History of Technology and Industry) (in Korean). 1 (1): 99–140. +Nam, Moon-Hyon (1995). Korean Water Clocks: Jagyongnu, The Striking Clepsydra and The History of Control and Instrumentation Engineering (in Korean). Seoul: Konkuk University Press. +Nam, Moon-Hyon (1998). "On the BORUGAKGI of Kim Don—Principles and Structures of JAYEONGNU". Hanguksa Yeongu (Studies on Korean History) (in Korean). 101: 75–114. +Nam, Moon-Hyon (2002). Jang Yeong-Shil and Jagyeongnu – Reconstruction of Time Measuring History of Choseon Period (in Korean). Seoul National University Press. +Planchon. "L'Heure Par Les Clepsydres". La Nature (in French): 55–59. +Thureau-Dangin, François (1932). "La clepsydre chez les Babyloniens (Notes assyriologiques LXIX)". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 29: 133–136. +Thureau-Dangin, François (1933). "Clepsydre babylonienne et clepsydre égyptienne". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 30: 51–52. +Thureau-Dangin, François (1937). "Le clepsydre babylonienne". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 34: 144. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..699323d9a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +--- +title: "CAD standards" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:47.704786+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +CAD standards are a set of guidelines for the appearance of computer-aided design (CAD) drawings and for how CAD data is organized, most prominently in architecture and engineering. The standards are intended to improve productivity and to facilitate the interchange of information between different organizations and computer platforms. +In education, CAD standards may refer to skill requirements to be met for an individual's certification in CAD. + +== Background == + +Computer-aided design (CAD) made its first appearance in the mid-1960s and brought rapid technological change to the drafting and design professions. CAD systems evolved alongside developments in computer hardware and software, resulting in a wide range of CAD products by the 1980s. Multiple, overlapping CAD standards resulted from the need to address different issues in organization, appearance, and sharing of CAD files. +In the United States, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) introduced its popular CAD Layer Guidelines in 1990. The National CAD Standard (NCS) was released in 1999, developed by the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) for 2D CAD organization. This brought together independent standards of the AIA, the Construction Specifications Institute, and the US Department of Defense Tri-Services CAD plotting standards. In data standardization, the International Alliance for Interoperability (now BuildingSMART) was founded in 1995, with some 600 software firms as members. This organization developed and released a number of open-data object-oriented data sets (Industry Foundation Classes) which were adopted by software companies. Compliant software could share data, allowing, for example, spatial planning data from a spreadsheet to be used by other programs to generate a floorplan, a 3D CAD model, or a building cost estimate. +More specific CAD standards are often set among organizations, such as a manufacturing company and its suppliers, to ensure efficiency and accuracy. + +== Architecture standards == + +=== CAD layer standards === +Most common: + +National CAD Standard (NCS), a US standard which combines: +AIA CAD Layer Guidelines, 2nd edition (1997) +Construction Specifications Institute's (CSI) Uniform Drawing System (UDS) +Department of Defense's Tri-Services CAD Center's plotting Standards. +Architecture/Engineering/Construction CAD Standard, used for standardization across US Department of Defense facilities. +BS 1192, which relies heavily on the UK Code of Procedure for the Construction Industry +AEC (UK), an adaptation of BS-1192 based on Uniclass. +ISO 13567-1/3, International standard, commonly used in Northern Europe; +SIA 2014 (1996), Swiss standard for engineers and architects, based on ISO 13567. +ÖNORM A 6240-4 (2012), Austrian standard for digital documentation in technical drawings, based on ISO 13567. +Samples of standardized layers: + +A-B374--E- (ISO13567: agent Architect, element Roof window in SfB, presentation graphic element); +A-37420-T2N01B113B23pro (ISO13567: agent Architect, element Roof Window in SfB, presentation Text#2, New part, floor 01, block B1, phase 1, projection 3D, scale 1:5(B), work package 23 and user definition "pro"); +A-G25---D-R (ISO13567: agent Architect, element wall in Uniclass, presentation dimensions, status Existing to be removed); +A-G251-G-WallExtl-Fwd (AEC(UK): agent Architect, element External Wall in Uniclass, presentation graphic element, user definition "WallExtl" and view Forward); +A210_M_ExtWall (BS1192: agent Architect, element External Wall in SfB, presentation model, user definition "ExtWall"); +A-E04---E- (ISO13567 SIA 2014: agent Architect, element Stair in SIA classification, presentation graphic element); +A-WALL-FULL (AIA: agent Architect, element Wall, Full height). + +=== Line-thickness === +Thickness for pens and plot: 0.13 mm Gray, 0.18 mm Red, 0.25 mm White, 0.35 mm Yellow, 0.50 mm Magenta, 0.70 mm Blue, 1.00 mm Green. In AutoCAD usually parts to be printed in black are drawn in 1 to 7 basic colors. Color layer: Green-Center, Magenta-Measure of length, and Blue-Hidden. + +=== Text and dimension === +Heights: 2.5 mm, 3.5 mm, 5.0 mm, 7.0 mm (stroke thickness (lineweight) should be 0.1 of the character height). +Font styles: "Romans.shx – Romantic Simplex", "ISOCPEUR.ttf". Exceptional use of screen fonts (arial, Times New Roman etc.). + +=== Scales === +2:1, 20:1, 200:1 ... +1:1, 1:10, 1:100 ... +3⁄16 in = 1 ft +1⁄4 in = 1 ft +3⁄8 in = 1 ft +1⁄2 in = 1 ft +3⁄4 in = 1 ft +1 in = 1 ft +1+1⁄2 in = 1 ft +3 in = 1 ft (QUARTER SCALE) +6 in = 1 ft (HALF SCALE) +1 ft = 1 ft (FULL SCALE) + +=== File naming standards === +BS 1192: Discipline (1 char), Element (2 char, using SfB Table 1 or Uniclass), Drawing type (1 char, P=preliminary, X=special/xref, L=layout, C=component, S=schedules, A=assembly drawings, K=co-ordination drawing), Unique number (3 char), Revision (1 char, A=emission, B,C,D...= revisions). +Samples: A22P012G.dwg (architect, internal walls in SfB, preliminary design, sheet 012, revision G). + +AIA +AEC +Samples: ZE1G-124.dwg, XE1G-100.dwg + +AEC (UK): Project (unlimited char), Discipline (2 char max, recommended mandatory), Zone (optional), View (1 char, rec.mand.), Level (2 char, rec.mand.), Content (rec.mand.), Sequential number (up to 3 char); +Samples: 1234-A-Off-P-M1-Furn-11c.dwg (project #1234, architect, office zone, plan, mezzanine 1, furnitures, version 1.1 revision c), A-P-01-Part (architect, plan, 1st floor, partitions), 1234-A-S-055.dgn (project #1234, architect, section, sheet 055), A-S-xx-AA.dwg (architect, section, full building, section AA), A-P-x-Grid.dgn (architect, plan, all floor, grid), 1838-S-C-P-03 (project 1838, structures, building C, plan, 3rd floor). + +Other local: Job number (4 char), Agent (1 char), Section (4 char), phase (1 char), sheet number (2 char), revision (2 char). +Samples: 0512-A-00A_-1-01-02.dwg +Job number (3 char), View (2 char), section (2char), phase (1 char), revision (1 char) +Samples: 123p0s2d0.dwg (job 1239, plan, 2nd floor, definitive drawing, emission), 459s0BBD0.dgn (job 123, section B, definitive drawing, emission). +it produces a large number of photos that could then be CAD into a file format. + +== Mechanical standards == + +=== Model-based definition === + +Model-based definition (MBD) is a method of product specification using elements within 3D models as defined by the US standard ASME Y14.41-2012. ASME Y14.41-2012 is based upon ASME Y14.5-2009 symbols and definition methods, such as geometry dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T). +Subscribers of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have the standards ISO 1101 and ISO 16792 for model-based definition. + +=== Geometry quality === +VDA 4955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17422f093 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "CAD standards" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:47.704786+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Product data quality == +Product data quality (PDQ) is a field of product lifecycle management (PLM) relating to the quality of product data, particularly the geometrical and organizational quality of CAD data. Checkers, software that analyze CAD data formats, are often employed before and after data translation. +The checkers can check the organization and quality of the data against internal company standards and international or industry standards. +These checkers can be built into specific CAD packages or work on a number of CAD file formats. +In 2006–07 Part 59 of STEP ISO 10303-59 Product data representation and exchange: Integrated generic resource: Quality of product shape data is under development. It defines how to represent quality criteria together with measurement requirements and representation of inspection results. + +== See also == +Model based definition +Construction Project Information Committee +Uniclass +ISO Standards Handbook – Technical drawings, a broad collection of all basic ISO drawing standards +Vol.1 Technical drawings in general, ISBN 92-67-10370-9 +Vol.2 Mechanical engineering drawings, construction drawings, drawing equipment, ISBN 92-67-10371-7 +ISO 128 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation +ISO 13567 Technical product documentation – Organization and naming of layers for CAD +ISO 16792 Technical product documentation – Digital product definition data practices, for the presentation of 3D models and GD&T +ASTM F2915 Additive Manufacturing File Format +IGES Initial Graphics Exchange Specification +X3D ISO standardized royalty free 3D format – CAD Interchange sub-component of interest here. +United States Military Standard +Myriad (typeface) § MyriadCAD +technical lettering + +== Further reading == +Kiziltas, S.; Leite, F.; Akinci, F.; Lipman, R. (2009) "Interoperable Methodologies and Techniques in CAD". Chapter 4. In: CAD and GIS Integration. Karimi, H.; Akinci, B. (ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 73–110. + +== References == + +== External links == +AutoCAD Layer Names for Architecture / Interiors (PDF available) +aec-uk.org Home of the AEC(UK) standards. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_articles_in_probability_theory-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_articles_in_probability_theory-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca19ea331 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_articles_in_probability_theory-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,258 @@ +--- +title: "Catalog of articles in probability theory" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_articles_in_probability_theory" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:06.672877+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This page lists articles related to probability theory. In particular, it lists many articles corresponding to specific probability distributions. Such articles are marked here by a code of the form (X:Y), which refers to number of random variables involved and the type of the distribution. For example (2:DC) indicates a distribution with two random variables, discrete or continuous. Other codes are just abbreviations for topics. The list of codes can be found in the table of contents. + + +== Core probability: selected topics == +Probability theory + + +=== Basic notions (bsc) === + + +=== Instructive examples (paradoxes) (iex) === + + +=== Moments (mnt) === + + +=== Inequalities (inq) === + + +=== Markov chains, processes, fields, networks (Mar) === + + +=== Gaussian random variables, vectors, functions (Gau) === + + +=== Conditioning (cnd) === + + +=== Specific distributions (spd) === + + +=== Empirical measure (emm) === + + +=== Limit theorems (lmt) === + + +=== Large deviations (lrd) === + + +=== Random graphs (rgr) === + + +=== Random matrices (rmt) === + + +=== Stochastic calculus (scl) === + + +=== Malliavin calculus (Mal) === + + +=== Random dynamical systems (rds) === +Random dynamical system / scl + +Absorbing set +Base flow +Pullback attractor + + +=== Analytic aspects (including measure theoretic) (anl) === + + +== Core probability: other articles, by number and type of random variables == + + +=== A single random variable (1:) === + + +==== Binary (1:B) ==== + + +==== Discrete (1:D) ==== + + +==== Continuous (1:C) ==== + + +==== Real-valued, arbitrary (1:R) ==== + + +==== Random point of a manifold (1:M) ==== +Bertrand's paradox / (1:M) + + +==== General (random element of an abstract space) (1:G) ==== +Pitman–Yor process / (1:G) +Random compact set / (1:G) +Random element / (1:G) + + +=== Two random variables (2:) === + + +==== Binary (2:B) ==== +Coupling / (2:BRG) +Craps principle / (2:B) + + +==== Discrete (2:D) ==== +Kullback–Leibler divergence / (2:DCR) +Mutual information / (23F:DC) + + +==== Continuous (2:C) ==== + + +==== Real-valued, arbitrary (2:R) ==== + + +==== General (random element of an abstract space) (2:G) ==== +Coupling / (2:BRG) +Lévy–Prokhorov metric / (2:G) +Wasserstein metric / (2:G) + + +=== Three random variables (3:) === + + +==== Binary (3:B) ==== +Pairwise independence / (3:B) (F:R) + + +==== Discrete (3:D) ==== +Mutual information / (23F:DC) + + +==== Continuous (3:C) ==== +Mutual information / (23F:DC) + + +=== Finitely many random variables (F:) === + + +==== Binary (F:B) ==== + + +==== Discrete (F:D) ==== + + +==== Continuous (F:C) ==== + + +==== Real-valued, arbitrary (F:R) ==== + + +==== General (random element of an abstract space) (F:G) ==== +Finite-dimensional distribution / (FU:G) +Hitting time / (FU:G) +Stopped process / (FU:DG) + + +=== A large number of random variables (finite but tending to infinity) (L:) === + + +==== Binary (L:B) ==== +Random walk / (FLS:BD) (U:C) + + +==== Discrete (L:D) ==== + + +==== Real-valued, arbitrary (L:R) ==== + + +=== An infinite sequence of random variables (S:) === + + +==== Binary (S:B) ==== + + +==== Discrete (S:D) ==== + + +==== Continuous (S:C) ==== + + +==== Real-valued, arbitrary (S:R) ==== + + +==== General (random element of an abstract space) (S:G) ==== + + +=== Uncountably many random variables (continuous-time processes etc) (U:) === + + +==== Discrete (U:D) ==== + + +==== Continuous (U:C) ==== + + +==== Real-valued, arbitrary (U:R) ==== + + +==== General (random element of an abstract space) (U:G) ==== + + +== Around the core == + + +=== General aspects (grl) === + + +=== Foundations of probability theory (fnd) === + + +=== Gambling (gmb) === + + +=== Coincidence (cnc) === + + +=== Algorithmics (alg) === + + +=== Bayesian approach (Bay) === + + +=== Financial mathematics (fnc) === + + +=== Physics (phs) === + + +=== Genetics (gnt) === + + +=== Stochastic process (spr) === + + +=== Geometric probability (geo) === + + +=== Empirical findings (emp) === +Benford's law +Pareto principle + + +=== Historical (hst) === + + +=== Miscellany (msc) === + + +== Counters of articles == + +Here k(n) means: n links to k articles. (Some articles are linked more than once.) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..497fcc89c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "Chess annotation symbols" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:14.184479+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +When annotating chess games, commentators frequently use widely recognized annotation symbols. Question marks and exclamation points that denote a move as bad or good are ubiquitous in chess literature. Some publications intended for an international audience, such as the Chess Informant, have a wide range of additional symbols that transcend language barriers. +The common symbols for evaluating the merits of a move are "??", "?", "?!", "!?", "!", and "!!". The chosen symbol is appended to the text describing the move (e.g. Re7? or Kh1!?); see Algebraic chess notation. +Use of these annotation symbols is subjective, as different annotators use the same symbols differently or for a different reason. + +== Evaluation symbols == + +=== Moves === +Move evaluation symbols, by decreasing severity or increasing effectiveness of the move: + +==== ?? (Blunder) ==== + +The double question mark "??" indicates a blunder, a critically bad mistake. Typical moves that receive double question marks are those that overlook a tactic that wins substantial material, overlook a checkmate, or miss a winning move after a severe mistake by the opponent. A "??"-worthy move may result in an immediately lost position, turn a won position into a draw, lose an important piece or otherwise severely worsen the player's position. +Blunders occur at all levels of play. In fact, one of the most infamous blunders in chess history occurred in the twenty-third game of the 1892 World Chess Championship, which famously came to an abrupt and unexpected end when Mikhail Chigorin hung a mate in two in an otherwise completely winning position. + +==== ? (Mistake) ==== +A single question mark "?" indicates that the annotator thinks that the move is a mistake and should not have been played. Mistakes often lead to loss of tempo, material, or otherwise a worsening of the player's position. The nature of a mistake may be more strategic or positional than tactical. The symbol can also be used for a move that overlooks a far stronger move. + +==== ?! (Dubious move / Inaccuracy) ==== +A question mark followed by an exclamation mark "?!" usually indicates that the annotator believes the move to be dubious or questionable but to possibly have merits or be difficult to refute. The "?!" may also indicate that the annotator believes the move is weak, of doubtful value, or deserves criticism but not bad enough to warrant a "?". On certain Internet chess servers, such as Chess.com and Lichess, this kind of move is marked as an "inaccuracy", denoting a weak move, appearing more regularly than with most annotators. A sacrifice leading to a dangerous attack that the opponent should be able to defend against if they play well may receive a "?!". Alternatively, this may denote a move that is objectively bad but sets up an attractive trap. + +==== !? (Interesting move) ==== +Similar to "?!" (see above), an exclamation mark followed by a question mark "!?" is one of the most controversial symbols. Different sources have varying definitions, such as "interesting, but perhaps not the best move", "move deserving attention", "speculative move", "enterprising move" or "risky move". Usually it indicates that the move leads to exciting or wild play but that the objective evaluation of the move is unclear. It is also often used when a player sets a cunning trap in a lost position. Typical moves receiving a "!?" are those involving speculative sacrifices or dangerous attacks that might turn out to be unsound. +Andrew Soltis jokingly called "!?" the symbol of the lazy annotator who finds a move interesting but cannot be bothered to work out whether it is good or bad. + +==== ! (Good move) ==== +An exclamation point "!" indicates a good move, especially one that is surprising or requires particular skill. +The symbol may also be interpreted as "best move". Annotators are usually somewhat conservative with the use of this symbol; for example, it is not usually awarded to obvious moves that capture material or deliver checkmate. +Reasons for awarding the symbol vary greatly between annotators; among them are strong opening novelties, good psychological opening choices, well-timed breakthroughs, sound sacrifices, moves that set traps in lost positions, moves that avoid such traps, moves that punish mistakes well, sequential moves during brilliancies, and being the only good move that maintains the player's position. + +==== !! (Brilliant move) ==== +The double exclamation point "!!" is used for outstanding or particularly strong moves, usually difficult-to-find moves that require a high level of skill or calculation. Annotators are generally more conservative and withhold this rating more than they do the "!". Typical moves that receive a double exclamation mark include sound sacrifices of large amounts of material and counter-intuitive moves that prove very powerful. Endgame swindles sometimes receive the "!!" mark too. +For example, in what is known as the Game of the Century, there are two moves by 13-year-old Bobby Fischer which annotators typically award a double exclamation point – 11...Na4!! and 17...Be6!!, knight and queen sacrifices respectively. + +==== Unusual symbols ==== +The majority of chess writers and editors consider symbols more than two characters long unnecessary. However a few writers have used three or more exclamation points ("!!!") for an exceptionally brilliant move, three or more question marks ("???") for an exceptionally bad blunder, or unusual combinations of exclamation points and question marks ("!?!", "?!?" etc) for particularly unusual, spectacular, controversial or unsound moves. +For example, when annotating Rotlewi–Rubinstein 1907, Hans Kmoch awarded Rubinstein's 22...Rxc3 three exclamation points. Annotators have also awarded the final move of Levitsky–Marshall 1912 (the "Gold Coins Game"), 23...Qg3 the "!!!" symbol. +An exceptionally bad blunder which has sometimes been awarded three or more question marks occurred in Deep Fritz–Kramnik 2006, when Kramnik played 34...Qe3, overlooking a mate in one with 35.Qh7#. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c07abd1de --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +title: "Chess annotation symbols" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:14.184479+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Parentheses ==== +Sometimes annotation symbols are put in parentheses, e.g. "(?)", "(!)". Different writers have used these in different ways. +Ludek Pachman used "(?)" to indicate a move that he considered inferior but that he did not wish to comment on further; Simon Webb used it to indicate a move that is objectively sound, but was in his opinion a poor psychological choice; and Robert Hübner (see below) used it to indicate a move that is inaccurate and makes the player's task more difficult. +When put in parentheses, "(!)" usually indicates a subtlety which demonstrates the player's skill rather than a spectacular move. + +== Formalized definitions == +Some writers choose to take a less subjective or more formalized approach to these symbols. + +=== Nunn's convention === +In his 1992 book Secrets of Rook Endings and other books in the series (Secrets of Minor-Piece Endings and Secrets of Pawnless Endings), John Nunn uses these symbols in a more specific way in the context of endgames where the optimal line of play can be determined with certainty: + +This convention has been used in some later works, such as Fundamental Chess Endings and Secrets of Pawn Endings by Karsten Müller and Frank Lamprecht, but it can be safely assumed the convention is not being used unless there is a specific note otherwise. The Nunn convention cannot be used to annotate full games because the exact evaluation of a position is generally impractical to compute. +In 1959, Euwe and Hooper made the same use of the question mark, "... a decisive error ...". + +=== Hübner's approach === +German grandmaster Robert Hübner prefers an even more specific and restrained use of move evaluation symbols: + +I have attached question marks to the moves which change a winning position into a drawn game, or a drawn position into a losing one, according to my judgment; a move which changes a winning game into a losing one deserves two question marks ... I have distributed question marks in brackets to moves which are obviously inaccurate and significantly increase the difficulty of the player's task ... There are no exclamation marks, as they serve no useful purpose. The best move should be mentioned in the analysis in any case; an exclamation mark can only serve to indicate the personal excitement of the commentator. + +=== Chess composition === +When the solution to a certain chess problem is given, there are also some conventions that have become a common practice: + +=== Positions === +These symbols indicate the strategic balance of the game position: + +== Other symbols == +There are other symbols used by various chess engines and publications, such as Chess Informant and Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings, when annotating moves or describing positions. Many of the symbols now have Unicode encodings, but quite a few still require a special chess font with appropriated characters. + +=== Move-related === + +=== Positions or conditions === + +== See also == +Algebraic notation (chess) +Chess notation +Chess symbols in Unicode +Numeric Annotation Glyphs + +== Notes == + +== References == + +=== Bibliography === +Euwe, Max; Hooper, David (1976) [1959]. A Guide to Chess Endings (reprint ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-23332-1 – via Archive.org. +Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1996) [First pub. 1992]. The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280049-3. +Matanović, Aleksandar, ed. (1987). Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings. Vol. D (2nd ed.). Yugoslavia: Chess Informant. ISBN 86-7297-008-X. +Müller, Karsten; Lamprecht, Frank (2001). Fundamental Chess Endings. Gambit Publications. ISBN 978-1-901983-53-1. +Nunn, John (1999). Secrets of Rook Endings. Gambit Publications. ISBN 978-1-901983-18-0. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e898c6e8c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Chess symbols in Unicode" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:15.379486+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Unicode has text representations of chess pieces. These allow to produce the symbols using plain text without the need of a graphics interface. The inclusion of the chess symbols enables the use of figurine algebraic notation, which replaces the letter that stands for a piece by its symbol, e.g. ♛f1 instead of Qf1. This also allows the play of chess games in text-only environments, such as the terminal. + + +== Unicode blocks == +Unicode 15.1 specifies a total of 110 spread across two blocks. The standard set of chess pieces—king, queen, rook, bishop, knight, or pawn, with white and black variants—were included in the block Miscellaneous Symbols. In Unicode 12.0, the Chess Symbols block (U+1FA00–U+1FA6F) was allocated for inclusion of extra chess piece representations. This includes fairy chess pieces, such as rotated pieces, neutral (neither white nor black) pieces, knighted pieces, equihoppers, as well as xiangqi pieces. +In 2024, four shatranj pieces were provisionally assigned for a future version in the range U+1FA54–U+1FA57. This was completed in Unicode 17.0. + + +=== Miscellaneous symbols === + + +=== Chess symbols === + + +== Emoji == + +In Unicode 11.0, an emojified representation of the character U+265F ♟ BLACK CHESS PAWN was added. As of Unicode 15.1, only this character has an emoji version. In 2024, a proposal was submitted to include emoji versions of the other standard chess symbols. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding-independent_code_points-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding-independent_code_points-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8268dd949 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding-independent_code_points-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Coding-independent code points" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding-independent_code_points" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:48.939133+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Coding-independent code points (CICP) is a way to signal the properties of a video or audio stream. It can describe the color profile of videos (and still images) in a simpler way than the use of ICC profiles. It is defined in both ITU-T H.273 and ISO/IEC 23091-2. It is used by multiple codecs including AVC, HEVC, VVC, and AVIF. + + +== Standardization == +ITU-T H.273, for video. +ISO/IEC 23001-8:2016, part of MPEG-B (system technologies). Later split into three parts: +ISO/IEC 23091-1:2018, for systems. +ISO/IEC 23091-2:2019, for video. (Revised by ISO/IEC 23091-2:2021). +ISO/IEC 23091-3:2018, for audio. + + +== Common CICP values == +Common combinations of H.273 parameters are summarized in ITU-T Series H Supplement 19. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaussian_process_software-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaussian_process_software-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4804da38 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaussian_process_software-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +--- +title: "Comparison of Gaussian process software" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaussian_process_software" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:08.937625+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a comparison of statistical analysis software that allows doing inference with Gaussian processes often using approximations. +This article is written from the point of view of Bayesian statistics, which may use a terminology different from the one commonly used in kriging. The next section should clarify the mathematical/computational meaning of the information provided in the table independently of contextual terminology. + + +== Description of columns == +This section details the meaning of the columns in the table below. + + +=== Solvers === +These columns are about the algorithms used to solve the linear system defined by the prior covariance matrix, i.e., the matrix built by evaluating the kernel. + +Exact: whether generic exact algorithms are implemented. These algorithms are usually appropriate only up to some thousands of datapoints. +Specialized: whether specialized exact algorithms for specific classes of problems are implemented. Supported specialized algorithms may be indicated as: +Kronecker: algorithms for separable kernels on grid data. +Toeplitz: algorithms for stationary kernels on uniformly spaced data. +Semisep.: algorithms for semiseparable covariance matrices. +Sparse: algorithms optimized for sparse covariance matrices. +Block: algorithms optimized for block diagonal covariance matrices. +Markov: algorithms for kernels which represent (or can be formulated as) a Markov process. +Approximate: whether generic or specialized approximate algorithms are implemented. Supported approximate algorithms may be indicated as: +Sparse: algorithms based on choosing a set of "inducing points" in input space, or more in general imposing a sparse structure on the inverse of the covariance matrix. +Hierarchical: algorithms which approximate the covariance matrix with a hierarchical matrix. + + +=== Input === +These columns are about the points on which the Gaussian process is evaluated, i.e. + + + + x + + + {\displaystyle x} + + if the process is + + + + f + ( + x + ) + + + {\displaystyle f(x)} + +. + +ND: whether multidimensional input is supported. If it is, multidimensional output is always possible by adding a dimension to the input, even without direct support. +Non-real: whether arbitrary non-real input is supported (for example, text or complex numbers). + + +=== Output === +These columns are about the values yielded by the process, and how they are connected to the data used in the fit. + +Likelihood: whether arbitrary non-Gaussian likelihoods are supported. +Errors: whether arbitrary non-uniform correlated errors on datapoints are supported for the Gaussian likelihood. Errors may be handled manually by adding a kernel component, this column is about the possibility of manipulating them separately. Partial error support may be indicated as: +iid: the datapoints must be independent and identically distributed. +Uncorrelated: the datapoints must be independent, but can have different distributions. +Stationary: the datapoints can be correlated, but the covariance matrix must be a Toeplitz matrix, in particular this implies that the variances must be uniform. + + +=== Hyperparameters === +These columns are about finding values of variables which enter somehow in the definition of the specific problem but that can not be inferred by the Gaussian process fit, for example parameters in the formula of the kernel. + +Prior: whether specifying arbitrary hyperpriors on the hyperparameters is supported. +Posterior: whether estimating the posterior is supported beyond point estimation, possibly in conjunction with other software. +If both the "Prior" and "Posterior" cells contain "Manually", the software provides an interface for computing the marginal likelihood and its gradient w.r.t. hyperparameters, which can be feed into an optimization/sampling algorithm, e.g., gradient descent or Markov chain Monte Carlo. + + +=== Linear transformations === +These columns are about the possibility of fitting datapoints simultaneously to a process and to linear transformations of it. + +Deriv.: whether it is possible to take an arbitrary number of derivatives up to the maximum allowed by the smoothness of the kernel, for any differentiable kernel. Example partial specifications may be the maximum derivability or implementation only for some kernels. Integrals can be obtained indirectly from derivatives. +Finite: whether finite arbitrary + + + + + + R + + + n + + + → + + + R + + + m + + + + + {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} ^{m}} + + linear transformations are allowed on the specified datapoints. +Sum: whether it is possible to sum various kernels and access separately the processes corresponding to each addend. It is a particular case of finite linear transformation but it is listed separately because it is a common feature. + + +== Comparison table == + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +[1] The website hosting C. E. Rasmussen's book Gaussian processes for machine learning; contains a (partially outdated) list of software. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6af57f749 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Comparison of mobile phone standards" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:50.209254+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a comparison of standards of wireless networking technologies for devices such as mobile phones. A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1979 and the early to mid-1980s. + +== Issues == +Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM, around 80–85% market share) and IS-95 (around 10–15% market share) were the two most prevalent 2G mobile communication technologies in 2007. In 3G, the most prevalent technology was UMTS with CDMA-2000 in close contention. +All radio access technologies have to solve the same problems: to divide the finite RF spectrum among multiple users as efficiently as possible. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA for user and cell separation. UMTS, IS-95 and CDMA-2000 use CDMA. WiMAX and LTE use OFDM. + +Time-division multiple access (TDMA) provides multiuser access by chopping up the channel into sequential time slices. Each user of the channel takes turns to transmit and receive signals. In reality, only one person is actually using the channel at a specific moment. This is analogous to time-sharing on a large computer server. +Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) provides multiuser access by separating the used frequencies. This is used in GSM to separate cells, which then use TDMA to separate users within the cell. +Code-division multiple access (CDMA) This uses a digital modulation called spread spectrum which spreads the voice data over a very wide channel in pseudorandom fashion using a user or cell specific pseudorandom code. The receiver undoes the randomization to collect the bits together and produce the original data. As the codes are pseudorandom and selected in such a way as to cause minimal interference to one another, multiple users can talk at the same time and multiple cells can share the same frequency. This causes an added signal noise forcing all users to use more power, which in exchange decreases cell range and battery life. +Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) uses bundling of multiple small frequency bands that are orthogonal to one another to provide for separation of users. The users are multiplexed in the frequency domain by allocating specific sub-bands to individual users. This is often enhanced by also performing TDMA and changing the allocation periodically so that different users get different sub-bands at different times. +In theory, CDMA, TDMA and FDMA have exactly the same spectral efficiency but practically, each has its own challenges – power control in the case of CDMA, timing in the case of TDMA, and frequency generation/filtering in the case of FDMA. +For a classic example for understanding the fundamental difference of TDMA and CDMA, imagine a cocktail party where couples are talking to each other in a single room. The room represents the available bandwidth: + +TDMA: A speaker takes turns talking to a listener. The speaker talks for a short time and then stops to let another couple talk. There is never more than one speaker talking in the room, no one has to worry about two conversations mixing. The drawback is that it limits the practical number of discussions in the room (bandwidth wise). +CDMA: any speaker can talk at any time; however each uses a different language. Each listener can only understand the language of their partner. As more and more couples talk, the background noise (representing the noise floor) gets louder, but because of the difference in languages, conversations do not mix. The drawback is that at some point, one cannot talk any louder. After this if the noise still rises (more people join the party/cell) the listener cannot make out what the talker is talking about without coming closer to the talker. In effect, CDMA cell coverage decreases as the number of active users increases. This is called cell breathing. + +== Comparison == + +== Strengths and weaknesses of IS-95 and GSM == +Source: + +=== Advantages of GSM === +Less signal deterioration inside buildings. +Ability to use repeaters. +Talktime is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of transmission. +The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets at will, aside from a subsidy lock. +GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem. +The much bigger number of subscribers globally creates a better network effect for GSM handset makers, carriers and end users. + +=== Disadvantages of GSM === +Interferes with some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers. +Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers. Situation is however worse in CDMA-based systems like IS-95, where Qualcomm is the major IP holder. +GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 120 km, which is imposed by technical limitations. This is expanded from the old limit of 35 km. + +=== Advantages of IS-95 === +Capacity is IS-95's biggest asset; it can accommodate more users per MHz of bandwidth than any other technology. +Has no built-in limit to the number of concurrent users. +Uses precise clocks that do not limit the distance a tower can cover. +Consumes less power and covers large areas so cell size in IS-95 is larger. +Able to produce a reasonable call with lower signal (cell phone reception) levels. +Uses soft handoff, reducing the likelihood of dropped calls. +IS-95's variable rate voice coders reduce the rate being transmitted when speaker is not talking, which allows the channel to be packed more efficiently. +Has a well-defined path to higher data rates. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b1d31243 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Comparison of mobile phone standards" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:50.209254+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Disadvantages of IS-95 === +Most technologies are patented and must be licensed from Qualcomm. +Breathing of base stations, where coverage area shrinks under load. As the number of subscribers using a particular site goes up, the range of that site goes down. +Because IS-95 towers interfere with each other, they are normally installed on much shorter towers. Because of this, IS-95 may not perform well in hilly terrain. +USSD, PTT, concatenated/E-sms are not supported by IS-95/CDMA +IS-95 covers a smaller portion of the world, and IS-95 phones are generally unable to roam internationally. +Manufacturers are often hesitant to release IS-95 devices due to the smaller market, so features are sometimes late in coming to IS-95 devices. +Even barring subsidy locks, CDMA phones are linked by ESN to a specific network, thus phones are typically not portable across providers. + +== Development of the market share of mobile standards == +This graphic compares the market shares of the different mobile standards. + +In a fast-growing market, GSM/3GSM (red) grows faster than the market and is gaining market share, the CDMA family (blue) grows at about the same rate as the market, while other technologies (grey) are being phased out + +== Comparison of wireless Internet standards == +As a reference, a comparison of mobile and non-mobile wireless Internet standards follows. + +Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. +For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table. + +== See also == + +Advanced Mobile Phone System +Car phone +List of wireless network protocols +Spectral efficiency comparison table +SMS – contain the content of its standardization + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd7674160 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +--- +title: "Comparison of statistical packages" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:10.068725+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following tables compare general and technical information for many statistical analysis software packages. + + +== General information == + + +== Operating system support == + + +== ANOVA == +Support for various ANOVA methods + + +== Regression == +Support for various regression methods. + + +== Time series analysis == +Support for various time series analysis methods. + + +== Charts and diagrams == +Support for various statistical charts and diagrams. + + +== Other abilities == + + +== See also == +Comparison of computer algebra systems +Comparison of deep learning software +Comparison of survey software +Comparison of Gaussian process software +List of scientific journals in statistics +List of statistical packages + + +== Footnotes == + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +McCullough, B. D. (1999). "Econometric software reliability: EViews, LIMDEP, Shazam, and TSP". Journal of Applied Econometrics. 14 (2): 191–202. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1255(199903/04)14:2<191::AID-JAE524>3.0.CO;2-K. +McCullough, B. D.; Vinod, H. D. (1999). "The Numerical Reliability of Econometric Software". Journal of Economic Literature. 37 (2): 633–665. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.136.9939. doi:10.1257/jel.37.2.633. JSTOR 2565215. +Ooms, Marius (2009). "Trends in Applied Econometrics Software Development 1985–2008: An Analysis of Journal of Applied Econometrics Research Articles, Software Reviews, Data and Code". Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics. Vol. 2: Applied Econometrics. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1321–1348. ISBN 978-1-4039-1800-0. +Renfro, Charles G. (2004). Computational Econometrics: Its Impact on the Development of Quantitative Economics. IOS Press. ISBN 1-58603-426-X. +Zhu, Xiaoping; Kuljaca, Ognjen (2005). "A Short Preview of Free Statistical Software Packages for Teaching Statistics to Industrial Technology Majors" (PDF). Journal of Industrial Technology. 21 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2005. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_flowers_of_the_United_Kingdom-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_flowers_of_the_United_Kingdom-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc88c55da --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_flowers_of_the_United_Kingdom-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "County flowers of the United Kingdom" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_flowers_of_the_United_Kingdom" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:16.650902+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In 2002 Plantlife conducted a "County Flowers" public survey to assign flowers to each of the counties of the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man. The results of this campaign designated a single plant species to a "county or metropolitan area" in the UK and Isle of Man. Some English counties already had flowers traditionally associated with them before 2002, and which were different from those assigned to them by Plantlife, including the white rose for Yorkshire (assigned the harebell), the poppy for Norfolk (assigned the Alexanders), and the cowslip for Essex (assigned the poppy). Some flowers were assigned to multiple counties. + + +== England == + + +== Isle of Man == + + +== Northern Ireland == + + +== Scotland == + + +== Wales == + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +=== Bibliography === +The list of county flowers above is taken from the county flowers pages at Plantlife's website. +County statuses are taken from: +Stace, C. A., R. G. Ellis, D. H. Kent and D. J. McCosh (2003) Vice-county Census Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Great Britain Botanical Society of the British Isles (for British counties) +Source to be determined for Northern Ireland \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df6f4f045 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +--- +title: "Drinking water quality standards" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:56.822367+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Drinking water quality standards describes the quality parameters set for drinking water. Water may contain many harmful constituents, yet there are no universally recognised and accepted international standards for drinking water. Even where standards do exist, the permitted concentration of individual constituents may vary by up to ten times from one set of standards to another. Many countries specify standards to be applied in their own country. In Europe, this includes the European Drinking Water Directive and in the United States, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes standards as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act. China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2002. For countries without a legislative or administrative framework for such standards, the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes guidelines on the standards that should be achieved. +Where drinking water quality standards do exist, most are expressed as guidelines or targets rather than requirements, and very few water standards have any legal basis or, are subject to enforcement. Two exceptions are the European Drinking Water Directive and the Safe Drinking Water Act in the United States, which require legal compliance with specific standards. In Europe, this includes a requirement for member states to enact appropriate local legislation to mandate the directive in each country. Routine inspection and, where required, enforcement is enacted by means of penalties imposed by the European Commission on non-compliant nations. + +== Range of standards == + +Drinking water standards include lists of parametric values, and also specify the sampling location, sampling methods, sampling frequency, analytical methods, and laboratory accreditation (AQC). In addition, a number of standards documents also require calculation to determine whether a level exceeds the standard, such as taking an average. Some standards give complex, detailed requirements for the statistical treatment of results, temporal and seasonal variations, summation of related parameters, and mathematical treatment of apparently aberrant results. +For example, when comparing drinking water quality parameters in Kenya and Ethiopia with published guideline values (thresholds), scientists compared several standards: the Kenyan drinking water standard, Ethiopian standard, WHO health guideline, WHO Aesthetic guideline and the EAS (East African Standards) for natural potable water. Furthermore, the non-regulatory health-based screening levels (HBSLs) for cobalt, lithium, silver, strontium, and thallium published by the United States Geological Survey and EPA were also included in the analysis. + +== Parametric values == +A parametric value in this context is most commonly the concentration of a substance, e.g. 30 mg/L of iron. It may also be a count such as 500 E. coli per litre or a statistical value such as the average concentration of copper is 2 mg/L. Many countries not only specify parametric values that may have health impacts but also specify parametric values for a range of constituents that by themselves are unlikely to have any impact on health. These include colour, turbidity, pH, and the organoleptic (aesthetic) parameters (taste and odour). +It is possible and technically acceptable to refer to the same parameter in different ways that may appear to suggest a variation in the standard required. For example, nitrite may be measured as nitrite ion or expressed as N. A standard of "nitrite as N" set at 1.4 mg/L equals a nitrite ion concentration of 4.6 mg/L. This is an apparent difference of nearly threefold. + +== Standards by country == +Countries with guideline values as their standards include Canada, which has guideline values for a relatively small suite of parameters, New Zealand, where there is a legislative basis, but water providers have to make "best endeavours" to comply with the standards, and Australia. + +=== Australia === +Drinking water quality standards in Australia have been developed by the Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) in the form of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. These guidelines provide contaminant limits (pathogen, aesthetic, organic, inorganic, and radiological) as well as guidance on applying limits for the management of drinking water in Australian drinking water treatment and distribution. + +=== China === +China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2002. + +=== European Union === +The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here, but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given. + +Acrylamide 0.10 μg/L +Antimony 5.0 μg/L +Arsenic 10 μg/L +Benzene 1.0 μg/L +Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/L +Boron 1.0 mg/L +Bromate 10 μg/L +Cadmium 5.0 μg/L +Chromium 50 μg/L +Copper 2.0 mg/L +Cyanide 50 μg/L +1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/L +Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/L +Fluoride 1.5 mg/L +Lead 10 μg/L +Mercury 1.0 μg/L +Nickel 20 μg/L +Nitrate 50 mg/L +Nitrite 0.50 mg/L +Pesticides 0.10 μg/L +Pesticides 0.50 μg/L total +Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 0.10 μg/L sum of concentrations of specified compounds +Selenium 10 μg/L +Tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene 10 μg/L sum of concentrations of specified parameters +Trihalomethanes 100 μg/L sum of concentrations of specified compounds +Vinyl chloride 0.50 μg/L + +=== United States === + +In the United States, the federal legislation controlling drinking water quality is the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) which is implemented by EPA, mainly through state or territorial health agencies. +EPA has set standards for over 90 contaminants organised into six groups: microorganisms, disinfectants, disinfection byproducts, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals and radionuclides. States and territories must implement rules that are at least as stringent as EPA's to retain primary enforcement authority (primacy) over drinking water. Many states also apply their own state-specific standards, which may be more rigorous or include additional parameters. Many countries look to the standards set by EPA for appropriate scientific and public health guidance and may reference or adopt US standards. + +== World Health Organization guidelines == +The WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..800c221fc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "Drinking water quality standards" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:56.822367+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Arsenic 10 μg/L +Barium 10 μg/L +Boron 2400 μg/L +Chromium 50 μg/L +Fluoride 1500 μg/L +Selenium 40 μg/L +Uranium 30 μg/L +Organic species: + +Benzene 10 μg/L +Carbon tetrachloride 4 μg/L +1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000 μg/L +1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300 μg/L +1,1-Dichloroethane 30 μg/L +1,2-Dichloroethene 50 μg/L +Dichloromethane 20 μg/L +Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/L +1,4-Dioxane 50 μg/L +Edetic acid 600 μg/L +Ethylbenzene 300 μg/L +Hexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/L +Nitrilotriacetic acid 200 μg/L +Pentachlorophenol 9 μg/L +Styrene 20 μg/L +Tetrachloroethene 40 μg/L +Toluene 700 μg/L +Trichloroethene 20 μg/L +Xylene 500 μg/L + +== Comparison of parametric values == +The following table provides a comparison of a selection of parameters for concentrations listed by WHO, the European Union, EPA, and Ministry of Environmental Protection of China. + +Notes +" indicates that no standard has been identified by editors of this article and ns indicates that no standard exists. μg/L = micrograms per litre, or 0.001 ppm; mg/L = 1 ppm, or 1000 μg/L. +* means action level; not a concentration standard. A public water system exceeding the action level must implement "treatment techniques" which are enforceable procedures. +** TT (treatment technique). The public water system must certify that the combination of dose and monomer level does not exceed: acrylamide = 0.05% dosed at 1 mg/L (or equivalent); epichlorohydrin = 0.01% dosed at 20 mg/L (or equivalent). + +== See also == +Water pollution + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Water Quality and Your Health - US Centers for Disease Control +Guidelines for drinking-water quality incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda (PDF). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). World Health Organization. 2008. ISBN 978-92-4-154761-1. +Drinking Water Regulations: Overview - US EPA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..693aa1b4d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Economic statistics of Singapore" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:11.247180+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article contains economic statistics of the country Singapore. The GDP, GDP Per Capita, GNI Per Capita, Total Trade, Total Imports, Total Exports, Foreign Reserves, Current Account Balance, Average Exchange Rate, Operating Revenue and Total Expenditure are mentioned in the table below for years 1965 through 2018. + + +== 1965 to 2014 == + + +== 2014 to 2018 == + + +== See also == +Economy of Singapore + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_the_United_States-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_the_United_States-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01b71aab0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_the_United_States-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Economic statistics of the United States" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_the_United_States" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:12.357362+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article contains economic statistics for the United States dating back to 1929. Included are relevant statistics about GDP, personal income, household wealth, international trade, government finance, labor, industry and agriculture. + + +== Main indicators == +The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of the US economy over time, including nominal and real GDP. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values. Inflation over 2% is shown in red. + + +== Government financial indicators == +The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of the US Government, including government debt and the budget balance. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values + + +== External transaction statistics == +The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of external economic transactions, including international trade. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values + + +== Private sector business statistics == +The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of the private sector, including corporate profits, bankruptcies and domestic net investment. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values + + +== Labor statistics == +The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of the US labor market, including employment and labor productivity. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values + + +== Agricultural indicators == +The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of US agriculture. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values. + + +== Industrial indicators == +The following table shows the development of the different important indicators of US industry and manufacturing. Green and red arrows in the table are showing decreasing/increasing values or positive/negative values. + + +== See also == +Economy of the United States + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Labor productivity by regions and states \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_safety_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_safety_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8261347c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_safety_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +--- +title: "Electrical safety standards" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_safety_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:00.915548+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static electricity. + + +== History == + +The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989 OSHA promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was successful in promulgation of regulations for utility. +In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace. + +Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 – for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant locations +Standards are compared with those of IEEE and National Fire Protection Association. + + +== Lightning and earthing protection == +Lightning and Earthing protection systems are essential for the protection of humans, structures, protecting buildings from mechanical destruction caused by lightning effects and the associated risk of fire, Transmission lines, and electrical equipment from electric shock and Overcurrent. + + +=== Earthing protection systems === + +TT system +TN system +IT system + + +=== Lightning protection systems === + +lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system) +lightning rod with taut wires. +lightning conductor with meshed cage (Faraday cage) + + +== Physiological effects of electricity == +Electrical shocks on humans can lead to permanent disabilities or death. Size, frequency and duration of the electrical current affect the damage. The effects from electric shock can be: stopping the heart beating properly, preventing the person from breathing, causing muscle spasms. The skin features also affect the consequences of electric shock. + +Indirect contact – can be avoided by automatic disconnection for TT system, automatic disconnection for TN systems, automatic disconnection on a second fault in an IT system, measures of protection against direct or indirect contact without automatic disconnection of supply +Direct contact – can be avoided by protection by the insulation of live parts, protection by means of barriers or enclosures, partial measures of protection, particular measures of protection + + +== Electrical safety conductors == + + United States – NEC 2008 Table 250.122 – Safeco Electric Supply + + +== Electrical safety standards == + Australia – Australian Standards AS/NZS 3000:2007, AS/NZS 3012:2010, AS/NZS 3017:2007, AS/NZS 3760:2010, AS/NZS 4836:2011 + Brazil – National Regulation – NR10 + Bulgaria – Български Държавен Стандарт – (On English:Bulgarian state standard) – БДС 12.2.096:1986 + China – GB4943, GB17625, GB9254 + France – La norme français C 15-100 – Aspects de la norme d’installation électrique + Germany – IEEE/TÜV, NSR Niederspannungsrichtlinie 2014/35/EU + India – India Standardization IS-5216, IS-5571, IS-6665 + Netherlands – NEN 1010 + Poland – Polska Norma PN-EN 61010-2-201:2013-12E + Russia – ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000,ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р 52726-2007 + United Kingdom – British standards BS 7671, BS EN 61439, BS 5266, BS 5839, BS 6423, BS 6626, BS EN 62305, BS EN 60529 + United States – OSHA, NFPA 70, NFPA 70E + + +== Lightning protection standards == + Bulgaria – БДС EN 62305-1:2011 + China – GB/T 36490–2018 + Spain – UNE 21186. Protección contra el rayo + France – Norme NF C 15–100 + Germany – DIN EN 62305–1 + India – IS 2309 + Indonesia – SNI 03–7015–2004 + Poland – PN-EN 62305 + Russia – СТО 083-004-2010,ГОСТ Р МЭК 62561.2-2014 + United Kingdom – BS-EN 62305 + United States – NFPA 780, IEC 62305 + + +== Electronics and communications == + + +=== Electronic products safety standards === +The manufacturers of electronic tools must take into account several standard for electronic safety to protect the health of humans and animals. + + Argentina – CNC-St2-44.01 V02.1.1 + Europe – CE Marking + Israel – MET MOC 023/96 + Japan – PSE law + Mexico – NOM-152 + United States – ANSI C95.3:1972 – Techniques & instrumentation for measurement of potentially hazardous electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequencies. + + +=== Communication and high frequency safety standards === +Few standard were introduced for the harmful impact from high frequency. + + Canada – CB-02 Radio Equipment + Russia – ГОСТ Р 50829-95 for radio Communication safety + United States – ANSI/IEEE 1.2 mW/Cm for antennas 1800-2000 MHz range, ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992 for radio Communication safety +Mobile Communication safety 73/23/EEC and 91/263/EEC + + +== See also == +Extra-low voltage +Electrical safety testing + + +== External links == +Electrical Color Codes + + +== Gallery == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Miller_Memorial_Lectures-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Miller_Memorial_Lectures-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d69091b04 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Miller_Memorial_Lectures-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Emanuel Miller Memorial Lectures" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Miller_Memorial_Lectures" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:59.431962+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lectures commemorate the British child psychiatrist Emanuel Miller (1892–1970). The Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health began them in 1972. + + +== List == + +1972 Meyer Fortes, The First-born +1973 Jack Tizard, The Upbringing of Other People's Children: Implications of Research and for Research +1974 Leon Eisenberg, The Ethics of Intervention: Acting amidst Ambiguity +1975 Robert A. Hinde, On Describing Relationships +1976 Eric Midwinter, The Professional-Lay Relationship: A Victorian Legacy +1981 Michael Rutter, Stress, Coping and Development: Some Issues and Some Questions +1982 (9th) Jerome Kagan, The Emergence of Self +1987 P. H. Venables, Childhood markers for adult disorders +1990 Neville Bennett, Cooperative Learning in Classrooms: Processes and Outcomes +1991 Christopher Gillberg, Autism and autistic-like conditions +1992 Peter Fonagy, The theory and practice of resilience +1993 Robert Plomin, Genetic research and identification of environmental influences +1994 M. Kovacs, Depressive disorders in childhood: an impressionistic landscape +1995 J. Dunn, Children's relationships: bridging the divide between cognitive and social development +1996 M. Main, Current Issues in Attachment +1997 M. Sigman, Change and continuity in the development of children with autism. +1998 Michael Rutter, Autism: Two-way interplay between research and clinical work +2000 William Yule, From Pogroms to "Ethnic Cleansing": Meeting the Needs of War Affected Children +2001 Jay Belsky, Developmental Risks (Still) Associated with Early Child Care +2004 Uta Frith, Confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome +2006 Femmie Juffer, Adoption as intervention +2008 Ian M. Goodyer, Early onset depressions – meanings, mechanisms and processes +2009 Michael Rutter, Attachment insecurity, disinhibited attachment, and attachment disorders: where do research findings leave the concepts? +2012 D. V. M. Bishop, Neuroscientific studies of intervention for language impairment in children: interpretive and methodological problems +2018 announcement, Sir Robin Murray + + +== See also == +Child and Adolescent Mental Health +Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry + + +== Notes == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_symbols-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_symbols-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8a1970cd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_symbols-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "Esperanto symbols" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:18.850252+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Esperanto symbols, primarily the Esperanto flag, have seen much consistency over the time of Esperanto's existence (namely in the consistent usage of the colour green), though a few variations in exact flag patterning and symbology exist. +The main flag of Esperanto, featuring the Verda Stelo ('Green Star'), was adopted in 1905 for use as a symbol of mutual recognition among Esperantists, and is used by most Esperantists. As an alternative to the flag, the jubilea simbolo ('jubilee symbol') was proposed in 1987. + + +== History == + + +=== Verda Stelo === + +Since the earliest days of Esperanto, the colour green has been used as a symbol of mutual recognition, and it appears prominently in all Esperanto symbols. In a letter to The British Esperantist in 1911, L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, wrote: "It seems to me, that my attention was drawn to the color green by Mr. Richard H. Geoghegan and from that time I began to publish all of my works with green covers . . . Looking at one of my pamphlets that I had entirely by chance printed with a green cover, he pointed out that this was the color of his homeland, Ireland; at that time it came to me, that we could certainly look at that color as a symbol of HOPE. About the five-pointed star, it seems to me, that at first Mr. de Beaufront had it imprinted on his grammar [of Esperanto]. I liked that and I adopted it as a symbol. Afterward by association of ideas, the star appeared with a green color." +The Verda Stelo was first proposed in an 1892 article in La Esperantisto for use as a symbol of mutual recognition among Esperantists. The flag was created by the Esperanto Club of Boulogne-sur-Mer, initially for their own use, but was adopted as the flag of the worldwide Esperanto movement by a decision of the first World Esperanto Congress, which took place in 1905 in that town. + + +=== Other proposed flags and symbols === + +In 1905, delegates to the first conference of Esperantists at Boulogne-sur-Mer, unanimously approved a version differing from the modern only by the superimposition of an "E" over the green star. Other variants include that for Christian Esperantists, with a white Christian cross superimposed upon the green star, and that for Leftists, with the color of the field changed from green to red. +Some Esperanto speakers consider the traditional flag too nationalistic for an international language, so many organizations no longer recommend its use and, instead, use the jubilea simbolo (jubilee symbol, two green "E"s facing each other—or alternatively a Latin-alphabet "E" facing a Cyrillic-alphabet "Э", the first letter of "Эсперанто", the Russian name for Esperanto—on a white field). This symbol was created in 1987 by a Brazilian Esperantist to mark the centenary of the creation of Esperanto. + + +== Design of the Verda Stelo == + +The Esperanto flag is composed of a green background with a white square (canton) in the upper lefthand corner, which in turn contains a green star. The green field symbolizes hope, the white symbolizes peace and neutrality, and the five-pointed star represents the five continents (Europe, America, Asia, Oceania, Africa). +By recommendation of the board of the Universal Esperanto Association, the flag should have the following proportions: The ratio of the width of the flag to the height of the flag to a side of the white square should be 3 to 2 to 1. The ratio of a side of the white square to the radius of a circle enclosing the star should be 10 to 3.5. + + +== In popular culture == +Most Esperantists continue to hold the verda stelo dear as a symbol of international or supranational solidarity (with the jubilea simbolo jokingly called la melono ('the melon') by some), though many also regard the preference of one symbol over another as a purely personal choice. At most Esperanto congresses, the flag, the star, and the jubilea simbolo can all be seen in use on displays or being worn as badges. Sometimes, Esperanto travelers will display the flag, wear a badge with one of the above symbols, or even wear green clothes, to make themselves known to other Esperanto speakers. +On December 15, 2009, the Verda Stelo flew on the Google home search page "Google" logo to mark L. L. Zamenhof's 150th birthday. The flag flew on a flagstaff consisting of the "L" in the search-company's name. + + +== See also == +Finvenkism – Pursuing worldwide adoption of EsperantoPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Flag icons for languages – Using national flags as icons for languages + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hazard_symbols-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hazard_symbols-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2908f38c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hazard_symbols-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "European hazard symbols" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hazard_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:20.093948+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +European hazard symbols for chemicals are pictograms defined by the European Union for labelling chemical packaging (for storage and workplace) and containers (for transportation). They are standardised currently by the CLP/GHS classification. + + +== GHS hazard pictograms == + +The European Union CLP Regulation (for "Classification, Labelling and Packaging") was introduced as EC Regulation 1272/2008. It is based on the GHS system, to secure for "physical, health and environment hazards". + +The European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) fixed harmonised pictograms for transportation. Vehicles carrying dangerous goods have to be fitted with orange signs, where the lower number identifies the substance, while the upper number is a key for the threat it may pose. + + +== Chemical warning signage == +Directive 92/58/EEC provides several safety signs for identifying dangerous materials and areas where they are handled and stored. + + +== Former hazard pictograms (1967–2017) == +The previous hazard symbols for chemicals, were introduced in the Directive Directive 67/548/EEC, in 1967, and required to be adopted no later than 1 January 1970. The symbols were also included as a part of Directive 1999/45/EC. The symbols were replaced from 1 December 2010 to 1 June 2017, via a gradual phaseout. After 1 June 2017, Directive 67/548/EEC symbols were no longer allowed to be used. +From 1967 to 2017, these symbols were used for labeling containers and piping systems containing dangerous substances/mixtures. These symbols could also be used to identify areas where dangerous substances/mixtures were being stored in large quantities, as an alternative to the yellow triangular Directive 92/58/EEC warning signage. + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == + Media related to Directive 67/548/EEC hazard symbols and GHS hazard symbols at Wikimedia Commons + Media related to Directive 92/58/EEC Safety Signs and ISO 7010 safety signs at Wikimedia Commons \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfecd2d45 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:00.592831+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of evolutionary psychology research groups and centers. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_of_statistics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_of_statistics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c5729fc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_of_statistics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Founders of statistics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_of_statistics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:15.775338+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn. Statisticians are skilled people who thus apply statistical methods. Hundreds of statisticians are notable. This article lists statisticians who have been especially instrumental in the development of theoretical and applied statistics. + + +== Founders of departments of statistics == +The role of a department of statistics is discussed in a 1949 article by Harold Hotelling, which helped to spur the creation of many departments of statistics. + + +== See also == + +List of statisticians +History of statistics +Timeline of probability and statistics +List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field + + +== References == + + +== External links == +"Statisticians in History". American Statistical Association. 30 November 2016. +"Life and Work of Statisticians". Department of Mathematics, University of York. +"Portraits of Statisticians". Department of Mathematics, University of York. +John Aldrich. "Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics". University of Southampton. +Lawrence H. Riddle. "Biographies of Women Mathematicians". Agnes Scott College. +StatProb – peer-reviewed encyclopedia sponsored by statistics and probability societies \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-0.md index e4989134e..f00c33ce9 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:13.947239+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:16.979723+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-1.md index 64a848066..caa11311d 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:13.947239+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:16.979723+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-2.md index f6595a47d..ab6486a76 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:13.947239+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:16.979723+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-3.md index e15124bed..8e2dea53f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-3.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics-3.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 4/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:13.947239+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:16.979723+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-0.md index c7dae1d45..db80c156a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/7 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:16.754443+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-1.md index 33256f44e..0781c3b1c 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/7 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:16.754443+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-2.md index 594fa117f..c4c0f7e7b 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/7 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:16.754443+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-3.md index ddaf55986..9fbcc50eb 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-3.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-3.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 4/7 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:16.754443+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-4.md index 66f53f6cb..ca96b18eb 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-4.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-4.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 5/7 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:16.754443+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-5.md index dd068628c..f948e262e 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-5.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-5.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 6/7 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:16.754443+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-6.md index 3796f2f41..e6e48899f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-6.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-6.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 7/7 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:16.754443+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heights_distribution-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heights_distribution-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a0671284 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heights_distribution-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Heights distribution" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heights_distribution" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:19.540365+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Below is a table which reports the average adult human height by country or geographical region. With regard to the table, original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered. + + +== Individual surveys and studies == + + +=== Accuracy === +As with any statistical data, the accuracy of the findings may be challenged. In this case, for the following reasons: + +Some studies may allow subjects to self-report values. Generally speaking, self-reported height tends to be taller than measured height, although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject's height, age, gender and region. +Test subjects may have been invited instead of random sampling, resulting in sampling bias. +Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions. For instance, one survey shows there is 10.8 centimetres (4.3 in) difference in mean height between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany. Under such circumstances, the mean height may not represent the total population unless sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using weighted average of the different regional groups. +Different social groups can show different mean height. According to a study in France, executives and professionals are 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in) taller, and university students are 2.55 centimetres (1.0 in) taller than the national average. As this case shows, data taken from a particular social group may not represent a total population in some countries. +Height measurement can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as a decrease from exercise done directly before measurement (i.e. inversely correlated), or an increase after lying down for a significant period of time (i.e. positively correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean decrease of 1.54 centimetres (0.6 in) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day. Such factors may not have been controlled in all of the following studies. +It should be remembered that the stature of a man standing, in adult males, varies between the normal individual extremes of 120 cm (3 ft 11 in)–190 cm (6 ft 3 in) and that can lead to mean results lower than 140 cm (4 ft 7 in) (very short height) or ≥180–182 cm (about 6 ft) (very tall height): but these extreme results are based on series "in which a choice has occurred, voluntarily or not". +According to the geographical-anthropological study by Asutosh Goswami et al. (2023), 95% of the global adult population has average statures between 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) and 165 cm (5 ft 5 in). + + +=== Measured and self-reported figures === + +Note: where available, standard deviation (SD) is listed under sample population / age range + + +== Notes == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_cognitive_science_articles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_cognitive_science_articles-0.md index 647e739ee..22397d250 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_cognitive_science_articles-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_cognitive_science_articles-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_cognitive_science_articles" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:49:18.565694+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:48.119447+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles-0.md index 8acc9bec8..6d521d69d 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:49:56.202432+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:38.070719+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychometrics_articles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychometrics_articles-0.md index 34c493a6a..c746df997 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychometrics_articles-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychometrics_articles-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychometrics_articles" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:49:57.396590+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:34.565067+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_soil-related_articles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_soil-related_articles-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bc161a31 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_soil-related_articles-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,411 @@ +--- +title: "Index of soil-related articles" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_soil-related_articles" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:30.191705+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is an index of articles relating to soil. + + +== A == +Acid sulfate soil +- Acrisol +- Active layer +- Agricultural soil science +- Akadama +- Albeluvisols +- Alfisols +- Alkali soil +- Andisols +- Angle of repose +- Antigo (soil) +- Anthrosol +- Aridisols +- Atriplex +- Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated - + + +== B == +Baer's law +- Bama (soil) +- Barren vegetation +- Base-richness +- Bay mud +- Bearing capacity +- Bentonite +- Berkshire (soil) +- Bevameter +- Biochar +- Biogeology +- Blandford (soil) +- Blue goo +- Bog +- Brickearth +- Brown earth +- Brown podzolic + + +== C == +Calcareous grassland +- Calcareous +- Calciorthid +- Calcisols +- Cambisols +- Canada Land Inventory +- Capacitance probe +- Carbon cycle re-balancing +- Casa Grande (soil) +- Cation-exchange capacity +- Cellular confinement +- Cecil (soil) +- Characterisation of pore space in soil +- Charlottetown (soil series) +- Chernozem +- Clay +- Claypan +- Cob (material) +- Cohesion (geology) +- Compressed earth block +- Consolidation (soil) +- Contour ploughing +- Critical state soil mechanics + + +== D == +Darcy (unit) +- Darcy's law +- Darcy–Weisbach equation +- Dark earth +- Dispersion (geology) +- Downer (soil) +- Downhill creep +- Drainage research +- Drilosphere +- Drucker–Prager yield criterion +- Drummer (soil) +- Dry quicksand +- Dryland salinity +- Duricrust +- Durisols +- Dynamic compaction + + +== E == +Ecological land classification +- Ecosystem ecology +- Edaphic +- Edaphology +- Effective stress +- Eluvium +- Entisol +- Environmental impact of irrigation +- Erosion +- European Soil Bureau Network +- European Soil Database +- Expansive clay + + +== F == +Factors affecting permeability of soils +- Fech fech +- Fen +- Ferrallitisation +- Fill dirt +- Flatwood +- Flownet +- Fractal in soil mechanics +- Frequency domain sensor +- Fresno scraper +- Frost heaving +- Frost line +- Fuller's earth + + +== G == +Gelisols +- Geosmin +- Geotechnical investigation +- Gleysol +- Gravitational erosion +- Groundwater-related subsidence +- Guelph soil +- Gypcrust +- Gypsisols + + +== H == +Hardpan +- Headland (agriculture) +- Hesco bastion +- Hilo (soil) +- History of soil science +- Histosol +- Houdek (soil) +- Hume (soil) +- Humin +- Humus +- Humus form +- Hydraulic conductivity +- Hydric soil +- Hydro axe mulching +- Hydrological transport model +- Hydropedology +- Hydrophobic soil + + +== I == +Immobilization (soil science) +- Inceptisols +- Infiltration capacity +- International Humic Substances Society +- International Soil Reference and Information Centre +- International Union of Soil Sciences + + +== J == +Jory (soil) + + +== K == +Kalkaska sand +- Kerogen + + +== L == +Lahar +- Laimosphere +- Land improvement +- Lateral earth pressure +- Leaching (agriculture) +- Leaching (pedology) +- Leaching model (soil) +- Leptosols +- Lessivage +- Liming (soil) +- Linear aeration +- Lixisols +- Loam +- Loess +- Lunar soil + + +== M == +Martian soil +- Miami (soil) +- Multi-Scale Soil Information Systems +- Mineralization (soil science) +- Mollisols +- Mud +- Multiscale European Soil Information System +- Muskeg +- Myakka (soil) + + +== N == +Narragansett (soil) +- Natchez silt loam +- National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists +- Natural organic matter +- Newmark's influence chart +- No-till farming + + +== O == +On-Grade Mat Foundation for Expansive Soils +- OPAL Soil Centre +- Orovada (soil) +- Orthent +- Overburden pressure +- Oxisol + + +== P == +Paleosol +- Particle size (grain size) +- Paxton (soil) +- Peat +- Pedalfer +- Pedocal +- Pedodiversity +- Pedology +- Permeability (earth sciences) +- Petrichor +- Plaggen soil +- Plainfield (soil) +- Planosol +- Plough pan +- Podzol +- Pore water pressure +- Porosity +- Port Silt Loam +- Prime farmland +- Psamment +- Pygmy forest + + +== Q == +Quick clay +- Quicksand + + +== R == +Rankers +- Red Mediterranean soil +- Regosols +- Rendzina +- Residual Sodium Carbonate Index +- Reynolds' dilatancy +- Rill +- Rock flour + + +== S == +SahysMod +- Saline seep +- Salinity in Australia +- Salt marsh +- Salting the earth +- SaltMod +- San Joaquin (soil) +- Sand +- Sand boil +- Sandbag +- Scobey (soil) +- Seitz (soil) +- Serpentine soil +- Shear strength (soil) +- Shear strength test +- Shrub swamp +- Silt +- Slope stability +- Slump +- Sodium adsorption ratio +- Soil +- Soil acidification +- Soil amendment +- Soil and water assessment tool +- Soil Association +- Soil biodiversity +- Soil biology +- Soil carbon +- Soil cement +- Soil chemistry +- Soil classification +- Soil compaction +- Soil conditioner +- Soil conservation +- Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act +- Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936 +- Soil contamination +- Soil crust +- Soil depletion +- Soil ecology +- Soil erosion +- Soil fertility +- Soil food web +- Soil functions +- Soil gradation +- Soil guideline value +- Soil health +- Soil horizon +- Soil inoculant +- Soil life +- Soil liquefaction +- Soil management +- Soil mechanics +- Soil moisture +- Soil moisture sensors +- Soil nailing +- Soil organic matter +- Soil pH +- Soil physics +- Soil policy (Victoria, Australia) +- Soil profile +- Soil resilience +- Soil respiration +- Soil salinity +- Soil salinity control +- Soil science +- Soil Science Society of America +- Soil series +- Soil solarization +- Soil steam sterilization +- Soil structure +- Soil survey +- Soil test +- Soil texture +- Soil type +- Soil water (retention) +- Soils retrogression and degradation +- Solonchak +- Solonetz +- Specific storage +- Specific weight +- Spodic soils +- Stagnosol +- Strip farming +- Stuttgart (soil) +- Subaqueous soil +- Subsidence +- Subsoil + + +== T == +Talik +- Tanana (soil) +- Technosols +- Tepetate +- Terrace (agriculture) +- Terracette +- Terramechanics +- Terra preta +- Terra rosa (soil) +- Terzaghi's principle +- Thaw depth +- Thixotropy +- Threebear (soil) +- Throughflow +- Tifton (soil) +- Tillage +- Topsoil +- Tropical peat + + +== U == +Umbric horizon +- Ultisols +- Umbrisols +- Unified Soil Classification System +- USDA soil taxonomy +- Ustochrept + + +== V == +Vegetation and slope stability +- Vertisol +- Vibro stone column +- Void ratio + + +== W == +Water content +- Weathering +- White-eye (soil) +- Windsor (soil) +- World Congress of Soil Science + + +== Y == +Yedoma + + +== See also == +List of state soil science associations +List of state soil science licensing boards +List of U.S. state soils +List of bogs +List of vineyard soil types \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b45765608 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Interactive television standards" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:07.444979+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Interactive television standards are standards for television broadcasting that are designed to add modes of interaction and feedback mechanisms, thereby extending the traditional television experience. + +== History == +Interactive television was first standardized in the 1980s with Teletext, used in analog television. This standard, which simply added data to invisible scan lines, allowed limited interaction with television sets to visualize extra textual and numerical information, such as show schedules and weather data, as well as optional subtitles. Today, the technology has developed to a point that allows for a more complex, bidirectional communication. Early private broadcasters, such as Canal+, were the first to adopt this new form and have continued to develop it over the years. +As the analog format became obsolete, the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) project was developed, which digitalized public television, in competition with private broadcasters. Among its new features was interactive menus, which (as in private broadcasting) gave information to the user and allowed them to adapt the product for their own needs. +This interaction is possible due to Set-top-Boxes (STBs), television decoders that are able to receive a digital signal, decode it, and display it through an analogue television set. This device allows analog users access to the same content as the digital television net. Running interactive programs is one of the STB's functions, among others. +STBs are required to be dynamically programmed and updated, often done by an intermediary software that runs both the applications and the audiovisual signals simultaneously. This intermediary software is referred to as middleware. Some STB systems allow updates via USB flash drives. + +== Private standards or private property == + +=== Media Highway === +Defined by Canal Plus Technologies, the media highway represents the wide range of middleware solutions that allow the STB software to do the following: interpret and execute interactive applications, broadcast software and data from servers to interactive applications via satellite, cable, and/or terrestrial nets. Other functions also include having different profiles to better respond to the needs of the broadcaster. +These interactive applications can be written in different programming languages as Java, MHEG-5 or HTML, and can support the middleware specifications DVB-MHP, OCAP, DAVIC or ATSC, and other specifications. + +=== Open TV Core === +Open TV Core is the most important product from Open TV, a middleware for digital television (DTV). The Open TV Core software technology contains a hardware abstraction layer (allowing the hardware to be independent), TV libraries (a selection of execution environments for the interactive applications), and support for Personal Video Recorders (PVRs), to create a DTT environment for the decoders (carried out by the STBs). +TV libraries include support for Rich Graphics (RG) and High Definition (HD), net communications from a phone line or a broadband internet provider (via DSL, ethernet or fibre), management for the digital audio and video signals (DVB or other standards and formats), and authentication/encryption via CA/DRM systems. +Open TV Core supports a number of Applications Environments Execution (AEE) programs, including the 'C' Virtual Machine (an HTML browser), an Adobe Flash presentation environment, and a Java Virtual Machine, in compliance with the MHP standard. The 'C' Virtual Machine is an execution environment that allows the APIs of the Open TV software Developers Kit to create applications in O code, centered on TV by via development tools from Open TV or other sellers. + +== Open or public standards == + +=== MHEG === +As early as 1995, the ISO (International Organization for Standardization), together with the Multimedia and Hypermedia Experts Group, published the MHEG standard. This gave an approach to the creation of multimedia applications that could work in every operative system in compliance with this standard. Conceptually, MHEG intended to do for multimedia application as HTML did for documents, to give a common exchange format that can be executed by every receiver. +MHEG-1: this version included support for objects containing procedure codes. One may add to the basic model of MHEG-1 by adding decision making functions, as it was not possible in any other way. +MHEG-3: this version defined a standard virtual machine and a byte representation code, giving it portability through hardware platforms. +These versions were unsuccessful because they were based on concepts that the industry was not technologically ready to execute. MHEG-5, a simpler version of MHEG-1, was created in April 1997. While many of the functions were identical, there were many differences between the two versions. +MHEG-3 was overshadowed by the success of Java, and in 1998, the ISO created MHEG-6, based on the fifth version but with added support for the use of Java to develop object scripts, combining MHEG with the procedural elements of Java. For this, they defined a Java application programming interface (API) for MHEG, allowing Java to manipulate MHEG objects in its mother application. +Though the MHEG-6 was not extended, it was the basis for the DAVIC's (Digital Audio Video Council) standard. + +=== DAVIC === +This standard was created a little later on after the MHEG-6 in 1998. It was created by adding a new series of APIs for Java to MHEG's sixth version. The APIs of the above-mentioned standard allowed the Java-created objects access to some information services, as well as control of audio and video services, and the management of resources in the receiver. Though the creation of an application was not possible with Java alone for the receiver DAVIC, the Java APIs were already capable of controlling more elements in the receiver than what was possible with other standards. + +=== DVB-MHP (The Multimedia Home Platform) === +This was defined by the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) to offer interactive services in digital television (DTV). It is a limited version of the Java virtual machine, where a set of extra functionalities are added to make adjustments to the DTV environment. To arrange this standard's specifications, there are three definable profiles, all relating to the capabilities of the STBs: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2570f1b19 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Interactive television standards" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:07.444979+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +1. Interactive Broadcast: incorporates bidirectional communications via a backward IP channel towards the STB, allowing the download of applications. +2. Enhanced Broadcast Profile: interactive applications are downloaded via broadcasting. This does not incorporate a backward channel into the STB. +3. Internet Access: The STB itself processes internet content, without broadcasting. +There exist two versions that cover the mentioned profiles: + +MHP 1.0 covers the first two profiles. This version is used most by modern receivers, and the majority implement the Interactive Broadcast profile. Many countries such as Spain, Italy and Finland have adopted it into their DTV's interactive services. +MHP 1.1 covers all three profiles, but it is not found in most commercial receivers because there are limited compatible protocols. + +=== OCAP === +The American company CableLabs collaborated with DVB for the creation of a new open standard, which led to the acceptance of MHP as a base for OCAP standard (OpenCable Application Platform), in January 2002. With MHP as its center, OCAP provides a common specification for the middleware layer in the cable systems within the United States. Since DVB standards are not used in the United States, OCAP is based on parts that are not DVB-specific, replacing DVB-specific parts with others. Originally, OCAP was based on the 1.0.0 version of the MHP standard. +Later, DVB presented the specification Globally Executable MHP (GEM) to facilitate the use of MHP's elements in other standards. OCAP's most recent versions use GEM instead of MHP as their base, but they still refer to some MHP elements that are not included in the GEM specification. + +=== ACAP (Advanced Common Application Platform) === +ACAP was created by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) as a common base for all systems of interactive TV in USA, via cable, terrestrial, or satellite. It is also based on GEM while adding some of OCAP's elements adapted for the USA market. + +== See also == +Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV +Project Canvas +Open IPTV Forum +Teletext +Videotex +Ceefax +Minitel + +== Further reading == +MHP: https://web.archive.org/web/20060421101018/http://www.mhp.org/ +MHEG: https://www.mheg.org/ +Canal+ Technologies: https://web.archive.org/web/20071223011417/http://www.canalplus-technologies.com/ +Open TV: http://www.opentv.com Archived 2007-12-13 at the Wayback Machine +Steven Morris and Anthony Smith-Chaigneau, "Interactive TV Standards: A Guide to MHP, OCAP, and JavaTV". Elsevier 2005. + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2924eddc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +--- +title: "List of ATSC standards" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:43.860534+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Below are the published ATSC standards for ATSC digital television service, issued by the Advanced Television Systems Committee. + +A/49: Ghost Canceling Reference Signal for NTSC (for adjacent-channel interference or co-channel interference with analog NTSC stations nearby) +A/52B: audio data compression (Dolby AC-3 and E-AC-3) +A/53E: "ATSC Digital Television Standard" (the primary document governing the standard) +A/55: "Program Guide for Digital Television" (now deprecated in favor of A/65 PSIP) +A/56: "System Information for Digital Television" (now deprecated in favor of A/65 PSIP) +A/57A: "Content Identification and Labeling for ATSC Transport" (for assigning a unique digital number to each episode of each TV show, to assist DVRs) +A/63: "Standard for Coding 25/50 Hz Video" (for use with PAL and SECAM-originated programming) +A/64A "Transmission Measurement and Compliance for Digital Television" +A/65C: "Program and System Information Protocol for Terrestrial Broadcast and Cable" (PSIP includes virtual channels, electronic program guides, and content ratings) +A/68: "PSIP Standard for Taiwan" (defines use of Chinese characters via Unicode 3.0) +A/69: recommended practices for implementing PSIP at a TV station +A/70A: "Conditional Access System for Terrestrial Broadcast" +A/71: "ATSC Parameterized Services Standard" +A/72: "Video System Characteristics of AVC in the ATSC Digital Television System" (implementing H.264/MPEG-4 as well as MVC for 3D television) +A/76: "Programming Metadata Communication Protocol" (XML-based PMCP maintains PSIP metadata though a TV station's airchain) +A/79: "Conversion of ATSC Signals for Distribution to NTSC Viewers" (recommended practice, issued February 2009) +A/80: "Modulation and Coding Requirements for Digital TV (DTV) Applications Over Satellite" (ATSC-S) +A/81: "Direct-to-Home Satellite Broadcast Standard" (not yet implemented by any services) +A/82: "Automatic Transmitter Power Control (ATPC) Data Return Link (DRL) Standard" +A/85: "Techniques for Establishing and Maintaining Audio Loudness for Digital Television" +A/90: "Data Broadcast Standard" (for datacasting) +A/92: "Delivery of IP Multicast Sessions over Data Broadcast Standard" (for IP multicasting) +A/93: "Synchronized/Asynchronous Trigger Standard" +A/94: "ATSC Data Application Reference Model" +A/95: "Transport Stream File System Standard" (TSFS is a special file system for downloading computer files) +A/96: "ATSC Interaction Channel Protocols" (interactive TV) +A/97: "Software Data Download Service" (used by UpdateTV for upgrades and software patches in ATSC tuners) +A/98: "System Renewability Message Transport" +A/99: "Carriage Of Legacy TV Data Services" (for former analog supplemental services that used the vertical blanking interval lines, such as closed captioning and teletext) +A/100: "DTV Application Software Environment - Level 1" (DASE-1) +A/101: "Advanced Common Application Platform" (ACAP) +A/103:2014: "Non-Real-Time Delivery" +A/104: "ATSC 3D-TV Terrestrial Broadcasting" +A/105:2015: "Interactive Services Standard" +A/106:2015: "ATSC Security and Service Protection Standard" +A/107:2015: "ATSC 2.0 Standard" +A/110A: "Synchronization Standard for Distributed Transmission" (single-frequency networks) +A/112: E-VSB (Enhanced Vestigal Sideband) +A/153: ATSC-M/H +In 2004, the main ATSC standard was amended to support Enhanced ATSC (A/112); this transmission mode is backwardly compatible with the original 8-Bit Vestigal Sideband modulation scheme, but provides much better error correction. +ATSC-M/H for mobile TV has been approved and added to some stations, though it is known that it uses MPEG-4 instead of MPEG-2 for encoding, and behaves as an MPEG-4-encoded subchannel, inheriting 8VSB from the remainder of the channel. + +== ATSC 3.0 == + +ATSC 3.0 is a non-backwards-compatible version of ATSC being developed (as of May 18, 2016) that uses OFDM instead of 8VSB and a much newer video codec (instead of ATSC 1 and 2's MPEG-2). +On March 28, 2016, the Bootstrap component of ATSC 3.0 (System Discovery and Signalling) was upgraded from candidate standard to finalized standard. +On May 4, 2016, the Audio Codec component of ATSC 3.0 was elevated to candidate standard, with two finalists remaining: Dolby AC-4 and MPEG-H Audio Alliance format from Fraunhofer IIS, Qualcomm and Technicolor SA. A third entry from DTS named DTS:X (a successor to DTS-HD) was withdrawn before the standard was upgraded to candidate status. +On September 8, 2016, the Physical Layer Download (OFDM) component of ATSC 3.0 was upgraded from candidate standard to finalized standard. +On October 5, 2016, the Link Layer Protocol Standard (A/330) was elevated from Candidate to final standard, along with the Audio Watermark Emission Standard (A/334) and Video Watermark Emission Standard (A/335). ATSC Technology Group 3 (TG3) members have also begun voting on elevating the following Candidate Standards to Proposed Standard status (the final step before becoming an approved standard): Service Announcement (A/322), Service Usage Reporting (A/333) and Captions and Subtitles (A/343). TG3 members also are voting to elevate Security (A/360) to Candidate Standard status, joining Schedule and Studio-to-Transmitter Link Standard (A/324), which was recently elevated. On March 30, 2016, A/324 (Schedule and Studio-to-Transmitter Link) was upgraded from Proposed to Candidate Standard. +On January 3, 2017, ATSC announced the updated status of its standards, in time for its debut at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. As a result, this update, Captions and Subtitles (A/343) was upgraded from Candidate to Finalized Standard; Security (A-360), Lab Performance Test Plan (A-325) and Field Test Plan (A-326) were upgraded to Candidate Standard from "Under Consideration". +By March 7, 2017, ATSC announced a further update to the status of its standards, with the following as Finalized: A/321 (System Discovery and Signaling); A/322 Physical Layer Protocol (COFDM); A/326 (Field Test Plan [Recommended Practice]); A/330 (Link Layer Protocol); A/333 (Service Usage Reporting); A/334 (Audio Watermark Emission); A/335 (Video Watermark Emission); A/336 (Content Recovery in Redistribution Scenarios [ATSC 3.0 over Cable and Satellite]); A/342 Part 1 (Audio Common Elements); A/342 Part 2 (Audio: Dolby AC-4 System); A/342 Part 3 (Audio MPEG-H System); and A/343 (Captions and Subtitles). The following are Proposed Standards: A/325 (Lab Performance Test Plan [Recommended Practice]); A/332 (Service Announcement); A/338 (Companion Device); A/341 (Video - H.265/HEVC). The following are Candidate Standards: A/300 (ATSC 3.0 System); A/324 (Scheduler/Studio-to-Transmitter Link); A/331 (Signalling, Delivery, Sync Error Protection); A/337 (Application Signalling); A/344 (Interactive Content); A/360 (Security and Service Protection). The following is a Draft Standard: A/323 (Physical Layer Uplink/Downlink). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a00f7061a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "List of ATSC standards" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:43.860534+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Structure/ATSC 3.0 System Layers +Bootstrap: System Discovery and Signalling +Physical Layer: Transmission (OFDM) +Link Layer Protocols: IP, MMT +Presentation: Audio and Video standards (to be determined), Ultra HD with High Definition and standard-definition multicast, Immersive Audio +Applications: Screen is a web page +Finalized Standards + +A/200: Regional Service Availability (finalized on July 8, 2020) +A/300: ATSC 3.0 +A/321: System Discovery and Signalling +A/322: Physical Layer Download +A/323: Dedicated Return Channel for ATSC 3.0 (Physical Layer Upload/Download (Uplink/Downlink)) (accepted on 2 November 2017, finalized on December 7, 2018) +A/324: Schedule and Studio-to-Transmitter Link (finalized on 5 January 2018) +A/325: Recommended Practice: TG3/S32 Lab Performance Test Plan +A/326: Field Test Plan (Recommended Practice) +A/330: Link Layer Protocol +A/331: Signaling, Delivery, Synchronization, and Error Protection (finalized on 6 December 2017) +A/332: Service Announcement +A/333: Service Usage Reporting +A/334: Audio Watermark Emission +A/335: Video Watermark Emission +A/336: Content Recovery in Redistribution Scenarios +A/337: Application Signaling (finalized on January 2, 2018) +A/338: Companion Device +A/339:2017, “ATSC Recommended Practice: Audio Watermark Modification and Erasure” +A/341: Video Standard (H.265, Scalable HEVC with HDR) +A/341:2018, “Video – HEVC, With Amendments No. 1 and No. 2″ (Approved January 24, 2018. Amendment No. 1 approved March 9, 2018. Amendment No. 2 approved March 12, 2018, finalized on February 14, 2019) +A/342: Audio Standard (composed of the following three parts) +A/341 Amendment – 2094-40 (HEVC Video Codec, Finalized on September 19, 2021) +A/342 Part 1: Audio Common Elements +A/342 Part 2: AC-4 System +A/342 Part 3: MPEG-H AA System (declared the audio standard for ATSC 3.0 in South Korea) +A/343: Captions and Subtitles +A/344: Application Runtime Environment Standard (apps for advanced televisions) (finalized December 18, 2017) +A/360: Security and Service Protection (encryption for broadcasters) (finalized January 9, 2018) +Proposed Standards + +Candidate Standards + +A/331:2021: Signaling, Delivery, Synchronization, and Error Protection (Most Recent Document, approved on December 9, 2021 +A/344:2021: Interactive Content (Most Recent Document, approved November 24, 2021) +A/345: Personalization +Draft Standards + +Under Consideration - Working Drafts and Recommended Practices + +A/327: Guidelines for the Physical Layer Protocol (Most Recent Document Approved January 25, 2021) +A/350: Guide to the Link-Layer Protocol (Most Recent Document Approved: July 19, 2019) +A/351: Techniques for Signaling, Delivery and Synchronization (Most Recent Document Approved: February 15, 2021) +A/361: Security and Content Protection (Most Recent Document Approved: December 10, 2019) +A/362: Digital Rights Management (DRM) (Most Recent Document Approved: January 17, 2020) +A/370: Conversion of ATSC 3.0 Services for Redistribution (Most Recent Document Approved: December 11, 2019) +A/380: Haptics for ATSC 3.0 (Most Recent Document Approved: February 3, 2021) + +== References == + +== External links == +ATSC standards \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77a365708 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "List of British Standards" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +British Standards are the standards produced by BSI Group which is incorporated under a Royal Charter (and which is formally designated as the National Standards Body (NSB) for the UK). The BSI Group produces British Standards under the authority of the Charter, which lays down as one of the BSI's objectives to: + +Set up standards of quality for goods and services, and prepare and promote the general adoption of British Standards and schedules in connection therewith and from time to time to revise, alter and amend such standards and schedules as experience and circumstances require + +== Standards == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..561d5d486 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +--- +title: "List of British Standards" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +BS 0 A standard for standards specifies Development, Structure and Drafting of British Standards themselves. BS 1 Lists of Rolled Sections for Structural Purposes +BS 2 Specification and Sections of Tramway Rails and Fishplates +BS 3 Report on Influence of Gauge Length and Section of Test Bar on the Percentage of Elongation +BS 4 Specification for Structural Steel Sections +BS 5 Report on Locomotives for Indian Railways +BS 6 Properties of Rolled Sections for Structural Purposes +BS 7 Dimensions of Copper Conductors Insulated Annealed, for Electric Power and Light +BS 8 Specification for Tubular Tramway Poles +BS 9 Specification and Sections of Bull Head Railway Rails +BS 10 Tables of Pipe Flanges +BS 11 Specifications and Sections of Flat Bottom Railway Rails +BS 12 Specification for Portland Cement +BS 13 Specification for Structural Steel for Shipbuilding +BS 14 Specification for Structural Steel for Marine Boilers +BS 15 Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges, etc., and General Building Construction +BS 16 Specification for telegraph material (insulators, pole fittings, etc.) +BS 17 Interim Report on Electrical Machinery +BS 18 Forms of Tensile Test Pieces +BS 19 Report on Temperature Experiments on Field Coils of Electrical Machines +BS 20 Report on BS Screw Threads +BS 21 Report on Pipe Threads for Iron or Steel Pipes and Tubes +BS 22 Report on Effect of Temperature on Insulating Materials +BS 23 Standards for Trolley Groove and Wire, +BS 24 Specifications for Material used in the Construction of Standards for Railway Rolling Stock +BS 25 Report on Errors in Workmanship Based on Measurements Carried Out for the Committee by the National Physical Laboratory +BS 26 Second Report on Locomotives for Indian Railways (Superseding No 5) +BS 27 Report on Standard Systems of Limit Gauges for Running Fits +BS 28 Report on Nuts, Bolt Heads and Spanners +BS 29 Specification for Ingot Steel Forgings for Marine Purposes +BS 30 Specification for Steel Castings for Marine Purposes +BS 31 Specification for Steel Conduits for Electrical Wiring +BS 32 Specification for Steel Bars for use in Automatic Machines +BS 33 Carbon Filament Electric Lamps +BS 34 Tables of BS Whitworth, BS Fine and BS Pipe Threads +BS 35 Specification for Copper Alloy Bars for use in Automatic Machines +BS 36 Report on British Standards for Electrical Machinery +BS 37 Specification for Electricity Meters +BS 38 Report on British Standards Systems for Limit Gauges for Screw Threads +BS 39 Combined Report on BS Screw Threads +BS 40 Specification for Spigot and Socket Cast Iron Low Pressure Heating Pipes +BS 41 Specification for Spigot and Socket Cast Iron Flue or Smoke Pipes +BS 42 Report on Reciprocating Steam Engines for Electrical Purposes +BS 43 Specification for Charcoal Iron Lip-welded Boiler Tubes +BS 44 Specification for Cast Iron Pipes for Hydraulic Power +BS 45 Report on Dimensions for Sparking Plugs (for Internal Combustion Engines) +BS 46 Specification for Keys and Keyways +BS 47 Steel Fishplates for Bullhead and Flat Bottom Railway Rails, Specification and Sections of +BS 48 Specification for Wrought Iron of Smithing Quality for Shipbuilding (Grade D) +BS 49 Specification for Ammeters and Voltmeters +BS 50 Third Report on Locomotives for Indian Railways (Superseding Nos. 5 and 26) +BS 51 Specification for Wrought Iron for use in Railway Rolling Stock ('Best Yorkshire' and Grades A, B and C) +BS 52 Specification for bayonet lamp-caps lampholders and B.C. adaptors (lampholder plugs) +BS 53 Specification for Cold Drawn Weldless Steel Boiler Tubes for Locomotive Boilers +BS 54 Report on Screw Threads, Nuts and Bolt Heads for use in Automobile Construction +BS 55 Report on Hard Drawn Copper and Bronze Wire +BS 56 Definitions of Yield Point and Elastic Limit +BS 57 Report on heads for Small Screws +BS 58 Specification for Spigot and socket Cast Iron Soil Pipes +BS 59 Specification for Spigot and Socket Cast Iron Waste and Ventilating Pipes (for other than Soil Purposes) +BS 60 Report of Experiments on Tungsten Filament Glow Lamps +BS 61 Specification for Copper Tubes and their Screw Threads (primarily for domestic and similar work) +BS 62 Screwing for Marine Boiler Stays, +BS 63 Specification for Sizes of Broken Stone and Chippings +BS 64 Specification for Fishbolts and Nuts for Railway Rails +BS 65 Specification for Salt-Glazed Ware Pipes, +BS 66 Specification for Copper-Alloy Three-Piece Unions (for Low and Medium Pressure Screwed Copper Tubes) +BS 67 Specification for Two and Three-Plate Ceiling Roses +BS 68 Method of Specifying the Resistance of Steel Conductor Rails +BS 69 Report on Tungsten Filament Glow Lamps (Vacuum Type) for Automobiles +BS 70 Report on Pneumatic Tyre Rims for Automobiles, Motor Cycles and Cycles +BS 71 Report on Dimensions of Wheel Rims and Tyre Bands for Solid Rubber Tyres for Automobiles +BS 72 British Standardisation Rules for Electrical Machinery, +BS 73 Specification for Two-Pin Wall Plugs and Sockets (Five-, Fifteen- and Thirty-Ampere) +BS 74 Charging Plug and Socket, for Vehicles Propelled by Electric Secondary Batteries, Specification for +BS 75 Steels for Automobiles, Specification for Wrought +BS 76 Report of and Specifications for Tar and Pitch for Road Purposes +BS 77 Specification. Voltages for a.c. transmission and distribution systems +BS 78 Specification for Cast Iron Pipes and Special Castings for Water, Gas and Sewage +BS 79 Report on Dimensions of Special Trackwork for Tramways +BS 80 Magnetos for Automobile Purposes +BS 81 Specification for Instrument Transformers +BS 82 Specification for Starters for Electric Motors +BS 83 Standard of Reference for Dope and Protective Covering for Aircraft +BS 84 Report on Screw Threads (British Standard Fine), and their Tolerances (Superseding parts of Reports Nos. 20 and 33) +BS 85 Steel for aircraft for Government purchases in the U.S.A +BS 86 Report on Dimensions of Magnetos for Aircraft Purposes +BS 87 Report on Dimensions for Airscrew Hubs +BS 88 Specification for cartridge fuses for voltages up to and including 1000 V a.c. and 1500 V d.c. Originally titled: “Specification for Electric Cut-Outs (Low Pressure, Type O)” +BS 89 Specification for Indicating Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeters, Frequency and Power-Factor Meters +BS 90 Specification for Recording (Graphic) Ammeters, Voltmeters and Wattmeters +BS 91 Specification for electric cable soldering sockets +BS 92 Screw threads, British Standard Whitworth and their tolerances +BS 93 Specification for British Association (B.A.) screw threads with tolerances for sizes 0 B.A. to 16 B.A. BS 94 Watertight glands for electric cables +BS 95 Tables of Corrections to Effective Diameter required to compensate Pitch and Angle Errors in Screw Threads of Whitworth Form +BS 96 Specification for carbon brushes (parallel-sided) for use on commutator and slip-ring machines +BS 97 Waterproof electric light fittings +BS 98 Specification for Goliath Lamp Caps and Lamp Holders +BS 100 Body spaces and frame ends for chassis for private automobiles (dimensions for) +BS 103 Specification for Falling Weight Testing Machines for Rails +BS 104 Sections of Light Flat Bottom Railway Rails and Fishplates +BS 105 Sections of Light and Heavy Bridge Type Railway Rails +BS 107 Standard for Rolled Sections for Magnet Steel +BS 196 for protected-type non-reversible plugs, socket-outlets cable-couplers and appliance-couplers with earthing contacts for single phase a.c. circuits up to 250 volts +BS 275 Specification Dimensions of rivets +BS 308 a now deleted standard for engineering drawing conventions, having been absorbed into BS 8888. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abdc40b30 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +--- +title: "List of British Standards" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +BS 317 for Hand-Shield and Side Entry Pattern Three-Pin Wall Plugs and Sockets (Two Pin and Earth Type) +BS 336 for fire hose couplings and ancillary equipment +BS 372 for Side-entry wall plugs and sockets for domestic purposes (Part 1 superseded BS 73 and Part 2 superseded BS 317) +BS 381 for colours used in identification, coding and other special purposes +BS 476 for fire resistance of building materials / elements +BS 499 Welding terms and symbols. BS 546 for Two-pole and earthing-pin plugs, socket-outlets and socket-outlet adaptors for AC (50–60 Hz) circuits up to 250V +BS 857 for safety glass for land transport +BS 970 Specification for wrought steels for mechanical and allied engineering purposes +BS 984 Method for Determination of net mass of retail packages of knitting and rug yarns +BS 987C Camouflage Colours +BS 1088 for marine plywood +BS 1192 for Construction Drawing Practice. Part 5 (BS1192-5:1998) concerns Guide for structuring and exchange of CAD data. BS 1361 for cartridge fuses for a.c. circuits in domestic and similar premises +BS 1362 for cartridge fuses for BS 1363 power plugs +BS 1363 for mains power plugs and sockets +BS 1377 Methods of test for soils for civil engineering. BS 1380 Speed and Exposure Index of Photographic Negative Materials. BS 1572 Colours for Flat Finishes for Wall Decoration +BS 1870 for safety footwear. BS 1881 Testing Concrete +BS 1852 Specification for marking codes for resistors and capacitors +BS 1952 and BS 1953 – Copper alloy gate valves for general purposes. Superseded by BS 5154. BS 2060 Copper alloy screw-down stop valves for general purposes. Superseded by BS 5154. BS 2660 Colours for building and decorative paints +BS 2777 Specification for asbestos-cement cisterns +BS 2979 Transliteration of Cyrillic and Greek Letters +BS 3262 Hot-applied thermoplastic road marking materials +BS 3506 for unplasticized PVC pipe for industrial uses +BS 3621 Thief resistant lock assembly. Key egress. BS 3943 Specification for plastics waste traps +BS 4142 Methods for rating and assessing industrial and commercial sound +BS 4293 for residual current-operated circuit-breakers +BS 4343 for industrial electrical power connectors +BS 4532 Specification for snorkels and face masks. BS 4573 Specification for 2-pin reversible plugs and shaver socket-outlets +BS 4800 for paint colours used in building construction +BS 4900 for vitreous enamel colours used in building construction +BS 4901 for plastic colours used in building construction +BS 4902 for sheet / tile floor covering colours used in building construction +BS 4960 for weighing instruments for domestic cookery +BS 4962 for plastics pipes and fittings for use as subsoil field drains +BS 5145 Specification for lined industrial rubber boots. BS 5154 Specifications for two types of globe valves, globe stop and check valves, and check and gate valves, made out of one of two alloys of copper, zinc, lead, tin. This standard is a metric edition of BS 1952, BS 1953 and BS 2060. BS 5228 Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites +BS 5252 for colour-coordination in building construction +BS 5306: Fire extinguishing installations +BS 5306-0:2011: Guide for the selection of installed systems and other fire equipment +BS 5306-1:2006: Hose reels and foam inlets +BS 5306-2:1990: Specification for sprinkler systems +BS 5306-3:2017: Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises. Commissioning and maintenance of portable fire extinguishers. Code of practice +BS 5306-4:2001+A1: 2012: Specification for carbon dioxide systems +BS 5306-8:2012: Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises +BS 5306-9:2015: Recharging of portable fire extinguishers – Code of practice +BS 5400 for steel, concrete and composite bridges +BS 5499 for graphical symbols and signs in building construction; including shape, colour and layout +BS 5544 for anti-bandit glazing (glazing resistant to manual attack) +BS 5750 for quality management, the ancestor of ISO 9000 +BS 5759 Specification for webbing load restraint assemblies for use in surface transport +BS 5837 for protection of trees during construction work +BS 5839 for fire detection and alarm systems for buildings +BS 5930 for site investigations +BS 5950 for structural steel +BS 5975 Code of practice for temporary works procedures and the permissible stress design of falsework +BS 5993 Specification for cricket balls +BS 6008 for preparation of a liquor of tea for use in sensory tests +BS 6312 for telephone plugs and sockets +BS 6472 Guide to evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings +BS 6651 code of practice for protection of structures against lightning; replaced by BS EN 62305 (IEC 62305) series. BS 6701 installation, operation and maintenance of telecommunications equipment and telecommunications cabling +BS 6879 for British geocodes, a superset of ISO 3166-2:GB +BS 7000 - Design management systems +Part 1 Design management systems. Guide to managing product design +Part 2 Design management systems. Guide to managing the design of manufactured products +Part 3 Design management systems. Guide to managing service design +Part 4 Design management systems. Guide to managing design in construction +Part 5 Design management systems. Design management systems. Guide to managing obsolescence +Part 6 Design management systems. Managing inclusive design. Guide +Part 10 Design management systems. Glossary of terms used in design management +BS 7346-8: 2013 Components for smoke control systems: code of practice for planning, design, installation, commissioning and maintenance +BS 7385 Evaluation and measurement for vibration in buildings +BS 7430 code of practice for earthing +BS 7671 Requirements for Electrical Installations, The IEE Wiring Regulations, produced by the IET. BS 7799 for information security, the ancestor of the ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards, including 27002 (formerly 17799) +BS 7901 for recovery vehicles and vehicle recovery equipment +BS 7909 Code of practice for temporary electrical systems for entertainment and related purposes +BS 7971 Elastomer Insulated Fire Resistant (limited circuit integrity) cables for fixed wiring in ships and on mobile and fixed offshore units +BS 7919 Electric cables. Flexible cables rated up to 450/750V, for use with appliances and equipment intended for industrial and similar environments +BS 7910 guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures +BS 7925 Software testing +BS 7971 Protective clothing and equipment for use in violent situations and in training +BS 8110 for structural concrete +BS 8210:2012 Guide to facilities maintenance management, replaced by BS 8210:2020 Facilities maintenance management. Code of practice. BS 8233 Guidance on sound insulation and noise reduction in buildings +BS 8418 Design, Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance of Detection-Activated Video Surveillance Systems (VSS) +BS 8442 Miscellaneous road traffic signs and devices - requirements and test methods +BS 8484 for the provision of lone worker device services +BS 8485 for the characterization and remediation from ground gas in affected developments +BS 8494 (2007), for portable apparatuses detecting and measuring carbon dioxide levels in ambient air or extraction systems +BS 8534:2011 Construction procurement policies, strategies and procedures: Code of practice +BS 8546 Travel adaptors compatible with UK plug and socket system. BS 8572:2018 Procurement of Facility-Related Services Code of Practice: developed to establish a common and standardised approach towards the way in which facilities services are both specified and managed +BS 8636 The voluntary standards provide a specification on the production process for UK-made whisky being sold here or traded globally. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..220cecb28 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "List of British Standards" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +BS 8647 Respiratory equipment - Full-face snorkel masks - Specification +BS 8888 for engineering drawing and technical product specification +BS 8900-1 Managing sustainable development of organizations. BS 8900-2 Managing sustainable development of organizations. Framework for assessment against BS 8900-1 +BS 9997 Fire risk management systems. BS 9999 Fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. Code of practice +BS 15000 for IT Service Management (ITIL), now ISO/IEC 20000 +BS 3G 101 for general requirements for mechanical and electromechanical aircraft indicators +BS 10008 best practice for the implementation and operation of electronic information management systems + +=== BS EN standards === + +BS EN 12195 Load restraining on road vehicles. +BS EN 15331:2011 Criteria for design, management and control of maintenance services for buildings +BS EN ISO 41012 Facility management – Guidance on strategic sourcing and the development of agreements +BS EN 60204 Safety of machinery +BS EN 61184:2017 Bayonet lampholders, fourth edition. +BS EN ISO 4210 – Cycles. Safety Requirements for Bicycles + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7e9ad7e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:58.889270+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of the symbols of the provinces and territories of Canada. Each province and territory has a unique set of official symbols. + + +== Provinces and territories == + + + +== See also == + + Canada portal +Coat of arms of Canada +List of Canadian flags +National symbols of Canada +Canadian Red Ensign +Regional tartans of Canada + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DIN_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DIN_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba4bf2cf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DIN_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +--- +title: "List of DIN standards" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DIN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:54.235719+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is an incomplete list of DIN standards. + +The "STATUS" column gives the latest known status of the standard. +If a standard has been withdrawn and no replacement specification is listed, either the specification was withdrawn without replacement or a replacement specification could not be identified. +DIN stands for "Deutsches Institut für Normung", meaning "German institute for standardization". DIN standards that begin with "DIN V" ("Vornorm", meaning "pre-standard") are the result of standardization work, but because of certain reservations on the content or because of the divergence compared to a standard installation procedure of DIN, they are not yet published standards. + + +== DIN 1 to DIN 999 == + + +=== DIN 1 to DIN 99 === + + +=== DIN 100 to DIN 199 === + + +=== DIN 200 to DIN 299 === + + +=== DIN 300 to DIN 399 === + + +=== DIN 400 to DIN 499 === + + +=== DIN 500 to DIN 599 === + + +=== DIN 600 to DIN 699 === + + +=== DIN 700 to DIN 799 === + + +=== DIN 800 to DIN 899 === + + +=== DIN 900 to DIN 999 === + + +== DIN 1000 to DIN 9999 == + + +=== DIN 1000 to DIN 1999 === + + +=== DIN 2000 to DIN 2999 === + + +=== DIN 3000 to DIN 3999 === + + +=== DIN 4000 to DIN 4999 === + + +=== DIN 5000 to DIN 5999 === + + +=== DIN 6000 to DIN 6999 === + + +=== DIN 7000 to DIN 7999 === + + +=== DIN 8000 to DIN 8999 === + + +=== DIN 9000 to DIN 9999 === + + +== DIN 10000 to DIN 19999 == + + +=== DIN 10000 to DIN 10999 === + + +=== DIN 11000 to DIN 11999 === + + +=== DIN 12000 to DIN 12999 === + + +=== DIN 13000 to DIN 13999 === + + +=== DIN 14000 to DIN 14999 === + + +=== DIN 15000 to DIN 15999 === + + +=== DIN 16000 to DIN 16999 === + + +=== DIN 17000 to DIN 17999 === + + +=== DIN 18000 to DIN 18999 === + + +=== DIN 19000 to DIN 19999 === + + +== DIN 20000 to DIN 29999 == + + +=== DIN 24000 to DIN 24999 === + + +=== DIN 28000 to DIN 28999 === + + +== DIN 30000 to DIN 39999 == + + +=== DIN 31000 to DIN 31999 === + + +== DIN 40000 to DIN 49999 == + + +== DIN 51097 to DIN 59999 == + +DIN ISO 53438 + + +== DIN 60000 to DIN 69999 == + + +== DIN 70000 to DIN 79999 == + + +== DIN 80000 to DIN 99999 == + + +== See also == +List of EN standards +List of IEC standards +List of ISO standards + + +== References == + + +== External links == +DIN Website, in English +DIN Fasteners in Details \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EIA_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EIA_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93b7f6ef1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EIA_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +--- +title: "List of EIA standards" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EIA_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:59.473303+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of American Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) Standards. +The EIA ceased operations on February 11, 2011, but the former sectors continue to serve the constituencies of EIA. EIA designated ECA to continue to develop standards for interconnect, passive and electro-mechanical (IP&E) electronic components under the ANSI-designation of EIA standards. All other electronic components standards are managed by their respective sectors. ECA is expected to merge with the National Electronic Distributors Association (NEDA) to form the Electronic Components Industry Association (ECIA). However, the EIA standards brand will continue for IP&E standards within ECIA. As currently authorized, any ANSI standard designated at ANSI EIA-xxx is developed and/or managed by ECA (and, in the future, ECIA). + + +== 1–199 == +TIA/EIA-41 Cellular Radiocommunications Intersystem Operations. +EIA/TIA/IS-55 Recommended Minimum Performance Standards of 800 MHz Dual Mode Mobile Stations +EIA/TIA/IS-66 Sectional Specification for Nonpressurized Fiber Optic Splice Closures +EIA-96 +TIA/EIA-136-310-A-1 TDMA Third Generation Wireless - Radio Link Protocol –1 +JEP-143C Solid-State Reliability Assessment and Qualification Methodologies +EIA-170/RS-170 Electrical Performance Standards-Monochrome Television Studio Facilities 01 November 1957. + Note: EIA-170 only appears on the cover page of the document, internal pages are labeled RS-170 in the upper right corner. + EIA-170/RS-170 applies only to monochrome (black & white) video. + The later color video version is RS-170A which shows color burst and the 4 color field sequence of NTSC. + The RS-170A version is only a tentative standard, and was never formally adopted. NAB Engineering Handbook Seventh Edition. + +EIA-189A Formerly RS-189A. Encoded color bar signal (preceded SMPTE color bars). +EIA-198 +EIA RS-198-A? +EIA RS-198-B:1971 +EIA-198-C:1983 +EIA-198-D:1991 Ceramic dielectric capacitors classes I, II, III +EIA-198-1-E:1998 +EIA-198-2-E:1998 +EIA-198-3-E:1998 +EIA-198-1-F:2002 +EIA-198-2-F:2002 +EIA-198-3-F:2002 +EIA-198-3-4-F:2009 + + +== 200–299 == +EIA-222 Standards for antenna mast structural integrity +RS-225, 50Ω RF high power RF connectors, (EIA RF Connectors) +RS-232 (or EIA-232) electrical characteristics, single-ended voltage digital interface circuit (serial data communications) +RS-259, 75Ω RF high power RF connectors, (EIA RF Connectors) +EIA-274 is the most common NC code format. In the machine tool industry it also known as G-code. In the PCB industry Standard Gerber, now revoked, was based on it. +RS-279 electronic color code originally known as the RETMA color code + + +== 300–399 == +EIA/ECA-310 Cabinets, Racks, Panels, and Associated Equipment, maintained by the ECIA (includes 19-inch racks, rack units) +EIA/TIA-329-B Minimum Standards for Communication Antennas Part I - Base Station Antennas +EIA/TIA-329-B-1 Minimum Standards for Communication Antennas Part II - Vehicular Antennas +EIA-343 Formerly RS-343. Signal standard for non-broadcast high resolution monochrome video. +EIA-343A Formerly RS-343 A. Video signal standard for high resolution monochrome CCTV. Based on EIA-343. +EIA-364-38 TP-38D Cable Pull-Out Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors +EIA-370-B Designation System for Semiconductor Devices. + + +== 400–499 == +RS-422 (or EIA-422 or TIA-422), electrical characteristics of the balanced voltage digital interface circuit (serial data communications) +RS-423, a standard for serial communications +RS-449 for serial data communications +EIA/TIA-455-A Standard Test Procedure for Fiber Optic Fibers, Cables, Transducers, Sensors, Connecting and Terminating Devices, and Other Fiber Optic Components +EIA/TIA-455-12A FOTP-12 Fluid Immersion Test for Fiber Optic Components +EIA/TIA-455-37A FOTP-37 Low or High Temperature Bend Test for Fiber Optic Cable +EIA/TIA-455-48B FOTP-48 Measurement of Optical Fiber Cladding Diameter Using Laser-Based Instruments +EIA/TIA-455-87B FOTP-87 Fiber Optic Cable Knot Test +EIA/TIA-455-188 FOTP-188 Low Temperature Testing of Fiber Optic Components +EIA-476 Date Code Marking +EIA-RS-481 Taping/Leadless Components for Automatic Placement +RS-485 Electrical Characteristics of Generators and Receivers for Use in Balanced Digital Multipoint Systems (serial data communications) +RS-494 A 1983 Binary Cutter Location (BCL) standard for CNC + + +== 500–599 == +EIA-535 Fixed Tantalum Capacitors +TIA-568 cable wiring standard for structured cabling (Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard) +EIA/TIA-569 Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces +EIA/TIA-570 Residential and Light Commercial Telecommunications Wiring Standard +TIA-574 standardizes the 9-pin D-subminiature connector pinout for use with EIA-232 electrical signalling + + +== 600–699 == +EIA-608 standard for closed captioning for NTSC TV broadcasts in the United States and Canada +TIA/EIA-634-B MC-BS Interface for Public Wireless Communications Systems +EIA/TIA-662 standard for Personal Wireless Telecommunications (PWT). +TIA/EIA-667 Personal Access Communications System Wireless User Premises Equipment (PACS-WUPE) Air Interface Standard + + +== 700–799 == +TIA/EIA/IS-707-A Data Service Options for Wideband Spread Spectrum Systems +EIA-708 is the standard for closed captioning for ATSC digital television streams in the United States and Canada. +CEA-709.1-B Control Network Protocol Specification + + +== 800–899 == +EIA/CEA-861 A DTV Profile for Uncompressed High Speed Digital Interfaces (now CTA-861) +TIA/EIA/IS-880 TIA-41-D Based Network Enhancements for CDMA Packet Data Service (C-PDS) Phase 1 + + +== 900–999 == +TIA-968-A Technical Requirements for Connection of Terminal Equipment to the Telephone Network + + +== 1000–1099 == +TIA-1096-A Connector Requirements for Connection of Terminal Equipment to the Telephone Network + + +== 2000–2099 == +TIA/EIA/IS-2000.5-A Upper Layer (Layer 3) Signaling Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems +TIA/EIA/IS-2000.5-C Upper Layer (Layer 3) Signaling Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems + + +== 3100–3199 == +EIA SP 3128 polarizing/coding key overstress test procedure for electrical connectors + + +== Notes == +The above list of standards is not only incomplete, but also out of date. For example, the standard on capacitor dielectric classes is as of Nov 2002: EIA-198-1-F Ceramic Dielectric Capacitors: Classes I, II, III, and IV +RS is for "Recommended Standard", an early prefix used for electronic standards + + +== See also == + +SCART +ANSI +EIA Recommended Standard + + +== References == + + +== External links == +EIA Standards Store, IHS is the official distributor of EIA standards +Search for EIA Standards, ECIA provides a searchable database of EIA standards and projects. +TIA +ECA +JEDEC +CEA Archived 2008-11-03 at the Wayback Machine +GEIA (TechAmerica) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fbb45eba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 1/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +European Standards (abbreviated EN, from the German name Europäische Norm ("European standard")) are technical standards drafted and maintained by CEN (European Committee for Standardization), CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) and ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c3f16f13 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 2/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== EN 1–999 == +EN 1: Flued oil stoves with vaporizing burners +EN 2: Classification of fires +EN 3: Portable fire extinguishers +EN 14: Dimensions of bed blankets +EN 19: Industrial valves – Marking of metallic valves +EN 20: Wood preservatives. EN 26: Gas-fired instantaneous water heaters for the production of domestic hot water +EN 40: Lighting columns +EN 40-1: Part 1: Definitions and terms +EN 40-2: Part 2: General requirements and dimensions +EN 40-3-1: Part 3-1: Design and verification - Specification for characteristic loads +EN 40-3-2: Part 3-2: Design and verification - Verification by testing +EN 40-3-3: Part 3-3: Design and verification - Verification by calculation +EN 40-4: Part 4: Requirements for reinforced and prestressed concrete lighting columns +EN 40-5: Part 5: Requirements for steel lighting columns +EN 40-6: Part 6: Requirements for aluminium lighting columns +EN 40-7: Part 7: Requirements for fibre reinforced polymer composite lighting columns +EN 54: Fire detection and fire alarm systems +EN 71: Safety of toys +EN 81: Safety of lifts and escalators +EN 115: Safety of escalators & Moving walks +EN 131: Ladders +EN 136: Respiratory protective devices – Full-face masks – Requirements, testing and marking +EN 137: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with full face mask – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 140: Respiratory protective devices – Half masks and quarter masks – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 142: Respiratory protective devices – Mouthpiece assemblies – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 143: Respiratory protective devices – Particle filters – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 144: Respiratory protective devices – Gas cylinder valves +EN 144-1: Part 1: Thread connections for insert connector +EN 144-2: Part 2: Outlet connections +EN 144-3: Part 3: Outlet connections for diving gases Nitrox and oxygen +EN 145 Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained closed-circuit breathing apparatus compressed oxygen or compressed oxygen-nitrogen type – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 148 Respiratory protective devices – Threads for facepieces +EN 148-1: Part 1: Standard thread connection +EN 148-2: Part 2: Centre thread connection +EN 148-3: Part 3: Tread connection M 45 x 3 +EN 149: Respiratory protective devices – Filtering half masks to protect against particles – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 166: Personal eye-protection – Specifications +EN 169: Personal eye-protection – Filters for welding and related techniques – Transmittance requirements and recommended use +EN 170: Personal eye-protection – Ultraviolet filters – Transmittance requirements and recommended use +EN 172: Personal eye protection – Sunglare filters for industrial use +EN 174: Personal eye-protection – Ski goggles for downhill skiing +EN 175: Personal protection – Equipment for eye and face protection during welding and allied processes +EN 196: Methods for testing cement (10 parts) +EN 197-1: Cement – Part 1 : Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements +EN 197-2: Cement – Part 2 : Conformity evaluation +EN 206-1: Concrete – Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity +EN 207: Personal eye-protection equipment – Filters and eye-protectors against laser radiation (laser eye-protectors) +EN 208: Personal eye-protection – Eye-protectors for adjustment work on lasers and laser systems (laser adjustment eye-protectors) +EN 228: Specifications for automotive petrol +EN 250: Respiratory equipment – Open-circuit self-contained compressed air diving apparatus - Requirements, testing and marking +EN 280: Mobile elevating work platforms. Design calculations, Stability criteria, Construction, Safety Examinations and tests +EN 286: Simple unfired pressure vessels designed to contain air or nitrogen +Part 3: Steel pressure vessels designed for air braking equipment and auxiliary pneumatic equipment for railway rolling stock +Part 4: Aluminium alloy pressure vessels designed for air braking equipment and auxiliary pneumatic equipment for railway rolling stock +EN 287: Qualification test of welders — Fusion welding +Part 1: Steels +EN 294: Safety of machinery; safety distances to prevent danger zones from being reached by the upper limbs +EN 298: Automatic gas burner control systems for gas burners and gas burning appliances with or without fans +EN 301 549: European standard for digital accessibility +EN 336: Structural timber — Sizes, permitted deviations +EN 338: Structural timber — Strength classes +EN 341: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Descender devices +EN 342: Protective clothing – Ensembles and garments for protection against cold +EN 343: Protective clothing – Protection against rain +EN 352: Hearing protectors – General requirements +EN 352-1: Part 1: Earmuffs +EN 352-2: Part 2: Earplugs +EN 352-3: Part 3: Earmuffs attached to head protection and/or face protection devices +EN 352: Hearing protectors – Safety requirements +EN 352-4: Part 4: Level-dependent earmuffs +EN 352-5: Part 5: Active noise reduction earmuffs +EN 352-6: Part 6: Earmuffs with safety-related audio input +EN 352-7: Part 7: Level-dependent earplugs +EN 352-8: Part 8: Entertainment audio earmuffs +EN 352-9: Part 9: Earplugs with safety-related audio input +EN 352-10: Part 10: Entertainment audio earplugs +EN 353-1: Personal fall protection equipment – Guided type fall arresters including an anchor line – Part 1: Guided type fall arresters including a rigid anchor line +EN 353-2: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Part 2: Guided type fall arresters including a flexible anchor line +EN 354: Personal fall protection equipment – Lanyards +EN 355: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Energy absorbers +EN 358: Personal protective equipment for work positioning and prevention of falls from a height – Belts and lanyards for work positioning or restraint +EN 360: Personal fall protection equipment – Retractable type fall arresters +EN 361: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Full body harnesses +EN 362: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Connectors +EN 363: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Fall arrest systems +EN 365: Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – General requirements for instructions for use, maintenance, periodic examination, repair, marking and packaging +EN ISO 374: Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms +EN ISO 374-1: Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks (ISO 374-1:2016) +EN ISO 374-5: Part 5: Terminology and performance requirements for micro-organisms risks (ISO 374-5:2016) +EN 379: Personal eye-protection – Automatic welding filters +EN 381: Protective clothing for users of hand-held chain saws +EN 381-5: Part 5: Requirements for leg protectors +EN 381-7: Part 7: Requirements for chainsaw protective gloves +EN 381-9: Part 9: Requirements for chain saw protective gaiters +EN 381-11: Part 11: Requirements for upper body protectors +EN 386: Glued laminated timber - Performance requirements and minimum production requirements +EN 388: Protective gloves against mechanical risks +EN 390: Glued laminated timber. Sizes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-10.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4f1a4576 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-10.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 11/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== EN 50000–59999 (CENELEC specific, non-IEC electrical standards) == +EN 50022: 35 mm snap-on top-hat mounting rails for low-voltage switchgear (DIN rail) +EN 50075: Europlug +EN 50090: Home and Building Electronic Systems (KNX/EIB) +EN 50102: Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against external mechanical impacts +EN 50119: Railway applications - Fixed installations: Electric traction overhead contact lines for railways +EN 50121: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility +EN 50121-1: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility Part 1: General +EN 50121-2: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 2 : emission of the whole railway system to the outside world +EN 50121-3-1: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 3-1 : rolling stock - Train and complete vehicle +EN 50121-3-2: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 3-2 : rolling stock - Apparatus +EN 50121-4: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 4 : emission and immunity of the signaling and telecommunications apparatus +EN 50121-5: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 5: Emission and immunity of fixed power supply installations and apparatus +EN 50122: Railway applications - Fixed installations +EN 50122-1: Railway applications - Fixed installations - Electrical safety, earthing and the return circuit - Part 1: Protective provisions against electric shock +EN 50122-2: Railway applications - Fixed installations - Part 2: Protective provisions against the effects of Stray currents caused by d.c. traction systems +EN 50122-3: Railway applications - Fixed installations - Electrical safety, earthing and the return circuit - Part 3: Mutual Interaction of a.c. and d.c. traction systems +EN 50123: Railway applications - Fixed installations - D.C. switchgear +EN 50124: Railway applications - Insulation coordination +EN 50125-1: Railway applications - Environmental conditions for equipment - Part 1: Rolling stock and on-board equipment +EN 50125-2: Railway applications - Environmental conditions for equipment - Part 2: Fixed electrical installations +EN 50125-3: Railway applications - Environmental conditions for equipment - Part 3: Equipment for signaling and telecommunications +EN 50126: Railway applications - The specification and demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) +EN 50128: Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems - Software for railway control and protection systems +EN 50129: Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems – Safety related electronic systems for signalling +EN 50130: Alarm systems - Electromagnetic compatibility and Environmental test methods +EN 50131: Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems +EN 50136: Alarm systems - Alarm transmission systems +EN 50153: Railway applications - Rolling stock - Protective provisions relating to electrical hazards +EN 50155: Railway applications - Electronic equipment used on rolling stock +EN 50157: Domestic and Similar Electronic Equipment Interconnection Requirements (Part1 = AV.link) +EN 50159: Railway applications - Communication, signaling and processing systems - Safety-related communication in transmission systems +EN 50163: Railway applications - Supply voltages of traction systems +EN 50178: Electronic equipment for use in power installations +EN 50207: Railway applications - Electronic power converters for rolling stock +EN 50262: Metric cable glands +EN 50267: Corrosive Gases +EN 50272-1: Standards for Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations - Part 1 General safety information +EN 50272-2: Standards for Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations - Part 2 Stationary batteries +EN 50522: Earthing of power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. +EN 50308: Wind Turbines - Protective Measures - Requirements for design, operation and maintenance +EN 50321-1: Live working – Footwear for electrical protection – Insulating footwear and overboots +EN 50325: Industrial communications subsystem based on ISO 11898 (CAN) for controller-device interfaces +EN 50365: Live Working – Electrically insulating helmets for use on low and medium voltage installations +EN 50412: Power line communication apparatus and systems used in low-voltage installations in the frequency range 1.6 MHz to 30 MHz +EN 50436: Alcohol interlocks +EN 50465: Gas appliances - Combined heat and power appliance of nominal heat input inferior or equal to 70 kW +EN 50470-3: Electricity metering equipment - Part 3: Particular requirements - Static meters for AC active energy (class indexes A, B and C) +EN 50470-4: Electricity metering equipment - Part 4: Particular requirements - Static meters for DC active energy (class indexes A, B and C) +EN 50525: Low voltage energy cables; a merger of HD 21 and HD 22. +EN 50571: Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Particular requirements for commercial electric washing machines +EN 50562: Railway applications - Fixed installations - Process, protective measures and demonstration of safety for electric traction systems +EN 50581: documentation for the assessment of electrical and electronic products with respect to the RoHS +EN 50600: Information technology - Data centre facilities and infrastructures +EN 50617-1: Railway applications - Technical parameters of train detection systems for the interoperability of the trans-European railway system - Part 1: Track circuits +EN 50617-2: Railway Applications - Technical parameters of train detection systems for the interoperability of the trans-European railway system - Part 2: Axle counters +EN 50632: Electric motor-operated tools - Dust measurement Procedure +EN 50657: Railways Applications - Rolling stock applications - Software on Board Rolling Stock +EN 50716: Cross-functional Software Standard for Railways +EN 55011: Industrial, scientific and medical equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement +EN 55014: Electromagnetic compatibility — Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus +EN 55022: Information technology equipment. Radio disturbance characteristics. +EN 55024: Information technology equipment. Immunity characteristics. +EN 55032: Electromagnetic Compatibility of Multimedia Equipment. Emission requirements. +EN 55035: Electromagnetic Compatibility of Multimedia Equipment. Immunity requirements. + +== EN 60000-69999 (CENELEC editions of IEC standards) == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-11.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-11.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..809568ab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-11.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 12/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +EN 60065: Audio, Video and similar electronics apparatus - Safety requirements. +EN 60077: Railway applications - Electric equipment for rolling stock +EN 60950-1: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part1: General requirements +EN 60950-21: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part21: Remote power feeding +EN 60950-22: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part22: Equipment installed outdoors +EN 60950-23: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part23: Large data storage equipment +EN 61000-1-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. Methodology for the achievement of functional safety of electrical and electronic systems including equipment with regard to electromagnetic phenomena +EN 61000-1-3: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. The effects of high-altitude EMP (HEMP) on civil equipment and systems +EN 61000-1-4: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range up to 2 kHz +EN 61000-1-5: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. High power electromagnetic (HPEM) effects on civil systems +EN 61000-1-6: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. Guide to the assessment of measurement uncertainty +EN 61000-2-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signaling in public low-voltage power supply systems +EN 61000-2-4: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances +EN 61000-2-9: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Description of HEMP environment. Radiated disturbance. Basic EMC publication +EN 61000-2-10: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Description of HEMP environment. Conducted disturbance +EN 61000-2-12: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signaling in public medium-voltage power supply systems +EN 61000-3-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and including 16 A per phase) +EN 61000-3-3: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with rated current ≤ 16 A per phase and not subject to conditional connection +EN 61000-3-11: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems. Equipment with rated voltage current ≤ 75 A and subject to conditional connection +EN 61000-3-12: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. +EN 61000-4-1: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Overview of IEC 61000-4 series +EN 61000-4-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Electrostatic discharge immunity test. Basic EMC publication +EN 61000-4-3: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test +EN 61000-4-4: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test +EN 61000-4-5: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Surge immunity test +EN 61000-4-6: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields +EN 61000-4-7: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto +EN 61000-4-8: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Power frequency magnetic field immunity test. Basic EMC publication +EN 61000-4-11: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests +EN 61000-4-12: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Oscillatory waves immunity test. Basic EMC publication +EN 61000-4-13: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Harmonics and interharmonics including mains signaling at a.c. power port, low frequency immunity tests +EN 61000-4-14: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Voltage fluctuation immunity test for equipment with input current not exceeding 16 A per phase +EN 61000-4-15: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Flickermeter. Functional and design specifications. Basic EMC publication +EN 61000-4-16: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Test for immunity to conducted, common mode disturbances in the frequency range 0 Hz to 150 kHz +EN 61000-4-17: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Ripple on d.c. input power port immunity test +EN 61000-4-18: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Damped oscillatory wave immunity test +EN 61000-4-19: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Test for immunity to conducted, differential mode disturbances and signaling in the frequency range 2 kHz to 150 kHz at a.c. power ports +EN 61000-4-20: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides +EN 61000-4-21: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Reverberation chamber test methods +EN 61000-4-22: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Radiated emission and immunity measurements in fully anechoic rooms (FARs) +EN 61000-4-23: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Test methods for protective devices for HEMP and other radiated disturbances +EN 61000-4-24: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Test methods for protective devices for HEMP conducted disturbance. Basic EMC publication +EN 61000-4-25: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. HEMP immunity test methods for equipment and systems +EN 61000-4-27: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Unbalance, immunity test for equipment with input current not exceeding 16 A per phase +EN 61000-4-28: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Variation of power frequency, immunity test for equipment with input current not exceeding 16 A per phase +EN 61000-4-29: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations on d.c.input power ports. Immunity tests. Basic EMC Publication. +EN 61000-4-30: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Testing and measurement techniques. Power quality measurement methods +EN 61000-4-34: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and measurement techniques. Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests for equipment with mains current more than 16 A per phase +IEC 61000-5-1 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Installation and mitigation guidelines. General considerations. Basic EMC publication +EN 61000-5-5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Installation and mitigation guidelines. Specification of protective devices for HEMP conducted disturbance. Basic EMC publication +EN 61000-5-7 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Installation and mitigation guidelines. Degrees of protection by enclosures against electromagnetic disturbances (EM code). Degrees of protection against electromagnetic disturbances provided by enclosures (EM code) +EN 61000-6-1 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments +EN 61000-6-2 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Immunity for industrial environments +EN 61000-6-3 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Emission standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments +EN 61000-6-4 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Emission standard for industrial environments +EN 61482-2: Live working – Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc – Part 2: Requirements +EN 62061 /IEC 62061 Safety of machinery: Functional safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems +EN 62353:2014 Medical electrical equipment. Recurrent test and test after repair of medical electrical equipment +Moreover, there are a lot of ISO and IEC standards that were accepted as "European Standard" (headlined as EN ISO xxxxx) and are valid in the European Economic Region. + +== See also == +Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) +List of ASTM International standards (D5001-6000) +List of ASTM International standards (D6001-7000) +List of DIN standards +List of ISO standards + +== References == + +== External links == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd8fd041c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 3/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Permissible deviations +EN 391: Glued laminated timber - Delamination tests of glue lines +EN 392: Glued laminated timber - Shear test of glue lines +EN 397: Industrial safety helmets +EN 402: Respiratory protective devices – Lung governed demand self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with full face mask or mouthpiece assembly for escape – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 403: Respiratory protective devices for self-rescue – Filtering devices with hood for escape from fire – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 404: Respiratory protective devices for self-rescue – Filter self-rescuer from carbon monoxide with mouthpiece assembly +EN 405: Respiratory protective devices – Valved filtering half masks to protect against gases or gases and particles – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 407: Protective gloves against thermal risks (heat and/or fire) +EN 408: Structural timber and glued laminated timber — Determination of some physical and mechanical properties +EN 417: Non-refillable metallic cartridges for liquefied petroleum gases +EN 420: Protective gloves – General requirements and test methods +EN 421: Protective gloves against ionizing radiation and radioactive contamination +EN 438: Decorative high-pressure laminates (HPL) sheets based on thermosetting resins. EN 440: "Welding consumables wire electrodes and deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steel - Classification" (1994) +EN 443: Helmets for fire fighting in buildings and other structures +EN 450: Fly ash for concrete - Definitions, requirements and quality control +EN 469: Protective clothing for firefighters – Performance requirements for protective clothing for firefighting activities +EN 474: Earth-moving Machinery. Safety. General Requirements +EN 510: Specification for protective clothing for use where there is a risk of entanglement with moving parts +EN 511: Protective gloves against cold +EN 518: Structural timber. Grading. Requirements for visual strength grading standards (replaced by EN 14081-1) +EN 519: Structural timber. Grading. Requirements for machine strength graded timber and grading machines (Replaced by EN 14081-1) +EN 564: Mountaineering equipment – Accessory cords – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 565: Mountaineering equipment – Tape – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 566: Mountaineering equipment – Slings – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 567: Mountaineering equipment – Rope clamps – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 568: Mountaineering equipment – Ice anchors – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 569: Mountaineering equipment – Pitons – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 590: Specification for automotive diesel +EN 631: Containers for foodstuffs +EN 659: Protective gloves for firefighters +EN 694: Fire-fighting hoses. Semi-rigid hoses for fixed systems +EN 716: Children's cots and folding cots for domestic use +EN 795: Personal fall protection equipment – Anchor devices +EN 805: Water supply. Requirements for systems and components outside buildings +EN 812: Industrial bump caps +EN 813: Personal fall protection equipment – Sit harnesses +EN 837: Pressure connections +EN 840: Mobile waste containers. EN 877: Cast iron pipes and fittings, their joints and accessories for the evacuation of water from buildings. Requirements, test methods and quality assurance +EN 892: Mountaineering equipment – Dynamic mountaineering ropes – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 893: Mountaineering equipment – Crampons – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 926: Paragliding equipment - Paragliders +EN 926-1: Part 1: Requirements and test methods for structural strength +EN 926-2: Part 2: Requirements and test methods for classifying flight safety characteristics +EN 933-1: Test for geometrical properties of aggregates - Part 1: determination of particle size distribution - Sieving method +EN 934-2: Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout - Part 2: concrete admixtures - Definitions and requirements +EN 943: Protective clothing against dangerous solid, liquid and gaseous chemicals, including liquid and solid aerosols +EN 943-1: Part 1: Performance requirements for Type 1 (gas-tight) chemical protective suits +EN 943-2: Part 2: Performance requirements for Type 1 (gas-tight) chemical protective suits for emergency teams (ET) +EN 958: Mountaineering equipment – Energy absorbing systems for use in klettersteig (via ferrata) climbing – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 966: Helmets for airborne sports +EN 980: Symbols for use in the labeling of medical devices \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1561ad1c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 4/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== EN 1000–1989 == +EN 1010-1: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Common requirements +EN 1010-2: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Printing and varnishing machines including pre-press machinery +EN 1010-3: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Cutting machines +EN 1010-4: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Bookbinding, paper converting and finishing machines +EN 1010-5: Safety of machinery - Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Machines for the production of corrugated board +EN 1069: Water slides of 2 m height and more +EN 1073-1: Protective clothing against solid airborne particles including radioactive contamination – Part 1: Requirements and test methods for compressed air line ventilated protective clothing, protecting the body and the respiratory tract +EN 1073-2: Protective clothing against radioactive contamination – Part 2: Requirements and test methods for non-ventilated protective clothing against particulate radioactive contamination +EN 1077: Helmets for alpine skiers and snowboarders +EN 1078: Helmets for pedal cyclists and for users of skateboards and roller skates +EN 1080: Impact protection helmets for young children +EN 1082: Protective clothing – Gloves and arm guards protecting against cuts and stabs by hand knives +EN 1082-1: Part 1: Chain mail gloves and arm guards +EN 1082-2: Part 2: Gloves and arm guards made of material other than chain mail +EN 1090: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures (3 parts) +EN 1092: Flanges and their joints. Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated +EN 1146: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus incorporating a hood for escape – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 1149-5: Protective clothing – Electrostatic properties – Part 5: Material performance and design requirements +EN 1150: Protective clothing – Visibility clothing for non-professional use – Test methods and requirements +EN 1168: Precast concrete products - Hollow core slabs +EN 1176-1: Playground equipment. General safety requirements and test methods +EN 1177: Impact absorbing playground surfacing. Safety requirements and test methods +EN 1325:2014: Value Management. Vocabulary. Terms and definitions +EN 1325-1:1997 Value management, value analysis, functional analysis vocabulary. Value analysis and functional analysis (withdrawn, replaced by EN 1325:2014) +EN 1337: Structural bearings +EN 1384: Helmets for equestrian activities +EN 1385: Helmets for canoeing and white water sports +EN 1399: Resilient floor coverings. Determination of resistance to stubbed and burning cigarettes +EN 1401: Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage - Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) +EN 1466: Child use and care articles - Carry cots and stands - Safety requirements and test methods +EN 1486: Protective clothing for fire-fighters – Test methods and requirements for reflective clothing for specialised fire-fighting +EN 1496: Personal fall protection equipment – Rescue lifting devices +EN 1497: Personal fall protection equipment – Rescue harnesses +EN 1679: Reciprocating internal combustion engines: Compression ignition engines +EN 1731: Personal eye protection – Mesh eye and face protectors +EN 1809: Diving accessories. Buoyancy compensators. Functional and safety requirements, test methods. +EN 1815: Resilient and textile floor coverings. Assessment of static electrical propensity +EN 1827: Respiratory protective devices – Half masks without inhalation valves and with separable filters to protect against gases or gases and particles or particles only – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 1846: Firefighting and rescue service vehicles +EN 1888-1: Child use and care articles - Wheeled child conveyances (Part 1: Pushchairs and prams—Up to 15 kg) +EN 1888-2: Child use and care articles - Wheeled child conveyances (Part 2: Pushchairs for children above 15 kg up to 22 kg) +EN 1891: Personal protective equipment for the prevention of falls from a height – Low stretch kernmantel ropes +EN 1938: Personal eye protection – Goggles for motorcycle and moped users +EN 1972: Diving equipment - Snorkels - Requirements and test methods + +== EN 1990–1999 (Eurocodes) == + +EN 1990: (Eurocode 0) Basis of structural design +EN 1991: (Eurocode 1) Actions on structures +EN 1992: (Eurocode 2) Design of concrete structures +EN 1993: (Eurocode 3) Design of steel structures +EN 1994: (Eurocode 4) Design of composite steel and concrete structures +EN 1995: (Eurocode 5) Design of timber structures +EN 1996: (Eurocode 6) Design of masonry structures +EN 1997: (Eurocode 7) Geotechnical design +EN 1998: (Eurocode 8) Design of structures for earthquake resistance +EN 1999: (Eurocode 9) Design of aluminium structures + +== EN 10000–10999 == +This range includes almost exclusively CEN Standards related to iron and steel. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f14549f0f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 5/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +EN 10002: Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing +EN 10002-1: Method of Test at Ambient Temperature +EN 10002-5: Method of testing at elevated temperatures +EN 10024: Hot rolled taper flange I sections. Tolerances on shape and dimensions +EN 10025: Hot rolled products of structural steels +EN 10025-1: Part 1: General technical delivery conditions +EN 10025-2: Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels +EN 10025-3: Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels +EN 10025-4: Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels +EN 10025-5: Part 5: Technical delivery conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance +EN 10025-6:Part 6: Technical delivery conditions for flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition +EN 10027: Designation systems for steel. +EN 10088-1 Stainless steels - Part 1: List of stainless steels +EN 10088-2 Stainless steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes +EN 10088-3 Stainless steels - Part 3: Stainless steels - Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes +EN 10088-4 Stainless steels - Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for construction purposes; +EN 10149: Hot rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming. +EN 10149-1: General technical delivery conditions +EN 10149-2: Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanically rolled steels +EN 10149-3: Technical delivery conditions for normalized or normalized rolled steels +EN 10204: Metallic products - Types of inspection documents +EN 10216: Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes +EN 10216-1: Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties +EN 10216-2: Part 2: Non alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties +EN 10216-3: Part 3: Alloy fine grain steel tubes +EN 10216-4: Part 4: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified low temperature properties +EN 10216-5: Part 5: Stainless steel tubes +EN 10217: Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes +EN 10217-1: Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties +EN 10217-2: Part 2: Electric welded non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties +EN 10217-3: Part 3: Alloy fine grain steel tubes +EN 10217-4: Part 4: Electric welded non-alloy steel tubes with specified low temperature properties +EN 10217-7: Part 7: Welded stainless steel tubes for pressure purposes at low and elevated temperature environment +EN 10220: Seamless and welded steel tubes — Dimensions and masses per unit length +EN 10240: Internal and/or external protective coating for steel tubes - specification for hot dip galvanized coatings applied in automatic plants +EN 10270-1: Steel wire for mechanical springs - Part 1: Patented cold drawn unalloyed spring steel wire +EN 10270-2: Steel wire for mechanical springs - Part 2: Oil hardened and tempered spring steel wire +EN 10305: Steel tubes for precision applications — Technical delivery conditions +Part 4: Seamless cold drawn tubes for hydraulic and pneumatic power systems +Part 6: Welded cold drawn tubes for hydraulic and pneumatic power systems +EN 12080, Railway applications — Axleboxes — Rolling bearings + +EN 10357: Austenitic, austenitic-ferritic and ferritic longitudinally welded stainless steel tubes for the food and chemical industry +EN 10365: Hot rolled steel channels, I and H sections. Dimensions and masses +EN ISO 10819: Mechanical vibration and shock – Hand-arm vibration – Measurement and evaluation of the vibration transmissibility of gloves at the palm of the hand (ISO 10819:2013) +EN ISO 10862: Small craft – Quick release system for trapeze harness (ISO 10862:2009) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1678f64f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 6/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== EN 11000–19999 == +EN ISO 11393: Protective clothing for users of hand-held chainsaws +EN ISO 11393-2: Part 2: Performance requirements and test methods for leg protectors (ISO 11393-2:2018) +EN ISO 11393-4: Part 4: Performance requirements and test methods for protective gloves (ISO 11393-4:2018) +EN ISO 11393-5: Part 5: Performance requirements and test methods for protective gaiters (ISO 11393-5:2018) +EN ISO 11393-6: Part 6: Performance requirements and test methods for upper body protectors (ISO 11393-6:2018) +EN 12021: Respiratory equipment – Compressed gases for breathing apparatus +EN 12083: Respiratory protective devices – Filters with breathing hoses, (Non-mask mounted filters) – Particle filters, gas filters, and combined filters – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 12102: Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages, heat pumps and dehumidifiers with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling - Measurement of airborne noise - Determination of the sound power level +EN 12103: Resilient floor coverings - Agglomerated cork underlays - specification +EN 12104: Resilient floor coverings - Cork floor tiles - Specification +EN 12105: Resilient floor coverings - Determination of moisture content of agglomerated composition cork +EN 12199: Resilient floor coverings. Specifications for homogeneous and heterogeneous relief rubber floor coverings +EN 12221: Changing units for domestic use +EN 12246: Quality classification of timber used in pallets and packaging +EN 12255: Wastewater treatment plants +EN 12255-1: Part 1: General construction principles +EN 12255-2: Part 2: Performance requirements of raw wastewater pumping installations +EN 12255-3: Part 3: Preliminary treatment +EN 12255-4: Part 4: Primary settlement +EN 12255-5: Part 5: Lagooning processes +EN 12255-6: Part 6: Activated sludge process +EN 12255-7: Part 7: Biological fixed-film reactors +EN 12255-8: Part 8: Sludge treatment and storage +EN 12255-9: Part 9: Odour control and ventilation +EN 12255-10: Part 10: Safety principles +EN 12255-11: Part 11: General data required +EN 12255-12: Part 12: Control and automation +EN 12255-13: Part 13: Chemical treatment - Treatment of wastewater by precipitation/flocculation +EN 12255-14: Part 14: Disinfection +EN 12255-15: Part 15: Measurement of the oxygen transfer in clean water in aeration tanks of activated sludge plants +EN 12255-16: Part 16: Physical (mechanical) filtration +EN 12270: Mountaineering equipment – Chocks – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 12275: Mountaineering equipment – Connectors – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 12276: Mountaineering equipment – Frictional anchors – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 12277: Mountaineering equipment – Harnesses – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 12278: Montaineering equipment – Pulleys – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 12281: Printing and business paper. Requirements for copy paper. EN ISO 12312: Eye and face protection – Sunglasses and related eyewear +EN ISO 12312-1: Part 1: Sunglasses for general use (ISO 12312-1:2013) +EN ISO 12312-2: Part 2: Filters for direct observation of the sun (ISO 12312-2:2015) +EN 12345: Welding. Multilingual terms for welded joints with illustrations +EN ISO 12401: Small craft – Deck safety harness and safety line – Safety requirements and test methods (ISO 12401:2009) +EN ISO 12402: Personal flotation devices +EN ISO 12402-2: Part 2: Lifejackets, performance level 275 – Safety requirements (ISO 12402-2:2020) +EN ISO 12402-3: Part 3: Lifejackets, performance level 150 – Safety requirements (ISO 12402-3:2020) +EN ISO 12402-4: Part 4: Lifejackets, performance level 100 – Safety requirements (ISO 12402-4:2020) +EN ISO 12402-5: Part 5: Buoyancy aids (level 50) – Safety requirements (ISO 12402-5:2020) +EN ISO 12402-6: Part 6: Special application lifejackets and buoyancy aids – Safety requirements and additional test methods (ISO 12402-6:2020) +EN ISO 12402-8: Part 8: Accessories – Safety requirements and test methods (ISO 12402-8:2020) +EN 12477: Protective gloves for welders +EN 12492: Mountaineering equipment – Helmets for mountaineers – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 12566: Small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PT +EN 12566-1: Part 1: Prefabricated septic tanks +EN 12566-2: Part 2: Soil infiltration systems +EN 12566-3: Part 3: Packaged and/or site assembled domestic wastewater treatment plants +EN 12566-4: Part 4: Septic tanks assembled in situ from prefabricated kits +EN 12566-5: Part 5: Pretreated Effluent Filtration systems +EN 12566-6: Part 6: Prefabricated treatment units for septic tank effluent +EN 12566-7: Part 7: Prefabricated tertiary treatment units +EN 12572: Artificial climbing structures +EN 12600: Classification of Resistance of Glazing to Impact +EN 12663: Railway applications - Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodies +Part 1: Locomotives and passenger rolling stock (and alternative method for freight wagons) +Part 2: Freight wagons +EN 12797: Brazing – Destructive tests of brazed joints +EN 12799: Brazing – Non-destructive examination brazed joints +EN 12810: Facade scaffolds made of prefabricated parts +EN 12811: Temporary works equipment +EN 12841: Personal fall protection equipment – Rope access systems – Rope adjustment devices +EN 12845 Fixed firefighting systems. Automatic sprinkler systems. Design, installation and maintenance +EN 12890: Patterns, pattern equipment and coreboxes for the production of sand molds and sand cores +EN 12896: Public Transport Reference Data Model +EN 12941: Respiratory protective devices – Powered filtering devices incorporating a loose fitting respiratory interface – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 12942: Respiratory protective devices – Powered filtering devices incorporating full face masks, half masks or quarter masks – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 12952: Water-Tube Boilers and Auxiliary Installations +EN 12973: Value Management +EN 12975-1: Thermal solar systems and components - Solar collectors +EN 13000: Cranes - Mobile Cranes +EN 13034: Protective clothing against liquid chemicals – Performance requirements for chemical protective clothing offering limited protective performance against liquid chemicals (Type 6 and Type PB [6] equipment) +EN 13061: Protective clothing – Shin guards for association football players – Requirements and test methods +EN 13089: Mountaineering equipment – Ice-tools – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 13103: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Non-powered axles — Design method +EN 13104: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Powered axles — Design method +EN 13133: "Brazing - Brazer approval" (2000) +EN 13138-1: Buoyant aids for swimming instruction – Part 1: Safety requirements and test methods for buoyant aids to be worn +EN 13145: Railway applications - Track - Wood sleepers and bearers +EN 13146: Railway applications - Track - Test methods for fastening systems +EN 13146-1: Part 1: Determination of longitudinal rail restraint +EN 13146-2: Part 2: Determination of torsional resistance +EN 13146-3: Part 3: Determination of attenuation of impact loads +EN 13146-4: Part 4: Effect of repeated loading +EN 13146-5: Part 5: Determination of electrical resistance +EN 13146-6: Part 6: Effect of severe environmental conditions +EN 13146-7: Part 7: Determination of clamping force +EN 13146-8: Part 8: In service testing +EN 13146-9: Part 9: Determination of stiffness +EN 13158: Protective clothing – Protective jackets, body and shoulder protectors for equestrian use, for horse riders and those working with horses, and for horse drivers – Requirements and test methods +EN 13162: Thermal insulation products for buildings - Factory made mineral wool (MW) products +EN 13165: Thermal insulation products for buildings - Factory made rigid polyurethane foam (PU) products +EN 13178: Personal eye-protection – Eye protectors for snowmobile users +EN 13204: Double acting hydraulic rescue tools for fire and rescue service use. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40b0afd2b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 7/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Safety and performance requirements +EN 13231: Railway applications - Track - Acceptance of works +EN 13231-1: Part 1: Works on ballasted track - Plain line, switches and crossings +EN 13231-2: Part 2: Acceptance of reprofiling rails in plain line, switches, crossings, and expansion devices +EN 13231-3: withdrawn, replaced by EN 13231-2 +EN 13231-4: withdrawn, replaced by EN 13231-2 +EN 13231-5: Part 5: Procedures for rail reprofiling in plain line, switches, crossings, and expansion devices +EN 13260: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Wheelsets — Product requirements +EN 13261: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Axles — Product requirements +EN 13262: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Wheels — Product requirements +EN 13277: Protective equipment for martial arts +EN 13277-1: Part 1: General requirements and test methods +EN 13277-2: Part 2: Additional requirements and test methods for instep protectors, shin protectors and forearm protectors +EN 13277-3: Part 3: Additional requirements and test methods for trunk protectors +EN 13277-4: Part 4: Additional requirements and test methods for head protectors +EN 13277-5: Part 5: Additional requirements and test methods for genital protectors and abdominal protectors +EN 13277-6: Part 6: Additional requirements and test methods for breast protectors for females +EN 13277-7: Part 7: Additional requirements and test methods for hand and foot protectors +EN 13277-8: Part 8: Additional requirements and test methods for karate face protectors +EN 13300: quality and classification of (interior) wall paint +EN 13309: Construction machinery - Electromagnetic compatibility of machines with internal power supply +EN 13319: Diving accessories. Depth gauges and combined depth and time measuring devices. Functional and safety requirements, test methods. EN 13356: Visibility accessories for non-professional use – Test methods and requirements +EN 13402: Size designation of clothes +EN 13432: Compostable and biodegradable packaging +EN 13445: Unfired pressure vessels +EN 13480: Metallic industrial piping +EN 13484: Helmets for users of luges +EN 13501: Fire classification of construction products and building elements +EN 13537: Temperature ratings for sleeping bags +EN 13546: Protective clothing – Hand, arm, chest, abdomen, leg, foot and genital protectors for field hockey goal keepers, and shin protectors for field players – Requirements and test methods +EN 13567: Protective clothing – Hand, arm, chest, abdomen, leg, genital and face protectors for fencers – Requirements and test methods +EN 13594: Protective gloves for motorcycle riders – Requirements and test methods +EN 13595: Protective clothing for professional motorcycle riders – Jackets, trousers and one piece or divided suits +EN 13595-1: Part 1: General requirements +EN 13595-2: Part 2: Test method for determination of impact abrasion resistance +EN 13595-3: Part 3: Test method for determination of burst strength +EN 13595-4: Part 4: Test methods for the determination of impact cut resistance +EN 13612: Performance evaluation of in-vitro diagnostic devices +EN 13634: Protective footwear for motorcycle riders – Requirements and test methods +EN 13640: Stability testing of in vitro diagnostic reagents +EN ISO 13688: Protective clothing – General requirements (ISO 13688:2013) +EN 13749 Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Method of specifying the structural requirements of bogie frames +EN 13757: Communication system for meters and remote reading of meters (Meter-Bus) +EN 13781: Protective helmets for drivers and passengers of snowmobiles and bobsleighs +EN 13794: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained closed-circuit breathing apparatus for escape – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 13803: Railway applications - Track - Track alignment design parameters - Track gauges 1435 mm and wider +EN 13832: Footwear protecting against chemicals +EN 13832-2: Part 2: Requirements for limited contact with chemicals +EN 13832-3: Part 3: Requirements for prolonged contact with chemicals +EN 13940:2016: System of concepts to support continuity of care +EN 13949: Respiratory equipment – Open-circuit self-contained diving apparatus for use with compressed Nitrox and oxygen – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 13979: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Monobloc wheels — Technical approval procedure +Part 1: Forged and rolled wheels +EN ISO 13982: Protective clothing for use against solid particulates +EN ISO 13982-1: Part 1: Performance requirements for chemical protective clothing providing protection to the full body against airborne solid particulates (type 5 clothing) (ISO 13982-1:2004) +EN ISO 13998: Protective clothing – Aprons, trousers and vests protecting against cuts and stabs by hand knives (ISO 13998:2003) +EN 14021: Stone shields for off-road motorcycling suited to protect riders against stones and debris – Requirements and test methods +EN 14033: Railway applications — Track — Railbound construction and maintenance machines +Part 1: Technical requirements for running +Part 2: Technical requirements for travelling and working +Part 3: General safety requirements +EN 14052: High performance industrial helmets +EN 14058: Protective clothing – Garments for protection against cool environments +EN 14067: Railway applications — Aerodynamics +Part 1: Symbols and units +Part 3: Aerodynamics in tunnels +Part 4: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics on open track +Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels +Part 6: Requirements and test procedures for cross wind assessment +EN 14081: Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section +Part 1: General requirements +Part 2: Machine grading - additional requirements for initial type testing. Part 3: Machine grading - additional requirements for factory production control. Part 4: Machine grading - grading machine settings for machine controlled systems. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0052b864 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 8/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +EN 14120: Protective clothing – Wrist, palm, knee and elbow protectors for users of roller sports equipment – Requirements and test methods +EN 14126: Protective clothing – Performance requirements and tests methods for protective clothing against infective agents +EN 14143: Respiratory equipment – Self-contained re-breathing diving apparatus +EN 14214: The pure biodiesel standard +EN 14225: Diving suits +EN 14225-1: Part 1: Wet suits – Requirements and test methods +EN 14225-2: Part 2: Dry suits – Requirements and test methods +EN 14225-3: Part 3: Actively heated or cooled suit systems and components – Requirements and test methods +EN 14328: Protective clothing – Gloves and armguards protecting against cuts by powered knives – Requirements and test methods +EN 14363: Railway applications — Testing and Simulation for the acceptance of running characteristics of railway vehicles — Running Behaviour and stationary tests +EN 14387: Respiratory protective devices — Gas filter(s) and combined filter(s) — Requirements, testing, marking +EN 14435: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with half mask designed to be used with positive pressure only – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 14450: Secure storage units — Requirements, classification and methods of test for resistance to burglary - Secure safe cabinets +EN 14458: Personal eye-equipment – High performance visors intended only for use with protective helmets +EN ISO 14460: Protective clothing for automobile racing drivers – Protection against heat and flame – Performance requirements and test methods (ISO 14460:1999) +EN 14511: Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling +EN 14529: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with half mask designed to include a positive pressure lung governed demand valve for escape purposes only +EN 14531: Railway applications — Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking +Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles +Part 2: Step by step calculations for train sets or single vehicles +EN 14535: Railway applications — Brake discs for railway rolling stock +Part 1: Brake discs pressed or shrunk onto the axle or drive shaft, dimensions and quality requirements +Part 2: Brake discs mounted onto the wheel, dimensions and quality requirements +EN 14593-1: Respiratory protective devices – Compressed air line breathing apparatus with demand valve – Part 1: Apparatus with a full face mask – Requirements, testing, marking +EN 14594: Respiratory protective devices – Continuous flow compressed air line breathing devices – Requirements, testing and marking +EN 14601: Railway applications — Straight and angled end cocks for brake pipe and main reservoir pipe +EN 14605: Protective clothing against liquid chemicals – performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections, including items providing protection to parts of the body only (Types PB [3] and PB [4]) +EN 14683: Medical face masks — Requirements and test method +EN ISO 14877: Protective clothing for abrasive blasting operations using granular abrasives (ISO 14877:2002) +EN 14904: Surfaces for sports areas. Indoor surfaces for multi-sports use. Specification +EN 14988: Children's High chairs +Part 1: Safety requirements +Part 2: Test methods +EN ISO 15027: Immersion suits +EN ISO 15027-1: Part 1: Constant wear suits, requirements including safety (ISO 15027-1:2012) +EN ISO 15027-2: Part 2: Abandonment suits, requirements including safety (ISO 15027-2:2012) +EN 15090: Footwear for firefighters +EN 15151-1: Mountaineering equipment – Braking devices – Part 1: Braking devices with manually assisted locking, safety requirements and test methods +EN 15152: Railway applications — Front windscreens for train cabs +EN 15153: Railway applications — External visible and audible warning devices +Part 1: Head, marker and tail lamps +Part 2: Warning horns +EN 15179: Railway applications — Braking — Requirements for the brake system of coaches +EN 15220: Railway applications — Brake indicators +EN 15227: Railway applications — Crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies +EN 15251: Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings- addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics +EN 15273: Railway applications - Gauges +Part 1: General - Common rules for infrastructure and rolling stock +Part 2: Rolling stock gauge +Part 3: Structure gauges +EN 15313: Railway applications — In-service wheelset operation requirements — In-service and off-vehicle wheelset maintenance +EN 15329: Railway applications — Braking — Brake block holder and brake shoe key for railway vehicles +EN 15333: Respiratory equipment – Open-circuit umbilical supplied compressed gas diving apparatus +EN 15333-1: Part 1: Demand apparatus +EN 15333-2: Part 2: Free flow apparatus +EN 15355: Railway applications — Braking — Distributor valves and distributor-isolating devices +EN 15427 Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management +Part 1-1: Equipment and Application – Flange lubrication +Part 1-2: Equipment and Application – Top of Rail materials +Part 1-3: Equipment and Application – Adhesion materials +Part 2-1: Properties and Characteristics – Flange lubricants +Part 2-2: Properties and Characteristics – Top of Rail materials +Part 2-3: Properties and Characteristics – Adhesion materials +EN 15437: Railway applications — Axlebox condition monitoring — Interface and design requirements +Part 1: Track side equipment and rolling stock axlebox +EN 15528: Railway applications — Line categories for managing the interface between load limits of vehicles and infrastructure +EN 15531: Service Interface for Real Time Information +EN 15551: Railway applications — Railway rolling stock — Buffers +EN 15566: Railway applications — Railway rolling stock — Draw gear and screw coupling +EN 15595: Railway applications - Braking - Wheel slide protection +EN 15610: Railway applications - Acoustics - Rail and wheel roughness measurement related to noise generation +EN 15611: Railway applications — Braking — Relay valves +EN 15612: Railway applications — Braking — Brake pipe accelerator valve +EN 15613: Knee and elbow protectors for indoor sports – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 15624: Railway applications — Braking — Empty-loaded changeover devices +EN 15625: Railway applications — Braking — Automatic variable load sensing devices +EN 15663: Railway applications — Definition of vehicle reference masses +EN 15714: Industrial Valves - Actuators +EN 15744: Film identification — Minimum set of metadata for cinematographic works +EN 15804: Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products +EN 15806: Railway applications — Braking — Static brake testing +EN 15807: Railway applications — Pneumatic half couplings +EN 15827: Railway applications — Requirements for bogies and running gears +EN 15838: Customer Contact Centres - Requirements for service provision +EN 15839: Railway applications — Testing for the acceptance of running characteristics of railway vehicles — Freight wagons — Testing of running safety under longitudinal compressive forces +EN 15877: Railway applications — Marking on railway vehicles +Part 1: Freight wagons +Part 2: External markings on coaches, motive power units, locomotives and on track machines +EN 15883: Washer-disinfectors +EN 15907: Film identification — Enhancing interoperability of metadata - Element sets and structures +EN 16001: Energy management systems; withdrawn, replaced by ISO 50001 +EN 16027: Protective clothing – Gloves with protective effect for association football goal keepers +EN 16034: Pedestrian doorsets, industrial, commercial, garage doors and openable windows. Product standard, performance characteristics. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cabf03c4f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 9/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Fire resisting and/or smoke control characteristics +EN 16114: Management consultancy services +EN 16207: Railway applications — Braking — Functional and performance criteria of Magnetic Track Brake systems for use in railway rolling stock +EN 16228: Drilling and foundation equipment – Safety +EN 16228-1: Common requirements +EN 16228-2: Mobile drill rigs for civil and geotechnical engineering, quarrying and mining +EN 16228-3: Horizontal directional drilling equipment (HDD) +EN 16228-4: Foundation equipment +EN 16228-5: Diaphragm walling equipment +EN 16228-6: Jetting, grouting and injection equipment +EN 16228-7: Interchangeable auxiliary equipment +EN 16247: Energy audits +EN ISO 16321: Eye and face protection for occupational use +EN ISO 16321-1: Part 1: General requirements (ISO 16321-1:2021) +EN ISO 16321-2: Part 2: Additional requirements for protectors used during welding and related techniques (ISO 16321-2:2021) +EN ISO 16321-3: Part 3: Additional requirements for mesh protectors (ISO 16321-3:2021) +EN 16350: Protective gloves – Electrostatic properties +EN 16404: Railway applications — Re-railing and recovery requirements for railway vehicles +EN 16473: Firefighters helmets – Helmets for technical rescue +EN 16716: Mountaineering equipment – Avalanche airbag systems – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 16725: Railway applications — Track — Restoration and repair of manganese crossings +EN 16729: Railway applications – Infrastructure – Non-destructive testing on rails in track +EN 16729-1: Part 1: Requirements for ultrasonic inspection and evaluation principles +EN 16729-2: Part 2: Eddy current testing of rails in track +EN 16729-3: Part 3: Requirements for identifying internal and surface rail defects +EN 16729-4: Part 4: Qualification of personnel for non-destructive testing on rails +EN 16729-5: Part 5: Non-destructive testing on welds in track +EN 16804: Diving equipment — Diving open heel fins — Requirements and test methods +EN 16805: Diving equipment — Diving mask — Requirements and test methods +EN 16931-1: Electronic Invoicing - Semantic data model of the core elements of an electronic invoice +EN 17092: Protective garments for motorcycle riders +EN 17092-2: Part 2: Class AAA garments – Requirements +EN 17092-3: Part 3: Class AA garments – Requirements +EN 17092-4: Part 4: Class A garments – Requirements +EN 17092-5: Part 5: Class B garments – Requirements +EN 17092-6: Part 6: Class C garments – Requirements +EN 17109: Mountaineering equipment – Individual safety systems for rope courses – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 17161: Design for All - Accessibility following a Design for All approach in products, goods and services - Extending the range of users +EN ISO 17249: Safety footwear with resistance to chain saw cutting (ISO 17249:2013) +EN 17282: Railway applications — Infrastructure —Under ballast mats +EN 17343: Railway applications — General terms and definitions +EN 17353: Protective clothing – Enhanced visibility equipment for medium risk situations – Test methods and requirements +EN 17397: Railway applications — Rail defects +EN 17397-1: Part 1: Rail defect management +EN 17495: Railway Applications — Acoustics — Determination of the dynamic stiffness of elastic track components related to noise and vibration: Rail pads and rail fastening assemblies +EN 17520: Mountaineering equipment – Personal belay lanyards – Safety requirements and test methods +EN 17682: Railway applications — Infrastructure — Resilient element for floating slab system +EN 17927: Security Evaluation Standard for IoT Platforms (SESIP) +EN ISO 18527: Eye and face protection for sports use +EN ISO 18527-1: Part 1: Requirements for downhill skiing and snowboarding goggles (ISO 18527-1:2021) +EN ISO 18527-2: Part 2: Requirements for eye protectors for squash and eye protectors for racquetball and squash 57 (ISO 18527-2:2021) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-9.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88e9951c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-9.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "List of EN standards" +chunk: 10/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== EN 20000–49999 == +EN ISO 20320: Protective clothing for use in Snowboarding – Wrist Protectors – Requirements and test methods (ISO 20320:2020) +EN ISO 20345: Personal protective equipment – Safety footwear (ISO 20345:2021) +EN ISO 20346: Personal protective equipment – Protective footwear (ISO 20346:2021) +EN ISO 20347: Personal protective equipment – Occupational footwear (ISO 20347:2021) +EN ISO 20349: Personal protective equipment – Footwear protecting against risks in foundries and welding +EN ISO 20349-1: Part 1: Requirements and test methods for protection against risks in foundries (ISO 20349-1:2017) +EN ISO 20349-2: Part 2: Requirements and test methods for protection against risks in welding and allied processes (ISO 20349-2:2017) +EN ISO 20471: High visibility clothing – Test methods and requirements (ISO 20471:2013, Corrected version 2013-06-01) +EN ISO 27065: Protective clothing – Performance requirements for protective clothing worn by operators applying pesticides and for re-entry workers (ISO 27065:2017) +EN 28601: Data elements and interchange formats; information interchange; representation of dates and times +EN 45011: General requirements for bodies operating product certification systems, replaced in 2012 by ISO/IEC 17065 Conformity assessment: Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services. +EN 45502-1: Active implantable medical devices - Part 1: General requirements for safety, marking and information to be provided by the manufacturer +EN 45545: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. +EN 45545-1: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. General +EN 45545-2: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Requirements for fire behaviour of materials and components +EN 45545-3: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Fire resistance requirements for fire barriers +EN 45545-4: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Fire safety requirements for rolling stock design +EN 45545-5: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Fire safety requirements for electrical equipment including that of trolley buses, track guided buses and magnetic levitation vehicles +EN 45545-6: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Fire control and management systems +EN 45545-7: Railway applications. Fire protection on railway vehicles. Fire safety requirements for flammable liquid and flammable gas installations +EN 45554: General methods for the assessment of the ability to repair, reuse and upgrade energy-related products \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61af8e156 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +--- +title: "List of Ecma standards" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:58.196189+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of standards published by Ecma International, formerly the European Computer Manufacturers Association. + + +== ECMA-1 – ECMA-99 == + + +== ECMA-100 – ECMA-199 == + + +== ECMA-200 – ECMA-299 == + +ECMA-205 – Commercially Oriented Functionality Class for Security Evaluation (COFC) +ECMA-206 – Association Context Management including Security Context Management +ECMA-208 – System-Independent Data Format - SIDF (same as ISO/IEC 14863) +ECMA-209 +ECMA-219 – Authentication and Privilege Attribute Security Application with related Key Distribution Functions - Part 1, 2 and 3 +ECMA-231 +ECMA-234 – Application Programming Interface for Windows +ECMA-235 – The Ecma GSS-API Mechanism +ECMA-246 – Specification of AIT-1 +ECMA-258 +ECMA-259 +ECMA-262 – ECMAScript (ISO/IEC 16262) (standardised JavaScript) +ECMA-286 +ECMA-291 – Specification of AIT-1 with MIC Format +ECMA-292 – Specification of AIT-2 with MIC Format + + +== ECMA-300 – ECMA-399 == +ECMA-307 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Generic Functional Protocol for the Support of Supplementary Services +ECMA-308 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Transfer Supplementary Services +ECMA-309 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Diversion Supplementary Services +ECMA-316 – VXA +ECMA-319 – Ultrium-1 +ECMA-320 – Super DLT +ECMA-326 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Completion Supplementary Services +ECMA-329 – Specification of AIT-3 +ECMA-332 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Basic Services +ECMA-334 – C# programming language (ISO/IEC 23270) +ECMA-335 – Common Language Infrastructure (ISO/IEC 23271) +ECMA-355 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Tunnelling of QSIG over SIP +ECMA-357 – ECMAScript for XML (E4X) (withdrawn) +ECMA-360 – Corporate telecommunication networks - Signalling interworking between QSIG and SIP - Call diversion +ECMA-361 – Corporate telecommunication networks - Signalling interworking between QSIG and SIP - Call transfer +ECMA-363 – Universal 3D file format +ECMA-365 – Universal Media Disc (UMD) +ECMA-367 – Eiffel: Analysis, Design and Programming Language +ECMA-368 – Ultra-wideband physical and MAC layers +ECMA-369 – Ultra-wideband MAC-PHY interface +ECMA-370 – TED - The Eco Declaration +ECMA-372 – C++/CLI +ECMA-376 – Office Open XML +ECMA-377 – Holographic Versatile Disc 200 GB recordable cartridge +ECMA-378 – Holographic Versatile Disc 100 GB HVD-ROM +ECMA-379 – Test Method for the Estimation of the Archival Lifetetime of Optical Media +ECMA-380 – Ultra Density Optical (UDO) +ECMA-381 – Procedure for the Registration of Assigned Numbers for ECMA-368 and ECMA-369 +ECMA-388 – Open XML Paper Specification + + +== ECMA-400 – ECMA-499 == +ECMA-402 – ECMAScript Internationalization API Specification +ECMA-404 – The JSON Data Interchange Format +ECMA-407 – Scalable Sparse Spatial Sound System (S5) – Base S5 Coding +ECMA-408 – Dart Programming Language Specification + + +== See also == +List of ISO standards + + +== External links == +List of Ecma standards (Ecma International) +List of Ecma withdrawn Standards (Ecma International) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards-0.md index dc57c6aa4..6635ec579 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:04.747641+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:04.865972+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GOST_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GOST_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b9026d59 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GOST_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +--- +title: "List of GOST standards" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GOST_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:06.115437+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) refers to a set of international technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), a regional standards organization operating under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). +GOST standards were originally developed by the government of the Soviet Union as part of its national standardization strategy. The word GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) is an acronym for gosudarstvennyy standart (Russian: государственный стандарт), which means state standard or governmental standard. + + +== GOST Standards == +GOST 2.109-73: Unified system for design documentation. Basic requirements for drawing +GOST 2.123-93: Unified system for design documentation. Sets of design documents for printing plates under automated design +GOST 7.67-94: System of standards on information librarianship and publishing. Codes of names of countries +GOST 7.79-2000: Standard for transliteration from Cyrillic to Latin script for use on the internet, for speakers of languages that are normally written in Cyrillic script but who do not have access to a Cyrillic keyboard. +GOST 2187-79: Diving weights. Specifications +GOST 2817-45: Transparent sublayer photographic materials. Method of general sensitometric test +GOST 2583-70: Manganese-zinc dry galvanic cells. Technical specifications. +GOST 3303-82: Rubber hot-water bottles +GOST 4805-49: Rubber boots +GOST 5284-84: Canned meat "stewed beef" +GOST 5461-59 and 13393-76 Electronic electro-vacuum and semiconductor devices. Ion instruments. Designation system +GOST 7396-69: Plug-in connectors, double-pole with cylindrical contacts +GOST 9155-88: Rubber and rubbertextile sports footwear (moulded and injection moulded). Specifications +GOST 10585-99: Oil fuel. Mazut +GOST 10859-64: Computing machines. Alphanumeric codes for punched cards and punched tapes A 1964 character set for computers, includes non-ASCII/non-Unicode characters required when programming in the ALGOL programming language. +GOST 11828-86: Rotating electrical machines. General test methods +GOST 13052-64: Computing machines and data transfer equipment. 7-bit codes for information exchange +GOST 13393-76: Electric vacuum devices. Identification code +GOST 14771-76: Gas-shielded arc welding. Welded joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions +GOST 15150-69: Machines, instruments and other industrial products. Modifications for different climatic regions. Categories, operating, storage and transportation conditions as to environment climatic aspects influence +GOST 16876-71: Rules of transliteration of the Cyrillic alphabet letters using the Latin alphabet letters +GOST 18682-73: Integrated circuits. Classification and reference designation system +GOST 19768-74: Computer machines and data processing systems. 8-bit codes for information exchange and processing +GOST 20568-75: Rubber masks for submarine swimming +GOST 22469-77: Swimming rubber flippers +GOST 26765.52-87: Bus serial interface for system of electronic modules. General requirements +GOST 27463-87: Information processing systems. 7-Bit coded character sets +GOST 27974-88: Programming language ALGOL 68 +GOST 27975-88: Programming language ALGOL 68 extended +GOST 28147-89: Block cipher – commonly referred to as just GOST in cryptography +GOST 32569-2013: Steel pipe technology. Requirements for design and operation of explosive and chemically dangerous production +GOST 32410-2013: Emergency crash-systems railway rolling stock for passenger transportations. Technical requirements and methods of control + + +== GOST R Standards == +GOST R, or Russian certification system, is a subset of GOST standards that is valid only in the territory of the Russian Federation, in contrast to the GOST standards, used across all CIS countries, including Russia. + +GOST R 1.5-2012: Standardization in Russian Federation. National Standards. Rules of structure, drafting, presentation and indication +GOST R 1.13-2001: State system for standardization of Russian Federation. Procedure of notifications preparation on projects of normative documents +GOST R 8.932-2017: State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Requirement to methodologies (to the methods) of measuring in area of uses of nuclear-power. Substantive provisions +GOST R 21.1101-2013: System of design documents for construction. Main requirements for design and working documents +GOST R 34.11-94: Information technology. Cryptographic data security. Hashing function +GOST R 34.12-2015: Information technology. Cryptographic data security. Block ciphers +GOST R 42.7.01-2021 Civil defense. Emergency disposal of the dead in wartime and peace time. General requirements +GOST R 60.2.2.1-2016: Robots and robotic devices. Safety requirements for personal care robots +GOST R 50696-2006: Domestic cooking appliances burning gas. General technical requirements and test methods +GOST R 52070-2003: Bus serial interface of electronic modules system. General requirements +GOST R 50860-96: Aircraft and helicopters. Antenna feeder devices of connection, navigation, landing and air traffic control. General specification, parameters, methods of measurements +GOST R 51555-99: Toys. General safety requirements and methods of tests. Mechanical and physical properties +GOST R 52888-2007: Social services of the population. Social services to children +GOST R 52630-2012: Steel welded vessels and apparatus. General specifications +GOST R 52936-2008: Free-flow diving suits. General technical requirements +GOST R 53279-2009: Fire equipment. Fire connecting heads. General technical requirements. Methods of testing +GOST R 53574-2009: Noise. Assessment of noise annoyance by means of social and socio-acoustic surveys +GOST R 53685-2009: Electrification and electric supply of the railways. Terms and definitions +GOST R 53865-2010: Gas distribution systems. Terms and definitions +GOST R 53940-2010: Cash register machines. General requirements for product and its application procedure +GOST R 53953-2010: Railway telecommunication. Terms and definitions +GOST R 54382-2011: Oil and gas industry. Submarine pipeline systems. General requirements +GOST R 54435-2011: Wind power plant constructions. Base safety requirements +GOST R 54594-2011: Offshore platforms. Rules of Inhabitation. General requirements +GOST R 55967-2014: Lifts. Special safety requirements for the installation new lifts in existing buildings +GOST R 56066-2014: Safety of amusement rides. Methods of measuring the acceleration acting on the passenger rides +GOST R 56436-2015: Gymnastic equipment. Rings. Functional requirements, safety requirements and test methods +GOST R 56825-2021: Intellectual property. Management at the State Academy of Sciences +GOST R 57725-2017: Activities of legislative (representative) bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation elected officials assistants. General requirements +GOST R 57841-2017: Mining equipment. Belt conveyor rollers. General specifications +GOST R 58783-2019: Conducting research in the polar regions. Terms and Definitions +GOST R 59201-2021: Roads of public roads. Major repair, repair and maintenance. Technical rules +GOST R 59488-2021: Automobile roads for general use. Bridge structures. Calculation rules for reinforcing reinforced concrete beam spans +GOST R 59769-2021: Medical products. Risk management. Guidance for planning the risk analysis and assessment process +GOST R 70033-2022: Earth Remote Sensing from Space. Data of Earth Remote Sensing from Space. General requirements to freely distributable data +GOST R 70177-2022: Internet resources and other information presented in electronic digital form. User agents. Principles of accessibility for people with disabilities and other persons with disabilities + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Gostperevod.com - Official English translations of GOST standards and regulations Russian GOST standards in English translations | EN version +Gostperevod.ru - Стандарты ГОСТы и ГОСТы Р на английском языке | Official English translations of GOST standards and regulations - Russian GOST standards | RU version +Meganorms.com - Russian and CIS standards norms laws in English | Official website Russian GOST standards in English translations | EN version +Meganorms.ru - ГОСТы, стандарты и законы РФ и стран СНГ на английском языке | Official website Russian version Russian GOST standards in English translations | RU version \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guidances_for_Statistics_in_Regulatory_Affairs-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guidances_for_Statistics_in_Regulatory_Affairs-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6aad35355 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guidances_for_Statistics_in_Regulatory_Affairs-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "List of Guidances for Statistics in Regulatory Affairs" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guidances_for_Statistics_in_Regulatory_Affairs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:24.198231+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This List of Guidances for Statistics in Regulatory Affairs presents a source of references for statistical guidance documents and related articles that are relevant to regulatory affairs for those statisticians that work on clinical studies. + + +== Abbreviations == +EMA = European Medicines Agency +EU-HTA = European Commission Health Technology Assessment +FDA = U.S. Food and Drug Administration +ICH = International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use +IQWiG = Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care +UK-NICE = National Institute for Health and Care Excellence + + +== Drugs == + + +== Medical Devices == + + +== Health Technology Assessment (HTA) == + + +== See also == +Guidances for statistics in regulatory affairs +Clinical trials +Medical statistics +Epidemiological method +Epidemiology +Medicine + + +== References == + + +== External links == +ICH Efficacy Guidelines +European Medicines Agency's (EMA) scientific guidelines on biostatistics Archived 2016-06-21 at the Wayback Machine +FDA Regulatory Information - Guidances \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fcf1a64e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 1/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC; French: Commission électrotechnique internationale) is an international standards organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies within electrotechnology. +The numbers of older IEC standards were converted in 1997 by adding 60000; for example IEC 27 became IEC 60027. IEC standards often have multiple sub-part documents; only the main title for the standard is listed here. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..461b50c1c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 2/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +IEC 60027 Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology +IEC 60028 International standard of resistance for copper +IEC 60034 Rotating electrical machines +IEC 60038 IEC Standard Voltages +IEC 60041 Field acceptance tests to determine the hydraulic performance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines +IEC 60044 Instrument transformers +IEC 60045 Steam turbines +IEC 60050 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary +IEC 60051 Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring instruments and their accessories +IEC 60052 Voltage measurement by means of standard air gaps +IEC 60055 Paper-insulated metal-sheathed cables for rated voltages up to 18/30 kV (with copper or aluminium conductors and excluding gas-pressure and oil-filled cables) +IEC 60059 IEC standard current ratings +IEC 60060 High-voltage test techniques +IEC 60061 Lamp caps and holders together with gauges for the control of interchangeability and safety +IEC 60062 Marking codes for resistors and capacitors +IEC 60063 Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors +IEC 60064 Tungsten filament lamps for domestic and similar general lighting purposes – Performance requirements +IEC 60065 Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus – Safety requirements +IEC 60067 Dimensions of electronic tubes and valves +IEC 60068 Environmental testing +IEC 60071 Insulation co-ordination +IEC 60072 Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines +IEC 60073 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification – Coding principles for indicators and actuators +IEC 60076 Power transformers +IEC 60077 Railway applications – Electric equipment for rolling stock +IEC 60079 Explosive atmospheres +IEC 60081 Double-capped fluorescent lamps – Performance specifications +IEC 60083 Plugs and socket-outlets for domestic and similar general use standardized in member countries of IEC +IEC 60085 Electrical insulation – Thermal evaluation and designation +IEC 60086 Primary batteries; +IEC 60092 Electrical installations in ships +IEC 60094 Magnetic tape sound recording and reproducing systems +IEC 60095 Lead-acid starter batteries +IEC 60096 Radio frequency cables +IEC 60098 Rumble measurement on Vinyl Disc Turntables +IEC 60099 Surge arresters +IEC 60100 Methods for the measurement of direct inter-electrode capacitance of electronic tubes and valves +IEC 60104 Aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy wire for overhead line conductors +IEC 60105 Recommendation for commercial-purity aluminium busbar material +IEC 60107 Methods of measurement on receivers for television broadcast transmissions +IEC 60110 Power capacitors for induction heating installations +IEC 60112 Method for the determination of the proof and the comparative tracking indices of solid insulating materials +IEC 60114 Recommendation for heat-treated aluminium alloy busbar material of the aluminium-magnesium-silicon type +IEC 60115 Fixed resistors for use in electronic equipment +IEC 60118 Electroacoustics – Hearing aids +IEC 60119 The Electrical Performance of Semiconductor Rectifiers (Metal Rectifiers) (withdrawn) +IEC 60120 Dimensions of ball and socket couplings of string insulator units +IEC 60121 Recommendation for commercial annealed aluminium electrical conductor wire +IEC 60122 Quartz crystal units of assessed quality +IEC 60127 Miniature fuses +IEC 60130 Connectors for frequencies below 3 MHz +IEC 60134 Rating systems for electronic tubes and valves and analogous semiconductor devices +IEC 60135 Numbering of electrodes and designation of units in electronic tubes and valves +IEC 60136 Dimensions of brushes and brush-holders for electrical machinery +IEC 60137 Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1000 V +IEC 60139 Preparation of outline drawings for cathode-ray tubes, their components, connections and gauges +IEC 60141 Tests on oil-filled and gas-pressure cables and their accessories +IEC 60143 Series capacitors for power systems +IEC 60146 Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated converters +IEC 60151 Measurements of the electrical properties of electronic tubes and valves +IEC 60152 Identification by hour numbers of the phase conductors of 3-phase electric systems +IEC 60153 Hollow metallic waveguides +IEC 60154 Flanges for waveguides +IEC 60155 Glow-starters for fluorescent lamps +IEC 60156 Insulating liquids – Determination of the breakdown voltage at power frequency +IEC 60168 Tests on indoor and outdoor post insulators of ceramic material or glass for systems with nominal voltages greater than 1000 V +IEC 60169 Radio frequency connectors +IEC 60172 Test procedure for the determination of the temperature index of enamelled and tape wrapped winding wires +IEC 60183 Guidance for the selection of high-voltage A.C. cable systems +IEC 60188 High-pressure mercury vapour lamps – Performance specifications +IEC 60189 Low-frequency cables and wires with PVC insulation and PVC sheath +IEC 60191 Mechanical standardization of semiconductor devices +IEC 60192 Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps – Performance specifications +IEC 60193 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines – Model acceptance tests +IEC 60194 Printed board design, manufacture and assembly – Terms and definitions +IEC 60195 Method of measurement of current noise generated in fixed resistors +IEC 60196 IEC standard frequencies +IEC 60197 High-voltage connecting wire with flame retarding insulation for use in television receivers +IEC 60204 Safety of machinery – Electrical equipment of machines +IEC 60205 Calculation of the effective parameters of magnetic piece parts +IEC 60211 Maximum demand indicators, Class 1.0 +IEC 60212 Standard conditions for use prior to and during the testing of solid electrical insulating materials +IEC 60214 Tap-changers +IEC 60215 Safety requirements for radio transmitting equipment +IEC 60216 Electrical insulating materials – Thermal endurance properties +IEC 60227 Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V +IEC 60228 Conductors of insulated cables +IEC 60229 Electric cables – Tests on extruded over-sheaths with a special protective function +IEC 60230 Impulse tests on cables and their accessories +IEC 60231 General principles of nuclear reactor instrumentation +IEC 60233 Tests on Hollow Insulators for use in Electrical Equipment (withdrawn) +IEC 60235 Measurement of the electrical properties of microwave tubes +IEC 60236 Methods for the designation of electrostatic deflecting electrodes of cathode-ray tubes +IEC 60238 Edison screw lampholders +IEC 60239 Graphite electrodes for electric arc furnaces – Dimensions and designation +IEC 60240 Characteristics of electric infra-red emitters for industrial heating +IEC 60243 Electric strength of insulating materials +IEC 60244 Methods of measurement for radio transmitters +IEC 60245 Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V +IEC 60246 Connecting wires having a rated voltage of 20 kV and 25 kV d.c. and a maximum working temperature of 105 °C for use in television receivers +IEC 60247 Insulating liquids – Measurement of relative permittivity, dielectric dissipation factor (tan d) and d.c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-10.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31ba54d5d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-10.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 11/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +systems +IEC 61247 PM-cores made of magnetic oxides and associated parts – Dimensions +IEC 61248 Transformers and inductors for use in electronic and telecommunication equipment +IEC 61249 Materials for printed boards and other interconnecting structures +IEC 61250 Nuclear reactors – Instrumentation and control systems important for safety – Detection of leakage in coolant systems +IEC 61251 Electrical insulating materials and systems – AC voltage endurance evaluation +IEC 61252 Electroacoustics – Specifications for personal sound exposure meters +IEC 61253 Piezoelectric ceramic resonators – A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ) +IEC 61254 Electric shavers for household use – Methods for measuring the performance +IEC 61256 Radiation protection instrumentation – Installed monitors for the detection of radioactive contamination of laundry +IEC TR 61258 Guidelines for the development and use of medical electrical equipment educational materials +IEC 61260 Electroacoustics – Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filters +IEC 61261 Piezoelectric ceramic filters for use in electronic equipment – A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ) +IEC 61262 Medical electrical equipment – Characteristics of electro-optical X-ray image intensifiers +IEC 61265 Electroacoustics – Instruments for measurement of aircraft noise – Performance requirements for systems to measure one-third-octave-band sound pressure levels in noise certification of transport-category aeroplanes +IEC 61266 Ultrasonics – Hand-held probe Doppler foetal heartbeat detectors – Performance requirements and methods of measurement and reporting +IEC 61267 Medical diagnostic X-ray equipment – Radiation conditions for use in the determination of characteristics +IEC 61270 Capacitors for microwave ovens +IEC 61274 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Adaptors for fibre optic connectors +IEC 61275 Radiation protection instrumentation – Measurement of discrete radionuclides in the environment – In situ photon spectrometry system using a germanium detector +IEC 61277 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) power generating systems – General and guide (withdrawn) +IEC 61280 Fibre optic communication subsystem basic test procedures +IEC 61281 Fibre optic communication subsystems +IEC TR 61282 Fibre optic communication system design guides +IEC 61284 Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for fittings +IEC 61285 Industrial-process control – Safety of analyser houses +IEC 61286 Character set with electrotechnical symbols (withdrawn) +IEC 61287 Railway applications – Power converters installed on board rolling stock +IEC TR 61289 High frequency surgical equipment – Operation and maintenance +IEC 61290 Optical amplifiers – Test methods +IEC 61291 Optical amplifiers +IEC TR 61292 Optical amplifiers +IEC 61293 Marking of electrical equipment with ratings related to electrical supply – Safety requirements +IEC TR 61294 Insulating liquids – Determination of the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) – Test procedure +IEC TR 61295 Calibration tapes for broadcast VTRs +IEC 61297 Industrial-process control systems – Classification of adaptive controllers for the purpose of evaluation +IEC 61298 Process measurement and control devices – General methods and procedures for evaluating performance +IEC 61300 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Basic test and measurement procedures +IEC 61301 Nuclear instrumentation – Digital bus for NIM instruments +IEC 61302 Electrical insulating materials – Method to evaluate the resistance to tracking and erosion – Rotating wheel dip test +IEC 61303 Medical electrical equipment – Radionuclide calibrators – Particular methods for describing performance +IEC 61304 Nuclear instrumentation – Liquid-scintillation counting systems – Performance verification +IEC 61305 Household high-fidelity audio equipment and systems – Methods of measuring and specifying the performance +IEC 61307 Industrial microwave heating installations – Test methods for the determination of power output +IEC 61308 High-frequency dielectric heating installations – Test methods for the determination of power output +IEC 61309 Deep-fat fryers for household use – Methods for measuring the performance +IEC 61310 Safety of machinery – Indication, marking and actuation +IEC 61314 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic fan-outs +IEC 61315 Calibration of fibre-optic power meters +IEC 61316 Industrial cable reels +IEC 61318 Live working – Conformity assessment applicable to tools, devices and equipment +IEC 61319 Interconnections of satellite receiving equipment +IEC 61322 Radiation protection instrumentation – Installed dose equivalent rate meters, warning assemblies and monitors for neutron radiation of energy from thermal to 15 MeV +IEC 61325 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1000 V – Ceramic or glass insulator units for d.c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-11.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-11.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e199d1de --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-11.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 12/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +systems – Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria +IEC 61326 Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use – EMC requirements +IEC 61327 Helical-scan digital composite video cassette recording system using 12,65 mm (0,5 in) magnetic tape – Format D-3 +IEC 61328 Live working – Guidelines for the installation of transmission and distribution line conductors and earth wires – Stringing equipment and accessory items +IEC 61329 Sound system equipment – Methods of measuring and specifying the performance of sounders (electroacoustic transducers for tone production) +IEC 61331 Protective devices against diagnostic medical X-radiation +IEC 61332 Soft ferrite material classification +IEC 61333 Marking on U and E ferrite cores +IEC 61334 Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems – a standard for low-speed reliable power line communications by electricity meters, water meters and SCADA +IEC 61335 Nuclear instrumentation – Bore-hole apparatus for X-ray fluorescence analysis +IEC 61336 Nuclear instrumentation – Thickness measurement systems utilizing ionizing radiation – Definitions and test methods +IEC 61337 Filters using waveguide type dielectric resonators +IEC 61338 Waveguide type dielectric resonators +IEC 61340 Electrostatics +IEC 61341 Method of measurement of centre beam intensity and beam angle(s) of reflector lamps +IEC 61343 Nuclear reactor instrumentation – Boiling light water reactors (BWR) – Measurements in the reactor vessel for monitoring adequate cooling within the core +IEC 61345 UV test for photovoltaic (PV) modules (withdrawn) +IEC 61346 Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – Structuring principles and reference designations (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC 81346) +IEC 61347 Lamp control gear +IEC TR 61352 Mnemonics and symbols for integrated circuits +IEC 61355 Classification and designation of documents for plants, systems and equipment +IEC 61360 Standard data element types with associated classification scheme +IEC 61362 Guide to specification of hydraulic turbine control systems +IEC 61363 Electrical installations of ships and mobile and fixed offshore units +IEC TR 61364 Nomenclature for hydroelectric powerplant machinery +IEC TR 61366 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines – Tendering Documents +IEC TS 61370 Steam turbines – Steam purity +IEC 61373 Railway applications – Rolling stock equipment – Shock and vibration tests +IEC 61375 Electronic railway equipment – Train communication network (TCN) +IEC 61377 Railway applications – Rolling stock – Combined test method for traction systems +IEC 61378 Converter transformers +IEC 61386 Conduit systems for cable management +IEC TS 61390 Ultrasonics – Real-time pulse-echo systems – Test procedures to determine performance specifications +IEC 61391 Ultrasonics – Pulse-echo scanners +IEC 61394 Overhead lines – Requirements for greases for aluminium, aluminium alloy and steel bare conductors +IEC 61395 Overhead electrical conductors – Creep test procedures for stranded conductors +IEC 61400 Wind turbines +IEC 61427 Secondary cells and batteries for renewable energy storage – General requirements and methods of test +IEC 61429 Marking of secondary cells and batteries with the international recycling symbol ISO 7000-1135 +IEC TS 61430 Secondary cells and batteries – Test methods for checking the performance of devices designed for reducing explosion hazards – Lead-acid starter batteries +IEC TR 61431 Guide for the use of monitor systems for lead-acid traction batteries +IEC 61434 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Guide to designation of current in alkaline secondary cell and battery standards +IEC 61435 Nuclear instrumentation – High-purity germanium crystals for radiation detectors – Measurement methods of basic characteristics +IEC TR 61438 Possible safety and health hazards in the use of alkaline secondary cells and batteries – Guide to equipment manufacturers and users +IEC 61439 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies +IEC 61442 Test methods for accessories for power cables with rated voltages from 6 kV (Um = 7,2 kV) up to 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) +IEC 61443 Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated voltages above 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) +IEC 61445 Digital Test Interchange Format (DTIF) +IEC 61452 Nuclear instrumentation – Measurement of gamma-ray emission rates of radionuclides – Calibration and use of germanium spectrometers +IEC 61453 Nuclear instrumentation – Scintillation gamma ray detector systems for the assay of radionuclides – Calibration and routine tests +IEC 61462 Composite hollow insulators – Pressurized and unpressurized insulators for use in electrical equipment with rated voltage greater than 1 000 V – Definitions, test methods, acceptance criteria and design recommendations +IEC TS 61463 Bushings – Seismic qualification +IEC TS 61464 Insulated bushings – Guide for the interpretation of dissolved gas analysis (DGA) in bushings where oil is the impregnating medium of the main insulation (generally paper) +IEC 61466 Composite string insulator units for overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V +IEC 61467 Insulators for overhead lines – Insulator strings and sets for lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V – AC power arc tests +IEC 61468 Nuclear power plants – In-core instrumentation – Characteristics and test methods of self-powered neutron detectors +IEC 61472 Live working – Minimum approach distances for a.c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-12.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-12.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32201e373 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-12.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 13/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +systems in the voltage range 72,5 kV to 800 kV – A method of calculation +IEC 61477 Live working – Minimum requirements for the utilization of tools, devices and equipment +IEC 61478 Live working – Ladders of insulating material +IEC 61479 Live working – Flexible conductor covers (line hoses) of insulating material +IEC 61481 Live working – Phase comparators +IEC 61482 Live working – Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc +IEC 61496 Safety of machinery – Electro-sensitive protective equipment +IEC 61497 Nuclear power plants – Electrical interlocks for functions important to safety – Recommendations for design and implementation +IEC 61499 Function blocks +IEC 61500 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – Data communication in systems performing category A functions +IEC 61501 Nuclear reactor instrumentation – Wide range neutron fluence rate meter – Mean square voltage method +IEC 61502 Nuclear power plants – Pressurized water reactors – Vibration monitoring of internal structures +IEC 61504 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control systems important to safety – Plant-wide radiation monitoring +IEC 61506 Industrial-process measurement and control – Documentation of application software +IEC 61508 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems +IEC 61511 Functional safety – safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector +IEC 61512 Batch control +IEC 61513 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – General requirements for systems +IEC 61514 Industrial process control systems – Methods of evaluating the performance of valve positioners with pneumatic outputs +IEC 61515 Mineral insulated thermocouple cables and thermocouples +IEC 61518 Mating dimensions between differential pressure (type) measuring instruments and flanged-on shut-off devices up to 413 BAR (41,3 MPa) +IEC 61520 Metal thermowells for thermometer sensors – Functional dimensions +IEC 61523 Delay and Power Calculation Standards +IEC 61526 Radiation protection instrumentation – Measurement of personal dose equivalents Hp(10) and Hp(0,07) for X, gamma, neutron and beta radiations – Direct reading personal dose equivalent meters +IEC 61534 Powertrack systems +IEC 61535 Installation couplers intended for permanent connection in fixed installations +IEC 61537 Cable management – Cable tray systems and cable ladder systems +IEC 61540 Electrical accessories – Portable residual current devices without integral overcurrent protection for household and similar use (PRCDs) +IEC 61543 Residual current-operated protective devices (RCDs) for household and similar use – Electromagnetic compatibility +IEC 61545 Connecting devices – Devices for the connection of aluminium conductors in clamping units of any material and copper conductors in aluminium bodied clamping units +IEC 61547 Equipment for general lighting purposes – EMC immunity requirements +IEC 61549 Miscellaneous lamps +IEC 61554 Panel-Mounted equipment – Electrical measuring instruments – Dimensions for panel mounting +IEC 61557 Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1 000 V a.c. and 1 500 V d.c. – Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures +IEC 61558 Safety of power transformers, power supplies, reactors and similar products +IEC 61559 Radiation protection instrumentation in nuclear facilities – Centralized systems for continuous monitoring of radiation and/or levels of radioactivity +IEC 61560 Radiation protection instrumentation – Apparatus for non-destructive radiation tests of fur and other cloth samples +IEC 61562 Radiation protection instrumentation – Portable equipment for measuring specific activity of beta-emitting radionuclides in foodstuffs +IEC 61563 Radiation protection instrumentation – Equipment for measuring specific activity of gamma-emitting radionuclides in foodstuffs +IEC 61566 Measurement of exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields – Field strength in the frequency range 100 kHz to 1 GHz +IEC 61577 Radiation protection instrumentation – Radon and radon decay product measuring instruments +IEC 61578 Radiation protection instrumentation – Calibration and verification of the effectiveness of radon compensation for alpha and/or beta aerosol measuring instruments – Test methods +IEC 61580 Measurement of return loss on waveguide and waveguide assemblies +IEC 61582 Radiation protection instrumentation – In vivo counters – Classification, general requirements and test procedures for portable, transportable and installed equipment +IEC 61584 Radiation protection instrumentation – Installed, portable or transportable assemblies – Measurement of air kerma direction and air kerma rate +IEC TS 61586 Estimation of the reliability of electrical connectors +IEC 61587 Mechanical structures for electronic equipment – Tests for IEC 60917 and IEC 60297 series +IEC 61588 Precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems +IEC 61591 Household range hoods – Methods for measuring performance +IEC TR 61592 Household electrical appliances – Guidelines for consumer panel testing +IEC 61595 Multichannel digital audio tape recorder (DATR), reel-to-reel system, for professional use +IEC TR 61597 Overhead electrical conductors – Calculation methods for stranded bare conductors +IEC 61599 Videodisk players – Methods of measurement +IEC TR 61602 Connectors used in the field of audio, video and audiovisual engineering +IEC 61603 Transmission of audio and/or video and related signals using infra-red radiation +IEC TR 61604 Dimensions of uncoated ring cores of magnetic oxides (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC 62317-12:2016) +IEC 61605 Fixed inductors for use in electronic and telecommunication equipment – Marking codes +IEC 61606 Audio and audiovisual equipment – Digital audio parts – Basic measurement methods of audio characteristics +IEC 61609 Microwave ferrite components – Guide for the drafting of specifications +IEC 61610 Prints and transparencies produced from electronic sources – Assessment of image quality +IEC 61619 Insulating liquids – Contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) – Method of determination by capillary column gas chromatography +IEC 61620 Insulating liquids – Determination of the dielectric dissipation factor by measurement of the conductance and capacitance – Test method +IEC 61621 Dry, solid insulating materials – Resistance test to high-voltage, low-current arc discharges +IEC 61628 Corrugated pressboard and presspaper for electrical purposes +IEC 61629 Aramid pressboard for electrical purposes +IEC 61631 Test method for the mechanical strength of cores made of magnetic oxides +IEC 61636 Software interface for Maintenance Information Collection and Analysis (SIMICA) +IEC TR 61641 Enclosed low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies – Guide for testing under conditions of arcing due to internal fault +IEC 61642 Industrial a.c. networks affected by harmonics – Application of filters and shunt capacitors +IEC 61643 Low-voltage surge protective devices +IEC 61646 Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules – Design qualification and type approval (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC 61215) +IEC 61649 Weibull analysis +IEC 61650 Reliability data analysis techniques – Procedures for comparison of two constant failure rates and two constant failure (event) intensities +IEC 61660 Short-circuit currents in d.c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-13.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-13.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21d4cbe1d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-13.md @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 14/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +auxiliary installations in power plants and substations +IEC 61666 Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – Identification of terminals within a system +IEC 61669 Electroacoustics – Measurement of real-ear acoustical performance characteristics of hearing aids +IEC 61671 Automatic Test Markup Language (ATML) for Exchanging Automatic Test Equipment and Test Information via XML +IEC 61672 Electroacoustics – Sound level meters +IEC 61674 Medical electrical equipment – Dosimeters with ionization chambers and/or semiconductor detectors as used in X-ray diagnostic imaging +IEC 61675 Radionuclide imaging devices – Characteristics and test conditions +IEC 61676 Medical electrical equipment – Dosimetric instruments used for non-invasive measurement of X-ray tube voltage in diagnostic radiology +IEC 61683 Photovoltaic systems – Power conditioners – Procedure for measuring efficiency +IEC 61685 Ultrasonics – Flow measurement systems – Flow test object +IEC 61689 Ultrasonics – Physiotherapy systems – Field specifications and methods of measurement in the frequency range 0,5 MHz to 5 MHz +IEC 61690 Electronic design interchange format (EDIF) +IEC 61691 Behavioural languages +IEC 61701 Salt mist corrosion testing of photovoltaic (PV) modules +IEC 61703 Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance support terms +IEC 61709 Electric components – Reliability – Reference conditions for failure rates and stress models for conversion +IEC 61710 Power law model – Goodness-of-fit tests and estimation methods +IEC 61724 Photovoltaic system performance +IEC 61725 Analytical expression for daily solar profiles +IEC 61726 Cable assemblies, cables, connectors and passive microwave components – Screening attenuation measurement by the reverberation chamber method +IEC 61727 Photovoltaic (PV) systems – Characteristics of the utility interface +IEC 61730 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification +IEC TR 61734 Application of symbols for binary logic and analogue elements +IEC 61739 Integrated circuits +IEC 61744 Calibration of fibre optic chromatic dispersion test sets +IEC 61745 End-face image analysis procedure for the calibration of optical fibre geometry test sets +IEC 61746 Calibration of optical time-domain reflectometers (OTDR) +IEC 61747 Liquid crystal display devices +IEC 61753 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Performance standard +IEC 61754 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic connector interfaces +IEC 61755 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Connector optical interfaces +IEC 61756 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Interface standard for fibre management systems +IEC 61757 Fibre optic sensors +IEC 61758 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Interface standard for closures +IEC 61760 Surface mounting technology +IEC 61770 Electric appliances connected to the water mains – Avoidance of back-siphonage and failure of hose-sets +IEC 61771 Nuclear power plants – Main control-room – Verification and validation of design +IEC 61772 Nuclear power plants – Control rooms – Application of visual display units (VDUs) +IEC 61773 Overhead lines – Testing of foundations for structures +IEC TS 61774 Overhead lines – Meteorological data for assessing climatic loads +IEC 61784 Industrial communication networks – Profiles +IEC 61786 Measurement of DC magnetic, AC magnetic and AC electric fields from 1 Hz to 100 kHz with regard to exposure of human beings +IEC 61788 Superconductivity +IEC 61797 Transformers and inductors for use in telecommunication and electronic equipment – Main dimensions of coil formers +IEC 61800 Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems +IEC 61803 Determination of power losses in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) converter stations +IEC TS 61804 Function blocks (FB) for process control +IEC TR 61807 Magnetic properties of magnetically hard materials at elevated temperatures – Methods of measurement +IEC 61810 Electromechanical elementary relays +IEC 61811 Electromechanical telecom elementary relays of assessed quality +IEC 61812 Time relays for industrial and residential use +IEC TS 61813 Live working – Care, maintenance and in-service testing of aerial devices with insulating booms +IEC 61817 Household portable appliances for cooking, grilling and similar use – Methods of measuring performance Household portable appliances for cooking, grilling and similar use – Methods for measuring performance +IEC 61821 Electrical installations for lighting and beaconing of aerodromes – Maintenance of aeronautical ground lighting constant current series circuits +IEC 61822 Electrical installations for lighting and beaconing of aerodromes – Constant current regulators +IEC 61823 Electrical installations for lighting and beaconing of aerodromes – AGL series transformers +IEC TS 61827 Electrical installations for lighting and beaconing of aerodromes – Characteristics of inset and elevated luminaires used on aerodromes and heliports +IEC 61828 Ultrasonics – Focusing transducers – Definitions and measurement methods for the transmitted fields +IEC 61829 Photovoltaic (PV) array – On-site measurement of current-voltage characteristics +IEC TR 61831 On-line analyser systems – Guide to design and installation +IEC TR 61832 Design and installation of on-line analyser systems – Guide to technical enquiry and bid evaluation +IEC 61834 Recording – Helical-scan digital video cassette recording system using 6,35 mm magnetic tape for consumer use (525-60, 625–50, 1125–60 and 1250-50 systems) +IEC 61835 Helical-scan digital component video cassette recording system using 12,65 mm (0,5 in) magnetic tape – Format D-5 +IEC TS 61836 Solar photovoltaic energy systems – Terms, definitions and symbols +IEC 61837 Surface mounted piezoelectric devices for frequency control and selection – Standard outlines and terminal lead connections +IEC TR 61838 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – Use of probabilistic safety assessment for the classification of functions +IEC 61839 Nuclear power plants – Design of control rooms – Functional analysis and assignment +IEC 61842 Microphones and earphones for speech communications +IEC 61843 Measuring method for the level of intermodulation products generated in a gyromagnetic device +IEC 61846 Ultrasonics – Pressure pulse lithotripters – Characteristics of fields +IEC 61847 Ultrasonics – Surgical systems – Measurement and declaration of the basic output characteristics +IEC 61850 Communication networks and systems for power utility automation +IEC 61851 Electric vehicle conductive charging system +IEC TR 61852 Medical electrical equipment – Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) – Radiotherapy objects +IEC 61853 Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating +IEC 61854 Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for spacers +IEC 61855 Household electrical hair care appliances – Methods of measuring the performance +IEC 61857 Electrical insulation systems +IEC 61858 Electrical insulation systems – Thermal evaluation of modifications to an established electrical insulation system (EIS) +IEC TR 61859 Guidelines for radiotherapy treatment rooms design +IEC 61865 Overhead lines – Calculation of the electrical component of distance between live parts and obstacles – Method of calculation +IEC 61866 Audiovisual systems – Interactive text transmission system (ITTS) +IEC 61868 Mineral insulating oils – Determination of kinematic viscosity at very low temperatures +IEC 61869 Instrument transformers +IEC 61874 Nuclear instrumentation – Geophysical borehole instrumentation to determine rock density ('density logging') +IEC 61880 Video systems (525/60) – Video and accompanied data using the vertical blanking interval – Analogue interface +IEC 61881 Railway applications – Rolling stock equipment – Capacitors for power electronics +IEC 61882 Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP studies) – Application guide +IEC 61883 Consumer audio/video equipment – Digital interface +IEC 61888 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation important to safety – Determination and maintenance of trip setpoints +IEC 61892 Mobile and fixed offshore units – Electrical installations +IEC TS 61895 Ultrasonics – Pulsed Doppler diagnostic systems – Test procedures to determine performance +IEC 61897 Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for Stockbridge type aeolian vibration dampers +IEC TR 61901 Development tests recommended on cables with a longitudinally applied metal foil for rated voltages above 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) +IEC 61904 Video recording – Helical-scan digital component video cassette recording format using 12,65 mm magnetic tape and incorporating data compression (Format digital-L) +IEC 61907 Communication network dependability engineering +IEC TR 61908 The technology roadmap for industry data dictionary structure, utilization and implementation +IEC 61909 Audio recording – Minidisc system +IEC 61910 Medical electrical equipment – Radiation dose documentation +IEC TR 61911 Live working – Guidelines for installation of distribution line conductors – Stringing equipment and accessory items (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC TR 61328:2017) +IEC TR 61912 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear – Overcurrent protective devices +IEC 61914 Cable cleats for electrical installations +IEC 61915 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear – Device profiles for networked industrial devices +IEC TR 61916 Electrical accessories – Harmonization of general rules +IEC 61918 Industrial communication networks – Installation of communication networks in industrial premises +IEC 61920 Infrared free air applications +IEC 61921 Power capacitors – Low-voltage power factor correction banks +IEC 61922 High-frequency induction heating installations – Test methods for the determination of power output of the generator +IEC TR 61923 Household electrical appliances – Method of measuring performance – Assessment of repeatability and reproducibility +IEC 61924 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Integrated navigation systems +IEC 61925 Multimedia systems and equipment – Multimedia home server systems – Vocabulary of home server +IEC 61926 Design automation +IEC TR 61930 Fibre optic graphical symbology +IEC TR 61931 Fibre optic – Terminology +IEC TS 61934 Electrical insulating materials and systems – Electrical measurement of partial discharges (PD) under short rise time and repetitive voltage impulses +IEC 61935 Specification for the testing of balanced and coaxial information technology cabling +IEC 61936 Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-14.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-14.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd2130261 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-14.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 15/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +IEC 61937 Digital audio – Interface for non-linear PCM encoded audio bitstreams applying IEC 60958 +IEC 61938 Multimedia systems – Guide to the recommended characteristics of analogue interfaces to achieve interoperability +IEC 61943 Integrated circuits – Manufacturing line approval application guideline +IEC TS 61944 Integrated circuits – Manufacturing line approval – Demonstration vehicles +IEC TS 61945 Integrated circuits – Manufacturing line approval – Methodology for technology and failure analysis +IEC TR 61946 Mineral insulating oils – Characterization of paraffinic/naphthenic nature – Low temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test method +IEC 61947 Electronic projection – Measurement and documentation of key performance criteria +IEC TR 61948 Nuclear medicine instrumentation – Routine tests +IEC TS 61949 Ultrasonics – Field characterization – In situ exposure estimation in finite-amplitude ultrasonic beams +IEC 61950 Cable management systems – Specifications for conduit fittings and accessories for cable installations for extra heavy duty electrical steel conduit +IEC 61951 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Portable sealed rechargeable single cells +IEC 61952 Insulators for overhead lines – Composite line post insulators for A.C. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-15.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-15.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99fd1e0d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-15.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 16/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +systems with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V – Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria +IEC 61954 Static var compensators (SVC) – Testing of thyristor valves +IEC TS 61956 Methods of test for the evaluation of water treeing in insulating materials +IEC 61959 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Mechanical tests for sealed portable secondary cells and batteries +IEC 61960 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications +IEC 61964 Integrated circuits – Memory devices pin configurations +IEC 61965 Mechanical safety of cathode ray tubes +IEC 61966 Multimedia systems and equipment – Colour measurement and management +IEC 61967 Integrated circuits – Measurement of electromagnetic emissions, 150 kHz to 1 GHz +IEC 61968 Application integration at electric utilities – System interfaces for distribution management +IEC 61969 Mechanical structures for electronic equipment – Outdoor enclosures +IEC 61970 Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) +IEC TS 61973 High voltage direct current (HVDC) substation audible noise +IEC 61975 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) installations – System tests +IEC 61976 Nuclear instrumentation – Spectrometry – Characterization of the spectrum background in HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry +IEC 61977 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic filters – Generic specification +IEC 61978 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic passive chromatic dispersion compensators +IEC 61980 Electric vehicle wireless power transfer (WPT) systems +IEC 61982 Secondary batteries (except lithium) for the propulsion of electric road vehicles – Performance and endurance tests +IEC 61984 Connectors – Safety requirements and tests +IEC 61987 Industrial-process measurement and control – Data structures and elements in process equipment catalogues +IEC 61988 Plasma display panels +IEC 61991 Railway applications – Rolling stock – Protective provisions against electrical hazards +IEC 61992 Railway applications – Fixed installations – DC switchgear +IEC 61993 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems +IEC TS 61994 Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for frequency control, selection and detection – Glossary +IEC 61995 Devices for the connection of luminaires for household and similar purposes +IEC 61996 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Shipborne voyage data recorder (VDR) +IEC TR 61997 Guidelines for the user interface in multimedia equipment for general purpose use +IEC TR 61998 Model and framework for standardization in multimedia equipment and systems +IEC TR 62000 Guidance for combining different single-mode fibres types +IEC TR 62001 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems – Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC +IEC 62002 Mobile and portable DVB-T/H radio access +IEC 62003 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – Requirements for electromagnetic compatibility testing +IEC 62004 Thermal-resistant aluminium alloy wire for overhead line conductor +IEC 62005 Reliability of fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components +IEC 62006 Hydraulic machines – Acceptance tests of small hydroelectric installations +IEC 62007 Semiconductor optoelectronic devices for fibre optic system applications +IEC 62008 Performance characteristics and calibration methods for digital data acquisition systems and relevant software +IEC TR 62010 Analyser systems – Guidance for maintenance management +IEC 62011 Insulating materials – Industrial, rigid, moulded, laminated tubes and rods of rectangular and hexagonal cross-section based on thermosetting resins for electrical purposes +IEC 62012 Multicore and symmetrical pair/quad cables for digital communications to be used in harsh environments +IEC 62014 Electronic design automation libraries +IEC 62014-4 IP-XACT – Standard Structure for Packaging, Integrating, and Reusing IP within Tool Flows +IEC 62014-5 Quality of Electronic and Software Intellectual Property Used in System and System on Chip (SoC) Designs +IEC 62018 Power consumption of information technology equipment – Measurement methods +IEC 62019 Electrical accessories – Circuit-breakers and similar equipment for household use – Auxiliary contact units +IEC 62020 Electrical accessories – Residual current monitors for household and similar uses (RCMs) +IEC 62021 Insulating liquids – Determination of acidity +IEC 62022 Installed monitors for the control and detection of gamma radiations contained in recyclable or non-recyclable materials transported by vehicles +IEC 62023 Structuring of technical information and documentation +IEC 62024 High frequency inductive components – Electrical characteristics and measuring methods +IEC 62025 High frequency inductive components – Non-electrical characteristics and measuring methods +IEC 62026 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear – Controller-device interfaces (CDIs) +IEC 62027 Preparation of object lists, including parts lists +IEC 62028 General methods of measurement for digital television receivers +IEC 62031 LED modules for general lighting – Safety specifications +IEC 62032 Guide for the Application, Specification and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers +IEC 62033 Attenuation uniformity in optical fibres +IEC 62034 Automatic test systems for battery powered emergency escape lighting +IEC 62035 Discharge lamps (excluding fluorescent lamps) – Safety specifications +IEC 62036 Mineral insulating oils – Oxidation stability test method based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) +IEC 62037 Passive RF and microwave devices, intermodulation level measurement +IEC TR 62039 Selection guide for polymeric materials for outdoor use under HV stress +IEC 62040 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) +IEC 62041 Transformers, power supplies, reactors and similar products – EMC requirements +IEC 62044 Cores made of soft magnetic materials – Measuring methods +IEC TS 62045 Multimedia security – Guideline for privacy protection of equipment and systems in and out of use +IEC TS 62046 Safety of machinery – Application of protective equipment to detect the presence of persons +IEC 62047 Semiconductor devices – Micro-electromechanical devices +IEC TR 62048 Optical fibres – Reliability – Power law theory +IEC TR 62051 Electricity metering – Data exchange for meter reading, tariff and load control – Glossary of terms +IEC 62052 Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) – General requirements, tests and test conditions +IEC 62053 Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) – Particular requirements +IEC 62054 Electricity metering (a.c.) – Tariff and load control +IEC 62055 Electricity metering – Payment systems +IEC 62056 Electricity metering data exchange – The DLMS/COSEM suite +IEC 62057-1 Electrical energy meters – Test equipment, techniques and procedures – Part 1: Stationary meter test units (MTUs) +IEC 62057-3 Electrical energy meters – Test equipment, techniques and procedures – Part 3: Automatic meter testing system (AMTS) +IEC 62058 Electricity metering equipment (AC) – Acceptance inspection +IEC 62059 Electricity metering equipment – Dependability +IEC 62060 Secondary cells and batteries – Monitoring of lead acid stationary batteries – User guide +IEC 62061 Safety of machinery: Functional safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems +IEC TR 62063 High-voltage switchgear and control gear – The use of electronic and associated technologies in auxiliary equipment of switchgear and control gear +IEC 62065 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Track control systems – Operational and performance requirements, methods of testing and required test results +IEC TR 62066 Surge overvoltages and surge protection in low-voltage a.c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-16.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-16.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..314a51dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-16.md @@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 17/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +power systems – General basic information +IEC 62067 Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages above 150 kV (Um = 170 kV) up to 500 kV (Um = 550 kV) – Test methods and requirements +IEC 62068 Electrical insulating materials and systems – General method of evaluation of electrical endurance under repetitive voltage impulses +IEC 62070 Broadcast digital video tape recorders – Identification method for recording and/or reproduction error status +IEC 62071 Helical-scan compressed digital video cassette system using 6,35 mm magnetic tape – Format D-7 +IEC TS 62073 Guidance on the measurement of hydrophobicity of insulator surfaces +IEC 62074 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic WDM devices +IEC 62075 Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment – Environmentally conscious design +IEC 62076 Industrial electroheating installations – Test methods for induction channel and induction crucible furnaces +IEC 62077 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic circulators – Generic specification +IEC 62080 Sound signalling devices for household and similar purposes +IEC 62083 Medical electrical equipment – Requirements for the safety of radiotherapy treatment planning systems +IEC 62087 Audio, video, and related equipment – Determination of power consumption +IEC 62088 Nuclear instrumentation – Photodiodes for scintillation detectors – Test procedures +IEC 62089 Nuclear instrumentation – Calibration and usage of alpha/beta gas proportional counters +IEC 62090 Product package labels for electronic components using bar code and two-dimensional symbologies +IEC 62091 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear – Controllers for drivers of stationary fire pumps +IEC 62093 Balance-of-system components for photovoltaic systems – Design qualification natural environments +IEC 62094 Indicator light units for household and similar fixed-electrical installations +IEC TR 62095 Electric cables – Calculations for current ratings – Finite element method +IEC TR 62096 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – Guidance for the decision on modernization +IEC 62097 Hydraulic machines, radial and axial – Performance conversion method from model to prototype +IEC TS 62098 Evaluation methods for microprocessor- based instruments +IEC 62099 Fibre optic wavelength switches – Generic specification +IEC TS 62100 Cables for aeronautical ground lighting primary circuits +IEC TS 62101 Electrical insulation systems – Short-time evaluation of combined thermal and electrical stresses +IEC TS 62102 Electrical safety – Classification of interfaces for equipment to be connected to information and communications technology networks +IEC 62104 Characteristics of DAB receivers +IEC 62105 Digital audio broadcast system – Specification of the receiver data interface (RDI) +IEC 62106 Specification of the radio data system (RDS) for VHF/FM sound broadcasting in the frequency range from 87,5 MHz to 108,0 MHz +IEC 62107 Super video compact disc – Disc-interchange system-specification +IEC 62108 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies – Design qualification and type approval +IEC 62109 Safety of power converters for use in photovoltaic power systems +IEC 62110 Electric and magnetic field levels generated by AC power systems – Measurement procedures with regard to public exposure +IEC 62115 Electric toys – Safety +IEC 62116 Utility-interconnected photovoltaic inverters – Test procedure of islanding prevention measures +IEC 62117 Nuclear reactor instrumentation – Pressurized light water reactors (PWR) – Monitoring adequate cooling within the core during cold shutdown +IEC 62121 Methods of measurement for minidisc recorders/players +IEC 62122 Methods of measurement for consumer-use digital VTRs – Electronic and mechanical performances +IEC 62124 Photovoltaic (PV) stand alone systems – Design verification +IEC TR 62125 Environmental statement specific to IEC TC 20 – Electric cables +IEC 62127 Ultrasonics – Hydrophones +IEC 62128 Railway applications – Fixed installations – Electrical safety, earthing and the return circuit +IEC 62129 Calibration of wavelength/optical frequency measurement instruments +IEC TR 62130 Climatic field data including validation +IEC TR 62131 Environmental conditions – Vibration and shock of electrotechnical equipment +IEC 62132 Integrated circuits – Measurement of electromagnetic immunity +IEC 62133 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells, and for batteries made from them, for use in portable applications +IEC 62134 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic closures +IEC 62135 Resistance welding equipment +IEC 62137 Surface mounting technology – Environmental and endurance test methods for surface mount solder joint +IEC 62138 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important for safety – Software aspects for computer-based systems performing category B or C functions +IEC 62141 Helical-scan digital video cassette recording format using 12,65 mm magnetic tape and incorporating MPEG-4 compression – Type D-16 format +IEC TS 62143 Electrical installations for lighting and beaconing of aerodromes – Aeronautical ground lighting systems – Guidelines for the development of a safety lifecycle methodology +IEC 62146 Grading capacitors for high-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers +IEC 62148 Fibre optic active components and devices – Package and interface standards +IEC 62149 Fibre optic active components and devices – Performance standards +IEC 62150 Fibre optic active components and devices – Test and measurement procedures +IEC 62151 Safety of equipment electrically connected to a telecommunication network +IEC TR 62152 Transmission properties of cascaded two-ports or quadripols – Background of terms and definitions +IEC 62153 Metallic communication cables test methods +IEC 62155 Hollow pressurized and unpressurized ceramic and glass insulators for use in electrical equipment with rated voltages greater than 1 000 V +IEC 62156 Digital video recording with video compression 12,65 mm type D-9 component format 525/60 and 625/50 (Digital S) +IEC TR 62157 Cylindrical machined carbon electrodes – Nominal dimensions +IEC PAS 62162 Field-induced charged-device model test method for electrostatic discharge withstand thresholds of microelectronic components +IEC TR 62188 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Design and manufacturing recommendations for portable batteries made from sealed secondary cells +IEC 62192 Live working – Insulating ropes +IEC 62193 Live working – Telescopic sticks and telescopic measuring sticks +IEC 62194 Method of evaluating the thermal performance of enclosures +IEC 62196 Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets – Conductive charging of electric vehicles +IEC 62197 Connectors for electronic equipment – Quality assessment requirements +IEC 62198 Managing risk in projects – Application guidelines +IEC 62208 Empty enclosures for low-voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies – General requirements +IEC 62209 Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices – Human models, instrumentation, and procedures +IEC 62211 Inductive components – Reliability management +IEC 62215 Integrated circuits – Measurement of impulse immunity +IEC 62216 Digital terrestrial television receivers for the DVB-T system +IEC 62217 Polymeric HV insulators for indoor and outdoor use – General definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria +IEC 62219 Overhead electrical conductors – Formed wire, concentric lay, stranded conductors +IEC 62220 Medical electrical equipment – Characteristics of digital X-ray imaging devices +IEC TR 62221 Optical fibres – Measurement methods – Microbending sensitivity +IEC TR 62222 Fire performance of communication cables installed in buildings +IEC 62223 Insulators – Glossary of terms and definitions +IEC TS 62224 Multimedia home server systems – Conceptual model for digital rights management +IEC 62226 Exposure to electric or magnetic fields in the low and intermediate frequency range – Methods for calculating the current density and internal electric field induced in the human body +IEC 62227 Multimedia home server systems – Digital rights permission code +IEC 62228 Integrated circuits – EMC evaluation of transceivers +IEC TS 62229 Multimedia systems and equipment – Multimedia e-publishing and e-book – Conceptual model for multimedia e-publishing +IEC 62230 Electric cables – Spark-test method +IEC 62231 Composite station post insulators for substations with AC voltages greater than 1 000 V up to 245 kV +IEC 62232 Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure +IEC 62233 Measurement methods for electromagnetic fields of household appliances and similar apparatus with regard to human exposure +IEC TR 62235 Nuclear facilities – Instrumentation and control systems important to safety – Systems of interim storage and final repository of nuclear fuel and waste +IEC 62236 Railway applications – Electromagnetic compatibility +IEC 62237 Live working – Insulating hoses with fittings for use with hydraulic tools and equipment +IEC 62238 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – VHF radiotelephone equipment incorporating Class "D" Digital Selective Calling (DSC) – Methods of testing and required test results +IEC TS 62239 Process management for avionics – Management plan +IEC TR 62240 Process management for avionics – Electronic components capability in operation +IEC 62241 Nuclear power plants – Main control room – Alarm functions and presentation +IEC 62243 Artificial Intelligence Exchange and Service Tie to All Test Environments (AI-ESTATE) +IEC 62244 Radiation protection instrumentation – Installed radiation monitors for the detection of radioactive and special nuclear materials at national borders +IEC 62246 Reed switches +IEC TR 62251 Multimedia systems and equipment – Quality assessment – Audio-video communication systems +IEC 62253 Photovoltaic pumping systems – Design qualification and performance measurements +IEC 62255 Multicore and symmetrical pair/quad cables for broadband digital communications (high bit rate digital access telecommunication networks) – Outside plant cables +IEC 62256 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines – Rehabilitation and performance improvement +IEC TS 62257 Recommendations for renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification +IEC 62258 Semiconductor die products +IEC 62259 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Nickel-cadmium prismatic secondary single cells with partial gas recombination +IEC 62262 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against external mechanical impacts (IK code) +IEC TR 62263 Live working – Guidelines for the installation and maintenance of optical fibre cables on overhead power lines +IEC 62264 Enterprise-control system integration +IEC 62265 Advanced Library Format (ALF) describing Integrated Circuit (IC) technology, cells and blocks (withdrawn) +IEC 62267 Railway applications – Automated urban guided transport (AUGT) – Safety requirements +IEC 62270 Guide for computer-based control for hydroelectric power plant automation +IEC 62271 High-voltage switchgear and control gear +IEC 62272 Digital radio mondiale (DRM) +IEC 62273 Methods of measurement for radio transmitters +IEC 62274 Medical electrical equipment – Safety of radiotherapy record and verify systems +IEC 62275 Cable management systems – Cable ties for electrical installations +IEC 62276 Single crystal wafers for surface acoustic wave (SAW) device applications – Specifications and measuring methods +IEC 62278 Railway applications – Specification and demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) +IEC 62279 Railway applications – Communication, signalling and processing systems – Software for railway control and protection systems +IEC 62280 Railway applications – Communication, signalling and processing systems – Safety related communication in transmission systems +IEC 62281 Safety of primary and secondary lithium cells and batteries during transport +IEC 62282 Fuel cell technologies +IEC TR 62283 Optical fibres – Guidance for nuclear radiation tests +IEC TR 62284 Effective area measurements of single-mode optical fibres – Guidance +IEC TR 62285 Application guide for non-linear coefficient measuring methods +IEC 62286 Service diagnostic interface for consumer electronics products and networks – Implementation for IEEE 1394 +IEC 62287 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Class B shipborne equipment of the automatic identification system (AIS) +IEC 62288 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Presentation of navigation-related information on shipborne navigational displays – General requirements, methods of testing and required test results +IEC 62289 Video recording – Helical-scan digital video cassette recording format using 12,65 mm magnetic tape and incorporating MPEG-2 Compression – Format D-10 +IEC 62290 Railway applications – Urban guided transport management and command/control systems +IEC TR 62291 Multimedia data storage – Application program interface for UDF based file systems +IEC 62295 Multimedia systems – Common communication protocol for inter-connectivity on heterogeneous networks +IEC TR 62296 Considerations of unaddressed safety aspects in the second edition of IEC 60601-1 and proposals for new requirements +IEC 62297 Triggering messages for broadcast applications +IEC 62298 Teleweb application +IEC 62300 Consumer audio/video equipment digital interface with plastic optical fibre +IEC 62301 Household electrical appliances – Measurement of standby power +IEC 62304 Medical Device Software – Software Life Cycle Processes +IEC 62305 Protection Against Lightning +IEC 62310 Static Transfer Systems (STS) +IEC 62325 Standards related to energy market models & communications +IEC TR 62331 Pulsed field magnetometry +IEC 62351 Power System Control and Associated Communications – Data and Communication Security +IEC 62353 Medical electrical equipment – Recurrent test and test after repair of medical electrical equipment +IEC/TR 62357 Power system control and associated communications – Reference architecture for object models, services and protocols +IEC 62365 Digital audio – Digital input-output interfacing – Transmission of digital audio over asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks +IEC 62366 Medical devices – Application of usability engineering to medical devices +IEC 62368 Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment +IEC 62379 Common control interface for networked digital audio and video products +IEC 62384 DC or AC supplied electronic control gear for LED modules – Performance requirements +IEC 62386 Digital addressable lighting interface +IEC 62388 Maritime Navigation and Radio Communications, Shipborne Radar +IEC 62395 Electrical resistance trace heating systems for industrial and commercial applications +IEC 62420 Concentric lay stranded overhead electrical conductors containing one or more gap(s) +IEC 62425 Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems - Safety related electronic systems for signalling +IEC 62439 Industrial communication networks – High availability automation networks +IEC 62443 Industrial communication networks – Network and system security +IEC 62446 Grid connected photovoltaic systems – Minimum requirements for system documentation, commissioning tests and inspection +IEC 62455 Internet protocol (IP) and transport stream (TS) based service access +IEC 62464 Magnetic resonance equipment for medical imaging +IEC 62471 Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems +IEC 62474 Material declaration for products of and for the electrotechnical industry +IEC 62477 Safety requirements for power electronic converter systems and equipment +IEC 62481 Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) home networked device interoperability guidelines +IEC 62491 Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – Labelling of cables and cores +IEC 62493 Assessment of lighting equipment related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields +IEC 62502 Analysis techniques for dependability – Event tree analysis (ETA) +IEC 62504 General lighting – Light emitting diode (LED) products and related equipment – Terms and definitions +IEC 62505 Railway applications – Fixed installations – Particular requirements for a.c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-17.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-17.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e80ac67b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-17.md @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 18/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +switchgear +IEC 62507 Identification systems enabling unambiguous information interchange – Requirements +IEC 62531 Property Specification Language (PSL) +IEC TS 62556 Ultrasonics – Field characterization – Specification and measurement of field parameters for high intensity therapeutic ultrasound (HITU) transducers and systems +IEC 62560 Self-ballasted LED-lamps for general lighting services by voltage > 50 V – Safety specifications +IEC 62561 Lightning protection system components (LPSC) +IEC 62600 Marine energy - Wave, tidal and other water current converters. IEC 62605 Multimedia systems and equipment – Multimedia e-publishing and e-books – Interchange format for e-dictionaries +IEC 62606 General requirements for arc fault detection devices +IEC 62612 Self-ballasted LED lamps for general lighting services with supply voltages > 50 V – Performance requirements +IEC 62680 Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces for data and power +IEC 62682 Management of alarm systems for the process industries +IEC 62684 Interoperability specifications of common external power supply (EPS) for use with data-enabled mobile telephones +IEC/TR 62685 Industrial communication networks – Profiles – Assessment guideline for safety devices using IEC 61784-3 functional safety communication profiles (FSCPs) +IEC 62693 Industrial electroheating installations – Test methods for infrared electroheating installations +IEC 62700 DC Power supply for notebook computer +IEC 62703 Expression of performance of fluorometric oxygen analyzers in liquid media +IEC 62708 Documents kinds for electrical and instrumentation projects in the process industry +IEC 62717 LED modules for general lighting – Performance requirements +IEC 62734 Industrial networks – Wireless communication network and communication profiles – ISA 100.11a +IEC 62752 In-cable control and protection device for mode 2 charging of electric roadvehicles +IEC 62769 Field device integration (FDI) +IEC 62776 Double-capped LED lamps designed to retrofit linear fluorescent lamps – Safety specifications +IEC/TR 62794 Industrial-process measurement, control and automation – Reference model for representation of production facilities (digital factory) +IEC/TR 62795 Interoperation guide of field device tool (FDT) / device type manager (DTM) and electronic device description language (EDDL) +IEC/TS 62796 Energy efficiency in electroheating installations +IEC 62798 Industrial electroheating equipment – Test methods for infrared emitters +IEC/TR 62837 Energy efficiency through automation systems +IEC 62840 Electric vehicle battery swap system +IEC 62881 Cause and Effect Matrix +IEC 62885 Dry vacuum cleaners for household or similar use – Methods for measuring the performance +IEC/TS 62872 Industrial-process measurement, control and automation system interface between industrial facilities and the smart grid +IEC/TR 62914 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Experimental procedure for the forced internal short-circuit test of IEC 62133:2012 +IEC/PAS 62948 Industrial networks – Wireless communication network and communication profiles – WIA-FA +IEC/PAS 62953 Industrial communication networks – Fieldbus specifications – ADS-net +IEC 63110 Protocol for the management of electric vehicles charging and discharging infrastructures +IEC 63119 Protocol for information exchange for electric vehicle charging roaming services +IEC 63382 Protocol for the management of distributed energy storage systems based on electric vehicles +IEC/TS 63383 Cybersecurity aspects of devices used for power metering and monitoring, power quality monitoring, data collection and analysis +IEC/TS 63384 Power System Stability Control +IEC/TR 63385 Transmitting and receiving equipment for radiocommunication +IEC/PAS 63386 CONDUCTIVE CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE +IEC 63387 Hybrid CPV/PV modules +IEC/TS 63389 Developing a profile composed of a set of Basic Application Profiles (BAPs) of IEC 61850 for DER compliant to IEEE 1547 +IEC/TS 63390 Technical Specifications for Digitalization of Operation and Maintenance in Hydropower Assets +IEC 63391 General technical requirements for millimeter wave holographic imaging body scanner +IEC/TS 63392 Fire test for concentrator PV modules +IEC/TR 63393 Electrical systems for electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks +IEC/TS 63394 Safety of machinery – Guidelines on functional safety of safety-related control system +IEC 63395 Sustainable management of waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste). IEC/TS 63397 Guidelines for qualifying PV modules for increased hail resistance +IEC/TS 63398 Technical Specification for Black Start of Hydropower Plant +IEC 63399 Household and similar use electrical rice cookers - Methods for measuring the performance +IEC/TR 63401 Dynamic characteristics of inverter-based resources in bulk power systems +IEC 63402 Energy Efficiency Systems - Smart Grid - Customer Energy Management Systems - General Requirements and Architecture +IEC 63403 LED packages for horticultural lighting +IEC 63404 Switchgear and controlgear and their assemblies for low voltage – Integration method of radiocommunication device into an equipment +IEC 63405 High-voltage test techniques - Dielectric loss measurements "PROPOSED HORIZONTAL STANDARD" +IEC/TS 63406 Generic RMS simulation models of converter-based generating units for power system dynamic analysis +IEC 63407 Conductive charging of electric vehicles - Contact interface for automated connection device (ACD) +IEC/SRD 63408 Safety Aspects – Guideline for Adult AAL Care Recipients in standards and other specifications +IEC 63409 Photovoltaic power generating systems connection with grid +IEC/TR 63410 Decentralized electrical energy systems roadmap +IEC/TR 63411 Grid Connection of Offshore Wind via VSC-HVDC System +IEC 63412 Ultrasonics - Shear-wave elastography +IEC 63413 Nuclear Power Plants - Instrumentation and control systems important to safety - Platform qualification +IEC/TS 63414 Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage insulators made of hydrophobicity transfer materials to be used on a.c. and d.c. systems +IEC/TR 63415 Nuclear Power plants – Instrumentation and control systems – Use of formal security models for I&C security architecture design and assessment +IEC/SRD 63416 Ethical considerations of AI when Applied in the Active Assisted Living (AAL) context +IEC/TS 63417 Guide and plan to develop a unified IEC Smart energy Ontology +IEC 63418 Fixed accessories intended for household and similar purposes that supply power through an interface +IEC 63419 Guideline for Switching Reliability Evaluation procedures for Gallium Nitride Power Conversion Devices +IEC/SRD 63420 Cooperative Multiple Systems in Connected Home Environments – AAL SOTIF of E/E Systems +IEC 63423 Nuclear Power Plants - Instrumentation and control systems important to safety - Cable assemblies for Harsh Environment Purposes +IEC/TR 63424 Validation of dynamic power control and exposure time-averaging algorithms +IEC/TR 63425 Connectivity for Lighting Systems +IEC 63584 Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) +IEC 80000 Quantities and units +IEC 80001 Application of risk management for IT-networks incorporating medical devices +IEC/TR 80002 Medical device software +IEC/TS 80004 Nanotechnologies +IEC/IEEE 80005 Utility connections in port +IEC 80369 Small-bore connectors for liquids and gases in healthcare applications +IEC 80416 Basic principles for graphical symbols for use on equipment +IEC 80601 Medical electrical equipment +IEC 81346 Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – Structuring principles and reference designations +IEC 81714 Design of graphical symbols for use in the technical documentation of products +IEC 82045 Document management +IEC 82079 Preparation of instructions for use – Structuring, content and presentation +IEC 82304 Health software +IEC 88528 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets + +== See also == +Category:IEC standards +List of IEC technical committees +List of ISO standards – covers also standards jointly published by the International Organization for Standardization and the IEC + +== References == + +== External links == +Search IEC catalogue \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb776da93 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 3/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +resistivity +IEC 60250 Recommended methods for the determination of the permittivity and dielectric dissipation factor of electrical insulating materials at power, audio and radio frequencies including metre wavelengths +IEC 60252 AC motor capacitors +IEC 60254 Lead-acid traction batteries +IEC 60255 Measuring relays and protection equipment +IEC 60258 Direct acting recording electrical measuring instruments and their accessories +IEC 60261 Sealing test for pressurized waveguide tubing and assemblies +IEC 60263 Scales and sizes for plotting frequency characteristics and polar diagrams +IEC 60264 Packaging of winding wires +IEC 60268 Sound system equipment +IEC 60269 Low-voltage fuses +IEC 60270 High-voltage test techniques – Partial discharge measurements +IEC 60273 Characteristic of indoor and outdoor post insulators for systems with nominal voltages greater than 1000 V +IEC 60276 Definitions and nomenclature for carbon brushes, brush-holders, commutators and slip-rings +IEC 60282 High-voltage fuses +IEC 60286 Packaging of components for automatic handling +IEC 60287 Electric cables – Calculation of the current rating +IEC 60294 Measurement of the dimensions of a cylindrical component with axial terminations +IEC 60296 Fluids for electrotechnical applications – Unused mineral insulating oils for transformers and switchgear +IEC 60297 Mechanical structures for electronic equipment – Dimensions of mechanical structures of the 482,6 mm (19 in) series +IEC 60298 high voltage switchgear in metallic enclosure (withdrawn) +IEC 60299 Household electric blankets – Methods for measuring performance +IEC 60300 Dependability management +IEC 60301 Preferred diameters of wire terminations of capacitors and resistors +IEC 60304 Standard colours for insulation for low-frequency cables and wires +IEC 60305 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1000 V – Ceramic or glass insulator units for a.c. systems – Characteristics of insulator units of the cap and pin type +IEC 60306 Measurement of photosensitive devices +IEC 60308 Hydraulic turbines – Testing of control systems +IEC 60309 Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes +IEC 60310 Railway applications – Traction transformers and inductors on board rolling stock +IEC 60311 Electric irons for household or similar use – Methods for measuring performance +IEC 60315 Methods of measurement on radio receivers for various classes of emission +IEC 60317 Specifications for particular types of winding wires +IEC 60318 Electroacoustics – Simulators of human head and ear +IEC 60319 Presentation and specification of reliability data for electronic components +IEC 60320 Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes +IEC 60322 Railway applications – Electric equipment for rolling stock – Rules for power resistors of open construction +IEC 60325 Radiation protection instrumentation – Alpha, beta and alpha/beta (beta energy >60 keV) contamination meters and monitors +IEC 60329 Strip-wound cut cores of grain oriented silicon-iron alloy, used for electronic and telecommunication equipment +IEC 60331 Tests for electric cables under fire conditions – Circuit integrity +IEC 60332 Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions +IEC 60335 Household and similar electrical appliances – Safety +IEC 60336 Medical electrical equipment – X-ray tube assemblies for medical diagnosis – Characteristics of focal spots +IEC 60338 Telemetering for consumption and demand +IEC 60339 General purpose rigid coaxial transmission lines and their associated flange connectors +IEC 60343 Recommended test methods for determining the relative resistance of insulating materials to breakdown by surface discharges +IEC TR 60344 Calculation of d.c. resistance of plain and coated copper conductors of low-frequency cables and wires – Application guide +IEC 60345 Method of test for electrical resistance and resistivity of insulating materials at elevated temperatures +IEC 60347 Transverse track recorders +IEC 60349 Electric traction – Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles +IEC 60350 Household electric cooking appliances +IEC 60352 Solderless connections +IEC 60353 Line traps for a.c. power systems +IEC 60356 Dimensions for commutators and slip-rings +IEC 60357 Tungsten halogen lamps (non vehicle) – Performance specifications +IEC 60358 Coupling capacitors and capacitor dividers +IEC 60360 Standard method of measurement of lamp cap temperature rise +IEC 60364 Low-voltage electrical installations +IEC 60368 Piezoelectric filters of assessed quality +IEC 60370 Test procedure for thermal endurance of insulating varnishes – Electric strength method +IEC 60371 Specification for insulating materials based on mica +IEC 60372 Locking devices for ball and socket couplings of string insulator units – Dimensions and tests +IEC 60374 Guide for choosing modular dimensions for waveguide components +IEC 60375 Conventions concerning electric and magnetic circuits +IEC 60376 Specification of technical grade sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) for use in electrical equipment +IEC 60377 Methods for the determination of the dielectric properties of insulating materials at frequencies above 300 MHz +IEC 60379 Methods for measuring the performance of electric storage water-heaters for household purposes +IEC 60381 Analogue signals for process control systems +IEC 60382 Analogue pneumatic signal for process control systems +IEC 60383 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1000 V +IEC 60384 Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment +IEC 60386 Method of measurement of speed fluctuations in sound recording and reproducing equipment +IEC 60392 Guide for the drafting of specifications for microwave ferrites +IEC 60393 Potentiometers for use in electronic equipment +IEC 60394 Varnished fabrics for electrical purposes +IEC 60397 Test methods for batch furnaces with metallic heating resistors +IEC 60398 Installations for electroheating and electromagnetic processing – General performance test methods +IEC 60399 Barrel thread for lampholders with shade holder ring +IEC 60400 Lampholders for tubular fluorescent lamps and starter holders +IEC 60401 Terms and nomenclature for cores made of magnetically soft ferrites +IEC 60404 Magnetic materials +IEC 60412 Nuclear instrumentation – Nomenclature (identification) of scintillators and scintillation detectors and standard dimensions of scintillators +IEC 60413 Test procedures for determining physical properties of brush materials for electrical machines +IEC 60417 Graphical symbols for use on equipment +IEC 60422 Mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment – Supervision and maintenance guidance +IEC 60423 Conduit systems for cable management – Outside diameters of conduits for electrical installations and threads for conduits and fittings +IEC 60424 Ferrite cores – Guidelines on the limits of surface irregularities +IEC 60426 Electrical insulating materials – Determination of electrolytic corrosion caused by insulating materials – Test methods +IEC 60428 Standard Cells +IEC 60432 Incandescent lamps – Safety specifications +IEC 60433 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1 000 V – Ceramic insulators for a.c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10a824bfe --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 4/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +systems – Characteristics of insulator units of the long rod type +IEC 60434 Aircraft electrical filament lamps +IEC 60436 Electric dishwashers for household use – Methods for measuring the performance +IEC 60437 Radio interference test on high-voltage insulators +IEC 60439 Low voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies (withdrawn) +IEC 60440 Method of measurement of non-linearity in resistors +IEC 60441 Photometric and colorimetric methods of measurement of the light emitted by a cathode-ray tube screen +IEC 60442 Electric toasters for household and similar purposes – Methods for measuring the performance +IEC 60444 Measurement of quartz crystal unit parameters by zero phase technique in a pi-network +IEC 60445 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification – Identification of equipment terminals, conductor terminations and conductors +IEC 60446 Wiring colours (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC 60445:2010) +IEC 60447 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification – Actuating principles +IEC 60450 Measurement of the average viscometric degree of polymerization of new and aged cellulosic electrically insulating materials +IEC 60454 Specifications for pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes for electrical purposes +IEC 60455 Resin based reactive compounds used for electrical insulation +IEC 60456 Clothes washing machines for household use – Methods for measuring the performance +IEC 60457 Rigid precision coaxial and their associated precision connectors +IEC 60461 Time and control code +IEC 60462 Nuclear instrumentation – Photomultiplier tubes for scintillation counting – Test procedures +IEC 60464 Varnishes used for electrical insulation +IEC 60465 Specification for unused insulating mineral oils for cables with oil ducts +IEC 60468 Method of measurement of resistivity of metallic materials +IEC 60469 Transitions, pulses and related waveforms – Terms, definitions and algorithms +IEC 60471 Dimensions of clevis and tongue couplings of string insulator units +IEC 60475 Method of sampling insulating liquids +IEC 60477 Laboratory d.c. resistors +IEC 60479 Effects of current on human beings and livestock +IEC 60480 Guidelines for the checking and treatment of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) taken from electrical equipment and specification for its re-use +IEC 60481 Coupling devices for power line carrier systems +IEC 60483 Guide to dynamic measurements of piezoelectric ceramics with high electromechanical coupling +IEC 60487 Methods of measurement for equipment used in terrestrial radio-relay systems +IEC 60488 Higher performance protocol for the standard digital interface for programmable instrumentation +IEC 60489 Methods of measurement for radio equipment used in the mobile services +IEC 60493 Guide for the statistical analysis of ageing test data +IEC 60494 Railway applications – Rolling stock – Pantographs – Characteristics and tests +IEC 60495 Single sideband power-line carrier terminals +IEC 60496 Methods for measuring the performance of electric warming plates for household and similar purposes +IEC 60498 High-voltage coaxial connectors used in nuclear instrumentation +IEC 60499 Voltage limits for electronics to be considered "consumer grade" +IEC 60500 Underwater acoustics – Hydrophones – Properties of hydrophones in the frequency range 1 Hz to 500 kHz +IEC 60502 Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages from 1 kV (Um = 1,2 kV) up to 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) +IEC 60503 Spools for broadcast videotape recorders (VTRS) +IEC 60505 Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulation systems +IEC 60507 Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage ceramic and glass insulators to be used on a.c. systems +IEC 60510 Methods of measurement for radio equipment used in satellite earth stations +IEC 60512 Connectors for electronic equipment – Tests and measurements +IEC TR 60513 Fundamental aspects of safety standards for medical electrical equipment +IEC 60515 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation important to safety – Radiation detectors – Characteristics and test methods +IEC 60519 Safety in installations for electroheating and electromagnetic processing +IEC 60522 Determination of the permanent filtration of X-ray tube assemblies +IEC 60523 Direct-current potentiometers +IEC 60524 Direct-current resistive volt ratio boxes +IEC 60526 High-voltage cable plug and socket connections for medical X-ray equipment +IEC 60528 Expression of performance of air quality infra-red analyzers +IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) +IEC 60530 Methods for measuring the performance of electric kettles and jugs for household and similar use +IEC 60531 Household electric thermal storage room heaters – Methods for measuring performance +IEC 60532 Radiation protection instrumentation – Installed dose rate meters, warning assemblies and monitors – X and gamma radiation of energy between 50 keV and 7 MeV +IEC 60533 Electrical and electronic installations in ships – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Ships with a metallic hull +IEC 60534 Industrial-process control valves +IEC 60539 Directly heated negative temperature coefficient thermistors +IEC 60544 Electrical insulating materials – Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation +IEC 60545 Guide for commissioning, operation and maintenance of hydraulic turbines +IEC 60546 Controllers with analogue signals for use in industrial-process control systems +IEC 60549 High-voltage fuses for the external protection of shunt capacitors +IEC 60554 Specification for cellulosic papers for electrical purposes +IEC 60556 Gyromagnetic materials intended for application at microwave frequencies – Measuring methods for properties +IEC 60558 Type C helical video tape recorders +IEC 60559 Binary floating-point arithmetic for microprocessor systems (withdrawn) +IEC 60560 Definitions and terminology of brush-holders for electrical machines +IEC 60562 Measurements of incidental ionizing radiation from electronic tubes +IEC 60564 D.C. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ef265af1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 5/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +bridges for measuring resistance +IEC 60565 Underwater acoustics – Hydrophones – Calibration in the frequency range 0,01 Hz to 1 MHz +IEC 60567 Oil-filled electrical equipment – Sampling of gases and analysis of free and dissolved gases – Guidance +IEC 60568 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation important to safety – In-core instrumentation for neutron fluence rate (flux) measurements in power reactors +IEC 60570 Electrical supply track systems for luminaires +IEC 60571 Railway applications – Electronic equipment used on rolling stock +IEC 60574 Audio-visual, video and television equipment and systems (withdrawn) +IEC TR 60575 Thermal-mechanical performance test and mechanical performance test on string insulator units +IEC 60580 Medical electrical equipment – Dose area product meters +IEC 60581 High fidelity audio equipment and systems: Minimum performance requirements +IEC 60584 Thermocouples +IEC 60587 Electrical insulating materials used under severe ambient conditions – Test methods for evaluating resistance to tracking and erosion +IEC 60588 Askarels for transformers and capacitors +IEC 60589 Methods of test for the determination of ionic impurities in electrical insulating materials by extraction with liquids +IEC 60590 Determination of the aromatic hydrocarbon content of new mineral insulating oils +IEC 60598 Luminaires +IEC 60599 Mineral oil-filled electrical equipment in service – Guidance on the interpretation of dissolved and free gases analysis +IEC 60600 Equipment for minehead assay and sorting radioactive ores in containers +IEC 60601 Medical electrical equipment +IEC 60602 Type B helical video recorders +IEC 60603 Connectors for frequencies below 3 MHz for use with printed boards +IEC 60605 Equipment reliability testing +IEC 60609 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines – Cavitation pitting evaluation +IEC 60613 Electrical and loading characteristics of X-ray tube assemblies for medical diagnosis +IEC 60615 Terminology for microwave apparatus +IEC TR 60616 Terminal and tapping markings for power transformers +IEC 60617 Graphical symbols for diagrams +IEC 60618 Inductive voltage dividers +IEC 60619 Electrically operated food preparation appliances – Methods for measuring the performance +IEC 60622 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable single cells +IEC 60623 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Vented nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable single cells +IEC 60624 Expression of the performance of pulse generators +IEC 60626 Combined flexible materials for electrical insulation +IEC 60627 Diagnostic X-ray imaging equipment – Characteristics of general purpose and mammographic anti-scatter grids +IEC 60628 Gassing of insulating liquids under electrical stress and ionization +IEC 60630 Maximum lamp outlines for incandescent lamps +IEC 60633 Terminology for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission +IEC 60635 Toroidal strip-wound cores made of magnetically soft material +IEC 60636 Flexible waveguide assembly performance +IEC TR 60638 Criteria for assessing and coding of the commutation of rotating electrical machines for traction +IEC 60641 Pressboard and presspaper for electrical purposes +IEC 60642 Piezoelectric ceramic resonator units +IEC 60644 Specification for high-voltage fuse-links for motor circuit applications +IEC 60645 Electroacoustics – Audiometric equipment +IEC 60648 Method of test for coefficients of friction of plastic film and sheeting for use as electrical insulation +IEC 60651 Sound level meters (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC 61672-1:2002 and IEC 61672-2:2003) +IEC 60652 Loading tests on overhead line structures +IEC 60654 Industrial-process measurement and control equipment – Operating conditions +IEC 60657 Non-ionizing radiation hazards in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 300 000 MHz +IEC 60660 Insulators – Tests on indoor post insulators of organic material for systems with nominal voltages greater than 1 000 V up to but not including 300 kV +IEC 60661 Methods for measuring the performance of electric household coffee makers +IEC 60662 High-pressure sodium vapour lamps – Performance specifications +IEC 60663 Planning of (single-sideband) power line carrier systems +IEC 60664 Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems +IEC 60665 A.C. electric ventilating fans and regulators for household and similar purposes +IEC 60666 Detection and determination of specified additives in mineral insulating oils +IEC 60667 Specification for vulcanized fibre for electrical purposes +IEC TR 60668 Dimensions of panel areas and cut-outs for panel and rack-mounted industrial-process measurement and control instruments +IEC 60669 Switches for household and similar fixed-electrical installations +IEC 60670 Boxes and enclosures for electrical accessories for household and similar fixed electrical installations +IEC 60671 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control systems important to safety – Surveillance testing +IEC 60672 Ceramic and glass insulating materials +IEC 60674 Specification for plastic films for electrical purposes +IEC 60675 Household electric direct-acting room heaters – Methods for measuring performance +IEC 60676 Industrial electroheating equipment – Test methods for direct arc furnaces +IEC 60677 Block transfers in CAMAC systems +IEC 60679 Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic oscillators of assessed quality +IEC TS 60680 Test methods of plasma equipment for electroheat and electrochemical applications +IEC 60682 Standard method of measuring the pinch temperature of quartz-tungsten-halogen lamps +IEC 60683 Industrial electroheating equipment – Test methods for submerged-arc furnaces +IEC 60684 Flexible insulating sleeving +IEC 60688 Electrical measuring transducers for converting A.C. and D.C. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a34959c5f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 6/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +electrical quantities to analogue or digital signals +IEC 60689 Measurement and test methods for tuning fork quartz crystal units in the range from 10 kHz to 200 kHz and standard values +IEC 60691 Thermal-links – Requirements and application guide +IEC 60692 Nuclear instrumentation – Density gauges utilizing ionizing radiation – Definitions and test methods +IEC 60694 Common Specifications For High-Voltage Switchgear and Control gear Standards (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC 62271-1:2007) +IEC 60695 Fire hazard testing +IEC 60700 Thyristor valves for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission +IEC 60702 Mineral insulated cables and their terminations with a rated voltage not exceeding 750 V +IEC 60703 Test methods for electroheating installations with electron guns +IEC 60704 Household and similar electrical appliances – Test code for the determination of airborne acoustical noise +IEC 60705 Household microwave ovens – Methods for measuring performance +IEC 60706 Maintainability of equipment +IEC 60708 Low-frequency cables with polyolefin insulation and moisture barrier polyolefin sheath +IEC 60709 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control systems important to safety – Separation +IEC 60712 Helical-scan video-tape cassette system using 19 mm (3/4 in) magnetic tape, known as U-format +IEC 60713 Subroutines for CAMAC +IEC 60715 Dimensions of low-voltage switchgear and control gear – Standardized mounting on rails for mechanical support of switchgear, control gear and accessories +IEC 60717 Method for the determination of the space required by capacitors and resistors with unidirectional terminations +IEC 60719 Calculation of the lower and upper limits for the average outer dimensions of cables with circular copper conductors and of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V +IEC 60720 Characteristics of line post insulators +IEC 60721 Classification of environmental conditions +IEC 60724 Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated voltages of 1 kV (Um = 1,2 kV) and 3 kV (Um = 3,6 kV) +IEC TR 60725 Consideration of reference impedances and public supply network impedances for use in determining the disturbance characteristics of electrical equipment having a rated current ≤75 A per phase +IEC 60726 Dry type power transformers +IEC 60728 Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive services +IEC 60729 Multiple controllers in a CAMAC crate +IEC 60730 Automatic electrical controls +IEC 60731 Medical electrical equipment – Dosimeters with ionization chambers as used in radiotherapy +IEC 60732 Measuring methods for cylinder cores, tube cores and screw cores of magnetic oxides +IEC 60734 Household electrical appliances – Performance – Water for testing +IEC 60735 Measuring methods for video tape properties +IEC TR 60736 Testing equipment for electrical energy meters +IEC 60737 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation important to safety – Temperature sensors (in-core and primary coolant circuit) – Characteristics and test methods +IEC 60738 Thermistors – Directly heated positive temperature coefficient +IEC 60740 Laminations for transformers and inductors +IEC 60743 Live working – Terminology for tools, devices and equipment +IEC 60744 Safety logic assemblies of nuclear power plants – Characteristics and test methods +IEC 60745 Hand-held motor-operated electric tools – Safety +IEC 60746 Expression of performance of electrochemical analyzers +IEC 60747 Semiconductor devices +IEC 60748 Semiconductor devices – Integrated circuits +IEC 60749 Semiconductor devices – Mechanical and climatic test methods +IEC 60750 Item designation in electrotechnology (Withdrawn! This publication has been replaced by IEC 61346-1:1996) +IEC 60751 Industrial platinum resistance thermometers and platinum temperature sensors +IEC 60754 Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables +IEC TR 60755 General requirements for residual current operated protective devices +IEC 60756 Non-broadcast video tape recorders – Time base stability +IEC 60757 Code for designation of colours +IEC 60758 Synthetic quartz crystal – Specifications and guidelines for use +IEC 60759 Standard test procedures for semiconductor X-ray energy spectrometers +IEC 60760 Flat, quick-connect terminations (merged into IEC 61210:2010-08) +IEC 60761 Equipment for continuous monitoring of radioactivity in gaseous effluents +IEC 60763 Laminated pressboard for electrical purposes +IEC 60767 Helical-scan video-tape cassette system using 12.65 mm (0.5 in) magnetic tape on type beta-format +IEC 60768 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation important to safety – Equipment for continuous in-line or on-line monitoring of radioactivity in process streams for normal and incident conditions +IEC 60770 Transmitters for use in industrial-process control systems +IEC 60772 Electrical penetration assemblies in containment structures for nuclear power generating stations +IEC 60773 Test methods and apparatus for measurement of the operational characteristics of brushes +IEC 60774 Helical-scan video tape cassette system using 12,65 mm (0,5 in) magnetic tape on type VHS +IEC 60775 Real-time BASIC for CAMAC +IEC TR 60778 Brush-holders for slip-rings, Group R – type RA +IEC 60779 Industrial electroheat equipment – Test methods for electroslag remelting furnaces +IEC TR 60782 Measurements of ultrasonic magnetostrictive transducers +IEC TR 60788 Medical electrical equipment – Glossary of defined terms +IEC 60793 Optical fibres +IEC 60794 Optical fibre cables +IEC 60796 Microprocessor system bus – 8-bit and 16-bit data (MULTIBUS I) +IEC TR 60797 Residual strength of string insulator units of glass or ceramic material for overhead lines after mechanical damage of the dielectric +IEC 60799 Electrical accessories – Cord sets and interconnection cord sets +IEC 60800 Heating cables with a rated voltage of 300/500 V for comfort heating and prevention of ice formation +IEC 60801 EMI and RFI Immunity (withdrawn) +IEC 60803 Recommended dimensions for hexagonal and square crimping-die cavities, indentors, ganges, outer conductor crimp sleeves and centre contact crimp barrels for R.F. cables and connectors +IEC 60805 Guide for commissioning, operation and maintenance of storage pumps and of pump-turbines operating as pumps +IEC 60806 Determination of the maximum symmetrical radiation field from a rotating anode X-ray tube for medical diagnosis +IEC 60807 Rectangular connectors for frequencies below 3 MHz +IEC 60809 Lamps for road vehicles – Dimensional, electrical and luminous requirements +IEC 60810 Lamps for road vehicles – Performance requirements +IEC 60811 Electric and optical fibre cables – Test methods for non-metallic materials +IEC 60812 Analysis techniques for system reliability – Procedure for failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) +IEC 60814 Insulating liquids – Oil-impregnated paper and pressboard – Determination of water by automatic coulometric Karl Fischer titration +IEC TS 60815 Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in polluted conditions +IEC TS 60816 Guide on methods of measurement of short duration transients on low-voltage power and signal lines +IEC 60819 Non-cellulosic papers for electrical purposes +IEC 60821 VMEbus – Microprocessor system bus for 1 byte to 4 byte data +IEC 60822 VSB – Parallel Sub-system Bus of the IEC 60821 VMEbus +IEC 60824 Terminology related to microprocessors +IEC 60825 Safety of laser products +IEC 60826 Design criteria of overhead transmission lines +IEC 60828 Pin allocations for microprocessor systems using the IEC 60603-2connector +IEC 60831 Shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for a.c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2bee7753 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 7/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +systems having a rated voltage up to and including 1 000 V +IEC 60832 Live working – Insulating sticks and attachable devices +IEC 60834 Tele-protection equipment of power systems – Performance and testing +IEC 60835 Methods of measurement for equipment used in digital microwave radio transmission systems +IEC 60836 Specifications for unused silicone insulating liquids for electrotechnical purposes +IEC 60838 Miscellaneous lampholders +IEC 60839 Alarm and electronic security systems +IEC 60840 Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages above 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) up to 150 kV (Um = 170 kV) – Test methods and requirements +IEC 60841 Audio recording – PCM encoder/decoder system +IEC 60843 Helical-scan video tape cassette system using 8 mm magnetic tape – 8 mm video +IEC 60846 Radiation protection instrumentation – Ambient and/or directional dose equivalent (rate) meters and/or monitors for beta, X and gamma radiation +IEC 60848 GRAFCET specification language for sequential function charts +IEC 60849 Sound Systems for Emergency Purposes (withdrawn) +IEC 60850 Railway applications – Supply voltages of traction systems +IEC 60851 Methods of test for winding wires +IEC 60852 Outline dimensions of transformers and inductors for use in telecommunication and electronic equipment +IEC 60853 Calculation of the cyclic and emergency current rating of cables +IEC TR 60854 Methods of measuring the performance of ultrasonic pulse-echo diagnostic equipment +IEC 60855 Live working – Insulating foam-filled tubes and solid rods +IEC 60856 Prerecorded optical reflective video disk system 'Laser vision' 50 Hz/625 lines – PAL +IEC 60857 Prerecorded optical reflective video disk system 'Laser vision' 60 Hz/525 lines – M/NTSC +IEC 60860 Radiation protection instrumentation – Warning equipment for criticality accidents +IEC 60861 Equipment for monitoring of radionuclides in liquid effluents and surface waters +IEC 60862 Surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters of assessed quality +IEC 60864 Standardization of interconnections between broadcasting transmitters or transmitter systems and supervisory equipment +IEC 60865 Short-circuit currents – Calculation of effects +IEC 60867 Insulating liquids – Specifications for unused liquids based on synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons +IEC 60869 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic passive power control devices +IEC 60870 Telecontrol equipment and systems +IEC 60871 Shunt capacitors for a.c. power systems having a rated voltage above 1 000 V +IEC 60873 Electrical and pneumatic analogue chart recorders for use in industrial-process systems +IEC 60874 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Connectors for optical fibres and cables +IEC 60875 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Non-wavelength-selective fibre optic branching devices +IEC 60876 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic spatial switches +IEC TR 60877 Procedures for ensuring the cleanliness of industrial-process measurement and control equipment in oxygen service +IEC TR 60878 Graphical symbols for electrical equipment in medical practice +IEC 60879 Performance and construction of electric circulating fans and regulators +IEC 60880 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control systems important to safety – Software aspects for computer-based systems performing category A functions +IEC 60882 Pre-heat requirements for starterless tubular fluorescent lamps +IEC 60883 Measuring method for chrominance signal-to-random noise ratio for video tape recorders +IEC 60884 Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes +IEC 60885 Electrical test methods for electric cables +IEC TR 60886 Investigations on test procedures for ultrasonic cleaners +IEC TR 60887 Glass bulb designation system for lamps +IEC 60888 Zinc-coated steel wires for stranded conductors +IEC 60889 Hard-drawn aluminium wire for overhead line conductors +IEC TR 60890 A method of temperature-rise verification of low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies by calculation +IEC 60891 Photovoltaic devices – Procedures for temperature and irradiance corrections to measured I-V characteristics +IEC 60893 Insulating materials – Industrial rigid laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins for electrical purposes +IEC 60895 Live working – Conductive clothing for use at nominal voltage up to 800 kV a.c. and ± 600 kV d.c. IEC 60896 Stationary lead-acid batteries +IEC 60897 Methods for the determination of the lightning breakdown voltage of insulating liquids +IEC 60898 Electrical accessories – Circuit-breakers for overcurrent protection for household and similar installations +IEC TS 60899 Sampling rate and source encoding for professional digital audio recording +IEC 60900 Live working – Hand tools for use up to 1 000 V a.c. and 1 500 V d.c. IEC 60901 Single-capped fluorescent lamps – Performance specifications +IEC 60903 Live working – Electrical insulating gloves +IEC 60904 Photovoltaic devices +IEC 60906 IEC system of plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes +IEC 60908 Audio recording – Compact disc digital audio system +IEC 60909 Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems +IEC 60910 Containment monitoring instrumentation for early detection of developing deviations from normal operation in light water reactors +IEC 60911 Measurements for monitoring adequate cooling within the core of pressurized light water reactors +IEC 60912 Nuclear instrumentation – ECL (emitter coupled logic) front panel interconnections in counter logic +IEC 60913 Railway applications – Fixed installations – Electric traction overhead contact lines +IEC 60915 Capacitors and resistors for use in electronic equipment – Preferred dimensions of shaft ends, bushes and for the mounting of single-hole, bush-mounted, shaft-operated electronic components +IEC 60917 Modular order for the development of mechanical structures for electronic equipment practices +IEC 60918 PVC insulated ribbon cable with a pitch of 1.27 mm suitable for insulation displacement termination +IEC TR 60919 Performance of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems with line-commutated converters +IEC 60921 Ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps – Performance requirements +IEC 60923 Auxiliaries for lamps – Ballasts for discharge lamps (excluding tubular fluorescent lamps) – Performance requirements +IEC 60927 Auxiliaries for lamps – Starting devices (other than glow starters)- Performance requirements +IEC 60929 AC and/or DC-supplied electronic control gear for tubular fluorescent lamps – Performance requirements +IEC TR 60930 Guidelines for administrative, medical and nursing staff concerned with the safe use of medical electrical equipment and medical electrical systems +IEC 60931 Shunt power capacitors of the non-self-healing type for a.c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..343f37f00 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 8/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +systems having a rated voltage up to and including 1000 V +IEC 60933 Audio, video and audiovisual systems – Interconnections and matching values +IEC 60934 Circuit-breakers for equipment (CBE) +IEC 60935 Nuclear instrumentation – Modular high speed data acquisition system – FASTBUS +IEC 60938 Fixed inductors for electromagnetic interference suppression +IEC 60939 Passive filter units for electromagnetic interference suppression +IEC 60940 Guidance information on the application of capacitors, resistors, inductors and complete filter units for electromagnetic interference suppression +IEC 60942 Electroacoustics – Sound calibrators +IEC TR 60943 Guidance concerning the permissible temperature rise for parts of electrical equipment, in particular for terminals +IEC 60944 Guide for the maintenance of silicone transformer liquids +IEC 60945 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – General requirements – Methods of testing and required test results +IEC 60946 Binary direct voltage signals for process measurement and control systems +IEC 60947 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear +IEC 60948 Numeric keyboard for home electronic systems (HES) +IEC 60949 Calculation of thermally permissible short-circuit currents, taking into account non-adiabatic heating effects +IEC 60950 Information technology equipment – Safety +IEC 60951 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation important to safety – Radiation monitoring for accident and post-accident conditions +IEC 60952 Aircraft batteries +IEC 60953 Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance tests +IEC 60958 Digital audio interface +IEC 60960 Functional design criteria for a safety parameter display system for nuclear power stations +IEC 60961 Helical-scan video tape cassette system using 12,65 mm (0,5 in) magnetic tape on type L +IEC 60963 Specification for unused polybutenes +IEC 60964 Nuclear power plants – Control rooms – Design +IEC 60965 Nuclear power plants – Control rooms – Supplementary control room for reactor shutdown without access to the main control room +IEC 60966 Radio frequency and coaxial cable assemblies +IEC 60968 Self-ballasted fluorescent lamps for general lighting services – Safety requirements +IEC 60969 Self-ballasted compact fluorescent lamps for general lighting services – Performance requirements +IEC 60970 Insulating liquids – Methods for counting and sizing particles +IEC 60973 Test procedures for germanium gamma-ray detectors +IEC 60974 Arc welding equipment +IEC 60976 Medical electrical equipment – Medical electron accelerators – Functional performance characteristics +IEC TR 60977 Medical electrical equipment – Medical electron accelerators – Guidelines for functional performance characteristics +IEC 60979 Wires for wire wrapping applications +IEC/IEEE 60980-344 Nuclear facilities – Equipment important to safety – Seismic qualification +IEC 60981 Extra heavy-duty electrical rigid steel conduits +IEC 60982 Level measuring systems utilizing ionizing radiation with continuous or switching output +IEC 60983 Miniature lamps +IEC 60984 Live working – Electrical insulating sleeves +IEC 60986 Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated voltages from 6 kV (Um = 7,2 kV) up to 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) +IEC 60987 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – Hardware design requirements for computer-based systems +IEC 60988 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation important to safety – Acoustic monitoring systems for detection of loose parts: characteristics, design criteria and operational procedures +IEC 60989 Separating transformers, autotransformers, variable transformers and reactors +IEC 60990 Methods of measurement of touch current and protective conductor current +IEC 60993 Electrolyte for vented nickel-cadmium cells +IEC 60994 Guide for field measurement of vibrations and pulsations in hydraulic machines (turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines) +IEC TR 60996 Method for verifying accuracy of tan delta measurements applicable to capacitors +IEC 60998 Connecting devices for low-voltage circuits for household and similar purposes +IEC 60999 Connecting devices – Electrical copper conductors – Safety requirements for screw-type and screwless-type clamping units +IEC 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) +IEC 61003 Industrial-process control systems – Instruments with analogue inputs and two- or multi-position outputs +IEC 61005 Radiation protection instrumentation – Neutron ambient dose equivalent (rate) meters +IEC 61007 Transformers and inductors for use in electronic and telecommunication equipment – Measuring methods and test procedures +IEC 61008 Residual current operated circuit-breakers without integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses (RCCBs) +IEC 61009 Residual current operated circuit breakers with integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses (RCBOs) +IEC 61010 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use +IEC 61012 Filters for the measurement of audible sound in the presence of ultrasound +IEC 61014 Programmes for reliability growth +IEC TR 61015 Brush-holders for electrical machines. Guide to the measurement of the static thrust applied to brushes +IEC 61016 Helical-scan digital component video cassette recording system using 19 mm magnetic tape (format D-1) +IEC 61017 Radiation protection instrumentation – Transportable, mobile or installed equipment to measure photon radiation for environmental monitoring +IEC 61018 Surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators +IEC 61020 Electromechanical switches for use in electrical and electronic equipment +IEC 61021 Laminated core packages for transformers and inductors used in telecommunication and electronic equipment +IEC 61023 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Marine speed and distance measuring equipment (SDME) – Performance requirements, methods of testing and required test results +IEC 61024 Protection of structures against lightning (Withdrawn, replaced by parts of IEC 62305) +IEC 61025 Fault tree analysis (FTA) +IEC 61028 Electrical measuring instruments – X-Y recorders +IEC 61029 Safety of transportable motor-operated electric tools +IEC 61030 Domestic Digital Bus – a standard for a low-speed multi-master serial communication bus for home automation applications. (withdrawn) +IEC 61031 Design, location and application criteria for installed area gamma radiation dose rate monitoring equipment for use in nuclear power plants during normal operation and anticipated operational occurrences +IEC 61032 Protection of persons and equipment by enclosures – Probes for verification +IEC 61033 Test methods for the determination of bond strength of impregnating agents to an enamelled wire substrate +IEC 61034 Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions +IEC 61039 Classification of insulating liquids +IEC 61041 Non-broadcast video tape recorders. Methods of measurement +IEC 61043 Electroacoustics – Instruments for the measurement of sound intensity – Measurements with pairs of pressure sensing microphones +IEC TR 61044 Opportunity-charging of lead-acid traction batteries +IEC 61047 DC or AC supplied electronic step-down converters for filament lamps – Performance requirements +IEC 61048 Auxiliaries for lamps – Capacitors for use in tubular fluorescent and other discharge lamp circuits – General and safety requirements +IEC 61049 Capacitors for use in tubular fluorescent and other discharge lamp circuits. Performance requirements +IEC 61050 Transformers for tubular discharge lamps having a no-load output voltage exceeding 1000 V (generally called neon-transformers). General and safety requirements +IEC 61051 Varistors for use in electronic equipment +IEC 61052 IEC 1052 FASTBUS standard routines. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3a8d2a4f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 9/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Standard routines for use with FASTBUS data acquisition system +IEC 61053 Helical-scan video tape cassette system using 12,65 mm (0,5 in) magnetic tape on type Beta format – FM audio recording +IEC TR 61055 Measurement techniques and operational adjustments of broadcast VTRs +IEC 61056 General purpose lead-acid batteries (valve-regulated types) +IEC 61058 Switches for appliances +IEC 61061 Non-impregnated densified laminated wood for electrical purposes +IEC 61063 Acoustics – Measurement of airborne noise emitted by steam turbines and driven machinery +IEC 61064 Acceptance tests for steam turbine speed control systems +IEC 61065 Method for evaluating the low temperature flow properties of mineral insulating oils after ageing +IEC 61067 Specification for glass and glass polyester fibre woven tapes +IEC 61068 Specification for polyester fibre woven tapes +IEC 61069 Industrial-process measurement, control and automation – Evaluation of system properties for the purpose of system assessment +IEC 61070 Compliance test procedures for steady-state availability +IEC 61071 Capacitors for power electronics +IEC 61073 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Mechanical splices and fusion splice protectors for optical fibres and cables +IEC 61076 Connectors for electronic equipment – Product requirements +IEC 61077 Helical-scan video tape cassette system using 12.65 mm (0.5 in) magnetic tape on type VHS – Compact VHS video cassette +IEC 61078 Reliability block diagrams +IEC 61079 Methods of measurement on receivers for satellite broadcast transmissions in the 12 GHz band +IEC 61080 Guide to the measurement of equivalent electrical parameters of quartz crystal units +IEC TS 61081 Pneumatic instruments driven by associated process gas – Safe installation and operating procedures – Guidelines +IEC 61082 Preparation of documents used in electrotechnology +IEC 61083 Instruments and software used for measurement in high-voltage and high-current tests +IEC 61084 Cable trunking systems and cable ducting systems for electrical installations +IEC TS 61085 General considerations for telecommunication services for electric power systems +IEC 61086 Coatings for loaded printed wire boards (conformal coatings) +IEC TR 61088 Characteristics and measurements of ultrasonic piezoceramic transducers +IEC 61089 Round wire concentric lay overhead electrical stranded conductors +IEC 61094 Measurement microphones +IEC 61095 Electromechanical contactors for household and similar purposes +IEC 61096 Methods of measuring the characteristics of reproducing equipment for digital audio compact discs +IEC 61097 Global maritime distress and safety system (GMDSS) +IEC 61098 Radiation protection instrumentation – Installed personnel surface contamination monitoring assemblies +IEC 61099 Insulating liquids – Specifications for unused synthetic organic esters for electrical purposes +IEC 61104 Compact disc video system – 12 cm CD-V +IEC 61105 Reference tapes for video tape recorder systems +IEC 61106 Videodisks – Methods of measurement for parameters +IEC 61108 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) +IEC 61109 Insulators for overhead lines – Composite suspension and tension insulators for a.c. systems with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V – Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria +IEC 61111 Live working – Electrical insulating matting +IEC 61112 Live working – Electrical insulating blankets +IEC 61114 Receiving antennas for satellite broadcast transmissions in the 11/12 GHz band +IEC 61115 Expression of performance of sample handling systems for process analyzers +IEC 61116 Electromechanical equipment guide for small hydroelectric installations +IEC 61118 Helical-scan video tape cassette system using 12,65 mm (0,5 in) magnetic tape – Type M2 +IEC 61119 Digital audio tape cassette system (DAT) +IEC 61120 Digital audio tape recorder reel to reel system, using 6,3 mm magnetic tape, for professional use +IEC 61121 Tumble dryers for household use – Methods for measuring the performance +IEC 61123 Reliability testing – Compliance test plans for success ratio +IEC 61124 Reliability testing – Compliance tests for constant failure rate and constant failure intensity +IEC 61125 Unused hydrocarbon based insulating liquids – Test methods for evaluating the oxidation stability +IEC 61126 Procedure for use in the preparation of maximum lamp outlines +IEC TR 61127 High pressure xenon short arc lamps – Dimensional, electrical and photometric data and cap types +IEC 61131 Industrial-process measurement and control – Programmable controllers +IEC 61133 Railway applications – Rolling stock – Testing of rolling stock on completion of construction and before entry into service +IEC 61138 Cables for portable earthing and short-circuiting equipment +IEC 61140 Protection against electric shock – Common aspects for installation and equipment +IEC TR 61141 Upper frequency limit of r.f. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-9.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..752b4d68a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-9.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +--- +title: "List of IEC standards" +chunk: 10/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +coaxial connectors +IEC 61143 Electrical measuring instruments – X-t recorders +IEC 61144 Test method for the determination of oxygen index of insulating liquids +IEC 61145 Calibration and usage of ionization chamber systems for assay of radionuclides +IEC 61146 Video cameras (PAL/SECAM/NTSC) – Methods of measurement +IEC 61148 Terminal markings for valve device stacks and assemblies and for power conversion equipment +IEC TS 61149 Guide for safe handling and operation of mobile radio equipment +IEC 61152 Dimensions of metal-sheathed thermometer elements +IEC 61156 Multicore and symmetrical pair/quad cables for digital communications +IEC 61157 Standard means for the reporting of the acoustic output of medical diagnostic ultrasonic equipment +IEC 61158 Industrial communication networks – Fieldbus specifications +IEC 61160 Design review +IEC 61161 Ultrasonics – Power measurement – Radiation force balances and performance requirements +IEC 61162 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Digital interfaces +IEC 61163 Reliability stress screening +IEC 61164 Reliability growth – Statistical test and estimation methods +IEC 61165 Application of Markov techniques +IEC 61167 Metal halide lamps – Performance specification +IEC 61168 Radiotherapy simulators – Functional performance characteristics +IEC 61169 Radio frequency connectors +IEC TS 61170 Radiotherapy simulators – Guidelines for functional performance characteristics +IEC 61171 Radiation protection instrumentation – Monitoring equipment – Atmospheric radioactive iodines in the environment +IEC 61172 Radiation protection instrumentation – Monitoring equipment – Radioactive aerosols in the environment +IEC 61174 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS) – Operational and performance requirements, methods of testing and required test results +IEC 61175 Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – Designation of signals +IEC 61176 Hand-held electric mains voltage operated circular saws – Methods for measuring the performance +IEC 61178 Quartz crystal units – A specification in the IEC Quality Assessment System for Electronic Components (IECQ) +IEC 61179 Helical-scan digital composite video cassette recording system using 19 mm magnetic tape, format D2 (NTSC, PAL, PAL-M) +IEC 61180 High-voltage test techniques for low-voltage equipment – Definitions, test and procedure requirements, test equipment +IEC 61181 Mineral oil-filled electrical equipment – Application of dissolved gas analysis (DGA) to factory tests on electrical equipment +IEC PAS 61182 Generic requirements for printed board assembly products manufacturing description data and transfer methodology +IEC 61183 Electroacoustics – Random-incidence and diffuse-field calibration of sound level meters +IEC 61184 Bayonet lampholders +IEC 61187 Electrical and electronic measuring equipment – Documentation +IEC 61188 Printed boards and printed board assemblies – Design and use +IEC 61189 Test methods for electrical materials, interconnection structures and assemblies +IEC 61190 Attachment materials for electronic assembly +IEC 61191 Printed board assemblies +IEC 61192 Workmanship requirements for soldered electronic assemblies +IEC 61193 Quality assessment systems +IEC 61194 Characteristic parameters of stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC TS 61836:2007) +IEC 61195 Double-capped fluorescent lamps – Safety specifications +IEC 61196 Coaxial communication cables +IEC 61197 Insulating liquids – Linear flame propagation – Test method using a glass-fibre tape +IEC 61198 Mineral insulating oils – Methods for the determination of 2-furfural and related compounds +IEC 61199 Single-capped fluorescent lamps – Safety specifications +IEC 61200 Electrical installation guide +IEC TS 61201 Use of conventional touch voltage limits – Application guide +IEC 61203 Synthetic organic esters for electrical purposes – Guide for maintenance of transformer esters in equipment +IEC 61204 Low-voltage power supply devices, d.c. output – Performance characteristics +IEC 61205 Ultrasonics – Dental descaler systems – Measurement and declaration of the output characteristics +IEC TS 61206 Ultrasonics – Continuous-wave Doppler systems – Test procedures +IEC 61207 Expression of performance of gas analyzers +IEC 61210 Connecting devices – Flat quick-connect terminations for electrical copper conductors – Safety requirements +IEC 61211 Insulators of ceramic material or glass for overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V – Impulse puncture testing in air +IEC 61212 Insulating materials – Industrial rigid round laminated tubes and rods based on thermosetting resins for electrical purposes +IEC 61213 Analogue audio recording on video tape – Polarity of magnetization +IEC 61215 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules – Design qualification and type approval +IEC 61217 Radiotherapy equipment – Coordinates, movements and scales +IEC 61219 Live working – Earthing or earthing and short-circuiting equipment using lances as a short-circuiting device – Lance earthing +IEC 61223 Evaluation and routine testing in medical imaging departments +IEC 61224 Nuclear reactors – Response time in resistance temperature detectors (RTD) – In situ measurements +IEC 61225 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control systems important to safety – Requirements for electrical supplies +IEC 61226 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – Classification of instrumentation and control functions +IEC 61227 Nuclear power plants – Control rooms – Operator controls +IEC 61228 Fluorescent ultraviolet lamps used for tanning – Measurement and specification method +IEC 61229 Rigid protective covers for live working on a.c. installations +IEC 61230 Live working – Portable equipment for earthing or earthing and short-circuiting +IEC 61231 International lamp coding system (ILCOS) +IEC 61232 Aluminium-clad steel wires for electrical purposes +IEC 61234 Method of test for the hydrolytic stability of electrical insulating materials +IEC 61235 Live working – Insulating hollow tubes for electrical purposes +IEC 61236 Live working – Saddles, stick clamps and their accessories +IEC 61237 Broadcast video tape recorders – Methods of measurement +IEC 61238 Compression and mechanical connectors for power cables for rated voltages up to 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) +IEC 61239 Nuclear instrumentation – Portable gamma radiation meters and spectrometers used for prospecting – Definitions, requirements and calibration +IEC 61240 Piezoelectric devices – Preparation of outline drawings of surface-mounted devices (SMD) for frequency control and selection – General rules +IEC 61241 Electrical apparatus for use in the presence of combustible dust (withdrawn) +IEC 61242 Electrical accessories – Cable reels for household and similar purposes +IEC 61243 Live working – Voltage detectors +IEC TS 61244 Determination of long-term radiation ageing in polymers +IEC TS 61245 Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage ceramic and glass insulators to be used on d.c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISIRI_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISIRI_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94ac26e09 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISIRI_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISIRI standards" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISIRI_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:51.712976+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of Iran National Standards Organization (INSO) standards. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the INSO standards (more than 14,000, as of February 2011), see the ISIRI Search Index. + + +== The National Committees (of) == +There are separate national committees for developing standards. + + +=== Power and Electricity === + + +=== Civil Engineering, Building Materials, and products === + + +=== Food and Agricultural Products === + + +=== Clothing, Fiber, and Textile Products === + + +=== Chemical and Polymer Industries === +ISIRI 2115 + + +=== Wood, Packed Paper, and Cellulose Products === + + +=== Mineral Materials === + + +=== Motor Vehicles === +ISIRI 4243 Permissible sound level and the exhaust system of motor vehicles +ISIRI 6482 Audible warning devices for motor vehicles +ISIRI 6484 Speed limitation devices or similar speed limitation on-board systems of certain categories of motor vehicles +ISIRI 6494 Retro-reflectors for motor vehicles and their trailers +ISIRI 6505 Direction indicator lamps for motor vehicles and their trailers +ISIRI 6603 Two-wheeled motorcycles – parking stability of side and center stands +ISIRI 6651 The end-outline marker lamps, front position (side) lamps, rear position (side) lamps and stop lamps for motor vehicles and their trailers +ISIRI 6653 motorcycles' engine test code and net power +ISIRI 6672 motor vehicle headlamps which function as main-beam and/or dippedbeam headlamps and to incandescent electric filament lamps for such headlamps +ISIRI 6701 Measurements of motorcycles' maximum speed +ISIRI 6702 Measurements of mopeds' maximum speed +ISIRI 6703 Test and measurement methods of mopeds' brakes and braking devices +ISIRI 6704 Test and measurement methods of motorcycles' brakes and braking devices +ISIRI 6788 Two-wheeled motorcycles – Positioning of lighting and light-signalling devices +ISIRI 6862 Mopeds' engine test code and net power +ISIRI 6894 Safety glazing and glazing materials on motor vehicles and their trailers +ISIRI 6924 The type approval of motor vehicles and their trailers +ISIRI 7076 Motorcycles-measurement method for moment of inertia +ISIRI 7077 Motorcycle tyres – Test methods for verifying tyre capabilities +ISIRI 7078 Motorcycles-measurement method for location of centre of gravity +ISIRI 7080 Motorcycle tyres – Method of measuring rolling resistance +ISIRI 7083 Mopeds-measurement method for moment of inertia +ISIRI 7558 The type approval of two or three-wheel motor vehicles +ISIRI 8314 Masses and dimensions of two or three-wheel motor vehicles +ISIRI 8315 Speedometers for two or three-wheel motor vehicles +ISIRI 8316 Protective devices intended to prevent the unauthorized use of two or three-wheel motor vehicles +ISIRI 8317 Statutory markings for two or three wheel motor vehicles +ISIRI 8318 Registration plate of two or three-wheel motor vehicles +ISIRI 8319 Passenger hand-holds on two-wheel motor vehicles +ISIRI 13133 Certain components and characteristics of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13134 Operating space, access to the driving position and the doors and windows of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13135 The installation, location, operation and identification of the controls of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13136 Rear-mounted roll over protection structures of narrow-track wheeled agricultural and forestry tractors +ISIRI 13137 Roll over protection structures mounted in front of the driver's seat on narrowtrack wheeled agricultural and forestry tractors +ISIRI 13138 The identification of controls, tell-tales and indicators for two- or three-wheel motor vehicles +ISIRI 13139 Installation of lighting and light-signalling devices on wheeled agricultural and forestry tractors +ISIRI 13140 Driver's seat on wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13141 Roll-over protection structures of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (static testing) +ISIRI 13142 Driver-perceived noise level of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13143 Measures to be taken against emission of pollutants from diesel engines for use in wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13144 Certain parts and characteristics of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13145 Braking devices of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13146 Steering equipment of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13150 The component type-approval of lighting and lightsignalling devices on wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13151 Maximum design speed of and load platforms for wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13152 Rear-view mirrors for wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors +ISIRI 13262 stands for two-wheel motor vehicles +ISIRI 13263 Braking of two or three-wheel motor vehicles + + +=== Measurements and Scales === + + +=== Medical Engineering === + + +=== Biology and Microbiology === + + +=== Official, Educational Documents, and Equipment === + + +=== Leather, Skins, and Coverings === + + +=== Quality Management === + + +=== Data Processing and Computers === + + +=== Packaging === + + +=== TCT (Tele-Communication Technology) === + + +=== Toys and Children's Educational Games Safety === + + +=== Mechanic and Metallurgy === + + +== See also == +List of International Organization for Standardization standards +List of European Union directives + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0bfed115 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:22.036512+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published standards and other deliverables of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. + + +== ISO 1 – ISO 19999 == + +ISO 1 – ISO 1999 +ISO 2000 – ISO 2999 +ISO 3000 – ISO 4999 +ISO 5000 – ISO 7999 +ISO 8000 – ISO 9999 +ISO 10000 – ISO 11999 +ISO 12000 – ISO 13999 +ISO 14000 – ISO 15999 +ISO 16000 – ISO 17999 +ISO 18000 – ISO 19999 + + +== ISO 20000 – ISO 99999 == +ISO 20000 – ISO 21999 +ISO 22000 – ISO 23999 +ISO 24000 – ISO 25999 +ISO 26000 – ISO 27999 +ISO 28000 – ISO 29999 +ISO 30000 – ISO 99999 + + +== See also == +International Classification for Standards +List of DIN standards +List of EN standards +List of IEC standards +List of ISO technical committees + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcb43cc29 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 10000–11999" +chunk: 1/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:37.652260+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db5c5ce74 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 10000–11999" +chunk: 2/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:37.652260+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 10000 – ISO 10999 == +ISO/IEC TR 10000 Information technology – Framework and taxonomy of International Standardized Profiles +ISO/IEC TR 10000-1:1998 Part 1: General principles and documentation framework +ISO/IEC TR 10000-2:1998 Part 2: Principles and Taxonomy for OSI Profiles +ISO/IEC TR 10000-3:1998 Part 3: Principles and Taxonomy for Open System Environment Profiles +ISO 10001:2007 Quality management – Customer satisfaction – Guidelines for codes of conduct for organizations +ISO 10002:2014 Quality management – Customer satisfaction – Guidelines for complaints handling in organizations +ISO 10003:2007 Quality management – Customer satisfaction – Guidelines for dispute resolution external to organizations +ISO 10004:2008 Quality management – Customer satisfaction – Guidelines for monitoring and measuring +ISO 10005:2005 Quality management systems – Guidelines for quality plans +ISO 10006:2003 Quality management systems – Guidelines for quality management in projects +ISO 10007:2017 Quality management systems – Guidelines for configuration management +ISO 10008:2013 Quality management – Customer satisfaction – Guidelines for business-to-consumer electronic commerce transactions +ISO 10012:2003 Measurement management systems – Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment +ISO/TR 10013:2001 Guidelines for quality management system documentation +ISO 10014:2006 Quality management – Guidelines for realizing financial and economic benefits +ISO 10015:1999 Quality management – Guidelines for training +ISO/TR 10017:2003 Guidance on statistical techniques for ISO 9001:2000 +ISO 10018:2012 Quality management – Guidelines on people involvement and competence +ISO 10019:2005 Guidelines for the selection of quality management system consultants and use of their services +ISO/IEC 10021 Information technology – Message Handling Systems (MHS) +ISO/IEC 10022:1996 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Physical Service Definition +ISO/IEC 10026 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Distributed Transaction Processing +ISO/IEC 10026-1:1998 Part 1: OSI TP Model +ISO/IEC 10026-2:1998 Part 2: OSI TP Service +ISO/IEC 10026-3:1998 Part 3: Protocol specification +ISO/IEC 10026-4:1995 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO/IEC 10026-5:1998 Part 5: Application context proforma and guidelines when using OSI TP +ISO/IEC 10026-6:1995 Part 6: Unstructured Data Transfer +ISO/IEC 10027:1990 Information technology – Information Resource Dictionary System (IRDS) framework +ISO/IEC 10028:1993 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Definition of the relaying functions of a Network layer intermediate system +ISO/IEC 10030:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – End System Routing Information Exchange Protocol for use in conjunction with ISO/IEC 8878 +ISO/IEC TR 10032:2003 Information technology – Reference Model of Data Management +ISO/IEC TR 10034:1990 Guidelines for the preparation of conformity clauses in programming language standards +ISO/IEC 10035 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connectionless protocol for the Association Control Service Element +ISO/IEC 10035-2:1995 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO/IEC 10036:1996 Information technology - Font information interchange - Procedures for registration of font-related identifiers +ISO/IEC 10040:1998 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Systems management overview +ISO 10052:2004 Acoustics – Field measurements of airborne and impact sound insulation and of service equipment sound – Survey method +ISO 10055:1996 Mechanical vibration - Vibration testing requirements for shipboard equipment and machinery components +ISO 10075 Ergonomic principles related to mental workload +ISO 10075-1:2017 Part 1: General issues and concepts, terms and definitions +ISO 10077 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters – Calculation of thermal transmittance +ISO 10079 Medical suction equipment +ISO 10079-1:2015 Part 1: Electrically powered suction equipment +ISO 10079-2:2014 Part 2: Manually powered suction equipment +ISO 10079-3:2014 Part 3: Suction equipment powered from a vacuum or positive pressure gas source +ISO/IEC 10089:1991 Information technology – 130 mm rewritable optical disk cartridge for information interchange +ISO/IEC 10090:1992 Information technology – 90 mm optical disk cartridges, rewritable and read only, for data interchange +ISO/IEC TR 10091:1995 Information technology – Technical aspects of 130 mm optical disk cartridge write-once recording format +ISO 10110 Optics and photonics – Preparation of drawings for optical elements and systems +ISO 10110-1:2006 Part 1: General +ISO 10110-2:1996 Part 2: Material imperfections – Stress birefringence +ISO 10110-3:1996 Part 3: Material imperfections – Bubbles and inclusions +ISO 10110-4:1997 Part 4: Material imperfections – Inhomogeneity and striae +ISO 10110-5:2015 Part 5: Surface form tolerances +ISO 10110-6:2015 Part 6: Centring tolerances +ISO 10110-7:2017 Part 7: Surface imperfections +ISO 10110-8:2010 Part 8: Surface texture; roughness and waviness +ISO 10110-9:2016 Part 9: Surface treatment and coating +ISO 10110-10:2004 Part 10: Table representing data of optical elements and cemented assemblies +ISO 10110-11:2016 Part 11: Non-toleranced data +ISO 10110-12:2007 Part 12: Aspheric surfaces +ISO 10110-14:2007 Part 14: Wavefront deformation tolerance +ISO 10110-17:2004 Part 17: Laser irradiation damage threshold +ISO 10110-19:2015 Part 19: General description of surfaces and components +ISO 10112:1991 Damping materials – Graphical presentation of the complex modulus +ISO/IEC 10116 Information technology – Security techniques – Modes of operation for an n-bit block cipher +ISO/IEC 10118 Information technology – Security techniques – Hash-functions +ISO/IEC 10118-1:2016 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 10118-2:2010 Part 2: Hash-functions using an n-bit block cipher +ISO/IEC 10118-3:2004 Part 3: Dedicated hash-functions +ISO/IEC 10118-4:1998 Part 4: Hash-functions using modular arithmetic +ISO 10132:1993 Textiles – Textured filament yarn – Definitions +ISO 10135:2007 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Drawing indications for moulded parts in technical product documentation (TPD) +ISO/IEC 10149:1995 Information technology - Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM) +ISO 10159:2011 Health informatics – Messages and communication – Web access reference manifest +ISO 10160:2015 Information and documentation – Open Systems Interconnection – Interlibrary Loan Application Service Definition +ISO 10161 Information and documentation – Open Systems Interconnection – Interlibrary Loan Application Protocol Specification +ISO 10161-1:2014 Part 1: Protocol specification +ISO 10161-2:2014 Part 2: Protocol implementation conformance statement (PICS) proforma +ISO/IEC 10164 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Systems Management +ISO/IEC 10164-1:1993 Object Management Function +ISO/IEC 10164-2:1993 State Management Function +ISO/IEC 10164-3:1993 Attributes for representing relationships +ISO/IEC 10164-4:1992 Alarm reporting function +ISO/IEC 10164-5:1993 Event Report Management Function +ISO/IEC 10164-6:1993 Log control function +ISO/IEC 10164-7:1992 Security alarm reporting function +ISO/IEC 10164-8:1993 Security audit trail function +ISO/IEC 10164-9:1995 Objects and attributes for access control +ISO/IEC 10164-10:1995 Usage metering function for accounting purposes +ISO/IEC 10164-11:1994 Metric objects and attributes +ISO/IEC 10164-12:1994 Test Management Function +ISO/IEC 10164-13:1995 Summarization Function +ISO/IEC 10164-14:1996 Confidence and diagnostic test categories +ISO/IEC 10164-15:2002 Scheduling function +ISO/IEC 10164-16:1997 Management knowledge management function +ISO/IEC 10164-17:1996 Change over function +ISO/IEC 10164-18:1997 Software management function +ISO/IEC 10164-19:1998 Management domain and management policy management function +ISO/IEC 10164-20:1999 Time management function +ISO/IEC 10164-21:1998 Command sequencer for Systems Managenment +ISO/IEC 10164-22:2000 Response time monitoring +ISO/IEC 10165 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Structure of management information +ISO/IEC 10165-1:1993 Management Information Model +ISO/IEC 10165-2:1992 Definition of management information +ISO/IEC 10165-4:1992 Part 4: Guidelines for the definition of managed objects +ISO/IEC 10165-5:1994 Generic management information +ISO/IEC 10165-6:1997 Requirements and guidelines for implementation conformance statement proformas associated with OSI management +ISO/IEC 10165-7:1996 General relationship model +ISO/IEC 10165-8:2000 Managed objects for supporting upper layers +ISO/IEC 10165-9:2000 Systems management application layer managed objects +ISO/IEC 10166 Information technology – Text and office systems – Document Filing and Retrieval (DFR) +ISO/IEC 10166-1:1991 Part 1: Abstract service definition and procedures +ISO/IEC 10166-2:1991 Part 2: Protocol specification +ISO/IEC TR 10171:2000 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – List of standard data link layer protocols that utilize high-level data link control (HDLC) classes of procedures, list of standard XID format identifiers, list of standard mode-setting information field format identifiers, and list of standard user-defined parameter set identification values +ISO/IEC 10173:1998 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Interface connector and contact assignments for ISDN primary rate access connector located at reference points S and T +ISO/IEC 10175 Information technology – Text and office systems – Document Printing Application (DPA) +ISO/IEC 10175-1:1996 Part 1: Abstract service definition and procedures +ISO/IEC 10175-2:1996 Part 2: Protocol specification +ISO/IEC 10175-3:2000 Part 3: Management abstract service definitions and procedures +ISO/IEC TR 10176:2003 Information technology - Guidelines for the preparation of programming language standards +ISO/IEC 10177:1993 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Provision of the connection-mode Network internal layer service by intermediate systems using ISO/IEC 8208, the X.25 Packet Layer Protocol +ISO/IEC 10179:1996 Information technology – Processing languages – Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL) +ISO/IEC 10180:1995 Information technology - Processing languages - Standard Page Description Language (SPDL) +ISO/IEC 10181 Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Security frameworks for open systems +ISO/IEC 10181-1:1996 Overview +ISO/IEC 10181-2:1996 Authentication framework +ISO/IEC 10181-3:1996 Access control framework +ISO/IEC 10181-4:1997 Non-repudiation framework +ISO/IEC 10181-5:1996 Confidentiality framework +ISO/IEC 10181-6:1996 Integrity framework +ISO/IEC 10181-7:1996 Security audit and alarms framework +ISO/IEC TR 10182:2016 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Guidelines for language bindings +ISO/IEC TR 10183 Information technology – Text and office systems – Office Document Architecture (ODA) and interchange format – Technical Report on ISO 8613 implementation testing +ISO/IEC TR 10183-1:1993 Part 1: Testing methodology +ISO/IEC TR 10183-2:1993 Part 2: Framework for abstract test cases +ISO/IEC 10192 Information technology - Home Electronic System (HES) interfaces +ISO/IEC 10192-1:2002 Part 1: Universal Interface (UI) Class 1 +ISO/IEC TR 10192-2:2000 Part 2: Simple Interfaces Type 1 +ISO/IEC 10206:1991 Information technology – Programming languages – Extended Pascal +ISO 10209:2012 Technical product documentation - Vocabulary - Terms relating to technical drawings, product definition and related documentation +ISO 10211 Thermal bridges in building construction – Heat flows and surface temperatures – Detailed calculations +ISO 10218 Robots and robotic devices – Safety requirements for industrial robots +ISO 10241 Terminological entries in standards +ISO 10241-1:2011 Part 1: General requirements and examples of presentation +ISO 10241-2:2012 Part 2: Adoption of standardized terminological entries +ISO 10243:2010 Tools for pressing – Compression springs with rectangular section – Housing dimensions and colour coding +ISO 10244:2010 Document management - Business process baselining and analysis +ISO 10254:2016 Air cargo and ground equipment – Vocabulary +ISO/TR 10255:2009 Document management applications - Optical disk storage technology, management and standards +ISO 10263 Earth-moving machinery – Operator enclosure environment +ISO 10263-1:2009 Part 1: Terms and definitions +ISO 10265:2008 Earth-moving machinery - Crawler machines - Performance requirements and test procedures for braking systems +ISO 10272 Microbiology of the food chain – Horizontal method for detection and enumeration of Campylobacter spp. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77e431b90 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,213 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 10000–11999" +chunk: 3/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:37.652260+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO 10272-1:2017 Part 1: Detection method +ISO 10272-2:2017 Part 2: Colony-count technique +ISO 10273:2017 Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica +ISO/IEC 10279:1991 Information technology – Programming languages – Full BASIC +ISO 10284:1997 Cinematography - Graphical symbols - Description +ISO 10286:2015 Gas cylinders - Terminology +ISO 10302 Acoustics – Measurement of airborne noise emitted and structure-borne vibration induced by small air-moving devices +ISO 10302-1:2011 Part 1: Airborne noise measurement +ISO 10302-2:2011 Part 2: Structure-borne vibration measurements +ISO 10303 Industrial automation systems and integration – Product data representation and exchange +ISO 10316:1990 Shipbuilding — Class B magnetic compasses — Tests and certification [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 25862] +ISO 10318 Geosynthetics +ISO 10318-1:2015 Part 1: Terms and definitions +ISO 10318-2:2015 Part 2: Symbols and pictograms +ISO 10322 Ophthalmic optics – Semi-finished spectacle lens blanks +ISO 10322-1:2016 Part 1: Specifications for single-vision and multifocal lens blanks +ISO 10322-2:2016 Part 2: Specifications for progressive-power and degressive-power lens blanks +ISO 10324:1997 Information and documentation - Holdings statements - Summary level +ISO 10328:2016 Prosthetics – Structural testing of lower-limb prostheses – Requirements and test methods +ISO 10334:1994 Implants for surgery – Malleable wires for use as sutures and other surgical applications +ISO 10341:2012 Ophthalmic instruments – Refractor heads +ISO 10342:2010 Ophthalmic instruments – Eye refractometers +ISO 10343:2014 Ophthalmic instruments – Ophthalmometers +ISO 10360 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate measuring systems (CMS) +ISO 10360-1:2000 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 10360-2:2009 Part 2: CMMs used for measuring linear dimensions +ISO 10360-3:2000 Part 3: CMMs with the axis of a rotary table as the fourth axis +ISO 10360-4:2000 Part 4: CMMs used in scanning measuring mode +ISO 10360-5:2010 Part 5: CMMs using single and multiple stylus contacting probing systems +ISO 10360-6:2001 Part 6: Estimation of errors in computing Gaussian associated features +ISO 10360-7:2011 Part 7: CMMs equipped with imaging probing systems +ISO 10360-8:2013 Part 8: CMMs with optical distance sensors +ISO 10360-9:2013 Part 9: CMMs with multiple probing systems +ISO 10360-10:2016 Part 10: Laser trackers for measuring point-to-point distances +ISO 10360-12:2016 Part 12: Articulated arm coordinate measurement machines (CMM) +ISO/IEC 10367:1991 Information technology - Standardized coded graphic character sets for use in 8-bit codes +ISO/IEC 10373 Identification cards – Test methods +ISO/IEC 10373-1:2006 Part 1: General characteristics +ISO/IEC 10373-2:2015 Part 2: Cards with magnetic stripes +ISO/IEC 10373-3:2010 Part 3: Integrated circuit cards with contacts and related interface devices +ISO/IEC 10373-5:2014 Part 5: Optical memory cards +ISO/IEC 10373-6:2016 Part 6: Proximity cards +ISO/IEC 10373-7:2008 Part 7: Vicinity cards +ISO/IEC 10373-8:2011 Part 8: USB-ICC +ISO/IEC 10373-9:2011 Part 9: Optical memory cards - Holographic recording method +ISO 10377:2013 Consumer product safety – Guidelines for suppliers +ISO 10380 Pipework — Corrugated metal hoses and hose assemblies +ISO 10383:2012 Securities and related financial instruments – Codes for exchanges and market identification (MIC) +ISO 10386:1994 Ferroboron - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 10387:1994 Metal chrome - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 10393:2013 Consumer product recall – Guidelines for suppliers +ISO 10456 Building materials and products – Hygrothermal properties – Tabulated design values and procedures for determining declared and design thermal values +ISO 10487 Passenger cars – Connections for car radios +ISO 10494:1993 Gas turbines and gas turbine sets – Measurement of emitted airborne noise – Engineering/survey method +ISO/IEC 10514 Information technology - Programming languages +ISO/IEC 10514-1:1996 Part 1: Modula-2, Base Language +ISO/IEC 10514-2:1998 Part 2: Generics Modula-2 +ISO/IEC 10514-3:1998 Part 3: Object Oriented Modula-2 +ISO 10524 Pressure regulators for use with medical gases +ISO 10524-1:2006 Part 1: Pressure regulators and pressure regulators with flow-metering devices +ISO 10524-2:2005 Part 2: Manifold and line pressure regulators +ISO 10524-3:2005 Part 3: Pressure regulators integrated with cylinder valves +ISO 10524-4:2008 Part 4: Low-pressure regulators +ISO 10534 Acoustics – Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes +ISO 10534-1:1996 Part 1: Method using standing wave ratio +ISO 10534-2:1998 Part 2: Transfer-function method +ISO/IEC 10536 Identification cards – Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards – Close-coupled cards +ISO/IEC 10536-1:2000 Part 1: Physical characteristics +ISO/IEC 10536-2:1995 Part 2: Dimensions and location of coupling areas +ISO/IEC 10536-3:1996 Part 3: Electronic signals and reset procedures +ISO/IEC 10538:1991 Information technology - Control functions for text communication +ISO 10555 Intravascular catheters – Sterile and single-use catheters +ISO 10555-1:2013 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 10555-3:2013 Part 3: Central venous catheters +ISO 10555-4:2013 Part 4: Balloon dilatation catheters +ISO 10555-5:2013 Part 5: Over-needle peripheral catheters +ISO 10555-6:2015 Part 6: Subcutaneous implanted ports +ISO/IEC 10561:1999 Information technology - Office equipment - Printing devices - Method for measuring throughput - Class 1 and Class 2 printers +ISO 10567:2007 Earth-moving machinery - Hydraulic excavators - Lift capacity +ISO 10576 Statistical methods - Guidelines for the evaluation of conformity with specified requirements +ISO 10576-1:2003 Part 1: General principles +ISO 10579:2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensioning and tolerancing – Non-rigid parts +ISO 10585:1996 Information and documentation - Armenian alphabet coded character set for bibliographic information interchange +ISO 10586:1996 Information and documentation - Georgian alphabet coded character set for bibliographic information interchange +ISO/IEC 10588:1993 Information technology – Use of X.25 Packet Layer Protocol in conjunction with X.21/X.21 bis to provide the OSI connection-mode Network Service +ISO/IEC 10589:2002 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Intermediate System to Intermediate System intra-domain routeing information exchange protocol for use in conjunction with the protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service (ISO 8473) +ISO 10625:2005 Equipment for crop protection – Sprayer nozzles – Colour coding for identification +ISO 10628 Flow diagrams for process plants +ISO/IEC 10641:1993 Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing - Conformance testing of implementations of graphics standards +ISO/IEC 10646:2020 Information technology — Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) +ISO 10651 Lung ventilators for medical use – Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance +ISO 10651-1:1993 Part 1: Requirements +ISO 10651-2:1996 Part 2: Particular requirements for home care ventilators +ISO 10651-3:1997 Part 3: Particular requirements for emergency and transport ventilators +ISO 10651-4:2002 Part 4: Particular requirements for operator-powered resuscitators +ISO 10651-5:2006 Part 5: Gas-powered emergency resuscitators +ISO 10651-6:2004 Part 6: Home-care ventilatory support devices +ISO 10656:2016 Resistance welding equipment – Transformers – Integrated transformers for welding guns +ISO 10664 Hexalobular internal driving feature for bolts and screws – Torx screw head +ISO 10667 Assessment service delivery – Procedures and methods to assess people in work and organizational settings +ISO 10667-1:2011 Part 1: Requirements for the client +ISO 10667-2:2011 Part 2: Requirements for service providers +ISO 10668:2010 Brand valuation - Requirements for monetary brand valuation +ISO 10685 Ophthalmic optics – Spectacle frames and sunglasses electronic catalogue and identification +ISO 10685-1:2011 Part 1: Product identification and electronic catalogue product hierarchy +ISO 10685-2:2016 Part 2: Commercial information +ISO 10685-3:2012 Part 3: Technical information +ISO 10703:2007 Water quality - Determination of the activity concentration of radionuclides - Method by high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry +ISO 10705 Water quality – Detection and enumeration of bacteriophages +ISO 10705-1:1995 Part 1: Enumeration of F-specific RNA bacteriophages +ISO 10705-2:2000 Part 2: Enumeration of somatic coliphages +ISO 10705-3:2003 Part 3: Validation of methods for concentration of bacteriophages from water +ISO 10705-4:2001 Part 4: Enumeration of bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis +ISO 10711:2012 Intelligent Transport Systems – Interface Protocol and Message Set Definition between Traffic Signal Controllers and Detectors +ISO 10718:2015 Cork stoppers – Characterization of a low-in-germs stopper, through the enumeration of colony-forming units of yeasts, moulds and bacteria, capable of both being extracted and growing in alcoholic medium +ISO 10725:2000 Acceptance sampling plans and procedures for the inspection of bulk materials +ISO/IEC 10728:1993 Information technology – Information Resource Dictionary System (IRDS) Services Interface +ISO/IEC 10731:1994 Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic Reference Model - Conventions for the definition of OSI services +ISO/IEC 10732:1993 Information technology – Use of X.25 Packet Layer Protocol to provide the OSI connection-mode Network Service over the telephone network +ISO/IEC 10733:1998 Information technology – Elements of management information related to the OSI Network Layer +ISO/IEC 10736:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Transport layer security protocol +ISO/IEC 10737:1998 Information technology – Elements of management information related to OSI Transport layer +ISO/IEC 10741 Information technology – User system interfaces – Dialogue interaction +ISO/IEC 10741-1:1995 Part 1: Cursor control for text editing +ISO/IEC 10742:1994 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Elements of management information related to OSI Data Link Layer standards +ISO/IEC 10744:1997 Information technology - Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language (HyTime) +ISO/IEC 10745:1995 Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Upper layers security model +ISO/IEC 10746 Information technology—Open Distributed Processing—Reference model +ISO/IEC 10746-1:1998 Overview +ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 Foundations +ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009 Architecture +ISO/IEC 10746-4:1998 Architectural semantics +ISO/IEC 10747:1994 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Protocol for exchange of inter-domain routeing information among intermediate systems to support forwarding of ISO 8473 PDUs +ISO 10754:1996 Information and documentation - Extension of the Cyrillic alphabet coded character set for non-Slavic languages for bibliographic information interchange +ISO/IEC 10779:2008 Information technology – Office equipment accessibility guidelines for elderly persons and persons with disabilities +ISO/HL7 10781:2015 Health Informatics – HL7 Electronic Health Records-System Functional Model, Release 2 (EHR FM) +ISO 10782 Definitions and attributes of data elements for control and monitoring of textile processes +ISO 10782-1:1998 Part 1: Spinning, spinning preparatory and related processes +ISO 10790:2015 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits – Guidance to the selection, installation and use of Coriolis flowmeters (mass flow, density and volume flow measurements) +ISO 10795:2011 Space systems – Programme management and quality – Vocabulary +ISO/TS 10797:2012 Nanotechnologies – Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using transmission electron microscopy +ISO/TS 10798:2011 Nanotechnologies – Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis +ISO 10801:2010 Nanotechnologies – Generation of metal nanoparticles for inhalation toxicity testing using the evaporation/condensation method +ISO 10807:1994 Pipework - Corrugated flexible metallic hose assemblies for the protection of electrical cables in explosive atmospheres +ISO 10808:2010 Nanotechnologies – Characterization of nanoparticles in inhalation exposure chambers for inhalation toxicity testing +ISO/TS 10811 Mechanical vibration and shock – Vibration and shock in buildings with sensitive equipment +ISO/TS 10811-1:2000 Part 1: Measurement and evaluation +ISO/TS 10811-2:2000 Part 2: Classification +ISO 10813 Vibration generating machines – Guidance for selection +ISO 10813-1:2004 Part 1: Equipment for environmental testing +ISO 10815:2016 Mechanical vibration – Measurement of vibration generated internally in railway tunnels by the passage of trains +ISO 10816 Mechanical vibration - Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts +ISO 10816-1:1995 Part 1: General guidelines +ISO 10816-2:2009 Part 2: Land-based steam turbines and generators in excess of 50 MW with normal operating speeds of 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min and 3 600 r/min +ISO 10816-3:2009 Part 3: Industrial machines with nominal power above 15 kW and nominal speeds between 120 r/min and 15 000 r/min when measured in situ +ISO 10816-4:2009 Part 4: Gas turbine sets with fluid-film bearings +ISO 10816-5:2000 Part 5: Machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants +ISO 10816-6:1995 Part 6: Reciprocating machines with power ratings above 100 kW +ISO 10816-7:2009 Part 7: Rotodynamic pumps for industrial applications, including measurements on rotating shafts +ISO 10816-8:2014 Part 8: Reciprocating compressor systems +ISO 10816-21:2015 Part 21: Horizontal axis wind turbines with gearbox +ISO 10817 Rotating shaft vibration measuring systems +ISO 10817-1:1998 Part 1: Relative and absolute sensing of radial vibration +ISO 10825:1995 Gears - Wear and damage to gear teeth - Terminology +ISO 10843:1997 Acoustics – Methods for the description and physical measurement of single impulses or series of impulses +ISO 10844:2014 Acoustics – Specification of test tracks for measuring noise emitted by road vehicles and their tyres +ISO 10846 Acoustics and vibration – Laboratory measurement of vibro-acoustic transfer properties of resilient elements +ISO 10846-1:2008 Part 1: Principles and guidelines +ISO 10846-2:2008 Part 2: Direct method for determination of the dynamic stiffness of resilient supports for translatory motion +ISO 10846-3:2002 Part 3: Indirect method for determination of the dynamic stiffness of resilient supports for translatory motion +ISO 10846-4:2003 Part 4: Dynamic stiffness of elements other than resilient supports for translatory motion +ISO 10846-5:2008 Part 5: Driving point method for determination of the low-frequency transfer stiffness of resilient supports for translatory motion +ISO 10847:1997 Acoustics – In-situ determination of insertion loss of outdoor noise barriers of all types +ISO/IEC 10859:1997 Information technology - 8-bit backplane interface: STEbus and mechanical core specifications for microcomputers +ISO/IEC 10861:1994 Information technology - Microprocessor systems - High-performance synchronous 32-bit bus: MULTIBUS II +ISO/TS 10867:2010 Nanotechnologies – Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using near infrared photoluminescence spectroscopy +ISO/TS 10868:2017 Nanotechnologies – Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) absorption spectroscopy +ISO 10878:2013 Non-destructive testing - Infrared thermography - Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 10885:1993 Information technology - 356 mm optical disk cartridge for information interchange - Write once +ISO/IEC 10918 Information technology - Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images +ISO/TR 10929:2012 Nanotechnologies – Characterization of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) samples +ISO 10934 Optics and optical instruments - Vocabulary for microscopy +ISO 10934-1:2002 Part 1: Light microscopy +ISO 10934-2:2007 Part 2: Advanced techniques in light microscopy +ISO 10936 Optics and photonics – Operation microscopes +ISO 10936-1:2017 Part 1: Requirements and test methods +ISO 10936-2:2010 Part 2: Light hazard from operation microscopes used in ocular surgery +ISO 10938:2016 Ophthalmic optics – Chart displays for visual acuity measurement – Printed, projected and electronic +ISO 10939:2017 Ophthalmic instruments – Slit-lamp microscopes +ISO 10940:2009 Ophthalmic instruments – Fundus cameras +ISO 10942:2006 Ophthalmic instruments – Direct ophthalmoscopes +ISO 10943:2011 Ophthalmic instruments – Indirect ophthalmoscopes +ISO 10944:2009 Ophthalmic instruments – Synoptophores +ISO 10957:2009 Information and documentation – International standard music number (ISMN) +ISO 10962:2015 Securities and related financial instruments – Classification of financial instruments (CFI code) +ISO/IEC 10967 Information technology – Language independent arithmetic +ISO/TS 10974:2012 Assessment of the safety of magnetic resonance imaging for patients with an active implantable medical device +ISO 10985:2009 Caps made of aluminium-plastics combinations for infusion bottles and injection vials – Requirements and test methods +ISO 10991:2009 Micro process engineering – Vocabulary +ISO/TR 10992:2011 Intelligent transport systems – Use of nomadic and portable devices to support ITS service and multimedia provision in vehicles +ISO 10993 Biological evaluation of medical devices +ISO/IEC 10994:1992 Information technology – Data interchange on 90 mm flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 31 831 ftprad on 80 tracks on each side – ISO Type 303 +ISO/IEC 10995:2011 Information technology - Digitally recorded media for information interchange and storage - Test method for the estimation of the archival lifetime of optical media \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e24b5dcd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 10000–11999" +chunk: 4/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:37.652260+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 11000 – ISO 11999 == +ISO/IEC 11002:2008 Information technology - Multipath management API +ISO 11005:2010 Technical product documentation – Use of main documents +ISO 11011:2013 Compressed air - Energy efficiency - Assessment +ISO 11014:2009 Safety data sheet for chemical products - Content and order of sections +ISO/IEC TR 11017:1998 Information technology - Framework for internationalization +ISO 11040 Prefilled syringes +ISO 11040-1:2015 Part 1: Glass cylinders for dental local anaesthetic cartridges +ISO 11040-2:2011 Part 2: Plunger stoppers for dental local anaesthetic cartridges +ISO 11040-3:2012 Part 3: Seals for dental local anaesthetic cartridges +ISO 11040-4:2015 Part 4: Glass barrels for injectables and sterilized subassembled syringes ready for filling +ISO 11040-5:2012 Part 5: Plunger stoppers for injectables +ISO 11040-6:2012 Part 6: Plastic barrels for injectables +ISO 11040-7:2015 Part 7: Packaging systems for sterilized subassembled syringes ready for filling +ISO 11040-8:2016 Part 8: Requirements and test methods for finished prefilled syringes +ISO 11064 Ergonomic design of control centres +ISO 11064-1:2000 Principles for the design of control centres +ISO 11064-2:2000 Principles for the arrangement of control suites +ISO 11064-3:1999 Control room layout ISO 11064-3:1999/Cor 1:2002 +ISO 11064-4:2013 Layout and dimensions of workstations +ISO 11064-5:2008 Displays and controls +ISO 11064-6:2005 Environmental requirements for control centres +ISO 11064-7:2006 Principles for the evaluation of control centres +ISO/TR 11065:1992 Industrial automation glossary +ISO 11067:2015 Intelligent transport systems – Curve speed warning systems (CSWS) – Performance requirements and test procedures +ISO 11070:2014 Sterile single-use intravascular introducers, dilators and guidewires +ISO/IEC 11072:1992 Information technology - Computer graphics - Computer Graphics Reference Model +ISO/IEEE 11073 Health informatics - Point-of-care medical device communication +ISO 11074:2015 Soil quality - Vocabulary +ISO 11086:1996 Gas turbines - Vocabulary +ISO 11091:1994 Construction drawings – Landscape drawing practice +ISO 11095:1996 Linear calibration using reference materials +ISO 11107:2009 Recreational diving services – Requirements for training programmes on enriched air nitrox (EAN) diving +ISO 11108:1996 Information and documentation - Archival paper - Requirements for permanence and durability +ISO 11117:2008 Gas cylinders – Valve protection caps and valve guards – Design, construction and tests +ISO 11120 Gas cylinders - Refillable seamless steel tubes of water capacity between 150 L and 3000 L - Design, construction and testing +ISO 11121:2017 Recreational diving services – Requirements for introductory programmes to scuba diving +ISO 11124 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Specifications for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives +ISO 11124-1:1993 Part 1: General introduction and classification +ISO 11124-2:1993 Part 2: Chilled-iron grit +ISO 11124-3:1993 Part 3: High-carbon cast-steel shot and grit +ISO 11124-4:1993 Part 4: Low-carbon cast-steel shot +ISO 11125 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Test methods for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives +ISO 11125-1:1993 Part 1: Sampling +ISO 11125-2:1993 Part 2: Determination of particle size distribution +ISO 11125-3:1993 Part 3: Determination of hardness +ISO 11125-4:1993 Part 4: Determination of apparent density +ISO 11125-5:1993 Part 5: Determination of percentage defective particles and of microstructure +ISO 11125-6:1993 Part 6: Determination of foreign matter +ISO 11125-7:1993 Part 7: Determination of moisture +ISO 11126 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Specifications for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives +ISO 11126-1:1993 Part 1: General introduction and classification +ISO 11126-3:1993 Part 3: Copper refinery slag +ISO 11126-4:1993 Part 4: Coal furnace slag +ISO 11126-5:1993 Part 5: Nickel refinery slag +ISO 11126-6:1993 Part 6: Iron furnace slag +ISO 11126-7:1995 Part 7: Fused aluminium oxide +ISO 11126-8:1993 Part 8: Olivine sand +ISO 11126-9:1999 Part 9: Staurolite +ISO 11126-10:2000 Part 10: Almandite garnet +ISO 11127 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Test methods for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives +ISO 11127-1:2011 Part 1: Sampling +ISO 11127-2:2011 Part 2: Determination of particle size distribution +ISO 11127-3:2011 Part 3: Determination of apparent density +ISO 11127-4:2011 Part 4: Assessment of hardness by a glass slide test +ISO 11127-5:2011 Part 5: Determination of moisture +ISO 11127-6:2011 Part 6: Determination of water-soluble contaminants by conductivity measurement +ISO 11127-7:2011 Part 7: Determination of water-soluble chlorides +ISO 11133:2014 Microbiology of food, animal feed and water – Preparation, production, storage and performance testing of culture media +ISO 11135:2014 Sterilization of health-care products—Ethylene oxide—Requirements for the development, validation and routine control of a sterilization process for medical devices +ISO 11137 Sterilization of health care products – Radiation +ISO 11138 Sterilization of health care products - Biological indicators +ISO 11138-1:2017 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 11138-2:2017 Part 2: Biological indicators for ethylene oxide sterilization processes +ISO 11138-3:2017 Part 3: Biological indicators for moist heat sterilization processes +ISO 11138-4:2017 Part 4: Biological indicators for dry heat sterilization processes +ISO 11138-5:2017 Part 5: Biological indicators for low-temperature steam and formaldehyde sterilization processes +ISO/TS 11139:2006 Sterilization of health care products - Vocabulary +ISO 11145:2016 Optics and photonics - Lasers and laser-related equipment - Vocabulary and symbols +ISO 11146 Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test methods for laser beam widths, divergence angles and beam propagation ratios +ISO 11146-1:2005 Part 1: Stigmatic and simple astigmatic beams +ISO 11146-2:2005 Part 2: General astigmatic beams +ISO/TR 11146-3:2004 Part 3: Intrinsic and geometrical laser beam classification, propagation and details of test methods +ISO 11151 Lasers and laser-related equipment – Standard optical components +ISO 11151-1:2015 Part 1: Components for the UV, visible and near-infrared spectral ranges +ISO 11151-2:2015 Part 2: Components for the infrared spectral range +ISO 11156:2011 Packaging - Accessible design - General requirements +ISO/IEC 11160 Information technology - Office equipment - Minimum information to be included in specification sheets - Printers +ISO/IEC 11160-1:1996 Part 1: Class 1 and Class 2 printers +ISO/IEC 11160-2:2013 Part 2: Class 3 and Class 4 printers +ISO 11170:2003 Hydraulic fluid power – Filter elements – Sequence of tests for verifying performance characteristics +ISO 11171:2010 Hydraulic fluid power – Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids +ISO/IEC 11172 Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s +ISO/IEC 11179 Information technology – Metadata registries (MDR) +ISO 11192:2005 Small craft - Graphical symbols +ISO 11195:1995 Gas mixers for medical use – Stand-alone gas mixers +ISO 11197:2016 Medical supply units +ISO 11200:2014 Acoustics – Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Guidelines for the use of basic standards for the determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions +ISO 11201:2010 Acoustics – Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions in an essentially free field over a reflecting plane with negligible environmental corrections +ISO 11202:2010 Acoustics – Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions applying approximate environmental corrections +ISO 11203:1995 Acoustics – Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions from the sound power level +ISO 11204:2010 Acoustics – Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions applying accurate environmental corrections +ISO 11205:2003 Acoustics – Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Engineering method for the determination of emission sound pressure levels in situ at the work station and at other specified positions using sound intensity +ISO/TR 11219:2012 Information and documentation - Qualitative conditions and basic statistics for library buildings - Space, function and design +ISO 11224:2003 Textiles – Web formation and bonding in nonwovens – Vocabulary +ISO 11238:2012 Health informatics – Identification of medicinal products – Data elements and structures for the unique identification and exchange of regulated information on substances +ISO 11239:2012 Health informatics – Identification of medicinal products – Data elements and structures for the unique identification and exchange of regulated information on pharmaceutical dose forms, units of presentation, routes of administration and packaging +ISO 11240:2012 Health informatics – Identification of medicinal products – Data elements and structures for the unique identification and exchange of units of measurement +ISO/TS 11251:2010 Nanotechnologies – Characterization of volatile components in single-wall carbon nanotube samples using evolved gas analysis/gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry +ISO 11252:2013 Lasers and laser-related equipment – Laser device – Minimum requirements for documentation +ISO 11270:2014 Intelligent transport systems – Lane keeping assistance systems (LKAS) – Performance requirements and test procedures +ISO 11290 Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes and of Listeria spp. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29780c168 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 10000–11999" +chunk: 5/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:37.652260+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO 11290-1:2017 Part 1: Detection method +ISO 11290-2:2017 Part 2: Enumeration method +ISO/TS 11308:2011 Nanotechnologies – Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using thermogravimetric analysis +ISO 11318:2002 Cardiac defibrillators – Connector assembly DF-1 for implantable defibrillators – Dimensions and test requirements +ISO/IEC 11319:1993 Information technology – 8 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording +ISO/IEC 11321:1992 Information technology – 3,81 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording – DATA/DAT format +ISO 11323:2010 Iron ore and direct reduced iron – Vocabulary +ISO/TR 11328:1994 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Equipment for the measurement of discharge under ice conditions +ISO 11329:2001 Hydrometric determinations – Measurement of suspended sediment transport in tidal channels +ISO 11357 Plastics – Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) +ISO 11357-1:2009 General principles +ISO 11357-2:2013 Determination of glass transition temperature and glass transition step height +ISO 11357-3:2011 Determination of temperature and enthalpy of melting and crystallization +ISO 11357-4:2005 Determination of specific heat capacity +ISO 11357-5:2013 Determination of characteristic reaction-curve temperatures and times, enthalpy of reaction and degree of conversion +ISO 11357-6:2008 Determination of oxidation induction time (isothermal OIT) and oxidation induction temperature (dynamic OIT) +ISO 11357-7:2002 Determination of crystallization kinetics +ISO/TR 11360:2010 Nanotechnologies – Methodology for the classification and categorization of nanomaterials +ISO 11375:1998 Building construction machinery and equipment – Terms and definitions +ISO 11380:1994 Optics and optical instruments – Ophthalmic optics – Formers +ISO 11381:2016 Ophthalmic optics – Spectacle frames – Screw threads +ISO 11400:1992 Nickel, ferronickel and nickel alloys - Determination of phosphorus content - Phosphovanadomolybdate molecular absorption spectrometric method +ISO/IEC 11404:2007 Information technology – General-Purpose Datatypes (GPD) +ISO/IEC 11411:1995 Information technology - Representation for human communication of state transition of software +ISO 11418 Containers and accessories for pharmaceutical preparations +ISO 11418-1:2016 Part 1: Drop-dispensing glass bottles +ISO 11418-2:2016 Part 2: Screw-neck glass bottles for syrups +ISO 11418-3:2016 Part 3: Screw-neck glass bottles (veral) for solid and liquid dosage forms +ISO 11418-5:2015 Part 5: Dropper assemblies +ISO 11418-7:2016 Part 7: Screw-neck vials made of glass tubing for liquid dosage forms +ISO 11421:1997 Optics and optical instruments - Accuracy of optical transfer function (OTF) measurement +ISO 11442:2006 Technical product documentation – Document management +ISO 11446:2004 Road vehicles – Connectors for the electrical connection of towing and towed vehicles – 13-pole connectors for vehicles with 12 V nominal supply voltage +ISO 11450:1999 Equipment for harvesting and conservation – Round balers – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 11451 Road vehicles – Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy +ISO 11451-1:2015 Part 1: General principles and terminology +ISO 11451-2:2015 Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation sources +ISO 11451-3:2015 Part 3: On-board transmitter simulation +ISO 11451-4:2013 Part 4: Bulk current injection (BCI) +ISO 11452 Road vehicles – Component test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy +ISO 11452-1:2015 Part 1: General principles and terminology +ISO 11452-2:2004 Part 2: Absorber-lined shielded enclosure +ISO 11452-3:2016 Part 3: Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell +ISO 11452-4:2011 Part 4: Harness excitation methods +ISO 11452-5:2002 Part 5: Stripline +ISO 11452-7:2003 Part 7: Direct radio frequency (RF) power injection +ISO 11452-8:2015 Part 8: Immunity to magnetic fields +ISO 11452-9:2012 Part 9: Portable transmitters +ISO 11452-10:2009 Part 10: Immunity to conducted disturbances in the extended audio frequency range +ISO 11452-11:2010 Part 11: Reverberation chamber +ISO 11453:1996 Statistical interpretation of data - Tests and confidence intervals relating to proportions +ISO/IEC 11458:1993 Information technology - Microprocessor systems - VICbus - Inter-crate cable bus +ISO 11462 Guidelines for implementation of statistical process control (SPC) +ISO 11462-1:2001 Part 1: Elements of SPC +ISO 11462-2:2010 Part 2: Catalogue of tools and techniques +ISO 11469:2000 Plastics – Generic identification and marking of plastics products +ISO 11484:2009 Steel products – Employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel +ISO 11485 Glass in building – Curved glass +ISO 11485-1:2011 Part 1: Terminology and definitions +ISO/TR 11487:2008 Health informatics – Clinical stakeholder participation in the work of ISO TC 215 +ISO 11491:2017 Implants for surgery – Determination of impact resistance of ceramic femoral heads for hip joint prostheses +ISO 11499:2014 Dentistry – Single-use cartridges for local anaesthetics +ISO/IEC 11518 Information technology - High-Performance Parallel Interface +ISO/IEC 11518-1:1995 Part 1: Mechanical, electrical and signalling protocol specification (HIPPI-PH) +ISO/IEC 11518-2:2000 Part 2: Framing Protocol (HIPPI-FP) +ISO/IEC 11518-3:1996 Part 3: Encapsulation of ISO/IEC 8802-2 (IEEE Std 802.2) Logical Link Control Protocol Data Units (HIPPI-LE) +ISO/IEC 11518-6:2000 Part 6: Physical Switch Control (HIPPI-SC) +ISO/IEC 11518-9:1999 Part 9: Serial specification (HIPPI-Serial) +ISO/IEC 11518-10:2001 Part 10: 6400 Mbit/s Physical Layer (HIPPI-6400-PH) +ISO 11532:2012 Aircraft ground equipment - Graphical symbols +ISO/IEC 11544:1993 Information technology - Coded representation of picture and audio information - Progressive bi-level image compression +ISO 11546 Acoustics – Determination of sound insulation performances of enclosures +ISO 11546-1:1995 Part 1: Measurements under laboratory conditions (for declaration purposes) +ISO 11546-2:1995 Part 2: Measurements in situ (for acceptance and verification purposes) +ISO/TR 11548 Communication aids for blind persons - Identifiers, names and assignation to coded character sets for 8-dot Braille characters +ISO/TR 11548-1:2001 Part 1: General guidelines for Braille identifiers and shift marks +ISO/TR 11548-2:2001 Part 2: Latin alphabet based character sets +ISO 11551:2003 Optics and optical instruments – Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test method for absorptance of optical laser components +ISO 11553 Safety of machinery – Laser processing machines +ISO 11553-1:2005 Part 1: General safety requirements +ISO 11553-2:2007 Part 2: Safety requirements for hand-held laser processing devices +ISO 11553-3:2013 Part 3: Noise reduction and noise measurement methods for laser processing machines and hand-held processing devices and associated auxiliary equipment (accuracy grade 2) +ISO 11554:2017 Optics and photonics – Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test methods for laser beam power, energy and temporal characteristics +ISO/IEC 11557:1992 Information technology – 3,81 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording – DDS-DC format using 60 m and 90 m length tapes +ISO/IEC 11558:1992 Information technology – Data compression for information interchange – Adaptive coding with embedded dictionary – DCLZ Algorithm +ISO/IEC 11559:1993 Information technology – Data interchange on 12,7 mm wide 18-track magnetic tape cartridges – Extended format +ISO/IEC 11560:1992 Information technology - Information interchange on 130 mm optical disk cartridges using the magneto-optical effect, for write once, read multiple functionality +ISO 11568 Financial services – Key management (retail) +ISO 11568-1:2005 Part 1: Principles +ISO 11568-2:2012 Part 2: Symmetric ciphers, their key management and life cycle +ISO 11568-4:2007 Part 4: Asymmetric cryptosystems – Key management and life cycle +ISO/IEC 11569:1993 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – 26-pole interface connector mateability dimensions and contact number assignments +ISO/IEC 11570:1992 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Open Systems Interconnection – Transport protocol identification mechanism +ISO/IEC 11571:1998 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Networks – Addressing +ISO/IEC 11572:2000 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Circuit mode bearer services – Inter-exchange signalling procedures and protocol +ISO/IEC 11573:1994 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Synchronization methods and technical requirements for Private Integrated Services Networks +ISO/IEC 11574:2000 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Circuit-mode 64 kbit/s bearer services – Service description, functional capabilities and information flows +ISO/IEC 11575:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Protocol mappings for the OSI Data Link service +ISO/IEC 11576:1994 Information technology – Procedure for the registration of algorithms for the lossless compression of data +ISO/IEC 11577:1995 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Network layer security protocol +ISO/IEC 11578:1996 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Remote procedure call (RPC) +ISO/IEC 11579 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private integrated services network +ISO/IEC 11579-1:1994 Part 1: Reference configuration for PISN Exchanges (PINX) +ISO/IEC 11579-2:1999 Part 2: Reference configuration for HS-PISN Exchanges (HS-PINX) +ISO/IEC 11579-3:1999 Part 3: Reference configuration for PINX extension lines +ISO/IEC TR 11580:2007 Information technology – Framework for describing user interface objects, actions and attributes +ISO/IEC 11581 Information technology – User interface icons +ISO/IEC 11581-1:2000 Part 1: Icons – General +ISO/IEC TR 11581-1:2011 Part 1: Introduction to and overview of icon standards +ISO/IEC 11581-2:2000 Part 2: Object icons +ISO/IEC 11581-3:2000 Part 3: Pointer icons +ISO/IEC 11581-5:2004 Part 5: Tool icons +ISO/IEC 11581-6:1999 Part 6: Action icons +ISO/IEC 11581-10:2010 Part 10: Framework and general guidance +ISO/IEC 11581-40:2011 Part 40: Management of icon registration +ISO/IEC TS 11581-41:2014 Part 41: Data structure to be used by the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 35 icon database +ISO/IEC 11582:2002 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Generic functional protocol for the support of supplementary services – Inter-exchange signalling procedures and protocol +ISO/TR 11583:2012 Measurement of wet gas flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits +ISO/IEC 11584:1996 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Circuit-mode multi-rate bearer services – Service description, functional capabilities and information flows +ISO/IEC 11586 Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Generic upper layers security +ISO/IEC 11586-1:1996 Overview, models and notation +ISO/IEC 11586-2:1996 Security Exchange Service Element (SESE) service definition +ISO/IEC 11586-3:1996 Security Exchange Service Element (SESE) protocol specification +ISO/IEC 11586-4:1996 Protecting transfer syntax specification +ISO/IEC 11586-5:1997 Security Exchange Service Element (SESE) Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO/IEC 11586-6:1997 Protecting transfer syntax Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO/IEC 11587:1996 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Application Context for Systems Management with Transaction Processing +ISO 11593:1996 Manipulating industrial robots - Automatic end effector exchange systems - Vocabulary and presentation of characteristics +ISO 11607:2006 Packaging for Terminally Sterilized Medical Devices +ISO 11608 Needle-based injection systems for medical use – Requirements and test methods +ISO 11608-1:2014 Part 1: Needle-based injection systems +ISO 11608-2:2012 Part 2: Needles +ISO 11608-3:2012 Part 3: Finished containers +ISO 11608-4:2006 Part 4: Requirements and test methods for electronic and electromechanical pen-injectors +ISO 11608-5:2012 Part 5: Automated functions +ISO 11608-7:2016 Part 7: Accessibility for persons with visual impairment +ISO 11609:2017 Dentistry - Dentifrices - Requirements, test methods and marking +ISO/TR 11610:2004 Protective clothing - Vocabulary +ISO 11612 Protective clothing - Protection against brief contact with heat and flame. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43bf392f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 10000–11999" +chunk: 6/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:37.652260+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The heat can be convective, radiant, molten material, or a combination thereof. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f58c36da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 10000–11999" +chunk: 7/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:37.652260+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO 11615:2012 Health informatics – Identification of medicinal products – Data elements and structures for the unique identification and exchange of regulated medicinal product information +ISO 11616:2012 Health informatics – Identification of medicinal products – Data elements and structures for the unique identification and exchange of regulated pharmaceutical product information +ISO 11620:2014 Information and documentation - Library performance indicators +ISO 11631:1998 Measurement of fluid flow – Methods of specifying flowmeter performance +ISO/TR 11633 Health informatics – Information security management for remote maintenance of medical devices and medical information systems +ISO/TR 11633-1:2009 Part 1: Requirements and risk analysis +ISO/TR 11633-2:2009 Part 2: Implementation of an information security management system (ISMS) +ISO/TR 11636:2009 Health Informatics – Dynamic on-demand virtual private network for health information infrastructure +ISO 11648 Statistical aspects of sampling from bulk materials +ISO 11648-1:2003 Part 1: General principles +ISO 11648-2:2001 Part 2: Sampling of particulate materials +ISO 11649:2009 Financial services – Core banking – Structured creditor reference to remittance information +ISO/TR 11651:2015 Estimation of sediment deposition in reservoirs using one dimensional simulation models +ISO 11655:1995 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Method of specifying performance of hydrometric equipment +ISO 11657:2014 Hydrometry – Suspended sediment in streams and canals – Determination of concentration by surrogate techniques +ISO 11658:2012 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems – Blood/tissue contact surface modifications for extracorporeal perfusion systems +ISO 11663:2014 Quality of dialysis fluid for haemodialysis and related therapies +ISO 11664 Colorimetry +ISO 11664-1:2007 Part 1: CIE standard colorimetric observers +ISO 11664-2:2007 Part 2: CIE standard illuminants +ISO 11664-3:2012 Part 3: CIE tristimulus values +ISO 11664-4:2008 Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* Colour space +ISO/CIE 11664-5:2016 Part 5: CIE 1976 L*u*v* colour space and u', v' uniform chromaticity scale diagram +ISO/CIE 11664-6:2014 Part 6: CIEDE2000 Colour-difference formula +ISO 11665 Measurement of radioactivity in the environment - Air: radon-222 +ISO 11665-1:2012 Part 1: Origins of radon and its short-lived decay products and associated measurement methods +ISO 11665-2:2012 Part 2: Integrated measurement method for determining average potential alpha energy concentration of its short-lived decay products +ISO 11665-3:2012 Part 3: Spot measurement method of the potential alpha energy concentration of its short-lived decay products +ISO 11665-4:2012 Part 4: Integrated measurement method for determining average activity concentration using passive sampling and delayed analysis +ISO 11665-5:2012 Part 5: Continuous measurement method of the activity concentration +ISO 11665-6:2012 Part 6: Spot measurement method of the activity concentration +ISO 11665-7:2012 Part 7: Accumulation method for estimating surface exhalation rate +ISO 11665-8:2012 Part 8: Methodologies for initial and additional investigations in buildings +ISO 11665-9:2016 Part 9: Test methods for exhalation rate of building materials +ISO 11665-11:2016 Part 11: Test method for soil gas with sampling at depth +ISO/TS 11669:2012 Translation projects - General guidance +ISO 11670:2003 Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test methods for laser beam parameters – Beam positional stability +ISO/TS 11672:2016 Connectors for fluid power and general use - Designation and nomenclature +ISO 11675:2005 Textile machinery and accessories – Flatbed knitting machines – Vocabulary +ISO 11676:2014 Textile machinery and accessories – Pattern disks and pattern chains for warp knitting machines – Vocabulary and symbols +ISO 11683:1997 Packaging - Tactile warnings of danger - Requirements +ISO 11684:1995 Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment - Safety signs and hazard pictorials - General principles +ISO/TR 11688 Acoustics – Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and equipment +ISO/TR 11688-1:1995 Part 1: Planning +ISO/TR 11688-2:1998 Part 2: Introduction to the physics of low-noise design +ISO 11689:1996 Acoustics – Procedure for the comparison of noise-emission data for machinery and equipment +ISO/IEC 11693 Identification cards – Optical memory cards +ISO/IEC 11693-1:2012 Part 1: General characteristics +ISO/IEC 11693-2:2009 Part 2: Co-existence of optical memory with other machine readable technologies +ISO/IEC 11693-3:2015 Part 3: Authentication techniques +ISO/IEC 11694 Identification cards – Optical memory cards – Linear recording method +ISO/IEC 11694-1:2012 Part 1: Physical characteristics +ISO/IEC 11694-2:2012 Part 2: Dimensions and location of the accessible optical area +ISO/IEC 11694-3:2015 Part 3: Optical properties and characteristics +ISO/IEC 11694-4:2008 Part 4: Logical data structures +ISO/IEC 11694-5:2014 Part 5: Data format for information interchange for applications using ISO/IEC 11694-4 +ISO/IEC 11694-6:2014 Part 6: Use of biometrics on an optical memory card +ISO/IEC 11695 Identification cards – Optical memory cards – Holographic recording method +ISO/IEC 11695-1:2015 Part 1: Physical characteristics +ISO/IEC 11695-2:2015 Part 2: Dimensions and location of accessible optical area +ISO/IEC 11695-3:2017 Part 3: Optical properties and characteristics +ISO 11704:2010 Water quality - Measurement of gross alpha and beta activity concentration in non-saline water - Liquid scintillation counting method +ISO 11712:2009 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Supralaryngeal airways and connectors +ISO 11731:2017 Water quality - Enumeration of Legionella +ISO 11737 Sterilization of medical devices – Microbiological methods +ISO 11737-1:2006 Part 1: Determination of a population of microorganisms on products +ISO 11737-2:2009 Part 2: Tests of sterility performed in the definition, validation and maintenance of a sterilization process +ISO/IEC 11756:1999 Information technology - Programming languages - M +ISO/TR 11766:2010 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Security considerations for lawful interception +ISO/TR 11769:2010 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Data retention for law enforcement +ISO/IEC 11770 Information technology - Security techniques - Key management +ISO/IEC 11770-1:2010 Part 1: Framework +ISO/IEC 11770-2:2008 Part 2: Mechanisms using symmetric techniques +ISO/IEC 11770-3:2015 Part 3: Mechanisms using asymmetric techniques +ISO/IEC 11770-4:2006 Part 4: Mechanisms based on weak secrets +ISO/IEC 11770-5:2011 Part 5: Group key management +ISO/IEC 11770-6:2016 Part 6: Key derivation +ISO/TS 11774:2011 Non-destructive testing – Performance-based qualification +ISO 11783 Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry – Serial control and communications data network +ISO 11798:1999 Information and documentation - Permanence and durability of writing, printing and copying on paper - Requirements and test methods +ISO 11799:2015 Information and documentation - Document storage requirements for archive and library materials +ISO 11800:1998 Information and documentation – Requirements for binding materials and methods used in the manufacture of books +ISO/IEC 11801:2002 Information technology – Generic cabling for customer premises +ISO/IEC TR 11801-9901:2014 Part 9901: Guidance for balanced cabling in support of at least 40 Gbit/s data transmission +ISO/IEC TR 11801-9902:2017 Part 9902: Specifications for End-to-end link configurations +ISO/IEC TR 11801-9903:2015 Part 9903: Matrix modelling of channels and links +ISO/IEC TR 11801-9904:2017 Part 9904: Guidelines for the use of installed cabling to support 2,5GBASE -T and 5GBASE -T applications +ISO/IEC TR 11802 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Local and metropolitan area networks – Technical reports and guidelines +ISO/IEC TR 11802-5:1997 Part 5: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridging of Ethernet V2.0 in Local Area Networks +ISO 11807 Integrated optics - Vocabulary +ISO 11807-1:2001 Part 1: Basic terms and symbols +ISO 11807-2:2001 Part 2: Terms used in classification +ISO 11810:2015 Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test method and classification for the laser resistance of surgical drapes and/or patient protective covers – Primary ignition, penetration, flame spread and secondary ignition +ISO/TR 11811:2012 Nanotechnologies – Guidance on methods for nano- and microtribology measurements +ISO 11819 Acoustics – Measurement of the influence of road surfaces on traffic noise +ISO 11819-1:1997 Part 1: Statistical Pass-By method +ISO 11819-2:2017 Part 2: The close-proximity method +ISO/TS 11819-3:2017 Part 3: Reference tyres +ISO/PAS 11819-4:2013 Part 4: SPB method using backing board +ISO 11821:1997 Acoustics – Measurement of the in situ sound attenuation of a removable screen +ISO 11822:1996 Information and documentation - Extension of the Arabic alphabet coded character set for bibliographic information interchange +ISO 11838:1997 Motorcycle and motorcycle-rider kinematics – Vocabulary +ISO 11841 Road vehicles and internal combustion engines – Filter vocabulary +ISO 11841-1:2000 Part 1: Definitions of filters and filter components +ISO 11841-2:2000 Part 2: Definitions of characteristics of filters and their components +ISO 11843 Capability of detection +ISO 11843-1:1997 Part 1: Terms and definitions +ISO 11843-2:2000 Part 2: Methodology in the linear calibration case +ISO 11843-3:2003 Part 3: Methodology for determination of the critical value for the response variable when no calibration data are used +ISO 11843-4:2003 Part 4: Methodology for comparing the minimum detectable value with a given value +ISO 11843-5:2008 Part 5: Methodology in the linear and non-linear calibration cases +ISO 11843-6:2013 Part 6: Methodology for the determination of the critical value and the minimum detectable value in Poisson distributed measurements by normal approximations +ISO 11843-7:2012 Part 7: Methodology based on stochastic properties of instrumental noise +ISO 11866 Milk and milk products – Enumeration of presumptive Escherichia coli +ISO 11866-1:2005 Part 1: Most probable number technique using 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) +ISO 11866-2:2005 Part 2: Colony-count technique at 44 degrees C using membranes +ISO 11886:2002 Building construction machinery and equipment – Pile driving and extracting equipment – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO/TS 11888:2017 Nanotechnologies – Characterization of multiwall carbon nanotubes – Mesoscopic shape factors +ISO/IEC 11889 Information technology - Trusted platform module library +ISO/IEC 11889-1:2015 Part 1: Architecture +ISO/IEC 11889-2:2015 Part 2: Structures +ISO/IEC 11889-3:2015 Part 3: Commands +ISO/IEC 11889-4:2015 Part 4: Supporting Routines +ISO 11898 Road vehicles – Controller area network (CAN) +ISO 11904 Acoustics – Determination of sound immission from sound sources placed close to the ear +ISO 11904-1:2002 Part 1: Technique using a microphone in a real ear (MIRE technique) +ISO 11904-2:2004 Part 2: Technique using a manikin +ISO 11929:2010 Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the confidence interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation - Fundamentals and application +ISO 11930:2012 Cosmetics – Microbiology – Evaluation of the antimicrobial protection of a cosmetic product +ISO/TS 11931:2012 Nanotechnologies – Nanoscale calcium carbonate in powder form – Characteristics and measurement +ISO/TS 11937:2012 Nanotechnologies – Nanoscale titanium dioxide in powder form – Characteristics and measurement +ISO 11940:1998 Information and documentation - Transliteration of Thai +ISO 11940-2:2007 Information and documentation - Transliteration of Thai characters into Latin characters - Part 2: Simplified transcription of Thai language +ISO/TR 11941:1996 Information and documentation - Transliteration of Korean script into Latin characters [Withdrawn, no replacement] +ISO 11957:1996 Acoustics – Determination of sound insulation performance of cabins – Laboratory and in situ measurements +ISO/IEC 11976:2008 Information technology - Data interchange on 130 mm rewritable and write-once-read-many ultra density optical (UDO) disk cartridges - Capacity: 60 Gbytes per cartridge - Second generation +ISO 11978:2017 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses and contact lens care products – Labelling +ISO 11979 Ophthalmic implants - Intraocular lenses +ISO 11979-1:2012 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 11979-2:2014 Part 2: Optical properties and test methods +ISO 11979-3:2012 Part 3: Mechanical properties and test methods +ISO 11979-4:2008 Part 4: Labelling and information +ISO 11979-5:2006 Part 5: Biocompatibility +ISO 11979-6:2014 Part 6: Shelf-life and transport stability testing +ISO 11979-7:2014 Part 7: Clinical investigations +ISO 11979-8:2017 Part 8: Fundamental requirements +ISO 11979-9:2006 Part 9: Multifocal intraocular lenses +ISO 11979-10:2006 Part 10: Phakic intraocular lenses +ISO 11980:2012 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses and contact lens care products – Guidance for clinical investigations +ISO 11981:2009 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses and contact lens care products – Determination of physical compatibility of contact lens care products with contact lenses +ISO 11986:2010 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses and contact lens care products – Determination of preservative uptake and release +ISO 11987:2012 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses – Determination of shelf-life +ISO/IEC 11989:2010 Information technology - iSCSI Management API +ISO 11990 Lasers and laser-related equipment – Determination of laser resistance of tracheal tubes +ISO 11990-1:2011 Part 1: Tracheal tube shaft +ISO 11990-2:2010 Part 2: Tracheal tube cuffs +ISO/TR 11991:1995 Guidance on airway management during laser surgery of upper airway +ISO 11994:1997 Cranes – Availability – Vocabulary \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4041ee60 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 10000–11999" +chunk: 8/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:37.652260+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ad088d99 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 12000–13999" +chunk: 1/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:39.155992+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..435bd2504 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 12000–13999" +chunk: 2/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:39.155992+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 12000 – ISO 12999 == +ISO 12001:1996 Acoustics – Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Rules for the drafting and presentation of a noise test code +ISO 12005:2003 Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test methods for laser beam parameters – Polarization +ISO 12006 Building construction – Organization of information about construction works +ISO 12013:2012 Paints and varnishes — Determination of curing characteristics using a free damped oscillation method — +ISO/TS 12025:2012 Nano materials – Quantification of nano-object release from powders by generation of aerosols +ISO/IEC 12042:1993 Information technology – Data compression for information interchange – Binary arithmetic coding algorithm +ISO 12052:2017 Health informatics – Digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) including workflow and data management +ISO 12083:1994 Information and documentation - Electronic manuscript preparation and markup +ISO 12085:1996 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Profile method - Motif parameters +ISO/IEC 12087 Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing - Image Processing and Interchange (IPI) - Functional specification +ISO/IEC 12087-1:1995 Part 1: Common architecture for imaging +ISO/IEC 12087-2:1994 Part 2: Programmer's imaging kernel system application programme interface +ISO/IEC 12087-3:1995 Part 3: Image Interchange Facility (IIF) +ISO/IEC 12087-5:1998 Part 5: Basic Image Interchange Format (BIIF) +ISO/IEC 12088-4:1995 Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing - Image processing and interchange - Application program interface language bindings +ISO/IEC 12089:1997 Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing - Encoding for the Image Interchange Facility (IIF) +ISO 12100 Safety of machinery – General principles for design – Risk assessment and risk reduction +ISO/IEC 12139 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Powerline communication (PLC) – High speed PLC medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) +ISO/IEC 12097:2002 Road vehicles -- Airbag components +ISO/IEC 12139-1:2009 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 12163:1999 Dental baseplate/modelling wax [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 15854] +ISO 12164 Hollow taper interface with flange contact surface +ISO 12164-1:2001 Part 1: Shanks — Dimensions +ISO 12164-2:2001 Part 2: Receivers — Dimensions +ISO 12164-3:2014 Part 3: Dimensions of shanks for stationary tools +ISO 12164-4:2014 Part 4: Dimensions of receivers for stationary tools +ISO 12165:2000 Tools for moulding - Components of compression and injection moulds and diecasting dies - Terms and symbols +ISO 12176 Plastics pipes and fittings – Equipment for fusion jointing polyethylene systems +ISO 12176-3:2011 Part 3: Operator's badge +ISO 12179:2000 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Profile method – Calibration of contact (stylus) instruments +ISO 12180 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Cylindricity +ISO 12180-1:2011 Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of cylindrical form +ISO 12180-2:2011 Part 2: Specification operators +ISO 12181 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Roundness +ISO 12181-1:2011 Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of roundness +ISO 12181-2:2011 Part 2: Specification operators +ISO/IEC TR 12182:2015 Systems and software engineering - Framework for categorization of IT systems and software, and guide for applying it +ISO 12188 Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry – Test procedures for positioning and guidance systems in agriculture +ISO 12188-1:2010 Part 1: Dynamic testing of satellite-based positioning devices +ISO 12188-2:2012 Part 2: Testing of satellite-based auto-guidance systems during straight and level travel +ISO 12189:2008 Implants for surgery – Mechanical testing of implantable spinal devices – Fatigue test method for spinal implant assemblies using an anterior support +ISO 12199:2000 Alphabetical ordering of multilingual terminological and lexicographical data represented in the Latin alphabet +ISO/IEC 12207 Systems and software engineering – Software life cycle processes +ISO 12231:2012 Photography - Electronic still picture imaging - Vocabulary +ISO 12242:2012 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits – Ultrasonic transit-time meters for liquid +ISO/IEC 12246:1993 Information technology – 8 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge dual azimuth format for information interchange – Helical scan recording +ISO/IEC 12247:1993 Information technology – 3.81 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording – DDS format using 60 m and 90 m length tapes +ISO/IEC 12248:1993 Information technology – 3.81 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording – DATA/DAT-DC format using 60 m and 90 m length tapes +ISO/TR 12300:2014 Health informatics – Principles of mapping between terminological systems +ISO/TR 12309:2009 Health informatics – Guidelines for terminology development organizations +ISO/TR 12310:2015 Health informatics – Principles and guidelines for the measurement of conformance in the implementation of terminological systems +ISO 12353 Road vehicles – Traffic accident analysis +ISO 12353-1:2002 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO/IEC TR 12382:1992 Permuted index of the vocabulary of information technology +ISO 12417 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems – Vascular device-drug combination products +ISO 12417-1:2015 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 12543 Glass in building – Laminated glass and laminated safety glass +ISO 12543-1:2011 Part 1: Definitions and description of component parts +ISO 12615:2004 Bibliographic references and source identifiers for terminology work +ISO 12616:2002 Translation-oriented terminography +ISO 12620:2019 Management of terminology resources — Data category specifications +ISO 12625 Tissue paper and tissue products +ISO 12625-1:2011 Part 1: General guidance on terms +ISO 12637 Graphic technology - Vocabulary +ISO 12637-1:2006 Part 1: Fundamental terms +ISO 12637-2:2008 Part 2: Prepress terms +ISO 12637-3:2009 Part 3: Printing terms +ISO 12637-4:2008 Part 4: Postpress terms +ISO 12639:2004 Graphic technology – Prepress digital data exchange – Tag image file format for image technology (TIFF/IT) +ISO 12640 Graphic technology - Prepress digital data exchange +ISO 12640-1:1997 Part 1: CMYK standard colour image data (CMYK/SCID) +ISO 12640-2:2004 Part 2: XYZ/sRGB encoded standard colour image data (XYZ/SCID) +ISO 12640-3:2007 Part 3: CIELAB standard colour image data (CIELAB/SCID) +ISO 12640-4:2011 Part 4: Wide gamut display-referred standard colour image data [Adobe RGB (1998)/SCID] +ISO 12640-5:2013 Part 5: Scene-referred standard colour image data (RIMM/SCID) +ISO 12641:1997 Graphic technology – Prepress digital data exchange – Colour targets for input scanner calibration +ISO 12641-1:2016 Part 1: Colour targets for input scanner calibration +ISO 12642 Graphic technology - Input data for characterization of four-colour process printing +ISO 12642-1:2011 Part 1: Initial data set +ISO 12642-2:2006 Part 2: Expanded data set +ISO 12651 Electronic document management - Vocabulary +ISO 12651-1:2012 Part 1: Electronic document imaging +ISO 12651-2:2014 Part 2: Workflow management +ISO 12671:2012 Thermal spraying - Thermally sprayed coatings - Symbolic representation on drawings +ISO 12706:2009 Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Vocabulary +ISO 12707:2016 Non-destructive testing - Magnetic particle testing - Vocabulary +ISO 12716:2001 Non-destructive testing - Acoustic emission inspection - Vocabulary +ISO 12718:2008 Non-destructive testing - Eddy current testing - Vocabulary +ISO 12749 Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection - Vocabulary +ISO 12749-2:2013 Part 2: Radiological protection +ISO 12749-3:2015 Part 3: Nuclear fuel cycle +ISO 12749-4:2015 Part 4: Dosimetry for radiation processing +ISO 12756:2016 Drawing and writing instruments - Ball point pens and roller ball pens - Vocabulary +ISO 12757 Ball point pens and refills +ISO 12757-2:1998 Part 2: Documentary use (DOC) +ISO 12764:2017 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits – Flowrate measurement by means of vortex shedding flowmeters inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full +ISO/TR 12767:2007 Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices – Guidelines on the effect of departure from the specifications and operating conditions given in ISO 5167 +ISO/TR 12773 Business requirements for health summary records +ISO/TR 12773-1:2009 Part 1: Requirements +ISO/TR 12773-2:2009 Part 2: Environmental scan +ISO 12780 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Straightness +ISO 12780-1:2011 Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of straightness +ISO 12780-2:2011 Part 2: Specification operators +ISO 12781 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Flatness +ISO 12781-1:2011 Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of flatness +ISO 12781-2:2011 Part 2: Specification operators +ISO/IEC 12785 Information technology - Learning, education, and training - Content packaging +ISO/IEC 12785-1:2009 Part 1: Information model +ISO/IEC 12785-2:2011 Part 2: XML binding +ISO/IEC TR 12785-3:2012 Part 3: Best practice and implementation guide +ISO 12789 Reference radiation fields - Simulated workplace neutron fields +ISO 12789-1:2008 Part 1: Characteristics and methods of production +ISO 12789-2:2008 Part 2: Calibration fundamentals related to the basic quantities +ISO/TR 12802:2010 Nanotechnologies - Model taxonomic framework for use in developing vocabularies - Core concepts +ISO/TS 12805:2011 Nanotechnologies – Materials specifications – Guidance on specifying nano-objects +ISO 12812 Core banking – Mobile financial services +ISO 12812-1:2017 Part 1: General framework +ISO/TS 12812-2:2017 Part 2: Security and data protection for mobile financial services +ISO/TS 12812-3:2017 Part 3: Financial application lifecycle management +ISO/TS 12812-4:2017 Part 4: Mobile payments-to-persons +ISO/TS 12812-5:2017 Part 5: Mobile payments to businesses +ISO 12813:2015 Electronic fee collection – Compliance check communication for autonomous systems +ISO 12836:2015 Dentistry - Digitizing devices for CAD/CAM systems for indirect dental restorations - Test methods for assessing accuracy +ISO/TR 12845:2010 Selected illustrations of fractional factorial screening experiments +ISO 12855:2015 Electronic fee collection – Information exchange between service provision and toll charging +ISO 12858 Optics and optical instruments – Ancillary devices for geodetic instruments +ISO 12858-1:2014 Part 1: Invar levelling staffs +ISO 12858-2:1999 Part 2: Tripods +ISO 12858-3:2005 Part 3: Tribrachs +ISO/TR 12859:2009 Intelligent transport systems – System architecture – Privacy aspects in ITS standards and systems +ISO/IEC TR 12860:2009 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Next Generation Corporate Networks (NGCN) – General +ISO/IEC TR 12861:2009 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Next Generation Corporate Networks (NGCN) – Identification and routing +ISO/IEC 12862:2011 Information technology - 120 mm (8.54 GB per side) and 80 mm (2.66 GB per side) DVD recordable disk for dual layer (DVD-R for DL) +ISO 12865:2006 Ophthalmic instruments – Retinoscopes +ISO 12866:1999 Ophthalmic instruments – Perimeters +ISO 12867:2010 Ophthalmic instruments – Trial frames +ISO/TS 12869:2012 Water quality – Detection and quantification of Legionella spp. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f766f301 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 12000–13999" +chunk: 3/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:39.155992+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +and/or Legionella pneumophila by concentration and genic amplification by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) +ISO 12870:2016 Ophthalmic optics – Spectacle frames – Requirements and test methods +ISO/TR 12885:2008 Nanotechnologies – Health and safety practices in occupational settings relevant to nanotechnologies +ISO/TR 12888:2011 Selected illustrations of gauge repeatability and reproducibility studies +ISO 12891 Retrieval and analysis of surgical implants +ISO 12891-1:2015 Part 1: Retrieval and handling +ISO 12891-2:2014 Part 2: Analysis of retrieved surgical implants +ISO/TS 12901 Nanotechnologies – Occupational risk management applied to engineered nanomaterials +ISO/TS 12901-1:2012 Part 1: Principles and approaches +ISO/TS 12901-2:2014 Part 2: Use of the control banding approach +ISO/IEC 12905:2011 Integrated circuit cards – Enhanced terminal accessibility using cardholder preference interface +ISO 12912:2014 Circular knitting machines – Vocabulary +ISO 12913 Acoustics – Soundscape +ISO 12913-1:2014 Part 1: Definition and conceptual framework +ISO 12931:2012 Performance criteria for authentication solutions used to combat counterfeiting of material goods +ISO 12944 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems +ISO 12967 Health informatics – Service architecture +ISO 12967-1:2009 Part 1: Enterprise viewpoint +ISO 12967-2:2009 Part 2: Information viewpoint +ISO 12967-3:2009 Part 3: Computational viewpoint +ISO 12999 Acoustics – Determination and application of measurement uncertainties in building acoustics +ISO 12999-1:2014 Part 1: Sound insulation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54abd0f1f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,334 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 12000–13999" +chunk: 4/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:39.155992+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 13000 – ISO 13999 == +ISO 13006:2012 Ceramic tiles – Definitions, classification, characteristics and marking +ISO 13007 Ceramic tiles – Grouts and adhesives +ISO 13007-1:2014 Terms, definitions and specifications for adhesives +ISO 13007-2:2010 Test methods for adhesives +ISO 13007-3:2010 Terms, definitions and specifications for grouts +ISO 13007-4:2013 Test methods for grouts +ISO 13008:2012 Information and documentation - Digital records conversion and migration process +ISO 13009:2015 Tourism and related services – Requirements and recommendations for beach operation +ISO/TR 13014:2012 Nanotechnologies – Guidance on physico-chemical characterization of engineered nanoscale materials for toxicologic assessment +ISO/TR 13028:2010 Information and documentation - Implementation guidelines for digitization of records +ISO 13053 Quantitative methods in process improvement - Lean and Six Sigma +ISO 13053-1:2011 Part 1: DMAIC methodology +ISO 13053-2:2011 Part 2: Tools and techniques +ISO/TR 13054:2012 Knowledge management of health information standards +ISO/TR 13062:2015 Electric mopeds and motorcycles – Terminology and classification +ISO/IEC 13066 Information technology - Interoperability with assistive technology (AT) +ISO/IEC 13066-1:2011 Part 1: Requirements and recommendations for interoperability +ISO/IEC TR 13066-2:2016 Part 2: Windows accessibility application programming interface (API) +ISO/IEC TR 13066-3:2012 Part 3: IAccessible2 accessibility application programming interface (API) +ISO/IEC TR 13066-4:2015 Part 4: Linux/UNIX graphical environments accessibility API +ISO/IEC TR 13066-6:2014 Part 6: Java accessibility application programming interface (API) +ISO 13078 Dentistry - Dental furnace +ISO 13078-2:2016 Part 2: Test method for evaluation of furnace programme via firing glaze +ISO 13102:2012 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensional measuring equipment: Electronic digital-indicator gauge – Design and metrological characteristics +ISO 13105 Building construction machinery and equipment – Machinery for concrete surface floating and finishing +ISO 13105-1:2014 Part 1: Terms and commercial specifications +ISO 13111 Intelligent transport systems (ITS) – The use of personal ITS station to support ITS service provision for travellers +ISO 13111-1:2017 Part 1: General information and use case definitions +ISO 13119:2012 Health informatics – Clinical knowledge resources – Metadata +ISO 13120:2013 Health informatics – Syntax to represent the content of healthcare classification systems – Classification Markup Language (ClaML) +ISO/TR 13121:2011 Nanotechnologies – Nanomaterial risk evaluation +ISO 13127:2012 Packaging - Child resistant packaging - Mechanical test methods for reclosable child resistant packaging systems +ISO/TR 13128:2012 Health Informatics – Clinical document registry federation +ISO/TS 13131:2014 Health informatics – Telehealth services – Quality planning guidelines +ISO/TS 13136:2012 Microbiology of food and animal feed – Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for the detection of food-borne pathogens – Horizontal method for the detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and the determination of O157, O111, O26, O103 and O145 serogroups +ISO 13140 Electronic fee collection – Evaluation of on-board and roadside equipment for conformity to ISO 13141 +ISO 13140-1:2016 Part 1: Test suite structure and test purposes +ISO 13140-2:2016 Part 2: Abstract test suite +ISO 13141:2015 Electronic fee collection – Localisation augmentation communication for autonomous systems +ISO 13142:2015 Electro-optical systems – Cavity ring-down technique for high-reflectance measurement +ISO 13143 Electronic fee collection – Evaluation of on-board and roadside equipment for conformity to ISO 12813 +ISO 13143-1:2016 Part 1: Test suite structure and test purposes +ISO 13143-2:2016 Part 2: Abstract test suite +ISO/TR 13154:2017 Medical electrical equipment – Deployment, implementation and operational guidelines for identifying febrile humans using a screening thermograph +ISO/IEC 13156:2011 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – High rate 60 GHz PHY, MAC and PALs +ISO/IEC 13157 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – NFC Security +ISO/IEC 13157-1:2014 Part 1: NFC-SEC NFCIP-1 security services and protocol +ISO/IEC 13157-2:2016 Part 2: NFC-SEC cryptography standard using ECDH and AES +ISO/IEC 13157-3:2016 Part 3: NFC-SEC cryptography standard using ECDH-256 and AES-GCM +ISO/IEC 13157-4:2016 Part 4: NFC-SEC entity authentication and key agreement using asymmetric cryptography +ISO/IEC 13157-5:2016 Part 5: NFC-SEC entity authentication and key agreement using symmetric cryptography +ISO 13160:2012 Water quality - Strontium 90 and strontium 89 - Test methods using liquid scintillation counting or proportional counting +ISO 13161:2011 Water quality - Measurement of polonium 210 activity concentration in water by alpha spectrometry +ISO 13162:2011 Water quality - Determination of carbon 14 activity - Liquid scintillation counting method +ISO 13163:2013 Water quality - Lead-210 - Test method using liquid scintillation counting +ISO 13164 Water quality - Radon-222 +ISO 13164-1:2013 Part 1: General principles +ISO 13164-2:2013 Part 2: Test method using gamma-ray spectrometry +ISO 13164-3:2013 Part 3: Test method using emanometry +ISO 13164-4:2015 Part 4: Test method using two-phase liquid scintillation counting +ISO 13165 Water quality - Radium-226 +ISO 13165-1:2013 Part 1: Test method using liquid scintillation counting +ISO 13165-2:2014 Part 2: Test method using emanometry +ISO 13165-3:2016 Part 3: Test method using coprecipitation and gamma-spectrometry +ISO 13167:2015 Water quality - Plutonium, americium, curium and neptunium - Test method using alpha spectrometry +ISO/IEC 13170:2009 Information technology - 120 mm (8.54 GB per side) and 80 mm (2.66 GB per side) DVD re-recordable disk for dual layer (DVD-RW for DL) +ISO 13175 Implants for surgery – Calcium phosphates +ISO 13175-3:2012 Part 3: Hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate bone substitutes +ISO 13179 Implants for surgery – Plasma-sprayed unalloyed titanium coatings on metallic surgical implants +ISO 13179-1:2014 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 13183:2012 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Using broadcast communications +ISO 13184 Intelligent transport systems (ITS) – Guidance protocol via personal ITS station for advisory safety systems +ISO/TR 13184-1:2013 Part 1: General information and use case definitions +ISO 13184-2:2016 Part 2: Road guidance protocol (RGP) requirements and specification +ISO 13185 Intelligent transport systems – Vehicle interface for provisioning and support of ITS services +ISO/TR 13185-1:2012 Part 1: General information and use case definition +ISO 13185-2:2015 Part 2: Unified gateway protocol (UGP) requirements and specification for vehicle ITS station gateway (V-ITS-SG) interface +ISO/IEC 13187:2011 Information technology - Server management command line protocol (SM CLP) specification +ISO/TR 13195:2015 Selected illustrations of response surface method - Central composite design +ISO 13200:1995 Cranes - Safety signs and hazard pictorials - General principles +ISO 13203:2005 Chains, sprockets and accessories - List of equivalent terms +ISO/IEC 13210:1999 Information technology - Requirements and Guidelines for Test Methods Specifications and Test Method Implementations for Measuring Conformance to POSIX Standards +ISO/IEC 13211 Information technology - Programming languages - Prolog +ISO/IEC 13211-1:1995 Part 1: General core +ISO/IEC 13211-2:2000 Part 2: Modules +ISO 13212:2014 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lens care products – Guidelines for determination of shelf-life +ISO/IEC 13213:1994 Information technology - Microprocessor systems - Control and Status Registers (CSR) Architecture for microcomputer buses +ISO 13225:2012 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensional measuring equipment; Height gauges – Design and metrological characteristics +ISO/IEC TR 13233:1995 Information technology - Interpretation of accreditation requirements in ISO/IEC Guide 25 - Accreditation of Information Technology and Telecommunications testing laboratories for software and protocol testing services +ISO/IEC 13235 Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Trading function +ISO/IEC 13235-1:1998 Specification +ISO/IEC 13235-3:1998 Part 3: Provision of Trading Function using OSI Directory service +ISO/IEC 13236:1998 Information technology - Quality of service: Framework +ISO/IEC 13238 Information technology – Data Management +ISO/IEC 13238-3:1998 Part 3: IRDS export/import facility +ISO/IEC 13239:2002 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – High-level data link control (HDLC) procedures +ISO/IEC 13240:2001 Information technology - Document description and processing languages - Interchange Standard for Multimedia Interactive Documents (ISMID) +ISO/IEC 13241:1997 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Route Restriction Class additional network feature +ISO/IEC 13242:1997 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Route Restriction Class additional network feature +ISO/IEC 13244:1998 Information technology - Open Distributed Management Architecture +ISO/IEC 13246:1997 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Broadband Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Signalling ATM adaptation layer +ISO/IEC 13247:1997 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Broadband Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Basic call/connection control +ISO/IEC 13249 Information technology – Database languages – SQL multimedia and application +ISO/IEC 13249-1:2016 Part 1: Framework +ISO/IEC 13249-2:2003 Part 2: Full-Text +ISO/IEC 13249-3:2016 Part 3: Spatial +ISO/IEC 13249-5:2003 Part 5: Still image +ISO/IEC 13249-6:2006 Part 6: Data mining +ISO/IEC TS 13249-7:2013 Part 7: History +ISO/IEC 13250 Information technology – Topic Maps +ISO/IEC 13251:2004 Collection of graphical symbols for office equipment +ISO/IEC 13252:1999 Information technology – Enhanced communications transport service definition +ISO 13261 Sound power rating of air-conditioning and air source heat pump equipment +ISO 13261-1:1998 Part 1: Non-ducted outdoor equipment +ISO 13261-2:1998 Part 2: Non-ducted indoor equipment +ISO 13274:2013 Packaging - Transport packaging for dangerous goods - Plastics compatibility testing for packaging and IBCs +ISO/TS 13278:2011 Nanotechnologies – Determination of elemental impurities in samples of carbon nanotubes using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry +ISO 13289:2011 Recreational diving services – Requirements for the conduct of snorkelling excursions +ISO 13293:2012 Recreational diving services – Requirements for gas blender training programmes +ISO 13300 Sensory analysis – General guidance for the staff of a sensory evaluation laboratory +ISO 13300-1:2006 Part 1: Staff responsibilities +ISO 13300-2:2006 Part 2: Recruitment and training of panel leaders +ISO 13304 Radiological protection - Minimum criteria for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for retrospective dosimetry of ionizing radiation +ISO 13304-1:2013 Part 1: General principles +ISO 13307:2013 Microbiology of food and animal feed – Primary production stage – Sampling techniques +ISO 13320:2009 Particle size analysis - Laser diffraction methods +ISO 13325:2003 Tyres – Coast-by methods for measurement of tyre-to-road sound emission +ISO/TR 13329:2012 Nanomaterials – Preparation of material safety data sheet (MSDS) +ISO 13332:2000 Reciprocating internal combustion engines – Test code for the measurement of structure-borne noise emitted from high-speed and medium-speed reciprocating internal combustion engines measured at the engine feet +ISO/IEC 13346 Information technology – Volume and file structure of write-once and rewritable media using non-sequential recording for information interchange +ISO/IEC 13346-1:1995 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 13346-2:1999 Part 2: Volume and boot block recognition +ISO/IEC 13346-3:1999 Part 3: Volume structure +ISO/IEC 13346-4:1999 Part 4: File structure +ISO/IEC 13346-5:1995 Part 5: Record structure +ISO 13347 Industrial fans – Determination of fan sound power levels under standardized laboratory conditions +ISO 13347-1:2004 Part 1: General overview +ISO 13347-2:2004 Part 2: Reverberant room method +ISO 13347-3:2004 Part 3: Enveloping surface methods +ISO 13347-4:2004 Part 4: Sound intensity method +ISO 13349:2010 Fans - Vocabulary and definitions of categories +ISO 13356:2015 Implants for surgery – Ceramic materials based on yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) +ISO 13370 Thermal performance of buildings – Heat transfer via the ground – Calculation methods +ISO 13372:2012 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines - Vocabulary +ISO 13373 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Vibration condition monitoring +ISO 13373-1:2002 Part 1: General procedures +ISO 13373-2:2016 Part 2: Processing, analysis and presentation of vibration data +ISO 13373-3:2015 Part 3: Guidelines for vibration diagnosis +ISO 13373-7:2017 Part 7: Diagnostic techniques for machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pump-storage plants +ISO 13373-9:2017 Part 9: Diagnostic techniques for electric motors +ISO 13374 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machine systems – Data processing, communication and presentation +ISO 13374-1:2003 Part 1: General guidelines +ISO 13374-2:2007 Part 2: Data processing +ISO 13374-3:2012 Part 3: Communication +ISO 13374-4:2015 Part 4: Presentation +ISO 13379 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Data interpretation and diagnostics techniques +ISO 13379-1:2012 Part 1: General guidelines +ISO 13379-2:2015 Part 2: Data-driven applications +ISO 13381 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Prognostics +ISO 13381-1:2015 Part 1: General guidelines +ISO 13385 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensional measuring equipment +ISO 13385-1:2011 Part 1: Callipers; Design and metrological characteristics +ISO 13385-2:2011 Part 2: Calliper depth gauges; Design and metrological characteristics +ISO 13399 Cutting tool data representation and exchange +ISO 13399-1:2006 Part 1: Overview, fundamental principles and general information model +ISO/TS 13399-2:2014 Part 2: Reference dictionary for the cutting items +ISO/TS 13399-3:2014 Part 3: Reference dictionary for tool items +ISO/TS 13399-4:2014 Part 4: Reference dictionary for adaptive items +ISO/TS 13399-5:2014 Part 5: Reference dictionary for assembly items +ISO/TS 13399-50:2013 Part 50: Reference dictionary for reference systems and common concepts +ISO/TS 13399-60:2014 Part 60: Reference dictionary for connection systems +ISO/TS 13399-70:2016 Part 70: Graphical data layout - Layer setting for tool layout +ISO/TS 13399-71:2016 Part 71: Graphical data layout - Creation of documents for standardized data exchange: Graphical product information +ISO/TS 13399-72:2016 Part 72: Creation of documents for the standardized data exchange - Definition of properties for drawing header and their XML-data exchange +ISO/TS 13399-80:2017 Part 80: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Overview and principles +ISO/TS 13399-100:2008 Part 100: Definitions, principles and methods for reference dictionaries +ISO/TS 13399-150:2008 Part 150: Usage guidelines +ISO/TS 13399-201:2014 Part 201: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Regular inserts +ISO/TS 13399-202:2015 Part 202: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Irregular inserts +ISO/TS 13399-203:2015 Part 203: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Replaceable inserts for drilling +ISO/TS 13399-204:2016 Part 204: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Inserts for reaming +ISO/TS 13399-301:2013 Part 301: Concept for the design of 3D models based on properties according to ISO/TS 13399-3: Modelling of thread-cutting taps, thread-forming taps and thread-cutting dies +ISO/TS 13399-302:2013 Part 302: Concept for the design of 3D models based on properties according to ISO/TS 13399-3: Modelling of solid drills and countersinking tools +ISO/TS 13399-303:2016 Part 303: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Solid end mills +ISO/TS 13399-304:2016 Part 304: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Solid milling cutters with arbor hole +ISO/TS 13399-305:2017 Part 305: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Modular tooling systems with adjustable cartridges for boring +ISO/TS 13399-307:2016 Part 307: Creation and exchange of 3D models - End mills for indexable inserts +ISO/TS 13399-308:2016 Part 308: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Milling cutters with arbor hole for indexable inserts +ISO/TS 13399-309:2016 Part 309: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Tool holders for indexable inserts +ISO/TS 13399-310:2017 Part 310: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Turning tools with carbide tips +ISO/TS 13399-311:2016 Part 311: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Solid reamers +ISO/TS 13399-312:2016 Part 312: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Reamers for indexable inserts +ISO/TS 13399-401:2016 Part 401: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Converting, extending and reducing adaptive items +ISO/TS 13399-405:2016 Part 405: Creation and exchange of 3D models - Collets +ISO 13402:1995 Surgical and dental hand instruments – Determination of resistance against autoclaving, corrosion and thermal exposure +ISO/IEC 13403:1995 Information technology - Information interchange on 300 mm optical disk cartridges of the write once, read multiple (WORM) type using the CCS method +ISO 13404:2007 Prosthetics and orthotics – Categorization and description of external orthoses and orthotic components +ISO 13405 Prosthetics and orthotics – Classification and description of prosthetic components +ISO 13405-1:2015 Part 1: Classification of prosthetic components +ISO 13405-2:2015 Part 2: Description of lower limb prosthetic components +ISO 13405-3:2015 Part 3: Description of upper limb prosthetic components +ISO 13406 Ergonomic requirements for work with visual displays based on flat panels +ISO 13406-2:2001 Part 2: Ergonomic requirements for flat panel displays [withdrawn 2008-11-14] +ISO 13407:1999 Human-centred design processes for interactive systems (This standard has been revised by ISO 9241-210:2010) +ISO/IEC 13421:1993 Information technology – Data Interchange on 12.7 mm, 48-track magnetic tape cartridges – DLT 1 format +ISO/IEC 13422:1994 Information technology – Data interchange on 90 mm Flexible Disk Cartridges 10 MB capacity using sector servo tracking – ISO Type 304 +ISO 13444:2012 Technical product documentation (TPD) – Dimensioning and indication of knurling +ISO 13448 Acceptance sampling procedures based on the allocation of priorities principle (APP) +ISO 13448-1:2005 Part 1: Guidelines for the APP approach +ISO 13448-2:2004 Part 2: Coordinated single sampling plans for acceptance sampling by attributes +ISO 13450 Photography – 110-size cartridge, film and backing paper – Dimensions +ISO/TS 13471 Acoustics – Temperature influence on tyre/road noise measurement +ISO/TS 13471-1:2017 Part 1: Correction for temperature when testing with the CPX method +ISO 13472 Acoustics – Measurement of sound absorption properties of road surfaces in situ +ISO 13472-1:2002 Part 1: Extended surface method +ISO 13472-2:2010 Part 2: Spot method for reflective surfaces +ISO 13473 Characterization of pavement texture by use of surface profiles +ISO 13473-1:1997 Part 1: Determination of Mean Profile Depth +ISO 13473-2:2002 Part 2: Terminology and basic requirements related to pavement texture profile analysis +ISO 13473-3:2002 Part 3: Specification and classification of profilometers +ISO/TS 13473-4:2008 Part 4: Spectral analysis of surface profiles +ISO 13473-5:2009 Part 5: Determination of megatexture +ISO 13474:2009 Acoustics – Framework for calculating a distribution of sound exposure levels for impulsive sound events for the purposes of environmental noise assessment +ISO 13475 Acoustics – Stationary audible warning devices used outdoors +ISO 13475-1:1999 Part 1: Field measurements for determination of sound emission quantities +ISO/TS 13475-2:2000 Part 2: Precision methods for determination of sound emission quantities +ISO/IEC 13481:1993 Information technology - Data interchange on 130 mm optical disk cartridges - Capacity: 1 GB per cartridge +ISO 13482:2014 Robots and robotic devices – Safety requirements for personal care robots +ISO 13485:2016 Medical devices – Quality management systems – Requirements for regulatory purposes +ISO/IEC 13490 Information technology – Volume and file structure of read-only and write-once compact disk media for information interchange +ISO/IEC 13490-1:1995 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 13490-2:1995 Part 2: Volume and file structure +ISO 13491 Financial services – Secure cryptographic devices (retail) +ISO 13491-1:2016 Part 1: Concepts, requirements and evaluation methods +ISO 13491-2:2017 Part 2: Security compliance checklists for devices used in financial transactions +ISO 13492:2007 Financial services – Key management related data element – Application and usage of ISO 8583 data elements 53 and 96 +ISO/TR 13519:2012 Guidance on the development and use of ISO statistical publications supported by software +ISO/IEC 13522 Information technology - Coding of multimedia and hypermedia information +ISO/IEC 13522-1:1997 Part 1: MHEG object representation - Base notation (ASN.1) +ISO/IEC 13522-3:1997 Part 3: MHEG script interchange representation +ISO/IEC 13522-4:1996 Part 4: MHEG registration procedure +ISO/IEC 13522-5:1997 Part 5: Support for base-level interactive applications +ISO/IEC 13522-6:1998 Part 6: Support for enhanced interactive applications +ISO/IEC 13522-7:2001 Part 7: Interoperability and conformance testing for ISO/IEC 13522-5 +ISO/IEC 13522-8:2001 Part 8: XML notation for ISO/IEC 13522-5 +ISO 13528:2015 Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison +ISO 13539:1998 Earth-moving machinery – Trenchers – Definitions and commercial specifications +ISO/IEC 13549:1993 Information technology - Data interchange on 130 mm optical disk cartridges - Capacity: 1.3 GB per cartridge +ISO 13550:2002 Hydrometric determinations – Flow measurements in open channels using structures – Use of vertical underflow gates and radial gates +ISO 13559:2002 Butter, fermented milks and fresh cheese – Enumeration of contaminating microorganisms – Colony-count technique at 30 degrees C +ISO/IEC 13560:2009 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Procedure for the registration of assigned numbers for ISO/IEC 26907 and ISO/IEC 26908 +ISO/IEC TR 13561:1994 Information technology - Guidelines for effective use of optical disk cartridges conforming to ISO/IEC 10090 +ISO 13565 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Profile method; Surfaces having stratified functional properties +ISO 13565-1:1996 Part 1: Filtering and general measurement conditions +ISO 13565-2:1996 Part 2: Height characterization using the linear material ratio curve +ISO 13565-3:1998 Part 3: Height characterization using the material probability curve +ISO 13567 Technical product documentation – Organization and naming of layers for CAD +ISO/IEC 13568:2002 Information Technology – Z formal specification notation – Syntax, type system and semantics +ISO/TR 13569:2005 Financial services – Information security guidelines +ISO 13574:2015 Industrial furnaces and associated processing equipment - Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 13575:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – 50-pole interface connector mateability dimensions and contact number assignments +ISO 13577 Industrial furnaces and associated processing equipment - Safety +ISO 13577-1:2016 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 13577-2:2014 Part 2: Combustion and fuel handling systems +ISO 13577-3:2016 Part 3: Generation and use of protective and reactive atmosphere gases +ISO 13577-4:2014 Part 4: Protective systems +ISO 13579 Industrial furnaces and associated processing equipment - Method of measuring energy balance and calculating efficiency +ISO 13579-1:2013 General methodology +ISO 13579-2:2013 Reheating furnaces for steel +ISO 13579-3:2013 Batch-type aluminium melting furnaces +ISO 13579-4:2013 Furnaces with protective or reactive atmosphere +ISO/TS 13582:2015 Health informatics – Sharing of OID registry information +ISO 13586:2000 Plastics - Determination of fracture toughness (GIC and KIC) – Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach +ISO/TR 13587:2012 Three statistical approaches for the assessment and interpretation of measurement uncertainty +ISO/IEC TR 13594:1995 Information technology – Lower layers security +ISO 13606 Health informatics – Electronic health record communication +ISO 13606-1:2008 Part 1: Reference model +ISO 13606-2:2008 Part 2: Archetype interchange specification +ISO 13606-3:2009 Part 3: Reference archetypes and term lists +ISO/TS 13606-4:2009 Part 4: Security +ISO 13606-5:2010 Part 5: Interface specification +ISO 13611:2014 Interpreting - Guidelines for community interpreting +ISO/IEC 13614:1995 Information technology - Interchange on 300 mm optical disk cartridges of the write once, read multiple (WORM) type using the SSF method +ISO 13616 Financial services – International bank account number (IBAN) +ISO 13628 Petroleum and natural gas industries – Design and operation of subsea production systems +ISO 13628-1:2005 Part 1: General requirements and recommendations +ISO 13628-2:2006 Part 2: Unbonded flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications +ISO 13628-3:2000 Part 3: Through flowline (TFL) systems +ISO 13628-4:2010 Part 4: Subsea wellhead and tree equipment +ISO 13628-5:2009 Part 5: Subsea umbilicals +ISO 13628-6:2006 Part 6: Subsea production control systems +ISO 13628-7:2005 Part 7: Completion/workover riser systems +ISO 13628-8:2002 Part 8: Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) interfaces on subsea production systems +ISO 13628-9:2000 Part 9: Remotely Operated Tool (ROT) intervention systems +ISO 13628-10:2005 Part 10: Specification for bonded flexible pipe +ISO 13628-11:2007 Part 11: Flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications +ISO 13628-15:2011 Part 15: Subsea structures and manifolds +ISO/IEC 13642:1999 Information technology – Elements of management information related to the OSI Physical Layer +ISO 13653:1996 Optics and optical instruments - General optical test methods - Measurement of relative irradiance in the image field +ISO 13666:2012 Ophthalmic optics - Spectacle lenses - Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 13673:2000 Information technology - Document processing and related communication - Conformance testing for Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) systems +ISO 13687 Tourism and related services – Yacht harbours +ISO 13687-1:2017 Part 1: Minimum requirements for basic service level harbours +ISO 13687-2:2017 Part 2: Minimum requirements for intermediate service level harbours +ISO 13687-3:2017 Part 3: Minimum requirements for high service level harbours +ISO 13694:2015 Optics and photonics – Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test methods for laser beam power (energy) density distribution +ISO 13695:2004 Optics and photonics – Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test methods for the spectral characteristics of lasers +ISO 13696:2002 Optics and optical instruments – Test methods for radiation scattered by optical components +ISO 13697:2006 Optics and photonics – Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test methods for specular reflectance and regular transmittance of optical laser components +ISO 13702 Petroleum and natural gas industries - Control and mitigation of fires and explosions on offshore production installations - Requirements and guidelines +ISO/IEC 13712 Information technology – Remote Operations +ISO/IEC 13712-1:1995 Concepts, model and notation +ISO/IEC 13712-2:1995 OSI realizations – Remote Operations Service Element (ROSE) service definition +ISO/IEC 13712-3:1995 OSI realizations – Remote Operations Service Element (ROSE) protocol specification +ISO/IEC 13714:1995 Information technology – Document processing and related communication – User interface to telephone-based services – Voice messaging applications +ISO 13715:2017 Technical product documentation—Edges of undefined shape—Indication and dimensioning +ISO 13716:1999 Dentistry — Reversible-irreversible hydrocolloid impression material systems [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21563] +ISO/IEC 13719 Information technology - Portable Common Tool Environment (PCTE) +ISO/IEC 13719-1:1998 Part 1: Abstract specification +ISO/IEC 13719-2:1998 Part 2: C programming language binding +ISO/IEC 13719-3:1998 Part 3: Part 3: Ada programming language binding +ISO/IEC 13719-4:1998 Part 4: IDL binding (Interface Definition Language) +ISO 13720:2010 Meat and meat products – Enumeration of presumptive Pseudomonas spp. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d263040de --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 12000–13999" +chunk: 5/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:39.155992+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO 13722:2017 Microbiology of the food chain – Enumeration of Brochothrix spp. – Colony-count technique +ISO 13731:2001 Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Vocabulary and symbols +ISO 13732 Ergonomics of the thermal environment – Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces +ISO 13732-1:2006 Part 1: Hot surfaces +ISO/TS 13732-2:2001 Part 2: Human contact with surfaces at moderate temperature +ISO/IEC 13751:2001 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Programming language Extended APL +ISO 13766:2006 Earth-moving machinery – Electromagnetic compatibility +ISO 13779 Implants for surgery – Hydroxyapatite +ISO 13779-2:2008 Part 2: Coatings of hydroxyapatite +ISO 13779-3:2008 Part 3: Chemical analysis and characterization of crystallinity and phase purity +ISO 13779-4:2002 Part 4: Determination of coating adhesion strength +ISO 13779-6:2015 Part 6: Powders +ISO 13781:2017 Implants for surgery – Homopolymers, copolymers and blends on poly(lactide) – In vitro degradation testing +ISO 13782:1996 Implants for surgery – Metallic materials – Unalloyed tantalum for surgical implant applications +ISO/IEC 13800:1996 Information technology - Procedure for the registration of identifiers and attributes for volume and file structure +ISO 13810:2015 Tourism services – Industrial tourism – Service provision +ISO/TS 13811:2015 Tourism and related services – Guidelines on developing environmental specifications for accommodation establishments +ISO/IEC 13816:2007 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Programming language ISLISP +ISO/IEC 13817 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Vienna Development Method - Specification Language +ISO/IEC 13817-1:1996 Part 1: Base language +ISO/IEC 13818 Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information +ISO/TS 13830:2013 Nanotechnologies – Guidance on voluntary labelling for consumer products containing manufactured nano-objects +ISO 13837 Road vehicles – Safety glazing materials – Method for the determination of solar transmittance +ISO/IEC TR 13841:1995 Information technology - Guidance on measurement techniques for 90 mm optical disk cartridges +ISO/IEC 13842:1995 Information technology - 130 mm optical disk cartridges for information interchange - Capacity: 2 GB per cartridge +ISO 13843:2017 Water quality – Requirements for establishing performance characteristics of quantitative microbiological methods +ISO 13849 Safety of machinery – Safety related parts of control systems +ISO 13850:2015 Safety of machinery – Emergency stop function – Principles for design +ISO 13854:2017 Safety of machinery – Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body +ISO 13855:2010 Safety of machinery – Positioning of safeguards with respect to the approach speeds of parts of the human body +ISO 13860:2016 Machinery for forestry – Forwarders – Terms, definitions and commercial specifications +ISO 13861:2000 Machinery for forestry – Wheeled skidders – Terms, definitions and commercial specifications +ISO 13862:2000 Machinery for forestry – Feller-bunchers – Terms, definitions and commercial specifications +ISO/IEC 13863:1998 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Path replacement additional network feature +ISO/IEC 13864:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Name identification supplementary services +ISO/IEC 13865:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Call Transfer supplementary service +ISO/IEC 13866:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Call completion supplementary services +ISO/IEC 13868:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Name identification supplementary services +ISO/IEC 13869:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Call Transfer supplementary service +ISO/IEC 13870:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Call Completion supplementary services +ISO/IEC 13871:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private telecommunications networks – Digital channel aggregation +ISO/IEC 13872:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Call Diversion supplementary services +ISO/IEC 13873:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Call Diversion supplementary services +ISO/IEC 13874:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Path Replacement additional network feature +ISO/IEC 13886:1996 Information technology - Language-Independent Procedure Calling (LIPC) +ISO/IEC 13888 Information technology - Security techniques - Non-repudiation +ISO/IEC 13888-1:2009 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 13888-2:2010 Part 2: Mechanisms using symmetric +ISO/IEC 13888-3:2009 Part 3: Mechanisms using asymmetric techniques +ISO 13920:1996 Welding – General tolerances for welded constructions – Dimensions for lengths and angles – Shape and position +ISO/IEC 13923:1996 Information technology – 3.81 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording – DDS-2 format using 120 m length tape +ISO 13926 Pen systems +ISO 13926-1:2004 Part 1: Glass cylinders for pen-injectors for medical use +ISO 13926-2:2011 Part 2: Plunger stoppers for pen-injectors for medical use +ISO 13926-3:2012 Part 3: Seals for pen-injectors for medical use +ISO 13940:2015 Health informatics – System of concepts to support continuity of care +ISO 13943:2017 Fire safety - Vocabulary +ISO 13958:2014 Concentrates for haemodialysis and related therapies +ISO 13959:2014 Water for haemodialysis and related therapies +ISO 13960:2010 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems – Plasmafilters +ISO/IEC 13961:2000 Information technology - Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) +ISO/IEC 13962:1995 Information technology – Data interchange on 12.7 mm, 112-track magnetic tape cartridges – DLT 2 format +ISO/IEC 13963:1995 Information technology - Data interchange on 90 mm optical disk cartridges - Capacity: 230 MB per cartridge +ISO 13969:2003 Milk and milk products – Guidelines for a standardized description of microbial inhibitor tests +ISO 13970:2011 Recreational diving services – Requirements for the training of recreational snorkelling guides +ISO/TS 13972:2015 Health informatics – Detailed clinical models, characteristics and processes +ISO/TR 13973:2014 Artificial recharge to groundwater +ISO 13990 Textile machinery and accessories – Yarn feeders and yarn control for knitting machines +ISO 13990-1:2006 Part 1: Vocabulary + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8f5c1e5a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 14000–15999" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:40.641373+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef299698a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,412 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 14000–15999" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:40.641373+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 14000 – ISO 14999 == +ISO 14000 Environmental management systems (This is a set of standards, rather than a single standard) +ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems – Requirements with guidance for use +ISO 14004:2016 Environmental management systems – General guidelines on implementation +ISO 14005:2010 Environmental management systems – Guidelines for the phased implementation of an environmental management system, including the use of environmental performance evaluation +ISO 14006:2011 Environmental management systems – Guidelines for incorporating ecodesign +ISO 14015:2022 Environmental management — Guidelines for environmental due diligence assessment +ISO 14020:2000 Environmental labels and declarations – General principles +ISO 14031 Environmental management - Environmental performance evaluation – Guidelines +ISO 14045:2012 describes the principles, requirements and guidelines for eco-efficiency assessment for product systems +ISO 14046:2014 - Environmental management — Water footprint — Principles, requirements and guidelines +ISO 14050:2009 Environmental management – Vocabulary +ISO 14051 Environmental management – Material flow cost accounting - General framework +ISO 14064 Greenhouse gases +ISO/TR 14073:2017 Environmental management - Water footprint - Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO 14046 +ISO 14084 Process diagrams for power plants +ISO 14084-1:2015 Part 1: Specification for diagrams +ISO 14084-2:2015 Part 2: Graphical symbols +ISO/TS 14101:2012 Surface characterization of gold nanoparticles for nanomaterial specific toxicity screening: FT-IR method +ISO/IEC 14102:2008 Information technology - Guideline for the evaluation and selection of CASE tools +ISO/TR 14105:2011 Document management - Change management for successful electronic document management system (EDMS) implementation +ISO 14117:2012 Active implantable medical devices – Electromagnetic compatibility – EMC test protocols for implantable cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization devices +ISO 14132 Optics and photonics - Vocabulary for telescopic systems +ISO 14132-1:2015 Part 1: General terms and alphabetical indexes of terms in ISO 14132 +ISO 14132-2:2015 Part 2: Terms for binoculars, monoculars and spotting scopes +ISO 14132-3:2014 Part 3: Terms for telescopic sights +ISO 14132-4:2015 Part 4: Terms for astronomical telescopes +ISO 14132-5:2008 Part 5: Terms for night vision devices +ISO/IEC 14136:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Identification supplementary services +ISO 14139:2000 Hydrometric determinations – Flow measurements in open channels using structures – Compound gauging structures +ISO/IEC 14143 Information technology - Software measurement - Functional size measurement +ISO/IEC 14143-1:2007 Part 1: Definition of concepts +ISO/IEC 14143-2:2011 Part 2: Conformity evaluation of software size measurement methods to ISO/IEC 14143-1 +ISO/IEC TR 14143-3:2003 Part 3: Verification of functional size measurement methods +ISO/IEC TR 14143-4:2002 Part 4: Reference model +ISO/IEC TR 14143-5:2004 Part 5: Determination of functional domains for use with functional size measurement +ISO/IEC 14143-6:2012 Part 6: Guide for use of ISO/IEC 14143 series and related International Standards +ISO 14145 Roller ball pens and refills +ISO 14145-2:1998 Part 2: Documentary use (DOC) +ISO 14155:2011 Clinical investigation of medical devices for human subjects – Good clinical practice +ISO 14163:1998 Acoustics – Guidelines for noise control by silencers +ISO 14164:1999 Stationary source emissions – Determination of the volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts – Automated method +ISO/IEC 14165 Information technology - Fibre Channel +ISO/IEC 14165-114:2005 Part 114: 100 MB/s Balanced copper physical interface (FC-100-DF-EL-S) +ISO/IEC 14165-115:2006 Part 115: Physical Interfaces (FC-PI) +ISO/IEC 14165-116:2005 Part 116: 10 Gigabit (10GFC) +ISO/IEC TR 14165-117:2007 Part 117: Methodologies for jitter and signal quality (MJSQ) +ISO/IEC 14165-122:2005 Part 122: Arbitrated Loop-2 (FC-AL-2) +ISO/IEC 14165-131:2000 Part 131: Switch Fabric Requirements (FC-SW) +ISO/IEC 14165-133:2010 Part 133: Switch Fabric-3 (FC-SW-3) +ISO/IEC 14165-141:2001 Part 141: Fabric Generic Requirements (FC-FG) +ISO/IEC 14165-211:1999 Part 211: Mapping to HIPPI-FP (FC-FP) +ISO/IEC 14165-222:2005 Part 222: Single-byte command code 2 mapping protocol (FC-SB-2) +ISO/IEC 14165-241:2005 Part 241: Backbone 2 (FC-BB-2) +ISO/IEC 14165-243:2012 Part 243: Backbone 3 (FC-BB-3) +ISO/IEC 14165-251:2008 Part 251: Framing and Signaling (FC-FS) +ISO/IEC TR 14165-312:2009 Part 312: Avionics environment upper layer protocol MIL-STD-1553B Notice 2 (FC-AE-1553) +ISO/IEC TR 14165-313:2013 Part 313: Avionics Environment—Anonymous Synchronous Messaging (FC-AE-ASM) +ISO/IEC TR 14165-314:2013 Part 314: Avionics Environment – Remote Direct Memory Access (FC-AE-RDMA) +ISO/IEC 14165-321:2009 Part 321: Audio-Video (FC-AV) +ISO/IEC 14165-331:2007 Part 331: Virtual Interface (FC-VI) +ISO/IEC TR 14165-372:2011 Part 372: Methodologies of interconnects-2 (FC-MI-2) +ISO/IEC 14165-414:2007 Part 414: Generic Services—4 (FC-GS-4) +ISO/IEC 14165-521:2009 Part 521: Fabric application interface standard (FAIS) +ISO/IEC 14169:1995 Information technology – 90 mm flexible disk cartridges – 21 MB formatted capacity – ISO Type 305 +ISO 14189:2013 Water quality – Enumeration of Clostridium perfringens – Method using membrane filtration +ISO 14199:2015 Health informatics – Information models – Biomedical Research Integrated Domain Group (BRIDG) Model +ISO 14223 Radiofrequency identification of animals – Advanced transponders +ISO 14224 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment +ISO 14230 Road vehicles – Diagnostic systems – Keyword Protocol 2000 +ISO 14242 Implants for surgery – Wear of total hip-joint prostheses +ISO 14242-1:2014 Part 1: Loading and displacement parameters for wear-testing machines and corresponding environmental conditions for test +ISO 14242-2:2016 Part 2: Methods of measurement +ISO 14242-3:2009 Part 3: Loading and displacement parameters for orbital bearing type wear testing machines and corresponding environmental conditions for test +ISO 14243 Implants for surgery – Wear of total knee-joint prostheses +ISO 14243-1:2009 Part 1: Loading and displacement parameters for wear-testing machines with load control and corresponding environmental conditions for test +ISO 14243-2:2016 Part 2: Methods of measurement +ISO 14243-3:2014 Part 3: Loading and displacement parameters for wear-testing machines with displacement control and corresponding environmental conditions for test +ISO/IEC 14251:1995 Information technology – Data interchange on 12.7 mm 36-track magnetic tape cartridges +ISO/IEC TR 14252:1996 Information technology - Guide to the POSIX Open System Environment (OSE) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 14253 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Inspection by measurement of workpieces and measuring equipment +ISO 14253-1:2013 Part 1: Decision rules for proving conformity or nonconformity with specifications +ISO 14253-2:2011 Part 2: Guidance for the estimation of uncertainty in GPS measurement, in calibration of measuring equipment and in product verification +ISO 14253-3:2011 Part 3: Guidelines for achieving agreements on measurement uncertainty statements +ISO/TS 14253-4:2010 Part 4: Background on functional limits and specification limits in decision rules +ISO 14253-5:2015 Part 5: Uncertainty in verification testing of indicating measuring instruments +ISO/TR 14253-6:2012 Part 6: Generalized decision rules for the acceptance and rejection of instruments and workpieces +ISO/TS 14265:2011 Health Informatics – Classification of purposes for processing personal health information +ISO/TR 14283:2004 Implants for surgery – Fundamental principles +ISO 14289 Document management applications - Electronic document file format enhancement for accessibility +ISO 14289-1:2014 Part 1: Use of ISO 32000-1 (PDF/UA-1) +ISO/TR 14292:2012 Health informatics – Personal health records – Definition, scope and context +ISO 14296:2016 Intelligent transport systems – Extension of map database specifications for applications of cooperative ITS +ISO 14302:2002 Space systems – Electromagnetic compatibility requirements +ISO/IEC 14360:1996 Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) abstract data manipulation - Application Program Interface (API) [Language independent] +ISO/IEC 14361:1996 Information technology - MHS-based electronic messaging — Application Programming Interface (API) [Language independent] +ISO 14362 Textiles - Methods for determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo colorants +ISO 14362-1:2017 Part 1: Detection of the use of certain azo colorants accessible with and without extracting the fibres +ISO 14362-3:2017 Part 3: Detection of the use of certain azo colorants, which may release 4-aminoazobenzene +ISO/IEC 14362:1996 Information technology - Test methods for measuring conformance to Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) abstract data manipulation - Application Program Interface (API) [Language independent] +ISO/IEC 14363:1996 Information technology — Test methods for measuring conformance to MHS-based electronic messaging — Application Program Interface (API) [Language independent] +ISO/IEC 14364:1996 Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) abstract data manipulation C language interfaces — Binding for Application Program Interface (API) +ISO/IEC 14365:1996 Information technology — MHS-based electronic messaging C language interfaces — Binding for Application Program Interface (API) +ISO/IEC 14366:1996 Information technology — Test methods for measuring conformance to Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) abstract data manipulation C language interfaces — Binding for Application Program Interface (API) +ISO/IEC 14367:1996 Information technology — Test methods for measuring conformance to MHS-based electronic messaging C language interfaces — Binding for Application Program Interface (API) +ISO/IEC TR 14369:2018 Information technology – Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces – Guidelines for the preparation of language-independent service specifications (LISS) +ISO/IEC 14392:1996 Information technology — Directory services — Application Program Interface (API) [Language independent] +ISO/IEC 14393:1996 Information technology — Test methods for measuring conformance to directory services — Application Program Interface (API) [Language independent] +ISO/IEC 14394:1996 Information technology — Directory services C language interfaces — Binding for Application Program Interface (API) +ISO/IEC 14395:1996 Information technology — Test methods for measuring conformance to directory services C language interfaces — Binding for Application Program Interface (API) +ISO 14396:2002 Reciprocating internal combustion engines — Determination and method for the measurement of engine power — Additional requirements for exhaust emission tests in accordance with ISO 8178 +ISO 14397 Earth-moving machinery — Loaders and backhoe loaders +ISO 14397-1:2007 Part 1: Calculation of rated operating capacity and test method for verifying calculated tipping load +ISO 14397-2:2007 Part 2: Test method for measuring breakout forces and lift capacity to maximum lift height +ISO 14405 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensional tolerancing +ISO 14405-1:2016 Part 1: Linear sizes +ISO 14405-2:2011 Part 2: Dimensions other than linear sizes +ISO 14405-3:2016 Part 3: Angular sizes +ISO 14406:2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Extraction +ISO 14408:2016 Tracheal tubes designed for laser surgery – Requirements for marking and accompanying information +ISO 14416:2003 Information and documentation – Requirements for binding of books, periodicals, serials and other paper documents for archive and library use – Methods and materials +ISO/IEC 14417:1999 Information technology – Data recording format DD-1 for magnetic tape cassette conforming to IEC 1016 +ISO/TS 14441:2013 Health informatics – Security and privacy requirements of EHR systems for use in conformity assessment +ISO/IEC 14443 Identification cards – Contactless integrated circuit cards – Proximity cards +ISO 14451 Pyrotechnic articles – Pyrotechnic articles for vehicles +ISO 14451-1:2013 Part 1: Terminology +ISO 14452:2012 Network services billing – Requirements +ISO 14461 Milk and milk products – Quality control in microbiological laboratories +ISO 14461-1:2005 Part 1: Analyst performance assessment for colony counts +ISO 14461-2:2005 Part 2: Determination of the reliability of colony counts of parallel plates and subsequent dilution steps +ISO/IEC 14462:2010 Information technology - Open-edi reference model +ISO/TR 14468:2010 Selected illustrations of attribute agreement analysis +ISO/IEC TR 14471:2007 Information technology - Software engineering - Guidelines for the adoption of CASE tools +ISO/IEC 14473:1999 Information technology - Office equipment - Minimum information to be specified for image scanners +ISO/IEC 14474:1998 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Functional requirements for static circuit-mode inter-PINX connections +ISO/IEC TR 14475:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Architecture and scenarios for Private Integrated Services Networking +ISO/IEC 14476 Information technology – Enhanced communications transport protocol +ISO/IEC 14476-1:2002 Specification of simplex multicast transport +ISO/IEC 14476-2:2003 Specification of QoS management for simplex multicast transport +ISO/IEC 14476-3:2008 Specification of duplex multicast transport +ISO/IEC 14476-4:2010 Specification of QoS management for duplex multicast transport +ISO/IEC 14476-5:2008 Specification of N-plex multicast transport +ISO/IEC 14476-6:2010 Specification of QoS management for n-plex multicast transport +ISO/IEC 14478 Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing - Presentation Environment for Multimedia Objects (PREMO) +ISO/IEC 14478-1:1998 Part 1: Fundamentals of PREMO +ISO/IEC 14478-2:1998 Part 2: Foundation Component +ISO/IEC 14478-3:1998 Part 3: Multimedia Systems Services +ISO/IEC 14478-4:1998 Part 4: Modelling, rendering and interaction component +ISO/IEC 14492:2001 Information technology - Lossy/lossless coding of bi-level images +ISO/IEC 14495 Information technology - Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images +ISO/IEC 14495-1:1999 Baseline +ISO/IEC 14495-2:2003 Extensions +ISO/IEC 14496 Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects +ISO 14500:2003 Textile machinery and accessories – Harnesses for Jacquard weaving machines – Vocabulary +ISO 14509 Small craft – Airborne sound emitted by powered recreational craft +ISO 14509-1:2008 Part 1: Pass-by measurement procedures +ISO 14509-3:2009 Part 3: Sound assessment using calculation and measurement procedures +ISO 14511:2001 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits – Thermal mass flowmeters +ISO/IEC 14515 Information technology - Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) - Test methods for measuring conformance to POSIX +ISO/IEC 14515-1:2000 Part 1: System interfaces +ISO/IEC TR 14516:2002 Information technology - Security techniques - Guidelines for the use and management of Trusted Third Party services +ISO/IEC 14517:1996 Information technology - 130 mm optical disk cartridges for information interchange - Capacity: 2.6 GB per cartridge +ISO/IEC 14519:2001 Information technology - POSIX Ada Language Interfaces - Binding for System Application Program Interface (API) +ISO 14532:2014 Natural gas – Vocabulary +ISO 14533 Processes, data elements and documents in commerce, industry and administration – Long term signature profiles +ISO 14533-1:2014 Part 1: Long term signature profiles for CMS Advanced Electronic Signatures (CAdES) +ISO 14533-2:2012 Part 2: Long term signature profiles for XML Advanced Electronic Signatures (XAdES) +ISO 14533-3:2017 Part 3: Long term signature profiles for PDF Advanced Electronic Signatures (PAdES) +ISO 14534:2011 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses and contact lens care products – Fundamental requirements +ISO 14539:2000 Manipulating industrial robots - Object handling with grasp-type grippers - Vocabulary and presentation of characteristics +ISO/IEC 14543 Information technology – Home Electronic System (HES) architecture +ISO/IEC 14543-2-1:2006 Part 2-1: Introduction and device modularity +ISO/IEC 14543-3-1:2006 Part 3-1: Communication layers – Application layer for network based control of HES Class 1 +ISO/IEC 14543-3-2:2006 Part 3-2: Communication layers – Transport, network and general parts of data link layer for network based control of HES Class 1 +ISO/IEC 14543-3-3:2007 Part 3-3: User process for network based control of HES Class 1 +ISO/IEC 14543-3-4:2007 Part 3-4: System management – Management procedures for network based control of HES Class 1 +ISO/IEC 14543-3-5:2007 Part 3-5: Media and media dependent layers – Power line for network based control of HES Class 1 +ISO/IEC 14543-3-6:2007 Part 3-6: Media and media dependent layers – Network based on HES Class 1, twisted pair +ISO/IEC 14543-3-7:2007 Part 3-7: Media and media dependent layers – Radio frequency for network based control of HES Class 1 +ISO/IEC 14543-3-10:2012 Part 3-10: Wireless short-packet (WSP) protocol optimized for energy harvesting – Architecture and lower layer protocols +ISO/IEC 14543-3-11:2016 Part 3-11: Frequency modulated wireless short-packet (FMWSP) protocol optimised for energy harvesting – Architecture and lower layer protocols +ISO/IEC TR 14543-4:2002 Part 4: Home and building automation in a mixed-use building +ISO/IEC 14543-4-1:2008 Part 4-1: Communication layers – Application layer for network enhanced control devices of HES Class 1 +ISO/IEC 14543-4-2:2008 Part 4-2: Communication layers – Transport, network and general parts of data link layer for network enhanced control devices of HES Class 1 +ISO/IEC 14543-4-3:2015 Part 4-3: Application layer interface to lower communications layers for network enhanced control devices of HES Class 1 +ISO/IEC 14543-5-1:2010 Part 5-1: Intelligent grouping and resource sharing for Class 2 and Class 3 – Core protocol +ISO/IEC 14543-5-3:2012 Part 5-3: Intelligent grouping and resource sharing for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Basic application +ISO/IEC 14543-5-4:2010 Part 5-4: Intelligent grouping and resource sharing for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Device validation +ISO/IEC 14543-5-5:2012 Part 5-5: Intelligent grouping and resource sharing for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Device type +ISO/IEC 14543-5-6:2012 Part 5-6: Intelligent grouping and resource sharing for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Service type +ISO/IEC 14543-5-7:2015 Part 5-7: Intelligent grouping and 3 resource sharing – Remote access system architecture +ISO/IEC 14543-5-8:2017 Part 5-8: Intelligent grouping and resource sharing for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Remote access core protocol +ISO/IEC 14543-5-9:2017 Part 5-9: Intelligent grouping and resource sharing for HES class 2 and class 3 – Remote access service platform +ISO/IEC 14543-5-21:2012 Part 5-21: Intelligent grouping and resource sharing for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Application profile – AV profile +ISO/IEC 14543-5-22:2010 Part 5-22: Intelligent grouping and resource sharing for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Application profile – File profile +ISO 14560:2004 Acceptance sampling procedures by attributes - Specified quality levels in nonconforming items per million +ISO/TR 14564:1995 Shipbuilding and marine structures - Marking of escape routes +ISO/IEC 14568:1997 Information technology - DXL: Diagram eXchange Language for tree-structured charts +ISO/IEC 14575:2000 Information technology - Microprocessor systems - Heterogeneous InterConnect (HIC) (Low-Cost, Low-Latency Scalable Serial Interconnect for Parallel System Construction) +ISO/IEC 14576:1999 Information technology - Synchronous Split Transfer Type System Bus (STbus) - Logical Layer +ISO 14580:2011 Hexalobular socket cheese head screws +ISO 14588:2000 Blind rivets - Terminology and definitions +ISO/IEC 14598 Software engineering - Product evaluation +ISO/IEC 14598-5:1998 Part 5: Process for evaluators +ISO/IEC 14598-6:2001 Part 6: Documentation of evaluation modules +ISO 14602:2010 Non-active surgical implants – Implants for osteosynthesis – Particular requirements +ISO 14607:2007 Non-active surgical implants – Mammary implants – Particular requirements +ISO 14617 Graphical symbols for diagrams +ISO 14617-1:2005 Part 1: General information and indexes +ISO 14617-2:2002 Part 2: Symbols having general application +ISO 14617-3:2002 Part 3: Connections and related devices +ISO 14617-3:2002 Part 3: Connections and related devices +ISO 14617-4:2002 Part 4: Actuators and related devices +ISO 14617-5:2002 Part 5: Measurement and control devices +ISO 14617-6:2002 Part 6: Measurement and control functions +ISO 14617-7:2002 Part 7: Basic mechanical components +ISO 14617-8:2002 Part 8: Valves and dampers +ISO 14617-9:2002 Part 9: Pumps, compressors and fans +ISO 14617-10:2002 Part 10: Fluid power converters +ISO 14617-11:2002 Part 11: Devices for heat transfer and heat engines +ISO 14617-12:2002 Part 12: Devices for separating, purification and mixing +ISO 14617-13:2004 Part 13: Devices for material processing +ISO 14617-14:2004 Part 14: Devices for transport and handling of material +ISO 14617-15:2002 Part 15: Installation diagrams and network maps +ISO 14630:2012 Non-active surgical implants – General requirements +ISO 14638:2015 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Matrix model +ISO/TR 14639 Health informatics – Capacity-based eHealth architecture roadmap +ISO/TR 14639-1:2012 Part 1: Overview of national eHealth initiatives +ISO/TR 14639-2:2014 Part 2: Architectural components and maturity model +ISO 14641 Electronic archiving +ISO 14641-1:2012 Specifications concerning the design and the operation of an information system for electronic information preservation +ISO 14644 Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments +ISO/IEC 14651:2020 Information technology — International string ordering and comparison — Method for comparing character strings and description of the common template tailorable ordering +ISO/IEC 14662:2010 Information technology – Open-edi reference model +ISO/TR 14685:2001 Hydrometric determinations – Geophysical logging of boreholes for hydrogeological purposes – Considerations and guidelines for making measurements +ISO 14686:2003 Hydrometric determinations – Pumping tests for water wells – Considerations and guidelines for design, performance and use +ISO 14695:2003 Industrial fans – Method of measurement of fan vibration +ISO 14698 Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments – Biocontamination control +ISO 14698-1:2003 General principles and methods +ISO 14698-2:2003 Evaluation and interpretation of biocontamination data +ISO/IEC 14699:1997 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Transport Fast Byte Protocol +ISO/IEC 14700:1997 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Network Fast Byte Protocol +ISO 14708 Implants for surgery – Active implantable medical devices +ISO 14708-1:2014 Part 1: General requirements for safety, marking and for information to be provided by the manufacturer +ISO 14708-2:2012 Part 2: Cardiac pacemakers +ISO 14708-3:2017 Part 3: Implantable neurostimulators +ISO 14708-4:2008 Part 4: Implantable infusion pumps +ISO 14708-5:2010 Part 5: Circulatory support devices +ISO 14708-6:2010 Part 6: Particular requirements for active implantable medical devices intended to treat tachyarrhythmia (including implantable defibrillators) +ISO 14708-7:2013 Part 7: Particular requirements for cochlear implant systems +ISO/IEC 14709 Information technology - Configuration of Customer Premises Cabling (CPC) for applications +ISO/IEC 14709-1:1997 Part 1: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) basic access +ISO/IEC 14709-2:1998 Part 2: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) primary rate +ISO 14722:1998 Moped and moped-rider kinematics – Vocabulary +ISO 14726:2008 Ships and marine technology – Identification colours for the content of piping systems +ISO 14729:2001 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lens care products – Microbiological requirements and test methods for products and regimens for hygienic management of contact lenses +ISO 14730:2014 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lens care products – Antimicrobial preservative efficacy testing and guidance on determining discard date +ISO 14739 Document management - 3D use of Product Representation Compact (PRC) format +ISO 14739-1:2014 Part 1: PRC 10001 +ISO/TR 14742:2010 Financial services – Recommendations on cryptographic algorithms and their use +ISO/IEC 14750:1999 Information technology – Open Distributed Processing – Interface Definition Language +ISO/IEC 14752:2000 Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Protocol support for computational interactions +ISO/IEC 14753:1999 Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Interface references and binding +ISO/IEC 14754:1999 Information technology – Pen-Based Interfaces – Common gestures for Text Editing with Pen-Based Systems +ISO/IEC 14755:1997 Information technology – Input methods to enter characters from the repertoire of ISO/IEC 10646 with a keyboard or other input device +ISO/IEC 14756:1999 Information technology - Measurement and rating of performance of computer-based software systems +ISO/IEC 14760:1997 Information technology - Data interchange on 90 mm overwritable and read only optical disk cartridges using phase change - Capacity: 1.3 GB per cartridge +ISO/IEC 14762:2009 Information technology - Functional safety requirements for Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) +ISO/IEC 14763 Information technology - Implementation and operation of customer premises cabling +ISO/IEC 14763-1:1999 Part 1: Administration +ISO/IEC 14763-2:2012 Part 2: Planning and installation +ISO/IEC TR 14763-2-1:2011 Part 2-1: Planning and installation - Identifiers within administration systems +ISO/IEC 14763-3:2014 Part 3: Testing of optical fibre cabling +ISO/IEC 14764:2006 Software Engineering - Software Life Cycle Processes - Maintenance +ISO/IEC 14765:1997 Information technology - Framework for protocol identification and encapsulation +ISO/IEC 14766:1997 Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Use of OSI applications over the Internet Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) +ISO/IEC 14769:2001 Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Type Repository Function +ISO/IEC 14771:1999 Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Naming framework +ISO/IEC 14772 Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing - The Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) +ISO/IEC 14772-1:1997 Part 1: Functional specification and UTF-8 encoding +ISO/IEC 14772-2:2004 Part 2: External authoring interface (EAI) +ISO/IEC 14776 Information technology - Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) +ISO/IEC 14776-112:2002 Part 112: Parallel Interface-2 (SPI-2) +ISO/IEC 14776-113:2002 Part 113: Parallel Interface-3 (SPI-3) +ISO/IEC 14776-115:2004 Part 115: Parallel Interface-5 (SPI-5) +ISO/IEC 14776-121:2010 Part 121: Passive Interconnect Performance (PIP) +ISO/IEC 14776-150:2004 Part 150: Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) +ISO/IEC 14776-151:2010 Part 151: Serial Attached SCSI - 1.1 (SAS-1.1) +ISO/IEC 14776-153:2015 Part 153: Serial Attached SCSI - 2.1 (SAS-2.1) +ISO/IEC 14776-154:2017 Part 154: Serial Attached SCSI – 3 (SAS-3) +ISO/IEC 14776-222:2005 Part 222: Fibre Channel Protocol for SCSI, Second Version (FCP-2) +ISO/IEC 14776-223:2008 Part 223: Fibre Channel Protocol for SCSI, Third Version (FCP-3) +ISO/IEC 14776-232:2001 Part 232: Serial Bus Protocol 2 (SBP-2) +ISO/IEC 14776-251:2014 Part 251: USB attached SCSI (UAS) +ISO/IEC 14776-261:2012 Part 261: SAS Protocol Layer (SPL) +ISO/IEC 14776-262:2017 Part 262: SAS protocol layer - 2 (SPL-2) +ISO/IEC 14776-321:2002 Part 321: SCSI-3 Block Commands (SBC) +ISO/IEC 14776-322:2007 Part 322: SCSI Block Commands - 2 (SBC-2) +ISO/IEC 14776-323:2017 Part 323: SCSI Block commands - 3 (SBC-3) +ISO/IEC 14776-326:2015 Part 326: Reduced block commands (RBC) +ISO/IEC 14776-331:2002 Part 331: Stream Commands (SSC) +ISO/IEC 14776-333:2013 Part 333: SCSI Stream Commands - 3 (SSC-3) +ISO/IEC 14776-341:2000 Part 341: Controller Commands (SCC) +ISO/IEC 14776-342:2000 Part 342: Controller Commands - 2 (SCC-2) +ISO/IEC 14776-351:2007 Part 351: Medium Changer Commands (SCSI-3 SMC) +ISO/IEC 14776-362:2006 Part 362: Multimedia commands-2 (MMC-2) +ISO/IEC 14776-372:2011 Part 372: SCSI Enclosure Services - 2 (SES-2) +ISO/IEC 14776-381:2000 Part 381: Optical Memory Card Device Commands (OMC) +ISO/IEC 14776-411:1999 Part 411: SCSI-3 Architecture Model (SCSI-3 SAM) +ISO/IEC 14776-412:2006 Part 412: Architecture Model -2 (SAM-2) +ISO/IEC 14776-413:2007 Part 413: SCSI Architecture Model -3 (SAM-3) +ISO/IEC 14776-414:2009 Part 414: SCSI Architecture Model-4 (SAM-4) +ISO/IEC 14776-452:2005 Part 452: SCSI Primary Commands - 2 (SPC-2) +ISO/IEC 14776-453:2009 Part 453: Primary commands-3 (SPC-3) +ISO 14785:2014 Tourist information offices – Tourist information and reception services – Requirements +ISO/TR 14786:2014 Nanotechnologies – Considerations for the development of chemical nomenclature for selected nano-objects +ISO 14801 Dentistry – Implants – Dynamic fatigue test for endosseous dental implants +ISO/TR 14806:2013 Intelligent transport systems – Public transport requirements for the use of payment applications for fare media +ISO 14813 Intelligent transport systems – Reference model architecture(s) for the ITS sector +ISO 14813-1:2015 Part 1: ITS service domains, service groups and services +ISO 14813-5:2010 Part 5: Requirements for architecture description in ITS standards +ISO 14813-6:2009 Part 6: Data presentation in ASN.1 +ISO 14814:2006 Road transport and traffic telematics – Automatic vehicle and equipment identification – Reference architecture and terminology +ISO 14815:2005 Road transport and traffic telematics – Automatic vehicle and equipment identification – System specifications +ISO 14816:2005 Road transport and traffic telematics – Automatic vehicle and equipment identification – Numbering and data structure +ISO 14817 Intelligent transport systems – ITS central data dictionaries +ISO 14817-1:2015 Part 1: Requirements for ITS data definitions +ISO 14817-2:2015 Part 2: Governance of the Central ITS Data Concept Registry +ISO 14817-3:2017 Part 3: Object identifier assignments for ITS data concepts +ISO 14819 Intelligent transport systems – Traffic and travel information messages via traffic message coding +ISO 14819-1:2013 Part 1: Coding protocol for Radio Data System – Traffic Message Channel (RDS-TMC) using ALERT-C +ISO 14819-2:2013 Part 2: Event and information codes for Radio Data System – Traffic Message Channel (RDS-TMC) using ALERT-C +ISO 14819-3:2013 Part 3: Location referencing for Radio Data System – Traffic Message Channel (RDS-TMC) using ALERT-C +ISO 14819-6:2006 Part 6: Encryption and conditional access for the Radio Data System – Traffic Message Channel ALERT C coding +ISO 14823:2017 Intelligent transport systems – Graphic data dictionary +ISO 14825:2011 Intelligent transport systems – Geographic Data Files (GDF) – GDF5.0 +ISO 14827 Transport information and control systems – Data interfaces between centres for transport information and control systems +ISO 14827-1:2005 Part 1: Message definition requirements +ISO 14827-2:2005 Part 2: DATEX-ASN +ISO/IEC 14833:1996 Information technology – Data interchange on 12.7 mm 128-Track magnetic tape cartridges – DLT 3 format +ISO/IEC 14834:1996 Information technology - Distributed Transaction Processing - The XA Specification +ISO 14837 Mechanical vibration – Ground-borne noise and vibration arising from rail systems +ISO 14837-1:2005 Part 1: General guidance +ISO/TS 14837-31:2017 Part 31: Guideline on field measurements for the evaluation of human exposure in buildings +ISO/TS 14837-32:2015 Part 32: Measurement of dynamic properties of the ground +ISO 14839 Mechanical vibration - Vibration of rotating machinery equipped with active magnetic bearings +ISO 14839-1:2002 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 14839-2:2004 Part 2: Evaluation of vibration +ISO 14839-3:2006 Part 3: Evaluation of stability margin +ISO 14839-4:2012 Part 4: Technical guidelines +ISO/IEC 14840:1996 Information technology – 12.65 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording – Data-D3-1 format +ISO/IEC 14841:1996 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Call offer supplementary service +ISO/IEC 14842:1996 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Do not disturb and do not disturb override supplementary services +ISO/IEC 14843:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Call Offer supplementary service +ISO/IEC 14844:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Do Not Disturb and Do Not Disturb Override supplementary services +ISO/IEC 14845:1996 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Call intrusion supplementary service +ISO/IEC 14846:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Call Intrusion supplementary service +ISO 14855 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions – Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide +ISO 14855-1:2012 General method +ISO 14855-2:2007 Gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-scale test +ISO/IEC 14863:1996 Information technology - System-Independent Data Format (SIDF) +ISO/TR 14873:2013 Information and documentation - Statistics and quality issues for web archiving +ISO 14879 Implants for surgery – Total knee-joint prostheses +ISO 14879-1:2000 Part 1: Determination of endurance properties of knee tibial trays +ISO 14880 Optics and photonics - Microlens arrays +ISO 14880-1:2016 Part 1: Vocabulary and general properties +ISO 14880-2:2006 Part 2: Test methods for wavefront aberrations +ISO 14880-3:2006 Part 3: Test methods for optical properties other than wavefront aberrations +ISO 14880-4:2006 Part 4: Test methods for geometrical properties +ISO/TR 14880-5:2010 Part 5: Guidance on testing +ISO 14881:2001 Integrated optics – Interfaces – Parameters relevant to coupling properties +ISO/IEC 14882:2024 Programming languages — C++ +ISO/IEC 14888 Information technology - Security techniques - Digital signatures with appendix +ISO/IEC 14888-1:2008 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 14888-2:2008 Part 2: Integer factorization based mechanisms +ISO/IEC 14888-3:2016 Part 3: Discrete logarithm based mechanisms +ISO 14889:2013 Ophthalmic optics – Spectacle lenses – Fundamental requirements for uncut finished lenses +ISO/TS 14904:2002 Road transport and traffic telematics – Electronic fee collection (EFC) – Interface specification for clearing between operators +ISO 14906:2011 Electronic fee collection – Application interface definition for dedicated short-range communication +ISO/TS 14907 Electronic fee collection – Test procedures for user and fixed equipment +ISO/TS 14907-1:2015 Part 1: Description of test procedures +ISO/TS 14907-2:2016 Part 2: Conformance test for the on-board unit application interface +ISO/IEC 14908 Information technology - Control network protocol +ISO/IEC 14908-1:2012 Part 1: Protocol stack +ISO/IEC 14908-2:2012 Part 2: Twisted pair communication +ISO/IEC 14908-3:2012 Part 3: Power line channel specification +ISO/IEC 14908-4:2012 Part 4: IP communication +ISO 14915 Software ergonomics for multimedia user interfaces +ISO 14915-1:2002 Part 1: Design principles and framework +ISO 14915-2:2003 Part 2: Multimedia navigation and control +ISO 14915-3:2002 Part 3: Media selection and combination +ISO 14917:2017 Thermal spraying - Terminology, classification +ISO 14949:2001 Implants for surgery – Two-part addition-cure silicone elastomers +ISO/IEC 14957:2010 Information technology — Representation of data element values — Notation of the format +ISO 14963:2003 Mechanical vibration and shock – Guidelines for dynamic tests and investigations on bridges and viaducts +ISO 14971:2007 Medical devices – Application of risk management to medical devices +ISO 14972:1998 Sterile obturators for single use with over-needle peripheral intravascular catheters +ISO 14975:2000 Surface chemical analysis – Information formats +ISO 14976:1998 Surface chemical analysis – Data transfer format +ISO/IEC 14977:1996 Information technology – Syntactic metalanguage – Extended BNF +ISO 14978:2006 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – General concepts and requirements for GPS measuring equipment +ISO 14982:1998 Agricultural and forestry machinery – Electromagnetic compatibility – Test methods and acceptance criteria \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e782f2ff --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,319 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 14000–15999" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:40.641373+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 15000 – ISO 15999 == +ISO/TS 15000 Electronic business eXtensible Markup Language ebXML +ISO 15000-5:2014 Part 5: Core Components Specification (CCS) +ISO 15001:2010 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Compatibility with oxygen +ISO 15002:2008 Flow-metering devices for connection to terminal units of medical gas pipeline systems +ISO 15003:2019 Agricultural engineering — Electrical and electronic equipment — Testing resistance to environmental conditions +ISO 15004 Ophthalmic instruments – Fundamental requirements and test methods +ISO 15005:2017 Road vehicles — Ergonomic aspects of transportation and control systems — Dialogue management principles and compliance procedures +ISO 15004-1:2006 Part 1: General requirements applicable to all ophthalmic instruments +ISO 15004-2:2007 Part 2: Light hazard protection +ISO 15006:2011 Road vehicles – Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems – Specifications for in-vehicle auditory presentation +ISO 15007:2020 Road vehicles — Measurement and analysis of driver visual behaviour with respect to transport information and control systems +ISO 15008:2017 Road vehicles — Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems — Specifications and test procedures for in-vehicle visual presentation +ISO 15009:2016 Soil quality — Gas chromatographic determination of the content of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene and volatile halogenated hydrocarbons — Purge-and-trap method with thermal desorption +ISO 15010:1998 Disposable hanging devices for transfusion and infusion bottles – Requirements and test methods +ISO 15011 Health and safety in welding and allied processes — Laboratory method for sampling fume and gases +ISO 15011-1:2009 Part 1: Determination of fume emission rate during arc welding and collection of fume for analysis +ISO 15011-2:2009 Part 2: Determination of the emission rates of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during arc welding, cutting and gouging +ISO 15011-3:2009 Part 3: Determination of ozone emission rate during arc welding +ISO 15011-4:2017 Part 4: Fume data sheets +ISO 15011-5:2011 Part 5: Identification of thermal-degradation products generated when welding or cutting through products composed wholly or partly of organic materials using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry +ISO 15016:2015 Ships and marine technology - Guidelines for the assessment of speed and power performance by analysis of speed trial data +ISO/IEC 15018:2004 Information technology - Generic cabling for homes +ISO 15022 Securities – Scheme for messages (Data Field Dictionary) +ISO/IEC 15026 Systems and software engineering—Systems and software assurance +ISO/IEC 15026-1:2013 Part 1: Concepts and vocabulary +ISO/IEC 15026-2:2011 Part 2: Assurance case +ISO/IEC 15026-3:2015 Part 3: System integrity levels +ISO/IEC 15026-4:2012 Part 4: Assurance in the life cycle +ISO 15031 Road vehicles – Communication between vehicle and external equipment for emissions-related diagnostics +ISO 15031-2:2010 Part 2: Guidance on terms, definitions, abbreviations and acronyms +ISO 15032:2000 Prostheses – Structural testing of hip units +ISO/IEC 15041:1997 Information technology - Data interchange on 90 mm optical disk cartridges - Capacity: 640 MB per cartridge +ISO/IEC TR 15044:2000 Information technology - Terminology for the Home Electronic System (HES) +ISO/IEC 15045 Information technology - Home Electronic System (HES) gateway +ISO/IEC 15045-1:2004 Part 1: A residential gateway model for HES +ISO/IEC 15045-2:2012 Part 2: Modularity and protocol +ISO/IEC 15049:1997 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Advice of charge supplementary services +ISO/IEC 15050:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Advice Of Charge supplementary services +ISO/IEC 15051:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Recall supplementary service +ISO/IEC 15052:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Recall supplementary service +ISO/IEC 15053:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Call Interception additional network feature +ISO/IEC 15054:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Call Interception additional network feature +ISO/IEC 15055:1997 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Transit counter additional network feature +ISO/IEC 15056:1997 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Transit counter additional network feature +ISO/IEC 15067 Information technology - Home Electronic System (HES) application model +ISO/IEC TR 15067-2:1997 Part 2: Lighting model for HES +ISO/IEC 15067-3:2012 Part 3: Model of a demand-response energy management system for HES +ISO/IEC TR 15067-3-2:2016 Part 3-2: GridWise interoperability context-setting framework +ISO/IEC TR 15067-4:2001 Part 4: Security System for HES +ISO 15075:2003 Transport information and control systems – In-vehicle navigation systems – Communications message set requirements +ISO 15081:2011 Agricultural equipment - Graphical symbols for pressurized irrigation systems +ISO 15082 Road vehicles – Tests for rigid plastic safety glazing materials +ISO 15086 Hydraulic fluid power – Determination of the fluid-borne noise characteristics of components and systems +ISO 15086-1:2001 Part 1: Introduction +ISO 15086-2:2000 Part 2: Measurement of the speed of sound in a fluid in a pipe +ISO 15086-3:2008 Part 3: Measurement of hydraulic impedance +ISO 15099 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shading devices – Detailed calculations +ISO 15112 Natural gas – Energy determination +ISO 15118 Road vehicles - Vehicle to grid communication interface +ISO 15137:2005 Self-adhesive hanging devices for infusion bottles and injection vials – Requirements and test methods +ISO 15142 Implants for surgery – Metal intramedullary nailing systems +ISO 15142-1:2003 Part 1: Intramedullary nails +ISO 15142-2:2003 Part 2: Locking components +ISO 15142-3:2003 Part 3: Connection devices and reamer diameter measurements +ISO 15143 Earth-moving machinery and mobile road construction machinery – Worksite data exchange +ISO 15143-1:2010 Part 1: System architecture +ISO 15143-2:2010 Part 2: Data dictionary +ISO/TS 15143-3:2016 Part 3: Telematics data +ISO/IEC 15145:1997 Information technology - Programming languages - FORTH +ISO/IEC 15149:2011 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Magnetic field area network (MFAN) +ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014 Part 1: Air interface +ISO/IEC 15149-2:2015 Part 2: In-band Control Protocol for Wireless Power Transfer +ISO/IEC 15149-3:2016 Part 3: Relay Protocol for Extended Range +ISO/IEC 15149-4:2016 Part 4: Security Protocol for Authentication +ISO 15174:2012 Milk and milk products – Microbial coagulants – Determination of total milk-clotting activity +ISO 15188:2001 Project management guidelines for terminology standardization +ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories – Particular requirements for quality and competence +ISO/IEC 15200:1996 Information technology - Adaptive Lossless Data Compression algorithm (ALDC) +ISO/IEC 15205:2000 SBus - Chip and module interconnect bus +ISO 15212 Oscillation-type density meters +ISO 15212-1:1998 Part 1: Laboratory instruments +ISO 15212-2:2002 Part 2: Process instruments for homogeneous liquids +ISO 15213:2003 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the enumeration of sulfite-reducing bacteria growing under anaerobic conditions +ISO 15214:1998 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the enumeration of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria – Colony-count technique at 30 degrees C +ISO 15216 Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for determination of hepatitis A virus and norovirus using real-time RT-PCR +ISO 15216-1:2017 Part 1: Method for quantification +ISO/TS 15216-2:2013 Part 2: Method for qualitative detection +ISO 15223 Medical devices – Symbols to be used with medical device labels, labelling, and information to be supplied +ISO 15223-1:2016 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 15223-2:2010 Part 2: Symbol development, selection and validation +ISO 15225:2016 Medical devices – Quality management – Medical device nomenclature data structure +ISO 15226:1999 Technical product documentation – Life cycle model and allocation of documents +ISO 15230:2007 Mechanical vibration and shock – Coupling forces at the man–machine interface for hand-transmitted vibration +ISO/TR 15235:2001 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Collected information on the effect of levels of water-soluble salt contamination +ISO 15241:2012 Rolling bearings - Symbols for physical quantities +ISO 15253:2000 Ophthalmic optics and instruments – Optical devices for enhancing low vision +ISO 15254:2009 Ophthalmic optics and instruments – Electro-optical devices for enhancing low vision +ISO 15261:2004 Vibration and shock generating systems - Vocabulary +ISO/IEC TR 15285:1998 Information technology - An operational model for characters and glyphs +ISO/IEC 15286:1999 Information technology - 130 mm optical disk cartridges for information interchange - Capacity: 5.2 GB per cartridge +ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015 Systems and software engineering – System life cycle processes +ISO/IEC/IEEE 15289:2017 Systems and software engineering – Content of life-cycle information items (documentation) +ISO/IEC 15291:1999 Information technology – Programming languages – Ada Semantic Interface Specification (ASIS) +ISO/IEC TR 15294:2000 Information technology – Methods for data flow control at synchronous and asynchronous DTE-DCE interfaces +ISO 15296:2004 Gas welding equipment - Vocabulary - Terms used for gas welding equipment +ISO/TR 15300:2001 Dentistry - Application of OSI clinical codification to the classification and coding of dental products +ISO/IEC 15307:1997 Information technology – Data interchange on 12.7 mm 128-track magnetic tape cartridges – DLT 4 format +ISO 15309:2013 Implants for surgery – Differential scanning calorimetry of poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) polymers and compounds for use in implantable medical devices +ISO/PAS 15339 Graphic technology - Printing from digital data across multiple technologies +ISO/PAS 15339-1:2015 Part 1: Principles +ISO/PAS 15339-2:2015 Part 2: Characterized reference printing conditions, CRPC1-CRPC7 +ISO 15367 Lasers and laser-related equipment - Test methods for determination of the shape of a laser beam wavefront +ISO 15367-1:2003 Part 1: Terminology and fundamental aspects +ISO 15367-2:2005 Part 2: Shack-Hartmann sensors +ISO 15368:2001 Optics and optical instruments - Measurement of reflectance of plane surfaces and transmittance of plane parallel elements +ISO 15374:1998 Implants for surgery – Requirements for production of forgings +ISO 15375:2010 Medical infusion bottles – Suspension devices for multiple use – Requirements and test methods +ISO/TR 15377:2007 Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure-differential devices – Guidelines for the specification of orifice plates, nozzles and Venturi tubes beyond the scope of ISO 5167 +ISO 15378:2017 Primary packaging materials for medicinal products – Particular requirements for the application of ISO 9001:2015, with reference to good manufacturing practice (GMP) +ISO 15394:2009 Packaging - Bar code and two-dimensional symbols for shipping, transport and receiving labels +ISO 15403 Natural gas – Natural gas for use as a compressed fuel for vehicles +ISO 15403-1:2006 Part 1: Designation of the quality +ISO/TR 15403-2:2006 Part 2: Specification of the quality +ISO/IEC 15404:2000 Information technology – Office machines – Minimum information to be included in specification sheets – Facsimile equipment +ISO/IEC 15408 Information technology – Security techniques – Evaluation criteria for IT security +ISO/IEC 15408-1:2009 Part 1: Introduction and general model +ISO/IEC 15408-2:2008 Part 2: Security functional components +ISO/IEC 15408-3:2008 Part 3: Security assurance components +ISO/IEC TR 15410:1998 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – PISN mobility-general principles and services aspects +ISO/IEC 15411:1999 Information technology - Segmented keyboard layouts +ISO/IEC 15412:1999 Information technology - Portable computer keyboard layouts +ISO/IEC TR 15413:2001 Information technology - Font services - Abstract service definition +ISO/IEC 15414:2015 Information technology - Open data processing - Reference Model - Enterprise Language +ISO/IEC 15415:2011 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Bar code symbol print quality test specification - Two-dimensional symbols +ISO/IEC 15416:2016 Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Bar code print quality test specification - Linear symbols +ISO/IEC 15417:2007 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Code 128 bar code symbology specification +ISO/IEC 15418:2016 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - GS1 Application Identifiers and ASC MH10 Data Identifiers and maintenance +ISO/IEC 15419:2009 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Bar code digital imaging and printing performance testing +ISO/IEC 15420:2009 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - EAN/UPC bar code symbology specification +ISO/IEC 15421:2010 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Bar code master test specifications +ISO/IEC 15423:2009 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Bar code scanner and decoder performance testing +ISO/IEC 15424:2008 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Data Carrier Identifiers (including Symbology Identifiers) +ISO/IEC 15426 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Bar code verifier conformance specification +ISO/IEC 15426-1:2006 Part 1: Linear symbols +ISO/IEC 15426-2:2015 Part 2: Two-dimensional symbols +ISO/IEC 15428:1999 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Wireless Terminal Location Registration supplementary service and Wireless Terminal Information Exchange additional network feature +ISO/IEC 15429:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Wireless Terminal Location Registration supplementary service and Wireless Terminal Information exchange additional network feature +ISO/IEC 15430:1999 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Wireless terminal call handling additional network features +ISO/IEC 15431:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Wireless terminal call handling additional network features +ISO/IEC 15432:1999 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Wireless Terminal Authentication supplementary services (WTAT and WTAN) +ISO/IEC 15433:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Wireless Terminal Authentication supplementary services +ISO/IEC 15434:2006 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – Syntax for high-capacity ADC media +ISO/IEC 15437:2001 Information technology - Enhancements to LOTOS (E-LOTOS) +ISO/IEC 15438:2015 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - PDF417 bar code symbology specification +ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016 Information technology - Future keyboards and other input devices and entry methods +ISO/IEC TR 15443 Information technology - Security techniques - Security assurance framework +ISO/IEC TR 15443-1:2012 Part 1: Introduction and concepts +ISO/IEC TR 15443-2:2012 Part 2: Analysis +ISO/IEC 15444 Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system +ISO/IEC 15444-1:2016 Core coding system +ISO/IEC 15444-2:2004 Extensions +ISO/IEC 15444-3:2007 Motion JPEG 2000 +ISO/IEC 15444-4:2004 Conformance testing +ISO/IEC 15444-5:2015 Reference software +ISO/IEC 15444-6:2013 Part 6: Compound image file format +ISO/IEC 15444-8:2007 Secure JPEG 2000 +ISO/IEC 15444-9:2005 Interactivity tools, APIs and protocols +ISO/IEC 15444-10:2011 Extensions for three-dimensional data +ISO/IEC 15444-11:2007 Wireless +ISO/IEC 15444-12:2015 Part 12: ISO base media file format [Withdrawn, no replacement] +ISO/IEC 15444-13:2008 An entry level JPEG 2000 encoder +ISO/IEC 15444-14:2013 Part 14: XML representation and reference +ISO/IEC 15445:2000 Information technology – Document description and processing languages – HyperText Markup Language (HTML) +ISO/IEC TR 15446:2009 Information technology - Security techniques - Guide for the production of Protection Profiles and Security Targets +ISO/IEC 15457 Identification cards – Thin flexible cards +ISO/IEC 15457-1:2008 Part 1: Physical characteristics +ISO/IEC 15457-2:2007 Part 2: Magnetic recording technique +ISO/IEC 15457-3:2008 Part 3: Test methods +ISO/IEC 15459 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Unique identification +ISO/IEC 15459-1:2014 Part 1: Individual transport units +ISO/IEC 15459-2:2015 Part 2: Registration procedures +ISO/IEC 15459-3:2014 Part 3: Common rules +ISO/IEC 15459-4:2014 Part 4: Individual products and product packages +ISO/IEC 15459-5:2014 Part 5: Individual returnable transport items (RTIs) +ISO/IEC 15459-6:2014 Part 6: Groupings +ISO 15469:2004 Spatial distribution of daylight – CIE standard general sky +ISO/IEC 15474 Information technology - CDIF framework +ISO/IEC 15474-1:2002 Part 1: Overview +ISO/IEC 15474-2:2002 Part 2: Modelling and extensibility +ISO/IEC 15475 Information technology - CDIF transfer format +ISO/IEC 15475-1:2002 Part 1: General rules for syntaxes and encodings +ISO/IEC 15475-2:2002 Part 2: Syntax SYNTAX.1 +ISO/IEC 15475-3:2002 Part 3: Encoding ENCODING.1 +ISO/IEC 15476 Information technology - CDIF semantic metamodel +ISO/IEC 15476-1:2002 Part 1: Foundation +ISO/IEC 15476-2:2002 Part 2: Common +ISO/IEC 15476-3:2006 Part 3: Data definitions +ISO/IEC 15476-4:2005 Part 4: Data models +ISO/IEC 15476-6:2006 Part 6: State/event models +ISO 15480:2019 Fasteners — Hexagon washer head drilling screws with tapping screw thread +ISO 15481:1999 Cross recessed pan head drilling screws with tapping screw thread +ISO 15482:1999 Cross recessed countersunk head drilling screws with tapping screw thread +ISO 15483:1999 Cross recessed raised countersunk head drilling screws with tapping screw thread +ISO/IEC 15485:1997 Information technology - Data interchange on 120 mm optical disk cartridges using phase change PD format - Capacity: 650 MB per cartridge +ISO/IEC 15486:1998 Information technology - Data interchange on 130 mm optical disk cartridges of type WORM (Write Once Read Many) using irreversible effects - Capacity: 2.6 GB per cartridge +ISO 15489 Information and documentation – Records management +ISO 15489-1:2016 Part 1: Concepts and principles +ISO/TR 15489-2:2001 Part 2: Guidelines [Withdrawn, no replacement] +ISO/IEC 15498:1997 Information technology - Data interchange on 90 mm optical disk cartridges - HS-1 format - Capacity: 650 MB per cartridge +ISO/IEC 15504 Information technology – Process assessment +ISO/IEC 15505:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Message Waiting Indication supplementary service +ISO/IEC 15506:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Message Waiting Indication supplementary service +ISO/IEC 15507:1997 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – PINX clock synchronization +ISO 15511:2011 Information and documentation - International standard identifier for libraries and related organizations (ISIL) +ISO 15519 Specification for diagrams for process industry +ISO 15519-1:2010 Part 1: General rules +ISO 15519-2:2015 Part 2: Measurement and control +ISO/IEC 15521:1998 Information technology – 3.81 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording – DDS-3 format using 125 m length tapes +ISO 15529:2010 Optics and photonics - Optical transfer function - Principles of measurement of modulation transfer function (MTF) of sampled imaging systems +ISO 15530 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Coordinate measuring machines (CMM): Technique for determining the uncertainty of measurement +ISO/TS 15530-1:2013 Part 1: Overview and metrological characteristics +ISO 15530-3:2011 Part 3: Use of calibrated workpieces or measurement standards +ISO/TS 15530-4:2008 Part 4: Evaluating task-specific measurement uncertainty using simulation +ISO 15553:2006 Water quality – Isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from water +ISO 15583:2005 Ships and marine technology - Maritime standards list +ISO/TR 15599:2002 Digital codification of dental laboratory procedures +ISO 15614 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials – Welding procedure test +ISO 15622:2010 Intelligent transport systems – Adaptive Cruise Control systems – Performance requirements and test procedures +ISO 15623:2013 Intelligent transport systems – Forward vehicle collision warning systems – Performance requirements and test procedures +ISO/TS 15624:2001 Transport information and control systems – Traffic Impediment Warning Systems (TIWS) – System requirements +ISO 15628:2013 Intelligent transport systems – Dedicated short range communication (DSRC) – DSRC application layer +ISO 15638 Intelligent transport systems – Framework for cooperative telematics applications for regulated commercial freight vehicles (TARV) +ISO 15638-1:2012 Part 1: Framework and architecture +ISO 15638-2:2013 Part 2: Common platform parameters using CALM +ISO 15638-3:2013 Part 3: Operating requirements, 'Approval Authority' procedures, and enforcement provisions for the providers of regulated services +ISO 15638-5:2013 Part 5: Generic vehicle information +ISO 15638-6:2014 Part 6: Regulated applications +ISO 15638-7:2013 Part 7: Other applications +ISO 15638-8:2014 Part 8: Vehicle access management +ISO/TS 15638-9:2013 Part 9: Remote electronic tachograph monitoring (RTM) +ISO 15638-10:2017 Part 10: Emergency messaging system/eCall +ISO 15638-11:2014 Part 11: Driver work records +ISO 15638-12:2014 Part 12: Vehicle mass monitoring +ISO/TS 15638-13:2015 Part 13: "Mass" information for jurisdictional control and enforcement +ISO 15638-14:2014 Part 14: Vehicle access control +ISO 15638-15:2014 Part 15: Vehicle location monitoring +ISO 15638-16:2014 Part 16: Vehicle speed monitoring +ISO 15638-17:2014 Part 17: Consignment and location monitoring +ISO 15638-18:2017 Part 18: ADR (Dangerous Goods) +ISO/TS 15638-19:2013 Part 19: Vehicle parking facilities (VPF) +ISO 15642:2003 Road construction and maintenance equipment – Asphalt mixing plants – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 15662:2006 Intelligent transport systems – Wide area communication – Protocol management information +ISO 15664:2001 Acoustics – Noise control design procedures for open plant +ISO 15665:2003 Acoustics – Acoustic insulation for pipes, valves and flanges +ISO 15667:2000 Acoustics – Guidelines for noise control by enclosures and cabins +ISO 15674:2016 Cardiovascular implants and artificial organs – Hard-shell cardiotomy/venous reservoir systems (with/without filter) and soft venous reservoir bags +ISO 15675:2016 Cardiovascular implants and artificial organs – Cardiopulmonary bypass systems – Arterial blood line filters +ISO 15676:2016 Cardiovascular implants and artificial organs – Requirements for single-use tubing packs for cardiopulmonary bypass and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) +ISO 15686 Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning +ISO 15688:2012 Road construction and maintenance equipment – Soil stabilizers – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 15689:2003 Road construction and maintenance equipment – Powder binder spreaders – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO/IEC 15693 Identification cards – Contactless integrated circuit cards – Vicinity cards +ISO/TS 15696:2012 Cranes – List of equivalent terms +ISO 15706 Information and documentation – International Standard Audiovisual Number (ISAN) +ISO 15707:2001 Information and documentation – International Standard Musical Work Code (ISWC) +ISO/IEC 15718:1998 Information technology – Data interchange on 8 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge – Helical scan recording – HH-1 format +ISO/IEC 15731:1998 Information technology – 12.65 mm wide magnetic tape cassette for information interchange – Helical scan recording – DTF-1 format +ISO 15744:2002 Hand-held non-electric power tools – Noise measurement code – Engineering method (grade 2) +ISO 15747:2010 Plastic containers for intravenous injections +ISO 15752:2010 Ophthalmic instruments – Endoilluminators – Fundamental requirements and test methods for optical radiation safety +ISO/IEC 15757:1998 Information technology – Data interchange on 8 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge – Helical scan recording – DA-2 format +ISO 15759:2005 Medical infusion equipment – Plastics caps with inserted elastomeric liner for containers manufactured by the blow-fill-seal (BFS) process +ISO/TS 15768:2000 Measurement of liquid velocity in open channels – Design, selection and use of electromagnetic current meters +ISO 15769:2010 Hydrometry – Guidelines for the application of acoustic velocity meters using the Doppler and echo correlation methods +ISO/IEC 15771:1998 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Common information additional network feature +ISO/IEC 15772:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Common Information additional network feature +ISO/IEC 15773:1998 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Broadband Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Transit counter additional network feature +ISO/IEC 15776:2001 VME64bus - Specification +ISO/IEC 15780:1998 Information technology – 8 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge – Helical scan recording – AIT-1 format +ISO 15782 Certificate management for financial services +ISO 15782-1:2009 Part 1: Public key certificates +ISO 15782-2:2001 Part 2: Certificate extensions +ISO 15783:2002 Seal-less rotodynamic pumps – Class II – Specification +ISO 15784 Intelligent transport systems (ITS) – Data exchange involving roadside modules communication +ISO 15784-1:2008 Part 1: General principles and documentation framework of application profiles +ISO 15784-2:2015 Part 2: Centre to field device communications using SNMP +ISO 15784-3:2008 Part 3: Application profile-data exchange (AP-DATEX) +ISO 15785:2002 Technical drawings – Symbolic presentation and indication of adhesive, fold and pressed joints +ISO 15786:2008 Technical drawings – Simplified representation and dimensioning of holes +ISO 15787:2016 Technical product documentation – Heat-treated ferrous parts – Presentation and indications +ISO 15798:2013 Ophthalmic implants – Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices +ISO/IEC 15802 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Local and metropolitan area networks – Common specifications +ISO/IEC 15802-1:1995 Part 1: Medium Access Control (MAC) service definition +ISO/IEC 15802-3:1998 Part 3: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges +ISO/IEC 15816:2002 Information technology - Security techniques - Security information objects for access control +ISO 15836:2009 Information and documentation – The Dublin Core metadata element set +ISO 15836-1:2017 Part 1: Core elements +ISO/TR 15847:2008 Graphic technology - Graphical symbols for printing press systems and finishing systems, including related auxiliary equipment +ISO 15849:2001 Ships and marine technology – Guidelines for implementation of a fleet management system network +ISO/IEC 15851:1999 Information technology - Communication protocol - Open MUMPS Interconnect +ISO/IEC 15852:1999 Information technology - Programming languages - M Windowing API +ISO 15867:2003 Intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) for non-dangerous goods – Terminology +ISO 15870:2000 Powered industrial trucks - Safety signs and hazard pictorials - General principles +ISO 15878:2008 Road construction and maintenance equipment – Asphalt pavers – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO/IEC 15895:1999 Information technology – Data interchange on 12.7 mm 128-track magnetic tape cartridges – DLT 3-XT format +ISO/IEC 15896:1999 Information technology – Data interchange on 12.7 mm 208-track magnetic tape cartridges – DLT 5 format +ISO/IEC 15897:2011 Information technology - User interfaces - Procedures for the registration of cultural elements +ISO 15883-1:2006 specifies general performance requirements for washer-disinfectors (WD) and their accessories that are intended to be used for cleaning and disinfection of re-usable medical devices and other articles used in the context of medical, dental, pharmaceutical and veterinary practice. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32a6c9412 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 14000–15999" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:40.641373+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO/IEC 15898:1998 Information technology - Data interchange on 356 mm optical disk cartridges - WORM, using phase change technology - Capacity: 14.8 GB and 25 GB per cartridge +ISO/IEC 15899:1998 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Broadband Private Integrated Services Network – Service description – Broadband connection oriented bearer services +ISO 15901-2:2022 Pore size distribution and porosity of solid materials by mercury porosimetry and gas adsorption — Part 2: Analysis of nanopores by gas adsorption +ISO 15902:2004 Optics and photonics - Diffractive optics - Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 15909 Systems and software engineering - High-level Petri nets +ISO/IEC 15909-1:2004 Part 1: Concepts, definitions and graphical notation +ISO/IEC 15909-2:2011 Part 2: Transfer format +ISO 15919:2001 Information and documentation - Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters +ISO 15924:2004 Information and documentation – Codes for the representation of names of scripts +ISO 15926 - Integration of Life-cycle Data for Process Plants including Oil and Gas Production Facilities +ISO 15927 Hygrothermal performance of buildings – Calculation and presentation of climatic data +ISO 15927-1:2003 Part 1: Monthly means of single meteorological elements +ISO 15927-2:2009 Part 2: Hourly data for design cooling load +ISO 15927-3:2009 Part 3: Calculation of a driving rain index for vertical surfaces from hourly wind and rain data +ISO 15927-4:2005 Part 4: Hourly data for assessing the annual energy use for heating and cooling +ISO 15927-5:2004 Part 5: Data for design heat load for space heating +ISO 15927-6:2007 Part 6: Accumulated temperature differences (degree-days) +ISO 15930 Graphic technology – Prepress digital data exchange using PDF +ISO 15932:2013 Microbeam analysis - Analytical electron microscopy - Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 15938 Information technology - Multimedia content description interface +ISO/IEC/IEEE 15939:2017 Systems and software engineering - Measurement process +ISO/IEC 15940:2013 Systems and software engineering - Software Engineering Environment Services +ISO/IEC TR 15942:2000 Information technology - Programming languages - Guide for the use of the Ada programming language in high integrity systems +ISO/IEC 15944 Information technology - Business operational view +ISO/IEC 15944-1:2011 Part 1: Operational aspects of open-edi for implementation +ISO/IEC 15944-2:2015 Part 2: Registration of scenarios and their components as business objects +ISO/IEC 15944-4:2015 Part 4: Business transaction scenarios – Accounting and economic ontology +ISO/IEC 15944-5:2008 Part 5: Identification and referencing of requirements of jurisdictional domains as sources of external constraints +ISO/IEC TR 15944-6:2015 Part 6: Technical introduction to e-Business modelling +ISO/IEC 15944-7:2009 Part 7: eBusiness vocabulary +ISO/IEC 15944-8:2012 Part 8: Identification of privacy protection requirements as external constraints on business transactions +ISO/IEC 15944-9:2015 Part 9: Business transaction traceability framework for commitment exchange +ISO/IEC 15944-10:2013 Part 10: IT-enabled coded domains as semantic components in business transactions +ISO/IEC 15944-20:2015 Part 20: Linking business operational view to functional service view +ISO/IEC 15945:2002 Information technology - Security techniques - Specification of TTP services to support the application of digital signatures +ISO/IEC 15946 Information technology - Security techniques - Cryptographic techniques based on elliptic curves +ISO/IEC 15946-1:2016 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 15946-5:2017 Part 5: Elliptic curve generation +ISO/IEC 15948 Information technology – Computer graphics and image processing – Portable Network Graphics (PNG): Functional specification +ISO/IEC 15953:1999 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Service definition for the Application Service Object Association Control Service Element +ISO/IEC 15954:1999 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-mode protocol for the Application Service Object Association Control Service Element +ISO/IEC 15955:1999 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connectionless protocol for the Application Service Object Association Control Service Element +ISO/IEC 15961 Information technology - Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management: Data protocol +ISO/IEC 15961-1:2013 Part 1: Application interface +ISO/IEC 15961-4:2016 Part 4: Application interface commands for battery assist and sensor functionality +ISO/IEC 15962:2013 Information technology - Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management - Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions +ISO/IEC 15963:2009 Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management - Unique identification for RF tags +ISO 15970 Natural gas – Measurement of properties – Volumetric properties: density, pressure, temperature and compression factor +ISO 15971:2008 Natural gas – Measurement of properties – Calorific value and Wobbe index +ISO 15985:2004 Plastics – Determination of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation and disintegration under high-solids anaerobic-digestion conditions – Method by analysis of released biogas +ISO/IEC 15991:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Call Priority Interruption and Call Priority Interruption Protection supplementary services +ISO/IEC 15992:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Call Priority Interruption and Call Priority Interruption Protection supplementary services + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant +ISO 14000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0f82ca4b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 16000–17999" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:41.853676+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cadb53c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 16000–17999" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:41.853676+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 16000 – ISO 16999 == +ISO/TR 16015:2003 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Systematic errors and contributions to measurement uncertainty of length measurement due to thermal influences +ISO 16016:2016 Technical product documentation – Protection notices for restricting the use of documents and products +ISO 16020:2005 Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete – Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 16022:2006 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Data Matrix bar code symbology specification +ISO/IEC 16023:2000 Information technology - International symbology specification - MaxiCode +ISO 16032:2004 Acoustics – Measurement of sound pressure level from service equipment in buildings – Engineering method +ISO 16034:2002 Ophthalmic optics – Specifications for single-vision ready-to-wear near- vision spectacles +ISO 16039:2004 Road construction and maintenance equipment – Slipform pavers – Definitions and commercial specifications +ISO 16054:2000 Implants for surgery – Minimum data sets for surgical implants +ISO/TR 16056 Health informatics - Interoperability of telehealth systems and networks +ISO/TR 16056-1:2004 Part 1: Introduction and definitions +ISO/TR 16056-2:2004 Part 2: Real-time systems +ISO/TS 16058:2004 Health informatics – Interoperability of telelearning systems +ISO 16059:2007 Dentistry - Required elements for codification used in data exchange +ISO 16061:2015 Instrumentation for use in association with non-active surgical implants – General requirements +ISO 16063 Methods for the calibration of vibration and shock transducers +ISO 16063-1:1998 Part 1: Basic concepts +ISO 16063-11:1999 Part 11: Primary vibration calibration by laser interferometry +ISO 16063-12:2002 Part 12: Primary vibration calibration by the reciprocity method +ISO 16063-13:2001 Part 13: Primary shock calibration using laser interferometry +ISO 16063-15:2006 Part 15: Primary angular vibration calibration by laser interferometry +ISO 16063-16:2014 Part 16: Calibration by Earth's gravitation +ISO 16063-17:2016 Part 17: Primary calibration by centrifuge +ISO 16063-21:2003 Part 21: Vibration calibration by comparison to a reference transducer +ISO 16063-22:2005 Part 22: Shock calibration by comparison to a reference transducer +ISO 16063-31:2009 Part 31: Testing of transverse vibration sensitivity +ISO 16063-32:2016 Part 32: Resonance testing – Testing the frequency and the phase response of accelerometers by means of shock excitation +ISO 16063-33:2017 Part 33: Testing of magnetic field sensitivity +ISO 16063-41:2011 Part 41: Calibration of laser vibrometers +ISO 16063-42:2014 Part 42: Calibration of seismometers with high accuracy using acceleration of gravity +ISO 16063-43:2015 Part 43: Calibration of accelerometers by model-based parameter identification +ISO 16063-45:2017 Part 45: In-situ calibration of transducers with built in calibration coil +ISO 16069:2004 Graphical symbols - Safety signs - Safety way guidance systems (SWGS) +ISO/IEC 16085:2006 Systems and software engineering - Life cycle processes - Risk management +ISO 16087:2013 Implants for surgery – Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis for the assessment of migration of orthopaedic implants +ISO 16103:2005 Packaging - Transport packaging for dangerous goods - Recycled plastics material +ISO 16106:2006 Packaging - Transport packages for dangerous goods - Dangerous goods packagings, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) and large packagings—Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001 +ISO 16134 Earthquake- and subsidence-resistant design of ductile iron pipelines +ISO 16140 Microbiology of the food chain – Method validation +ISO 16140-1:2016 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 16140-2:2016 Part 2: Protocol for the validation of alternative (proprietary) methods against a reference method +ISO 16142 Medical devices – Recognized essential principles of safety and performance of medical devices +ISO 16142-1:2016 Part 1: General essential principles and additional specific essential principles for all non-IVD medical devices and guidance on the selection of standards +ISO 16142-2:2017 Part 2: General essential principles and additional specific essential principles for all IVD medical devices and guidance on the selection of standards +ISO/TR 16153:2004 Piston-operated volumetric instruments – Determination of uncertainty for volume measurements made using the photometric method +ISO 16155:2006 Ships and marine technology – Computer applications – Shipboard loading instruments +ISO 16165:2013 Ships and marine technology - Marine environment protection - Terminology relating to oil spill response +ISO/IEC TR 16166:2010 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Next Generation Corporate Networks (NGCN) – Security of session-based communications +ISO/IEC TR 16167:2011 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Next Generation Corporate Networks (NGCN) – Emergency calls +ISO 16175 Information and documentation - Principles and functional requirements for records in electronic office environments +ISO 16175-1:2010 Part 1: Overview and statement of principles +ISO 16175-2:2011 Part 2: Guidelines and functional requirements for digital records management systems +ISO 16175-3:2010 Part 3: Guidelines and functional requirements for records in business systems +ISO 16192:2017 Space systems - Experience gained in space projects (lessons learned) - Principles and guidelines +ISO/TS 16195:2013 Nanotechnologies – Guidance for developing representative test materials consisting of nano-objects in dry powder form +ISO/TR 16196:2016 Nanotechnologies – Compilation and description of sample preparation and dosing methods for engineered and manufactured nanomaterials +ISO/TR 16197:2014 Nanotechnologies – Compilation and description of toxicological screening methods for manufactured nanomaterials +ISO 16212:2017 Cosmetics – Microbiology – Enumeration of yeast and mould +ISO/TR 16218:2013 Packaging and the environment - Processes for chemical recovery +ISO 16232 Road vehicles – Cleanliness of components of fluid circuits +ISO 16232-1:2007 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 16232-2:2007 Part 2: Method of extraction of contaminants by agitation +ISO 16232-3:2007 Part 3: Method of extraction of contaminants by pressure rinsing +ISO 16232-4:2007 Part 4: Method of extraction of contaminants by ultrasonic techniques +ISO 16232-5:2007 Part 5: Method of extraction of contaminants on functional test bench +ISO 16232-6:2007 Part 6: Particle mass determination by gravimetric analysis +ISO 16232-7:2007 Part 7: Particle sizing and counting by microscopic analysis +ISO 16232-8:2007 Part 8: Particle nature determination by microscopic analysis +ISO 16232-9:2007 Part 10: Particle sizing and counting by automatic light extinction particle counter +ISO 16232-10:2007 Part 10: Expression of results +ISO 16239:2013 Metric series wires for measuring screw threads +ISO 16245:2009 Information and documentation - Boxes, file covers and other enclosures, made from cellulosic materials, for storage of paper and parchment documents +ISO 16249:2013 Springs – Symbols +ISO 16254:2016 Acoustics – Measurement of sound emitted by road vehicles of category M and N at standstill and low speed operation – Engineering method +ISO/IEC 16262:2011 Information technology – Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces – ECMAScript language specification +ISO 16269 Statistical interpretation of data +ISO 16269-4:2010 Part 4: Detection and treatment of outliers +ISO 16269-6:2014 Part 6: Determination of statistical tolerance intervals +ISO 16269-7:2001 Part 7: Median - Estimation and confidence intervals +ISO 16269-8:2004 Part 8: Determination of prediction intervals +ISO/TS 16277 Health informatics – Categorial structures of clinical findings in traditional medicine +ISO/TS 16277-1:2015 Part 1: Traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean medicine +ISO 16278:2016 Health informatics – Categorial structure for terminological systems of human anatomy +ISO 16284:2006 Ophthalmic optics – Information interchange for ophthalmic optical equipment +ISO/TR 16310:2014 Symbol libraries for construction and facilities management +ISO/IEC 16317:2011 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – proxZzzy for sleeping hosts +ISO/IEC/IEEE 16326:2009 Systems and software engineering - Life cycle processes - Project management +ISO 16331 Optics and optical instruments – Laboratory procedures for testing surveying and construction instruments +ISO 16331-1:2017 Part 1: Performance of handheld laser distance meters +ISO 16336:2014 Applications of statistical and related methods to new technology and product development process - Robust parameter design (RPD) +ISO/IEC 16350:2015 Information technology - Systems and software engineering - Application management +ISO/IEC 16353:2011 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Front-end configuration command for NFC-WI (NFC-FEC) +ISO 16355 Applications of statistical and related methods to new technology and product development process +ISO 16355-1:2015 Part 1: General principles and perspectives of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) +ISO 16355-2:2017 Part 2: Non-quantitative approaches for the acquisition of voice of customer and voice of stakeholder +ISO 16355-4:2017 Part 4: Analysis of non-quantitative and quantitative Voice of Customer and Voice of Stakeholder +ISO 16355-5:2017 Part 5: Solution strategy +ISO/TR 16355-8:2017 Part 8: Guidelines for commercialization and life cycle +ISO/TR 16379:2014 Tissue-engineered medical products – Evaluation of anisotropic structure of articular cartilage using DT (Diffusion Tensor)-MR Imaging +ISO/IEC 16382:2000 Information technology – Data interchange on 12,7 mm 208-track magnetic tape cartridges – DLT 6 format +ISO/IEC 16388:2007 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Code 39 bar code symbology specification +ISO/IEC 16390:2007 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Interleaved 2 of 5 bar code symbology specification +ISO/TS 16401 Electronic fee collection – Evaluation of equipment for conformity to ISO/TS 17575-2 +ISO/TS 16401-1:2012 Part 1: Test suite structure and test purposes +ISO/TS 16401-2:2012 Part 2: Abstract test suite +ISO 16402:2008 Implants for surgery – Acrylic resin cement – Flexural fatigue testing of acrylic resin cements used in orthopaedics +ISO/TS 16407 Electronic fee collection – Evaluation of equipment for conformity to ISO/TS 17575-1 +ISO/TS 16407-1:2011 Part 1: Test suite structure and test purposes +ISO/TS 16407-2:2012 Part 2: Abstract test suite +ISO/TS 16410 Electronic fee collection – Evaluation of equipment for conformity to ISO/TS 17575-3 +ISO/TS 16410-1:2011 Part 1: Test suite structure and test purposes +ISO/TS 16410-2:2012 Part 2: Abstract test suite +ISO 16413:2013 Evaluation of thickness, density and interface width of thin films by X-ray reflectometry – Instrumental requirements, alignment and positioning, data collection, data analysis and reporting +ISO 16428:2005 Implants for surgery – Test solutions and environmental conditions for static and dynamic corrosion tests on implantable materials and medical devices +ISO 16429:2004 Implants for surgery – Measurements of open-circuit potential to assess corrosion behaviour of metallic implantable materials and medical devices over extended time periods +ISO 16437:2012 Ships and marine technology - Lifesaving and fire protection - Atmospheric oil mist detectors for ships +ISO 16439:2014 Information and documentation - Methods and procedures for assessing the impact of libraries +ISO 16443:2014 Dentistry - Vocabulary for dental implants systems and related procedure +ISO/IEC 16448:2002 Information technology - 120 mm DVD - Read-only disk +ISO/IEC 16449:2002 Information technology - 80 mm DVD - Read-only disk +ISO 16457:2014 Space systems – Space environment (natural and artificial) – The Earth's ionosphere model: international reference ionosphere (IRI) model and extensions to the plasmasphere +ISO/TS 16460:2016 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Communication protocol messages for global usage +ISO/IEC 16480:2015 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Reading and display of ORM by mobile devices +ISO 16484 Building automation and control systems (BACS) +ISO 16484-1:2010 Part 1: Project specification and implementation +ISO 16484-2:2004 Part 2: Hardware +ISO 16484-3:2005 Part 3: Functions +ISO 16484-5:2017 Part 5: Data communication protocol +ISO 16484-6:2014 Part 6: Data communication conformance testing +ISO/IEC 16485:2000 Information technology - Mixed Raster Content (MRC) +ISO 16495:2013 Packaging - Transport packaging for dangerous goods - Test methods +ISO/IEC 16500 Information technology – Generic digital audio-visual systems +ISO/IEC 16500-1:1999 Part 1: System reference models and scenarios +ISO/IEC 16500-2:1999 Part 2: System dynamics, scenarios and protocol requirements +ISO/IEC 16500-3:1999 Part 3: Contours: Technology domain +ISO/IEC 16500-4:1999 Part 4: Lower-layer protocols and physical interfaces +ISO/IEC 16500-5:1999 Part 5: High and mid-layer protocols +ISO/IEC 16500-6:1999 Part 6: Information representation +ISO/IEC 16500-7:1999 Part 7: Basic security tools +ISO/IEC 16500-8:1999 Part 8: Management architecture and protocols +ISO/IEC 16500-9:1999 Part 9: Usage information protocols +ISO/IEC TR 16501:1999 Information technology - Generic digital audio-visual systems - Technical Report on ISO/IEC 16500 - Description of digital audio-visual functionalities +ISO/IEC 16504:2011 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – MAC and PHY for operation in TV white space +ISO/IEC 16509:1999 Information technology - Year 2000 terminology +ISO/IEC 16512 Information technology – Relayed multicast protocol +ISO/IEC 16512-1:2016 Information technology – Relayed Multicast Control Protocol (RMCP) – Framework +ISO/IEC 16512-2:2016 Information technology – Relayed multicast protocol: Specification for simplex group applications +ISO/IEC 16513:2005 Information technology – Group management protocol +ISO/HL7 16527:2016 Health informatics – HL7 Personal Health Record System Functional Model, Release 1 (PHRS FM) +ISO 16548:2012 Ships and marine technology - Ship design - General guidance on emergency towing procedures +ISO 16549 Textiles – Unevenness of textile strands – Capacitance method +ISO/TS 16550:2014 Nanotechnologies – Determination of silver nanoparticles potency by release of muramic acid from Staphylococcus aureus +ISO 16559:2014 Solid biofuels – Terminology, definitions and descriptions +ISO 16571:2014 Systems for evacuation of plume generated by medical devices +ISO 16587:2004 Mechanical vibration and shock – Performance parameters for condition monitoring of structures +ISO 16589 Rotary shaft lip-type seals incorporating thermoplastic sealing elements +ISO 16589-2:2011 Part 2: Vocabulary +ISO 16609:2012 Financial services – Requirements for message authentication using symmetric techniques +ISO 16610 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Filtration +ISO 16612 Graphic technology - Variable printing data exchange +ISO 16612-1:2005 Part 1: Using PPML 2.1 and PDF 1.4 (PPML/VDX-2005) +ISO 16612-2:2010 Part 2: Using PDF/X-4 and PDF/X-5 (PDF/VT-1 and PDF/VT-2) +ISO 16613 Graphic technology - Variable content replacement +ISO 16613-1:2017 Part 1: Using PDF/X for variable content replacement (PDF/VCR-1) +ISO 16622:2002 Meteorology – Sonic anemometers/thermometers – Acceptance test methods for mean wind measurements +ISO 16628:2008 Tracheobronchial tubes – Sizing and marking +ISO 16638 Radiological protection - Monitoring and internal dosimetry for specific materials +ISO 16638-1:2015 Part 1: Inhalation of uranium compounds +ISO 16641:2014 Measurement of radioactivity in the environment - Air - Radon 220: Integrated measurement methods for the determination of the average activity concentration using passive solid-state nuclear track detectors +ISO 16642:2017 Computer applications in terminology — Terminological markup framework +ISO 16649 Microbiology of the food chain – Horizontal method for the enumeration of beta-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli +ISO 16649-1:2001 Part 1: Colony-count technique at 44 degrees C using membranes and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-glucuronide +ISO 16649-2:2001 Part 2: Colony-count technique at 44 degrees C using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-glucuronide +ISO 16649-3:2015 Part 3: Detection and most probable number technique using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-ß-D-glucuronide +ISO 16654:2001 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the detection of Escherichia coli O157 +ISO 16671:2015 Ophthalmic implants – Irrigating solutions for ophthalmic surgery +ISO 16672:2015 Ophthalmic implants – Ocular endotamponades +ISO 16682:2015 Aerospace series – Terminology for clamping devices +ISO 16684 Graphic technology - Extensible metadata platform (XMP) specification +ISO 16684-1:2012 Part 1: Data model, serialization and core properties +ISO 16684-2:2014 Part 2: Description of XMP schemas using RELAX NG +ISO/TR 16705:2016 Statistical methods for implementation of Six Sigma - Selected illustrations of contingency table analysis +ISO 16706:2016 Ships and marine technology - Marine evacuation systems - Load calculations and testing +ISO 16707:2016 Ships and marine technology - Marine evacuation systems - Determination of capacity +ISO 16739:2013 Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for data sharing in the construction and facility management industries +ISO 16739-1:2018 Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for data sharing in the construction and facility management industries — Part 1: Data schema +ISO 16744:2003 Dentistry — Base metal materials for fixed dental restorations [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22674] +ISO 16750 Road vehicles – Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment +ISO 16760:2014 Graphic technology - Prepress data exchange - Preparation and visualization of RGB images to be used in RGB-based graphics arts workflows +ISO/TR 16764:2003 Lifts, escalators and passenger conveyors – Comparison of worldwide standards on electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility +ISO/TS 16785:2014 Electronic Fee Collection (EFC) – Interface definition between DSRC-OBE and external in-vehicle devices +ISO/TR 16786:2015 Intelligent transport systems – The use of simulation models for evaluation of traffic management systems – Input parameters and reporting template for simulation of traffic signal control systems +ISO 16787:2016 Intelligent transport systems – Assisted Parking System (APS) – Performance requirements and test procedures +ISO/TS 16791:2014 Health informatics – Requirements for international machine-readable coding of medicinal product package identifiers +ISO 16792:2015 Technical product documentation - Digital product definition data practices +ISO 16818:2008 Building environment design – Energy efficiency – Terminology +ISO/IEC 16824:1999 Information technology - 120 mm DVD rewritable disk (DVD-RAM) +ISO/IEC 16825:1999 Information technology - Case for 120 mm DVD-RAM disks +ISO 16832:2006 Acoustics – Loudness scaling by means of categories +ISO 16840 Wheelchair seating +ISO 16840-1:2006 Part 1: Vocabulary, reference axis convention and measures for body segments, posture and postural support surfaces +ISO/TS 16843 Health informatics – Categorial structures for representation of acupuncture +ISO/TS 16843-1:2016 Part 1: Acupuncture points +ISO/TS 16843-2:2015 Part 2: Needling +ISO 16894:2009 Wood-based panels – Oriented strand board (OSB) – Definitions, classification and specifications +ISO 16902 Hydraulic fluid power – Test code for the determination of sound power levels of pumps using sound intensity techniques: Engineering method +ISO 16902-1:2003 Part 1: Pumps +ISO 16919:2014 Space data and information transfer systems – Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of candidate trustworthy digital repositories +ISO/TS 16949 Quality management systems – Particular requirements for the application of ISO 9001:2008 for automotive production and relevant service part organizations [Withdrawn: replaced by IATF 16949:2016] +ISO/TS 16951:2004 Road vehicles – Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems (TICS) – Procedures for determining priority of on-board messages presented to drivers +ISO/TS 16955:2016 Prosthetics – Quantification of physical parameters of ankle foot devices and foot units +ISO/IEC 16963:2017 Information technology - Digitally recorded media for information interchange and storage - Test method for the estimation of lifetime of optical disks for long-term data storage +ISO/IEC 16969:1999 Information technology - Data interchange on 120 mm optical disk cartridges using +RW format - Capacity: 3,0 Gbytes and 6,0 Gbytes +ISO 16971:2015 Ophthalmic instruments – Optical coherence tomograph for the posterior segment of the human eye +ISO/TR 16982:2002 Ergonomics of human-system interaction – Usability methods supporting human-centred design \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcc2e677e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 16000–17999" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:41.853676+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 17000 – ISO 17999 == +ISO/IEC 17000:2004 Conformity assessment - Vocabulary and general principles +ISO/IEC 17007:2009 Conformity assessment – Guidance for drafting normative documents suitable for use for conformity assessment +ISO/IEC 17011:2017 Conformity assessment – Requirements for accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessment bodies +ISO/IEC 17020:2012 Conformity assessment—Requirements for the operation of various types of bodies performing inspection +ISO/IEC 17021:2011 Conformity assessment—Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of management systems +ISO/IEC 17021-1:2015 Part 1: Requirements +ISO/IEC 17021-2:2016 Part 2: Competence requirements for auditing and certification of environmental management systems +ISO/IEC 17021-3:2017 Part 3: Competence requirements for auditing and certification of quality management systems +ISO/IEC TS 17021-4:2013 Part 4: Competence requirements for auditing and certification of event sustainability management systems +ISO/IEC TS 17021-5:2014 Part 5: Competence requirements for auditing and certification of asset management systems +ISO/IEC TS 17021-6:2014 Part 6: Competence requirements for auditing and certification of business continuity management systems +ISO/IEC TS 17021-7:2014 Part 7: Competence requirements for auditing and certification of road traffic safety management systems +ISO/IEC TS 17021-9:2016 Part 9: Competence requirements for auditing and certification of anti-bribery management systems +ISO/IEC TS 17022:2012 Conformity assessment—Requirements and recommendations for content of a third-party audit report on management systems +ISO/IEC TS 17023:2013 Conformity assessment—Guidelines for determining the duration of management system certification audits +ISO/IEC 17024:2012 Conformity assessment – General requirements for bodies operating certification of persons +ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories +ISO/IEC TR 17026:2015 Conformity assessment – Example of a certification scheme for tangible products +ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014 Conformity assessment – Vocabulary related to competence of persons used for certification of persons +ISO/IEC TR 17028:2017 Conformity assessment – Guidelines and examples of a certification scheme for services +ISO/IEC 17029:2019 Conformity assessment — General principles and requirements for validation and verification bodies +ISO/IEC 17030:2003 Conformity assessment – General requirements for third-party marks of conformity +ISO/IEC 17033:2019 Ethical claims and supporting information - Principles and requirements +ISO 17034:2016 General requirements for the competence of reference material producers +ISO/IEC 17040:2005 Conformity assessment – General requirements for peer assessment of conformity assessment bodies and accreditation bodies +ISO/IEC 17043:2010 Conformity assessment – General requirements for proficiency testing +ISO 17049:2013 Accessible design - Application of braille on signage, equipment and appliances +ISO/IEC 17050:2004 Conformity assessment — Supplier's declaration of conformity +ISO/IEC 17050-1:2004 Part 1: General requirements (reviewed and confirmed in 2020) +ISO/IEC 17050-2:2004 Part 2: Supporting documentation (reviewed and confirmed in 2020) +ISO/IEC 17065:2012 Conformity assessment—Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services +ISO 17066:2007 Hydraulic tools - Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 17067:2013 Conformity assessment – Fundamentals of product certification and guidelines for product certification schemes +ISO/TR 17068:2012 Information and documentation - Trusted third party repository for digital records +ISO 17075 Leather - Chemical determination of chromium(VI) content in leather +ISO 17075-1:2017 Part 1: Colorimetric method +ISO 17075-2:2017 Part 2: Chromatographic method +ISO 17080:2005 Manually portable agricultural and forestry machines and powered lawn and garden equipment - Design principles for single-panel product safety labels +ISO 17088:2012 Specifications for compostable plastics +ISO 17089 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits – Ultrasonic meters for gas +ISO 17089-1:2010 Part 1: Meters for custody transfer and allocation measurement +ISO 17089-2:2012 Part 2: Meters for industrial applications +ISO 17090 Health informatics – Public key infrastructure +ISO 17090-1:2013 Part 1: Overview of digital certificate services +ISO 17090-2:2015 Part 2: Certificate profile +ISO 17090-3:2008 Part 3: Policy management of certification authority +ISO 17090-4:2014 Part 4: Digital Signatures for healthcare documents +ISO 17090-5:2017 Part 5: Authentication using Healthcare PKI credentials +ISO/TR 17098:2013 Packaging material recycling - Report on substances and materials which may impede recycling +ISO 17100:2015 Translation services—Requirements for translation services +ISO 17115:2007 Health informatics - Vocabulary of compositional terminological systems +ISO/TS 17117:2002 Health informatics - Controlled health terminology - Structure and high-level indicators +ISO 17117 Health informatics — Terminological resources +ISO 17117-1:2018 Part 1: Characteristics +ISO/TR 17119:2005 Health informatics – Health informatics profiling framework +ISO 17123 Optics and optical instruments – Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments +ISO 17123-1:2014 Part 1: Theory +ISO 17123-2:2001 Part 2: Levels +ISO 17123-3:2001 Part 3: Theodolites +ISO 17123-4:2012 Part 4: Electro-optical distance meters (EDM measurements to reflectors) +ISO 17123-5:2012 Part 5: Total stations +ISO 17123-6:2012 Part 6: Rotating lasers +ISO 17123-7:2005 Part 7: Optical plumbing instruments +ISO 17123-8:2015 Part 8: GNSS field measurement systems in real-time kinematic (RTK) +ISO/TS 17137:2014 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems – Cardiovascular absorbable implants +ISO 17166:1999 Erythema reference action spectrum and standard erythema dose +ISO 17185 Intelligent transport systems – Public transport user information +ISO 17185-1:2014 Part 1: Standards framework for public information systems +ISO/TR 17185-2:2015 Part 2: Public transport data and interface standards catalogue and cross references +ISO/TR 17185-3:2015 Part 3: Use cases for journey planning systems and their interoperation +ISO/TS 17187:2013 Intelligent transport systems – Electronic information exchange to facilitate the movement of freight and its intermodal transfer – Governance rules to sustain electronic information exchange methods +ISO/TS 17200:2013 Nanotechnology – Nanoparticles in powder form – Characteristics and measurements +ISO 17201 Acoustics – Noise from shooting ranges +ISO 17201-1:2005 Part 1: Determination of muzzle blast by measurement +ISO 17201-2:2006 Part 2: Estimation of muzzle blast and projectile sound by calculation +ISO 17201-3:2010 Part 3: Guidelines for sound propagation calculations +ISO 17201-4:2006 Part 4: Prediction of projectile sound +ISO 17201-5:2010 Part 5: Noise management +ISO 17202 Textiles – Determination of twist in single spun yarns – Untwist/retwist method +ISO/IEC 17203:2017 Information technology – Open Virtualization Format (OVF) specification +ISO 17208 Underwater acoustics – Quantities and procedures for description and measurement of underwater sound from ships +ISO 17208-1:2016 Part 1: Requirements for precision measurements in deep water used for comparison purposes +ISO 17218:2014 Sterile acupuncture needles for single use +ISO/TS 17251:2016 Health informatics – Business requirements for a syntax to exchange structured dose information for medicinal products +ISO 17258:2015 Statistical methods - Six Sigma - Basic criteria underlying benchmarking for Six Sigma in organisations +ISO 17261:2012 Intelligent transport systems – Automatic vehicle and equipment identification – Intermodal goods transport architecture and terminology +ISO 17262:2012 Intelligent transport systems – Automatic vehicle and equipment identification – Numbering and data structures +ISO 17263:2012 Intelligent transport systems – Automatic vehicle and equipment identification – System parameters +ISO 17264:2009 Intelligent transport systems – Automatic vehicle and equipment identification – Interfaces +ISO 17267:2009 Intelligent transport systems – Navigation systems – Application programming interface (API) +ISO/TR 17302:2015 Nanotechnologies – Framework for identifying vocabulary development for nanotechnology applications in human healthcare +ISO/IEC 17309:2000 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Mapping functions for the employment of a circuit mode basic service and the supplementary service user-to-user signalling as a pair of on-demand inter-PINX connections +ISO/IEC 17310:2000 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Mapping functions for the employment of 64 kbit/s circuit mode connections with 16 kbit/s sub-multiplexing +ISO/IEC 17311:2000 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Mapping functions for the employment of 64 kbit/s circuit mode connections with 8 kbit/s sub-multiplexing +ISO 17316:2015 Information and documentation - International standard link identifier (ISLI) +ISO 17338:2009 Ships and marine technology - Drawings for fire protection - Indications of fire rating by divisions for ships and high-speed craft +ISO/IEC 17341:2009 Information technology - Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW format - Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 4X) +ISO/IEC 17342:2004 Information technology - 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) and 120 mm (4,70 Gbytes per side) DVD re-recordable disk (DVD-RW) +ISO/IEC 17343:2007 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Corporate telecommunication networks – Signalling interworking between QSIG and SIP – Basic services +ISO/IEC 17344:2009 Information technology - Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +R format - Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X) +ISO/IEC 17345:2006 Information technology - Data Interchange on 130 mm Rewritable and Write Once Read Many Ultra Density Optical (UDO) Disk Cartridges - Capacity: 30 Gbytes per Cartridge - First Generation +ISO/IEC 17346:2005 Information technology - Data interchange on 90 mm optical disk cartridges - Capacity: 1,3 Gbytes per cartridge +ISO/TR 17350:2013 Direct Marking on Plastic Returnable Transport Items (RTIs) +ISO 17351:2013 Packaging - Braille on packaging for medicinal products +ISO 17359:2011 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – General guidelines +ISO 17361:2017 Intelligent transport systems – Lane departure warning systems – Performance requirements and test procedures +ISO 17363:2013 Supply chain applications of RFID - Freight containers +ISO 17364:2013 Supply chain applications of RFID - Returnable transport items (RTIs) and returnable packaging items (RPIs) +ISO 17365:2013 Supply chain applications of RFID - Transport units +ISO 17366:2013 Supply chain applications of RFID - Product packaging +ISO 17367:2013 Supply chain applications of RFID - Product tagging +ISO 17369:2013 Statistical data and metadata exchange (SDMX) +ISO/TR 17370:2013 Application Guideline on Data Carriers for Supply Chain Management +ISO/TR 17384:2008 Intelligent transport systems – Interactive centrally determined route guidance (CDRG) – Air interface message set, contents and format +ISO 17387:2008 Intelligent transport systems – Lane change decision aid systems (LCDAS) – Performance requirements and test procedures +ISO 17398:2004 Safety colours and safety signs - Classification, performance and durability of safety signs +ISO 17409:2020 Electrically propelled road vehicles — Conductive power transfer — Safety requirements +ISO 17410:2001 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the enumeration of psychrotrophic microorganisms +ISO/IEC 17417:2011 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Short Distance Visible Light Communication (SDVLC) +ISO/TS 17419:2014 Intelligent transport systems – Cooperative systems – Classification and management of ITS applications in a global context +ISO/TS 17423:2014 Intelligent transport systems – Cooperative systems – ITS application requirements and objectives for selection of communication profiles +ISO/TR 17424:2015 Intelligent transport systems – Cooperative systems – State of the art of Local Dynamic Maps concepts +ISO/TS 17425:2016 Intelligent transport systems – Cooperative systems – Data exchange specification for in-vehicle presentation of external road and traffic related data +ISO/TS 17426:2016 Intelligent transport systems – Cooperative systems – Contextual speeds +ISO 17427 Intelligent transport systems – Cooperative ITS +ISO/TS 17427:2014 Roles and responsibilities in the context of cooperative ITS based on architecture(s) for cooperative systems +ISO/TR 17427-2:2015 Part 2: Framework overview +ISO/TR 17427-3:2015 Part 3: Concept of operations (ConOps) for 'core' systems +ISO/TR 17427-4:2015 Part 4: Minimum system requirements and behaviour for core systems +ISO/TR 17427-6:2015 Part 6: 'Core system' risk assessment methodology +ISO/TR 17427-7:2015 Part 7: Privacy aspects +ISO/TR 17427-8:2015 Part 8: Liability aspects +ISO/TR 17427-9:2015 Part 9: Compliance and enforcement aspects +ISO/TR 17427-10:2015 Part 10: Driver distraction and information display +ISO/TS 17429:2017 Intelligent transport systems – Cooperative ITS – ITS station facilities for the transfer of information between ITS stations +ISO 17432:2004 Health informatics – Messages and communication – Web access to DICOM persistent objects +ISO 17438 Intelligent transport systems – Indoor navigation for personal and vehicle ITS station +ISO 17438-1:2016 Part 1: General information and use case definition +ISO/TS 17439:2014 Health informatics – Development of terms and definitions for health informatics glossaries +ISO 17442:2012 Financial services - Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) +ISO/TS 17444 Electronic fee collection – Charging performance +ISO/TS 17444-1:2017 Part 1: Metrics +ISO/TS 17444-2:2017 Part 2: Examination framework +ISO 17450 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Basic concepts +ISO 17450-1:2011 Part 1: Model for geometrical specification and verification +ISO 17450-2:2012 Part 2: Basic tenets, specifications, operators, uncertainties and ambiguities +ISO 17450-3:2016 Part 3: Toleranced features +ISO 17450-4:2017 Part 4: Geometrical characteristics for quantifying GPS deviations +ISO 17451 Packaging - Codification of contents for inventories for shipments of household goods and personal effects +ISO 17451-1:2016 Part 1: Numeric codification of inventories +ISO/TS 17451-2:2017 Part 2: XML messaging structure for electronic transmission of inventory data +ISO/TR 17452:2007 Intelligent transport systems – Using UML for defining and documenting ITS/TICS interfaces +ISO/IEC 17462:2000 Information technology – 3,81 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording – DDS-4 format +ISO/TR 17465 Intelligent transport systems - Cooperative ITS +ISO/TR 17465-1:2014 Part 1: Terms and definitions +ISO/TR 17465-2:2015 Part 2: Guidelines for standards documents +ISO/TR 17465-3:2015 Part 3: Release procedures for standards documents +ISO/TS 17466:2015 Use of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy in the characterization of cadmium chalcogenide colloidal quantum dots +ISO 17468:2016 Microbiology of the food chain – Technical requirements and guidance on establishment or revision of a standardized reference method +ISO 17469 Document management - Strategy markup language (StratML) +ISO 17469-1:2015 Part 1: StratML core elements +ISO 17480:2015 Packaging - Accessible design - Ease of opening +ISO 17488:2016 Road vehicles – Transport information and control systems – Detection-response task (DRT) for assessing attentional effects of cognitive load in driving +ISO/TS 17503:2015 Statistical methods of uncertainty evaluation - Guidance on evaluation of uncertainty using two-factor crossed designs +ISO/PAS 17506 Industrial automation systems and integration – COLLADA digital asset schema specification for 3D visualization of industrial data +ISO 17510:2015 Medical devices – Sleep apnoea breathing therapy – Masks and application accessories +ISO 17515 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) +ISO 17515-1:2015 Part 1: General usage +ISO 17516:2014 Cosmetics – Microbiology – Microbiological limits +ISO/TR 17522:2015 Health informatics – Provisions for health applications on mobile/smart devices +ISO 17523:2016 Health informatics – Requirements for electronic prescriptions +ISO 17526:2003 Optics and optical instruments – Lasers and laser-related equipment – Lifetime of lasers +ISO 17532:2007 Stationary equipment for agriculture – Data communications network for livestock farming +ISO 17534 Acoustics – Software for the calculation of sound outdoors +ISO 17534-1:2015 Part 1: Quality requirements and quality assurance +ISO/TR 17534-2:2014 Part 2: General recommendations for test cases and quality assurance interface +ISO/TR 17534-3:2015 Part 3: Recommendations for quality assured implementation of ISO 9613-2 in software according to ISO 17534-1 +ISO/IEC 17549 Information technology – User interface guidelines on menu navigation +ISO/IEC 17549-2:2015 Part 2: Navigation with 4-direction devices +ISO/IEC 17568:2013 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Close proximity electric induction wireless communications +ISO 17572 Intelligent transport systems (ITS) – Location referencing for geographic databases +ISO 17572-1:2015 Part 1: General requirements and conceptual model +ISO 17572-2:2015 Part 2: Pre-coded location references (pre-coded profile) +ISO 17572-3:2015 Part 3: Dynamic location references (dynamic profile) +ISO 17573:2010 Electronic fee collection – Systems architecture for vehicle-related tolling +ISO/TS 17574:2017 Electronic fee collection – Guidelines for security protection profiles +ISO 17575 Electronic fee collection – Application interface definition for autonomous systems +ISO 17575-1:2016 Part 1: Charging +ISO 17575-2:2016 Part 2: Communication and connection to the lower layers +ISO 17575-3:2016 Part 3: Context data +ISO/TS 17582:2014 Quality management systems – Particular requirements for the application of ISO 9001:2008 for electoral organizations at all levels of government +ISO/IEC 17592:2004 Information technology - 120 mm (4,7 Gbytes per side) and 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) DVD rewritable disk (DVD-RAM) +ISO/IEC 17594:2004 Information technology - Cases for 120 mm and 80 mm DVD-RAM disks +ISO 17599:2015 Technical product documentation (TPD) – General requirements of digital mock-up for mechanical products +ISO 17604:2015 Microbiology of the food chain – Carcass sampling for microbiological analysis +ISO 17631:2002 Ships and marine technology - Shipboard plans for fire protection, life-saving appliances and means of escape +ISO 17658:2002 Welding - Imperfections in oxyfuel flame cuts, laser beam cuts and plasma cuts - Terminology +ISO 17659:2002 Welding - Multilingual terms for welded joints with illustrations +ISO 17677 Resistance welding - Vocabulary +ISO 17677-1:2009 Part 1: Spot, projection and seam welding +ISO 17679:2016 Tourism and related services – Wellness spa – Service requirements +ISO 17680:2015 Tourism and related services – Thalassotherapy – Service requirements +ISO 17687:2007 Transport Information and Control Systems (TICS) – General fleet management and commercial freight operations – Data dictionary and message sets for electronic identification and monitoring of hazardous materials/dangerous goods transportation +ISO 17712:2103 Freight containers — Mechanical seals - updated the 2010 version: offers "a single source of information on mechanical seals which are acceptable for securing freight containers in international commerce". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..992de0a40 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 16000–17999" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:41.853676+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Supported by C-TPAT (the use of "H" class seals is required). ISO 17713 Meteorology – Wind measurements +ISO 17713-1:2007 Part 1: Wind tunnel test methods for rotating anemometer performance +ISO 17714:2007 Meteorology – Air temperature measurements – Test methods for comparing the performance of thermometer shields/screens and defining important characteristics +ISO 17717:2017 Meteorological balloons – Specification +ISO 17724:2003 Graphical symbols - Vocabulary +ISO/TS 17728:2015 Microbiology of the food chain – Sampling techniques for microbiological analysis of food and feed samples +ISO 17740 Building construction machinery and equipment – Concrete placing systems for stationary equipment +ISO 17740-1:2015 Part 1: Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO/IEC 17760 Information technology - AT Attachment +ISO/IEC 17760-101:2015 Part 101: ATA/ATAPI Command Set (ATA8-ACS) +ISO/IEC 17760-102:2016 Part 102: ATA/ATAPI Command set - 2 (ACS-2) +ISO 17772 Energy performance of buildings - Indoor environmental quality +ISO 17772-1:2017 Part 1: Indoor environmental input parameters for the design and assessment of energy performance of buildings +ISO 17776 Petroleum and natural gas industries – Offshore production installations – Guidelines on tools and techniques for hazard identification and risk assessment +ISO/IEC 17788:2014 Information technology - Cloud computing - Overview and vocabulary +ISO/IEC 17789:2014 Information technology - Cloud computing - Reference architecture +ISO/TR 17791:2013 Health informatics – Guidance on standards for enabling safety in health software +ISO 17799 Information technology - Security techniques - Code of Practice for Information Security Management (superseded by ISO/IEC 27002) +ISO 17800 Building environment design – Facility Smart Grid Information Model +ISO/IEC 17811 Information technology – Device control and management +ISO/IEC 17811-1:2014 Part 1: Architecture +ISO/IEC 17811-2:2015 Part 2: Specification of Device Control and Management Protocol +ISO/IEC 17811-3:2014 Part 3: Specification of Reliable Message Delivery Protocol +ISO/IEC 17821:2015 Information technology – Specification of low power wireless mesh network over channel-hopped TDMA links +ISO/TS 17822 In vitro diagnostic test systems - Qualitative nucleic acid-based in vitro examination procedures for detection and identification of microbial pathogens +ISO/TS 17822-1:2014 Part 1: General requirements, terms and definitions +ISO/IEC 17825:2016 Information technology - Security techniques - Testing methods for the mitigation of non-invasive attack classes against cryptographic modules +ISO/IEC 17826:2016 Information technology - Cloud Data Management Interface (CDMI) +ISO/IEC 17839 Information technology – Identification cards – Biometric System-on-Card +ISO/IEC 17839-1:2014 Part 1: Core requirements +ISO/IEC 17839-2:2015 Part 2: Physical characteristics +ISO/IEC 17839-3:2016 Part 3: Logical information interchange mechanism +ISO 17853:2011 Wear of implant materials – Polymer and metal wear particles – Isolation and characterization +ISO/TS 17863:2013 Geometrical product specification (GPS) - Tolerancing of moveable assemblies +ISO/TS 17865:2016 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Guidelines for the evaluation of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) test uncertainty for CMMs using single and multiple stylus contacting probing systems +ISO/IEC 17875:2000 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Private User Mobility (PUM) – Registration supplementary service +ISO/IEC 17876:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol—Private User Mobility (PUM) – Registration supplementary service +ISO/IEC 17877:2000 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Private User Mobility (PUM) – Call handling additional network features +ISO/IEC 17878:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Private User Mobility (PUM) – Call handling additional network features +ISO 17893:2004 Steel wire ropes - Vocabulary, designation and classification +ISO 17894:2005 Ships and marine technology – Computer applications – General principles for the development and use of programmable electronic systems in marine applications +ISO 17901 Optics and photonics – Holography +ISO 17901-1:2015 Part 1: Methods of measuring diffraction efficiency and associated optical characteristics of holograms +ISO 17901-2:2015 Part 2: Methods for measurement of hologram recording characteristics +ISO 17907:2014 Ships and marine technology - Single point mooring arrangements for conventional tankers +ISO/IEC 17913:2000 Information technology – 12,7mm 128-track magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Parallel serpentine format +ISO/TS 17915:2013 Optics and photonics – Measurement method of semiconductor lasers for sensing +ISO/TS 17919:2013 Microbiology of the food chain – Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of food-borne pathogens – Detection of botulinum type A, B, E and F neurotoxin-producing clostridia +ISO 17933:2000 GEDI - Generic Electronic Document Interchange +ISO/TS 17938:2014 Health informatics – Semantic network framework of traditional Chinese medicine language system +ISO 17937:2015 Dentistry - Osteotome +ISO/TS 17948:2014 Health informatics – Traditional Chinese medicine literature metadata +ISO/IEC 17960:2015 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Code signing for source code +ISO/IEC TS 17961:2013 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - C secure coding rules +ISO/IEC 17963:2013 Web Services for Management (WS-Management) Specification +ISO/TS 17969:2015 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries – Guidelines on competency for personnel +ISO 17972 Graphic technology - Colour data exchange format (CxF/X) +ISO 17972-1:2015 Part 1: Relationship to CxF3 (CxF/X) +ISO 17972-2:2016 Part 2: Scanner target data (CxF/X-2) +ISO 17972-3:2017 Part 3: Output target data (CxF/X-3) +ISO 17972-4:2015 Part 4: Spot colour characterisation data (CxF/X-4) +ISO/TS 17975:2015 Health informatics – Principles and data requirements for consent in the Collection, Use or Disclosure of personal health information +ISO/IEC 17982:2012 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Close Capacitive Coupling Communication Physical Layer (CCCC PHY) +ISO 17987 Road vehicles – Local Interconnect Network (LIN) +ISO 17987-2:2016 Part 2: Transport protocol and network layer services +ISO 17994:2014 Water quality – Requirements for the comparison of the relative recovery of microorganisms by two quantitative methods +ISO 17995:2005 Water quality – Detection and enumeration of thermotolerant Campylobacter species +ISO/IEC 17998:2012 Information technology - SOA Governance Framework + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9a6ec27f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 18000–19999" +chunk: 1/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:43.059276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. + +== ISO 18000 – ISO 18999 == + +=== ISO 18000 – ISO 18099 === +ISO/IEC 18000 Information technology – Radio frequency identification for item management +ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code bar code symbology specification +ISO/IEC 18009:1999 Information technology – Programming languages – Ada: Conformity assessment of a language processor +ISO/IEC 18010:2002 Information technology - Pathways and spaces for customer premises cabling +ISO/IEC 18012 Information technology - Home Electronic System - Guidelines for product interoperability +ISO/IEC 18012-1:2004 Part 1: Introduction +ISO/IEC 18012-2:2012 Part 2: Taxonomy and application interoperability model +ISO/IEC 18013 Information technology – Personal identification – ISO-compliant driving license +ISO/IEC 18013-1:2005 Part 1: Physical characteristics and basic data set +ISO/IEC 18013-2:2008 Part 2: Machine-readable technologies +ISO/IEC 18013-3:2017 Part 3: Access control, authentication and integrity validation +ISO/IEC 18013-4:2019 Part 4: Test methods +ISO/IEC 18013-5 Part 5: Mobile driving licence (mDL) application +ISO/IEC 18014 Information technology – Security techniques – Time-stamping services +ISO/IEC TR 18015:2006 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Technical Report on C++ Performance +ISO/IEC TR 18016:2003 Information technology – Message Handling Systems (MHS): Interworking with Internet e-mail +ISO/IEC 18017:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Mapping functions for the employment of Virtual Private Network scenarios +ISO/IEC TR 18018:2010 Information technology - Systems and software engineering - Guide for configuration management tool capabilities +ISO/IEC 18021:2002 Information technology – User interfaces for mobile tools for management of database communications in a client-server model +ISO/IEC 18023 Information technology – SEDRIS +ISO/IEC 18023-1:2006 Part 1: Functional specification +ISO/IEC 18023-2:2006 Part 2: Abstract transmittal format +ISO/IEC 18023-3:2006 Part 3: Transmittal format binary encoding +ISO/IEC 18024 Information technology – SEDRIS language bindings +ISO/IEC 18024-4:2006 Part 4: C +ISO/IEC 18025:2005 Information technology – Environmental Data Coding Specification (EDCS) +ISO/IEC 18026:2009 Information technology – Spatial Reference Model (SRM) +ISO/IEC 18031:2011 Information technology - Security techniques - Random bit generation +ISO/IEC 18032:2005 Information technology - Security techniques - Prime number generation +ISO/IEC 18033 Information technology – Security techniques – Encryption algorithms +ISO/IEC 18033-1:2015 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 18033-2:2006 Part 2: Asymmetric ciphers +ISO/IEC 18033-3:2010 Part 3: Block ciphers +ISO/IEC 18033-4:2011 Part 4: Stream ciphers +ISO/IEC 18033-5:2015 Part 5: Identity-based ciphers +ISO/IEC 18035:2003 Information technology – Icon symbols and functions for controlling multimedia software applications +ISO/IEC 18036:2003 Information technology - Icon symbols and functions for World Wide Web browser toolbars +ISO/IEC TR 18037:2008 Programming languages - C - Extensions to support embedded processors +ISO/IEC 18041 Information technology – Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation – Environmental Data Coding Specification (EDCS) language bindings +ISO/IEC 18041-4:2016 Part 4: C +ISO/IEC 18042 Information technology – Computer graphics and image processing – Spatial Reference Model (SRM) language bindings +ISO/IEC 18042-4:2006 Part 4: C +ISO/IEC 18045:2008 Information technology - Security techniques - Methodology for IT security evaluation +ISO/IEC 18046 Information technology - Radio frequency identification device performance test methods +ISO/IEC 18046-1:2011 Part 1: Test methods for system performance +ISO/IEC 18046-2:2011 Part 2: Test methods for interrogator performance +ISO/IEC 18046-3:2012 Part 3: Test methods for tag performance +ISO/IEC 18046-4:2015 Part 4: Test methods for performance of RFID gates in libraries +ISO/IEC 18047 Information technology - Radio frequency identification device conformance test methods +ISO/IEC 18047-2:2012 Part 2: Test methods for air interface communications below 135 kHz +ISO/IEC TR 18047-3:2011 Part 3: Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz +ISO/IEC TR 18047-4:2004 Part 4: Test methods for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz +ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012 Part 6: Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz +ISO/IEC TR 18047-7:2010 Part 7: Test methods for active air interface communications at 433 MHz +ISO/IEC 18050:2006 Information technology - Office equipment - Print quality attributes for machine readable Digital Postage Marks +ISO/IEC 18051:2012 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Services for Computer Supported Telecommunications Applications (CSTA) Phase III +ISO/IEC 18052:2012 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – ASN.1 for Computer Supported Telecommunications Applications (CSTA) Phase III +ISO/IEC TR 18053:2000 Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Glossary of definitions and terminology for Computer Supported Telecommunications Applications (CSTA) Phase III +ISO/IEC 18056:2012 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – XML Schema Definitions for Computer Supported Telecommunications Applications (CSTA) Phase III +ISO/IEC TR 18057:2004 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Using ECMA-323 (CSTA XML) in a Voice Browser Environment +ISO/TS 18062:2016 Health informatics – Categorial structure for representation of herbal medicaments in terminological systems +ISO 18064:2014 Thermoplastic elastomers – Nomenclature and abbreviated terms +ISO 18065:2015 Tourism and related services – Tourist services for public use provided by Natural Protected Areas Authorities – Requirements +ISO 18082:2014 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Dimensions of non-interchangeable screw-threaded (NIST) low-pressure connectors for medical gases +ISO 18091:2014 Quality management systems – Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2008 in local government +ISO/IEC 18092:2013 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Near Field Communication – Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1) +ISO/IEC 18093:1999 Information technology - Data interchange on 130 mm optical disk cartridges of type WORM (Write Once Read Many) using irreversible effects - Capacity: 5,2 Gbytes per cartridge \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e045d6b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 18000–19999" +chunk: 2/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:43.059276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== ISO 18100 – ISO 18199 === +ISO 18104:2014 Health informatics – Categorial structures for representation of nursing diagnoses and nursing actions in terminological systems +ISO/TS 18110:2015 Nanotechnologies - Vocabularies for science, technology and innovation indicators +ISO 18115 Surface chemical analysis – Vocabulary +ISO 18115-1:2013 Part 1: General terms and terms used in spectroscopy +ISO 18115-2:2013 Part 2: Terms used in scanning-probe microscopy +ISO 18117:2009 Surface chemical analysis – Handling of specimens prior to analysis +ISO 18118:2004 Surface chemical analysis - Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy - Guide to the use of experimentally determined relative sensitivity factors for the quantitative analysis of homogeneous materials +ISO/IEC TR 18120:2016 Information technology - Learning, education, and training - Requirements for e-textbooks in education +ISO/IEC TR 18121:2015 Information technology - Learning, education and training - Virtual experiment framework +ISO/TR 18128:2014 Information and documentation - Risk assessment for records processes and systems +ISO 18129:2015 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Approaches for performance diagnosis +ISO/TS 18152 Ergonomics of human-system interaction – Specification for the process assessment of human-system issues +ISO 18158:2016 Workplace air - Terminology +ISO/TS 18173:2005 Non-destructive testing - General terms and definitions +ISO/IEC 18180:2013 Information technology - Specification for the Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF) Version 1.2 +ISO/IEC 18181 Information technology — JPEG XL image coding system +ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022 Part 1: Core coding system +ISO/IEC 18181-2:2021 Part 2: File format +ISO 18185 Freight containers – Electronic seals +ISO 18189:2016 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses and contact lens care products – Cytotoxicity testing of contact lenses in combination with lens care solution to evaluate lens/solution interactions +ISO 18190:2016 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – General requirements for airways and related equipment +ISO 18192 Implants for surgery – Wear of total intervertebral spinal disc prostheses +ISO 18192-1:2011 Part 1: Loading and displacement parameters for wear testing and corresponding environmental conditions for test +ISO 18192-2:2010 Part 2: Nucleus replacements +ISO 18192-3:2017 Part 3: Impingement-wear testing and corresponding environmental conditions for test of lumbar prostheses under adverse kinematic conditions +ISO/TR 18196:2016 Nanotechnologies – Measurement technique matrix for the characterization of nano-objects + +=== ISO 18200 – ISO 18299 === +ISO 18215:2015 Ships and marine technology - Vessel machinery operations in polar waters - Guidelines +ISO 18232:2006 Health Informatics – Messages and communication – Format of length limited globally unique string identifiers +ISO/TS 18234 Intelligent transport systems – Traffic and travel information via transport protocol experts group, generation 1 (TPEG1) binary data format +ISO/TS 18234-1:2013 Part 1: Introduction, numbering and versions (TPEG1-INV) +ISO/TS 18234-2:2013 Part 2: Syntax, semantics and framing structure (TPEG1-SSF) +ISO/TS 18234-3:2013 Part 3: Service and network information (TPEG1-SNI) +ISO/TS 18234-4:2006 Part 4: Road Traffic Message (RTM) application +ISO/TS 18234-5:2006 Part 5: Public Transport Information (PTI) application +ISO/TS 18234-6:2006 Part 6: Location referencing applications +ISO/TS 18234-7:2013 Part 7: Parking information (TPEG1-PKI) +ISO/TS 18234-8:2012 Part 8: Congestion and Travel Time application (TPEG1-CTT) +ISO/TS 18234-9:2013 Part 9: Traffic event compact (TPEG1-TEC) +ISO/TS 18234-10:2013 Part 10: Conditional access information (TPEG1-CAI) +ISO/TS 18234-11:2013 Part 11: Location Referencing Container (TPEG1-LRC) +ISO 18241:2016 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems – Cardiopulmonary bypass systems – Venous bubble traps +ISO 18242:2016 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems – Centrifugal blood pumps +ISO 18245:2003 Retail financial services – Merchant category codes +ISO 18246:2023 Electrically propelled mopeds and motorcycles — Safety requirements for conductive connection to an external electric power supply +ISO 18259:2014 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lens care products – Method to assess contact lens care products with contact lenses in a lens case, challenged with bacterial and fungal organisms +ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013 Identification cards – Contactless integrated circuit cards – Proximity cards – Multiple PICCs in a single PCD field +ISO 18295 Customer contact centres +ISO 18295-1:2017 Part 1: Requirements for customer contact centres +ISO 18295-2:2017 Part 2: Requirements for clients using the services of customer contact centres \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b927b8381 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 18000–19999" +chunk: 3/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:43.059276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== ISO 18300 – ISO 18399 === +ISO/IEC 18305:2016 Information technology - Real time locating systems - Test and evaluation of localization and tracking systems +ISO/TR 18307:2001 Health informatics – Interoperability and compatibility in messaging and communication standards – Key characteristics +ISO 18308:2011 Health informatics – Requirements for an electronic health record architecture +ISO 18312 Mechanical vibration and shock – Measurement of vibration power flow from machines into connected support structures +ISO 18312-1:2012 Part 1: Direct method +ISO 18312-2:2012 Part 2: Indirect method +ISO/TR 18317:2017 Intelligent transport systems – Pre-emption of ITS communication networks for disaster and emergency communication – Use case scenarios +ISO 18322:2017 Space systems – General management requirements for space test centres +ISO/IEC 18328 Identification cards – ICC-managed devices +ISO/IEC 18328-1:2015 Part 1: General framework +ISO/IEC 18328-2:2015 Part 2: Physical characteristics and test methods for cards with devices +ISO/IEC 18328-3:2016 Part 3: Organization, security and commands for interchange +ISO/TS 18339:2015 Endotherapy devices – Eyepiece cap and light guide connector +ISO/TS 18340:2015 Endoscopes – Trocar pins, trocar sleeves and endotherapy devices for use with trocar sleeves +ISO/TS 18344:2016 Effectiveness of paper deacidification processes +ISO 18365:2013 Hydrometry – Selection, establishment and operation of a gauging station +ISO/IEC 18367:2016 Information technology - Security techniques - Cryptographic algorithms and security mechanisms conformance testing +ISO 18369 Ophthalmic optics - Contact lenses +ISO 18369-1:2017 Part 1: Vocabulary, classification system and recommendations for labelling specifications +ISO 18369-2:2017 Part 2: Tolerances +ISO 18369-3:2017 Part 3: Measurement methods +ISO 18369-4:2017 Part 4: Physicochemical properties of contact lens materials +ISO/IEC 18370 Information technology - Security techniques - Blind digital signatures +ISO/IEC 18370-1:2016 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 18370-2:2016 Part 2: Discrete logarithm based mechanisms +ISO/IEC 18372:2004 Information technology – RapidIO interconnect specification +ISO/TR 18476:2017 Ophthalmic optics and instruments – Free form technology – Spectacle lenses and measurement +ISO/IEC 18384 Information technology - Reference Architecture for Service Oriented Architecture (SOA RA) +ISO/IEC 18384-1:2016 Part 1: Terminology and concepts for SOA +ISO/IEC 18384-2:2016 Part 2: Reference Architecture for SOA Solutions +ISO/IEC 18384-3:2016 Part 3: Service Oriented Architecture ontology +ISO 18385:2016 Minimizing the risk of human DNA contamination in products used to collect, store and analyze biological material for forensic purposes – Requirements +ISO 18388:2016 Technical product documentation (TPD) – Relief grooves – Types and dimensioning +ISO 18391:2016 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Population specification + +=== ISO 18400 – ISO 18499 === +ISO/TR 18401:2017 Nanotechnologies - Plain language explanation of selected terms from the ISO/IEC 80004 series +ISO 18404:2015 Quantitative methods in process improvement - Six Sigma - Competencies for key personnel and their organizations in relation to Six Sigma and Lean implementation +ISO 18405:2017 Underwater acoustics - Terminology +ISO 18406:2017 Underwater acoustics – Measurement of radiated underwater sound from percussive pile driving +ISO 18414:2006 Acceptance sampling procedures by attributes - Accept-zero sampling system based on credit principle for controlling outgoing quality +ISO 18415:2017 Cosmetics – Microbiology – Detection of specified and non-specified microorganisms +ISO 18416:2015 Cosmetics – Microbiology – Detection of Candida albicans +ISO 18431 Mechanical vibration and shock – Signal processing +ISO 18431-1:2005 Part 1: General introduction +ISO 18431-2:2004 Part 2: Time domain windows for Fourier Transform analysis +ISO 18431-3:2014 Part 3: Methods of time-frequency analysis +ISO 18431-4:2007 Part 4: Shock-response spectrum analysis +ISO 18434 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Thermography +ISO 18434-1:2008 Part 1: General procedures +ISO 18436 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel +ISO 18436-1:2012 Part 1: Requirements for assessment bodies and the assessment process +ISO 18436-2:2014 Part 2: Vibration condition monitoring and diagnostics +ISO 18436-3:2012 Part 3: Requirements for training bodies and the training process +ISO 18436-4:2014 Part 4: Field lubricant analysis +ISO 18436-5:2012 Part 5: Lubricant laboratory technician/analyst +ISO 18436-6:2014 Part 6: Acoustic emission +ISO 18436-7:2014 Part 7: Thermography +ISO 18436-8:2013 Part 8: Ultrasound +ISO 18437 Mechanical vibration and shock – Characterization of the dynamic mechanical properties of visco-elastic materials +ISO 18437-1:2012 Part 1: Principles and guidelines +ISO 18437-2:2005 Part 2: Resonance method +ISO 18437-3:2005 Part 3: Cantilever shear beam method +ISO 18437-4:2008 Part 4: Dynamic stiffness method +ISO 18437-5:2011 Part 5: Poisson ratio based on comparison between measurements and finite element analysis +ISO/IEC 18450:2013 Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Web Services Description Language (WSDL) for CSTA Phase III +ISO 18451 Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders – Terminology +ISO 18451-1:2015 Part 1: General terms +ISO 18457:2016 Biomimetics – Biomimetic materials, structures and components +ISO 18458:2015 Biomimetics – Terminology, concepts and methodology +ISO 18459:2015 Biomimetics – Biomimetic structural optimization +ISO 18461:2016 International museum statistics +ISO 18465:2017 Microbiology of the food chain - Quantitative determination of emetic toxin (cereulide) using LC-MS/MS +ISO/IEC 18477 Information technology - Scalable compression and coding of continuous-tone still images +ISO/IEC 18477-1:2015 Part 1: Scalable compression and coding of continuous-tone still images +ISO/IEC 18477-2:2016 Part 2: Coding of high dynamic range images +ISO/IEC 18477-3:2015 Part 3: Box file format +ISO/IEC 18477-6:2016 Part 6: IDR Integer Coding +ISO/IEC 18477-7:2017 Part 7: HDR Floating-Point Coding +ISO/IEC 18477-8:2016 Part 8: Lossless and near-lossless coding +ISO/IEC 18477-9:2016 Part 9: Alpha channel coding +ISO 18490:2015 Non-destructive testing – Evaluation of vision acuity of NDT personnel +ISO 18495 Intelligent transport systems – Commercial freight – Automotive visibility in the distribution supply chain +ISO 18495-1:2016 Part 1: Architecture and data definitions \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f185dfb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 18000–19999" +chunk: 4/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:43.059276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== ISO 18500 – ISO 18599 === +ISO/IEC TS 18508:2015 Information technology - Additional Parallel Features in Fortran +ISO 18513:2003 Tourism services - Hotels and other types of tourism accommodation - Terminology +ISO/TR 18529:2000 Ergonomics – Ergonomics of human-system interaction – Human-centred lifecycle process descriptions +ISO/TS 18530:2014 Health Informatics – Automatic identification and data capture marking and labelling – Subject of care and individual provider identification +ISO/TR 18532:2009 Guidance on the application of statistical methods to quality and to industrial standardization +ISO 18541 Road vehicles – Standardized access to automotive repair and maintenance information (RMI) +ISO 18542 Road vehicles – Standardized repair and maintenance information (RMI) terminology +ISO 18542-1:2012 Part 1: General information and use case definition +ISO 18542-2:2014 Part 2: Standardized process implementation requirements, Registration Authority +ISO 18562 Biocompatibility evaluation of breathing gas pathways in healthcare applications +ISO 18562-1:2017 Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process +ISO 18562-2:2017 Part 2: Tests for emissions of particulate matter +ISO 18562-3:2017 Part 3: Tests for emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) +ISO 18562-4:2017 Part 4: Tests for leachables in condensate +ISO 18564:2016 Machinery for forestry – Noise test code +ISO/IEC 18584:2015 Information technology – Identification cards – Conformance test requirements for on-card biometric comparison applications +ISO 18587:2017 Translation services - Post-editing of machine translation output - Requirements +ISO 18589 Measurement of radioactivity in the environment - Soil +ISO 18589-1:2005 Part 1: General guidelines and definitions +ISO 18589-2:2015 Part 2: Guidance for the selection of the sampling strategy, sampling and pre-treatment of samples +ISO 18589-3:2015 Part 3: Test method of gamma-emitting radionuclides using gamma-ray spectrometry +ISO 18589-4:2009 Part 4: Measurement of plutonium isotopes (plutonium 238 and plutonium 239 + 240) by alpha spectrometry +ISO 18589-5:2009 Part 5: Measurement of strontium 90 +ISO 18589-6:2009 Part 6: Measurement of gross alpha and gross beta activities +ISO 18589-7:2013 Part 7: In situ measurement of gamma-emitting radionuclides +ISO 18593:2004 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal methods for sampling techniques from surfaces using contact plates and swabs +ISO/IEC 18598:2016 Information technology - Automated infrastructure management (AIM) systems - Requirements, data exchange and applications + +=== ISO 18600 – ISO 18699 === +ISO 18600:2015 Textile machinery and accessories – Web roller cards – Terms and definitions +ISO 18601:2013 Packaging and the environment - General requirements for the use of ISO standards in the field of packaging and the environment +ISO 18602:2013 Packaging and the environment—Optimization of the packaging system +ISO 18603:2013 Packaging and the environment—Reuse +ISO 18604:2013 Packaging and the environment—Material recycling +ISO 18605:2013 Packaging and the environment—Energy recovery +ISO 18606:2013 Packaging and the environment—Organic recycling +ISO/TS 18614:2016 Packaging - Label material - Required information for ordering and specifying self-adhesive labels +ISO 18619:2015 Image technology colour management - Black point compensation +ISO 18626:2017 Information and documentation - Interlibrary Loan Transactions +ISO 18629 Industrial automation systems and integration – Process specification language +ISO/TR 18637:2016 Nanotechnologies – Overview of available frameworks for the development of occupational exposure limits and bands for nano-objects and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAAs) +ISO/TR 18638:2017 Health informatics – Guidance on health information privacy education in healthcare organizations +ISO 18649:2004 Mechanical vibration – Evaluation of measurement results from dynamic tests and investigations on bridges +ISO 18650 Building construction machinery and equipment – Concrete mixers +ISO 18650-1:2004 Part 1: Vocabulary and general specifications +ISO/IEC TS 18661 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments, and system software interfaces - Floating-point extensions for C +ISO/IEC TS 18661-1:2014 Part 1: Binary floating-point arithmetic +ISO/IEC TS 18661-2:2015 Part 2: Decimal floating-point arithmetic +ISO/IEC TS 18661-3:2015 Part 3: Interchange and extended types +ISO/IEC TS 18661-4:2015 Part 4: Supplementary functions +ISO/IEC TS 18661-5:2016 Part 5: Supplementary attributes +ISO 18662 Traditional Chinese medicine - Vocabulary +ISO 18662-1:2017 Part 1: Chinese Materia Medica +ISO 18665:2015 Traditional Chinese medicine – Herbal decoction apparatus +ISO 18666:2015 Traditional Chinese medicine – General requirements of moxibustion devices +ISO/IEC 18670:2025 Information technology — SoftWare Hash IDentifier (SWHID) Specification V1.2 +ISO 18682:2016 Intelligent transport systems – External hazard detection and notification systems – Basic requirements + +=== ISO 18700 – ISO 18799 === +ISO 18739:2016 Dentistry - Vocabulary of process chain for CAD/CAM systems +ISO 18743:2015 Microbiology of the food chain – Detection of Trichinella larvae in meat by artificial digestion method +ISO 18744:2016 Microbiology of the food chain – Detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in fresh leafy green vegetables and berry fruits +ISO/IEC 18745 Information technology – Test methods for machine readable travel documents (MRTD) and associated devices +ISO/IEC 18745-1:2014 Part 1: Physical test methods for passport books (durability) +ISO/IEC 18745-2:2016 Part 2: Test methods for the contactless interface +ISO 18746:2016 Traditional Chinese medicine – Sterile intradermal acupuncture needles for single use +ISO/TS 18750:2015 Intelligent transport systems – Cooperative systems – Definition of a global concept for Local Dynamic Maps +ISO/PAS 18761:2013 Use and handling of medical devices covered by the scope of ISO/TC 84 – Risk assessment on mucocutaneous blood exposure +ISO 18774:2015 Securities and related financial instruments – Financial Instrument Short Name (FISN) +ISO 18775:2008 Veneers – Terms and definitions, determination of physical characteristics and tolerances +ISO 18777:2005 Transportable liquid oxygen systems for medical use – Particular requirements +ISO 18778:2005 Respiratory equipment – Infant monitors – Particular requirements +ISO 18788:2015 Management system for private security operations – Requirements with guidance for use +ISO/TS 18790 Health informatics – Profiling framework and classification for Traditional Medicine informatics standards development +ISO/TS 18790-1:2015 Part 1: Traditional Chinese Medicine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5f0d821d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 18000–19999" +chunk: 5/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:43.059276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== ISO 18800 – ISO 18899 === +ISO/IEC 18809:2000 Information technology – 8 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording AIT-1 with MIC format +ISO/IEC 18810:2001 Information technology – 8 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording AIT-2 with MIC format +ISO 18812:2003 Health informatics – Clinical analyser interfaces to laboratory information systems – Use profiles +ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015 Programming languages - C++ - File System Technical Specification +ISO/TS 18827:2017 Nanotechnologies – Electron spin resonance (ESR) as a method for measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by metal oxide nanomaterials +ISO 18829:2017 Document management - Assessing ECM/EDRM implementations - Trustworthiness +ISO 18831:2016 Clothing – Digital fittings – Attributes of virtual garments +ISO 18835:2015 Inhalational anaesthesia systems – Draw-over anaesthetic systems +ISO/IEC 18836:2001 Information technology – 8 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording – MammothTape-2 format +ISO 18841:2018 Interpreting services — General requirements and recommendations +ISO/TR 18845:2017 Dentistry - Test methods for machining accuracy of computer-aided milling machines +ISO/TS 18867:2015 Microbiology of the food chain – Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of food-borne pathogens – Detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis +ISO 18875:2015 Coalbed methane exploration and development – Terms and definitions +ISO/TS 18876 Industrial automation systems and integration - Integration of industrial data for exchange, access and sharing +ISO/TS 18876-1:2003 Part 1: Architecture overview and description +ISO/TS 18876-2:2003 Part 2: Integration and mapping methodology +ISO 18878:2013 Mobile elevating work platforms – Operator (driver) training +ISO/IEC/IEEE 18880:2015 Information technology – Ubiquitous green community control network protocol +ISO/IEC/IEEE 18881:2016 Information technology – Ubiquitous green community control network – Control and management +ISO/IEC/IEEE 18882:2017 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Ubiquitous green community control network: Heterogeneous networks convergence and scalability +ISO/IEC/IEEE 18883:2016 Information technology – Ubiquitous green community control network – Security + +=== ISO 18900 – ISO 18999 === +ISO 18913:2012 Imaging materials - Permanence - Vocabulary +ISO 18921:2008 Imaging materials - Compact discs (CD-ROM) - Method for estimating the life expectancy based on the effects of temperature and relative humidity +ISO 18925:2013 Imaging materials - Optical disc media - Storage practices +ISO 18926:2012 Imaging materials - Information stored on magneto-optical (MO) discs - Method for estimating the life expectancy based on the effects of temperature and relative humidity +ISO 18927:2013 Imaging materials - Recordable compact disc systems - Method for estimating the life expectancy based on the effects of temperature and relative humidity +ISO 18933:2012 Imaging materials – Magnetic tape – Care and handling practices for extended usage +ISO 18938:2014 Imaging materials - Optical discs - Care and handling for extended storage + +== ISO 19000 – ISO 19999 == + +=== ISO 19000 – ISO 19099 === +ISO 19001:2013 In vitro diagnostic medical devices – Information supplied by the manufacturer with in vitro diagnostic reagents for staining in biology +ISO 19005 Document management – Electronic document file format for long-term preservation +ISO/TS 19006:2016 Nanotechnologies – 5-(and 6)-Chloromethyl-2’,7’ Dichloro-dihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM-H2DCF-DA) assay for evaluating nanoparticle-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line +ISO 19011:2011 Guidelines for auditing management systems +ISO 19014 Earth Moving Machinery - Functional Safety +ISO 19017:2015 Guidance for gamma spectrometry measurement of radioactive waste +ISO 19018:2004 Ships and marine technology - Terms, abbreviations, graphical symbols and concepts on navigation +ISO 19019:2005 Sea-going vessels and marine technology - Instructions for planning, carrying out and reporting sea trials +ISO 19020:2017 Microbiology of the food chain – Horizontal method for the immunoenzymatic detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in foodstuffs +ISO/TR 19024:2016 Evaluation of CPB devices relative to their capabilities of reducing the transmission of gaseous microemboli (GME) to a patient during cardiopulmonary bypass +ISO 19028:2016 Accessible design - Information contents, figuration and display methods of tactile guide maps +ISO/TS 19036:2006 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Guidelines for the estimation of measurement uncertainty for quantitative determinations +ISO/TR 19038:2005 Banking and related financial services – Triple DEA – Modes of operation – Implementation guidelines +ISO 19045:2015 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lens care products – Method for evaluating Acanthamoeba encystment by contact lens care products +ISO 19054:2005 Rail systems for supporting medical equipment +ISO/TR 19057:2017 Nanotechnologies – Use and application of acellular in vitro tests and methodologies to assess nanomaterial biodurability +ISO/IEC 19058:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Broadband Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Generic functional protocol +ISO/IEC TR 19075 Information technology database languages — Guidance for the use of database language SQL +ISO 19079:2016 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – 6LoWPAN networking +ISO 19080:2016 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – CoAP facility +ISO/TR 19083 Intelligent transport systems – Emergency evacuation and disaster response and recovery +ISO/TR 19083-1:2016 Part 1: Framework and concept of operation +ISO/IEC 19086 Information technology - Cloud computing - Service level agreement (SLA) framework +ISO/IEC 19086-1:2016 Part 1: Overview and concepts +ISO/IEC 19086-3:2017 Part 3: Core conformance requirements +ISO/TS 19091:2017 Intelligent transport systems – Cooperative ITS – Using V2I and I2V communications for applications related to signalized intersections +ISO 19092:2008 Financial services – Biometrics – Security framework +ISO/IEC 19099:2014 Information technology - Virtualization Management Specification \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bc3269cd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 18000–19999" +chunk: 6/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:43.059276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== ISO 19100 – ISO 19199 === +ISO 19101 Geographic information – Reference model +ISO 19101-1:2014 Part 1: Fundamentals +ISO/TS 19101-2:2008 Part 2: Imagery +ISO/TS 19103:2015 Geographic information – Conceptual schema language +ISO/TS 19104:2016 Geographic information – Terminology +ISO 19105:2000 Geographic information – Conformance and testing +ISO 19106:2004 Geographic information – Profiles +ISO 19107:2003 Geographic information – Spatial schema +ISO 19108:2002 Geographic information – Temporal schema +ISO 19109:2015 Geographic information – Rules for application schema +ISO 19110:2016 Geographic information – Methodology for feature cataloguing +ISO 19111:2007 Geographic information – Spatial referencing by coordinates +ISO 19111-2:2009 Part 2: Extension for parametric values +ISO 19112:2003 Geographic information – Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers +ISO 19113:2002 Geographic information – Quality principles [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 19157:2013] +ISO 19114:2003 Geographic information – Quality evaluation procedures [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 19157:2013] +ISO 19115 Geographic information – Metadata +ISO 19115-1:2014 Part 1: Fundamentals +ISO 19115-2:2009 Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data +ISO/TS 19115-3:2016 Part 3: XML schema implementation for fundamental concepts +ISO 19116:2004 Geographic information – Positioning services +ISO 19117:2012 Geographic information – Portrayal +ISO 19118:2011 Geographic information – Encoding +ISO 19119:2016 Geographic information – Services +ISO/TR 19120:2001 Geographic information – Functional standards +ISO/TR 19121:2000 Geographic information – Imagery and gridded data +ISO/TR 19122:2004 Geographic information / Geomatics – Qualification and certification of personnel +ISO 19123:2005 Geographic information – Schema for coverage geometry and functions +ISO 19125 Geographic information – Simple feature access +ISO 19126:2009 Geographic information – Feature concept dictionaries and registers +ISO/TS 19127:2005 Geographic information – Geodetic codes and parameters +ISO 19128:2005 Geographic information – Web map server interface +ISO/TS 19129:2009 Geographic information – Imagery, gridded and coverage data framework +ISO/TS 19130:2010 Geographic information – Imagery sensor models for geopositioning +ISO/TS 19130-2:2014 Part 2: SAR, InSAR, lidar and sonar +ISO 19131:2007 Geographic information – Data product specifications +ISO 19132:2007 Geographic information – Location-based services – Reference model +ISO 19133:2005 Geographic information – Location-based services – Tracking and navigation +ISO 19134:2007 Geographic information – Location-based services – Multimodal routing and navigation +ISO 19135 Geographic information – Procedures for item registration +ISO 19135-1:2015 Part 1: Fundamentals +ISO/TS 19135-2:2012 Part 2: XML schema implementation +ISO 19136:2007 Geographic information – Geography Markup Language (GML) +ISO 19136-2:2015 Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules +ISO 19137:2007 Geographic information – Core profile of the spatial schema +ISO/TS 19138:2006 Geographic information – Data quality measures [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 19157:2013] +ISO/TS 19139:2007 Geographic information – Metadata – XML schema implementation +ISO/TS 19139-2:2012 Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data +ISO 19141:2008 Geographic information – Schema for moving features +ISO 19142:2010 Geographic information – Web Feature Service +ISO 19143:2010 Geographic information – Filter encoding +ISO 19144 Geographic information – Classification systems +ISO 19144-1:2009 Part 1: Classification system structure +ISO 19144-2:2012 Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) +ISO 19145:2013 Geographic information – Registry of representations of geographic point location +ISO 19146:2010 Geographic information – Cross-domain vocabularies +ISO 19147:2015 Geographic information – Transfer Nodes +ISO 19148:2012 Geographic information – Linear referencing +ISO 19149:2011 Geographic information – Rights expression language for geographic information - GeoREL +ISO 19150 Geographic information – Ontology +ISO/TS 19150-1:2012 Part 1: Framework +ISO 19150-2:2015 Part 2: Rules for developing ontologies in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) +ISO 19152:2012 Geographic information – Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) +ISO 19153:2014 Geospatial Digital Rights Management Reference Model (GeoDRM RM) +ISO 19154:2014 Geographic information – Ubiquitous public access – Reference model +ISO 19155:2012 Geographic information – Place Identifier (PI) architecture +ISO 19155-2:2017 Part 2: Place Identifier (PI) linking +ISO 19156 Geographic information - Observations and measurements +ISO 19157:2013 Geographic information – Data quality +ISO/TS 19157-2:2016 Part 2: XML schema implementation +ISO/TS 19158:2012 Geographic information – Quality assurance of data supply +ISO/TS 19159 Geographic information – Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors and data +ISO/TS 19159-1:2014 Part 1: Optical sensors +ISO/TS 19159-2:2016 Part 2: Lidar +ISO 19160 Addressing +ISO 19160-1:2015 Part 1: Conceptual model +ISO 19162:2015 Geographic information – Well-known text representation of coordinate reference systems +ISO/TS 19163 Geographic information – Content components and encoding rules for imagery and gridded data +ISO/TS 19163-1:2016 Part 1: Content model +ISO 19165-1:2018 Geographic information – Preservation of digital data and metadata – Part 1: Fundamentals + +=== ISO 19200 – ISO 19299 === +ISO/TR 19201:2013 Mechanical vibration – Methodology for selecting appropriate machinery vibration standards +ISO 19204:2017 Soil quality - Procedure for site-specific ecological risk assessment of soil contamination (soil quality TRIAD approach) +ISO 19213:2017 Implants for surgery – Test methods of material for use as a cortical bone model +ISO/IEC TS 19216:2018 Programming Languages – C++ Extensions for Networking +ISO/IEC TS 19217:2015 Information technology - Programming languages - C++ Extensions for concepts +ISO/TS 19218 Medical devices – Hierarchical coding structure for adverse events +ISO/TS 19218-1:2011 Part 1: Event-type codes +ISO/TS 19218-2:2012 Part 2: Evaluation codes +ISO/TR 19231:2014 Health informatics – Survey of mHealth projects in low and middle income countries (LMIC) +ISO 19233 Implants for surgery – Orthopaedic joint prosthesis +ISO 19233-1:2017 Part 1: Procedure for producing parametric 3D bone models from CT data of the knee +ISO/TR 19234:2016 Hydrometry – Low cost baffle solution to aid fish passage at triangular profile weirs that conform to ISO 4360 +ISO 19238:2014 Radiological protection - Performance criteria for service laboratories performing biological dosimetry by cytogenetics +ISO/TR 19244:2014 Guidance on transition periods for standards developed by ISO/TC 84 – Devices for administration of medicinal products and catheters +ISO 19250:2010 Water quality – Detection of Salmonella spp. +ISO/TS 19256:2016 Health informatics – Requirements for medicinal product dictionary systems for health care +ISO 19262:2015 Photography - Archiving Systems - Vocabulary +ISO/TR 19263 Photography - Archiving systems +ISO/TR 19263-1:2017 Part 1: Best practices for digital image capture of cultural heritage material +ISO/TS 19264 Photography - Archiving systems - Image quality analysis +ISO/TS 19264-1:2017 Part 1: Reflective originals +ISO 19289:2015 Air quality – Meteorology – Siting classifications for surface observing stations on land +ISO/TS 19299:2015 Electronic fee collection – Security framework \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15e0bf85f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 18000–19999" +chunk: 7/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:43.059276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== ISO 19300 – ISO 19399 === +ISO/TR 19300:2015 Graphic technology – Guidelines for the use of standards for print media production +ISO/TS 19321:2015 Intelligent transport systems – Cooperative ITS – Dictionary of in-vehicle information (IVI) data structures +ISO/TS 19337:2016 Nanotechnologies – Characteristics of working suspensions of nano-objects for in vitro assays to evaluate inherent nano-object toxicity +ISO 19343:2017 Microbiology of the food chain – Detection and quantification of histamine in fish and fishery products – HPLC method +ISO 19361:2017 Measurement of radioactivity - Determination of beta emitters activities - Test method using liquid scintillation counting +ISO/IEC 19369:2014 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – NFCIP-2 test methods +ISO/IEC 19395:2015 Information technology - Sustainability for and by information technology - Smart data centre resource monitoring and control + +=== ISO 19400 – ISO 19499 === +ISO 19403 Paints and varnishes – Wettability +ISO 19403-1:2017 Part 1: Terminology and general principles +ISO 19403-2:2017 Part 2: Determination of the surface free energy of solid surfaces by measuring the contact angle +ISO 19403-3:2017 Part 3: Determination of the surface tension of liquids using the pendant drop method +ISO 19403-4:2017 Part 4: Determination of the polar and dispersive fractions of the surface tension of liquids from an interfacial tension +ISO 19403-5:2017 Part 5: Determination of the polar and dispersive fractions of the surface tension of liquids from contact angles measurements on a solid with only a disperse contribution to its surface energy +ISO 19403-6:2017 Part 6: Measurement of dynamic contact angle +ISO 19403-7:2017 Part 7: Measurement of the contact angle on a tilt stage (roll-off angle) +ISO/TS 19408:2015 Footwear – Sizing – Vocabulary and terminology +ISO 19439 Enterprise integration – Framework for enterprise modelling +ISO 19440 Enterprise integration – Constructs for enterprise modelling +ISO 19443:2018 Quality management in the supply chain for the Nuclear industry, based on ISO9001, to optimize safety and quality in supplying products and services (ITNS) +ISO 19444 Document management - XML Forms Data Format +ISO 19444-1:2016 Part 1: Use of ISO 32000-2 (XFDF 3.0) +ISO 19445:2016 Graphic technology - Metadata for graphic arts workflow - XMP metadata for image and document proofing +ISO/IEC TR 19446:2015 Differences between the driving licences based on the ISO/IEC 18013 series and the European Union specifications +ISO/IEC 19459:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Single Step Call Transfer Supplementary Service +ISO/IEC 19460:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Single Step Call Transfer supplementary service +ISO/IEC 19464:2014 Information technology – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) v1.0 specification +ISO 19465:2017 Traditional Chinese medicine - Categories of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinical terminological systems +ISO 19467:2017 Thermal performance of windows and doors - Determination of solar heat gain coefficient using solar simulator +ISO/CIE 19476:2014 Characterization of the performance of illuminance meters and luminance meters +ISO/TR 19480:2005 Polyethylene pipes and fittings for the supply of gaseous fuels or water – Training and assessment of fusion operators +ISO 19496 Vitreous and porcelain enamels - Terminology +ISO 19496-1:2017 Part 1: Terms and definitions +ISO 19496-2:2017 Part 2: Visual representations and descriptions +ISO/TR 19498:2015 Ophthalmic optics and instruments – Correlation of optotypes + +=== ISO 19500 – ISO 19599 === +ISO/IEC 19500 Information technology - Object Management Group - Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) +ISO/IEC 19500-1:2012 Part 1: Interfaces +ISO/IEC 19500-2:2012 Part 2: Interoperability +ISO/IEC 19500-3:2012 Part 3: Components +ISO/IEC 19501 Information technology – Open Distributed Processing – Unified Modeling Language (UML) Version 1.4.2 +ISO/IEC 19502 Information technology – Meta Object Facility (MOF) +ISO/IEC 19503 Information technology – XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) +ISO/IEC 19505 Information technology - Object Management Group Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML) +ISO/IEC 19505-1:2012 Part 1: Infrastructure +ISO/IEC 19505-2:2012 Part 2: Superstructure +ISO/IEC 19506:2012 Information technology—Object Management Group Architecture-Driven Modernization (ADM) - Knowledge Discovery Meta-Model (KDM) +ISO/IEC 19507:2012 Information technology - Object Management Group Object Constraint Language (OCL) +ISO/IEC 19508:2014 Information technology - Object Management Group Meta Object Facility (MOF) Core +ISO/IEC 19509:2014 Information technology - Object Management Group XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) +ISO/IEC 19510:2013 Information technology - Object Management Group Business Process Model and Notation +ISO/IEC 19514:2017 Information technology - Object management group systems modeling language (OMG SysML) +ISO/IEC 19516:2020 Information technology — Object management group — Interface definition language (IDL) 4.2 +ISO/IEC TR 19566 Information technology - JPEG Systems +ISO/IEC TR 19566-1:2016 Part 1: Packaging of information using codestreams and file formats +ISO/IEC TR 19566-2:2016 Part 2: Transport mechanisms and packaging +ISO/IEC TS 19568:2017 Programming Languages - C++ Extensions for Library Fundamentals +ISO/IEC TS 19570:2018 Programming Languages – Technical Specification for C++ Extensions for Parallelism +ISO/IEC TS 19571:2016 Programming Languages - Technical specification for C++ extensions for concurrency +ISO/TS 19590:2017 Nanotechnologies – Size distribution and concentration of inorganic nanoparticles in aqueous media via single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry +ISO/IEC 19592 Information technology - Security techniques - Secret sharing +ISO/IEC 19592-1:2016 Part 1: General \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce9b82455 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 18000–19999" +chunk: 8/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:43.059276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== ISO 19600 – ISO 19699 === +ISO 19600 Compliance management systems - Guidelines +ISO/TR 19601:2017 Nanotechnologies – Aerosol generation for air exposure studies of nano-objects and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA) +ISO 19611:2017 Traditional Chinese medicine – Air extraction cupping device +ISO 19614:2017 Traditional Chinese medicine – Pulse graph force transducer +ISO/IEC 19637:2016 Information technology – Sensor network testing framework +ISO/TR 19639:2015 Electronic fee collection – Investigation of EFC standards for common payment schemes for multi-modal transport services +ISO 19649:2017 Mobile robots - Vocabulary +ISO 19650 Organization and digitization of information about buildings and civil engineering works, including building information modelling (BIM) — Information management using building information modelling +Part 1:2018 Concepts and principles +Part 2:2018 Delivery phase of the assets +Part 3:2020 Operational phase of the assets +Part 4:2022 Information exchange +Part 5:2020 Security-minded approach to information management +Part 6:2025 Health and safety information +ISO/TR 19664:2017 Human response to vibration – Guidance and terminology for instrumentation and equipment for the assessment of daily vibration exposure at the workplace according to the requirements of health and safety +ISO/IEC 19678:2015 Information Technology - BIOS Protection Guidelines + +=== ISO 19700 – ISO 19799 === +ISO 19709 Transport packaging - Small load container systems +ISO 19709-1:2016 Part 1: Common requirements and test methods +ISO/TS 19709-2:2016 Part 2: Column Stackable System (CSS) +ISO/TS 19709-3:2016 Part 3: Bond Stackable System (BSS) +ISO/TR 19716:2016 Nanotechnologies – Characterization of cellulose nanocrystals +ISO 19719:2010 Machine tools - Work holding chucks - Vocabulary +ISO 19720 Building construction machinery and equipment – Plants for the preparation of concrete and mortar +ISO 19720-1:2017 Part 1: Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO/TR 19727:2017 Medical devices – Pump tube spallation test – General procedure +ISO 19731:2017 Digital analytics and web analyses for purposes of market, opinion and social research - Vocabulary and service requirements +ISO/IEC 19752 Information technology – Method for the determination of toner cartridge yield for monochromatic electrophotographic printers and multi-function devices that contain printer components +ISO/IEC TR 19755:2003 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Object finalization for programming language COBOL +ISO/IEC 19756:2011 Information technology - Topic Maps - Constraint Language (TMCL) +ISO/IEC 19757 Information technology – Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL) +ISO/IEC 19757-2:2008 Part 2: Regular-grammar-based validation – RELAX NG +ISO/IEC 19757-3:2016 Part 3: Rule-based validation – Schematron +ISO/IEC 19757-4:2006 Part 4: Namespace-based Validation Dispatching Language (NVDL) +ISO/IEC 19757-5:2011 Part 5: Extensible Datatypes +ISO/IEC 19757-7:2009 Part 7: Character Repertoire Description Language (CREPDL) +ISO/IEC 19757-8:2008 Part 8: Document Semantics Renaming Language (DSRL) +ISO/IEC 19757-11:2011 Part 11: Schema association +ISO/IEC TR 19758:2003 Information technology - Document description and processing languages - DSSSL library for complex compositions +ISO/IEC TR 19759:2015 Software Engineering - Guide to the software engineering body of knowledge (SWEBOK) +ISO/IEC 19761:2011 Software engineering - COSMIC: a functional size measurement method +ISO/IEC 19762:2016 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary +ISO/IEC 19763 Information technology - Metamodel framework for interoperability (MFI) +ISO/IEC 19763-1:2015 Part 1: Framework +ISO/IEC 19763-3:2010 Part 3: Metamodel for ontology registration +ISO/IEC 19763-5:2015 Part 5: Metamodel for process model registration +ISO/IEC 19763-6:2015 Part 6: Registry Summary +ISO/IEC 19763-7:2015 Part 7: Metamodel for service model registration +ISO/IEC 19763-8:2015 Part 8: Metamodel for role and goal model registration +ISO/IEC TR 19763-9:2015 Part 9: On demand model selection +ISO/IEC 19763-10:2014 Part 10: Core model and basic mapping +ISO/IEC 19763-12:2015 Part 12: Metamodel for information model registration +ISO/IEC TS 19763-13:2016 Part 13: Metamodel for form design registration +ISO/IEC TR 19764:2005 Information technology – Guidelines, methodology and reference criteria for cultural and linguistic adaptability in information technology products +ISO/IEC TR 19768:2007 Information technology - Programming languages - Technical Report on C++ Library Extensions +ISO/IEC 19770 Information technology – Software asset management +ISO/IEC 19772:2009 Information technology - Security techniques - Authenticated encryption +ISO/IEC 19773:2011 Information technology - Metadata Registries (MDR) modules +ISO/IEC 19774:2006 Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing - Humanoid Animation (H-Anim) +ISO/IEC 19775 Information technology—Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation—Extensible 3D (X3D) +ISO/IEC 19775-1:2013 Part 1: Architecture and base components +ISO/IEC 19775-2:2015 Part 2: Scene access interface (SAI) +ISO/IEC 19776 Information technology - Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation - Extensible 3D (X3D) encodings +ISO/IEC 19776-1:2015 Part 1: Extensible Markup Language (XML) encoding +ISO/IEC 19776-2:2015 Part 2: Classic VRML encoding +ISO/IEC 19776-3:2015 Part 3: Compressed binary encoding +ISO/IEC 19777 Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing - Extensible 3D (X3D) language bindings +ISO/IEC 19777-1:2006 Part 1: ECMAScript +ISO/IEC 19777-2:2006 Part 2: Java +ISO/IEC 19778 Information technology - Learning, education and training - Collaborative technology - Collaborative workplace +ISO/IEC 19778-1:2015 Part 1: Collaborative workplace data model +ISO/IEC 19778-2:2015 Part 2: Collaborative environment data model +ISO/IEC 19778-3:2015 Part 3: Collaborative group data model +ISO/IEC 19780 Information technology - Learning, education and training - Collaborative technology - Collaborative learning communication +ISO/IEC 19780-1:2015 Part 1: Text-based communication +ISO/IEC TR 19782:2006 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Effects of gloss and low substrate opacity on reading of bar code symbols +ISO/IEC 19784 Information technology – Biometric application programming interface +ISO/IEC 19784-1:2006 Part 1: BioAPI specification +ISO/IEC 19784-2:2007 Part 2: Biometric archive function provider interface +ISO/IEC 19784-4:2011 Part 4: Biometric sensor function provider interface +ISO/IEC 19785 Information technology – Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework +ISO/IEC 19785-1:2015 Part 1: Data element specification +ISO/IEC 19785-2:2006 Part 2: Procedures for the operation of the Biometric Registration Authority +ISO/IEC 19785-3:2015 Part 3: Patron format specifications +ISO/IEC 19785-4:2010 Part 4: Security block format specifications +ISO/IEC 19788 Information technology – Learning, education and training – Metadata for learning resources +ISO/IEC 19790:2012 Information technology – Security techniques – Security requirements for cryptographic modules +ISO/IEC TR 19791:2010 Information technology - Security techniques - Security assessment of operational systems +ISO/IEC 19792:2009 Information technology - Security techniques - Security evaluation of biometrics +ISO/IEC 19793 Information technology - Open Distributed Processing—Use of UML for ODP system specifications +ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology – Biometric data interchange formats +ISO/IEC 19794-1:2011 Part 1: Framework +ISO/IEC 19794-2:2011 Part 2: Finger minutiae data +ISO/IEC 19794-3:2006 Part 3: Finger pattern spectral data +ISO/IEC 19794-4:2011 Part 4: Finger image data +ISO/IEC 19794-5:2011 Part 5: Face image data +ISO/IEC 19794-6:2011 Part 6: Iris image data +ISO/IEC 19794-7:2014 Part 7: Signature/sign time series data +ISO/IEC 19794-8:2011 Part 8: Finger pattern skeletal data +ISO/IEC 19794-9:2011 Part 9: Vascular image data +ISO/IEC 19794-10:2007 Part 10: Hand geometry silhouette data +ISO/IEC 19794-11:2013 Part 11: Signature/sign processed dynamic data +ISO/IEC 19794-14:2013 Part 14: DNA data +ISO/IEC 19794-15:2017 Part 15: Palm crease image data +ISO/IEC 19795 Information technology – Biometric performance testing and reporting +ISO/IEC 19795-1:2006 Part 1: Principles and framework +ISO/IEC 19795-2:2007 Part 2: Testing methodologies for technology and scenario evaluation +ISO/IEC TR 19795-3:2007 Part 3: Modality-specific testing +ISO/IEC 19795-4:2008 Part 4: Interoperability performance testing +ISO/IEC 19795-5:2011 Part 5: Access control scenario and grading scheme +ISO/IEC 19795-6:2012 Part 6: Testing methodologies for operational evaluation +ISO/IEC 19795-7:2011 Part 7: Testing of on-card biometric comparison algorithms +ISO/IEC 19796 Information technology - Learning, education and training - Quality management, assurance and metrics +ISO/IEC 19796-1:2005 Part 1: General approach +ISO/IEC 19796-3:2009 Part 3: Reference methods and metrics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51a55af61 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 18000–19999" +chunk: 9/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_18000–19999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:43.059276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== ISO 19800 – ISO 19899 === +ISO/TR 19814:2017 Information and documentation - Collections management for archives and libraries +ISO/IEC 19831:2015 Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface (CIMI) Model and RESTful HTTP-based Protocol – An Interface for Managing Cloud Infrastructure +ISO/TR 19838:2016 Microbiology – Cosmetics – Guidelines for the application of ISO standards on Cosmetic Microbiology +ISO/IEC TS 19841:2015 Technical Specification for C++ Extensions for Transactional Memory +ISO/TS 19844:2016 Health informatics – Identification of medicinal products – Implementation guidelines for data elements and structures for the unique identification and exchange of regulated information on substances +ISO/IEC 19845:2015 Information technology - Universal business language version 2.1 (UBL v2.1) +ISO 19859:2016 Gas turbine applications – Requirements for power generation +ISO 19891 Ships and marine technology - Specifications for gas detectors intended for use on board ships +ISO 19891-1:2017 Part 1: Portable gas detectors for atmosphere testing of enclosed spaces + +=== ISO 19900 – ISO 19999 === +ISO/TR 19948:2016 Earth-moving machinery – Conformity assessment and certification process +ISO 19952:2005 Footwear – Vocabulary +ISO/TS 19979:2014 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses – Hygienic management of multipatient use trial contact lenses +ISO 19980:2012 Ophthalmic instruments – Corneal topographers +ISO/IEC 19987:2015 Information technology - EPC Information services - Specification +ISO/IEC 19988:2015 Information technology - GS1 Core Business Vocabulary (CBV) +ISO 19993 Timber structures—Glued laminated timber—Face and edge joint cleavage test + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c3d961e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 1/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2b7a98cc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 2/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 1 – ISO 199 == +ISO 1:2016 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Standard reference temperature for the specification of geometrical and dimensional properties +ISO GUIDE 1:1972 Presentation of International Standards and technical reports [Withdrawn without replacement] +IWA 1:2005 Quality management systems — Guidelines for process improvements in health service organizations [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 2:1973 Textiles — Designation of the direction of twist in yarns and related products +ISO/IEC GUIDE 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary +IWA 2:2007 Quality management systems — Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2000 in education [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3:1973 Preferred numbers — Series of preferred numbers +IWA 3:2005 Image safety — Reducing the incidence of undesirable biomedical effects caused by visual image sequences [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/IEC GUIDE 3:1981 Identification of national standards that are equivalent to International Standards [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO/IEC GUIDE 21:1999, now ISO/IEC GUIDE 21-1:2005 and ISO/IEC GUIDE 21-2:2005] +ISO 4:1997 Information and documentation — Rules for the abbreviation of title words and titles of publications +ISO GUIDE 4:1975 Preparation of standard methods of measuring performance of consumer goods (SMMP) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO/IEC GUIDE 36:1982, now Withdrawn without replacement] +IWA 4:2009 Quality management systems — Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2008 in local government [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18091:2014, now ISO 18091:2019] +ISO 5 Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements +ISO 5-1:2009 Part 1: Geometry and functional notation +ISO 5-2:2009 Part 2: Geometric conditions for transmittance density +ISO 5-3:2009 Part 3: Spectral conditions +ISO 5-4:2009 Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density +IWA 5:2006 Emergency preparedness [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO GUIDE 5:1976 Designation of internationally standardized items [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 6:1993 Photography — Black-and-white pictorial still camera negative film/process systems — Determination of ISO speed +IWA 6:2008 Guidelines for the management of drinking water utilities under crisis conditions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO GUIDE 6:1977 Mention of reference materials in International Standards [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 7:Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads +ISO 7-1:1994 Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation +ISO 7-1:1994/COR 1:2007 Technical Corrigendum 1 +ISO 7-2:2000 Part 2: Verification by means of limit gauges +ISO/IEC GUIDE 7:1994 Guidelines for drafting of standards suitable for use for conformity assessment [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO/IEC 17007:2009] +ISO 8:2019 Information and documentation — Presentation and identification of periodicals. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-10.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0a445b3d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-10.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 11/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO/R 1226:1970 Symbolic designation of direction of closing and faces of doors, windows and shutters [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1227:1979 Starch, including derivatives and by-products — Vocabulary [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1228:1975 Plastics — Poly(ethylene terephthalate) in dilute solution — Determination of viscosity number [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1628-5] +ISO 1229:1989 Photography — Expendable photoflash lamps — Determination of light output [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1230:2007 Photography — Determination of flash guide numbers for electronic flash equipment +ISO/R 1231:1970 Seat belt assemblies for motorists [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1232:1976 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of silica content — Reduced molybdosilicate spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1233:1975 Plastics — Determination of viscosity number of methyl methacrylate polymers and copolymers in dilute solution [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1628-6] +ISO 1234:1997 Split pins +ISO 1237:1981 Mustard seed — Specification +ISO 1241:1996 Essential oils — Determination of ester values, before and after acetylation, and evaluation of the contents of free and total alcohols +ISO 1242:1999 Essential oils — Determination of acid value +ISO 1247 Aluminium pigments for paints +ISO 1247-1:2021 Part 1: General aluminium pigments +ISO 1247-2:2021 Part 2: Vacuum metallized aluminium pigments +ISO 1248:2006 Iron oxide pigments — Specifications and methods of test +ISO 1249:1974 Zinc chromate pigments — Basic zinc potassium chromate pigments and zinc tetrahydroxychromate pigments +ISO 1250:1972 Mineral solvents for paints — White spirits and related hydrocarbon solvents +ISO/R 1260:1970 Guide to the use of ISO/R 390 "Sampling and inspection of asbestos-cement products" [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 390] +ISO 1264:1980 Plastics — Homopolymer and copolymer resins of vinyl chloride — Determination of pH of aqueous extract +ISO 1265:2007 Plastics — Poly(vinyl chloride) resins — Determination of number of impurities and foreign particles +ISO 1268 Fibre-reinforced plastics – Methods of producing test plates +ISO 1269:2006 Plastics — Homopolymer and copolymer resins of vinyl chloride — Determination of volatile matter (including water) +ISO 1270:1975 Plastics — PVC resins — Determination of ash and sulphated ash [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3451-5] +ISO 1271:1983 Essential oils — Determination of carbonyl value — Free hydroxylamine method +ISO 1272:2000 Essential oils — Determination of content of phenols +ISO 1275:2006 Double-pitch precision roller chains, attachments and associated chain sprockets for transmission and conveyors +ISO 1279:1996 Essential oils — Determination of carbonyl value — Potentiometric methods using hydroxylammonium chloride +ISO/TR 1281 Rolling bearings — Explanatory notes on ISO 281 +ISO/TR 1281-1:2021 Part 1: Basic dynamic load rating and basic rating life +ISO/TR 1281-2:2008 Part 2: Modified rating life calculation, based on a systems approach to fatigue stresses +ISO/R 1283 Brown coals and lignites — Determination of ash [Draft numbered ISO 1016] +ISO 1288:2016 Glass in building — Determination of the bending strength of glass +ISO 1288-1:2016 Part 1: Fundamentals of testing glass +ISO 1288-2:2016 Part 2: Coaxial double-ring test on flat specimens with large test surface areas +ISO 1288-3:2016 Part 3: Test with specimen supported at two points (four point bending) +ISO 1288-4:2016 Part 4: Testing of channel shaped glass +ISO 1288-5:2016 Part 5: Coaxial double ring test on flat specimens with small test surface areas +ISO/R 1291 Pesticides — Common names — Ninth series of terms [Draft numbered ISO/R 967] +ISO/R 1292 Pesticides — Common names — Eleventh series of terms [Draft numbered ISO/R 969] +ISO/R 1295:1970 Paper vocabulary — Fifth series of terms [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 4046] +ISO 1302:2002 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Indication of surface texture in technical product documentation [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 21920-1] +ISO 1304:2016 Rubber compounding ingredients — Carbon black — Determination of iodine adsorption number +ISO 1306:1995 Rubber compounding ingredients — Carbon black (pelletized) — Determination of pour density +ISO 1307:2006 Rubber and plastics hoses — Hose sizes, minimum and maximum inside diameters, and tolerances on cut-to-length hoses +ISO 1310:1974 Carbon black for use in the rubber industry — Sampling packaged shipments [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1124] +ISO/R 1311 Shipbuilding details — Mating dimensions for pipeline flanges for ships [Draft numbered ISO/R 964] +ISO/R 1312 Pesticides — Common names — Twelfth series of terms [Draft numbered ISO/R 970] +ISO/R 1313 Pesticides — Common names — Thirteenth series of terms [Draft numbered ISO/R 971] +ISO 1324:1985 Solid wood parquet — Classification of oak strips +ISO 1325:1973 Plastics — Determination of electrical properties of thin sheet and film [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1326:1970 Plastics — Determination of flammability and burning rate of plastics in the form of film [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 9773] +ISO 1328 Cylindrical gears — ISO system of flank tolerance classification +ISO 1328-1:2013 Part 1: Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant to flanks of gear teeth +ISO 1328-2:2020 Part 2: Definitions and allowable values of double flank radial composite deviations +ISO/R 1330:1970 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes — Tolerances on outside diameters [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3606, now ISO 11922-(1-2)] +ISO/DIS 1331, 1332, and 1333 became ISO/R 1164, 1165, and 1166, respectively, meaning these numbers are unused. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-11.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-11.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f812b7d79 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-11.md @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 12/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO 1336:1980 Wrought coppers (having minimum copper contents of 97,5 %) — Chemical composition and forms of wrought products [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1337:1980 Wrought coppers (having minimum copper contents of 99,85 %) — Chemical composition and forms of wrought products [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1338:1977 Cast copper alloys — Composition and mechanical properties [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1340:1976 Cylindrical gears — Information to be given to the manufacturer by the purchaser in order to obtain the gear required [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1341:1976 Straight bevel gears — Information to be given to the manufacturer by the purchaser in order to obtain the gear required [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1342:2012 Essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) +ISO 1346:2021 Fibre ropes — Polypropylene split film, monofilament and multifilament (PP2) and polypropylene high-tenacity multifilament (PP3) — 3-, 4-, 8- and 12-strand ropes +ISO 1352:2021 Metallic materials — Torque-controlled fatigue testing +ISO/R 1353 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Rockwell superficial test (scales 15N, 30N, 45N, 15T, 30T and 45T) [Draft numbered ISO 1024] +ISO 1355:1989 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Calibration of standardized blocks to be used for Rockwell superficial hardness testing machines (scales 15N, 30N, 45N, 15T, 30T and 45T) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6508-3] +ISO/R 1359 Heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels – Part 4: Wrought, quenched, and tempered steels with 1 % chromium and 0.2 % molybdenum and controlled sulphur content [Renamed ISO/R 683-4] +ISO/R 1360 Heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels – Part 5: Wrought quenched and tempered manganese steels [Draft renamed ISO/R 683-5] +ISO 1361:1997 Light-gauge metal containers — Round open-top cans — Internal diameters +ISO/R 1362 Heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels – Part 7: Wrought quenched and tempered chromium steels [Draft renamed ISO/R 683-7] +ISO/R 1364 Heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels – Part 9: Wrought free-cutting steels [Draft renamed ISO/R 683-9] +ISO/R 1366 Heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels – Part 11: Wrought case hardening steels [Draft renamed ISO/R 683-11] +ISO/R 1376 Railway rolling stock material – Rough tyres for trailer stock Dimensions and tolerances [Draft renamed ISO/R 1005-2] +ISO/R 1378 Railway rolling stock material – Rolled or forged wheel centres for tyred wheels for trailer stock [Draft renamed ISO/R 1005-4] +ISO/R 1379 Railway rolling stock material – Cast wheel centres in non-alloy steel for tyred wheels for trailer stock [Draft renamed ISO/R 1005-5] +ISO 1382:2020 Rubber – Vocabulary +ISO 1385 Phthalate esters for industrial use — Methods of test +ISO 1385-1:1977 Part 1: General +ISO 1385-2:1977 Part 2: Measurement of colour after heat treatment (Diallyl phthalate excluded) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1385-3:1977 Part 3: Determination of ash [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1385-4:1977 Part 4: Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1385-5:1977 Part 5: Determination of ester content — Titrimetric method after saponification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1386:1983 Solvent acetates for industrial use — Methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1387:1982 Methanol for industrial use — Methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1388 Ethanol for industrial use — Methods of test +ISO 1388-1:1981 Part 1: General +ISO 1388-2:1981 Part 2: Detection of alkalinity or determination of acidity to phenolphthalein +ISO 1388-3:1981 Part 3: Estimation of content of carbonyl compounds present in small amounts — Photometric method +ISO 1388-4:1981 Part 4: Estimation of content of carbonyl compounds present in moderate amounts — Titrimetric method +ISO 1388-5:1981 Part 5: Determination of aldehydes content — Visual colorimetric method +ISO 1388-6:1981 Part 6: Test for miscibility with water +ISO 1388-7:1981 Part 7: Determination of methanol content (methanol contents between 0,01 and 0,20 % (V/V)) — Photometric method +ISO 1388-8:1981 Part 8: Determination of methanol content (methanol contents between 0,10 and 1,50 % (V/V)) — Visual colorimetric method +ISO 1388-9:1981 Part 9: Determination of esters content — Titrimetric method after saponification +ISO 1388-10:1981 Part 10: Estimation of hydrocarbons content — Distillation method +ISO 1388-11:1981 Part 11: Test for detection of furfural +ISO 1388-12:1981 Part 12: Determination of permanganate time +ISO 1389 Phthalic anhydride for industrial use — Methods of test +ISO 1389-1:1977 Part 1: General [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1389-2:1977 Part 2: Measurement of colour of the molten material [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1389-3:1977 Part 3: Measurement of colour stability [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1389-4:1977 Part 4: Measurement of colour after treatment with sulphuric acid [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1389-5:1977 Part 5: Determination of free acidity — Potentiometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1389-6:1977 Part 6: Determination of phthalic anhydride content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1389-7:1977 Part 7: Determination of maleic anhydride content — Polarographic method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1389-8:1977 Part 8: Determination of ash [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1389-9:1977 Part 9: Determination of impurities oxidizable in the cold by potassium permanganate — Iodometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1389-10:1977 Part 10: Determination of 1,4- naphthaquinone content — Colorimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1389-11:1977 Part 11: Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1390 Maleic anhydride for industrial use — Methods of test +ISO 1390-1:1977 Part 1: General [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1390-2:1977 Part 2: Measurement of colour of the molten material [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1390-3:1977 Part 3: Determination of free acidity — Potentiometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1390-4:1977 Part 4: Determination of maleic anhydride content — Polarographic method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1390-5:1977 Part 5: Determination of ash [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1390-6:1977 Part 6: Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1391 Paraformaldehyde for industrial use — Methods of test +ISO 1391-1:1976 Part 1: General [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1391-2:1976 Part 2: Determination of ash [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1391-3:1976 Part 3: Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1391-4:1976 Part 4: Determination of water-insoluble matter [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1392:1977 Determination of crystallizing point — General method +ISO 1393:1977 Liquid halogenated hydrocarbons for industrial use — Determination of acidity — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1394:1977 Liquid halogenated hydrocarbons for industrial use — Determination of cloud point [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1395:1977 Short pitch transmission precision bush chains and chain wheels [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1396:1975 Vulcanized and unvulcanized compounded rubber — Determination of copper content — Zinc diethyldithiocarbamate photometric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8053] +ISO 1397:1975 Compounded rubber — Determination of manganese content — Sodium periodate photometric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7780] +ISO/R 1398:1970 Rubber seals — Joint rings in asbestos-cement water piping [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4633] +ISO 1399:1982 Rubber, vulcanized — Determination of permeability to gases — Constant volume method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2782] +ISO 1400:1975 Vulcanized rubbers of high hardness (85 to 100 IRHD) — Determination of hardness [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 48, now ISO 48-2] +ISO 1401:2016 Rubber hoses for agricultural spraying +ISO 1402:2021 Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies – Hydrostatic testing +ISO 1403:2019 Rubber hoses, textile-reinforced, for general-purpose water applications — Specification +ISO/R 1404:1970 Industrial air hose [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2398] +ISO 1407:2011 Rubber — Determination of solvent extract +ISO 1408:1995 Rubber — Determination of carbon black content — Pyrolytic and chemical degradation methods +ISO 1409:2020 Plastics/rubber — Polymer dispersions and rubber latices (natural and synthetic) — Determination of surface tension +ISO 1413:2016 Horology – Shock-resistant wrist watches +ISO/TR 1417:1974 Automobiles — Anchorages for seat belts [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1419:2019 Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Accelerated-ageing tests +ISO 1420:2016 Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of resistance to penetration by water +ISO 1421:2016 Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break +ISO/R 1428:1971 Fire-refined high-conductivity tough pitch copper refinery shapes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 431] +ISO/R 1429:1971 Fire-refined tough pitch copper refinery shapes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 431] +ISO/R 1430:1971 Phosphorus-deoxidized copper — Refinery shapes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 431] +ISO 1431 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Resistance to ozone cracking +ISO 1431-1:2012 Part 1: Static and dynamic strain testing +ISO 1431-2:1994 Part 2: Dynamic strain test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1431-1] +ISO 1431-3:2017 Part 3: Reference and alternative methods for determining the ozone concentration in laboratory test chambers +ISO 1432:2021 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of low-temperature stiffening (Gehman test) +ISO 1433:1995 Rubber, vulcanized — Preferred gradations of properties [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1434:2016 Natural rubber in bales — Amount of bale coating — Determination +ISO 1435:1996 Rubber compounding ingredients — Carbon black (pelletized) — Determination of fines content +ISO 1436:2020 Rubber hoses and hose assemblies — Wire-braid-reinforced hydraulic types for oil-based or water-based fluids — Specification +ISO 1437:2017 Rubber compounding ingredients — Carbon black — Determination of sieve residue +ISO 1438:2017 Hydrometry – Open channel flow measurement using thin-plate weirs +ISO/R 1439 Refractory arch bricks — Dimensions [Draft numbered ISO/R 1145] +ISO 1440 Pyrometric reference cones for laboratory use – Specification [Draft numbered ISO/R 1146] +ISO 1442:1997 Meat and meat products — Determination of moisture content (Reference method) +ISO 1443:1973 Meat and meat products — Determination of total fat content +ISO 1444:1996 Meat and meat products — Determination of free fat content +ISO 1446:2001 Green coffee — Determination of water content — Basic reference method +ISO 1447:1978 Green coffee — Determination of moisture content (Routine method) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1452 Plastics piping systems for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) +ISO 1452-1:2009 Part 1: General +ISO 1452-2:2009 Part 2: Pipes +ISO 1452-3:2009 Part 3: Fittings +ISO 1452-4:2009 Part 4: Valves +ISO 1452-5:2009 Part 5: Fitness for purpose of the system +ISO/R 1453 Adding machines and calculating machines — Numeric section of ten-key keyboards [Draft numbered ISO/R 1092] +ISO/R 1454 Adding machines and calculating machines — Keytop and printed or displayed symbols [Draft numbered ISO/R 1093] +ISO/R 1455:1969 Adding machines and calculating machines — Classification [Draft numbered ISO/R 1094] +ISO 1456:2009 Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Electrodeposited coatings of nickel, nickel plus chromium, copper plus nickel and of copper plus nickel plus chromium +ISO 1457:1974 Metallic coatings — Electroplated coatings of copper plus nickel plus chromium on iron or steel [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1456] +ISO 1458:2002 Metallic coatings — Electrodeposited coatings of nickel [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1456] +ISO 1459:1973 Metallic coatings — Protection against corrosion by hot dip galvanizing — Guiding principles [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1461] +ISO 1460:2020 Metallic coatings — Hot dip galvanized coatings on ferrous materials — Gravimetric determination of the mass per unit area +ISO 1461:2009 Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles — Specifications and test methods +ISO 1462:1973 Metallic coatings — Coatings other than those anodic to the basis metal — Accelerated corrosion tests — Method for the evaluation of the results [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10289] +ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — Microscopical method +ISO 1464:2018 Aerospace — Tripod jacks — Clearance dimensions +ISO 1465:1989 Aircraft — Liquid oxygen replenishment couplings — Mating dimensions +ISO 1466:1973 Lever-operated manual switches for aircraft — Performance requirements +ISO 1467:1973 General purpose push-pull single-pole circuit-breakers for aircraft — Performance requirements +ISO/R 1468:1970 Methods of test for general purpose electrical cables with aluminium or aluminium alloy conductors for aircraft [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1469:1969 Finishes with the external screw thread for glass containers and gauges for inspection of screw closures [Draft numbered ISO 1115] +ISO 1472:1977 Textile machinery and accessories — Cylindrical tubes for draw-twisters — Dimensions and permissible run-out [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1478:1999 Tapping screws thread +ISO 1479:2011 Hexagon head tapping screws +ISO/R 1480:1970 Hexagon head tapping screws — Inch series [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1481:2011 Slotted pan head tapping screws +ISO 1482:2011 Slotted countersunk (flat) head tapping screws +ISO 1483:2011 Slotted raised countersunk (oval) head tapping screws +ISO/R 1488 Dimensions of elastometric toroidal sealing rings for pipe-fittings in aircraft (Inch series – Class 1 tolerances) [Draft numbered ISO/R 1077] +ISO/R 1489 Dimensions of elastometric toroidal sealing rings for aircraft (Inch series – Class 1 tolerances) [Draft numbered ISO/R 1078] +ISO/R 1490:1970 Performance requirements for heat-resisting (260 °C) electrical cables with copper conductors for aircraft [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1491:1970 Methods of test for heat-resisting (260 °C) electrical cables with copper conductors for aircraft [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1494 Steel tubes — Butt-welding bends 5D (90° and 180°) [Draft numbered ISO/R 1128] +ISO 1496 Series 1 freight containers — Specification and testing +ISO 1496-1:2013 Part 1: General cargo containers for general purposes +ISO 1496-2:2018 Part 2: Thermal containers +ISO 1496-3:2019 Part 3: Tank containers for liquids, gases and pressurized dry bulk +ISO 1496-4:1991 Part 4: Non-pressurized containers for dry bulk +ISO 1496-5:2018 Part 5: Platform and platform-based containers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-12.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-12.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c146ed383 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-12.md @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 13/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 1500 – ISO 1999 == +ISO 1501:2009 ISO miniature screw threads +ISO 1502:1996 ISO general-purpose metric screw threads – Gauges and gauging +ISO 1503:2008 Spatial orientation and direction of movement — Ergonomic requirements +ISO 1505:1993 Textile machinery — Widths relating to dyeing and finishing machines — Definitions and range of nominal widths +ISO 1506:1982 Textile machinery – Dyeing, finishing and allied machinery – Classification and nomenclature [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1508 Pesticides — Common names — Fourteenth series of terms [Draft numbered ISO/R 1062] +ISO 1509:1973 General purpose push-pull three-pole circuit-breakers for aircraft — Performance requirements +ISO/R 1511:1970 Protective helmets for road users [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1512:1991 Paints and varnishes — Sampling of products in liquid or paste form [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 15528] +ISO 1513:2010 Paints and varnishes — Examination and preparation of test samples +ISO 1514:2016 Paints and varnishes — Standard panels for testing +ISO 1515:1973 Paints and varnishes — Determination of volatile and non-volatile matter [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3251] +ISO 1516:2002 Determination of flash/no flash — Closed cup equilibrium method +ISO 1517:1973 Paints and varnishes — Surface-drying test — Ballotini method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9117-3] +ISO 1518 Paints and varnishes — Determination of scratch resistance +ISO 1518-1:2019 Part 1: Constant-loading method +ISO 1518-2:2019 Part 2: Variable-loading method +ISO 1519:2011 Paints and varnishes — Bend test (cylindrical mandrel) +ISO 1520:2006 Paints and varnishes — Cupping test +ISO 1521:1973 Paints and varnishes — Determination of resistance to water — Water immersion method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2812-2] +ISO 1522:2006 Paints and varnishes — Pendulum damping test +ISO 1523:2002 Determination of flash point — Closed cup equilibrium method +ISO 1524:2020 Paints, varnishes and printing inks — Determination of fineness of grind +ISO 1530:2003 Fishing nets — Description and designation of knotted netting +ISO 1531:1973 Fishing nets – Hanging of netting – Basic terms and definitions +ISO 1532:1973 Fishing nets – Cutting knotted netting to shape ("tapering") +ISO/R 1534:1970 Protective helmets for motor motorists' set belts with retractors [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1535:1975 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Troughed belt conveyors (other than portable conveyors) — Belts +ISO 1536:1975 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Troughed belt conveyors (other than portable conveyors) — Belt pulleys +ISO 1537:1975 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Troughed belt conveyors (other than portable conveyors) — Idlers +ISO 1538:1984 Programming languages – ALGOL 60 +ISO/IEC 1539 Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran +ISO/IEC 1539-1:2018 Part 1: Base language +ISO/IEC 1539-2:2000 Part 2: Varying length character strings +ISO/IEC 1539-3:1999 Part 3: Conditional compilation [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1540:2006 Aerospace — Characteristics of aircraft electrical systems +ISO/R 1542:1971 Nomenclature of terms used in the benzole industry- Part I [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1543, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1543:1981 Benzole industry — Vocabulary [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1546:1981 Procedure for milk recording for cows [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1547:1975 Aircraft — Precision fuse-links — General requirements +ISO 1548:1976 Aircraft — Precision fuse-links — Type A +ISO 1549:1976 Aircraft — Precision fuse-links — Type B +ISO 1550:1973 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of sodium content — Flame emission spectrophotometric method +ISO/R 1551:1970 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of sodium content — Gravimetric method using uranyl acetate and magnesium acetate [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1552:1976 Liquid chlorine for industrial use — Method of sampling (for determining only the volumetric chlorine content) +ISO 1553:1976 Unalloyed copper containing not less than 99,90 % of copper — Determination of copper content — Electrolytic method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1554:1976 Wrought and cast copper alloys — Determination of copper content — Electrolytic method +ISO/R 1555:1971 Copper and copper alloy rolled flat products (thickness less than 2,5 mm (0.1 in)) — Tensile test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-1] +ISO/R 1556:1971 Copper and copper alloy tubes of circular section — Flattening Test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8492] +ISO 1559:1995 Dental materials — Alloys for dental amalgam [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 24234] +ISO 1560:1985 Dental mercury [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 24234] +ISO 1561:1995 Dental casting wax [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 15854] +ISO 1562:2004 Dentistry — Casting gold alloys [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22674] +ISO 1563:1990 Dental alginate impression material [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21563] +ISO 1564:1995 Dental aqueous impression materials based on agar [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21563] +ISO 1565:1978 Dental silicate cement (hand mixed) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9917] +ISO 1566:1978 Dental zinc phosphate cement [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9917] +ISO 1567:1999 Dentistry — Denture base polymers [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 20795-1] +ISO 1570:1975 Zinc and zinc alloys — Determination of tin content — Spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1571:1970 Shanks for pneumatic tools and fitting dimensions of chuck bushings — Part II +ISO 1572:1980 Tea — Preparation of ground sample of known dry matter content +ISO 1573:1980 Tea — Determination of loss in mass at 103 degrees C +ISO 1574:1980 Tea — Determination of water extract [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9768] +ISO 1575:1987 Tea — Determination of total ash +ISO 1576:1988 Tea — Determination of water-soluble ash and water-insoluble ash +ISO 1577:1987 Tea — Determination of acid-insoluble ash +ISO 1578:1975 Tea — Determination of alkalinity of water-soluble ash +ISO 1580:2011 Slotted pan head screws — Product grade A +ISO 1585:2020 Road vehicles — Engine test code — Net power +ISO 1586:1977 Textile machinery and accessories – Shuttles – Terms and designation in relation to the position of the shuttle eye +ISO 1587:1975 Gypsum rock for the manufacture of binders — Specifications [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1588:1971 Binders based on calcium sulphate — Definitions, classification, and nomenclature [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1589 Rivet shank diameters [Draft numbered ISO 1051] +ISO 1592:1977 Urea for industrial use — Determination of nitrogen content — Titrimetric method after distillation [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1593:1977 Urea for industrial use — Determination of alkalinity — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1594:1977 Urea for industrial use — Determination of ash +ISO/R 1595:1970 Urea for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl photometric method +ISO 1597:1994 Plastics — Unplasticized cellulose acetate — Determination of acetic acid yield [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1598:1990 Plastics – Cellulose acetate — Determination of insoluble particles +ISO 1599:1990 Plastics — Cellulose acetate — Determination of viscosity loss on moulding +ISO 1600:1990 Plastics — Cellulose acetate — Determination of light absorption on moulded specimens produced using different periods of heating +ISO 1604:1989 Belt drives — Endless wide V-belts for industrial speed-changers and groove profiles for corresponding pulleys +ISO 1607 Positive-displacement vacuum pumps — Measurement of performance characteristics +ISO 1607-1:1993 Part 1: Measurement of volume rate of flow (pumping speed) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21360-2] +ISO 1607-2:1989 Part 2: Measurement of ultimate pressure [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21360-2] +ISO 1608 Vapour vacuum pumps — Measurement of performance characteristics +ISO 1608-1:1993 Part 1: Measurement of volume rate of flow (pumping speed) +ISO 1608-2:1989 Part 2: Measurement of critical backing pressure +ISO 1609:2020 Vacuum technology — Dimensions of non-knife edge flanges +ISO 1614:1976 Glycerines for industrial use — Samples and test methods — General [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1615:1976 Glycerines for industrial use — Determination of alkalinity or acidity — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1616:1976 Glycerines for industrial use — Determination of sulphated ash — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1617:1976 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of sodium content — Flame emission spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1618:1976 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of vanadium content — N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1619:1976 Cryolite, natural and artificial — Preparation and storage of test samples +ISO 1620:1976 Cryolite, natural and artificial — Determination of silica content — Reduced molybdosilicate spectrophotometric method +ISO 1622 Plastics — Polystyrene (PS) moulding and extrusion materials +ISO 1622-1:2012 Part 1: Designation system and basis for specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 24022-1] +ISO 1622-2:1995 Part 2: Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 24022-2] +ISO 1624:2001 Plastics — Vinyl chloride homopolymer and copolymer resins — Sieve analysis in water +ISO 1625:1998 Plastics — Polymer dispersions — Determination of non-volatile matter (residue) at specified temperatures [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3251] +ISO/R 1627:1970 Plastics — Method of test to determine the change in electrical properties of polyethylene due to the migration of plasticizers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1628 Plastics — Determination of the viscosity of polymers in dilute solution using capillary viscometers +ISO 1628-1:2021 Part 1: General principles +ISO 1628-2:2020 Part 2: Poly(vinyl chloride) resins +ISO 1628-3:2010 Part 3: Polyethylenes and polypropylenes +ISO 1628-4:1999 Part 4: Polycarbonate (PC) moulding and extrusion materials +ISO 1628-5:1998 Part 5: Thermoplastic polyester (TP) homopolymers and copolymers +ISO 1628-6:1990 Part 6: Methyl methacrylate polymers +ISO 1629:2013 Rubber and latices – Nomenclature +ISO 1634 Wrought copper and copper alloy plate, sheet and strip +ISO 1634-1:1987 Part 1: Technical conditions of delivery for plate, sheet and strip for general purposes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1634-2:1987 Part 2: Technical conditions of delivery for plate and sheet for boilers, pressure vessels and heat-exchangers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1634-3:1987 Part 3: Technical conditions of delivery for wrought copper alloy strip for springs [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1635:1974 Wrought copper and copper alloys — Round tubes for general purposes — Mechanical properties [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1637:1987 Wrought copper and copper alloy rod and bar — Technical conditions of delivery [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1638:1987 Wrought copper and copper alloy wire — Technical conditions of delivery [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1639:1974 Wrought copper alloys — Extruded sections — Mechanical properties [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1640:1974 Wrought copper alloys — Forgings — Mechanical properties [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1641 End mills and slot drills +ISO 1641-1:2016 Part 1: Milling cutters with cylindrical shanks +ISO 1641-2:2011 Part 2: Dimensions and designation of milling cutters with Morse taper shanks +ISO 1641-3:2011 Part 3: Dimensions and designation of milling cutters with 7/24 taper shanks +ISO 1642:1987 Plastics — Industrial laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins — Specification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1646:1970 Rolling bearings — Double row self-aligning ball bearings — Radial internal clearance [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5753] +ISO/R 1648:1971 Rolling bearings — Radial bearings with shields or seals — Outside diameter tolerances — Normal tolerance class and tolerance class 6 [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 492] +ISO 1651:1974 Tube drawing mandrels +ISO 1652:2011 Rubber latex — Determination of apparent viscosity by the Brookfield test method +ISO 1653:1975 Vulcanized rubbers — Determination of compression set under constant deflection at low temperatures [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 815, later ISO 815-(1-2)] +ISO/R 1654:1971 Raw rubber and rubber latex — Determination of copper [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8053] +ISO 1655:1975 Raw rubber and rubber latex — Determination of manganese content — Potassium periodate photometric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7780] +ISO 1656:2019 Rubber, raw natural, and rubber latex, natural — Determination of nitrogen content +ISO 1657:1986 Rubber, raw and rubber latex — Determination of iron content — 1,10-Phenanthroline photometric method +ISO 1658:2015 Natural rubber (NR) — Evaluation procedure +ISO/R 1659 Layout of multilingual classified vocabularies [Draft numbered ISO/R 1149] +ISO 1660:2017 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Geometrical tolerancing – Profile tolerancing +ISO/R 1661:1971 Technical drawings – Tolerances of form and position – Part IV: Practical examples of indications on drawings. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-13.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-13.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0a7c7296 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-13.md @@ -0,0 +1,414 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 14/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +[Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1662:1971 Refrigerating plants — Safety requirements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5149, later ISO 5149-(1-4)] +ISO 1663:2007 Rigid cellular plastics – Determination of water vapour transmission properties +ISO 1666:1996 Starch — Determination of moisture content — Oven-drying method +ISO/TR 1672:1977 Hardware representation of ALGOL basic symbols in the ISO 7- bit coded character set for information processing interchange [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1673:1991 Onions — Guide to storage +ISO 1675:1985 Plastics — Liquid resins — Determination of density by the pyknometer method +ISO 1677:1977 Sealed radioactive sources — General [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2919] +ISO 1679:1973 Data processing — Implementation of the ISO 7- bit coded character set on punched cards [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6586] +ISO 1680:2013 Acoustics – Test code for the measurement of airborne noise emitted by rotating electrical machines +ISO 1681:1973 Information processing – Unpunched paper cards – Specification +ISO 1682:1973 Information processing — 80 columns punched paper cards — Dimensions and location of rectangular punched holes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1683:2015 Acoustics – Preferred reference values for acoustical and vibratory levels +ISO 1684:1975 Wire, bar and tube drawing dies — Specifications +ISO/R 1685:1971 Shipbuilding details — Multi-purpose chocks of cast steel [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1686:1976 Sodium and potassium silicates for industrial use — Samples and methods of test — General +ISO 1687:1976 Sodium and potassium silicates for industrial use — Determination of density at 20 degrees C of products in solution — Method using density hydrometer and method using pyknometer [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1688:1976 Sodium and potassium silicates for industrial use — Determination of dry matter — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1689:1976 Sodium and potassium silicates for industrial use — Calculation of the ratio : silicon dioxide/sodium oxide or silicon dioxide/potassium oxide +ISO 1690:1976 Sodium and potassium silicates for industrial use — Determination of silica content — Gravimetric method by insolubilization +ISO 1691:1976 Sodium and potassium silicates for industrial use — Determination of carbonates content — Gas-volumetric method +ISO 1692:1976 Sodium and potassium silicates for industrial use — Determination of total alkalinity — Titrimetric method +ISO 1693:1976 Cryolite, natural and artificial — Determination of fluorine content — Modified Willard-Winter method +ISO 1694:1976 Cryolite, natural and artificial — Determination of iron content — 1,10- Phenanthroline photometric method +ISO 1695:1977 o-Chlorotoluene for industrial use — List of methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1696:1977 p-Chlorotoluene for industrial use — List of methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1697:1977 Chlorobenzene for industrial use — List of methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1698:1977 o-Dichlorobenzene for industrial use — List of methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1699:1977 P-Dichlorobenzene for industrial use — List of methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1700:1988 Cinematography — 8 mm Type S motion-picture raw stock film — Cutting and perforating dimensions +ISO 1701 Test conditions for milling machines with table of variable height — Testing of the accuracy +ISO 1701-0:1984 Part 0: General introduction [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1701-1 and ISO 1701-2] +ISO 1701-1:2004 Part 1: Machines with horizontal spindle +ISO 1701-2:2004 Part 2: Machines with vertical spindle +ISO 1703:2005 Assembly tools for screws and nuts – Designation and nomenclature +ISO 1704:2008 Ships and marine technology — Stud-link anchor chains +ISO/R 1707:1970 Formic acid for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl photometric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 731-6, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1708:1989 Acceptance conditions for general purpose parallel lathes — Testing of the accuracy +ISO 1709:2018 Nuclear energy — Fissile materials — Principles of criticality safety in storing, handling and processing +ISO/R 1710:1970 Fundamental principles for protection in the design and construction of installations for work on unsealed radioactive materials [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1711 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Technical specifications +ISO 1711-1:2019 Part 1: Hand-operated wrenches and sockets +ISO 1711-2:2019 Part 2: Machine-operated sockets (impact) +ISO/R 1713:1970 Restraining devices for children in motor vehicles +ISO 1716:2018 Reaction to fire tests for products — Determination of the gross heat of combustion (calorific value) +ISO 1717:1974 Rock drilling — Rotary drill-rods and rotary drill-bits for dry drilling — Connecting dimensions +ISO 1718:1991 Rock drilling equipment — Drill rods with tapered connection for percussive drilling +ISO 1719:1974 Rock drilling — Extension drill-steel equipment for percussive long-hole drilling — Rope-threaded equipments 7/8 to 1 1/4 in (22 to 32 mm) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10207 and ISO 10208] +ISO 1720:1974 Rock drilling — Extension drill-steel equipment for percussive long-hole drilling — Rope-threaded equipments 1 1/2 to 2 in (38 to 51 mm) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10207 and ISO 10208] +ISO 1721:1974 Rock drilling — Extension drill-steel equipment for percussive long-hole drilling — Reverse-buttress-threaded equipments 1 1/16 and 1 1/4 in (27 and 32 mm) +ISO 1722:1974 Rock drilling — Extension drill-steel equipment for percussive long-hole drilling — Reverse-buttress-threaded equipments 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 in (38 to 64 mm) +ISO 1724:2003 Road vehicles — Connectors for the electrical connection of towing and towed vehicles — 7-pole connector type 12 N (normal) for vehicles with 12 V nominal supply voltage +ISO 1726 Road vehicles — Mechanical coupling between tractors and semi-trailers +ISO 1726-1:2000 Part 1: Interchangeability between tractors and semi-trailers for general cargo +ISO 1726-2:2007 Part 2: Interchangeability between low-coupling tractors and high-volume semi-trailers +ISO 1726-3:2010 Part 3: Requirements for semi-trailer contact area to fifth wheel +ISO/R 1727:1970 Pressures in brake lines and braking efficiency [Draft numbered ISO 1186] +ISO 1728:2006 Road vehicles — Pneumatic braking connections between motor vehicles and towed vehicles — Interchangeability +ISO 1729:1973 Information processing — Unpunched paper tape — Specification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1730:1980 Dictation equipment – Basic operating requirements +ISO/R 1731:1971 Dictation equipment – Classification +ISO 1736:2008 Dried milk and dried milk products — Determination of fat content — Gravimetric method (Reference method) +ISO 1737:2008 Evaporated milk and sweetened condensed milk — Determination of fat content — Gravimetric method (Reference method) +ISO 1738:2004 Butter — Determination of salt content +ISO 1739:2006 Butter — Determination of the refractive index of the fat (Reference method) +ISO 1740:2004 Milkfat products and butter — Determination of fat acidity (Reference method) +ISO 1741:1980 Dextrose — Determination of loss in mass on drying — Vacuum oven method +ISO 1742:1980 Glucose syrups — Determination of dry matter — Vacuum oven method +ISO 1743:1982 Glucose syrup — Determination of dry matter content — Refractive index method +ISO 1745:1975 Information processing – Basic mode control procedures for data communication systems +ISO 1746:1998 Rubber or plastics hoses and tubing — Bending tests [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10619-1] +ISO 1747:1976 Rubber, vulcanized — Determination of adhesion to rigid plates in shear — Quadruple shear method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1827] +ISO/R 1748 Shipbuilding details – Wrought aluminium alloys for use in shipbuilding [Draft numbered ISO/R 1156] +ISO 1749:1973 Aircraft — Elastomeric sealing rings — Packaging and identification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1750:1981 Pesticides and other agrochemicals – Common names +ISO 1751:2012 Ships and marine technology — Ships' side scuttles +ISO 1753:1975 Cinematography — Recording and reproducing head gaps for six-track magnetic sound records on 35 mm motion-picture film containing no picture — Positions and width dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 162] +ISO 1754:2010 Photography — Cameras using 35 mm film and roll film — Dimensions of picture sizes +ISO 1755:1987 Photography — Projector slides — Dimensions +ISO 1756:1975 Industrial trucks — Dimensions of stillages — Connection gauge +ISO 1757:1996 Personal photographic dosemeters [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1758:1976 Direct-reading electroscope-type pocket exposure meters [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11934, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1759:1976 Indirect-reading capacitor-type pocket exposure meters and accessory electrometers [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11934, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1761:1970 Acoustics — Procedure for describing aircraft noise heard on the ground using spectral analysis [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3891, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1762:2019 Paper, board, pulps and cellulose nanomaterials — Determination of residue (ash content) on ignition at 525 °C +ISO 1763:2020 Textile floor coverings — Determination of number of tufts and/or loops per unit length and per unit area +ISO 1764:1975 Textile floor coverings — Determination of mass per unit area of machine made textile floor coverings [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8543] +ISO 1765:1986 Machine-made textile floor coverings — Determination of thickness +ISO 1766:1999 Textile floor coverings — Determination of thickness of pile above the substrate +ISO/R 1767:1971 Rubber — Determination of rebound resilience of vulcanizates [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4662] +ISO 1768:1975 Glass hydrometers – Conventional value for the thermal cubic expansion coefficient (for use in the preparation of measurement tables for liquids) +ISO 1769:1975 Laboratory glassware – Pipettes – Colour coding +ISO 1770:1981 Solid-stem general purpose thermometers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1771:1981 Enclosed-scale general purpose thermometers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1772:1975 Laboratory crucibles in porcelain and silica +ISO 1773:1997 Laboratory glassware — Narrow-necked boiling flasks +ISO 1775:1975 Porcelain laboratory apparatus — Requirements and methods of test +ISO 1776:1985 Glass — Resistance to attack by hydrochloric acid at 100 degrees C — Flame emission or flame atomic absorption spectrometric method +ISO 1780:1984 Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S Model I — Aperture, camera aperture profile, film position, pressure pad and pressure pad flatness — Dimensions and specifications +ISO 1781:1983 Cinematography — Projector usage of 8 mm Type S motion-picture film for direct front projection +ISO 1783:1973 Magnesium alloys — Determination of zinc — Volumetric method +ISO 1784:1976 Aluminium alloys — Determination of zinc — EDTA titrimetric method +ISO 1785:1983 Cinematography — Printed 8 mm, Type S, image area on 16 mm motion-picture film perforated 8 mm, Type S (1-4) — Position and dimensions +ISO/R 1786:1970 Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Second series [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3534] +ISO 1787:1984 Cinematography — Camera usage of 8 mm Type S motion-picture film — Specifications +ISO 1788 Specification for compostable plastics [Rejected draft] +ISO 1789:1983 Building construction — Modular co-ordination — Storey heights and room heights for residential buildings [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6512, now replaced with ISO 21723] +ISO/R 1790:1970 Building construction – Modular co-ordination – Reference lines of horizontal controlling co-ordinating dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2848] +ISO 1791:1983 Building construction – Modular co-ordination – Vocabulary [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6707-1] +ISO 1793:2005 Cinematography — Reels for 16 mm motion-picture projectors (up to and including 610 m capacity: 38 cm size) — Dimensions +ISO/R 1794:1971 Cellular plastics and rubbers — Determination of linear dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1923] +ISO 1795:2017 Rubber, raw natural and raw synthetic — Sampling and further preparative procedures +ISO 1796:1982 Rubber, raw — Sample preparation [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1795] +ISO 1797:2017 Dentistry — Shanks for rotary and oscillating instruments +ISO 1798:2008 Flexible cellular polymeric materials — Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break +ISO/R 1799:1971 Dimensions of elastomeric toroidal sealing rings for pipe-fittings in aircraft [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1800:1971 Dimensions of elastomeric toroidal sealing rings for aircraft [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1802:1992 Natural rubber latex concentrate — Determination of boric acid content +ISO 1803:1997 Building construction – Tolerances – Expression of dimensional accuracy – Principles and terminology [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6707-1] +ISO 1804:1972 Doors – Terminology [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22496] +ISO 1805:2006 Fishing nets — Determination of breaking force and knot breaking force of netting yarns +ISO 1806:2002 Fishing nets — Determination of mesh breaking force of netting +ISO 1807:1975 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Oscillating conveyors and shaking or reciprocating feeders with rectangular or trapezoidal trough +ISO 1809:1977 Textile machinery and accessories – Types of formers for yarn packages – Nomenclature +ISO 1810:1976 Copper alloys — Determination of nickel (low contents) — Dimethylglyoxime spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1811 Copper and copper alloys — Selection and preparation of samples for chemical analysis +ISO 1811-1:1988 Part 1: Sampling of cast unwrought products +ISO 1811-2:1988 Part 2: Sampling of wrought products and castings +ISO 1812:1976 Copper alloys — Determination of iron content — 1,10- Phenanthroline spectrophotometric method +ISO 1813:2014 Belt drives — V-ribbed belts, joined V-belts and V-belts including wide section belts and hexagonal belts — Electrical conductivity of antistatic belts: Characteristics and methods of test +ISO 1815:1975 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Vibrating feeders and conveyors with tubular trough +ISO 1816:1975 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials and unit loads — Belt conveyors — Basic characteristics of motorized driving pulleys +ISO 1817:2015 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of the effect of liquids +ISO 1818:1975 Vulcanized rubbers of low hardness (10 to 35 IRHD) — Determination of hardness [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 48, now ISO 48-2] +ISO 1819:1977 Continuous mechanical handling equipment — Safety code — General rules +ISO 1820:1975 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Storage equipment : Storage bins and bunkers, silos and hoppers, bin gates — Safety code [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8456] +ISO 1821:1975 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Belt feeders and conveyors — Safety code [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8456] +ISO 1822:1973 Wool — Determination of fibre length using a single-fibre length-measuring machine [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6989] +ISO 1823:2015 Rubber hose and hose assemblies for oil suction and discharge service — Specification +ISO 1825:2017 Rubber hoses and hose assemblies for aircraft ground fuelling and defuelling — Specification +ISO 1826:1981 Rubber, vulcanized — Time-interval between vulcanization and testing — Specification [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 471, and later ISO 23529] +ISO 1827:2016 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of shear modulus and adhesion to rigid plates — Quadruple-shear methods +ISO 1828:2012 Health informatics – Categorial structure for terminological systems of surgical procedures +ISO 1829:1975 Selection of tolerance zones for general purposes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 286-1] +ISO 1830:2005 Paper, board and pulps — Determination of acid-soluble manganese [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 12830] +ISO 1831:1980 Printing specifications for optical character recognition +ISO 1832:2017 Indexable inserts for cutting tools — Designation +ISO 1833 Textiles — Quantitative chemical analysis +ISO 1833-1:2020 Part 1: General principles of testing +ISO 1833-2:2020 Part 2: Ternary fibre mixtures +ISO 1833-3:2019 Part 3: Mixtures of acetate with certain other fibres (method using acetone) +ISO 1833-4:2017 Part 4: Mixtures of certain protein fibres with certain other fibres (method using hypochlorite) +ISO 1833-5:2006 Part 5: Mixtures of viscose, cupro or modal and cotton fibres (method using sodium zincate) +ISO 1833-6:2018 Part 6: Mixtures of viscose, certain types of cupro, modal or lyocell with certain other fibres (method using formic acid and zinc chloride) +ISO 1833-7:2017 Part 7: Mixtures of polyamide with certain other fibres (method using formic acid) +ISO 1833-8:2006 Part 8: Part 5: Mixtures of viscose, cupro or modal and cotton fibres (method using sodium zincate) +ISO 1833-9:2019 Part 9: Mixtures of acetate with certain other fibres (method using benzyl alcohol) +ISO 1833-10:2019 Part 10: Mixtures of triacetate or polylactide with certain other fibres (method using dichloromethane) +ISO 1833-11:2017 Part 11: Mixtures of certain cellulose fibres with certain other fibres (method using sulfuric acid) +ISO 1833-12:2020 Part 12: Mixtures of acrylic, certain modacrylics, certain chlorofibres, certain elastane fibres with certain other fibres (method using dimethylformamide) +ISO 1833-13:2019 Part 13: Mixtures of certain chlorofibres with certain other fibres (method using carbon disulfide/acetone) +ISO 1833-14:2019 Part 14: Mixtures of acetate with certain other fibres (method using glacial acetic acid) +ISO 1833-15:2019 Part 15: Mixtures of jute with certain animal fibres (method by determining nitrogen content) +ISO 1833-16:2019 Part 16: Mixtures of polypropylene fibres with certain other fibres (method using xylene) +ISO 1833-17:2019 Part 17: Mixtures of cellulose fibres and certain fibres with chlorofibres and certain other fibres (method using concentrated sulfuric acid) +ISO 1833-18:2019 Part 18: Mixtures of silk with other protein fibres (method using sulfuric acid) +ISO 1833-19:2006 Part 19: Mixtures of cellulose fibres and asbestos (method by heating) +ISO 1833-20:2018 Part 20: Mixtures of elastane with certain other fibres (method using dimethylacetamide) +ISO 1833-21:2019 Part 21: Mixtures of chlorofibres, certain modacrylics, certain elastanes, acetates, triacetates with certain other fibres (method using cyclohexanone) +ISO 1833-22:2020 Part 22: Mixtures of viscose or certain types of cupro or modal or lyocell with flax fibres (method using formic acid and zinc chloride) +ISO 1833-24:2010 Part 24: Mixtures of polyester and certain other fibres (method using phenol and tetrachloroethane) +ISO 1833-25:2020 Part 25: Mixtures of polyester with certain other fibres (method using trichloroacetic acid and chloroform) +ISO 1833-26:2020 Part 26: Mixtures of melamine with certain other fibres (method using hot formic acid) +ISO 1833-27:2018 Part 27: Mixtures of cellulose fibres with certain other fibres (method using aluminium sulfate) +ISO 1833-28:2019 Part 28: Mixtures of chitosan with certain other fibres (method using diluted acetic acid) +ISO 1833-29:2020 Part 29: Mixtures of polyamide with polypropylene/polyamide bicomponent (method using sulfuric acid) +ISO 1834:1999 Short link chain for lifting purposes — General conditions of acceptance +ISO 1835:2018 Round steel short link chains for lifting purposes — Medium tolerance sling chains — Grade 4, stainless steel +ISO 1836:1980 Short link chain for lifting purposes — Grade M (4), calibrated, for chain hoists and other lifting appliances [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1837:2003 Lifting hooks – Nomenclature +ISO 1838:1993 Fresh pineapples — Storage and transport +ISO 1839:1980 Tea — Sampling +ISO 1840:1976 Definitions of living animals for slaughter — Porcines [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1841 Meat and meat products — Determination of chloride content +ISO 1841-1:1996 Part 1: Volhard method +ISO 1841-2:1996 Part 2: Potentiometric method +ISO 1842:1991 Fruit and vegetable products — Determination of pH +ISO 1843 Higher alcohols for industrial use — Methods of test (ISO/R 1843:1970 was Higher alcohols for industrial use — measurement of colour in Hazen units) +ISO 1843-1:1977 Part 1: General [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1843-2:1977 Part 2: Determination of acidity to phenolphthalein — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1843-3:1977 Part 3: Determination of carbonyl compounds content — Potentiometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1843-4:1977 Part 4: Determination of bromine number — Titrimetric method in the presence of mercury(II) chloride [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1843-5:1977 Part 5: Determination of total alcohols content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1843-6:1977 Part 6: Determination of ash [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1843-7:1982 Part 7: Determination of distillation yield [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1843-8:1982 Part 8: Sulphuric acid colour test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1844:1970 Higher alcohols for industrial use — Determination of density at 20 degrees C [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1843-1, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1845:1970 Higher alcohols for industrial use — Determination of distillation yield [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1843-7, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1846:1970 Higher alcohols for industrial use — Determination of acidity to phenolphthalein — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1843-2, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1847:1970 Higher alcohols for industrial use — Determination of carbonyl compounds content — Potentiometric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1843-3, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1848:1970 Higher alcohols for industrial use — Determination of bromine number — Titrimetric method in the presence of mercury(II) chloride [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1843-4, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1849:1970 Higher alcohols for industrial use — Determination of water content by the Karl Fischer method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1843-1, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1850:1970 Higher alcohols for industrial use — Determination of total alcohols content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1843-5, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1851:1970 Higher alcohols for industrial use — Determination of ash [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1843-6, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1852:1970 Higher alcohols for industrial use — Sulphuric acid colour test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1843-8, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1853:2018 Conducting and dissipative rubbers, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Measurement of resistivity +ISO 1854:2008 Whey cheese — Determination of fat content — Gravimetric method (Reference method) +ISO/R 1855:1975 Cellular rubbers – Determination of apparent density [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 845] +ISO 1856:2018 Flexible cellular polymeric materials — Determination of compression set +ISO 1858:1977 Information processing – General purpose hubs and reels, with 76 mm (3 in) centrehole, for magnetic tape used in interchange instrumentation applications +ISO 1859:1973 Information processing – Unrecorded magnetic tapes for interchange instrumentation applications – General dimensional requirements +ISO 1860:1986 Information processing – Precision reels for magnetic tape used in interchange instrumentation applications +ISO 1861:1975 Information processing – 7- track, 12,7 mm (0.5 in) wide magnetic tape for information interchange recorded at 8 rpmm (200 rpi) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1862:1975 Information processing – 9- track, 12,7 mm (0.5 in) wide magnetic tape for information interchange recorded at 8 rpmm (200 rpi) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/IEC 1863:1990 Information processing – 9-track, 12,7 mm (0,5 in) wide magnetic tape for information interchange using NRZ1 at 32 ftpmm (800 ftpi) – 32 cpmm (800 cpi) +ISO/IEC 1864:1992 Information technology – Unrecorded 12,7 mm (0,5 in) wide magnetic tape for information interchange – 32 ftpmm (800 ftpi), NRZ1, 126 ftpmm (3 200 ftpi) phase encoded and 356 ftpmm (9 042 ftpi), NRZ1 +ISO 1865:1977 Textile machinery and accessories — Serrated bars for mechanical warp stop motions — Designations of dimensions, and dimensions of cross-section +ISO 1866:1975 Pelletized carbon black for use in the rubber industry delivered in bulk or in bins — Specification for maximum fines content [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1867:1975 Carbon black for use in the rubber industry — Specification for sieve residue [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1868:1982 Rubber compounding ingredients — Carbon black — Specification limits for loss on heating [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1869:1977 Methylene chloride for industrial use — List of methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1870:1977 Chloroform for industrial use — List of methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1871:1979 Food and feed products — General guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method +ISO 1872 Plastics — Polyethylene (PE) moulding and extrusion materials +ISO 1872-1:1993 Part 1: Designation system and basis for specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 17855-1] +ISO 1872-2:2007 Part 2: Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 17855-2] +ISO 1873 Plastics — Polypropylene (PP) moulding and extrusion materials +ISO 1873-1:1995 Part 1: Designation system and basis for specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 19069-1] +ISO 1873-2:2007 Part 2: Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 19069-2] +ISO 1874 Plastics — Polyamide (PA) moulding and extrusion materials +ISO 1874-1:2010 Part 1: Designation system and basis for specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16396-1] +ISO 1874-2:2012 Part 2: Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16396-2] +ISO 1875:1982 Plastics — Plasticized cellulose acetate — Determination of matter extractable by diethyl ether +ISO 1876 Swing doors — Dimensioning rules [Rejected draft] +ISO 1877 Single-leaf wooden swing doors — Principal dimensions [Rejected draft] +ISO 1878:1983 Classification of instruments and devices for measurement and evaluation of the geometrical parameters of surface finish [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1879:1981 Instruments for the measurement of surface roughness by the profile method — Vocabulary [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1880:1979 Instruments for the measurement of surface roughness by the profile method — Contact (stylus) instruments of progressive profile transformation — Profile recording instruments [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3274] +ISO 1881:1973 Coke not greater than 60 mm top size — Determination of mechanical strength +ISO/R 1882 Vocabulary of terms relating to solid mineral fuels — Part 2: Terms relating to coal sampling and analysis [Draft named ISO/R 1223-2] +ISO/R 1883 Vocabulary of terms relating to solid mineral fuels — Part 3: Terms relating to coke [Draft named ISO/R 1223-3] +ISO 1886:1990 Reinforcement fibres — Sampling plans applicable to received batches [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1887:2014 Textile glass — Determination of combustible-matter content +ISO 1888:2022 Textile glass — Staple fibres or filaments — Determination of average diameter +ISO 1889:2009 Reinforcement yarns — Determination of linear density +ISO 1890:2009 Reinforcement yarns — Determination of twist +ISO 1891:2009 Fasteners – Terminology +ISO 1891-2:2014 Part 2: Vocabulary and definitions for coatings +ISO 1893:2007 Refractory products — Determination of refractoriness under load — Differential method with rising temperature +ISO 1894:1979 General purpose Series 1 freight containers — Minimum internal dimensions [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1496-1] +ISO/TR 1896:1991 Products in fibre-reinforced cement — Non-combustible fibre-reinforced boards of calcium silicate or cement for insulation and fire protection [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897:1977 Phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, cresylic acid and xylenols for industrial use — Methods of test (ISO/R 1897 was Phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, cresylic acid and xylenols for industrial use — Determination of water content by the Karl Fischer method) +ISO 1897-1:1977 Part 1: General [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-2:1977 Part 2: Determination of water — Dean and Stark method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-3:1977 Part 3: Determination of neutral oils and pyridine bases [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-4:1977 Part 4: Visual test for impurities insoluble in sodium hydroxide solution (Excluding cresylic acid and xylenols) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-5:1977 Part 5: Visual test for impurities insoluble in water (Phenol only) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-6:1977 Part 6: Test for absence of hydrogen sulphide (Cresylic acid and xylenols only) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-7:1977 Part 7: Measurement of colour (Cresylic acid and xylenols only) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-8:1977 Part 8: Determination of o-cresol content (Cresylic acid and xylenols only) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-9:1977 Part 9: Determination of m-cresol content (Cresylic acid only) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-10:1982 Part 10: Determination of dry residue after evaporation on a water bath (Excluding cresylic acid and xylenols) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-11:1983 Part 11: Determination of crystallizing point (Excluding cresylic acid and xylenols) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-12:1983 Part 12: Determination of distillation characteristics (Cresylic acid and xylenols only) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1897-13:1983 Part 13: Determination of residue on distillation (Cresylic acid and xylenols only) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1898:1971 Phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, cresylic acid and xylenols for industrial use — Determination of water — Dean and Stark method [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-2] +ISO/R 1899:1971 Phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, cresylic acid and xylenols for industrial use — Determination of neutral oils and pyridine bases [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-3] +ISO/R 1900:1971 Phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol for industrial use — Determination of dry residue after evaporation on a water bath [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-10] +ISO/R 1901:1971 Phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol for industrial use — Determination of crystallizing point [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-11] +ISO/R 1902:1971 Phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol for industrial use — Visual test for impurities insoluble in sodium hydroxide solution [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-4] +ISO/R 1903:1971 Phenol, m-cresol, cresylic acid and xylenols for industrial use — Determination of density at 20 degrees C [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-1] +ISO 1904:1972 Liquefied phenol for industrial use — Determination of phenols content — Bromination method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1905:1971 Liquefied phenol for industrial use — Visual test for impurities insoluble in water [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-5] +ISO/R 1906:1971 Cresylic acid and xylenols for industrial use — Determination of distillation characteristics [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-12] +ISO/R 1907:1971 Cresylic acid and xylenols for industrial use — Determination of residue on distillation [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-13] +ISO/R 1908:1971 Cresylic acid and xylenols for industrial use — Test for absence of hydrogen sulphide [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-6] +ISO/R 1909:1971 Cresylic acid and xylenols for industrial use — Measurement of colour [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-7] +ISO/R 1910:1971 Cresylic acid and xylenols for industrial use — Determination of o-cresol content [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-8] +ISO/R 1911:1971 Cresylic acid for industrial use — Determination of crystallizing point [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 1897-9] +ISO/R 1912:1971 Paper vocabulary — Sixth series of terms (Definition of optical properties) [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 4046] +ISO/R 1913:1971 Formic acid for industrial use — Determination of low contents of other volatile acids — Titrimetric method after distillation [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 731-7, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1914:1972 Boric acid for industrial use — Determination of boric acid content — Volumetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1915:1972 Boric oxide for industrial use — Determination of boric oxide content — Volumetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1916:1972 Disodium tetraborates for industrial use — Determination of sodium oxide and boric oxide contents and loss on ignition [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1917:1972 Hydrated sodium perborates for industrial use — Determination of sodium oxide, boric oxide and available oxygen contents — Volumetric methods [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1918:1972 Boric acid, boric oxide, disodium tetraborates and crude sodium borates for industrial use — Determination of sulphur compounds — Volumetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1919:1998 Road vehicles — M14 x 1,25 spark-plugs with flat seating and their cylinder head housings [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1920 Testing of concrete +ISO 1920-1:2004 Part 1: Sampling of fresh concrete +ISO 1920-2:2016 Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete +ISO 1920-3:2019 Part 3: Making and curing test specimens +ISO 1920-4:2020 Part 4: Strength of hardened concrete +ISO 1920-5:2018 Part 5: Density and water penetration depth +ISO 1920-6:2019 Part 6: Sampling, preparing and testing of concrete cores +ISO 1920-7:2004 Part 7: Non-destructive tests on hardened concrete +ISO 1920-8:2009 Part 8: Determination of drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory +ISO 1920-9:2009 Part 9: Determination of creep of concrete cylinders in compression +ISO 1920-10:2010 Part 10: Determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression +ISO 1920-11:2013 Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion +ISO 1920-12:2015 Part 12: Determination of the carbonation resistance of concrete — Accelerated carbonation method +ISO 1920-13:2018 Part 13: Properties of fresh self compacting concrete +ISO 1920-14:2019 Part 14: Setting time of concrete mixtures by resistance to penetration +ISO 1922:2018 Rigid cellular plastics — Determination of shear properties +ISO 1923:1981 Cellular plastics and rubbers — Determination of linear dimensions +ISO 1924 Paper and board — Determination of tensile properties +ISO 1924-1:1992 Part 1: Constant rate of loading method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1924-2:2008 Part 2: Constant rate of elongation method (20 mm/min) +ISO 1924-3:2005 Part 3: Constant rate of elongation method (100 mm/min) +ISO 1925:2001 Mechanical vibration — Balancing — Vocabulary [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21940-2] +ISO 1926:2009 Rigid cellular plastics — Determination of tensile properties +ISO 1927 Monolithic (unshaped) refractory products +ISO 1927-1:2012 Part 1: Introduction and classification +ISO 1927-2:2012 Part 2: Sampling for testing +ISO 1927-3:2012 Part 3: Characterization as received +ISO 1927-4:2012 Part 4: Determination of consistency of castables +ISO 1927-5:2012 Part 5: Preparation and treatment of test pieces +ISO 1927-6:2012 Part 6: Measurement of physical properties +ISO 1927-7:2012 Part 7: Tests on pre-formed shapes +ISO 1927-8:2012 Part 8: Determination of complementary properties +ISO 1928:2020 Coal and coke — Determination of gross calorific value +ISO 1929:1993 Abrasive belts — Dimensions, tolerances and designation +ISO 1938 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensional measuring equipment +ISO 1938-1:2015 Part 1: Plain limit gauges of linear size +ISO 1938-2:2017 Part 2: Reference disk gauges +ISO/R 1939:1970 Pneumatic cylinders – cylinder bores and port sizes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1940 Mechanical vibration — Balance quality requirements for rotors in a constant (rigid) state +ISO 1940-1:2003 Part 1: Specification and verification of balance tolerances [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21940-11] +ISO 1940-2:1997 Part 2: Mechanical vibration — Balance quality requirements of rigid rotors — Part 2: Balance errors [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21940-14] +ISO/R 1941:1970 Flat seal for hydraulic couplings [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1942:2020 Dentistry – Vocabulary +ISO/R 1943:1970 Coupling Threads for Hydraulic or Pneumatic Piping [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1179-(1-4)] +ISO/R 1944:1970 Pipe couplings for hydraulic piping (pipe threads) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1946:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Condenser bobbins for woollen spinning — Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1947:1973 System of cone tolerances for conical workpieces from C = 1:3 to 1:500 and lengths from 6 to 630 mm [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1948:1987 Photography — Front lens barrels up to 127 mm — Dimensions important to the connection of auxiliaries +ISO 1949:1987 Aircraft — Electrical connectors — Design requirements +ISO 1950:1974 Aircraft — Identification of servicing, maintenance, ground handling and safety/hazard points [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1951:2007 Presentation/representation of entries in dictionaries – Requirements, recommendations and information +ISO 1952:2008 Solid mineral fuels — Determination of extractable metals in dilute hydrochloric acid +ISO 1953:2015 Hard coal — Size analysis by sieving +ISO 1954:2013 Plywood — Tolerances on dimensions +ISO 1955:1982 Citrus fruits and derived products — Determination of essential oils content (Reference method) +ISO 1956 Fruits and vegetables – Morphological and structural terminology +ISO 1956-1:1982 (No part title) +ISO 1956-2:1989 (No part title) +ISO 1957:2000 Machine-made textile floor coverings — Selection and cutting of specimens for physical tests +ISO 1958:1973 Textile floor coverings — Determination of mass of total pile yarn per unit area [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8543] +ISO 1959:1973 Textile floor coverings — Determination of measured surface pile density and measured pile fibre volume ratio [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8543] +ISO 1963:1973 Aircraft — Interchangeability dimensions of battery connectors for automatic coupling [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1964:1987 Shipbuilding – Indication of details on the general arrangement plans of ships +ISO 1965:1973 Aluminium terminal ends for crimping to aircraft aluminium electrical cables +ISO 1966:1973 Crimped joints for aircraft electrical cables +ISO 1967:1974 Aircraft — Fire-resisting electrical cables — Dimensions, conductor resistance and mass +ISO 1968:2004 Fibre ropes and cordage – Vocabulary +ISO 1969:2004 Fibre ropes — Polyethylene — 3- and 4-strand ropes +ISO 1970:1973 Ropes and cordage — Eight-strand plaited manila and sisal ropes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1971:1975 Aircraft — Accessory drives and mounting pads +ISO 1973:2021 Textile fibres — Determination of linear density — Gravimetric method and vibroscope method +ISO 1974:2012 Paper — Determination of tearing resistance — Elmendorf method +ISO 1975:1973 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of silicon — Spectrophotometric method with the reduced silicomolybdic complex +ISO 1976:1975 Zinc alloys — Determination of copper content — Electrolytic method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1977:2006 Conveyor chains, attachments and sprockets +ISO 1980:1977 Nitric acid for industrial use — Determination of total acidity — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1981:1977 Nitric acid for industrial use — Determination of nitrous compounds — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1982:1971 Nitric acid for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1983:1977 Nitric acid for industrial use — Determination of sulphated ash — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1984 Test conditions for manually controlled milling machines with table of fixed height – Testing of the accuracy +ISO 1984-1:2001 Part 1: Machines with horizontal spindle +ISO 1984-2:2001 Part 2: Machines with vertical spindle +ISO 1985:2015 Machine tools — Test conditions for surface grinding machines with vertical grinding wheel spindle and reciprocating table — Testing of the accuracy +ISO 1986 Test conditions for surface grinding machines with horizontal grinding wheel spindle and reciprocating table — Testing of the accuracy +ISO 1986-1:2014 Part 1: Machines with table length of up to 1 600 mm +ISO 1988:1975 Hard coal — Sampling [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18283] +ISO/IEC 1989:2014 Information technology – Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces – Programming language COBOL +ISO 1990 Fruits – Nomenclature +ISO 1990-1:1982 First list +ISO 1990-2:1985 Second list +ISO 1991 Vegetables – Nomenclature +ISO 1991-1:1982 First list +ISO 1991-2:1995 Part 2: Second list +ISO 1992 Commercial refrigerated cabinets — Methods of test +ISO 1992-1:1974 Part 1: Calculation of linear dimensions, areas and volumes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1992-2:1973 Part 2: General test conditions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1992-3:1973 Part 3: Temperature test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1992-4:1974 Part 4: Defrosting test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1992-5:1974 Part 5: Water vapour condensation test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1992-6:1974 Part 6: Electrical energy consumption test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1993 [Draft renamed ISO 1992-2] +ISO 1994:1976 Hard coal — Determination of oxygen content [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1995:1981 Aromatic hydrocarbons — Sampling +ISO 1996 Acoustics – Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise +ISO 1996-1:2016 Part 1: Basic quantities and assessment procedures +ISO 1996-2:2017 Part 2: Determination of sound pressure levels +ISO 1997:2018 Granulated cork and cork powder — Classification, properties and packing +ISO 1998 Petroleum industry – Terminology +ISO 1998-1:1998 Part 1: Raw materials and products +ISO 1998-2:1998 Part 2: Properties and tests +ISO 1998-3:1998 Part 3: Exploration and production +ISO 1998-4:1998 Part 4: Refining +ISO 1998-5:1998 Part 5: Transport, storage, distribution +ISO 1998-6:2000 Part 6: Measurement +ISO 1998-7:1998 Part 7: Miscellaneous terms +ISO 1998–99:2000 Part 99: General and index +ISO 1999:2013 Acoustics – Estimation of noise-induced hearing loss \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-14.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-14.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ba4b2577 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-14.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 15/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f33036c41 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,373 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 3/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +For the 8-bit coded character set, see ISO/IEC 8859 +ISO GUIDE 8:1977 Guidelines for a national standards information centre [Withdrawn without replacement] +IWA 8:2009 Tableware, giftware, jewellery, luminaries — Glass clarity — Classification and test method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 9:1995 Information and documentation — Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters — Slavic and non-Slavic languages +ISO GUIDE 9:1976 Courses in standardization [Withdrawn without replacement] +IWA 9:2011 Framework for managing sustainable development in business districts [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 10:1955 Aircraft — Ground air-conditioning connections for pressure cabins [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1034] +ISO GUIDE 10:1977 Registration of standardizing bodies [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 11:1987 Aircraft — Ground pressure testing connections for pressure cabins +ISO 12:1987 Aerospace — Pipelines — Identification +ISO 13:1978 Grey iron pipes, special castings and grey iron parts for pressure main lines [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 14:1982 Straight-sided splines for cylindrical shafts with internal centering — Dimensions, tolerances and verification +ISO 15:2017 Rolling bearings — Radial bearings — Boundary dimensions, general plan +ISO 16:1975 Acoustics — Standard tuning frequency (Standard musical pitch) +ISO 17:1973 Guide to the use of preferred numbers and of series of preferred numbers +ISO 18:1981 Documentation — Contents list of periodicals +ISO/R 19:1956 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Deckbolts [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 20:1956 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Rivets for Hatches [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 21:1985 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Cable-lifters for stud-link anchor chains [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 22:1991 Belt drives — Flat transmission belts and corresponding pulleys — Dimensions and tolerances +ISO 23:1993 Cinematography — Camera usage of 35 mm motion-picture film — Specifications +ISO/R 24:1956 Cinematography — Projector usage of 35 mm motion-picture films for direct front projection — Specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2939] +ISO 25:1994 Cinematography — Camera usage of 16 mm motion-picture film — Specifications +ISO 26:1993 Cinematography — Projector usage of 16 mm motion-picture films for direct front projection — Specifications +ISO/R 27:1956 Cinematography — Emulsion and sound record positions in camera for 16 mm motion-picture films [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 28:1976 Cinematography — Camera usage of 8 mm Type R motion-picture film — Specifications +ISO 29:1980 Cinematography — Projector usage of 8 mm Type R silent motion-picture film for direct front projection — Specifications [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 30:1956 Bibliographical strip [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 31:Quantities and units [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO/IEC 80000] +ISO 32:1977 Gas cylinders for medical use — Marking for identification of content +ISO/R 33:1957 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Du Pont constant load method of measuring abrasion resistance of vulcanized natural and synthetic rubbers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 34 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of tear strength measuring abrasion resistance of vulcanized natural and synthetic rubbers +ISO 34-1:2015 Part 1: Trouser, angle and crescent test pieces +ISO 34-2:2015 Part 2: Small (Delft) test pieces +ISO 35:2004 Natural rubber latex concentrate — Determination of mechanical stability +ISO 36:2020 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of adhesion to textile fabrics +ISO 37:2017 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of tensile stress-strain properties +ISO/R 38:1957 Shipbuilding — Bollards [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 39:1957 Shipbuilding — Anchor Chains — Lugless Joining Shackles [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1704] +ISO/R 40:1957 Shipbuilding — Anchor Chains — Studless Links [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1704] +ISO 41:1980 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Covers for deck openings for pumps [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 42:1957 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Mushroom-type ventilator heads [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 3372, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 43:2016 Aircraft — Jacking pads +ISO 44:1975 Aerospace — Lever-operated, two-position, ON/OFF switches — Directions of operation [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 45:1990 Aircraft — Pressure refuelling connections +ISO 46:1973 Aircraft — Fuel nozzle grounding plugs and sockets +ISO/R 47:1957 Aircraft — Toilet connections [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 17775] +ISO 48 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness +ISO 48-1:2018 Part 1: Introduction and guidance +ISO 48-2:2018 Part 2: Hardness between 10 IRHD and 100 IRHD +ISO 48-3:2018 Part 3: Dead-load hardness using the very low rubber hardness (VLRH) scale +ISO 48-4:2018 Part 4: Indentation hardness by durometer method (Shore hardness) +ISO 48-5:2018 Part 5: Indentation hardness by IRHD pocket meter method +ISO 48-6:2018 Part 6: Apparent hardness of rubber-covered rollers by IRHD method +ISO 48-7:2018 Part 7: Apparent hardness of rubber-covered rollers by Shore-type durometer method +ISO 48-8:2018 Part 8: Apparent hardness of rubber-covered rollers by Pusey and Jones method +ISO 48-9:2018 Part 9: Calibration and verification of hardness testers +ISO 49:1994 Malleable cast iron fittings threaded to ISO 7-1 +ISO 50:1977 Metal pipes — Steel sockets screwed according to ISO 7 [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 51:1957 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Pipe lines for the transport of combustible liquids — nominal diameters [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 52:1957 Belt drives — Grooved pulleys — Sections A, B, C, D, and E [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 4183] +ISO 53:1998 Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering — Standard basic rack tooth profile +ISO 54:1996 Cylindrical gears for general engineering and for heavy engineering — Modules +ISO 55:1977 Seedlac — Specification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 56:1979 Shellac — Specification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 56-1:1979 Hand-made Shellac — Specification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 56-2:1979 Machine-made Shellac — Specification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 57:1975 Bleached lac — Specification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 58:1958 Substances of paper [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 59:1976 Plastics — Determination of acetone-soluble matter [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 60:1977 Plastics — Determination of apparent density of material that can be poured from a specified funnel +ISO 61:1976 Plastics — Determination of apparent density of moulding material that cannot be poured from a specified funnel +ISO 62:2008 Plastics — Determination of water absorption +ISO 63:1975 Flat transmission belts — Lengths [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 22] +ISO 64:1974 Steel tubes — Outside Diameters [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 4200] +ISO 65:1981 Carbon steel tubes suitable for screwing in accordance with ISO 7-1 [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 66:1958 Paper vocabulary — First series of terms [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 4046] +ISO 67:1981 Muscovite mica blocks, thins and films — Grading by size [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 68 ISO general-purpose screw threads – Basic profile +ISO 68-1:1998 Part 1: Metric screw threads +ISO 68-2:1998 Part 2: Inch screw threads +ISO 69:1998 Cinematography — 16 mm motion-picture and magnetic film — Cutting and perforating dimensions +ISO 70:1981 Cinematography — 35 mm negative photographic sound record on 35 mm motion-picture film — Position and maximum width dimensions +ISO 71:2014 Cinematography — 16 mm negative photographic sound record on 16 mm, 35/16 mm and 35/32 mm motion-picture film — Positions and dimensions +ISO/R 72:1958 Cinematography — Sound records and scanning area of 35 mm double width push-pull sound prints — Normal and offset centerline types [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 73:1958 Cinematography — Image area produced by camera aperture and maximum projectable image area on 35 mm motion-picture film — Positions and dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 2906 and ISO 2907] +ISO 74:1976 Cinematography — Image area produced by camera aperture and maximum projectable image area on 8 mm Type R motion-picture film — Positions and dimensions +ISO 75 Plastics — Determination of temperature of deflection under load +ISO 75-1:2020 Part 1: General test method +ISO 75-2:2013 Part 2: Plastics and ebonite +ISO 75-3:2004 Part 3: High-strength thermosetting laminates and long-fibre-reinforced plastics +ISO 76:2006 Rolling bearings — Static load ratings +ISO/R 77:1958 Bibliographical references — Essential elements [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 78 Chemistry — Layouts for standards +ISO 78-2:1999 Part 2: Methods of chemical analysis +ISO 78-3:1983 Part 3: Standard for molecular absorption spectrometry [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 78-4:1983 Part 4: Standard for atomic absorption spectrometric analysis [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 79:1968 Steel — Brinell hardness test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6506-1 and ISO 6506-4] +ISO/TR 79:2015 Reference materials – Examples of reference materials for qualitative properties +ISO/R 80:1968 Steel — Rockwell hardness test (B and C scales) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6508] +ISO/R 81:1967 Steel — Vickers hardness test (Load 5 to 100 kgf) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6507-1 and ISO 6507-4] +ISO 82:1974 Steel — Tensile testing [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-1] +ISO 83:1976 Steel — Charpy impact test (U-notch) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 148-1] +ISO/R 84:1959 Steel — Izod impact test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 85:1959 Steel — Bend test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7438] +ISO 86:1974 Steel — Tensile testing of sheet and strip less than 3 mm and not less than 0,5 mm thick [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-1] +ISO/R 87:1959 Steel — Simple bend testing of sheet and strip less than 3 mm thick [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7438] +ISO/R 88:1959 Steel — Reverse bend testing of sheet and strip less than 3 mm thick [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7799] +ISO 89:1974 Steel — Tensile testing of wire [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-1] +ISO 90 Light gauge metal containers — Definitions and determination of dimensions and capacities +ISO 90-1:1997 Part 1: Open-top cans +ISO 90-2:1997 Part 2: General use containers +ISO 90-3:2000 Part 3: Aerosol cans +ISO 91:2017 Petroleum and related products — Temperature and pressure volume correction factors (petroleum measurement tables) and standard reference conditions +ISO 92:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Spinning machinery — Definition of side (left or right) +ISO 93 Textile machinery and accessories — Cylindrical sliver cans +ISO 93-1:2006 Part 1: Main dimensions +ISO 93-2:2006 Part 2: Spring bottoms +ISO 93-3:1981 Part 3: Packaging sliver cans (press cans) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 94:1982 Textile machinery and accessories — Spindle gauges for ring-spinning and ring-doubling frames +ISO/R 95:1972 Textile machinery and accessories — Rings for ring-spinning and ring-doubling frames for "C" travellers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 96 Textile machinery and accessories — Rings and travellers for ring spinning and ring twisting frames +ISO 96-1:2016 Part 1: Flange rings T and SF and their travellers +ISO 96-2:2009 Part 2: HZ- and J-rings and their travellers +ISO 97:1975 Textile machinery and accessories — Rings for spinning, doubling and twisting for ear-shaped travellers [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 96-2] +ISO 98:2001 Textile machinery and accessories — Spinning preparatory and spinning machinery — Main dimensions of coverings for top rollers +ISO 99:1975 Pulleys for flat transmission belts — Diameters [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22] +ISO 100:1984 Pulleys for flat transmission belts — Crowns [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22] +ISO/R 101:1959 Width of sheets of paper [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 102:1990 Aircraft — Gravity filling orifices +ISO/R 103:1959 Aircraft — Instrument Cases — Sizes and mounting dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 104:2015 Rolling bearings — Thrust bearings — Boundary dimensions, general plan +ISO 105 Textiles — Tests for colour fastness +ISO 105-A01:2010 Part A01: General principles of testing +ISO 105-A02:1993 Part A02: Grey scale for assessing change in colour +ISO 105-A03:2019 Part A03: Grey scale for assessing staining +ISO 105-A04:1989 Part A04: Method for the instrumental assessment of the degree of staining of adjacent fabrics +ISO 105-A05:1996 Part A05: Instrumental assessment of change in colour for determination of grey scale rating +ISO 105-A06:1995 Part A06: Instrumental determination of 1/1 standard depth of colour +ISO 105-A08:2001 Part A08: Vocabulary used in colour measurement +ISO 105-A11:2012 Part A11: Determination of colour fastness grades by digital imaging techniques +ISO 105-B01:2014 Part B01: Colour fastness to light: Daylight +ISO 105-B02:2014 Part B02: Colour fastness to artificial light: Xenon arc fading lamp test +ISO 105-B03:2017 Part B03: Colour fastness to weathering: Outdoor exposure +ISO 105-B04:1994 Part B04: Colour fastness to artificial weathering: Xenon arc fading lamp test +ISO 105-B05:1993 Part B05: Detection and assessment of photochromism +ISO 105-B06:2020 Part B06: Colour fastness and ageing to artificial light at high temperatures: Xenon arc fading lamp test +ISO 105-B07:2009 Part B07: Colour fastness to light of textiles wetted with artificial perspiration +ISO 105-B08:1995 Part B08: Quality control of blue wool reference materials 1 to 7 +ISO 105-B10:2011 Part B10: Artificial weathering — Exposure to filtered xenon-arc radiation +ISO 105-C01:1989 Part C01: Colour fastness to washing: Test 1 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 105-C10] +ISO 105-C02:1989 Part C02: Colour fastness to washing: Test 2 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 105-C10] +ISO 105-C03:1989 Part C03: Colour fastness to washing: Test 3 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 105-C10] +ISO 105-C04:1989 Part C04: Colour fastness to washing: Test 4 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 105-C10] +ISO 105-C05:1989 Part C05: Colour fastness to washing: Test 5 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 105-C10] +ISO 105-C06:2010 Part C06: Colour fastness to domestic and commercial laundering +ISO 105-C07:1999 Part C07: Colour fastness to wet scrubbing of pigment printed textiles +ISO 105-C08:2010 Part C08: Colour fastness to domestic and commercial laundering using a non-phosphate reference detergent incorporating a low-temperature bleach activator +ISO 105-C09:2001 Part C09: Colour fastness to domestic and commercial laundering — Oxidative bleach response using a non-phosphate reference detergent incorporating a low temperature bleach activator +ISO 105-C10:2006 Part C10: Colour fastness to washing with soap or soap and soda +ISO 105-C12:2004 Part C12: Colour fastness to industrial laundering +ISO 105-D01:2010 Part D01: Colour fastness to drycleaning using perchloroethylene solvent +ISO 105-D02:2016 Part D02: Colour fastness to rubbing: Organic solvents +ISO 105-E01:2013 Part E01: Colour fastness to water +ISO 105-E02:2013 Part E02: Colour fastness to sea water +ISO 105-E03:2010 Part E03: Colour fastness to chlorinated water (swimming-pool water) +ISO 105-E04:2013 Part E04: Colour fastness to perspiration +ISO 105-E05:2010 Part E05: Colour fastness to spotting: Acid +ISO 105-E06:2006 Part E06: Colour fastness to spotting: Alkali +ISO 105-E07:2010 Part E07: Colour fastness to spotting: Water +ISO 105-E08:1994 Part E08: Colour fastness to hot water +ISO 105-E09:2010 Part E09: Colour fastness to potting +ISO 105-E10:1994 Part E10: Colour fastness to decatizing +ISO 105-E11:1994 Part E11: Colour fastness to steaming +ISO 105-E12:2010 Part E12: Colour fastness to milling: Alkaline milling +ISO 105-E13:1994 Part E13: Colour fastness to acid-felting: Severe +ISO 105-E14:1994 Part E14: Colour fastness to acid-felting: Mild +ISO 105-E16:2006 Part E16: Colour fastness to water spotting on upholstery fabrics +ISO 105-F01:2001 Part F01: Specification for wool adjacent fabric +ISO 105-F02:2009 Part F02: Specification for cotton and viscose adjacent fabrics +ISO 105-F03:2001 Part F03: Specification for polyamide adjacent fabric +ISO 105-F04:2001 Part F04: Specification for polyester adjacent fabric +ISO 105-F05:2001 Part F05: Specification for acrylic adjacent fabric +ISO 105-F06:2000 Part F06: Specification for silk adjacent fabric +ISO 105-F07:2001 Part F07: Specification for secondary acetate adjacent fabric +ISO 105-F09:2009 Part F09: Specification for cotton rubbing cloth +ISO 105-F10:1989 Part F10: Specification for adjacent fabric: Multifibre +ISO 105-G01:2016 Part G01: Colour fastness to nitrogen oxides +ISO 105-G02:1993 Part G02: Colour fastness to burnt-gas fumes +ISO 105-G03:1993 Part G03: Colour fastness to ozone in the atmosphere +ISO 105-G04:2016 Part G04: Colour fastness to oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere at high humidities +ISO 105-J01:1997 Part J01: General principles for measurement of surface colour +ISO 105-J02:1997 Part J02: Instrumental assessment of relative whiteness +ISO 105-J03:2009 Part J03: Calculation of colour differences +ISO 105-J05:2007 Part J05: Method for the instrumental assessment of the colour inconstancy of a specimen with change in illuminant (CMCCON02) +ISO 105-N01:1993 Part N01: Colour fastness to bleaching: Hypochlorite +ISO 105-N02:1993 Part N02: Colour fastness to bleaching: Peroxide +ISO 105-N03:1993 Part N03: Colour fastness to bleaching: Sodium chlorite (mild) +ISO 105-N04:1993 Part N04: Colour fastness to bleaching: Sodium chlorite (severe) +ISO 105-N05:1993 Part N05: Colour fastness to stoving +ISO 105-P01:1993 Part P01: Colour fastness to dry heat (excluding pressing) +ISO 105-P02:2002 Part P02: Colour fastness to pleating: Steam pleating +ISO 105-S01:1993 Part S01: Colour fastness to vulcanization: Hot air +ISO 105-S02:1993 Part S02: Colour fastness to vulcanization: Sulfur monochloride +ISO 105-S03:1993 Part S03: Colour fastness to vulcanization: Open steam +ISO 105-X01:1993 Part X01: Colour fastness to carbonizing: Aluminium chloride +ISO 105-X02:1993 Part X02: Colour fastness to carbonizing: Sulfuric acid +ISO 105-X03:1987 Part X03: Colour fastness to chlorination [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 105-X04:1994 Part X04: Colour fastness to mercerizing +ISO 105-X05:1994 Part X05: Colour fastness to organic solvents +ISO 105-X06:1994 Part X06: Colour fastness to soda boiling +ISO 105-X07:1994 Part X07: Colour fastness to cross-dyeing: Wool +ISO 105-X08:1994 Part X08: Colour fastness to degumming +ISO 105-X09:1993 Part X09: Colour fastness to formaldehyde +ISO 105-X10:1993 Part X10: Assessment of migration of textile colours into polyvinyl chloride coatings +ISO 105-X11:1994 Part X11: Colour fastness to hot pressing +ISO 105-X12:2016 Part X12: Colour fastness to rubbing +ISO 105-X13:1994 Part X13: Colour fastness of wool dyes to processes using chemical means for creasing, pleating and setting +ISO 105-X14:1994 Part X14: Colour fastness to acid chlorination of wool: Sodium dichloroisocyanurate +ISO 105-X16:2016 Part X16: Colour fastness to rubbing — Small areas +ISO 105-X18:2007 Part X18: Assessment of the potential to phenolic yellowing of materials +ISO 105-X19:2020 Part X19: Colour fastness to rubbing (Gakushin test method) +ISO 105-Z01:1993 Part Z01: Colour fastness to metals in the dye-bath: Chromium salts +ISO 105-Z02:1993 Part Z02: Colour fastness to metals in the dye-bath: Iron and copper +ISO 105-Z03:1996 Part Z03: Intercompatibility of basic dyes for acrylic fibres +ISO 105-Z04:1995 Part Z04: Dispersibility of disperse dyes +ISO 105-Z05:1996 Part Z05: Determination of the dusting behaviour of dyes +ISO 105-Z06:1998 Part Z06: Evaluation of dye and pigment migration +ISO 105-Z07:1995 Part Z07: Determination of application solubility and solution stability of water-soluble dyes +ISO 105-Z08:1995 Part Z08: Determination of solubility and solution stability of reactive dyes in the presence of electrolytes +ISO 105-Z09:1995 Part Z09: Determination of cold water solubility of water-soluble dyes +ISO 105-Z10:1997 Part Z10: Determination of relative colour strength of dyes in solution +ISO 105-Z11:1998 Part Z11: Evaluation of speckiness of colorant dispersions +ISO/R 106:1959 Shipbuilding — Light metal rivets — Diameters and clearances [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 107:1959 Shipbuilding — Light metal rivets — Ship heads [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 108:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Weaving looms — Definition of left and right sides +ISO 109:1982 Textile machinery — Working widths of weaving machines +ISO 110:1978 Textile machinery and accessories — Cones for yarn winding (cross wound) — Half angle of the cone 9 degrees 15' [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 111:1978 Textile machinery and accessories — Cones for yarn winding (cross wound) — Half angle of the cone 4 degrees 20' [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 8489-3] +ISO 112:1983 Textile machinery and accessories — Cones for yarn winding (cross wound) — Half angle of the cone 3 degrees 30' [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 8489-2] +ISO 113:2010 Rolling bearings — Plummer block housings — Boundary dimensions +ISO 114:1980 Unalloyed magnesium ingots — Chemical composition [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8287] +ISO 115:2003 Unalloyed aluminium ingots for remelting — Classification and composition +ISO/R 116:1959 Pesticides — Common names — First series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO/R 117:1959 Plastics — Polystyrene — Determination of boiling water absorption [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 62] +ISO 118:1976 Plastics — Polystyrene — Determination of methanol-soluble matter [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 119:1977 Plastics — Phenol-formaldehyde mouldings — Determination of free phenols — Iodometric method +ISO 120:1977 Plastics — Phenol-formaldehyde mouldings — Determination of free ammonia and ammonium compounds — Colorimetric comparison method +ISO 121:1980 Magnesium-aluminium-zinc alloy ingots and alloy castings — Chemical composition and mechanical properties of sand cast reference test bars [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16220] +ISO/R 122:1959 Composition of magnesium-aluminium-zinc alloy ingots for casting purposes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 121, and later ISO 16220] +ISO 123:2001 Rubber latex — Sampling +ISO 124:2014 Latex, rubber — Determination of total solids content +ISO 125:2020 Natural rubber latex concentrate — Determination of alkalinity +ISO 126:2005 Natural rubber latex concentrate — Determination of dry rubber content +ISO 127:2018 Rubber, natural latex concentrate — Determination of KOH number +ISO 128 Technical product documentation — General principles of representation +ISO 129 Technical product documentation — Indication of dimensions and tolerances +ISO 129-1:2018 Part 1: General principles +ISO 129-4:2013 Part 4: Dimensioning of shipbuilding drawings +ISO 129-5:2018 Part 5: Dimensioning of structural metal work +ISO/R 130:1959 Aircraft — Colour identification of mechanical control circuits [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 131:1979 Acoustics — Expression of physical and subjective magnitudes of sound or noise in air [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 132:2017 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of flex cracking and crack growth (De Mattia) +ISO 133:1983 Rubber, vulcanized — Determination of crack growth (De Mattia) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 132] +ISO 134:1973 Plain end steel tubes for general purposes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4200] +ISO/R 135:1959 Paper vocabulary — Second series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4046] +ISO 136:1972 Steel — Simple torsion testing of wire [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7800] +ISO 137:2015 Wool — Determination of fibre diameter — Projection microscope method +ISO/R 138:1960 Textiles — Universal yarn count system [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1144] +ISO 139:2005 Textiles — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing +ISO 140 Acoustics — Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements +ISO 140-1:1997 Part 1: Requirements for laboratory test facilities with suppressed flanking transmission [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10140-(1–5)] +ISO 140-2:1991 Part 2: Determination, verification and application of precision data [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 12999-1:2014] +ISO 140-3:1995 Part 3: Laboratory measurements of airborne sound insulation of building elements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10140-(1–5)] +ISO 140-4:1998 Part 4: Field measurements of airborne sound insulation between rooms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16283-1:2014] +ISO 140-5:1998 Part 5: Field measurements of airborne sound insulation of façade elements and façades [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16283-(1,3):2014] +ISO 140-6:1998 Part 6: Laboratory measurements of impact sound insulation of floors [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10140-(1–5)] +ISO 140-7:1998 Part 7: Field measurements of impact sound insulation of floors [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16283-(1–2)] +ISO 140-8:1997 Part 8: Laboratory measurements of the reduction of transmitted impact noise by floor coverings on a heavyweight standard floor [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10140-(1–5)] +ISO 140-9:1985 Part 9: Laboratory measurement of room-to-room airborne sound insulation of a suspended ceiling with a plenum above it [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10848-2] +ISO 140-10:1991 Part 10: Laboratory measurement of airborne sound insulation of small building elements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10140-(1–5)] +ISO 140-11:1991 Part 11: Laboratory measurements of the reduction of transmitted impact sound by floor coverings on lightweight reference floors [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10140-(1–5)] +ISO 140-12:2000 Part 12: Laboratory measurement of room-to-room airborne and impact sound insulation of an access floor [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10848-2] +ISO/TR 140-13:1997 Part 13: Guidelines [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 140-14] +ISO 140-14:2004 Part 14: Guidelines for special situations in the field [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16283-1:2014] +ISO 140-16:2006 Part 16: Laboratory measurement of the sound reduction index improvement by additional lining [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10140-(1–5)] +ISO 140-18:2006 Part 18: Laboratory measurement of sound generated by rainfall on building elements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10140-(1,5):2016] +ISO 141:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Pirn winders and cross winders — Definition of left and right sides +ISO 142:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Weaving preparatory machines — Definition of left and right sides +ISO 143:1977 Textile machinery and accessories — Weft pirns for automatic looms [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 144:1973 Steel — Reverse bend testing of wire [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7801] +ISO/R 145:1960 Steel — Wrapping test for wire [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7802] +ISO 146:1984 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Verification of Vickers hardness testing machines HV 0,2 to HV 100 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6507-2] +ISO 146-2:1993 Metallic materials — Verification of Vickers hardness testing machines — Part 2: Less than HV 0,2 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6507-2] +ISO/R 147:1960 Load calibration of testing machines for tensile testing of steel [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7500-1] +ISO 148 Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test +ISO 148-1:2016 Part 1: Test method +ISO 148-2:2016 Part 2: Verification of testing machines +ISO 148-3:2016 Part 3: Preparation and characterization of Charpy V-notch test pieces for indirect verification of pendulum impact machines +ISO/R 149:1960 Modified Erichsen cupping test for steel sheet and strip [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8490] +ISO 150:2018 Raw, refined and boiled linseed oil for paints and varnishes — Specifications and methods of test +ISO 151:1974 Shipbuilding details — Marking of hatchway beams [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 152:1960 Shipbuilding details — Marking of wooden hatchway covers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 153:1960 Shipbuilding details — Ordinary Glasses for scuttles and lights — Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 154: Shipbuilding details — Marking of rolled, drawn and extruded products in light metals or in light alloys [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 155:2019 Belt drives — Pulleys — Limiting values for adjustment of centres +ISO 156:1982 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Verification of Brinell hardness testing machines [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6506-2] +ISO 157:1996 Coal — Determination of forms of sulfur +ISO/R 158:1960 Coal — Determination of ash [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1171] +ISO/R 159:1960 Coal — Determination of total sulfur by the Strambi method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 160:1980 Asbestos-cement pressure pipes and joints [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 161 Thermoplastics pipes for the conveyance of fluids — Nominal outside diameters and nominal pressures +ISO 161-1:2018 Part 1: Metric series +ISO 161-2:1996 Part 2: Inch-based series +ISO 162:1985 Cinematography — Head gaps and sound records for three-, four-, or six-track magnetic sound records on 35 mm and single-track on 17,5 mm motion-picture film containing no picture — Positions and width dimensions +ISO/R 163:1960 Cinematography — Magnetic striping of 16 mm film perforated along both edges [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 164:1960 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Castings — Chemical composition [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3522] +ISO/R 165:1960 Metallic materials — Steel tubes — Flanging test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8494] +ISO/R 166:1960 Metallic materials — Steel tubes — Drift expanding test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8493] +ISO/R 167:1960 Metallic materials — Steel tubes — Bend test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8491] +ISO/R 168:1960 Stretchers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 169:1960 Sizes of photocopies (on paper) readable without optical devices [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 170:1960 Shipbuilding — Anchor Chains — Stud links [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1704] +ISO 171:1980 Plastics — Determination of bulk factor of moulding materials +ISO 172:1978 Plastics — Phenol-formaldehyde mouldings — Detection of free ammonia +ISO/R 173:1961 Plastics — Determination of the percentage of styrene in polystyrene with Wijs solution [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 174:1974 Plastics — Homopolymer and copolymer resins of vinyl chloride — Determination of viscosity number in dilute solution [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1628-2] +ISO 175:2010 Plastics — Methods of test for the determination of the effects of immersion in liquid chemicals +ISO 176:2005 Plastics — Determination of loss of plasticizers — Activated carbon method +ISO 177:2016 Plastics — Determination of migration of plasticizers +ISO 178:2019 Plastics — Determination of flexural properties +ISO 179 Plastics — Determination of Charpy impact properties +ISO 179-1:2010 Part 1: Non-instrumented impact test +ISO 179-2:2020 Part 2: Instrumented impact test +ISO 180:2019 Plastics — Determination of Izod impact strength +ISO 181:1981 Plastics — Determination of flammability characteristics of rigid plastics in the form of small specimens in contact with an incandescent rod [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 182 Plastics — Determination of the tendency of compounds and products based on vinyl chloride homopolymers and copolymers to evolve hydrogen chloride and any other acidic products at elevated temperatures +ISO 182-1:1990 Part 1: Congo red method +ISO 182-2:1990 Part 2: pH method +ISO 182-3:1993 Part 3: Conductometric method +ISO 182-4:1993 Part 4: Potentiometric method +ISO 183:1976 Plastics — Qualitative evaluation of the bleeding of colorants [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 184:1961 Grey cast irons — Brinell hardness test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 185:2020 Grey cast irons — Classification +ISO 186:2002 Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality +ISO 187:1990 Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples +ISO 188:2011 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Accelerated ageing and heat resistance tests +ISO/R 189:1961 Principles of operation of standards marks [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 190:1961 Tensile testing of light metals and their alloys [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-1] +ISO/R 191:1971 Brinell hardness test for light metals and their alloys [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6506-1 and ISO 6506-4] +ISO/R 192:1971 Wickers hardness test for light metals and their alloys [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6507-1 and ISO 6507-4] +ISO/R 193:1961 Microcopies on transparent bases: sizes of recommended bases [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 194:1981 Plastics — List of equivalent terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 472] +ISO/R 195:1961 Copper and copper alloys — Drift expanding test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8493] +ISO 196:1978 Wrought copper and copper alloys — Detection of residual stress — Mercury(I) nitrate test +ISO 197 Copper and copper alloys — Terms and definitions +ISO 197-1:1983 Part 1: Materials +ISO 197-2:1983 Part 2: Unwrought products (Refinery shapes) +ISO 197-3:1983 Part 3: Wrought products +ISO 197-4:1983 Part 4: Castings +ISO 197-5:1980 Part 5: Methods of processing and treatment +ISO/R 198:1961 Double-deck flat pallets for through transit of goods [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 199:2014 Rolling bearings — Thrust bearings — Geometrical product specification (GPS) and tolerance values \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ceea8c040 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,328 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 4/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 200 – ISO 499 == +ISO/R 200:1961 Rolling bearings — Tolerances — Definitions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1132] +ISO/R 201:1961 Rolling bearings — Radial internal clearance in unloaded radial groove type ball bearings with cylindrical bore [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5753] +ISO/R 202:1961 Metallic materials — Steel tubes — Flattening Test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8492] +ISO/R 203:1961 Metallic materials — Interrupted uniaxial creep testing in tension — Method of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 204:2018 Metallic materials — Uniaxial creep testing in tension — Method of test +ISO/R 205:1961 Steel — Determination of proof stress and proving test at elevated temperature [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 783, and later ISO 6892-2] +ISO/R 206:1961 Steel — Creep stress rupture testing of at elevated temperatures [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 204] +ISO 207:1980 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Unalloyed magnesium — Chemical composition [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8287] +ISO/R 208:1961 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Castings — Chemical composition (complement to ISO/R 164) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3522] +ISO 209:2007 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Chemical composition +ISO/TS 210:2014 Essential oils — General rules for packaging, conditioning and storage +ISO/TS 211:2014 Essential oils — General rules for labelling and marking of containers +ISO 212:2007 Essential oils — Sampling +ISO 213:1982 Machine tools — Lathe tool posts — Overall internal height [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 214:1976 Documentation — Abstracts for publications and documentation +ISO 215:1986 Documentation — Presentation of contributions to periodicals and other serials +ISO 216:2007 Writing paper and certain classes of printed matter — Trimmed sizes — A and B series, and indication of machine direction +ISO 217:2013 Paper — Untrimmed sizes — Designation and tolerances for primary and supplementary ranges, and indication of machine direction +ISO/R 218:1961 Scale of 35 mm microfilms for international exchange [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 219:1961 Pesticides — Common names — Second series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO/R 220:1961 Textile fibres — Some methods of sampling for testing [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1130] +ISO 221:1976 Metallic materials — Steel tubes — Wall thicknesses [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 222:1968 Aerospace — Characteristics of aircraft electrical systems [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1540] +ISO 223:1975 Aircraft — Ground support electrical supplies — General requirements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6858] +ISO/TR 224:1998 Aircraft — Declaration of design and performance for aircraft equipment — Standard form [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 225:2010 Fasteners — Bolts, screws, studs and nuts — Symbols and descriptions of dimensions +ISO 226:2003 Acoustics — Normal equal-loudness-level contours +ISO 227:1978 Textile machinery and accessories — Single box pickers for centre tip shuttles for automatic looms and related picking stick dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 228 Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads +ISO 229:1973 Machine tools — Speeds and feeds +ISO 230 Test code for machine tools +ISO 230-1:2012 Part 1: Geometric accuracy of machines operating under no-load or quasi-static conditions +ISO 230-2:2014 Part 2: Determination of accuracy and repeatability of positioning of numerically controlled axes +ISO 230-3:2020 Part 3: Determination of thermal effects +ISO 230-4:2005 Part 4: Circular tests for numerically controlled machine tools +ISO 230-5:2000 Part 5: Determination of the noise emission +ISO 230-6:2002 Part 6: Determination of positioning accuracy on body and face diagonals (Diagonal displacement tests) +ISO 230-7:2015 Part 7: Geometric accuracy of axes of rotation +ISO/TR 230-8:2010 Part 8: Vibrations +ISO/TR 230-9:2005 Part 9: Estimation of measurement uncertainty for machine tool tests according to series ISO 230, basic equations +ISO 230-10:2016 Part 10: Determination of the measuring performance of probing systems of numerically controlled machine tools +ISO/TR 230-11:2018 Part 11: Measuring instruments suitable for machine tool geometry tests +ISO/R 231:1961 Paper vocabulary — Third series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4046] +ISO/R 232:1961 Straight-sides splines and gauges — Dimensions in inches [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 233 Information and documentation — Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters +ISO 234 Files and rasps +ISO 234-1:1983 Part 1: Dimensions +ISO 234-2:1982 Part 2: Characteristics of cut +ISO 235:2016 Parallel shank jobber and stub series drills and Morse taper shank drills +ISO 236 Reamers +ISO 236-1:1976 Hand reamers +ISO 236-2:2013 Part 2: Long fluted machine reamers with Morse taper shanks +ISO 237:1975 Rotating tools with parallel shanks — Diameters of shanks and sizes of driving squares +ISO 238:2016 Reduction sleeves and extension sockets for tools with Morse taper shanks +ISO 239:1999 Drill chuck tapers +ISO 240:2016 Milling cutters — Interchangeability dimensions for cutter arbors or cutter mandrels +ISO 241:1994 Shanks for turning and planing tools — Shapes and dimensions of the section +ISO 242:2014 Carbide tips for brazing on turning tools +ISO 243:2014 Turning tools with carbide tips — External tools +ISO 244:1979 Aircraft — Sealing wire +ISO 245:1998 Aerospace — Lockwire — Diameters +ISO 246:2007 Rolling bearings — Cylindrical roller bearings, separate thrust collars — Boundary dimensions +ISO 247 Rubber — Determination of ash +ISO 247-1:2018 Part 1: Combustion method +ISO 247-2:2018 Part 2: Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) +ISO 248 Rubber, raw – Determination of volatile-matter content +ISO 248-1:2011 Part 1: Hot-mill method and oven method +ISO 248-2:2019 Part 2: Thermogravimetric methods using an automatic analyser with an infrared drying unit +ISO 249:2016 Rubber, raw natural — Determination of dirt content +ISO/R 250:1962 Rubber, raw natural — Sampling and preparation [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1795 and ISO 1796 (which was later replaced by ISO 1795)] +ISO 251:2012 Conveyor belts with textile carcass — Widths and lengths +ISO 252:2007 Conveyor belts — Adhesion between constitutive elements — Test methods +ISO/R 253:1962 Belt drives — Grooved pulleys — sections Y and Z [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4183] +ISO 254:2011 Belt drives — Pulleys — Quality, finish and balance +ISO 255:1990 Belt drives — Pulleys for V-belts (system based on datum width) — Geometrical inspection of grooves +ISO/R 256:1962 Belt drives — Section checking for V-belts [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 257:2018 Pesticides and other agrochemicals — Principles for the selection of common names +ISO/R 258:1961 Pesticides — Common names — Third series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO 259 Information and documentation — Transliteration of Hebrew characters into Latin characters +ISO/R 260:1962 Terms related to microcopies and their bases [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 261:1998 ISO general purpose metric screw threads — General plan +ISO 262:1998 ISO general purpose metric screw threads — Selected sizes for screws, bolts and nuts +ISO 263:1973 ISO inch screw threads — General plan and selection for screws, bolts and nuts — Diameter range 0,06 to 6 in' +ISO 264:1976 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fittings with plain sockets for pipes under pressure — Laying lengths — Metric series [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-3] +ISO 265 Pipes and fittings of plastics materials — Fittings for domestic and industrial waste pipes — Basic dimensions: Metric series +ISO 265-1:1988 Part 1: Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) +ISO 266:1997 Acoustics — Preferred frequencies +ISO/R 267:1962 Aircraft — Figures for instrument dials and number plates [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 268:1980 Aircraft — Mechanical and electromechanical indicators — General requirements +ISO 269:1985 Correspondence envelopes – Designation and sizes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 270:1975 Textile fibres — Determination of length by measuring individual fibres [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6989] +ISO/R 271:1962 Textiles — Implementation of the Tex System for designating the size of fibres [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1144] +ISO 272:1982 Fasteners — Hexagon products — Widths across flats +ISO 273:1979 Fasteners — Clearance holes for bolts and screws +ISO 274:1975 Copper tubes of circular section — Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 275:1962 Zinc Oxide for paints — Requirements and methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 276:2019 Binders for paints and varnishes — Linseed stand oil — Requirements and methods of test +ISO 277:2002 Binders for paints and varnishes — Raw tung oil — Requirements and methods of test +ISO/R 278:1962 Essential oils — Standard layout for methods of analysis of essential oils [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 279:1998 Essential oils — Determination of relative density at 20 degrees C – Reference method +ISO 280:1998 Essential oils — Determination of refractive index +ISO 281:2007 Rolling bearings — Dynamic load ratings and rating life +ISO 282:1992 Conveyor belts — Sampling +ISO 283:2015 Textile conveyor belts — Full thickness tensile strength, elongation at break and elongation at the reference load — Test method +ISO 284:2012 Conveyor belts – Electrical conductivity – Specification and test method +ISO/R 285:1962 Metallic materials — Steel tubes — Butt welding bends +ISO 286 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — ISO code system for tolerances on linear sizes +ISO 286-1:2010 Part 1: Basis of tolerances, deviations and fits +ISO 286-2:2010 Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance classes and limit deviations for holes and shafts +ISO 287:2017 Paper and board — Determination of moisture content of a lot — Oven-drying method +ISO/R 288 +ISO/R 288-1:1963 Part 1: Slotted and castle nuts with metric thread [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 288-2:1969 Part 2: Slotted and castle nuts with metric thread 42 up to and including 100 mm thread diameter [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 289 Rubber, unvulcanized — Determinations using a shearing-disc viscometer +ISO 289-1:2015 Part 1: Determination of Mooney viscosity +ISO 289-2:2020 Part 2: Determination of pre-vulcanization characteristics +ISO 289-3:2015 Part 3: Determination of the Delta Mooney value for non-pigmented, oil-extended emulsion-polymerized SBR +ISO 289-4:2003 Part 4: Determination of the Mooney stress-relaxation rate +ISO/R 290:1961 Pesticides — Common names — Fourth series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 1750] +ISO 291:2008 Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing +ISO/R 292:1967 Plastics — Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and the melt volume-flow rate (MVR) of thermoplastics [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 1133] +ISO 293:2004 Plastics — Compression moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials +ISO 294 Plastics — Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials +ISO 294-1:2017 Part 1: General principles, and moulding of multipurpose and bar test specimens +ISO 294-2:2018 Part 2: Small tensile bars +ISO 294-3:2020 Part 3: Small plates +ISO 294-4:2018 Part 4: Determination of moulding shrinkage +ISO 294-5:2017 Part 5: Preparation of standard specimens for investigating anisotropy +ISO 295:2004 Plastics — Compression moulding of test specimens of thermosetting materials +ISO 296:1991 Machine tools — Self-holding tapers for tool shanks +ISO 297:1988 7/24 tapers for tool shanks for manual changing +ISO 298:1973 Machine tools — Lathe centres — Sizes for interchangeability +ISO 299:1987 Machine tool tables — T-slots and corresponding bolts +ISO/R 300 Rolling bearings — ISO identification code +ISO/R 300-1:1963 Rolling bearings — ISO identification code for group I: Radial Ball and Rolling Bearings, group II: Thrust Ball and Rolling Bearings, and group III: Tapered Rolling Bearings, Metric Series [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 300-2:1965 Rolling bearings — ISO identification code for group IV: Tapered Rolling Bearings, Inch Series [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 301:2006 Zinc alloy ingots intended for castings +ISO 302:2015 Pulps — Determination of Kappa number +ISO 303:2002 Road vehicles — Installation of lighting and light signalling devices for motor vehicles and their trailers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 304:1985 Surface active agents — Determination of surface tension by drawing up liquid films +ISO 305:2019 Plastics — Determination of thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride), related chlorine-containing homopolymers and copolymers and their compounds — Discoloration method +ISO 306:2013 Plastics — Thermoplastic materials – Determination of Vicat softening temperature (VST) +ISO 307:2019 Plastics — Polyamides — Determination of viscosity number +ISO 308:1994 Plastics — Phenolic moulding materials — Determination of acetone-soluble matter (apparent resin content of material in the unmoulded state) +ISO/R 309 Manganese ores — Methods of sampling +ISO/R 309-1:1963 Manganese ores — Methods of sampling — Part 1: Ore loaded in freight wagons [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 310:1992 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of hygroscopic moisture content in analytical samples — Gravimetric method +ISO/R 311:1963 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of silicon content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5890] +ISO 312:1986 Manganese ores — Determination of active oxygen content, expressed as manganese dioxide — Titrimetric method +ISO/R 313:1963 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of total iron content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7990] +ISO 314:1981 Manganese ores — Determination of carbon dioxide content — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 315:1984 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of nickel content — Dimethylglyoxime spectrometric method and flame atomic absorption spectrometric method +ISO 316:1982 Manganese ores — Determination of cobalt content — Nitroso-R-salt photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 317:1984 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of arsenic content — Spectrometric method +ISO/R 318:1963 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of aluminium content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4295] +ISO/R 319:1963 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of manganese content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4298] +ISO 320:1981 Manganese ores — Determination of sulphur content — Barium sulphate gravimetric methods and sulphur dioxide titrimetric method after combustion +ISO/R 321:1963 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of phosphorus content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4293] +ISO/R 322:1978 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of copper content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4294] +ISO/R 323:1963 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of lead content [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 324:1978 Textile machinery and accessories — Cones for cross winding for dyeing purposes — Half angle of the cone 4 degrees 20' [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8489-4] +ISO/R 325:1963 Textile machinery and accessories — Wood cones for cross winding — Half angle of the cone 4 degrees 20' [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 326:1963 Textile machinery and accessories — Wood cones for cross winding — Nominal half angle of the cone 5 degrees 57' [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 327:1963 Textile machinery and accessories — Wood cones for cross winding — Half angle of the cone 3 degrees 30' [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 328:1974 Picture postcards and lettercards — Size [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 329:1963 Large pallets for through transit of goods [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 330:1963 Thermoplastics pipes for the conveyance of fluids — Nominal outside diameters and nominal pressures — Inch-based series [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 161-2] +ISO 331:1983 Coal — Determination of moisture in the analysis sample — Direct gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 332:1981 Coal — Determination of nitrogen — Macro Kjeldahl method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 333:1996 Coal — Determination of nitrogen — Semi-micro Kjeldahl method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 334:2020 Coal and coke — Determination of total sulfur — Eschka method +ISO 335:1974 Hard coal — Determination of caking power — Roga test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 336:1976 Plain end steel tubes, welded and seamless — General table of dimensions and masses per unit length [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4200] +ISO 337:1981 Road vehicles — 50 semi-trailer fifth wheel coupling pin — Basic and mounting/interchangeability dimensions +ISO/R 338:1963 Lifeboats for less than one hundred people [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 339:1963 Definition of terms appearing in ISO recommendations for oils and pigments [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 340:2013 Conveyor belts — Laboratory scale flammability characteristics — Requirements and test method +ISO 341:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Cotton spinning machinery — Working width [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 342:1983 Textile machinery and accessories — Worsted and woollen cards — Width of cylinder and width on the wire [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 343:1963 Textile machinery and accessories — Warp tubes for ring spinning and ring doubling spindles — inch dimensions, tolerances, and gauges [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 344:1981 Textile machinery and accessories — Spinning machines — Flyer bobbins [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 345:1963 Shipbuilding details — Tests on galvanized steel wire ropes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 346:1963 Shipbuilding details — Galvanized steel wire ropes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 347:1963 Shipbuilding details — Anchor chains- End shackles [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 348:1981 Hard coal — Determination of moisture in the analysis sample — Direct volumetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 349:2020 Hard coal — Audibert-Arnu dilatometer test +ISO/R 350:1963 Hard coal — Determination of chlorine by the bomb-combustion method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 351:1996 Solid mineral fuels — Determination of total sulfur — High temperature combustion method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 352:1981 Solid mineral fuels — Determination of chlorine — High temperature combustion method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 353:1975 Processed writing paper and certain classes of printed matter — Method of expression of dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 354:2003 Acoustics — Measurement of sound absorption in a reverberation room +ISO 355:2019 Rolling bearings — Tapered roller bearings — Boundary dimensions and series designations +ISO 356:1996 Essential oils — Preparation of test samples +ISO/R 357:1963 Acoustics — Expression of the physical magnitudes of sound or noise in air [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 131, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 358:1975 Cinematography — Maximum aspect ratio of projector aperture for projection of 35 mm non-anamorphic motion-picture film — Specifications [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 359:1983 Cinematography — Projectable image area on 16 mm motion-picture prints — Dimensions and location +ISO 360:1975 Cinematography — Recording and reproducing head gaps for four-track magnetic sound records on 35 mm motion-picture film containing no picture — Positions and width dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 162] +ISO 361:1975 Basic ionizing radiation symbol +ISO 362 Measurement of noise emitted by accelerating road vehicles — Engineering method +ISO 362-1:2015 Part 1: M and N categories +ISO 362-2:2009 Part 2: L category +ISO 362-3:2016 Part 3: Indoor testing M and N categories +ISO 363 Textile machinery and accessories — Flat steel healds with closed end loops +ISO 363-1:2006 Part 1: Dimensions of healds manufactured of rolled steel wire +ISO 363-2:2006 Part 2: Dimensions of healds manufactured of hardened strip steel +ISO 364:1983 Textile machinery and accessories — Twin wire healds for weaving machines with heald frames +ISO 365:1982 Textile machinery and accessories — Twin wire healds with inset mail for Jacquard weaving +ISO 366 Textile machinery and accessories — Reeds +ISO 366-2:2009 Part 2: Dimensions and designation of metal reeds with plate baulk +ISO 366-3:2009 Part 3: Dimensions and designation of metal reeds with double-spring baulk +ISO 366-4:2005 Part 4: Dimensions and designation of plastic-bound metal reeds +ISO 366-5:2006 Part 5: Dimensions and designation of profile capsules +ISO 367:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Metal reeds with plate baulk — Dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 366-2] +ISO 368:2017 Spinning preparatory, spinning and doubling (twisting) machinery — Tubes for ring-spinning, doubling and twisting spindles, taper 1:38 and 1:64 +ISO 369:2009 Machine tools — Symbols for indications appearing on machine tools +ISO 370:1975 Toleranced dimensions — Conversion from inches into millimetres and vice versa [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 371:1964 Terms relating to microcopy apparatus [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 372:1964 Paper vocabulary — Fourth series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4046] +ISO/R 373:1964 General principles for fatigue testing of metals [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 374 Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms +ISO 374-1:2016 Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks +ISO 374-2:2019 Part 2: Determination of resistance to penetration +ISO 374-4:2019 Part 4: Determination of resistance to degradation by chemicals +ISO 374-5:2016 Part 5: Terminology and performance requirements for micro-organisms risks +ISO 375:1974 Steel — Tensile testing of tubes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-1] +ISO 376:2011 Metallic materials — Calibration of force-proving instruments used for the verification of uniaxial testing machines +ISO 377:2017 Steel and steel products — Location and preparation of samples and test pieces for mechanical testing +ISO 378:1980 Gymnastic equipment — Parallel bars [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 379:1980 Gymnastic equipment — Horizontal bar [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 380:1964 Gymnastic equipment — Rings [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 381:1964 Gymnastic equipment — Vaulting horse and pommeled horse [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 382:1964 Gymnastic equipment — Balancing Beam [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 383:1976 Laboratory glassware — Interchangeable conical ground joints +ISO 384:2015 Laboratory glass and plastics ware — Principles of design and construction of volumetric instruments +ISO 385:2005 Laboratory glassware — Burettes +ISO 386:1977 Liquid-in-glass laboratory thermometers — Principles of design, construction and use [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 387:1977 Hydrometers — Principles of construction and adjustment +ISO/R 388:1964 ISO metric series for basic thicknesses of sheet and diameters of wire [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 389 Acoustics — Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment +ISO 389-1:2017 Part 1: Reference equivalent threshold sound pressure levels for pure tones and supra-aural earphones +ISO 389-2:1994 Part 2: Reference equivalent threshold sound pressure levels for pure tones and insert earphones +ISO 389-3:2016 Part 3: Reference equivalent threshold vibratory force levels for pure tones and bone vibrators +ISO 389-4:1994 Part 4: Reference levels for narrow-band masking noise +ISO 389-5:2006 Part 5: Reference equivalent threshold sound pressure levels for pure tones in the frequency range 8 kHz to 16 kHz +ISO 389-6:2007 Part 6: Reference threshold of hearing for test signals of short duration +ISO 389-7:2019 Part 7: Reference threshold of hearing under free-field and diffuse-field listening conditions +ISO 389-8:2004 Part 8: Reference equivalent threshold sound pressure levels for pure tones and circumaural earphones +ISO 389-9:2009 Part 9: Preferred test conditions for the determination of reference hearing threshold levels +ISO 390:1993 Products in fibre-reinforced cement — Sampling and inspection +ISO 391:1982 Building and sanitary pipes in asbestos-cement [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 392:1986 Asbestos-cement pipe fittings for building and sanitary purposes +ISO 393 Asbestos-cement products — Corrugated sheets and fittings for roofing and cladding +ISO 393-1:1983 Asbestos-cement products — Part 1: Corrugated sheets and fittings for roofing and cladding [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 393-2:1986 Asbestos-cement products — Part 2: Asbestos-cement-cellulose corrugated sheets and fittings for roofing and cladding [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 393-3:1984 Asbestos-cement products — Part 3: Asymmetrical section corrugated sheets and fittings for roofing and cladding [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 393-4:1986 Asbestos-cement products — Part 4: Trapezoidal section sheets for roofing and cladding [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 393-5:1987 Asbestos-cement products — Part 5: Short corrugated and asymmetrical section sheets and fittings for roofing [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 394:1964 Asymmetrical section corrugated sheets in asbestos-cement for roofing and cladding [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 395:1983 Asbestos-cement slates [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 396 Products in fibre reinforced cement +ISO 396-1:1980 Part 1: Asbestos-cement flat sheets [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 396-2:1980 Part 2: Silica-asbestos-cement flat sheets [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 396-3:1980 Part 3: Cellulose-asbestos-cement flat sheets [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 397:1964 Copper and copper alloys — Wire — Wrapping test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7802] +ISO/R 398:1964 Copper and copper alloys — Bend test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7438] +ISO/R 399:1964 Copper and copper alloys — Vickers hardness test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6507-1 and ISO 6507-4] +ISO/R 400:1964 Copper and copper alloys — Tensile test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-1] +ISO/R 401:1964 Copper and copper alloys — Tubes of circular section — Tensile test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-1] +ISO/R 402:1964 Copper and copper alloys — Wire — Tensile test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-1] +ISO/R 403:1964 Copper and copper alloys — Brinell hardness test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6506-1 and ISO 6506-4] +ISO 404:2013 Steel and steel products — General technical delivery requirements +ISO/R 405:1964 Aircraft — Tow bar attachment fittings — Interface requirements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8267, and later ISO 8267-1 and ISO 8267-2] +ISO 406:1987 Technical drawings — Tolerancing of linear and angular dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 129-1 and ISO 14405-2] +ISO 407:2004 Small medical gas cylinders — Pin-index yoke-type valve connections +ISO/R 408:1964 Safety Colours [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3864-1] +ISO 409 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Tables of Vickers hardness values for use in tests made on flat surfaces +ISO 409-1:1982 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Tables of Vickers hardness values for use in tests made on flat surfaces — Part 1: HV 5 to HV 100 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6507-1 and ISO 6507-4] +ISO 409-2:1983 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Tables of Vickers hardness values for use in tests made on flat surfaces — Part 2: HV 0,2 to less than HV 5 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6507-1 and ISO 6507-4] +ISO 410:1982 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Tables of Brinell hardness values for use in tests made on flat surfaces [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6506-1 and ISO 6506-4] +ISO/R 411:1964 Pesticides — Common names — Fifth series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO 412:1976 Gum spirit of turpentine and wood turpentines for paints and varnishes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 413:1974 Aircraft — Heads of lubricating nipples +ISO/R 414:1965 Aircraft — Tyre Valves [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 415:1975 Envelopes, postcards and similar articles — Cancellation area [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 416:1974 Picture postcards — Area reserved for the address [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 417:1993 Photography — Determination of residual thiosulfate and other related chemicals in processed photographic materials — Methods using iodine-amylose, methylene blue and silver sulfide [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18917] +ISO 418:2001 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for anhydrous sodium sulfite +ISO 419:1972 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10636] +ISO 420:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for potassium bromide +ISO/R 421:1965 Photography — Processing chemicals — Method for indicating the stability of the images of processed black-and white films, plates, and papers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 422:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for p-methylaminophenol sulfate +ISO 423:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for hydroquinone +ISO 424:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for anhydrous sodium carbonate and sodium carbonate monohydrate +ISO 425:1973 Photography — Sensitized materials — Quantity packaging [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 426 Wrought copper-zinc alloys — Chemical composition and forms of wrought products +ISO 426-1:1983 Wrought copper-zinc alloys — Chemical composition and forms of wrought products — Part 1: Non-leaded and special copper-zinc alloys [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 426-2:1983 Wrought copper-zinc alloys — Chemical composition and forms of wrought products — Part 2: Leaded copper-zinc alloys [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 427:1983 Wrought copper-tin alloys — Chemical composition and forms of wrought products [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 428:1983 Wrought copper-aluminium alloys — Chemical composition and forms of wrought products [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 429:1983 Wrought copper-nickel alloys — Chemical composition and forms of wrought products [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 430:1983 Wrought copper-nickel-zinc alloys — Chemical composition and forms of wrought products [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 431:1981 Copper refinery shapes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 432:1989 Ply type conveyor belts — Characteristics of construction [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 433:2017 Conveyor belts — Marking +ISO/R 434:1965 Y-section V-belts — Lengths [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 4184] +ISO 435:1975 Micrographics — ISO character — Description and use [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 446] +ISO/R 436:1965 Informative labelling [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 437:1982 Steel and cast iron — Determination of total carbon content — Combustion gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 438:1980 Paper — Determination of bulking thickness and apparent density [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 534] +ISO 439:2020 Steel and cast iron — Determination of silicon content — Gravimetric method +ISO/R 440:1965 Aircraft — shape, size, and direction of operation of lever controls [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 441:1997 Textile machinery and accessories — Drop wires for warp stop motions for weaving machines without automatic drawing-in +ISO/R 442:1965 Verification of pendulum impact testing machines for testing steels [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 443:1965 Aircraft — Marking of gas cylinders [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 444:1981 Phlogopite mica blocks, thins and splittings — Grading by size [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 445:2013 Pallets for materials handling — Vocabulary +ISO 446:2004 Micrographics — ISO character and ISO test chart No. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f06619b2f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 5/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +1 — Description and use +ISO 447:1984 Machine tools — Direction of operation of controls +ISO 448:1981 Gas cylinders for industrial use — Marking for identification of content [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 449:1997 Ships and marine technology — Magnetic compasses, binnacles and azimuth reading devices — Class A [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 25862] +ISO 450:1975 Aircraft — Connection for water of drinkable quality [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 17775] +ISO 451:1976 Aircraft — Pressure re-oiling connection +ISO/R 452:1965 Essential characteristics of 35 mm microfilm ready apparatus [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 453:1965 Surface active agents — Vocabulary — First list [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 862] +ISO 454:1975 Acoustics — Relation between sound pressure levels of narrow bands of noise in a diffuse field and in a frontally-incident free field for equal loudness [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 455:1965 Analysis of soaps — Determination of total crude fatty acids [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 685] +ISO 456:1973 Surface active agents — Analysis of soaps — Determination of free caustic alkali +ISO 457:1983 Soaps — Determination of chloride content — Titrimetric method +ISO 458 Plastics — Determination of stiffness in torsion of flexible materials +ISO 458-1:1985 Part 1: General method +ISO 458-2:1985 Part 2: Application to plasticized compounds of homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl chloride +ISO/R 459:1962 Narrow V-belts — Grooved pulleys — Groove sections SPZ, SPA, SPB [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4183] +ISO/R 460:1962 Narrow V-belts — Lengths — Groove sections SPZ, SPA, SPB [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4184] +ISO 461 Aircraft — Connectors for ground electrical supplies +ISO 461-1:2003 Part 1: Design, performance and test requirements +ISO 461-2:1985 Part 2: Dimensions +ISO/R 462:1965 Plastics — Determination of the change of mechanical properties after contact with chemical substances [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 175] +ISO 463:2006 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Dimensional measuring equipment — Design and metrological characteristics of mechanical dial gauges +ISO 464:2015 Rolling bearings — Radial bearings with locating snap ring — Dimensions, geometrical product specifications (GPS) and tolerance values +ISO/R 465:1965 Rolling bearings — Double row self-aligning roller bearings — Radial internal clearance [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5753] +ISO 466:1976 Cinematography — Image produced by 16 mm motion-picture camera aperture — Position and dimensions +ISO/R 467:1966 Preferred modules and diametral pitches of cylindrical gears for general engineering [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 468:1982 Surface roughness — Parameters, their values and general rules for specifying requirements [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 469:1966 Aircraft — Conductors for general purpose aircraft electrical cables — Dimensions and characteristics [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2635] +ISO/R 470:1966 Aircraft — Conductors for heat-resisting aircraft electrical cables — Dimensions and characteristics [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2635] +ISO 471:1995 Rubber — Temperatures, humidities and times for conditioning and testing [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 23529] +ISO 472:2013 Plastics — Vocabulary +ISO 473:2019 Lithopone pigments — General requirements and methods of testing +ISO/R 474:1966 Aircraft — Conductors for general purpose aircraft electrical cables — Performance requirements [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 475:1966 Rectangular refractory bricks — Dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5019-1] +ISO 476:1982 Textile machinery and accessories — Pirn winding machines — Vocabulary +ISO 477:1982 Textile machinery and accessories — Cone and cheese winding machines — Vocabulary +ISO 478:1974 Paper — Untrimmed stock sizes for the ISO-A Series — ISO primary range [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 217] +ISO 479:1975 Paper — Untrimmed sizes — Designation and tolerances [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 217] +ISO/R 480:1966 Perforated metal cheese centres for bast fibre yearns [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 481:1977 Textile machinery and accessories — Warper's beams — Terminology and main dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8116-2] +ISO 482:1977 Aircraft — Propulsion units and components — Methods of numbering and describing direction of rotation [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 483:2005 Plastics — Small enclosures for conditioning and testing using aqueous solutions to maintain the humidity at a constant value +ISO 484 Shipbuilding — Ship screw propellers — Manufacturing tolerances +ISO 484-1:2015 Part 1: Propellers of diameter greater than 2,50 m +ISO 484-2:2015 Part 2: Propellers of diameter between 0,80 and 2,50 m inclusive +ISO 485:1973 Aircraft water-methanol pressure connections +ISO 486:1988 Cinematography — 16 mm motion-picture film perforated 8 mm Type R — Cutting and perforating dimensions +ISO 487:1998 Steel roller chains, types S and C, attachments and sprockets +ISO 488:2008 Milk — Determination of fat content — Gerber butyrometers [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 19662] +ISO 489:1999 Plastics — Determination of refractive index +ISO 490:1993 Cinematography — Magnetic stripes and magnetic recording head gaps for sound record on 16 mm motion-picture film perforated along one edge (Type 1) — Positions and width dimensions +ISO 491:2002 Cinematography — 35 mm motion-picture film and magnetic film — Cutting and perforating dimensions +ISO 492:2014 Rolling bearings — Radial bearings — Geometrical product specifications (GPS) and tolerance values +ISO 493:1975 Aircraft — Dimensions for single-hole mounting (Class 1 and Class 2) lever-operated manual switches +ISO 494:2017 Cylindrical shank twist drills — Long series +ISO 495:1966 Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3740, ISO 3741, ISO 3742, ISO 3743, ISO 3744, ISO 3745, and ISO 3746] +ISO 496:1973 Driving and driven machines — Shaft heights [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 497:1973 Guide to the choice of series of preferred numbers and of series containing more rounded values of preferred numbers +ISO 498:1992 Natural rubber latex concentrate — Preparation of dry films +ISO/R 499:1966 Paper — Internal diameters of cores of reels [Withdrawn without replacement] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0e8a5f4d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,272 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 6/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 500 – ISO 699 == +ISO 500 Agricultural tractors — Rear-mounted power take-off types 1, 2, 3 and 4 +ISO 501:2012 Hard coal — Determination of the crucible swelling number +ISO 502:2015 Coal — Determination of caking power — Gray-King coke test +ISO/R 503:1966 Wrought magnesium-aluminium-zinc alloys — Chemical composition [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3116] +ISO 504:1975 Turning tools with carbide tips — Designation and marking +ISO 505:2017 Conveyor belts — Method for the determination of the tear propagation resistance of textile conveyor belts +ISO 506:2020 Rubber latex, natural, concentrate — Determination of volatile fatty acid number +ISO/R 507:1970 Acoustics — Procedure for describing aircraft noise heard on the ground using frequency weighting [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3891] +ISO/R 508:1966 Ships and marine technology — Identification colours for the content of piping systems [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 14726-1, now ISO 14726] +ISO 509:1996 Pallet trucks — Principal dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 510:1977 Red lead for paints +ISO 511:1977 White lead pigments for paints [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 512:1979 Road vehicles — Sound signalling devices — Technical specifications [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 513:2012 Classification and application of hard cutting materials for metal removal with defined cutting edges — Designation of the main groups and groups of application +ISO 514:2014 Turning tools with carbide tips — Internal tools +ISO 515:1973 Photography — Stereo systems using 35 mm objectives on 35 mm film, five-perforation format — Specifications [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 516:2019 Camera shutters — Timing — General definition and mechanical shutter measurements +ISO 517:2008 Photography — Apertures and related properties pertaining to photographic lenses — Designations and measurements +ISO 518:2006 Photography — Camera accessory shoes, with and without electrical contacts, for photoflash lamps and electronic photoflash units — Specification +ISO 519:1992 Photography — Hand-held cameras — Flash-connector dimensions +ISO 520:2010 Cereals and pulses — Determination of the mass of 1 000 grains +ISO 521:2011 Machine chucking reamers with cylindrical shanks and Morse taper shanks +ISO 522:1975 Special tolerances for reamers +ISO 523:1974 Milling cutters — Recommended range of outside diameters [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 524:1966 Hard metal wire drawing dies — Interchangeability dimensions of pellets and cases [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 525:2020 Bonded abrasive products — Shape types, designation and marking +ISO/R 526:1966 Significance to purchasers of marks indicating conformitity with standards [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 527 Plastics — Determination of tensile properties +ISO 527-1:2019 Part 1: General principles +ISO 527-2:2012 Part 2: Test conditions for moulding and extrusion plastics +ISO 527-3:2018 Part 3: Test conditions for films and sheets +ISO 527-4:2021 Part 4: Test conditions for isotropic and orthotropic fibre-reinforced plastic composites +ISO 527-5:2009 Part 5: Test conditions for unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic composites +ISO 528:1983 Refractory products — Determination of pyrometric cone equivalent (refractoriness) +ISO 529:2017 Short machine taps and hand taps +ISO 530:1975 Aircraft — General purpose push-pull single-pole circuit-breakers — Dimensions +ISO/R 531:1966 Cast iron sanitary pipes and fittings for waste water and ventilation [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 532 Acoustics — Methods for calculating loudness +ISO 532-1:2017 Part 1: Zwicker method +ISO 532-2:2017 Part 2: Moore-Glasberg method +ISO/R 533:1966 Rolling bearings — Double row cylindrical roller bearings type with tapered bore 1:12 [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 534:2011 Paper and board — Determination of thickness, density and specific volume +ISO 535:2014 Paper and board — Determination of water absorptiveness — Cobb method +ISO 536:2019 Paper and board — Determination of grammage +ISO 537:1989 Plastics — Testing with the torsion pendulum [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6721-1, ISO 6721-2, ISO 6721-4, and ISO 6721-10] +ISO/R 538:1967 Conventional signs to be used in the schemes for the installations of pipeline systems in ships [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 539:1967 Acoustics — Dimensions and conductor resistance of heat-resisting (260°C) electrical cables with copper conductors [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 540:2008 Hard coal and coke — Determination of ash fusibility +ISO/R 541:1967 Measurement of fluid flow by means of orifice plates and nozzles [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5167, later ISO 5167-1] +ISO 542:1990 Oilseeds — Sampling [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21294] +ISO 543:1990 Photography — Photographic films — Specifications for safety film [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18906] +ISO 544:2017 Welding consumables — Technical delivery conditions for filler materials and fluxes — Type of product, dimensions, tolerances and markings +ISO 545:1975 Filler rods, other than drawn or extruded, for welding — Lengths and tolerance [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 544] +ISO 546:1975 Drawn or extruded filler rods for welding, supplied in straight lengths — Lengths and tolerance [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 544] +ISO 547:1975 Electrodes for the welding of mild steel and low alloy high tensile steel — Lengths and tolerance [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 544] +ISO 548:1981 Manganese ores — Determination of barium oxide content — Barium sulphate gravimetric method +ISO 549:1981 Manganese ores — Determination of combined water content — Gravimetric method +ISO 550:1981 Manganese ores — Determination of titanium content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7723] +ISO 551:1975 Manganese ores — Determination of zinc content — Zinc mercurithyocyanate gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 552:1975 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of calcium and magnesium contents [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6233] +ISO 553:1981 Manganese ores — Determination of vanadium content — Titrimetric method and phosphotungstovanadate photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 554:1976 Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications +ISO 555 Liquid flow measurement in open channels — Dilution methods for measurement of steady flow +ISO 555-1:1973 Liquid flow measurement in open channels — Dilution methods for measurement of steady flow — Part 1: Constant-rate injection method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 555-2:1987 Liquid flow measurement in open channels — Dilution methods for the measurement of steady flow — Part 2: Integration method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 556:2020 Coke (greater than 20 mm in size) — Determination of mechanical strength +ISO/R 557:1967 Safety Signs [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3864-1] +ISO 558:1980 Conditioning and testing — Standard atmospheres — Definitions +ISO 559:1991 Steel tubes for water and sewage [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 560:1975 Cold drawn precision steel tubes — Metric series — Dimensions and masses per metre [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4200] +ISO 561:1989 Coal preparation plant — Graphical symbols +ISO 562:2010 Hard coal and coke — Determination of volatile matter +ISO 563:1981 Equipment for harvesting — Knife sections for agricultural cutter bars [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 564:1967 Aerospace — Preformed flexible steel wire rope for aircraft controls — Dimensions and loads [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2020, later ISO 2020-1] +ISO 565:1990 Test sieves — Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet — Nominal sizes of openings +ISO/R 566:1967 Pesticides — Common names — Sixth series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO 567:1995 Coke — Determination of bulk density in a small container +ISO 568:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Heald frames for single or double row of healds — Designation of dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10787-1 and ISO 10787-2] +ISO 569:1982 Textile machinery and accessories — Heald frames — Co-ordinated dimensions in relation to the pitch of the harness [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10787-1 and ISO 10787-2] +ISO 570:1982 Textile machinery and accessories — Heald carrying rods for healds with closed O-shaped end loops +ISO 571:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Metal reeds with double-spring baulk — Dimensions [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 366-3] +ISO 572:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Shuttles for pirn changing automatic looms — Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 573:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Dobby lags and pegs in wood, metal or other suitable material — Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 574:1979 Textile machinery and accessories — Perforated cylindrical tubes for cheese dyeing [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 3914-7] +ISO 575:1978 Textile machinery and accessories — Transfer cones — Half angle of the cone 4 degrees 20' [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 576:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Paper patterns for dobbies — Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 577 Rolling bearings — Tapered rolling bearings — Metric series — Tolerances +ISO/R 577-1:1967 Rolling bearings — Tapered rolling bearings — Metric series — Tolerances — Part 1: Normal tolerances [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 492] +ISO/R 577-2:1968 Rolling bearings — Tapered rolling bearings — Metric series — Tolerances — Part 2: Tolerances classes 6 and 5 [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 492] +ISO 577-3:1973 Rolling bearings — Tapered rolling bearings — Metric series — Tolerances — Part 3: Tolerances classes 4 [Withdrawn: Replaced with ISO 492] +ISO 578:1987 Tapered roller bearings — Inch series — Tolerances [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 579:2013 Coke — Determination of total moisture +ISO 580:2005 Plastics piping and ducting systems — Injection-moulded thermoplastics fittings — Methods for visually assessing the effects of heating +ISO/TR 581:2005 Weldability — Metallic materials — General principles +ISO 582:1995 Rolling bearings — Chamfer dimensions — Maximum values +ISO 583:2007 Conveyor belts with a textile carcass — Total belt thickness and thickness of constitutive elements — Test methods +ISO 584:1982 Plastics — Unsaturated polyester resins — Determination of reactivity at 80 degrees C (conventional method) +ISO 585:1990 Plastics — Unplasticized cellulose acetate — Determination of moisture content +ISO/R 586:1967 Coke — Determination of ash [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1171] +ISO 587:2020 Coal and coke — Determination of chlorine using Eschka mixture +ISO/R 588 was incorporated into ISO/R 862 +ISO 589:2008 Hard coal — Determination of total moisture +ISO 590:1981 Oil of brazilian sassafras [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 591 Titanium dioxide pigments for paints +ISO 591-1:2000 Part 1: Specifications and methods of test +ISO 592:1998 Essential oils — Determination of optical rotation +ISO 593:1974 Paper — Untrimmed stock sizes for the ISO-A Series — ISO supplementary range [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 217] +ISO 594 Conical fittings with a 6 % (Luer) taper for syringes, needles and certain other medical equipment +ISO 594-1:1986 Conical fittings with a 6 % (Luer) taper for syringes, needles and certain other medical equipment — Part 1: General requirements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 80369-7] +ISO 594-2:1998 Conical fittings with 6 % (Luer) taper for syringes, needles and certain other medical equipment — Part 2: Lock fittings [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 80369-7] +ISO 595 Reusable all-glass or metal-and-glass syringes for medical use [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 595-1:1986 Reusable all-glass or metal-and-glass syringes for medical use — Part 1: Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 595-2:1987 Reusable all-glass or metal-and-glass syringes for medical use — Part 2: Design, performance requirements and tests [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 596:1967 Hypodermic needles [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 597:1967 Definitions and terminology of cements [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 598:1967 Fundamental welding positions — Definitions and values of angles of slope and rotation for fillet welds for these positions [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 6947] +ISO 599:1985 Plastics — Polyamide homopolymers — Determination of matter extractable by boiling methanol [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 6427] +ISO/R 600:1967 Plastics — Polyamide homopolymers — Determination of the viscosity ratio in concentrated solution [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 601:1981 Solid mineral fuels — Determination of arsenic content using the standard silver diethyldithiocarbamate photometric method of ISO 2590 [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 602:2015 Coal — Determination of mineral matter +ISO 603 Bonded abrasive products — Dimensions +ISO 603-1:1999 Part 1: Grinding wheels for external cylindrical grinding between centres +ISO 603-2:1999 Part 2: Grinding wheels for centreless external cylindrical grinding +ISO 603-3:1999 Part 3: Grinding wheels for internal cylindrical grinding +ISO 603-4:1999 Part 4: Grinding wheels for surface grinding/peripheral grinding +ISO 603-5:1999 Part 5: Grinding wheels for surface grinding/face grinding +ISO 603-6:1999 Part 6: Grinding wheels for tool and tool room grinding +ISO 603-7:1999 Part 7: Grinding wheels for manually guided grinding +ISO 603-8:1999 Part 8: Grinding wheels for deburring and fettling/snagging +ISO 603-9:1999 Part 9: Grinding wheels for high-pressure grinding +ISO 603-10:1999 Part 10: Stones for honing and superfinishings +ISO 603-11:1999 Part 11: Hand finishing sticks +ISO 603-12:1999 Part 12: Grinding wheels for deburring and fettling on a straight grinder +ISO 603-13:1999 Part 13: Grinding wheels for deburring and fettling on a vertical grinder +ISO 603-14:1999 Part 14: Grinding wheels for deburring and fettling/snagging on an angle grinder +ISO 603-15:1999 Part 15: Grinding wheels for cutting-off on stationary or mobile cutting-off machines +ISO 603-16:1999 Part 16: Grinding wheels for cutting-off on hand held power tools +ISO 603-17:2014 Part 17: Spindle mounted wheels (ISO type 52) +ISO 603-18:2013 Part 18: Grinding wheels for flat glass edge grinding machines +ISO 604:2002 Plastics — Determination of compressive properties +ISO 605:1991 Pulses — Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety — Test methods +ISO 606:2015 Short-pitch transmission precision roller and bush chains, attachments and associated chain sprockets +ISO 607:1980 Surface active agents and detergents — Methods of sample division +ISO/R 608:1967 Classical V-belts — Lengths (sections A, B, C, D, and E) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4184] +ISO 609:1996 Solid mineral fuels — Determination of carbon and hydrogen — High temperature combustion method +ISO 610:1990 High-tensile steel chains (round link) for chain conveyors and coal ploughs +ISO 611:2003 Road vehicles — Braking of automotive vehicles and their trailers — Vocabulary +ISO 612:1978 Road vehicles — Dimensions of motor vehicles and towed vehicles — Terms and definitions +ISO 613:2000 Ships and marine technology — Magnetic compasses, binnacles and azimuth reading devices — Class B [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 25862] +ISO 614:2012 Ships and marine technology — Toughened safety glass panes for rectangular windows and side scuttles — Punch method of non-destructive strength testing +ISO/R 615:1967 Methods for determining the mechanical properties of the weld metal deposited by electrodes 3,15 mm or more in diameter [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 616:1995 Coke — Determination of shatter indices +ISO/R 617:1967 Calculation of rectangular symmetrical fillet welds statically loaded in such a way that the transverse section is not under any normal stress [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 618:1974 Paper — Articles of stationery that include detachable sheets — Overall trimmed sizes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 619:1981 Manganese ores — Determination of chromium content — Diphenylcarbazide photometric method and silver persulphate titrimetric method +ISO 620:1975 Manganese ores — Determination of zinc content — Polarographic method (zinc content between 0,005 and 0,1 %) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 621:1981 Manganese ores — Determination of metallic iron content (metallic iron content not exceeding 2 %) — Sulphosalicylic acid photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 622:2016 Solid mineral fuels — Determination of phosphorus content — Reduced molybdophosphate photometric method +ISO 623:1974 Paper and board — Folders and files — Sizes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 624:1974 Pulps — Determination of dichloromethane soluble matter [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 14453] +ISO 625:1996 Solid mineral fuels — Determination of carbon and hydrogen — Liebig method +ISO/R 626:1967 Strength calculation of butt welded joints [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 627:1967 Fundamental welding positions — Definitions and values of angles of slope and rotation for butt welds for these positions [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 6947] +ISO/R 628:1967 Pesticides — Common names — Seventh series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO 629:1982 Steel and cast iron — Determination of manganese content — Spectrophotometric method +ISO 630 Structural steels +ISO 630-1:2011 Part 1: General technical delivery conditions for hot-rolled products +ISO 630-2:2011 Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for structural steels for general purposes +ISO 630-3:2012 Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for fine-grain structural steels +ISO 630-4:2012 Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for high-yield-strength quenched and tempered structural steel plates +ISO 630-5:2014 Part 5: Technical delivery conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance +ISO 630-6:2014 Part 6: Technical delivery conditions for seismic-improved structural steels for building +ISO 631:1975 Mosaic parquet panels — General characteristics +ISO/R 632:1967 Methods of test for determining whether an electrode is a deep penetration electrode [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 633:2019 Cork — Vocabulary +ISO/R 634:1967 Aircraft — Methods of test for general purpose electrical cables with copper conductors [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 635:1967 Welding consumables — Code of symbols for covered electrodes for arc welding of mild steels and low alloy high tensile steels [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 636:2017 Welding consumables — Rods, wires and deposits for tungsten inert gas welding of non-alloy and fine-grain steels — Classification +ISO 637:1975 Filler rods for gas welding of mild steels and low alloy high tensile steels — Determination of mechanical properties of deposited weld metal [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 638 Paper, board, pulps and cellulosic nanomaterials — Determination of dry matter content by oven-drying method +ISO 638-1:2021 Part 1: Materials in solid form +ISO 638-2:2021 Part 2: Suspensions of cellulosic nanomaterials +ISO 639 Codes for the representation of names of languages +ISO 639-1:2002 Part 1: Alpha-2 code +ISO 639-2:1998 Part 2: Alpha-3 code +ISO 639-3:2007 Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages +ISO 639-4:2010 Part 4: General principles of coding of the representation of names of languages and related entities, and application guidelines +ISO 639-5:2008 Part 5: Alpha-3 code for language families and groups +ISO 639-6:2009 Part 6: Alpha-4 code for comprehensive coverage of language variants [Withdrawn, no replacement] +ISO 640:1984 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Calibration of standardized blocks to be used for Vickers hardness testing machines HV 0,2 to HV 100 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6507-3] +ISO 640-2:1993 Metallic materials — Calibration of standardized blocks to be used for Vickers hardness testing machines — Part 2: Less than HV 0,2 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6507-3] +ISO 641:1975 Laboratory glassware — Interchangeable spherical ground joints +ISO 642:1999 Steel — Hardenability test by end quenching (Jominy test) +ISO 643:2019 Steels — Micrographic determination of the apparent grain size +ISO/R 644:1967 Conventional signs to be used in schemes for the installations of ventilation systems in ships [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 645:1967 Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — First series [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3534] +ISO/IEC 646:1991 Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange +ISO 647:2017 Brown coals and lignites — Determination of the yields of tar, water, gas and coke residue by low temperature distillation +ISO 648:2008 Laboratory glassware — Single-volume pipettes +ISO 649 Laboratory glassware — Density hydrometers for general purposes +ISO 649-1:1981 Part 1: Specification +ISO 649-2:1981 Part 2: Test methods and use +ISO 650:1977 Relative density 60/60 degrees F hydrometers for general purposes +ISO 651:1975 Solid-stem calorimeter thermometers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 652:1975 Enclosed-scale calorimeter thermometers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 653:1980 Long solid-stem thermometers for precision use [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 654:1980 Short solid-stem thermometers for precision use [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 655:1980 Long enclosed-scale thermometers for precision use [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 656:1980 Short enclosed-scale thermometers for precision use [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 657 Hot-rolled steel sections +ISO 658:2002 Oilseeds — Determination of content of impurities +ISO 659:2009 Oilseeds — Determination of oil content (Reference method) +ISO 660:2020 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of acid value and acidity +ISO 661:2003 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Preparation of test sample +ISO 662:2016 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of moisture and volatile matter content +ISO 663:2017 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of insoluble impurities content +ISO 664:2008 Oilseeds — Reduction of laboratory sample to test sample +ISO 665:2020 Oilseeds — Determination of moisture and volatile matter content +ISO 666:2012 Machine tools — Mounting of grinding wheels by means of hub flanges +ISO 667:1981 Rubber, compounded — Determination of cure rate — Shearing disk method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 289-2] +ISO 668:2020 Series 1 freight containers — Classification, dimensions and ratings +ISO 669:2016 Resistance welding — Resistance welding equipment — Mechanical and electrical requirements +ISO/R 670:1968 Straight resistance spot welding electrodes — Mechanical and electrical requirements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5184] +ISO 671:1982 Steel and cast iron — Determination of sulphur content — Combustion titrimetric method +ISO 672:1978 Soaps — Determination of moisture and volatile matter content — Oven method +ISO 673:1981 Soaps — Determination of content of ethanol-insoluble matter +ISO 674:1988 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Calibration of standardized blocks to be used for Rockwell hardness testing machines (scales A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – K) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6508-3] +ISO 675:2014 Textiles — Woven fabrics — Determination of dimensional change on commercial laundering near the boiling point +ISO 676:1995 Spices and condiments — Botanical nomenclature +ISO 677:1976 Straight bevel gears for general engineering and heavy engineering — Basic rack +ISO 678:1976 Straight bevel gears for general engineering and heavy engineering — Modules and diametral pitches +ISO 679:2009 Cement — Test methods — Determination of strength +ISO 680:1990 Cement — Test methods — Chemical analysis [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 29581-1] +ISO/R 681:1968 Chemical analysis of cements — Minor constituents of Portland cement [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 682:1968 Chemical analysis of cements — Determination of sulphur as sulphide [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 683 Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels +ISO 683-1:2016 Part 1: Non-alloy steels for quenching and tempering +ISO 683-2:2016 Part 2: Alloy steels for quenching and tempering +ISO 683-3:2022 Part 3: Case-hardening steels +ISO 683-4:2016 Part 4: Free-cutting steels +ISO 683-5:2017 Part 5: Nitriding steels +ISO 683-14:2004 Part 14: Hot-rolled steels for quenched and tempered springs +ISO 683-15:1992 Part 15: Valve steels for internal combustion engines +ISO 683-17:2014 Part 17: Ball and roller bearing steels +ISO 683-18:2014 Part 18: Bright steel products +ISO 684:1974 Analysis of soaps — Determination of total free alkali +ISO 685:2020 Analysis of soaps — Determination of total alkali content and total fatty matter content +ISO 686:1985 Photography — 35 mm filmstrips — Specifications for double-frame and single-frame formats [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 687:2010 Solid mineral fuels — Coke — Determination of moisture in the general analysis test sample +ISO 688:1975 Filler rods for braze welding — Determination of characteristics of deposited metal [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 689:1975 Microcopying — ISO micromire — Description and use for checking a reading apparatus [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation — Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources +ISO 691:2005 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Wrench and socket openings — Tolerances for general use +ISO 692:1982 Pulps — Determination of alkali solubility +ISO 693:1982 Dimensions of seam welding wheel blanks +ISO 694:2000 Ships and marine technology — Positioning of magnetic compasses in ships [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 25862] +ISO 695:1991 Glass — Resistance to attack by a boiling aqueous solution of mixed alkali — Method of test and classification +ISO 696:1975 Surface active agents — Measurement of foaming power — Modified Ross-Miles method +ISO 697:1981 Surface active agents — Washing powders — Determination of apparent density — Method by measuring the mass of a given volume +ISO 698:1975 Filler rods for braze welding — Determination of conventional bond strength on steel, cast iron and other metals [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 699:2015 Pulps — Determination of alkali resistance \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb3eb7ee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,271 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 7/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 700 – ISO 999 == +ISO 700:1982 Power sources for manual metal arc welding with covered electrodes and for the TIG process [Withdrawn: replaced by IEC 60974-1:1998, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 701:1998 International gear notation — Symbols for geometrical data +ISO 702 Machine tools — Connecting dimensions of spindle noses and work holding chucks +ISO 702-1:2009 Part 1: Conical connection +ISO 702-2:2007 Part 2: Camlock type +ISO 702-3:2007 Part 3: Bayonet type +ISO 702-4:2004 Part 4: Cylindrical connection +ISO 703:2017 Conveyor belts — Transverse flexibility (troughability) — Test method +ISO 704:2009 Terminology work — Principles and methods +ISO 705:2015 Rubber latex — Determination of density between 5 degrees C and 40 degrees C +ISO 706:2004 Rubber latex — Determination of coagulum content (sieve residue) +ISO 707:2008 Milk and milk products — Guidance on sampling +ISO/R 708:1968 Filler rods for gas welding — Test to determine the compatibility of steel filler rods and the parent metal in the welding of steels [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 709:2001 Essential oils — Determination of ester value +ISO 710 Graphical symbols for use on detailed maps, plans and geological cross-sections +ISO 710-1:1974 Part 1: General rules of representation +ISO 710-2:1974 Part 2: Representation of sedimentary rocks +ISO 710-3:1974 Part 3: Representation of magmatic rocks +ISO 710-4:1982 Part 4: Representation of metamorphic rocks +ISO 710-5:1989 Part 5: Representation of minerals +ISO 710-6:1984 Part 6: Representation of contact rocks and rocks which have undergone metasomatic, pneumatolytic or hydrothermal transformation or transformation by weathering +ISO 710-7:1984 Part 7: Tectonic symbols +ISO 711:1985 Cereals and cereal products — Determination of moisture content (Basic reference method) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 712:2009 Cereals and cereal products — Determination of moisture content — Reference method +ISO 713:1975 Zinc — Determination of lead and cadmium contents — Polarographic method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 714:1975 Zinc — Determination of iron content — Photometric method +ISO 715:1975 Zinc — Determination of lead content — Polarographic method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 716:1986 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Verification of Rockwell hardness testing machines (scales A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – K) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6508-2] +ISO 717 Acoustics — Rating of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements +ISO 717-1:2020 Part 1: Airborne sound insulation +ISO 717-2:2020 Part 2: Impact sound insulation +ISO 718:1990 Laboratory glassware — Thermal shock and thermal shock endurance — Test methods +ISO 719:2020 Glass — Hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 98 °C — Method of test and classification +ISO 720:2020 Glass — Hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 121 °C — Method of test and classification +ISO 721:1991 Rock drilling equipment — Integral stems +ISO 722:1991 Rock drilling equipment — Hollow drill steels in bar form, hexagonal and round +ISO 723:1991 Rock drilling equipment — Forged collared shanks and corresponding chuck bushings for hollow hexagonal drill steels +ISO 724:1993 ISO general-purpose metric screw threads — Basic dimensions +ISO 725:2009 ISO inch screw threads — Basic dimensions +ISO 726:1982 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Calibration of standardized blocks to be used for Brinell hardness testing machines [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6506-3] +ISO 727 Fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) with plain sockets for pipes under pressure +ISO 727-1:2002 Part 1: Metric series +ISO 727-2:2005 Part 2: Inch-based series +ISO 728:2021 Coke — Size analysis by sieving +ISO 729:1988 Oilseeds — Determination of acidity of oils +ISO 730:2009 Agricultural wheeled tractors — Rear-mounted three-point linkage — Categories 1N, 1, 2N, 2, 3N, 3, 4N and 4 +ISO 731 Formic acid for industrial use — Methods of test +ISO 731-1:1977 Formic acid for industrial use — Methods of test — Part 1: General [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 731-2:1977 Formic acid for industrial use — Methods of test — Part 2: Determination of total acidity — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 731-3:1977 Formic acid for industrial use — Methods of test — Part 3: Determination of content of other acids — Potentiometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 731-4:1977 Formic acid for industrial use — Methods of test — Part 4: Visual limit test for inorganic chlorides [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 731-5:1977 Formic acid for industrial use — Methods of test — Part 5: Visual limit test for inorganic sulphates [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 731-6:1977 Formic acid for industrial use — Methods of test — Part 6: Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 731-7:1977 Formic acid for industrial use — Methods of test — Part 7: Determination of low contents of other volatile acids — Titrimetric method after distillation [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 732:2000 Photography — 120-size and 220-size films — Dimensions +ISO/R 733:1968 Hexagon bolts and nuts — Metric series — Tolerances on widths across flats, widths across corners [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4759-1] +ISO 734:2015 Oilseed meals — Determination of oil content — Extraction method with hexane (or light petroleum) +ISO 735:1977 Oilseed residues — Determination of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid +ISO 736:1977 Oilseed residues — Determination of diethyl ether extract [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 737:1975 Coniferous sawn timber — Sizes — Methods of measurement +ISO 738:2015 Coniferous sawn timber — Sizes — Permissible deviations and shrinkage [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 739:1976 Sodium carbonate for industrial use — Preparation and storage of test samples +ISO 740:1976 Sodium carbonate for industrial use — Determination of total soluble alkalinity — Titrimetric method +ISO 741:1976 Sodium carbonate for industrial use — Determination of sodium hydrogen carbonate content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 742:1973 Sodium carbonate for industrial use — Determination of chloride content — Mercurimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 743:1976 Sodium carbonate for industrial use — Determination of sulphate content — Barium sulphate gravimetric method +ISO/R 744:1968 Sodium carbonate for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 745:1976 Sodium carbonate for industrial use — Determination of loss of mass and of non-volatile matter at 250 degrees C [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 746:1976 Sodium carbonate for industrial use — Determination of matter insoluble in water at 50 degrees C +ISO/R 747:1968 Sodium carbonate for industrial use — Expression of test results [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 748:2021 Hydrometry — Measurement of liquid flow in open channels using current-meters or floats — Velocity area methods using point velocity measurements +ISO 749:1977 Oilseed residues — Determination of total ash +ISO 750:1998 Fruit and vegetable products — Determination of titratable acidity +ISO 751:1998 Fruit and vegetable products — Determination of water-insoluble solids +ISO 752:2004 Zinc ingots +ISO 753 Acetic acid for industrial use — Methods of test +ISO 753-1:1981 Part 1: General [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 753-2:1981 Part 2: Determination of acetic acid content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 753-3:1981 Part 3: Determination of formic acid content — Iodometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 753-4:1981 Part 4: Determination of acetaldehyde monomer content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 753-5:1981 Part 5: Determination of total acetaldehyde content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 753-6:1981 Part 6: Determination of permanganate index [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 753-7:1981 Part 7: Determination of dichromate index [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 753-8:1981 Part 8: Visual limit test for inorganic chlorides [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 753-9:1981 Part 9: Visual limit test for inorganic sulphates [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 753-10:1981 Part 10: Visual limit test for heavy metals (including iron) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 754:1982 Acetic anhydride for industrial use — Methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 755 Butan-1-ol for industrial use — Methods of test +ISO 755-1:1981 Part 1: General [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 755-2:1981 Part 2: Determination of acidity — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 755-3:1981 Part 3: Sulphuric acid colour test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 756 Propan-2-ol for industrial use — Methods of test +ISO 756-1:1981 Part 1: General +ISO 756-2:1981 Part 2: Determination of acidity — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 756-3:1981 Part 3: Test for miscibility with water [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 757 Acetone for industrial use — Methods of test +ISO 757-1:1982 Part 1: General [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 757-2:1982 Part 2: Determination of acidity to phenolphthalein — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 757-3:1982 Part 3: Test for miscibility with water [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 757-4:1983 Part 4: Determination of permanganate time [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 757-5:1982 Part 5: Control test with Agulhon's reagent [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 758:1976 Liquid chemical products for industrial use — Determination of density at 20 degrees C +ISO 759:1981 Volatile organic liquids for industrial use — Determination of dry residue after evaporation on water bath — General method +ISO 760:1978 Determination of water — Karl Fischer method (General method) +ISO 761:1977 Acetic anhydride and butan-1-ol for industrial use — Determination of bromine number [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 762:2003 Fruit and vegetable products — Determination of mineral impurities content +ISO 763:2003 Fruit and vegetable products — Determination of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid +ISO 764:2020 Horology — Magnetic resistant watches +ISO 765:2016 Pesticides considered not to require common names +ISO 766:1972 Fibre building boards — Determination of dimensions of test pieces [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9424] +ISO 767:1975 Fibre building boards — Determination of moisture content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9425] +ISO 768:1972 Fibre building boards — Determination of bending strength [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 769:1972 Fibre building boards — Hard and medium boards — Determination of water absorption and of swelling in thickness after immersion in water [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 770:2002 Crude or rectified oils of Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) +ISO 771:1977 Oilseed residues — Determination of moisture and volatile matter content +ISO 772:2011 Hydrometry — Vocabulary and symbols +ISO/R 773:1969 Rectangular or square parallel keys and their corresponding keyways (Dimensions in millimetres) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 774:1969 Taper keys with or without gib head and their corresponding keyways (Dimensions in millimetres) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 775:1969 Cylindrical and 1/10 conical shaft ends [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 776:2011 Pulps — Determination of acid-insoluble ash +ISO 777:2005 Paper, board and pulp — Determination of acid-soluble calcium [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 12830] +ISO 778:2005 Paper, board and pulp — Determination of acid-soluble copper [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 12830] +ISO 779:2005 Paper, board and pulp — Determination of acid-soluble iron [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 12830] +ISO 780:2015 Packaging – Distribution packaging — Graphical symbols for handling and storage of packages +ISO/R 781:1968 Measurement of fluid flow by means of Venturi tubes inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5167, later ISO 5167-1] +ISO 782:1975 Microcopying — Measurement of screen luminance of microfilm readers [Withdrawn without replacement, but later restored as ISO 7565] +ISO 783:1999 Metallic materials — Tensile testing at elevated temperature [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-2] +ISO/R 784:1968 Conventional signs to be used in schemes for the installations of sanitary systems in ships [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 785:1968 Pesticides — Common names — Eighth series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO/R 786:1968 Units and symbols for refrigeration [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 787 General methods of test for pigments and extenders +ISO 787-1:1982 Part 1: Comparison of colour of pigments +ISO 787-2:1981 Part 2: Determination of matter volatile at 105 degrees C +ISO 787-3:2000 Part 3: Determination of matter soluble in water — Hot extraction method +ISO 787-4:1981 Part 4: Determination of acidity or alkalinity of the aqueous extract +ISO 787-5:1980 Part 5: Determination of oil absorption value +ISO 787-7:2009 Part 7: Determination of residue on sieve — Water method — Manual procedure +ISO 787-8:2000 Part 8: Determination of matter soluble in water — Cold extraction method +ISO 787-9:2019 Part 9: Determination of pH value of an aqueous suspension +ISO 787-10:1993 Part 10: Determination of density — Pyknometer method +ISO 787-11:1981 Part 11: Determination of tamped volume and apparent density after tamping +ISO/R 787-12:1970 Part 12: Determination of [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 787-13:2019 Part 13: Determination of water-soluble sulphates, chlorides and nitrates +ISO 787-14:2019 Part 14: Determination of resistivity of aqueous extract +ISO 787-15:2019 Part 15: Comparison of resistance to light of coloured pigments of similar types +ISO 787-16:1986 Part 16: Determination of relative tinting strength (or equivalent colouring value) and colour on reduction of coloured pigments — Visual comparison method +ISO 787-17:2019 Part 17: Comparison of lightening power of white pigments +ISO 787-18:1983 Part 18: Determination of residue on sieve — Mechanical flushing procedure +ISO 787-19:2020 Part 19: Determination of water-soluble nitrates (Salicylic acid method) +ISO 787-20:1979 Part 20: Comparison of ease of dispersion (Oscillatory shaking method) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8780-2] +ISO 787-21:1979 Part 21: Comparison of heat stability of pigments using a stoving medium +ISO 787-22:1980 Part 22: Comparison of resistance to bleeding of pigments +ISO 787-23:1979 Part 23: Determination of density (using a centrifuge to remove entrained air) +ISO 787-24:1985 Part 24: Determination of relative tinting strength of coloured pigments and relative scattering power of white pigments — Photometric methods +ISO 787-25:2019 Part 25: Comparison of the colour, in full-shade systems, of white, black and coloured pigments — Colorimetric method +ISO 787-28:2019 Part 28: Determination of total content of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by dissolution, cleanup and GC-MS +ISO 788:2021 Ultramarine pigments +ISO 789 Agricultural tractors — Test procedures +ISO 789-1:2018 Part 1: Power tests for power take-off +ISO 789-2:2018 Part 2: Rear three-point linkage lifting capacity +ISO 789-3:2015 Part 3: Turning and clearance diameters +ISO 789-4:1986 Part 4: Measurement of exhaust smoke +ISO 789-5:1983 Part 5: Partial power PTO — Non-mechanically transmitted power +ISO 789-6:2019 Part 6: Centre of gravity +ISO 789-7:1991 Part 7: Axle power determination +ISO 789-8:1991 Part 8: Engine air cleaner +ISO 789-9:2018 Part 9: Power tests for drawbar +ISO/OECD 789-10:2006 Part 10: Hydraulic power at tractor/implement interface +ISO 789-11:1996 Part 11: Steering capability of wheeled tractors +ISO 789-12:2000 Part 12: Low temperature starting +ISO 789-13:2018 Part 13: Vocabulary and specimen test report +ISO 790:1973 Freight containers — Coding and identification [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6346] +ISO 791:1973 Magnesium alloys — Determination of aluminium — 8-hydroxyquinoline gravimetric method +ISO 792:1973 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of iron — Orthophenanthroline photometric method +ISO 793:1973 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of iron — Orthophenanthroline photometric method +ISO 794:1976 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of copper content — Oxalyldihydrazide photometric method +ISO 795:1976 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of copper content — Oxalyldihydrazide photometric method +ISO 796:1973 Aluminium alloys — Determination of copper — Electrolytic method +ISO 797:1973 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of silicon — Gravimetric method +ISO/R 798:1968 Chemical analysis of aluminium and its alloys — Gravimetric determination of zinc in aluminium alloys (zinc content between 0.50 and 6.5 %) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1784] +ISO 799 Ships and marine technology — Pilot ladders +ISO 799-1:2019 Part 1: Design and specification +ISO 800:1992 Plastics — Phenolic moulding materials — Specification [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 14526] +ISO 801 Pulps — Determination of saleable mass in lots +ISO 801-1:1994 Part 1: Pulp baled in sheet form +ISO 801-2:1994 Part 2: Pulps (such as flash-dried pulps) baled in slabs +ISO 801-3:1994 Part 3: Unitized bales +ISO 802:1976 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Preparation and storage of test samples [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 23028] +ISO 803:1976 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of loss of mass at 300 degrees C (conventional moisture) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 806] +ISO 804:1976 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Preparation of solution for analysis — Method by alkaline fusion [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 805:1976 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of iron content — 1,10- Phenanthroline photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 806:2004 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of loss of mass at 300 degrees C and 1 000 degrees C +ISO/R 807:1968 Chemical analysis of magnesium and magnesium alloys — Polarographic determination of zinc (zinc content between 0.1 and 4 %) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 808:1973 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of silicon — Spectrophotometric method with the reduced silicomolybdic complex +ISO 809:1973 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of manganese — Periodate photometric method (Manganese content between 0,01 and 0,8 %) +ISO 810:1973 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of manganese — Periodate photometric method (Manganese content less than 0,01 %) +ISO 811:2018 Textiles — Determination of resistance to water penetration — Hydrostatic pressure test +ISO 812:2017 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of low-temperature brittleness +ISO 813:2019 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of adhesion to a rigid substrate — 90 degree peel method +ISO 814:2017 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of adhesion to metal — Two-plate method +ISO 815 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of compression set +ISO 815-1:2019 Part 1: At ambient or elevated temperatures +ISO 815-2:2019 Part 2: At low temperatures +ISO 816:1983 Rubber, vulcanized — Determination of tear strength of small test pieces (Delft test pieces) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 34-2] +ISO 817:2014 Refrigerants — Designation and safety classification +ISO 818:1975 Fibre building boards — Definition — Classification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 819:1975 Fibre building boards — Determination of density [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9427] +ISO 820:1975 Particle boards — Definition and classification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 821:1975 Particle boards — Determination of dimensions of test pieces [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9424] +ISO 822:1975 Particle boards — Determination of density [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9427] +ISO 823:1975 Particle boards — Determination of moisture content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9425] +ISO/R 824 Household refrigerators +ISO/R 824-1:1968 Part 1: Performance requirements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7371] +ISO/R 825 Household refrigerators +ISO/R 825-1:1968 Part 1: Special low-temperature compartments for the storage of frozen foodstuffs [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7371] +ISO/R 826:1968 Mechanical property limits for rolled products of aluminium and aluminium alloys [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 827:1968 Mechanical property limits for extruded products of aluminium and aluminium alloys [Withdrawn without replacement] +IEC/TR 828:1988 Pin allocations for future microprocessor systems using the IEC 603-2 connector [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 829:1968 Mechanical property limits for aluminium alloy forgings [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 830:1999 Freight containers — Vocabulary +ISO/R 831:1968 Rules for construction of stationary boilers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 832:1994 Information and documentation — Bibliographic description and references — Rules for the abbreviation of bibliographic terms +ISO 833:1974 Information and documentation — International list of periodical word title abbreviations [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 834 Fire-resistance tests — Elements of building construction +ISO 834-1:1999 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 834-2:2019 Part 2: Requirements and recommendations for measuring furnace exposure on test samples +ISO/TR 834-3:2012 Part 3: Commentary on test method and guide to the application of the outputs from the fire-resistance test +ISO 834-4:2000 Part 4: Specific requirements for loadbearing vertical separating elements +ISO 834-5:2000 Part 5: Specific requirements for loadbearing horizontal separating elements +ISO 834-6:2000 Part 6: Specific requirements for beams +ISO 834-7:2000 Part 7: Specific requirements for columns +ISO 834-8:2002 Part 8: Specific requirements for non-loadbearing vertical separating elements +ISO 834-9:2003 Part 9: Specific requirements for non-loadbearing ceiling elements +ISO 834-10:2014 Part 10: Specific requirements to determine the contribution of applied fire protection materials to structural steel elements +ISO 834-11:2014 Part 11: Specific requirements for the assessment of fire protection to structural steel elements +ISO 834-12:2012 Part 12: Specific requirements for separating elements evaluated on less than full scale furnaces +ISO 834-13:2019 Part 13: Requirements for the testing and assessment of applied fire protection to steel beams with web openings +ISO 834-14:2019 Part 14: Requirements for the testing and assessment of applied fire protection to solid steel bar +ISO 835:2007 Laboratory glassware — Graduated pipettes +ISO 836:2001 Terminology for refractories +ISO/R 837:1968 Aircraft seat rails and pins [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7166] +ISO 838:1974 Paper — Holes for general filing purposes — Specifications +ISO 839 Milling machine arbors with 7/24 tapers +ISO 839-1:2006 Part 1: Dimensions and designation +ISO 839-2:1977 Part 2: Accessories +ISO 840:1973 Numerical control of machines — 7-bit coded character set [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6983-1] +ISO 841:2001 Industrial automation systems and integration — Numerical control of machines — Coordinate system and motion nomenclature +ISO 842:1984 Raw materials for paints and varnishes — Sampling [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 15528] +ISO 843:1997 Information and documentation — Conversion of Greek characters into Latin characters +ISO 844:2014 Rigid cellular plastics — Determination of compression properties +ISO 845:2006 Cellular plastics and rubbers — Determination of apparent density +ISO 846:2019 Plastics — Evaluation of the action of microorganisms +ISO/R 847:1968 Phosphoric acid for industrial use — Determination of sulphate content — Volumetric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2997] +ISO 848:1981 Phosphoric acid for industrial use — Determination of calcium content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 849:1968 Phosphoric acid for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 850:1976 Sodium tripolyphosphate for industrial use — Determination of matter insoluble in water [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 851:1976 Sodium tripolyphosphate for industrial use — Measurement of pH — Potentiometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 852:1968 Sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 853:1976 Sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate for industrial use — Determination of loss on ignition [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 854:1968 Requirements for 28-volt D.C. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..900b5b789 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 8/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +flat strip fuses for aircraft [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 855:2003 Oil of lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.], obtained by expression +ISO 856:2006 Oil of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) +ISO 857 Welding and allied processes — Vocabulary +ISO 857-2:2005 Part 2: Soldering and brazing processes and related terms +ISO 858:1973 Fishing nets — Designation of netting yarns in the Tex System +ISO/R 859:1968 Testing and rating room air conditioners [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5151] +ISO 860:2007 Terminology work — Harmonization of concepts and terms +ISO/R 861:1968 Hexagon socket head cap screws — Metric series [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4762] +ISO 862:1984 Surface active agents — Vocabulary +ISO 863:2008 Cement — Test methods — Pozzolanicity test for pozzolanic cements +ISO 864:1988 Arc welding — Solid and tubular cored wires which deposit carbon and carbon manganese steel — Dimensions of wires, spools, rims and coils [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 865:1981 Slots in platens for projection welding machines +ISO 866:2016 Centre drills for centre holes without protecting chamfers — Type A +ISO/R 867:1968 Spindle noses and face plates — Bayonet type — Sizes for interchangeability — Metric series [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 702-3] +ISO 868:2003 Plastics and ebonite — Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness) +ISO/R 869:1968 Plastics — Preparation of specimens for optical tests on plastics materials — Moulding method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 870:1968 Plastics — Preparation of specimens for optical tests on plastics materials — Casting method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 871:2006 Plastics — Determination of ignition temperature using a hot-air furnace +ISO/R 872:1968 Plastics — Determination of ash of unplasticized cellulose acetate [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3451-3] +ISO 873:1980 Peaches — Guide to cold storage +ISO 874:1980 Fresh fruits and vegetables — Sampling +ISO 875:1999 Essential oils — Evaluation of miscibility in ethanol +ISO/R 876:1968 Special method of mechanical testing to determine the coding for deep penetration electrodes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 877 Plastics — Methods of exposure to solar radiation +ISO 877-1:2009 Part 1: General guidance +ISO 877-2:2009 Part 2: Direct weathering and exposure behind window glass +ISO 877-3:2018 Part 3: Intensified weathering using concentrated solar radiation +ISO/R 878:1968 Plastics — Determination of resistance of plastics to color change upon exposure to light of the enclosed carbon arc [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4892] +ISO/R 879:1968 Plastics — Determination of resistance of plastics to color change upon exposure to light of a xenon lamp [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4892] +ISO 880:1981 Asbestos-cement siding shingles [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 881:1980 Asbestos-cement pipes, joints and fittings for sewerage and drainage [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 882 Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (Linnaeus) Maton var. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4cec6a1e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 9/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +minuscula Burkill) — Specification +ISO 882-1:1993 Part 1: Whole capsules +ISO 882-2:1993 Part 2: Seeds +ISO 883:2013 Indexable hardmetal (carbide) inserts with rounded corners, without fixing hole — Dimensions +ISO/R 884:1968 Pictorial marking of transit packages containing photographic materials sensitive to radiant energy [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 780] +ISO 885:2000 General purpose bolts and screws — Metric series — Radii under the head +ISO 886:1973 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of manganese — Photometric method (Manganese content between 0,005 and 1,5 %) +ISO 887:2000 Plain washers for metric bolts, screws and nuts for general purposes — General plan +ISO 888:2012 Fasteners — Bolts, screws and studs — Nominal lengths and thread lengths +ISO/R 889:1968 Test code for stationary steam generators of the power station type [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 890:1968 Cinematography — Recording head gaps for two sound records on 16 mm magnetic film — Positions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4242] +ISO/R 891:1968 Cinematography — Recording head gaps for two sound records on 16 mm magnetic film — Dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4242] +ISO/R 892:1968 Cinematography — Dimensions of projection reels for 8 mm motion-picture film (other than type S) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 893:1989 Surface active agents — Technical alkane sulfonates — Methods of analysis +ISO 894:1977 Surface active agents — Technical sodium primary alkylsulphates — Methods of analysis +ISO 895:1977 Surface active agents — Technical sodium secondary alkylsulphates — Methods of analysis +ISO/TR 896:1977 Surface active agents — Scientific classification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 897:2000 Photography — Roll films, 126, 110 and 135-size films — Identification of the image-bearing side +ISO 898 Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel +ISO 899 Plastics — Determination of creep behaviour +ISO 899-1:2017 Part 1: Tensile creep +ISO 899-2:2003 Part 2: Flexural creep by three-point loading +ISO 900:1977 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of titanium content — Diantipyrylmethane photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 901:1976 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of absolute density — Pyknometer method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 902:1976 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Measurement of the angle of repose +ISO 903:1976 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of untamped density [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 904:1976 Hydrochloric acid for industrial use — Determination of total acidity — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 905:1976 Hydrochloric acid for industrial use — Evaluation of hydrochloric acid concentration by measurement of density [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 906:1976 Hydrochloric acid for industrial use — Determination of sulphate content — Barium sulphate gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 907:1976 Hydrochloric acid for industrial use — Determination of sulphated ash — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 908:1980 Hydrochloric acid for industrial use — Determination of oxidizing or reducing substances content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 909:1968 Hydrochloric acid for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 910:1977 Sulphuric acid and oleum for industrial use — Determination of total acidity, and calculation of free sulphur trioxide content of oleum — Titrimetric method +ISO 911:1977 Sulphuric acid for industrial use — Evaluation of sulphuric acid concentration by measurement of density [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 912:1968 Sulphuric acid and oleum for industrial use — Determination of sulphur dioxide content — Barium sulphate gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 913:1977 Sulphuric acid and oleum for industrial use — Determination of ash — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 914:1977 Sulphuric acid and oleum for industrial use — Determination of total nitrogen content — Titrimetric method after distillation [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 915:1968 Sulphuric acid and oleum for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 916:2020 Testing of refrigerating systems +ISO 917:1989 Testing of refrigerant compressors [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 918:1983 Volatile organic liquids for industrial use — Determination of distillation characteristics +ISO/R 919:1969 Guide for the preparation of classified vocabularies (example of method) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10241] +ISO 920:1976 Wool — Determination of fibre length (barbe and hauteur) using a comb sorter +ISO 921:1997 Nuclear energy — Vocabulary [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 922:1969 Plastics — Polypropylene (PP) and propylene-copolymer thermoplastics — Determination of isotactic index [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1873-1, now replaced by ISO 9113] +ISO 923:2000 Coal cleaning equipment — Performance evaluation +ISO 924:1989 Coal preparation plant — Principles and conventions for flowsheets +ISO 925:2019 Solid mineral fuels — Determination of carbonate carbon content — Gravimetric method +ISO/R 926:1969 Solid mineral fuels — Determination of total nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, and phosphorus — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 333 (now withdrawn), ISO 334, ISO 352 (now withdrawn), and ISO 622] +ISO 927:2009 Spices and condiments — Determination of extraneous matter and foreign matter content +ISO 928:1997 Spices and condiments — Determination of total ash +ISO 929:1980 Spices and condiments — Determination of water-insoluble ash [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 930:1997 Spices and condiments — Determination of acid-insoluble ash +ISO 931:1980 Green bananas — Guide to storage and transport +ISO/R 932:1969 Animal fats — Determination of insoluble impurities content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 663] +ISO/R 933:1969 Animal fats — Determination of moisture and volatile matter content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 662] +ISO 934:1980 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of water content — Entrainment method +ISO 935:1988 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of titre +ISO 936:1998 Meat and meat products — Determination of total ash +ISO 937:1978 Meat and meat products — Determination of nitrogen content (Reference method) +ISO 938:1975 Hand-operated stillage trucks — Principal dimensions +ISO 939:1980 Spices and condiments — Determination of moisture content — Entrainment method +ISO 940:1979 Spices and condiments — Determination of alcohol-soluble extract [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 941:1980 Spices and condiments — Determination of cold water-soluble extract +ISO/R 942:1969 Whiteheart malleable cast iron [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5922] +ISO/R 943:1969 Blackheart malleable cast iron [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5922] +ISO/R 944:1969 Pearlitic malleable cast iron [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5922] +ISO 945 Microstructure of cast irons +ISO 945-1:2019 Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis +ISO/TR 945-2:2011 Part 2: Graphite classification by image analysis +ISO/TR 945-3:2016 Part 3: Matrix structures +ISO 945-4:2019 Part 4: Test method for evaluating nodularity in spheroidal graphite cast irons +ISO 946:1975 Grey cast iron — Beam unnotched impact test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 947:1969 Recommended practice for radiographic inspection of circumferential fusion welded butt joints in steel pipes up to 50 mm (2 in) wall thickness [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1106-3, later ISO 17636, now ISO 17636-1] +ISO 948:1980 Spices and condiments — Sampling +ISO 949:1987 Cauliflowers — Guide to cold storage and refrigerated transport +ISO 950:1979 Cereals — Sampling (as grain) (Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 13690, later ISO 24333) +ISO 951:1979 Pulses in bags — Sampling (Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 13690, later ISO 24333) +ISO/R 952:1969 Light metal and light metal alloys — Tubes — Tensile Test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-1] +ISO/R 953:1969 Light metal and light metal alloys — Tubes — Drift expanding test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8493] +ISO/R 954:1969 Light metal and light metal alloys — Tubes — Bend test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7438] +ISO/R 955:1969 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Tubes — Flattening test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8492] +ISO/R 956:1969 Light metal and light metal alloys — Wires — Tensile Test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6892-1] +ISO/R 957:1969 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Wires — Simple torsion test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7800] +ISO/R 958:1969 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Wires — Wrapping test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7802] +ISO 959 Pepper (Piper nigrum L.), whole or ground — Specification +ISO 959-1:1998 Part 1: Black pepper +ISO 959-2:1998 Part 2: White pepper +ISO 960:1988 Plastics — Polyamides (PA) — Determination of water content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 15512] +ISO/R 961:1969 Information processing — Implementation of the 6-bit and 7-bit coded character sets on 7- track 12,7 mm (0.5 in) magnetic tape [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 962:1974 Information processing — Implementation of the 7- bit coded character set and its 7- bit and 8-bit extensions on 9- track 12,7 mm (0.5 in) magnetic tape +ISO 963:1973 Information processing — Guide for the definition of 4- bit character sets derived from the 7- bit coded character set for information processing interchange [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 964:1969 Shipbuilding details — Mating dimensions for pipeline flanges for ships +ISO 965 ISO general purpose metric screw threads — Tolerances +ISO/R 966:1969 Seeds — Sampling and methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 967:1969 Pesticides — Common names — Ninth series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO/R 968:1969 Pesticides — Common names — Tenth series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO/R 969:1969 Pesticides — Common names — Eleventh series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO/R 970:1969 Pesticides — Common names — Twelfth series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO/R 971:1969 Pesticides — Common names — Thirteenth series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO 972:1997 Chillies and capsicums, whole or ground (powdered) — Specification +ISO 973:1999 Pimento (allspice) [Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.], whole or ground — Specification +ISO 974:2000 Plastics — Determination of the brittleness temperature by impact +ISO 975:2021 Brown coals and lignites — Determination of yield of benzene-soluble extract — Semi-automatic method +ISO 976:2013 Rubber and plastics — Polymer dispersions and rubber latices — Determination of pH +ISO/R 977:1969 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Preparation and storage of test sample [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3195] +ISO/R 978:1969 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Preparation of sample solution [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3195] +ISO 979:1974 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Method of assay +ISO 980:1976 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of carbonates content — Gas-volumetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 981:1973 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of chloride content — Mercurimetric method +ISO 982:1976 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of sulphate content — Barium sulphate gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 983:1974 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 1,10- Phenanthroline photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 984:1974 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of silica content — Reduced silico-molybdic complex photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 985:1974 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of silica content — Gravimetric method by precipitation of quinoline molybdosilicate [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 986:1976 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of calcium content — EDTA (disodium salt) complexometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 987:1969 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of water insoluble matter [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 988:1969 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Preparation and storage of test sample [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2466] +ISO/R 989:1969 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Preparation of sample solution [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2466] +ISO 990:1974 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Method of assay [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 991:1976 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of carbonates content — Gas-volumetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 992:1975 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of chlorides content — Mercurimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 993:1976 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of sulphate content — Barium sulphate gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 994:1973 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 1,10- Phenanthroline photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 995:1975 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of silica content — Reduced silico-molybdic complex photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 996:1976 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of silica content — Gravimetric method by precipitation of quinoline molybdosilicate [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 997:1976 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of calcium content — EDTA (disodium salt) complexometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 998:1969 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of water insoluble matter [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 999:1996 Information and documentation — Guidelines for the content, organization, and presentation of indexes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-9.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e785110e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-9.md @@ -0,0 +1,307 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 1–1999" +chunk: 10/15 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 1000 – ISO 1499 == +ISO 1000 SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units [Withdrawn 2009-11-17: replaced with ISO 80000-1] +ISO/IEC 1001:2012 Information technology – File structure and labelling of magnetic tapes for information interchange +ISO 1002:1983 Rolling bearings — Airframe bearings — Characteristics, boundary dimensions, tolerances, static load ratings +ISO 1003:2008 Spices — Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) — Specification +ISO 1004 Information processing – Magnetic ink character recognition – Print specifications +ISO 1004-1:2013 Part 1: Print specifications for E-13B +ISO 1004-2:2013 Part 2: Print specifications for CMC7 +ISO 1005 Railway rolling stock material +ISO 1005-1:1994 Part 1: Rough-rolled tyres for tractive and trailing stock — Technical delivery conditions +ISO 1005-2:1986 Part 2: Tyres, wheel centres and tyred wheels for tractive and trailing stock — Dimensional, balancing and assembly requirements +ISO 1005-3:1982 Part 3: Axles for tractive and trailing stock — Quality requirements +ISO 1005-4:1986 Part 4: Rolled or forged wheel centres for tyred wheels for tractive and trailing stock — Quality requirements +ISO/R 1005-5:1969 Part 5: Cast wheel centres in non-alloy steel for tyred wheels for trailer stock [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1005-6:1994 Part 6: Solid wheels for tractive and trailing stock — Technical delivery conditions +ISO 1005-7:1982 Part 7: Wheelsets for tractive and trailing stock — Quality requirements +ISO 1005-8:1986 Part 8: Solid wheels for tractive and trailing stock — Dimensional and balancing requirements +ISO 1005-9:1986 Part 9: Axles for tractive and trailing stock — Dimensional requirements +ISO 1006:1983 Building construction — Modular coordination — Basic module [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21723] +ISO 1007 Photography – 135-size film and magazine – Specifications +ISO 1008:1992 Photography — Paper dimensions — Pictorial sheets +ISO 1009:2000 Photography — Paper dimensions — Rolls for printers +ISO 1010:1973 Photography — Colour paper for general use — Sizes of sheet material [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1008] +ISO 1011:1973 Photography — Colour paper for roll paper printers — Sizes of rolls [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1009] +ISO 1012:1998 Photography — Films in sheets and rolls for general use — Dimensions +ISO 1013:2020 Coke — Determination of bulk density in a large container +ISO 1014:2021 Coke — Determination of true relative density, apparent relative density and porosity +ISO 1015:1992 Brown coals and lignites — Determination of moisture content — Direct volumetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1016:1969 Brown coals and lignites — Determination of ash [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1171] +ISO 1017:2006 Brown coals and lignites — Determination of acetone-soluble material +ISO 1018:2019 Hard coal — Determination of moisture-holding capacity +ISO 1019:1982 Cinematography — Spools, daylight loading type for 16 mm motion-picture cameras — Dimensions +ISO 1020:1974 Cinematography — Spools, daylight loading type for double-8 mm motion-picture cameras — Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1021:1980 Aircraft — Engine nacelle fire extinguisher apertures and doors +ISO 1022:1988 Aerospace — Gaseous oxygen replenishment connection for use in fluid systems (old type) — Dimensions (Inch series) (Not valid for new designs) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8775 on 2012-04-02] +ISO 1023:1974 Aircraft — High pressure air charging valves [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1024:1989 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Rockwell superficial test (scales 15N, 30N, 45N, 15T, 30T and 45T) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6508-1] +ISO 1025:1981 Textile machinery and accessories — Sectional beams for warp knitting machines — Terminology and main dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8116-5] +ISO 1026:1982 Fruit and vegetable products — Determination of dry matter content by drying under reduced pressure and of water content by azeotropic distillation +ISO 1027:1983 Radiographic image quality indicators for non-destructive testing — Principles and identification [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 19232-(1-2)] +ISO 1028:1973 Information processing — Flowchart symbols [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5807] +ISO 1029:1974 Coniferous sawn timber — Defects — Classification +ISO 1030:1975 Coniferous sawn timber — Defects — Measurement +ISO 1031:1974 Coniferous sawn timber — Defects — Terms and definitions +ISO 1032:1974 Coniferous sawn timber — Sizes — Terms and definitions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 24294] +ISO 1033:1975 Aircraft — Dimensions for general purpose push-pull three-pole circuit-breakers +ISO 1034:1973 Aircraft – Ground air-conditioning connections +ISO 1035 Hot-rolled steel bars +ISO 1035-1 Part 1: Dimensions of round bars +ISO 1035-2 Part 2: Dimensions of square bars +ISO 1035-3 Part 3: Dimensions of flat bars +ISO 1035-4 Part 4: Tolerances +ISO 1036:1984 Textile machinery — Dyeing and finishing machines — Definition of left and right sides +ISO 1037:1982 Textile machinery and accessories — Beams for dyeing slivers and yarn — Terminology and main dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8116-7] +ISO/R 1038:1969 Rolling bearings — Cylindrical rolling bearings — Radial internal clearance [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5753] +ISO 1039:1995 Cinematography — Cores for motion-picture and magnetic film rolls — Dimensions +ISO 1040:1983 Building construction — Modular coordination — Multimodules for horizontal coordinating dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21723] +ISO 1041:1973 Essential oils — Determination of freezing point +ISO 1042:1998 Laboratory glassware — One-mark volumetric flasks +ISO 1043 Plastics — Symbols and abbreviated terms +ISO 1043-1:2011 Part 1: Basic polymers and their special characteristics +ISO 1043-2:2011 Part 2: Fillers and reinforcing materials +ISO 1043-3:2016 Part 3: Plasticizers +ISO 1043-4:2021 Part 4: Flame retardants +ISO 1044:1993 Industrial trucks — Lead-acid traction batteries for electric trucks — Preferred voltages [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1045:1969 Straight resistance spot welding electrodes – Dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5184] +ISO 1046:1973 Architectural and building drawings — Vocabulary [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10209-1, now ISO 10209] +ISO 1047:1973 Architectural and building drawings — Presentation of drawings — Scales [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1048:1991 Photography — Exposed roll films — Identification [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 732] +ISO 1049:1975 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Vibrating conveyors and feeders with rectangular or trapezoidal trough +ISO 1050:1975 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Screw conveyors +ISO 1051:1999 Rivet shank diameters +ISO 1052:1982 Steels for general engineering purposes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1053:1975 Zinc — Determination of copper content — Spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1054:1975 Zinc — Determination of cadmium content — Polarographic method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1055:1975 Zinc and zinc alloys — Determination of iron content — Spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1056:1975 Numerical control of machines — Punched tape block formats — Coding of preparatory functions G and miscellaneous functions M [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6983-1] +ISO 1057:1973 Numerical control of machines — Interchangeable punched tape variable block format for positioning and straight-cut machining [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6983-1] +ISO 1058:1973 Numerical control of machines — Punched tape variable block for positioning and straight-cut machining [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6983-1] +ISO 1059:1973 Numerical control of machines — Punched tape fixed block format for positioning and straight-cut machining [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6983-1] +ISO 1060 Plastics — Homopolymer and copolymer resins of vinyl chloride +ISO 1060-1:1998 Part 1: Designation system and basis for specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 24024-1] +ISO 1060-2:1998 Part 2: Preparation of test samples and determination of properties [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 24024-2] +ISO 1061:1990 Plastics — Unplasticized cellulose acetate — Determination of free acidity +ISO/R 1062:1969 Pesticides — Common names — Fourteenth series of terms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1750] +ISO 1063:1974 Surface active agents — Determination of stability in hard water +ISO 1064:1974 Surface active agents — Determination of apparent density of pastes on filling +ISO 1065:1991 Non-ionic surface-active agents obtained from ethylene oxide and mixed non-ionic surface-active agents — Determination of cloud point +ISO 1066:1975 Analysis of soaps — Determination of glycerol content — Titrimetric method +ISO 1067:1974 Analysis of soaps — Determination of unsaponifiable, unsaponified and unsaponified saponifiable matter +ISO 1068:1975 Plastics — Homopolymer and copolymer resins of vinyl chloride — Determination of compacted apparent bulk density +ISO 1069:1973 Magnetic compasses and binnacles for sea navigation – Vocabulary +ISO 1070:1992 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Slope-area method +ISO 1071:2015 Welding consumables — Covered electrodes, wires, rods and tubular cored electrodes for fusion welding of cast iron — Classification +ISO 1072:1975 Solid wood parquet — General characteristics +ISO 1073 Alphanumeric character sets for optical recognition +ISO 1073-1:1976 Part 1: Character set OCR-A – Shapes and dimensions of the printed image +ISO 1073-2:1976 Part 2: Character set OCR-B – Shapes and dimensions of the printed image +ISO 1074:1991 Counterbalanced fork-lift trucks — Stability tests [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22915-2] +ISO/R 1075:1969 Performance requirements for heat-resisting (190 °C) electrical cables with copper conductors for aircraft [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1076:1969 General purpose electric cables with aluminium or aluminium alloy conductors for aircraft [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1077:1969 Dimensions of elastometric toroidal sealing rings for pipe-fittings in aircraft (Inch series – Class 1 tolerances) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1078:1969 Dimensions of elastometric toroidal sealing rings for aircraft (Inch series – Class 1 tolerances) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1079:1989 Metallic materials — Hardness test — Verification of Rockwell superficial hardness testing machines (scales 15N, 30N, 45N, 15T, 30T and 45T) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6508-2] +ISO 1080:1975 Machine tools — Morse taper shanks — Cotter slots with taper keys +ISO 1081:2013 Belt drives – V-belts and V-ribbed belts, and corresponding grooved pulleys – Vocabulary +ISO 1082:1990 Mining — Shackle type connector units for chain conveyors +ISO 1083:2018 Spheroidal graphite cast irons — Classification +ISO 1084:1975 Industrial tractors — Definition and nominal rating [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1085:2016 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Double-ended wrenches — Size pairing +ISO 1086:1991 Information and documentation – Title leaves of books +ISO 1087:2019 Terminology work and terminology science — Vocabulary +ISO 1088:2007 Hydrometry – Velocity-area methods using current-meters – Collection and processing of data for determination of uncertainties in flow measurement +ISO 1089:1980 Electrode taper fits for spot welding equipment — Dimensions +ISO 1090:1981 Office machines and data processing equipment — Function key symbols on typewriters [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9995-(1,7)] +ISO 1091:1977 Typewriters — Layout of printing and function keys [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9995-(1,7)] +ISO 1092 +ISO 1092-1:1974 Adding machines and calculating machines — Numeric section of ten-key keyboards [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9995-(1,7)] +ISO 1093:1981 Adding machines and calculating machines — Keytop and printed or displayed symbols [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9995-(1,7)] +ISO/R 1094:1969 Adding machines and calculating machines — Classification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1095:1989 Shipbuilding and marine structures — Toughened safety glass panes for side scuttles [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21005] +ISO 1096:2021 Plywood — Classification +ISO 1097:1975 Plywood — Measurement of dimensions of panels [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1098:1975 Veneer plywood for general use — General requirements [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1099:2017 Metallic materials — Fatigue testing — Axial force-controlled method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1100 Hydrometry – Measurement of liquid flow in open channels +ISO 1100-1:1996 Part 1: Establishment and operation of a gauging station [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18365] +ISO 1100-2:2010 Part 2: Determination of the stage-discharge relationship [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18320] +ISO 1101:2017 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Geometrical tolerancing – Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out +ISO 1102:2001 Commercial road vehicles — 50 mm drawbar eye — Interchangeability +ISO 1103:2007 Road vehicles — Coupling balls for caravans and light trailers — Dimensions +ISO 1104:1977 Surface active agents — Technical sodium alkylarylsulphonates (excluding benzene derivatives) — Methods of analysis +ISO/R 1105:1969 Pesticides considered not to require common names — Second list [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 765] +ISO 1106 Recommended practice for radiographic examination of fusion welded joints +ISO 1106-1:1984 Part 1: Fusion welded butt joints in steel plates up to 50 mm thick [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 17636] +ISO 1106-2:1985 Part 2: Fusion welded butt joints in steel plates thicker than 50 mm and up to and including 200 mm in thickness [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 17636] +ISO 1106-3:1984 Part 3: Fusion welded circumferential joints in steel pipes of up to 50 mm wall thickness [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 17636] +ISO 1107:2017 Fishing nets – Netting – Basic terms and definitions +ISO 1108:1992 Spices and condiments — Determination of non-volatile ether extract +ISO 1109:1975 Refractory products — Classification of dense shaped refractory products [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10081-1] +ISO 1110:2019 Plastics — Polyamides — Accelerated conditioning of test specimens +ISO 1111 Single cold-reduced tinplate and single cold-reduced blackplate +ISO 1111-1:1983 Part 1: Electrolytic and hot-dipped tinplate sheet and blackplate sheet [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11949] +ISO 1111-2:1983 Part 2: Electrolytic tinplate coil and blackplate coil for subsequent cutting into sheet form [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11949] +ISO 1112:2009 Horology – Functional and non-functional jewels +ISO 1113:1979 Information processing – Representation of the 7- bit coded character set on punched tape +ISO 1114:1977 Cocoa beans — Cut test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2451] +ISO/R 1115:1969 Finishes with the external screw thread for glass containers and gauges for inspection of screw closures [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1116:1999 Micrographics — 16 mm and 35 mm microfilm spools and reels — Specifications [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1117:1975 Bonded abrasive products — Grinding-wheel dimensions (Part 2) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 603-(1-16)] +ISO 1118:1978 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of titanium — Spectrophotometric chromotropic acid method +ISO 1119:2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Series of conical tapers and taper angles +ISO 1120:2012 Conveyor belts — Determination of strength of mechanical fastenings — Static test method +ISO 1121:1976 Conveyor belts — List of characteristics which may be required according to use [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1122 Vocabulary of gear terms +ISO 1122-1:1998 Part 1: Definitions related to geometry +ISO 1122-2:1999 Part 2: Definitions related to worm gear geometry +ISO 1123:1976 Tapered roller bearings — Inch series — Chamfer dimension limits [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1124:1988 Rubber compounding ingredients — Carbon black shipment sampling procedures +ISO 1125:2015 Rubber compounding ingredients — Carbon black — Determination of ash +ISO 1126:2015 Rubber compounding ingredients — Carbon black — Determination of loss on heating +ISO 1127:1992 Stainless steel tubes — Dimensions, tolerances and conventional masses per unit length +ISO/R 1128:1969 Steel tubes — Butt-welding bends 5D (90° and 180°) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3419] +ISO 1129:1980 Steel tubes for boilers, superheaters and heat exchangers — Dimensions, tolerances and conventional masses per unit length [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1130:1975 Textile fibres — Some methods of sampling for testing +ISO 1131:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Weft pirns for box-loaders for automatic looms — Dimensions of pirn tip [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1132 Rolling bearings – Tolerances +ISO 1132-1:2000 Part 1: Terms and definitions +ISO 1132-2:2001 Part 2: Measuring and gauging principles and methods +ISO 1133 Plastics — Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and melt volume-flow rate (MVR) of thermoplastics +ISO 1133-1:2011 Part 1: Standard method +ISO 1133-2:2011 Part 2: Method for materials sensitive to time-temperature history and/or moisture +ISO 1134:1993 Pears — Cold storage +ISO 1135 Transfusion equipment for medical use +ISO 1135-1:1987 Part 1: Glass transfusion bottles, closures and caps [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1135-3:2016 Part 3: Blood-taking sets for single use +ISO 1135-4:2015 Part 4: Transfusion sets for single use, gravity feed +ISO 1135-5:2015 Part 5: Transfusion sets for single use with pressure infusion apparatus +ISO 1136:2015 Wool — Determination of mean diameter of fibres — Air permeability method +ISO 1137:1975 Plastics — Determination of behaviour in a ventilated tubular oven [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1138:2007 Rubber compounding ingredients — Carbon black — Determination of sulfur content +ISO 1139:1973 Textiles — Designation of yarns +ISO 1140:2021 Fibre ropes — Polyamide — 3-, 4-, 8- and 12-strand ropes +ISO 1141:2021 Fibre ropes — Polyester — 3-, 4-, 8- and 12-strand ropes +ISO 1142:1973 Ropes — Sampling and conditioning for testing [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2307] +ISO 1143:2021 Metallic materials — Rotating bar bending fatigue testing +ISO 1144:2016 Textiles — Universal system for designating linear density (Tex System) +ISO/R 1145:1969 Refractory arch bricks — Dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5019-2] +ISO 1146:1988 Pyrometric reference cones for laboratory use – Specification +ISO 1147:1995 Plastics/rubber — Polymer dispersions and synthetic rubber latices — Freeze-thaw cycle stability test +ISO 1148:1980 Plastics — Aqueous dispersions of polymers and copolymers — Determination of pH [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 976] +ISO/R 1149:1969 Layout of multilingual classified vocabularies [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10241] +ISO 1150:1997 Textile machinery and accessories — Drop wires for warp stop motions for weaving machines with automatic drawing-in +ISO 1151 Flight dynamics – Concepts, quantities and symbols +ISO 1151-1:1988 Part 1: Aircraft motion relative to the air +ISO 1151-2:1985 Part 2: Motions of the aircraft and the atmosphere relative to the Earth +ISO 1151-3:1989 Part 3: Derivatives of forces, moments and their coefficients +ISO 1151-4:1994 Part 4: Concepts and quantities used in the study of aircraft stability and control +ISO 1151-5:1987 Part 5: Quantities used in measurements +ISO 1151-6:1982 Part 6: Aircraft geometry +ISO 1151-7:1985 Part 7: Flight points and flight envelopes +ISO 1151-8:1992 Part 8: Concepts and quantities used in the study of the dynamic behaviour of the aircraft +ISO 1151-9:1993 Part 9: Models of atmospheric motions along the trajectory of the aircraft +ISO 1152:1974 Flight dynamics – Concepts, quantities and symbols – Part 2: Motions of the aircraft and the atmosphere relative to the Earth [Renamed ISO 1151-2] +ISO 1153:1972 Flight dynamics – Concepts, quantities and symbols – Part 3: Derivatives of forces, moments and their coefficients [Renamed ISO 1151-3] +ISO 1154:1975 Information processing – Punched paper tape – Dimensions and location of feed holes and code holes +ISO 1155:1978 Information processing – Use of longitudinal parity to detect errors in information messages +ISO/R 1156:1969 Shipbuilding details – Wrought aluminium alloys for use in shipbuilding [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1157:1990 Plastics — Cellulose acetate in dilute solution — Determination of viscosity number and viscosity ratio [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1158:1998 Plastics — Vinyl chloride homopolymers and copolymers — Determination of chlorine content +ISO 1159:1978 Plastics — Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers — Determination of vinyl acetate [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1160:1976 Rolling bearings for railway axle-boxes — Acceptance inspection [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1161:2016 Series 1 freight containers — Corner and intermediate fittings — Specifications +ISO 1162:1975 Cereals and pulses — Method of test for infestation by X-ray examination [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6639-4] +ISO 1163 Plastics — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) moulding and extrusion materials +ISO 1163-1:1995 Part 1: Designation system and basis for specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21306-1] +ISO 1163-2:1995 Part 2: Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21306-2] +ISO/R 1164:1970 Polyethylene (PE) pipes — Tolerances on outside diameters [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3607, now ISO 11922-(1-2)] +ISO/R 1165:1970 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes — Tolerances on wall thicknesses up to 6 mm [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3606, now ISO 11922-(1-2)] +ISO/R 1166:1970 Polyethylene (PE) pipes — Tolerances on wall thicknesses up to 6 mm [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3607, now ISO 11922-(1-2)] +ISO 1167 Thermoplastics pipes, fittings and assemblies for the conveyance of fluids — Determination of the resistance to internal pressure +ISO 1167-1:2006 Part 1: General method +ISO 1167-2:2006 Part 2: Preparation of pipe test pieces +ISO 1168:1973 Combine harvesters — Width of cut and number of knife sections [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1169:2006 Zinc alloys — Determination of aluminium content — Titrimetric method +ISO 1170:2020 Coal and coke — Calculation of analyses to different bases +ISO 1171:2010 Solid mineral fuels — Determination of ash +ISO 1172:1996 Textile-glass-reinforced plastics — Prepregs, moulding compounds and laminates — Determination of the textile-glass and mineral-filler content — Calcination methods +ISO 1173:2001 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Drive ends for hand- and machine-operated screwdriver bits and connecting parts — Dimensions, torque testing +ISO 1174 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Driving squares +ISO 1174-1:2011 Part 1: Driving squares for hand socket tools +ISO 1174-2:1996 Part 2: Driving squares for power socket tools +ISO 1175:1976 Shipbuilding — Dimensions and sectional properties of aluminium alloy sections for marine use [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1176:1990 Road vehicles – Masses – Vocabulary and codes +ISO 1177:1985 Information processing – Character structure for start/stop and synchronous character oriented transmission +ISO 1178:1976 Magnesium alloys — Determination of soluble zirconium — Alizarin sulphonate photometric method +ISO 1179 Connections for general use and fluid power — Ports and stud ends with ISO 228-1 threads with elastomeric or metal-to-metal sealing +ISO 1179-1:2013 Part 1: Threaded ports +ISO 1179-2:2013 Part 2: Heavy-duty (S series) and light-duty (L series) stud ends with elastomeric sealing (type E) +ISO 1179-3:2007 Part 3: Light-duty (L series) stud ends with sealing by O-ring with retaining ring (types G and H) +ISO 1179-4:2007 Part 4: Stud ends for general use only with metal-to-metal sealing (type B) +ISO 1180:1983 Shanks for pneumatic tools and fitting dimensions of chuck bushings +ISO 1181:2004 Fibre ropes — Manila and sisal — 3-, 4- and 8-strand ropes +ISO 1182:2020 Reaction to fire tests for products—Non-combustibility test +ISO 1183 Plastics — Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics +ISO 1183-1:2019 Part 1: Immersion method, liquid pycnometer method and titration method +ISO 1183-2:2019 Part 2: Density gradient column method +ISO 1183-3:1999 Part 3: Gas pyknometer method +ISO 1184:1983 Plastics — Determination of tensile properties of films [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 527-3] +ISO 1185:2003 Road vehicles — Connectors for the electrical connection of towing and towed vehicles — 7-pole connector type 24 N (normal) for vehicles with 24 V nominal supply voltage +ISO/R 1186:1970 Pressures in brake lines and braking efficiency [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1187:1983 Special wrought copper alloys — Chemical composition and forms of wrought products [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1188:1984 Cinematography — Recorded characteristic for magnetic sound on full-coat 16 mm motion-picture film — Specifications +ISO 1189:1986 Cinematography — Recorded characteristic for magnetic sound records on 35 mm motion-picture film excluding striped release prints — Specifications +ISO 1190 Copper and copper alloys — Code of designation +ISO 1190-1:1982 Part 1: Designation of materials +ISO 1190-2:1982 Part 2: Designation of tempers +ISO 1191:1975 Plastics — Polyethylenes and polypropylenes in dilute solution — Determination of viscosity number and of limiting viscosity number [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1628-3] +ISO 1193:1973 Butter triers [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 707] +ISO 1194:1973 Cheese triers [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 707] +ISO/R 1195:1970 Plastics — Determination of the water vapour transmission rate of plastics films and thin sheets — Dish method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1198:1972 Sealed-beam landing lamps for aircraft — Dimensions +ISO/R 1200:1971 Cinematography — Labelling of containers for unexposed motion-picture films and magnetic films — Minimum information specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3042] +ISO 1201:1972 Cinematography — 8 mm motion-picture film with picture — Location and width of magnetic striping and gaps of recording and reproducing magnetic heads for magnetic sound record [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1202:1981 Essential oils — Determination of 1,8-cineole content [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1203:1998 Photography — Roll film cameras — Back window location +ISO 1204:1990 Reciprocating internal combustion engines — Designation of the direction of rotation and of cylinders and valves in cylinder heads, and definition of right-hand and left-hand in-line engines and locations on an engine +ISO 1205:1972 Reciprocating internal combustion engines — Designation of the cylinders [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1204] +ISO 1206:2018 Rolling bearings — Needle roller bearings with machined rings — Boundary dimensions, geometrical product specifications (GPS) and tolerance values +ISO 1207:2011 Slotted cheese head screws — Product grade A +ISO 1208:1982 Spices and condiments — Determination of filth +ISO 1209 Rigid cellular plastics — Determination of flexural properties +ISO 1209-1:2007 Part 1: Basic bending test +ISO 1209-2:2007 Part 2: Determination of flexural strength and apparent flexural modulus of elasticity +ISO 1210:1992 Plastics — Determination of the burning behaviour of horizontal and vertical specimens in contact with a small-flame ignition source [Withdrawn: replaced with IEC 60695-11-10] +ISO 1211:2010 Milk — Determination of fat content — Gravimetric method (Reference method) +ISO 1212:1995 Apples — Cold storage +ISO 1213 Solid mineral fuels – Vocabulary +ISO 1213-1:2020 Part 1: Terms relating to coal preparation +ISO 1213-2:2016 Part 2: Terms relating to sampling, testing and analysis +ISO/R 1213-3 Vocabulary of terms relating to solid mineral fuels — Part 3: Terms relating to coke [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1213-2] +ISO/R 1214:1971 Counterbalanced fork lift trucks — Rated capacity [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1215:2015 Virgin cork, raw reproduction cork, ramassage, gleanings, burnt cork, corkwaste, boiled cork pieces and raw corkwaste — Definitions and packaging +ISO 1216:2017 Boiled reproduction cork — Grading, classification and packing +ISO 1217:2009 Displacement compressors—Acceptance tests +ISO 1218:1975 Plastics — Polyamides — Determination of "melting point" [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3146] +ISO 1219 Fluid power systems and components – Graphical symbols and circuit diagrams +ISO 1219-1:2012 Part 1: Graphical symbols for conventional use and data-processing applications +ISO 1219-2:2012 Part 2: Circuit diagrams +ISO 1219-3:2016 Part 3: Symbol modules and connected symbols in circuit diagrams +ISO/R 1220:1970 Methods of test for heat-resisting (190 °C) electrical cables with copper conductors for aircraft [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1222 Photography – Tripod connections +ISO 1223:2003 Cinematography — Picture areas for motion-picture films for television — Position and dimensions +ISO 1224 Rolling bearings — Instrument precision bearings +ISO 1224-1:2007 Part 1: Boundary dimensions, tolerances and characteristics of metric series bearings [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 1224-2:2007 Part 2: Boundary dimensions, tolerances and characteristics of inch series bearings [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/R 1225 was merged into ISO/R 1224. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5bd583e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 20000–21999" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:44.384368+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84766a569 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 20000–21999" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:44.384368+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 20000 – ISO 20999 == +ISO/IEC 20000 Information technology – Service management +ISO/IEC TR 20002:2012 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Managed P2P: Framework +ISO/IEC TR 20004:2015 Information technology - Security techniques - Refining software vulnerability analysis under ISO/IEC 15408 and ISO/IEC 18045 +ISO/IEC 20005:2013 Information technology - Sensor networks - Services and interfaces supporting collaborative information processing in intelligent sensor networks +ISO/IEC 20006 Information technology for learning, education and training - Information model for competency +ISO/IEC 20006-1:2014 Part 1: Competency general framework and information model +ISO/IEC 20006-2:2015 Part 2: Proficiency level information model +ISO/IEC TR 20007:2014 Information technology - Cultural and linguistic interoperability - Definitions and relationship between symbols, icons, animated icons, pictograms, characters and glyphs +ISO/IEC 20008 Information technology - Security techniques - Anonymous digital signatures +ISO/IEC 20008-1:2013 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 20008-2:2013 Part 2: Mechanisms using a group public key +ISO/IEC 20009 Information technology - Security techniques - Anonymous entity authentication +ISO/IEC 20009-1:2013 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 20009-2:2013 Part 2: Mechanisms based on signatures using a group public key +ISO/IEC 20009-3:2022 Part 3: Mechanisms based on blind signatures +ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017 Part 4: Mechanisms based on weak secrets +ISO/IEC TS 20013:2015 Information technology for learning, education and training - A reference framework of e-Portfolio information +ISO/IEC 20016 Information technology for learning, education and training - Language accessibility and human interface equivalencies (HIEs) in e-learning applications +ISO/IEC 20016-1:2014 Part 1: Framework and reference model for semantic interoperability +ISO/IEC TR 20017:2011 Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management - Electromagnetic interference impact of ISO/IEC 18000 interrogator emitters on implantable pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators +ISO 20022 Financial services – UNIversal Financial Industry message scheme +ISO/TS 20026:2017 Intelligent transport systems – Cooperative ITS – Test architecture +ISO/IEC TS 20027:2015 Biometrics interoperability profiles – Best practices for slap tenprint captures +ISO/IEC 20060:2010 Information technology – Open Terminal Architecture (OTA) – Virtual machine +ISO/IEC 20061:2001 Information technology – 12,65 mm wide magnetic tape cassette for information interchange – Helical scan recording – DTF-2 +ISO/IEC 20062:2001 Information technology – 8 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording – VXA-1 format +ISO/PAS 20065:2016 Acoustics – Objective method for assessing the audibility of tones in noise – Engineering method +ISO/IEC TS 20071 Information technology – User interface component accessibility +ISO/IEC TS 20071-11:2012 Part 11: Guidance for alternative text for images +ISO/IEC TS 20071-21:2015 Part 21: Guidance on audio descriptions +ISO/IEC TS 20071-25:2017 Part 25: Guidance on the audio presentation of text in videos, including captions, subtitles and other on-screen text +ISO 20072:2009 Aerosol drug delivery device design verification—Requirements and test methods +ISO/IEC 20113:2004 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Make call request supplementary service +ISO/IEC 20114:2004 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network (PISN) – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Make call request supplementary service +ISO/IEC 20115:2004 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Use of QSIG for Message Centre Access (MCA) profile standard +ISO/IEC 20116:2004 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Message centre monitoring and mailbox identification supplementary services +ISO/IEC 20117:2004 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Message centre monitoring and mailbox identification supplementary services +ISO 20121:2012 Event sustainability management systems - Requirements with guidance for use +ISO 20128:2006 Milk products – Enumeration of presumptive Lactobacillus acidophilus on a selective medium – Colony-count technique at 37 degrees C +ISO 20155:2017 Ships and marine technology - Test method of flow induced in-pipe noise source characteristics for a ship-used pump +ISO 20160:2006 Implants for surgery – Metallic materials – Classification of microstructures for alpha+beta titanium alloy bars +ISO/IEC 20161:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Use of QSIG at the C reference point between a PINX and an Interconnecting Network +ISO/IEC 20162:2001 Information technology - Data interchange on 300 mm optical disk cartridges of type WORM (Write Once Read Many) using irreversible effects - Capacity: 30 Gbytes per cartridge +ISO 20228:2019 Interpreting services — Legal interpreting — Requirements +ISO/IEC 20243:2015 Information Technology - Open Trusted Technology ProviderTM Standard (O-TTPS) - Mitigating maliciously tainted and counterfeit products +ISO 20245:2017 Cross-border trade of second-hand goods +ISO/IEC 20246:2017 Software and systems engineering - Work product reviews +ISO 20252:2012 Market, opinion and social research — Vocabulary and service requirements +ISO 20275:2017 Financial services – Entity legal forms (ELF) +ISO/TR 20278:2015 Unwanted reflections from the active and inactive areas of display surfaces visible during use +ISO/TS 20282 Usability of consumer products and products for public use +ISO 20283 Mechanical vibration - Measurement of vibration on ships +ISO 20283-2:2008 Part 2: Measurement of structural vibration +ISO 20283-3:2006 Part 3: Pre-installation vibration measurement of shipboard equipment +ISO 20283-4:2012 Part 4: Measurement and evaluation of vibration of the ship propulsion machinery +ISO 20283-5:2016 Part 5: Guidelines for measurement, evaluation and reporting of vibration with regard to habitability on passenger and merchant ships +ISO 20301:2014 Health informatics – Health cards – General characteristics +ISO 20302:2014 Health informatics – Health cards – Numbering system and registration procedure for issuer identifiers +ISO 20308:2017 Traditional Chinese medicine – Gua Sha instruments +ISO 20361:2015 Liquid pumps and pump units – Noise test code – Grades 2 and 3 of accuracy +ISO 20381:2009 Mobile elevating work platforms - Symbols for operator controls and other displays +ISO 20387:2018 Biotechnology — Biobanking — General requirements for biobanking +ISO 20400:2017 Sustainable procurement - Guidance +ISO/TS 20428:2017 Health informatics – Data elements and their metadata for describing structured clinical genomic sequence information in electronic health records +ISO/TS 20440:2016 Health informatics – Identification of medicinal products – Implementation guide for ISO 11239 data elements and structures for the unique identification and exchange of regulated information on pharmaceutical dose forms, units of presentation, routes of administration and packaging +ISO/TS 20452:2007 Requirements and Logical Data Model for a Physical Storage Format (PSF) and an Application Program Interface (API) and Logical Data Organization for PSF used in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Database Technology +ISO 20456:2017 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits – Guidance for the use of electromagnetic flowmeters for conductive liquids +ISO/TR 20461:2000 Determination of uncertainty for volume measurements made using the gravimetric method +ISO 20471 High visibility clothing — Test methods and requirements +ISO/TS 20477:2017 Nanotechnologies - Standard terms and their definition for cellulose nanomaterial +ISO 20480 Fine bubble technology – General principles for usage and measurement of fine bubbles +ISO 20480-1:2017 Part 1: Terminology +ISO 20484:2017 Non-destructive testing - Leak testing - Vocabulary +ISO 20488:2018 Online consumer reviews -- Principles and requirements for their collection, moderation and publication +ISO 20498 Traditional Chinese medicine – Computerized tongue image analysis system +ISO 20498-2:2017 Part 2: Light environment +ISO/TR 20514:2005 Health informatics – Electronic health record – Definition, scope and context +ISO 20519:2017 Ships and marine technology - Specification for bunkering of liquefied natural gas fuelled vessels +ISO/TR 20526:2017 Account-based ticketing state of the art report +ISO/TR 20529 Intelligent transport systems – Framework for green ITS (G-ITS) standards +ISO/TR 20529-1:2017 Part 1: General information and use case definitions +ISO 20539:2019 Translation, interpreting and related technology — Vocabulary +ISO/TR 20545:2017 Intelligent transport systems – Vehicle/roadway warning and control systems – Report on standardisation for vehicle automated driving systems (RoVAS)/Beyond driver assistance systems +ISO/IEC 20563:2001 Information technology - 80 mm (1,23 Gbytes per side) and 120 mm (3,95 Gbytes per side) DVD-recordable disk (DVD-R) +ISO/TS 20625:2002 Electronic data interchange for administration, commerce and transport (EDIFACT) – Rules for generation of XML scheme files (XSD) on the basis of EDI(FACT) implementation guidelines +ISO/IEC 20648:2016 Information technology - TLS specification for storage systems +ISO 20653 Road vehicles - Degrees of protection (IP-Code) - Protection of electrical equipment against foreign objects, water and access +ISO 20669:2017 Non-destructive testing - Pulsed eddy current testing of ferromagnetic metallic components +ISO 20671-1:2021 Brand evaluation - Part 1: Principles and fundamentals +ISO 20671-2:2023 Brand evaluation - Part 2: Implementation and reporting +ISO 20671-3:2023 Brand evaluation - Part 3: Requirements and recommendations for brands related to geographical indications +ISO 20674-1:2019 Information and documentation — Transliteration of scripts in use in Thailand — Part 1: Transliteration of Akson-Thai-Noi +ISO 20700 Guidelines for management consultancy services +ISO 20712 Water safety signs and beach safety flags +ISO 20712-1:2008 Part 1: Specifications for water safety signs used in workplaces and public areas +ISO 20712-2:2007 Part 2: Specifications for beach safety flags - Colour, shape, meaning and performance +ISO 20712-3:2014 Part 3: Guidance for use +ISO 20725:2004 Textile machinery – Condensers for cotton spinning – Vocabulary and principles of construction +ISO 20726:2004 Textile machinery – Hopper feeders for cotton spinning – Vocabulary and principles of construction +ISO 20727:2004 Textile machinery – Mixing bale openers for cotton spinning – Vocabulary and principles of construction +ISO/IEC 20741:2017 Systems and software engineering - Guideline for the evaluation and selection of software engineering tools +ISO 20743:2013 Textiles – Determination of antibacterial activity of textile products +ISO/IEC TR 20748 Information technology for learning, education and training - Learning analytics interoperability +ISO/IEC TR 20748-1:2016 Part 1: Reference model +ISO/IEC TR 20748-2:2017 Part 2: System requirements +ISO 20771:2020 Legal translation — Requirements +ISO 20775:2009 Information and documentation - Schema for holdings information +ISO 20785 Dosimetry for exposures to cosmic radiation in civilian aircraft +ISO 20785-1:2012 Part 1: Conceptual basis for measurements +ISO 20785-2:2011 Part 2: Characterization of instrument response +ISO 20785-3:2015 Part 3: Measurements at aviation altitudes +ISO/IEC 20802 Information technology – Open data protocol (OData) v4.0 +ISO/IEC 20802-1:2016 Part 1: Core +ISO/IEC 20802-2:2016 Part 2: OData JSON Format +ISO 20807:2004 Non-destructive testing – Qualification of personnel for limited application of non-destructive testing +ISO/TR 20811:2017 Optics and photonics – Lasers and laser-related equipment – Laser-induced molecular contamination testing +ISO 20815 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Production assurance and reliability management +ISO 20816 Mechanical vibration – Measurement and evaluation of machine vibration +ISO 20816-1:2016 Part 1: General guidelines +ISO 20816-2:2017 Part 2: Land-based gas turbines, steam turbines and generators in excess of 40 MW, with fluid-film bearings and rated speeds of 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min and 3 600 r/min +ISO/TR 20824:2007 Ophthalmic instruments – Background for light hazard specification in ophthalmic instrument standards +ISO/TR 20831:2017 Health informatics – Medication management concepts and definitions +ISO/TS 20836:2005 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of food-borne pathogens – Performance testing for thermal cyclers +ISO 20837:2006 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of food-borne pathogens – Requirements for sample preparation for qualitative detection +ISO 20838:2006 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of food-borne pathogens – Requirements for amplification and detection for qualitative methods +ISO 20900:2019 ISO 20900:2019 Intelligent transport systems — Partially automated parking systems (PAPS) — Performance requirements and test procedures +ISO 20906:2009 Acoustics – Unattended monitoring of aircraft sound in the vicinity of airports +ISO/IEC TR 20913:2016 Information technology - Data centres - Guidelines on holistic investigation methodology for data centre key performance indicators +ISO 20915:2018 Life cycle inventory calculation methodology for steel products +ISO 20916:2019 In vitro diagnostic medical devices -- Clinical performance studies using specimens from human subjects -- Good study practice +ISO/IEC 20919:2016 Information technology – Linear Tape File System (LTFS) Format Specification +ISO/IEC 20922:2016 Information technology – Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) v3.1.1 +ISO/IEC 20926:2009 Software and systems engineering - Software measurement - IFPUG functional size measurement method 2009 +ISO/IEC 20933:2016 Information technology - Distributed Application Platforms and Services (DAPS) - Access Systems +ISO/IEC TR 20943 Information technology – Procedures for achieving metadata registry content consistency +ISO/IEC TR 20943-1:2003 Part 1: Data elements +ISO/IEC TR 20943-3:2004 Part 3: Value domains +ISO/IEC TR 20943-5:2013 Part 5: Metadata mapping procedure +ISO/IEC TR 20943-6:2013 Part 6: Framework for generating ontologies +ISO/IEC 20944 Information technology - Metadata Registries Interoperability and Bindings (MDR-IB) +ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013 Part 1: Framework, common vocabulary, and common provisions for conformance +ISO/IEC 20944-2:2013 Part 2: Coding bindings +ISO/IEC 20944-3:2013 Part 3: API bindings +ISO/IEC 20944-4:2013 Part 4: Protocol bindings +ISO/IEC 20944-5:2013 Part 5: Profiles +ISO 20957 Stationary training equipment — Safety requirements and test methods +ISO 20957-1:2013 Stationary training equipment — Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods +ISO 20957-2:2005 Stationary training equipment — Part 2: Strength training equipment, additional specific safety requirements and test methods +ISO 20957-4:2016 Stationary training equipment — Part 4: Strength training benches, additional specific safety requirements and test methods +ISO 20957-5:2016 Stationary training equipment — Part 5: Stationary exercise bicycles and upper body crank training equipment, additional specific safety requirements and test methods +ISO 20957-6:2005 Stationary training equipment — Part 6: Treadmills, additional specific safety requirements and test methods +ISO 20957-7:2005 Stationary training equipment — Part 7: Rowing machines, additional specific safety requirements and test methods +ISO 20957-8:2017 Stationary training equipment — Part 8: Steppers, stairclimbers and climbers — Additional specific safety requirements and test methods +ISO 20957-9:2016 Stationary training equipment — Part 9: Elliptical trainers, additional specific safety requirements and test methods +ISO 20957-10:2017 Stationary training equipment — Part 10: Exercise bicycles with a fixed wheel or without freewheel +ISO 20958:2013 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machine systems – Electrical signature analysis of three-phase induction motors +ISO/IEC 20968:2002 Software engineering - Mk II Function Point Analysis - Counting Practices Manual +ISO/IEC 20970:2002 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - JEFF file format \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bff5ae43e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 20000–21999" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:44.384368+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 21000 – ISO 21999 == +ISO/IEC 21000 Information technology – Multimedia framework (MPEG-21) +ISO 21001:2018 Educational organizations - Management systems for educational organizations - Requirements with guidance for use (EOMS) +ISO 21047:2009 Information and documentation - International Standard Text Code (ISTC) +ISO 21063:2017 Prosthetics and orthotics – Soft orthoses – Uses, functions, classification and description +ISO 21064:2017 Prosthetics and orthotics – Foot orthotics – Uses, functions classification and description +ISO 21065:2017 Prosthetics and orthotics – Terms relating to the treatment and rehabilitation of persons having a lower limb amputation +ISO 21067 Packaging - Vocabulary +ISO 21067-1:2016 Part 1: General terms +ISO 21067-2:2015 Part 2: Packaging and the environment terms +ISO/TR 21074:2016 Application of ISO 5725 for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of precision tests performed in standardization work for chemical analysis of steel +ISO/TR 21089:2004 Health informatics – Trusted end-to-end information flows +ISO 21090:2011 Health informatics – Harmonized data types for information interchange +ISO 21091:2013 Health informatics – Directory services for healthcare providers, subjects of care and other entities +ISO 21101:2014 Adventure tourism – Safety management systems – Requirements +ISO/TR 21102:2013 Adventure tourism – Leaders – Personnel competence +ISO 21103:2014 Adventure tourism – Information for participants +ISO/IEC 21118:2012 Information technology – Office equipment – Information to be included in specification sheets – Data projectors +ISO 21127:2014 Information and documentation - A reference ontology for the interchange of cultural heritage information +ISO/TS 21144:2016 Ergonomics of human-system interaction – Electronic paper display – Indoor use +ISO 21148:2017 Cosmetics – Microbiology – General instructions for microbiological examination +ISO 21149:2017 Cosmetics – Microbiology – Enumeration and detection of aerobic mesophilic bacteria +ISO 21150:2015 Cosmetics – Microbiology – Detection of Escherichia coli +ISO 21183 Light conveyor belts +ISO 21183-2:2005 Part 2: List of equivalent terms +ISO 21187:2004 Milk – Quantitative determination of bacteriological quality – Guidance for establishing and verifying a conversion relationship between routine method results and anchor method results +ISO 21188:2006 Public key infrastructure for financial services – Practices and policy framework +ISO 21210:2012 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – IPv6 Networking +ISO 21212:2008 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – 2G Cellular systems +ISO 21213:2008 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – 3G Cellular systems +ISO 21214:2015 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Infra-red systems +ISO 21215:2010 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – M5 +ISO 21216:2012 Intelligent transport systems – Communication access for land mobiles (CALM) – Millimetre wave air interface +ISO 21217:2014 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Architecture +ISO 21218:2013 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Access technology support +ISO/TS 21219 Intelligent transport systems – Traffic and travel information (TTI) via transport protocol experts group, generation 2 (TPEG2) +ISO 21247:2005 Combined accept-zero sampling systems and process control procedures for product acceptance +ISO 21254 Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test methods for laser-induced damage threshold +ISO 21254-1:2011 Part 1: Definitions and general principles +ISO 21254-2:2011 Part 2: Threshold determination +ISO 21254-3:2011 Part 3: Assurance of laser power (energy) handling capabilities +ISO/TR 21254-4:2011 Part 4: Inspection, detection and measurement +ISO 21289:2008 Mechanical vibration and shock – Parameters to be specified for the acquisition of vibration data +ISO 21298:2017 Health informatics - Functional and structural roles +ISO/IEC 21320 Information technology - Document Container File +ISO 21300:2019 Traditional Chinese medicine — Guidelines and specification for Chinese materia medica +ISO/IEC 21320-1:2015 Part 1: Core +ISO 21401:2018 Tourism and related services -- Sustainability management system for accommodation establishments -- Requirements +ISO/IEC 21407:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Simple dialog supplementary service +ISO/IEC 21408:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Simple dialog supplementary service +ISO/IEC 21409:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Corporate telecommunication networks – Signalling interworking between QSIG and H.323 – Generic functional protocol for the support of supplementary services +ISO/IEC 21410:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Corporate telecommunication networks – Signalling interworking between QSIG and H.323 – Call transfer supplementary services +ISO/IEC 21411:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Corporate telecommunication networks – Signalling interworking between QSIG and H.323 – Call diversion supplementary services +ISO 21413:2005 Manual methods for the measurement of a groundwater level in a well +ISO/TR 21414:2016 Hydrometry – Groundwater – Surface geophysical surveys for hydrogeological purposes +ISO/IEC TS 21425:2017 Programming languages – C++ Extensions for ranges +ISO 21439:2009 Clinical dosimetry - Beta radiation sources for brachytherapy +ISO/IEC/IEEE 21450:2010 Information technology - Smart transducer interface for sensors and actuators - Common functions, communication protocols, and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) formats +ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 Information technology - Smart transducer interface for sensors and actuators +ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451-1:2010 Part 1: Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP) information model +ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451-2:2010 Part 2: Transducer to microprocessor communication protocols and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) formats +ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451-4:2010 Part 4: Mixed-mode communication protocols and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) formats +ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451-7:2011 Part 7: Transducer to radio frequency identification (RFID) systems communication protocols and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) formats +ISO 21469:2006 - Safety of machinery — Lubricants with incidental product contact — Hygiene requirements +ISO/IEC 21481:2012 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol -2 (NFCIP-2) +ISO 21482:2007 Ionizing-radiation warning – Supplementary symbol +ISO 21484:2017 Nuclear Energy - Fuel technology - Determination of the O/M ratio in MOX pellets by the gravimetric method +ISO 21485:2013 Textile machinery – Draw frame for cotton spinning – Vocabulary and principles of construction +ISO 21496-1:2025 Digital photography — Gain map metadata for image conversion +ISO 21500 Guidance on project management +ISO 21501-1:2009 Determination of particle size distribution — Single particle light interaction methods — Part 1: Light scattering aerosol spectrometer +ISO 21501-2:2019 Determination of particle size distribution — Single particle light interaction methods — Part 2: Light scattering liquid-borne particle counter +ISO 21501-3:2019 Determination of particle size distribution — Single particle light interaction methods — Part 3: Light extinction liquid-borne particle counter +ISO 21501-4:2018 Determination of particle size distribution — Single particle light interaction methods — Part 4: Light scattering airborne particle counter for clean spaces +ISO 21502:2020 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on project management +ISO 21503:2022 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on programme management +ISO 21504:2015 Project, programme and portfolio management – Guidance on portfolio management +ISO 21505:2017 Project, programme and portfolio management - Guidance on governance +ISO 21527 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the enumeration of yeasts and moulds +ISO 21527-1:2008 Part 1: Colony count technique in products with water activity greater than 0,95 +ISO 21527-2:2008 Part 2: Colony count technique in products with water activity less than or equal to 0,95 +ISO 21528 Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae +ISO 21528-1:2017 Part 1: Detection of Enterobacteriaceae +ISO 21528-2:2017 Part 2: Colony-count technique +ISO 21531:2009 Dentistry - Graphical symbols for dental instruments +ISO 21534:2007 Non-active surgical implants – Joint replacement implants – Particular requirements +ISO 21535:2007 Non-active surgical implants – Joint replacement implants – Specific requirements for hip-joint replacement implants +ISO 21536:2007 Non-active surgical implants – Joint replacement implants – Specific requirements for knee-joint replacement implants +ISO/IEC TS 21544:2018 Programming languages – Extensions to C++ for modules +ISO/TS 21547:2010 Health informatics – Security requirements for archiving of electronic health records – Principles +ISO/TR 21548:2010 Health informatics – Security requirements for archiving of electronic health records – Guidelines +ISO 21549 Health informatics – Patient healthcard data +ISO 21549-1:2013 Part 1: General structure +ISO 21549-2:2014 Part 2: Common objects +ISO 21549-3:2014 Part 3: Limited clinical data +ISO 21549-4:2014 Part 4: Extended clinical data +ISO 21549-5:2015 Part 5: Identification data +ISO 21549-6:2008 Part 6: Administrative data +ISO 21549-7:2016 Part 7: Medication data +ISO 21549-8:2010 Part 8: Links +ISO 21567:2004 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the detection of Shigella spp. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4546ef14d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 20000–21999" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_20000–21999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:44.384368+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO/TS 21609:2014 Road vehicles – (EMC) guidelines for installation of aftermarket radio frequency transmitting equipment +ISO 21649:2006 Needle-free injectors for medical use – Requirements and test methods +ISO 21667:2010 Health informatics – Health indicators conceptual framework +ISO/TR 21707:2008 Intelligent transport systems – Integrated transport information, management and control – Data quality in ITS systems +ISO/TR 21730:2007 Health informatics – Use of mobile wireless communication and computing technology in healthcare facilities – Recommendations for electromagnetic compatibility (management of unintentional electromagnetic interference) with medical devices +ISO/HL7 21731:2014 Health informatics – HL7 version 3 – Reference information model – Release 4 +ISO 21748:2017 Guidance for the use of repeatability, reproducibility and trueness estimates in measurement uncertainty evaluation +ISO/TS 21749:2005 Measurement uncertainty for metrological applications - Repeated measurements and nested experiments +ISO 21807:2004 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Determination of water activity +ISO/IEC 21827:2008 Information technology - Security techniques - Systems Security Engineering - Capability Maturity Model® (SSE-CMM®) +ISO 21849:2006 Aircraft and space - Industrial data - Product identification and traceability +ISO 21871:2006 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the determination of low numbers of presumptive Bacillus cereus – Most probable number technique and detection method +ISO 21872 Microbiology of the food chain – Horizontal method for the determination of Vibrio spp. ISO 21872-1:2017 Part 1: Detection of potentially enteropathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus +ISO/IEC 21888:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Call Identification and Call Linkage Additional Network Feature +ISO/IEC 21889:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Call Identification and Call Linkage Additional Network Feature +ISO/IEC TR 21890:2001 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Interoperation of PISNs with IP networks +ISO 21930:2017 Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — Core rules for environmental product declarations of construction products and services +ISO/TR 21932:2013 Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works – A review of terminology +ISO 21940 Mechanical vibration - Rotor balancing +ISO 21940-2:2017 Part 2: Vocabulary +ISO/TR 21941:2017 Financial services – Third-party payment service providers +ISO 21969:2009 High-pressure flexible connections for use with medical gas systems +ISO 21987:2017 Ophthalmic optics – Mounted spectacle lenses +ISO/IEC 21989:2002 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Specification, functional model and information flows – Short message service +ISO/IEC 21990:2002 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Inter-exchange signalling protocol – Short message service +ISO/IEC 21991:2002 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Corporate Telecommunication Networks – Signalling interworking between QSIG and H.323 – Call completion supplementary services +ISO/IEC 21992:2003 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network – Mapping functions for the tunnelling of QSIG through IP networks +ISO 21998:2020 Interpreting services — Healthcare interpreting — Requirements and recommendations + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a53fac568 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 22000–23999" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:45.670541+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cb77acae --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 22000–23999" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:45.670541+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 22000 – ISO 22999 == +ISO 22000:2018 Food safety management systems – Requirements for any organization in the food chain +ISO/TS 22002 Prerequisite programmes on food safety +ISO/TS 22002-1:2009 Part 1: Food manufacturing +ISO/TS 22002-2:2013 Part 2: Catering +ISO/TS 22002-3:2011 Part 3: Farming +ISO/TS 22002-4:2013 Part 4: Food packaging manufacturing +ISO/TS 22002-5:2019 Part 5: Transport and storage +ISO/TS 22002-6:2016 Part 6: Feed and animal food production +ISO/TS 22003:2013 Food safety management systems – Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of food safety management systems +ISO 22004:2014 Food safety management systems – Guidance on the application of ISO 22000 +ISO 22005:2007 Traceability in the feed and food chain – General principles and basic requirements for system design and implementation +ISO 22006:2009 Quality management systems - Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2008 to crop production) +ISO/IEC 22050:2002 Information technology – Data interchange on 12,7 mm, 384-track magnetic tape cartridges – Ultrium-1 format +ISO/IEC 22051:2002 Information technology – Data interchange on 12,7 mm, 448-track magnetic tape cartridges – SDLT1 format +ISO 22077 Health informatics – Medical waveform format +ISO 22077-1:2015 Part 1: Encoding rules +ISO/TS 22077-2:2015 Part 2: Electrocardiography +ISO/TS 22077-3:2015 Part 3: Long term electrocardiography +ISO/IEC 22091:2002 Information technology – Streaming Lossless Data Compression algorithm (SLDC) +ISO/IEC 22092:2002 Information technology - Data interchange on 130 mm magneto-optical disk cartridges - Capacity: 9,1 Gbytes per cartridge +ISO 22093 Industrial automation systems and integration – Physical device control – Dimensional Measuring Interface Standard (DMIS) +ISO 22095:2020 Chain of Custody +ISO 22096:2007 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Acoustic emission +ISO/TR 22100 Safety of machinery – Relationship with ISO 12100 +ISO/TR 22100-3:2016 Part 3: Implementation of ergonomic principles in safety standards +ISO 22112:2017 Dentistry — Artificial teeth for dental prostheses +ISO/TS 22117:2010 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Specific requirements and guidance for proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison +ISO 22118:2011 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection and quantification of food-borne pathogens – Performance characteristics +ISO 22119:2011 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of food-borne pathogens – General requirements and definitions +ISO 22128:2008 Terminology products and services - Overview and guidance +ISO/TR 22134:2007 Practical guidelines for socioterminology +ISO/TS 22163:2017 Railway applications – Quality management system – Business management system requirements for rail organizations: ISO 9001:2015 and particular requirements for application in the rail sector +ISO 22174:2005 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of food-borne pathogens – General requirements and definitions +ISO/TS 22220:2011 Health informatics – Identification of subjects of health care +ISO/TR 22221:2006 Health informatics – Good principles and practices for a clinical data warehouse +ISO 22222:2005 Personal financial planning—Requirements for personal financial planners +ISO 22232 Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic test equipment +Part 1: Instruments +Part 2: Probes +Part 3: Combined equipment +ISO 22241 Diesel engines – NOx reduction agent AUS 32 +ISO 22241-1 Quality requirements +ISO 22241-2 Test methods +ISO 22241-3 Handling, transportation and storing +ISO/IEC TR 22250 Information technology – Document description and processing languages – Regular Language Description for XML (RELAX) +ISO/IEC TR 22250-1:2002 RELAX Core +ISO 22266 Mechanical vibration – Torsional vibration of rotating machinery +ISO 22266-1:2009 Part 1: Land-based steam and gas turbine generator sets in excess of 50 MW +ISO 22274:2013 Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content - Concept-related aspects for developing and internationalizing classification systems +ISO/IEC 22275:2018 Information technology – Programming languages, their environments, and system software interfaces – ECMAScript® Specification Suite +ISO/IEC TS 22277:2017 Technical Specification – C++ Extensions for Coroutines +ISO 22300:2025 Security and resilience – Vocabulary +ISO 22301:2019 Security and resilience – Business continuity management systems – Requirements +ISO/TR 22302:2014 Natural gas - Calculation of methane number +ISO 22303:2008 Tobacco - Determination of tobacco specific nitrosamines - Method using buffer extraction +ISO/TS 22304:2008 Tobacco - Determination of tobacco specific nitrosamines - Method using alkaline dichloromethane extraction +ISO/TR 22305:2006 Cigarettes - Measurement of nicotine-free dry particulate matter, nicotine, water and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke - Analysis of data from collaborative studies reporting relationships between repeatability, reproducibility and tolerances +ISO 22306:2007 Fibre-reinforced cement pipe, joints and fittings for gravity systems +ISO 22307:2008 Financial services – Privacy impact assessment +ISO 22308:2005 Cork stoppers - Sensory analysis +ISO 22309:2011 Microbeam analysis - Quantitative analysis using energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) for elements with an atomic number of 11 (Na) or above +ISO 22310:2006 Information and documentation - Guidelines for standards drafters for stating records management requirements in standards +ISO 22311:2012 Societal security – Video-surveillance – Export interoperability +ISO/TR 22312:2011 Societal security – Technological capabilities (WITHDRAWN) +ISO 22313:2020 Security and resilience – Business continuity management systems – Guidance on the use of ISO 22301 +ISO 22314:2006 Plastics - Glass-fibre-reinforced products - Determination of fibre length +ISO 22315:2015 Societal security – Mass evacuation – Guidelines for planning +ISO 22316:2017 Security and resilience - Organizational resilience—Principles and attributes +ISO/TS 22317:2015 Societal security – Business continuity management systems – Guidelines for business impact analysis +ISO/TS 22318:2015 Societal security – Business continuity management systems – Guidelines for supply chain continuity +ISO 22319:2017 Security and resilience – Community resilience – Guidelines for planning the involvement of spontaneous volunteers +ISO 22320:2018 Security and resilience – Emergency management – Guidelines for incident management +ISO 22322:2015 Societal security – Emergency management – Guidelines for public warning +ISO 22324:2015 Societal security – Emergency management – Guidelines for colour coded alert +ISO 22325:2016 Security and resilience – Emergency management – Guidelines for capability assessment +ISO 22326:2018 Security and resilience – Emergency management – Guidelines for monitoring facilities with identified hazards +ISO 22327:2018 Security and resilience – Emergency management – Guidelines for implementation of a community-based landslide early warning system +ISO/TS 22330:2018 Security and resilience – Business continuity management systems – Guidelines for people aspects on business continuity +ISO/TS 22331:2018 Security and resilience – Business continuity management systems – Guidelines for business continuity strategy +ISO/TR 22335:2007 Surface chemical analysis - Depth profiling - Measurement of sputtering rate: mesh-replica method using a mechanical stylus profilometer +ISO 22340:2024 Security and resilience – Protective security – Guidelines for an enterprise protective security architecture and framework +ISO 22341:2021 Security and resilience – Protective security – Guidelines for crime prevention through environmental design +ISO 22342:2023 Security and resilience – Protective security – Guidelines for the development of a security plan for an organization +ISO 22343-1:2023 Security and resilience – Vehicle security barriers — Part 1: Performance requirement, vehicle impact test method and performance rating +ISO 22343-2:2023 Security and resilience – Vehicle security barriers — Part 2: Application +ISO/TR 22351:2015 Societal security – Emergency management – Message structure for exchange of information +ISO/TS 22367:2008 Medical laboratories - Reduction of error through risk management and continual improvement +ISO 22368-1:2004 Crop protection equipment - Test methods for the evaluation of cleaning systems - Part 1: Internal cleaning of complete sprayers +ISO 22369-1:2006 Crop protection equipment - Drift classification of spraying equipment - Part 1: Classes +ISO 22373:2025 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents – Framework for establishing trustworthy supply and value chains +ISO 22374:2005 Dentistry - Dental handpieces - Electrical-powered scalers and scaler tips +ISO/TS 22375:2018 Security and resilience - Guidelines for complexity assessment process +ISO 22376:2023 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents – Specification and usage of visible digital seal (VDS) data format for authentication, verification and acquisition of data carried by a document or object +ISO 22378:2022 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents – Guidelines for interoperable object identification and related authentication systems to deter counterfeiting and illicit trade +ISO 22380:2018 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents – General principles for product fraud risk +ISO 22381:2018 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents – Guidelines for interoperability of product identification and authentication systems +ISO 22382:2018 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents – Guidelines for the content, security and issuance of excise tax stamps +ISO 22383:2020 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents – Guidelines and performance criteria for authentication solutions for material goods +ISO 22384:2020 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents - Guidelines to establish and monitor a protection plan and its implementation +ISO 22385:2023 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents - Guidelines to establish a framework for trust and interoperability +ISO/TS 22386:2024 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents - Guidelines for brand protection and enforcement procedures +ISO 22387:2022 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents - Validation procedures for the application of artefact metrics +ISO 22388:2023 Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents - Guidelines for securing physical documents +ISO 22389-1:2010 Timber structures - Bending strength of I-beams - Part 1: Testing, evaluation and characterization +ISO 22390:2010 Timber structures - Laminated veneer lumber - Structural properties +ISO 22391-1:2009 Plastics piping systems for hot and cold water installations - Polyethylene of raised temperature resistance (PE-RT) - Part 1: General +ISO 22392:2020 Security and resilience – Community resilience – Guidelines for conducting peer reviews +ISO 22394:2010 Hardmetals - Knoop hardness test +ISO 22395:2018 Security and resilience – Community resilience – Guidelines for supporting vulnerable persons in an emergency +ISO 22396:2020 Security and resilience – Community resilience – Guidelines for information exchange between organisations +ISO 22397:2014 Societal security – Guidelines for establishing partnering arrangements +ISO 22398:2014 Societal security – Guidelines for exercises +ISO/PAS 22399:2007 Societal security – Guideline for incident preparedness and operational continuity management (WITHDRAWN) +ISO/TR 22411:2008 Ergonomics data and guidelines for the application of ISO/IEC Guide 71 to products and services to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities +ISO 22412:2017 Particle size analysis - Dynamic light scattering (DLS) +ISO 22413:2010 Transfer sets for pharmaceutical preparations – Requirements and test methods +ISO 22432:2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Features utilized in specification and verification +ISO/TS 22475 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Sampling methods and groundwater measurements +ISO/TS 22475-3:2007 Part 3: Conformity assessment of enterprises and personnel by third party +ISO 22493:2014 Microbeam analysis - Scanning electron microscopy - Vocabulary +ISO 22514 Statistical methods in process management - Capability and performance +ISO 22514-1:2014 Part 1: General principles and concepts +ISO 22514-2:2017 Part 2: Process capability and performance of time-dependent process models +ISO 22514-3:2008 Part 3: Machine performance studies for measured data on discrete parts +ISO 22514-4:2016 Part 4: Process capability estimates and performance measures +ISO 22514-6:2013 Part 6: Process capability statistics for characteristics following a multivariate normal distribution +ISO 22514-7:2012 Part 7: Capability of measurement processes +ISO 22514-8:2014 Part 8: Machine performance of a multi-state production process +ISO 22523:2006 External limb prostheses and external orthoses – Requirements and test methods +ISO/IEC 22533:2005 Information technology - Data interchange on 90 mm optical disk cartridges - Capacity: 2,3 Gbytes per cartridge +ISO/IEC 22534:2005 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Application session services +ISO/IEC 22535:2009 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Corporate telecommunication networks – Tunnelling of QSIG over SIP +ISO/IEC 22536:2013 Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1) - RF interface test methods +ISO/IEC 22537:2006 Information technology - ECMAScript for XML (E4X) specification +ISO/TR 22588:2005 Optics and photonics – Lasers and laser-related equipment – Measurement and evaluation of absorption-induced effects in laser optical components +ISO 22600 Health informatics – Privilege management and access control +ISO 22600-1:2014 Part 1: Overview and policy management +ISO 22600-2:2014 Part 2: Formal models +ISO 22600-3:2014 Part 3: Implementations +ISO 22665:2012 Ophthalmic optics and instruments – Instruments to measure axial distances in the eye +ISO 22675:2016 Prosthetics – Testing of ankle-foot devices and foot units – Requirements and test methods +ISO/TR 22676:2006 Prosthetics – Testing of ankle-foot devices and foot units – Guidance on the application of the test loading conditions of ISO 22675 and on the design of appropriate test equipment +ISO 22716:2007 Cosmetics – Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) – Guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practices +ISO 22717:2015 Cosmetics – Microbiology – Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa +ISO 22718:2015 Cosmetics – Microbiology – Detection of Staphylococcus aureus +ISO 22727:2007 Graphical symbols - Creation and design of public information symbols - Requirements +ISO 22742:2010 Packaging - Linear bar code and two-dimensional symbols for product packaging +ISO 22745 Industrial automation systems and integration - Open technical dictionaries and their application to master data +ISO 22745-2:2010 Part 2: Vocabulary +ISO/IEC TR 22767:2005 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Using CSTA for SIP phone user agents (uaCSTA) +ISO/TS 22789:2010 Health informatics – Conceptual framework for patient findings and problems in terminologies +ISO/TS 22809:2007 Non-destructive testing – Discontinuities in specimens for use in qualification examinations +ISO 22829:2017 Resistance welding equipment – Transformers – Integrated transformer-rectifier units for welding guns operating at 1 000 Hz +ISO 22837:2009 Vehicle probe data for wide area communications +ISO 22839:2013 Intelligent transport systems – Forward vehicle collision mitigation systems – Operation, performance, and verification requirements +ISO 22840:2010 Intelligent transport systems – Devices to aid reverse manoeuvres – Extended-range backing aid systems (ERBA) +ISO/PAS 22853:2005 Ships and marine technology – Computer applications – Specification of Maritime Safety Markup Language (MSML) +ISO 22857:2013 Health informatics – Guidelines on data protection to facilitate trans-border flows of personal health data +ISO 22868:2011 Forestry and gardening machinery – Noise test code for portable hand-held machines with internal combustion engine – Engineering method (Grade 2 accuracy) +ISO 22870:2016 Point-of-care testing (POCT) – Requirements for quality and competence +ISO 22877:2004 Castors and wheels – Vocabulary, symbols and multilingual terminology +ISO 22935 Milk and milk products – Sensory analysis +ISO 22935-1:2009 Part 1: General guidance for the recruitment, selection, training and monitoring of assessors +ISO 22951:2009 Data dictionary and message sets for preemption and prioritization signal systems for emergency and public transport vehicles (PRESTO) +ISO 22964:2017 Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the detection of Cronobacter spp. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a25f7456 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 22000–23999" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:45.670541+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO/TR 22971:2005 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Practical guidance for the use of ISO 5725-2:1994 in designing, implementing and statistically analysing interlaboratory repeatability and reproducibility results +ISO/TR 22979:2017 Ophthalmic implants – Intraocular lenses – Guidance on assessment of the need for clinical investigation of intraocular lens design modifications \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9adb6564 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 22000–23999" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_22000–23999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:45.670541+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 23000 – ISO 23999 == +ISO/IEC 23000 Information technology - Multimedia application format (MPEG-A) +ISO/IEC 23001 Information technology – MPEG systems technologies +ISO/IEC 23001-1:2006 Part 1: Binary MPEG format for XML +ISO/IEC 23001-2:2008 Part 2: Fragment request units +ISO/IEC 23001-3:2008 Part 3: XML IPMP messages +ISO/IEC 23001-4:2017 Part 4: Codec configuration representation +ISO/IEC 23001-5:2008 Part 5: Bitstream Syntax Description Language (BSDL) +ISO/IEC 23001-7:2016 Part 7: Common encryption in ISO base media file format +ISO/IEC 23001-8:2016 Part 8: Coding-independent code points +ISO/IEC 23001-9:2016 Part 9: Common encryption of MPEG-2 transport streams +ISO/IEC 23001-10:2015 Part 10: Carriage of timed metadata metrics of media in ISO base media file format +ISO/IEC 23001-12:2015 Part 12: Sample Variants in the ISO base media file format +ISO/IEC 23002 Information technology – MPEG video technologies +ISO/IEC 23003 Information technology – MPEG audio technologies +ISO/IEC 23003-1:2007 Part 1: MPEG Surround +ISO/IEC 23003-2:2010 Part 2: Spatial Audio Object Coding (SAOC) +ISO/IEC 23003-3:2012 Part 3: Unified speech and audio coding +ISO/IEC 23003-4:2015 Part 4: Dynamic Range Control +ISO/IEC 23004 Information technology - Multimedia Middleware +ISO/IEC 23004-1:2007 Part 1: Architecture +ISO/IEC 23004-2:2007 Part 2: Multimedia application programming interface (API) +ISO/IEC 23004-3:2007 Part 3: Component model +ISO/IEC 23004-4:2007 Part 4: Resource and quality management +ISO/IEC 23004-5:2008 Part 5: Component download +ISO/IEC 23004-6:2008 Part 6: Fault management +ISO/IEC 23004-7:2008 Part 7: System integrity management +ISO/IEC 23004-8:2009 Part 8: Reference software +ISO/IEC 23005 Information technology - Media context and control +ISO/IEC 23005-1:2016 Part 1: Architecture +ISO/IEC 23005-2:2016 Part 2: Control information +ISO/IEC 23005-3:2016 Part 3: Sensory information +ISO/IEC 23005-4:2016 Part 4: Virtual world object characteristics +ISO/IEC 23005-5:2016 Part 5: Data formats for interaction devices +ISO/IEC 23005-6:2016 Part 6: Common types and tools +ISO/IEC 23005-7:2017 Part 7: Conformance and reference software +ISO/IEC 23006 Information technology - Multimedia service platform technologies +ISO/IEC 23006-1:2013 Part 1: Architecture +ISO/IEC 23006-2:2016 Part 2: MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) API +ISO/IEC 23006-3:2016 Part 3: Conformance and reference software +ISO/IEC 23006-4:2013 Part 4: Elementary services +ISO/IEC 23006-5:2013 Part 5: Service aggregation +ISO/IEC 23007 Information technology - Rich media user interfaces +ISO/IEC 23007-1:2010 Part 1: Widgets +ISO/IEC 23007-2:2012 Part 2: Advanced user interaction (AUI) interfaces +ISO/IEC 23007-3:2011 Part 3: Conformance and reference software +ISO/IEC 23008 Information technology - High efficiency coding and media delivery in heterogeneous environments +ISO/IEC 23009 Information technology - Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) +ISO/IEC 23009-1:2014 Part 1: Media presentation description and segment formats +ISO/IEC 23009-2:2014 Part 2: Conformance and reference software +ISO/IEC TR 23009-3:2015 Part 3: Implementation guidelines +ISO/IEC 23009-4:2013 Part 4: Segment encryption and authentication +ISO/IEC 23009-5:2017 Part 5: Server and network assisted DASH (SAND) +ISO/IEC/IEEE 23026:2015 Systems and software engineering - Engineering and management of websites for systems, software, and services information +ISO 23081 Information and documentation - Managing metadata for records +ISO 23081-1:2006 Part 1: Principles +ISO 23081-2:2009 Part 2: Conceptual and implementation issues +ISO/TR 23081-3:2011 Part 3: Self-assessment method +ISO/IEC 23092:2021 Bioinformatics - Genomic information representation +ISO/TS 23165:2006 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Guidelines for the evaluation of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) test uncertainty +ISO 23185:2009 Assessment and benchmarking of terminological resources - General concepts, principles and requirements +ISO/TR 23211:2009 Hydrometry – Measuring the water level in a well using automated pressure transducer methods +ISO/IEC 23264 Information security — Redaction of authentic data +ISO/IEC 23264-1:2021 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 23270:2018 Information technology – Programming languages – C# +ISO/IEC 23271:2012 Information technology – Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) +ISO/IEC TR 23272:2011 Information technology - Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) - Information Derived from Partition IV XML File +ISO/IEC 23289:2002 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Corporate telecommunication networks – Signalling interworking between QSIG and H.323 – Basic services +ISO/IEC 23290:2004 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Private Integrated Services Network (PISN) – Mapping functions for the tunnelling of QSIG through H.323 networks +ISO 23317:2014 Implants for surgery – In vitro evaluation for apatite-forming ability of implant materials +ISO 23328 Breathing system filters for anaesthetic and respiratory use +ISO 23328-1:2003 Part 1: Salt test method to assess filtration performance +ISO 23328-2:2002 Part 2: Non-filtration aspects +ISO/IEC 23360 Linux Standard Base (LSB) core specification 3.1 +ISO 23500:2014 Guidance for the preparation and quality management of fluids for haemodialysis and related therapies +ISO 23539:2005 Photometry - The CIE system of physical photometry +ISO 23599:2012 Assistive products for blind and vision-impaired persons - Tactile walking surface indicators +ISO 23600:2007 Assistive products for persons with vision impairments and persons with vision and hearing impairments - Acoustic and tactile signals for pedestrian traffic lights +ISO 23601:2009 Safety identification - Escape and evacuation plan signs +ISO 23603:2005 Standard method of assessing the spectral quality of daylight simulators for visual appraisal and measurement of colour +ISO/TR 23605:2009 Technical product specification (TPS) – Application guidance – International model for national implementation +ISO/IEC 23651:2003 Information technology – 8 mm wide magnetic tape cartridge for information interchange – Helical scan recording – AIT-3 format +ISO 23718:2007 Metallic materials – Mechanical testing – Vocabulary +ISO 23733 Textiles – Chenille yarns – Test method for the determination of linear density +ISO 23747:2015 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Peak expiratory flow meters for the assessment of pulmonary function in spontaneously breathing humans +ISO/TS 23768 Rolling bearings - Parts library +ISO/TS 23768-1:2011 Part 1: Reference dictionary for rolling bearings +ISO 23771:2015 Textile machinery – Guide to the design of textile machinery for reduction of the noise emissions +ISO/TS 23810:2012 Cardiovascular implants and artificial organs – Checklist for preoperative extracorporeal circulation equipment setup +ISO 23813:2007 Cranes – Training of appointed persons +ISO 23814:2009 Cranes – Competency requirements for crane inspectors +ISO 23833:2013 Microbeam analysis – Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) – Vocabulary +ISO 23853:2004 Cranes – Training of slingers and signallers +ISO 23907:2012 Sharps injury protection – Requirements and test methods – Sharps containers +ISO 23908:2011 Sharps injury protection – Requirements and test methods – Sharps protection features for single-use hypodermic needles, introducers for catheters and needles used for blood sampling +ISO/IEC 23912:2005 Information technology - 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) and 120 mm (4,70 Gbytes per side) DVD Recordable Disk (DVD-R) +ISO/IEC 23915:2005 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Corporate Telecommunication Networks – Signalling Interworking between QSIG and SIP – Call Diversion +ISO/IEC 23916:2005 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Corporate Telecommunication Networks – Signalling Interworking between QSIG and SIP – Call Transfer +ISO/IEC 23917:2005 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – NFCIP-1 – Protocol Test Methods +ISO 23950:1998 Information and documentation – Information retrieval (Z39.50) – Application service definition and protocol specification +ISO 23953 Refrigerated display cabinets +ISO 23953-1:2015 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 23988:2007 Information technology - A code of practice for the use of information technology (IT) in the delivery of assessments + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..281807fac --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 24000–25999" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:46.806770+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9245395d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,262 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 24000–25999" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:46.806770+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 24000 – ISO 24999 == +ISO 24013:2006 Optics and photonics – Lasers and laser-related equipment – Measurement of phase retardation of optical components for polarized laser radiation +ISO 24014 Public transport – Interoperable fare management system +ISO 24014-1:2015 Part 1: Architecture +ISO/TR 24014-2:2013 Part 2: Business practices +ISO/TR 24014-3:2013 Part 3: Complementary concepts to Part 1 for multi-application media +ISO 24097 Intelligent transport systems – Using web services (machine-machine delivery) for ITS service delivery +ISO 24097-1:2017 Part 1: Realization of interoperable web services +ISO/TR 24097-2:2015 Part 2: Elaboration of interoperable web services' interfaces +ISO/TR 24098:2007 Intelligent transport systems – System architecture, taxonomy and terminology – Procedures for developing ITS deployment plans utilizing ITS system architecture +ISO 24099:2011 Navigation data delivery structures and protocols +ISO 24100:2010 Intelligent transport systems – Basic principles for personal data protection in probe vehicle information services +ISO 24101 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Application management +ISO 24101-1:2008 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 24101-2:2010 Part 2: Conformance test +ISO 24102 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – ITS station management +ISO 24102-1:2013 Part 1: Local management +ISO 24102-2:2015 Part 2: Remote management of ITS-SCUs +ISO 24102-3:2013 Part 3: Service access points +ISO 24102-4:2013 Part 4: Station-internal management communications +ISO 24102-5:2013 Part 5: Fast service advertisement protocol (FSAP) +ISO 24103:2009 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Media adapted interface layer (MAIL) +ISO 24113: the top-level standard for the (voluntary) mitigation of orbital space debris +ISO 24153:2009 Random sampling and randomization procedures +ISO 24155:2016 Hydrometry – Hydrometric data transmission systems – Specification of system requirements +ISO 24156 Graphic notations for concept modelling in terminology work and its relationship with UML +ISO 24156-1:2014 Part 1: Guidelines for using UML notation in terminology work +ISO 24157:2008 Ophthalmic optics and instruments – Reporting aberrations of the human eye +ISO 24294:2013 Timber – Round and sawn timber – Vocabulary +ISO/TS 24348:2014 Ophthalmic optics – Spectacle frames – Method for the simulation of wear and detection of nickel release from metal and combination spectacle frames +ISO 24393:2008 Rolling bearings - Linear motion rolling bearings - Vocabulary +ISO 24408:2005 Ships and marine technology - Position-indicating lights for life-saving appliances - Testing, inspection and marking of production units +ISO 24409 Ships and marine technology - Design, location and use of shipboard safety signs, safety-related signs, safety notices and safety markings +ISO 24409-1:2010 Part 1: Design principles +ISO 24409-2:2014 Part 2: Catalogue +ISO 24409-3:2014 Part 3: Code of practice +ISO 24497 Non-destructive testing - Metal magnetic memory +ISO 24497-1:2007 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 24502:2010 Ergonomics - Accessible design - Specification of age-related luminance contrast for coloured light +ISO 24503:2011 Ergonomics - Accessible design - Tactile dots and bars on consumer products +ISO 24510:2007 Activities relating to drinking water and wastewater services – Guidelines for the assessment and for the improvement of the service to users +ISO 24517 Document management - Engineering document format using PDF +ISO 24517-1:2008 Part 1: Use of PDF 1.6 (PDF/E-1) +ISO 24518:2015 Activities relating to drinking water and wastewater services – Crisis management of water utilities +ISO/TS 24520:2017 Service activities relating to drinking water supply systems and wastewater systems – Crisis management – Good practice for technical aspects +ISO 24521:2016 Activities relating to drinking water and wastewater services – Guidelines for the management of basic on-site domestic wastewater services +ISO 24523:2017 Service activities relating to drinking water supply systems and wastewater systems – Guidelines for benchmarking of water utilities +ISO/TR 24529:2008 Intelligent transport systems – Systems architecture – Use of unified modelling language (UML) in ITS International Standards and deliverables +ISO/TS 24530 Traffic and Travel Information (TTI) – TTI via Transport Protocol Experts Group (TPEG) Extensible Markup Language (XML) +ISO/TS 24530-1:2006 Part 1: Introduction, common data types and tpegML +ISO/TS 24530-2:2006 Part 2: tpeg-locML +ISO/TS 24530-3:2006 Part 3: tpeg-rtmML +ISO/TS 24530-4:2006 Part 4: tpeg-ptiML +ISO 24531:2013 Intelligent transport systems – System architecture, taxonomy and terminology – Using XML in ITS standards, data registries and data dictionaries +ISO/TR 24532:2006 Intelligent transport systems – Systems architecture, taxonomy and terminology – Using CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) in ITS standards, data registries and data dictionaries +ISO/TS 24533:2012 Intelligent transport systems – Electronic information exchange to facilitate the movement of freight and its intermodal transfer – Road transport information exchange methodology +ISO 24534 Intelligent transport systems – Automatic vehicle and equipment identification – Electronic registration identification (ERI) for vehicles +ISO 24534-1:2010 Part 1: Architecture +ISO 24534-2:2010 Part 2: Operational requirements +ISO 24534-3:2016 Part 3: Vehicle data +ISO 24534-4:2010 Part 4: Secure communications using asymmetrical techniques +ISO 24534-5:2011 Part 5: Secure communications using symmetrical techniques +ISO 24535:2007 Intelligent transport systems – Automatic vehicle identification – Basic electronic registration identification (Basic ERI) +ISO/IEC 24570:2005 Software engineering - NESMA functional size measurement method version 2.1 - Definitions and counting guidelines for the application of Function Point Analysis +ISO/TR 24578:2012 Hydrometry – Acoustic Doppler profiler – Method and application for measurement of flow in open channels +ISO 24610 Language resource management - Feature structures +ISO 24610-1:2006 Part 1: Feature structure representation +ISO 24610-2:2011 Part 2: Feature system declaration +ISO 24611:2012 Language resource management - Morpho-syntactic annotation framework (MAF) +ISO 24612:2012 Language resource management - Linguistic annotation framework (LAF) +ISO 24613:2008 Language resource management - Lexical markup framework (LMF) +ISO 24613-1:2019 Part 1: Core model +ISO 24613-2:2020 Part 2: Machine-readable dictionary (MRD) model +ISO 24614 Language resource management - Word segmentation of written texts +ISO 24614-1:2010 Part 1: Basic concepts and general principles +ISO 24614-2:2011 Part 2: Word segmentation for Chinese, Japanese and Korean +ISO 24615 Language resource management — Syntactic annotation framework (SynAF) +ISO 24615-1:2014 Part 1: Syntactic model +ISO 24615-2:2018 Part 2: XML serialization (Tiger vocabulary) +ISO 24616:2012 Language resources management - Multilingual information framework +ISO 24617 Language resource management — Semantic annotation framework (SemAF) +ISO 24617-1:2012 Part 1: Time and events (SemAF-Time, ISO-TimeML) +ISO 24617-2:2020 Part 2: Part 2: Dialogue acts +ISO 24617-4:2014 Part 4: Semantic roles (SemAF-SR) +ISO/TS 24617-5:2014 Part 5: Discourse structure (SemAF-DS) +ISO 24617-6:2016 Part 6: Principles of semantic annotation (SemAF Principles) +ISO 24617-7:2020 Part 7: Spatial information (ISOspace) +ISO 24617-8:2016 Part 8: Semantic relations in discourse, core annotation schema (DR-core) +ISO 24617-9:2019 Part 9: Reference annotation framework (RAF) +ISO 24619:2011 Language resource management - Persistent identification and sustainable access (PISA) +ISO/TS 24620 Language resource management - Controlled natural language (CNL) +ISO/TS 24620-1:2015 Part 1: Basic concepts and principles +ISO 24622 Language resource management - Component Metadata Infrastructure (CMDI) +ISO 24622-1:2015 Part 1: The Component Metadata Model +ISO 24623 Language resource management — Corpus query lingua franca (CQLF) +ISO 24623-1:2018 Part 1: Metamodel +ISO 24624:2016 Language resource management - Transcription of spoken language +ISO/IEC 24700:2005 Quality and performance of office equipment that contains reused components +ISO/IEC 24702:2006 Information technology - Generic cabling - Industrial premises +ISO/IEC 24703:2004 Information technology - Participant Identifiers +ISO/IEC TR 24704:2004 Information technology - Customer premises cabling for wireless access points +ISO/IEC 24707:2018 Information technology – Common Logic (CL) – A framework for a family of logic-based languages +ISO/IEC 24708:2008 Information technology – Biometrics – BioAPI Interworking Protocol +ISO/IEC 24709 Information technology – Conformance testing for the biometric application programming interface (BioAPI) +ISO/IEC 24709-1:2007 Part 1: Methods and procedures +ISO/IEC 24709-2:2007 Part 2: Test assertions for biometric service providers +ISO/IEC 24709-3:2011 Part 3: Test assertions for BioAPI frameworks +ISO/IEC TR 24710:2005 Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management - Elementary tag licence plate functionality for ISO/IEC 18000 air interface definitions +ISO/IEC 24713 Information technology – Biometric profiles for interoperability and data interchange +ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008 Part 1: Overview of biometric systems and biometric profiles +ISO/IEC 24713-2:2008 Part 2: Physical access control for employees at airports +ISO/IEC 24713-3:2009 Part 3: Biometrics-based verification and identification of seafarers +ISO/IEC TR 24714 Information technology - Biometrics - Jurisdictional and societal considerations for commercial applications +ISO/IEC TR 24714-1:2008 Part 1: General guidance +ISO/IEC TR 24715:2006 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Technical Report on the Conflicts between the ISO/IEC 9945 (POSIX) and the Linux Standard Base (ISO/IEC 23360) +ISO/IEC TR 24716:2007 Information technology - Programming languages, their environment and system software interfaces - Native COBOL Syntax for XML Support +ISO/IEC TR 24717:2009 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Collection classes for programming language COBOL +ISO/IEC TR 24718:2005 Information technology - Programming languages - Guide for the use of the Ada Ravenscar Profile in high integrity systems +ISO/IEC TR 24720:2008 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Guidelines for direct part marking (DPM) +ISO/IEC TR 24722:2015 Information technology – Biometrics – Multimodal and other multibiometric fusion +ISO/IEC 24723:2010 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - GS1 Composite bar code symbology specification +ISO/IEC 24724:2011 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - GS1 DataBar bar code symbology specification +ISO/IEC 24727 Identification cards – Integrated circuit card programming interfaces +ISO/IEC 24728:2006 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - MicroPDF417 bar code symbology specification +ISO/IEC TR 24729 Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management - Implementation guidelines +ISO/IEC TR 24729-1:2008 Part 1: RFID-enabled labels and packaging supporting ISO/IEC 18000-6C +ISO/IEC TR 24729-2:2008 Part 2: Recycling and RFID tags +ISO/IEC TR 24729-3:2009 Part 3: Implementation and operation of UHF RFID Interrogator systems in logistics applications +ISO/IEC TR 24729-4:2009 Part 4: Tag data security +ISO/IEC 24730 Information technology - Real-time locating systems (RTLS) +ISO/IEC 24730-1:2014 Part 1: Application programming interface (API) +ISO/IEC 24730-2:2012 Part 2: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 2,4 GHz air interface protocol +ISO/IEC 24730-5:2010 Part 5: Chirp spread spectrum (CSS) at 2,4 GHz air interface +ISO/IEC 24730-21:2012 Part 21: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 2,4 GHz air interface protocol: Transmitters operating with a single spread code and employing a DBPSK data encoding and BPSK spreading scheme +ISO/IEC 24730-22:2012 Part 22: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 2,4 GHz air interface protocol: Transmitters operating with multiple spread codes and employing a QPSK data encoding and Walsh offset QPSK (WOQPSK) spreading scheme +ISO/IEC 24730-61:2013 Part 61: Low rate pulse repetition frequency Ultra Wide Band (UWB) air interface +ISO/IEC 24730-62:2013 Part 62: High rate pulse repetition frequency Ultra Wide Band (UWB) air interface +ISO/IEC TR 24731 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Extensions to the C library +ISO/IEC TR 24731-1:2007 Part 1: Bounds-checking interfaces +ISO/IEC TR 24731-2:2010 Part 2: Dynamic Allocation Functions +ISO/IEC TR 24732:2009 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Extension for the programming language C to support decimal floating-point arithmetic +ISO/IEC TR 24733:2011 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Extensions for the programming language C++ to support decimal floating-point arithmetic +ISO/IEC 24738:2006 Information technology – Icon symbols and functions for multimedia link attributes +ISO/IEC 24739 Information technology - AT Attachment with Packet Interface - 7 +ISO/IEC 24739-1:2009 Part 1: Register Delivered Command Set, Logical Register Set (ATA/ATAPI-7 V1) +ISO/IEC 24739-2:2009 Part 2: Parallel transport protocols and physical interconnect (ATA/ATAPI-7) +ISO/IEC 24739-3:2010 Part 3: Serial transport protocols and physical interconnect (ATA/ATAPI-7 V3) +ISO/IEC 24740:2008 Information technology - Responsive Link (RL) +ISO/IEC TR 24741:2007 Information technology – Biometrics tutorial +ISO/IEC 24744:2014 Software Engineering – Metamodel for Development Methodologies +ISO/IEC 24745:2011 Information technology - Security techniques - Biometric information protection +ISO/IEC TR 24746:2005 Information technology - Generic cabling for customer premises - Mid-span DTE power insertion +ISO/IEC 24747:2009 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Extensions to the C Library to support mathematical special functions +ISO/IEC 24748 Systems and software engineering - Life cycle management +ISO/IEC/IEEE 24748-1:2018 Part 1: Guidelines for life cycle management +ISO/IEC/IEEE 24748-2:2018 Part 2: Guidelines for the application of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 (System life cycle processes) +ISO/IEC TR 24748-3:2011 Part 3: Guide to the application of ISO/IEC 12207 (Software life cycle processes) +ISO/IEC/IEEE 24748-4:2016 Part 4: Systems engineering planning +ISO/IEC/IEEE 24748-5:2017 Part 5: Software development planning +ISO/IEC TS 24748-6:2016 Part 6: System integration engineering +ISO/IEC TR 24750:2007 Information technology - Assessment and mitigation of installed balanced cabling channels in order to support of 10GBASE-T +ISO/IEC 24751 Information technology - Individualized adaptability and accessibility in e-learning, education and training +ISO/IEC 24751-1:2008 Part 1: Framework and reference model +ISO/IEC 24751-2:2008 Part 2: "Access for all" personal needs and preferences for digital delivery +ISO/IEC 24751-3:2008 Part 3: "Access for all" digital resource description +ISO/IEC 24752 Information technology – User interfaces – Universal remote console +ISO/IEC 24753:2011 Information technology - Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management - Application protocol: encoding and processing rules for sensors and batteries +ISO/IEC 24754 Information technology - Document description and processing languages - Minimum requirements for specifying document rendering systems +ISO/IEC 24754-1:2008 Part 1: Feature specifications for document rendering systems +ISO/IEC TR 24754-2:2011 Part 2: Formatting specifications for document rendering systems +ISO/IEC 24755:2007 Information technology - Screen icons and symbols for personal mobile communication devices +ISO/IEC 24756:2009 Information technology - Framework for specifying a common access profile (CAP) of needs and capabilities of users, systems, and their environments +ISO/IEC 24757:2008 Information technology - Keyboard interaction model - Machine-readable keyboard description +ISO/IEC 24759:2017 Information technology - Security techniques - Test requirements for cryptographic modules +ISO/IEC 24760 Information technology - Security techniques - A framework for identity management +ISO/IEC 24760-1:2011 Part 1: Terminology and concepts +ISO/IEC 24760-2:2015 Part 2: Reference architecture and requirements +ISO/IEC 24760-3:2016 Part 3: Practice +ISO/IEC 24761:2009 Information technology - Security techniques - Authentication context for biometrics +ISO/IEC 24762:2008 Information technology – Security techniques – Guidelines for information and communications technology disaster recovery services +ISO/IEC TR 24763:2011 Information technology - Learning, education and training - Conceptual Reference Model for Competency Information and Related Objects +ISO/IEC 24764:2010 Information technology - Generic cabling systems for data centres +ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2017 Systems and software engineering - Vocabulary +ISO/IEC TR 24766:2009 Information technology - Systems and software engineering - Guide for requirements engineering tool capabilities +ISO/IEC 24767 Information technology - Home network security +ISO/IEC 24767-1:2008 Part 1: Security requirements +ISO/IEC 24767-2:2009 Part 2: Internal security services: Secure Communication Protocol for Middleware (SCPM) +ISO/IEC 24769 Information technology - Real-time locating systems (RTLS) device conformance test methods +ISO/IEC 24769-2:2013 Part 2: Test methods for air interface communication at 2,4 GHz +ISO/IEC 24769-5:2012 Part 5: Test methods for chirp spread spectrum (CSS) at 2,4 GHz air interface +ISO/IEC 24769-61:2015 Part 61: Low rate pulse repetition frequency Ultra Wide Band (UWB) air interface +ISO/IEC 24769-62:2015 Part 62: High rate pulse repetition frequency Ultra Wide Band (UWB) air interface +ISO/IEC 24770:2012 Information technology - Real-time locating system (RTLS) device performance test methods - Test methods for air interface communication at 2,4 GHz +ISO/IEC 24770-61:2015 Part 61: Low rate pulse repetition frequency Ultra Wide Band (UWB) air interface +ISO/IEC 24770-62:2015 Part 62: High rate pulse repetition frequency Ultra Wide Band (UWB) air interface +ISO/IEC 24771:2014 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – MAC/PHY standard for ad hoc wireless network to support QoS in an industrial work environment +ISO/IEC TR 24772 Programming languages — Guidance to avoiding vulnerabilities in programming languages +ISO/IEC TR 24772-1:2019 Part 1: Language-independent guidance +ISO/IEC TR 24772-2:2020 Part 2: Ada +ISO/IEC TR 24772-3:2020 Part 3: C +ISO/IEC 24773:2008 Software engineering - Certification of software engineering professionals - Comparison framework +ISO/IEC TR 24774:2010 Systems and software engineering - Life cycle management - Guidelines for process description +ISO/IEC 24775 Information technology - Storage management +ISO/IEC 24775-1:2014 Part 1: Overview +ISO/IEC 24775-2:2014 Part 2: Common Architecture +ISO/IEC 24775-3:2014 Part 3: Common Profiles +ISO/IEC 24775-4:2014 Part 4: Block Devices +ISO/IEC 24775-5:2014 Part 5: File systems +ISO/IEC 24775-6:2014 Part 6: Fabric +ISO/IEC 24775-7:2014 Part 7: Host Elements +ISO/IEC 24775-8:2014 Part 8: Media Libraries +ISO/IEC 24778:2008 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Aztec Code bar code symbology specification +ISO/IEC 24779 Information technology - Cross-jurisdictional and societal aspects of implementation of biometric technologies - Pictograms, icons and symbols for use with biometric systems +ISO/IEC 24779-1:2016 Part 1: General principles +ISO/IEC 24779-4:2017 Part 4: Fingerprint applications +ISO/IEC 24779-9:2015 Part 9: Vascular applications +ISO/IEC TR 24785:2009 Information technology – Taxonomy of cultural and linguistic adaptability user requirements +ISO/IEC 24786:2009 Information technology – User interfaces – Accessible user interface for accessibility settings +ISO/IEC 24787:2010 Information technology – Identification cards – On-card biometric comparison +ISO/IEC 24789 Identification cards – Card service life +ISO/IEC 24789-1:2012 Part 1: Application profiles and requirements +ISO/IEC 24789-2:2011 Part 2: Methods of evaluation +ISO/IEC 24791 Information technology - Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management - Software system infrastructure +ISO/IEC 24791-1:2010 Part 1: Architecture +ISO/IEC 24791-2:2011 Part 2: Data management +ISO/IEC 24791-3:2014 Part 3: Device management +ISO/IEC 24791-5:2012 Part 5: Device interface +ISO/IEC 24792:2010 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Multicast Session Management Protocol (MSMP) +ISO/IEC 24793 Information technology – Mobile multicast communications +ISO/IEC 24793-1:2010 Framework +ISO/IEC 24793-2:2010 Protocol over native IP multicast networks +ISO/IEC 24800 Information technology - JPSearch +ISO/IEC TR 24800-1:2012 Part 1: System framework and components +ISO/IEC 24800-2:2011 Part 2: Registration, identification and management of schema and ontology +ISO/IEC 24800-3:2010 Part 3: Query format +ISO/IEC 24800-4:2010 Part 4: File format for metadata embedded in image data (JPEG and JPEG 2000) +ISO/IEC 24800-5:2011 Part 5: Data interchange format between image repositories +ISO/IEC 24800-6:2012 Part 6: Reference software +ISO 24801 Recreational diving services – Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers +ISO 24801-1:2014 Part 1: Level 1 – Supervised diver +ISO 24801-2:2014 Part 2: Level 2 – Autonomous diver +ISO 24801-3:2014 Part 3: Level 3 – Dive leader +ISO 24802 Recreational diving services – Requirements for the training of scuba instructors +ISO 24802-1:2014 Part 1: Level 1 +ISO 24802-2:2014 Part 2: Level 2 +ISO 24803:2017 Recreational diving services – Requirements for recreational diving providers +ISO/IEC 24824 Information technology – Generic applications of ASN.1 +ISO/IEC 24824-1:2007 Fast infoset +ISO/IEC 24824-2:2006 Fast Web Services +ISO/IEC 24824-3:2008 Fast infoset security +ISO/TR 24971:2013 Medical devices – Guidance on the application of ISO 14971 +ISO 24978:2009 Intelligent transport systems – ITS Safety and emergency messages using any available wireless media – Data registry procedures \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51a7a8841 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 24000–25999" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_24000–25999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:46.806770+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 25000 – ISO 25999 == +ISO/IEC 25000:2014 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Guide to SQuaRE +ISO/IEC 25001:2014 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Planning and management +ISO/IEC 25002:development Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Quality models overview and usage +ISO/IEC 25010:2011 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - System and software quality models +ISO/IEC TS 25011:2017 Information technology - Systems and software quality requirements and evaluation (SQuaRE) - Service quality models +ISO/IEC 25012:2008 Software engineering - Software product Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Data quality model +ISO/IEC 25020:2007 Software engineering - Software product Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Measurement reference model and guide +ISO/IEC 25021:2012 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Quality measure elements +ISO/IEC 25022:2016 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software quality requirements and evaluation (SQuaRE) - Measurement of quality in use +ISO/IEC 25023:2016 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Measurement of system and software product quality +ISO/IEC 25024:2015 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Measurement of data quality +ISO/IEC 25030:2007 Software engineering - Software product Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Quality requirements +ISO/IEC 25040:2011 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Evaluation process +ISO/IEC 25041:2012 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Evaluation guide for developers, acquirers and independent evaluators +ISO/IEC 25045:2010 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Evaluation module for recoverability +ISO/IEC 25051:2014 Software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Requirements for quality of Ready to Use Software Product (RUSP) and instructions for testing +ISO/IEC TR 25060:2010 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software product Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Common Industry Format (CIF) for usability: General framework for usability-related information +ISO/IEC 25062:2006 Software engineering - Software product Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Common Industry Format (CIF) for usability test reports +ISO/IEC 25063:2014 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software product Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Common Industry Format (CIF) for usability: Context of use description +ISO/IEC 25064:2013 Systems and software engineering - Software product Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Common Industry Format (CIF) for usability: User needs report +ISO/IEC 25066:2016 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Common Industry Format (CIF) for Usability—Evaluation Report +ISO/TR 25100:2012 Intelligent transport systems – Systems architecture – Harmonization of ITS data concepts +ISO/TR 25102:2008 Intelligent transport systems – System architecture – 'Use Case' pro-forma template +ISO/TR 25104:2008 Intelligent transport systems – System architecture, taxonomy, terminology and data modelling – Training requirements for ITS architecture +ISO/TS 25110:2017 Electronic fee collection – Interface definition for on-board account using integrated circuit card (ICC) +ISO 25111:2009 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – General requirements for using public networks +ISO 25112:2010 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Mobile wireless broadband using IEEE 802.16 +ISO 25113:2010 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Mobile wireless broadband using HC-SDMA +ISO/TS 25114:2010 Intelligent transport systems – Probe data reporting management (PDRM) +ISO 25119 Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry – Safety-related parts of control systems +ISO 25119-1:2018 Part 1: General principles for design and development +ISO 25119-2:2018 Part 2: Concept phase +ISO 25119-3:2018 Part 3: Series development, hardware and software +ISO 25119-4:2018 Part 4: Production, operation, modification and supporting processes +ISO 25178 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Areal +ISO/IEC 25185 Identification cards – Integrated circuit card authentication protocols +ISO/IEC 25185-1:2016 Part 1: Protocol for Lightweight +ISO 25237:2017 Health informatics – Pseudonymization +ISO/TS 25237:2008 Health informatics – Pseudonymization +ISO 25239 Friction stir welding - Aluminium +ISO 25239-1:2011 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO/TR 25257:2009 Health informatics – Business requirements for an international coding system for medicinal products +ISO/TS 25377:2007 Hydrometric uncertainty guidance (HUG) +ISO 25378:2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Characteristics and conditions - Definitions +ISO/TR 25417:2007 Acoustics – Definitions of basic quantities and terms +ISO/IEC 25422:2025 Information technology — 3D Manufacturing Format (3MF) specification suite +ISO/IEC 25434:2008 Information technology - Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +R DL format - Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X) +ISO/IEC 25435:2006 Data Interchange on 60 mm Read-Only ODC - Capacity: 1,8 Gbytes (UMDTM) +ISO/IEC 25436:2006 Information technology - Eiffel: Analysis, Design and Programming Language +ISO/IEC 25437:2012 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – WS-Session – Web services for application session services +ISO/IEC TR 25438:2006 Information technology - Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) - Technical Report: Common Generics +ISO 25539 Cardiovascular implants - Endovascular devices +ISO 25539-1:2017 Part 1: Endovascular prostheses +ISO 25539-2:2012 Part 2: Vascular stents +ISO 25539-3:2011 Part 3: Vena cava filters +ISO 25577:2013 Information and documentation - MarcXchange +ISO 25639 Exhibitions, shows, fairs and conventions +ISO 25639-1:2008 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 25639-2:2008 Part 2: Measurement procedures for statistical purposes +ISO/TR 25679:2005 Mechanical testing of metals – Symbols and definitions in published standards +ISO 25720:2009 Health informatics – Genomic Sequence Variation Markup Language (GSVML) +ISO/TR 25901 Welding and allied processes - Vocabulary +ISO/TR 25901-1:2016 Part 1: General terms +ISO/TR 25901-3:2016 Part 3: Welding processes +ISO/TR 25901-4:2016 Part 4: Arc welding +ISO 25947 Fireworks – Categories 1, 2 and 3 +ISO 25947-1:2017 Part 1: Terminology +ISO 25964 Information and documentation - Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_26000–27999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_26000–27999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72896f5c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_26000–27999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 26000–27999" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_26000–27999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:48.061041+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. + +== ISO 26000 – ISO 26999 == +ISO 26000:2010 Guidance on social responsibility +ISO 26101:2017 Acoustics – Test methods for the qualification of free-field environments +ISO/TR 26122:2008 Information and documentation - Work process analysis for records +ISO 26162 Management of terminology resources — Terminology databases +ISO 26162-1:2019 Part 1: Design +ISO 26162-2:2019 Part 2: Software +ISO 26243:2007 Cards for staple fibres spinning – Vocabulary and principles of construction +ISO 26261 Fireworks – Category 4 +ISO 26261-1:2017 Part 1: Terminology +ISO 26262 Road Vehicles - Functional Safety +ISO 26322 Tractors for agriculture and forestry - Safety +ISO 26322-1:2008 Part 1: Standard tractors +ISO 26322-2:2010 Part 2: Narrow-track and small tractors +ISO/IEC 26300:2006 Information technology – Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.0 +ISO 26324:2012 Information and documentation - Digital object identifier system +ISO 26362:2009 Access panels in market, opinion and social research - Vocabulary and service requirements +ISO 26428 Digital cinema (D-cinema) distribution master +ISO 26428-1:2008 Part 1: Image characteristics +ISO 26428-2:2008 Part 2: Audio characteristics +ISO 26428-3:2008 Part 3: Audio channel mapping and channel labeling +ISO 26428-9:2009 Part 9: Image pixel structure level 3 - Serial digital interface signal formatting +ISO 26428-11:2011 Part 11: Additional frame rates +ISO 26428-19:2011 Part 19: Serial digital interface signal formatting for additional frame rates level AFR2 and level AFR4 +ISO 26429 Digital cinema (D-cinema) packaging +ISO 26429-3:2008 Part 3: Sound and picture track file +ISO 26429-4:2008 Part 4: MXF JPEG 2000 application +ISO 26429-6:2008 Part 6: MXF track file essence encryption +ISO 26429-7:2008 Part 7: Composition playlist +ISO 26429-8:2009 Part 8: Packing list +ISO 26429-9:2009 Part 9: Asset mapping and file segmentation +ISO 26429-10:2009 Part 10: Stereoscopic picture track file +ISO 26430 Digital cinema (D-cinema) operations +ISO 26430-1:2008 Part 1: Key delivery message +ISO 26430-2:2008 Part 2: Digital certificate +ISO 26430-3:2008 Part 3: Generic extra-theater message format +ISO 26430-4:2009 Part 4: Log record format specification +ISO 26430-5:2009 Part 5: Security log event class and constraints +ISO 26430-6:2009 Part 6: Auditorium security messages for intra-theater communications +ISO 26430-9:2009 Part 9: Key delivery bundle +ISO 26433:2009 Digital cinema (D-cinema) - XML data types +ISO/IEC/IEEE 26511:2011 Systems and software engineering - Requirements for managers of user documentation +ISO/IEC/IEEE 26512:2011 Systems and software engineering - Requirements for acquirers and suppliers of user documentation +ISO/IEC 26513:2009 Systems and software engineering - Requirements for testers and reviewers of user documentation +ISO/IEC 26514:2008 Systems and software engineering - Requirements for designers and developers of user documentation +ISO/IEC/IEEE 26515:2011 Systems and software engineering - Developing user documentation in an agile environment +ISO/IEC/IEEE 26531:2015 Systems and software engineering - Content management for product life-cycle, user and service management documentation +ISO/IEC 26550:2015 Software and systems engineering - Reference model for product line engineering and management +ISO/IEC 26551:2016 Software and systems engineering - Tools and methods for product line requirements engineering +ISO/IEC 26555:2015 Software and systems engineering - Tools and methods for product line technical management +ISO/IEC 26557:2016 Software and systems engineering - Methods and tools for variability mechanisms in software and systems product line +ISO/IEC 26558:2017 Software and systems engineering - Methods and tools for variability modelling in software and systems product line +ISO/IEC 26559:2017 Software and systems engineering - Methods and tools for variability traceability in software and systems product line +ISO 26683 Intelligent transport systems – Freight land conveyance content identification and communication +ISO 26683-1:2013 Part 1: Context, architecture and referenced standards +ISO 26683-2:2013 Part 2: Application interface profiles +ISO 26684:2015 Intelligent transport systems (ITS) – Cooperative intersection signal information and violation warning systems (CIWS) – Performance requirements and test procedures +ISO 26722:2014 Water treatment equipment for haemodialysis applications and related therapies +ISO 26782:2009 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Spirometers intended for the measurement of time forced expired volumes in humans +ISO 26800:2011 Ergonomics - General approach, principles and concepts +ISO 26824:2013 Particle characterization of particulate systems - Vocabulary +ISO 26825:2008 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – User-applied labels for syringes containing drugs used during anaesthesia – Colours, design and performance +ISO/IEC TR 26905:2006 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Enterprise Communication in Next Generation Corporate Networks (NGCN) involving Public Next Generation Networks (NGN) +ISO 26906:2015 Hydrometry – Fishpasses at flow measurement structures +ISO/IEC 26907:2009 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – High-rate ultra-wideband PHY and MAC standard +ISO/IEC 26908:2009 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – MAC-PHY interface for ISO/IEC 26907 +ISO 26909:2009 Springs - Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 26925:2009 Information technology - Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW HS format - Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed 8X) +ISO/IEC TR 26927:2011 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Corporate telecommunication networks – Mobility for enterprise communications +ISO/TR 26999:2012 Intelligent transport systems – Systems architecture – Use of process-oriented methodology in ITS International Standards and other deliverables + +== ISO 27000 – ISO 27999 == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_26000–27999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_26000–27999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8b8a78a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_26000–27999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 26000–27999" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_26000–27999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:48.061041+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO/IEC 27000:2016 Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management systems – Overview and vocabulary +ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management systems – Requirements +ISO/IEC 27002:2022 Information technology – Security techniques – Code of practice for information security controls +ISO/IEC 27003:2017 Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management systems – Guidance +ISO/IEC 27004:2016 Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management – Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation +ISO/IEC 27005:2018 Information technology – Security techniques – Information security risk management +ISO/IEC 27006:2015 Information technology – Security techniques – Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of information security management systems +ISO/IEC 27007:2017 Information technology – Security techniques – Guidelines for information security management systems auditing +ISO/IEC TR 27008:2011 Information technology – Security techniques – Guidelines for auditors on information security controls +ISO/IEC 27009:2016 Information technology – Security techniques – Sector-specific application of ISO/IEC 27001 – Requirements +ISO/IEC 27010:2015 Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management for inter-sector and inter-organizational communications +ISO/IEC 27011:2016 Information technology – Security techniques – Code of practice for Information security controls based on ISO/IEC 27002 for telecommunications organizations +ISO/IEC 27013:2015 Information technology - Security techniques - Guidance on the integrated implementation of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 20000-1 +ISO/IEC 27014:2013 Information technology - Security techniques - Governance of information security +ISO/IEC TR 27016:2014 Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management - Organizational economics +ISO/IEC 27017:2015 Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security controls based on ISO/IEC 27002 for cloud services +ISO/IEC 27018:2019 Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for protection of personally identifiable information (PII) in public clouds acting as PII processors +ISO/IEC 27019:2017 Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management guidelines based on ISO/IEC 27002 for process control systems specific to the energy utility industry +ISO/IEC TR 27023:2015 Information technology - Security techniques - Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 +ISO/IEC 27031:2011 Information technology - Security techniques - Guidelines for information and communication technology readiness for business continuity +ISO/IEC 27032:2012 Information technology - Security techniques - Guidelines for cybersecurity +ISO/IEC 27033 Information technology - Security techniques - Network security +ISO/IEC 27033-1:2015 Part 1: Overview and concepts +ISO/IEC 27033-2:2012 Part 2: Guidelines for the design and implementation of network security +ISO/IEC 27033-3:2010 Part 3: Reference networking scenarios - Threats, design techniques and control issues +ISO/IEC 27033-4:2014 Part 4: Securing communications between networks using security gateways +ISO/IEC 27033-5:2013 Part 5: Securing communications across networks using Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) +ISO/IEC 27033-6:2016 Part 6: Securing wireless IP network access +ISO/IEC 27034 Information technology - Security techniques - Application security +ISO/IEC 27034-1:2011 Part 1: Overview and concepts +ISO/IEC 27034-2:2015 Part 2: Organization normative framework +ISO/IEC 27034-6:2016 Part 6: Case studies +ISO/IEC 27035 Information technology - Security techniques - Information security incident management +ISO/IEC 27035-1:2016 Part 1: Principles of incident management +ISO/IEC 27035-2:2016 Part 2: Guidelines to plan and prepare for incident response +ISO/IEC 27036 Information technology - Security techniques - Information security for supplier relationships +ISO/IEC 27036-1:2014 Part 1: Overview and concepts +ISO/IEC 27036-2:2014 Part 2: Requirements +ISO/IEC 27036-3:2013 Part 3: Guidelines for information and communication technology supply chain security +ISO/IEC 27036-4:2016 Part 4: Guidelines for security of cloud services +ISO/IEC 27037:2012 Information technology – Security techniques – Guidelines for identification, collection, acquisition and preservation of digital evidence +ISO/IEC 27038:2014 Information technology - Security techniques - Specification for digital redaction +ISO/IEC 27039:2015 Information technology - Security techniques - Selection, deployment and operations of intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) +ISO/IEC 27040:2015 Information technology - Security techniques - Storage security +ISO/IEC 27041:2015 Information technology - Security techniques - Guidance on assuring suitability and adequacy of incident investigative method +ISO/IEC 27042:2015 Information technology - Security techniques - Guidelines for the analysis and interpretation of digital evidence +ISO/IEC 27043:2015 Information technology - Security techniques - Incident investigation principles and processes +ISO/IEC 27050 Information technology - Security techniques - Electronic discovery +ISO/IEC 27050-1:2016 Part 1: Overview and concepts +ISO 27185:2012 Cardiac rhythm management devices - Symbols to be used with cardiac rhythm management device labels, and information to be supplied - General requirements +ISO 27186:2010 Active implantable medical devices – Four-pole connector system for implantable cardiac rhythm management devices – Dimensional and test requirements +ISO 27327 Fans – Air curtain units +ISO 27327-2:2014 Part 2: Laboratory methods of testing for sound power +ISO 27427:2013 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Nebulizing systems and components +ISO 27500:2016 The human-centred organization — Rationale and general principles +ISO/TS 27527:2010 Health informatics – Provider identification +ISO/IEC 27551:2021 Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection — Requirements for attribute-based unlinkable entity authentication +ISO 27668 Gel ink ball pens and refills +ISO 27668-1:2017 Part 1: General use +ISO 27668-2:2009 Part 2: Documentary use (DOC) +ISO/TS 27687:2008 Nanotechnologies – Terminology and definitions for nano-objects – Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO/TS 80004-2:2015] +ISO/IEC 27701:2019 Security techniques — Extension to ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 for privacy information management — Requirements and guidelines +ISO 27729:2012 Information and documentation - International standard name identifier (ISNI) +ISO 27730:2012 Information and documentation - International standard collection identifier (ISCI) +ISO 27789:2013 Health informatics – Audit trails for electronic health records +ISO/TS 27790:2009 Health informatics – Document registry framework +ISO 27799:2016 Health informatics—Information security management in health using ISO/IEC 27002 +ISO/TR 27809:2007 Health informatics – Measures for ensuring patient safety of health software +ISO/HL7 27931:2009 Data Exchange Standards – Health Level Seven Version 2.5 – An application protocol for electronic data exchange in healthcare environments +ISO/HL7 27932:2009 Data Exchange Standards – HL7 Clinical Document Architecture, Release 2 +ISO/HL7 27951:2009 Health informatics – Common terminology services, release 1 +ISO/HL7 27953 Health informatics – Individual case safety reports (ICSRs) in pharmacovigilance +ISO/HL7 27953-1:2011 Part 1: Framework for adverse event reporting +ISO/HL7 27953-2:2011 Part 2: Human pharmaceutical reporting requirements for ICSR +ISO 27991:2008 Ships and marine technology - Marine evacuation systems - Means of communication + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f5c47eda --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 28000–29999" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:49.377554+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. + +== ISO 28000 – ISO 28999 == +ISO 28000:2007 Specification for security management systems for the supply chain +ISO 28001:2007 Security management systems for the supply chain – Best practices for implementing supply chain security, assessments and plans – Requirements and guidance +ISO 28002:2011 Security management systems for the supply chain – Development of resilience in the supply chain – Requirements with guidance for use +ISO 28003:2007 Security management systems for the supply chain – Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of supply chain security management systems +ISO 28004 Security management systems for the supply chain – Guidelines for the implementation of ISO 28000 +ISO 28004-1:2007 Part 1: General principles +ISO 28004-2:2014 Part 2: Guidelines for adopting ISO 28000 for use in medium and small seaport operations +ISO 28004-3:2014 Part 3: Additional specific guidance for adopting ISO 28000 for use by medium and small businesses (other than marine ports) +ISO 28004-4:2014 Part 4: Additional specific guidance on implementing ISO 28000 if compliance with ISO 28001 is a management objective +ISO 28005 Security management systems for the supply chain – Electronic port clearance (EPC) +ISO 28005-1:2013 Part 1: Message structures +ISO 28005-2:2011 Part 2: Core data elements +ISO/PAS 28007:2012 Ships and marine technology—Guidelines for Private Maritime Security Companies (PMSC) providing privately contracted armed security personnel (PCASP) on board ships (and pro forma contract) [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 28007-1:2015] +ISO 28007 Ships and marine technology - Guidelines for Private Maritime Security Companies (PMSC) providing privately contracted armed security personnel (PCASP) on board ships (and pro forma contract) +ISO 28007-1:2015 Part 1: General +ISO/TS 28037:2010 Determination and use of straight-line calibration functions +ISO/CIE 28077:2016 Photocarcinogenesis action spectrum (non-melanoma skin cancers) +ISO/TR 28118:2009 Information and documentation - Performance indicators for national libraries +ISO 28178:2009 Graphic technology - Exchange format for colour and process control data using XML or ASCII text +ISO 28219:2009 Packaging - Labelling and direct product marking with linear bar code and two-dimensional symbols +ISO 28238:2010 Compression and injection moulds - Components for gating systems +ISO 28239:2008 Textile machinery – Opener and cleaner for staple fibres preparation – Vocabulary and principles of construction +ISO 28300:2008 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries – Venting of atmospheric and low-pressure storage tanks +ISO/IEC 28361:2007 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Near Field Communication Wired Interface (NFC-WI) +ISO/TR 28380 Health informatics – IHE global standards adoption +ISO/TR 28380-1:2014 Part 1: Process +ISO/TR 28380-2:2014 Part 2: Integration and content profiles +ISO/TR 28380-3:2014 Part 3: Deployment +ISO 28401:2010 Light metals and their alloys – Titanium and titanium alloys – Classification and terminology +ISO 28500:2017 Information and documentation - WARC file format +ISO 28560 Information and documentation - RFID in libraries +ISO 28560-1:2014 Part 1: Data elements and general guidelines for implementation +ISO 28560-2:2014 Part 2: Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962 +ISO 28560-3:2014 Part 3: Fixed length encoding +ISO/TS 28560-4:2014 Part 4: Encoding of data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962 in an RFID tag with partitioned memory +ISO 28564 Public information guidance systems +ISO 28564-1:2010 Part 1: Design principles and element requirements for location plans, maps and diagrams +ISO 28564-2:2016 Part 2: Guidelines for the design and use of location signs and direction signs +ISO 28620:2010 Medical devices – Non-electrically driven portable infusion devices +ISO 28640:2010 Random variate generation methods +ISO/TR 28682:2008 Intelligent transport systems – Joint APEC-ISO study of progress to develop and deploy ITS standards +ISO 28801:2011 Double sampling plans by attributes with minimal sample sizes, indexed by producer's risk quality (PRQ) and consumer's risk quality (CRQ) +ISO 28902 Air quality – Environmental meteorology +ISO 28902-1:2012 Part 1: Ground-based remote sensing of visual range by lidar +ISO 28902-2:2017 Part 2: Ground-based remote sensing of wind by heterodyne pulsed Doppler lidar +ISO/TR 28980:2007 Ophthalmic optics – Spectacle lenses – Parameters affecting lens power measurement \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57e3b3c73 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 28000–29999" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:49.377554+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 29000 – ISO 29999 == +ISO/TS 29001:2010 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries – Sector-specific quality management systems – Requirements for product and service supply organizations +ISO/IEC 29100:2011 Information technology - Security techniques - Privacy framework +ISO/IEC 29101:2013 Information technology - Security techniques - Privacy architecture framework +ISO/IEC TR 29106:2007 Information technology - Generic cabling - Introduction to the MICE environmental classification +ISO/IEC TR 29107 Information technology - Intelligent homes - Taxonomy of specifications +ISO/IEC TR 29107-1:2010 Part 1: The scheme +ISO/IEC TR 29108:2013 Information technology - Terminology for intelligent homes +ISO/IEC 29109 Information technology – Conformance testing methodology for biometric data interchange formats defined in ISO/IEC 19794 +ISO/IEC 29109-1:2009 Part 1: Generalized conformance testing methodology +ISO/IEC 29109-2:2010 Part 2: Finger minutiae data +ISO/IEC 29109-4:2010 Part 4: Finger image data +ISO/IEC 29109-5:2014 Part 5: Face image data +ISO/IEC 29109-6:2011 Part 6: Iris image data +ISO/IEC 29109-7:2011 Part 7: Signature/sign time series data +ISO/IEC 29109-8:2011 Part 8: Finger pattern skeletal data +ISO/IEC 29109-9:2011 Part 9: Vascular image data +ISO/IEC 29109-10:2010 Part 10: Hand geometry silhouette data +ISO/IEC 29110 Systems and software engineering - Lifecycle profiles for Very Small Entities (VSEs) +ISO/IEC TR 29110-1:2016 Part 1: Overview +ISO/IEC 29110-2-1:2015 Part 2-1: Framework and taxonomy +ISO/IEC TR 29110-2-2:2016 Part 2-2: Guide for the development of domain-specific profiles +ISO/IEC TR 29110-3-1:2015 Part 3-1: Assessment guide +ISO/IEC 29110-3-3:2016 Part 3-3: Certification requirements for conformity assessments of VSE profiles using process assessment and maturity models +ISO/IEC TR 29110-3-4:2015 Part 3-4: Autonomy-based improvement method +ISO/IEC 29110-4-1:2011 Part 4-1: Profile specifications: Generic profile group +ISO/IEC TR 29110-5-1-1:2012 Part 5-1-1: Management and engineering guide: Generic profile group: Entry profile +ISO/IEC TR 29110-5-1-2:2011 Part 5-1-2: Management and engineering guide: Generic profile group: Basic profile +ISO/IEC TR 29110-5-1-3:2017 Part 5-1-3: Software engineering - Management and engineering guide: Generic profile group - Intermediate profile +ISO/IEC TR 29110-5-2-1:2016 Part 5-2-1: Organizational management guidelines +ISO/IEC TR 29110-5-6-1:2015 Part 5-6-1: Systems engineering - Management and engineering guide: Generic profile group: Entry profile +ISO/IEC TR 29110-5-6-2:2014 Part 5-6-2: Systems engineering - Management and engineering guide: Generic profile group: Basic profile +ISO/IEC TS 29113:2012 Information technology - Further interoperability of Fortran with C +ISO/IEC 29115:2013 Information technology - Security techniques - Entity authentication assurance framework +ISO/IEC 29119 Software and systems engineering – Software testing +ISO/IEC 29120 Information technology – Machine readable test data for biometric testing and reporting +ISO/IEC 29120-1:2015 Part 1: Test reports +ISO/IEC 29121:2013 Information technology - Digitally recorded media for information interchange and storage - Data migration method for DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, +R, and +RW disks +ISO/IEC TR 29123:2007 Identification Cards – Proximity Cards – Requirements for the enhancement of interoperability +ISO/IEC 29124:2010 Information technology - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Extensions to the C++ Library to support mathematical special functions +ISO/IEC TS 29125:2017 Information technology - Telecommunications cabling requirements for remote powering of terminal equipment +ISO/IEC TR 29127:2011 Information technology - System Process and Architecture for Multilingual Semantic Reverse Query Expansion +ISO/IEC 29128:2011 Information technology - Security techniques - Verification of cryptographic protocols +ISO/IEC 29133:2010 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Quality test specification for rewritable hybrid media data carriers +ISO/IEC 29134:2017 Information technology - Security techniques - Guidelines for privacy impact assessment +ISO/IEC 29136:2012 Information technology – User interfaces – Accessibility of personal computer hardware +ISO/IEC TR 29138 Information technology – Accessibility considerations for people with disabilities +ISO/IEC TR 29138-1:2009 Part 1: User needs summary +ISO/IEC TR 29138-2:2009 Part 2: Standards inventory +ISO/IEC TR 29138-3:2009 Part 3: Guidance on user needs mapping +ISO/IEC TS 29140 Information technology for learning, education and training - Nomadicity and mobile technologies +ISO/IEC TS 29140-1:2011 Part 1: Nomadicity reference model +ISO/IEC TS 29140-2:2011 Part 2: Learner information model for mobile learning +ISO/IEC 29141:2009 Information technology – Biometrics – Tenprint capture using biometric application programming interface (BioAPI) +ISO/IEC 29143:2011 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Air interface specification for Mobile RFID interrogators +ISO/IEC TR 29144:2014 Information technology – Biometrics – The use of biometric technology in commercial Identity Management applications and processes +ISO/IEC 29145 Information technology - Wireless Beacon-enabled Energy Efficient Mesh network (WiBEEM) for wireless home network services +ISO/IEC 29145-1:2014 Part 1: PHY Layer +ISO/IEC 29145-2:2014 Part 2: MAC Layer +ISO/IEC 29145-3:2014 Part 3: NWK Layer +ISO/IEC 29146:2016 Information technology - Security techniques - A framework for access management +ISO/IEC 29147:2014 Information technology - Security techniques - Vulnerability disclosure +ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2011 Systems and software engineering - Life cycle processes - Requirements engineering +ISO/IEC TR 29149:2012 Information technology - Security techniques - Best practices for the provision and use of time-stamping services +ISO/IEC 29150:2011 Information technology - Security techniques - Signcryption +ISO/IEC 29151:2017 Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for personally identifiable information protection +ISO/IEC TR 29154:2013 Software engineering - Guide for the application of ISO/IEC 24773:2008 (Certification of software engineering professionals - Comparison framework) +ISO/IEC 29155 Systems and software engineering - Information technology project performance benchmarking framework +ISO/IEC 29155-1:2017 Part 1: Concepts and definitions +ISO/IEC 29155-2:2013 Part 2: Requirements for benchmarking +ISO/IEC 29155-3:2015 Part 3: Guidance for reporting +ISO/IEC 29155-4:2016 Part 4: Guidance for data collection and maintenance +ISO/IEC TR 29156:2015 Information technology – Guidance for specifying performance requirements to meet security and usability needs in applications using biometrics +ISO/IEC 29157:2015 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – PHY/MAC specifications for short-range wireless low-rate applications in the ISM band +ISO/IEC TR 29158:2011 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Direct Part Mark (DPM) Quality Guideline +ISO/IEC 29159 Information technology – Biometric calibration, augmentation and fusion data +ISO/IEC 29159-1:2010 Part 1: Fusion information format +ISO/IEC 29160:2012 Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management - RFID Emblem +ISO/IEC 29161:2016 Information technology - Data structure - Unique identification for the Internet of Things +ISO/IEC TR 29162:2012 Information technology - Guidelines for using data structures in AIDC media +ISO/IEC TR 29163 Information technology - Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM®) 2004 3rd Edition +ISO/IEC TR 29163-1:2009 Part 1: Overview Version 1.1 +ISO/IEC TR 29163-2:2009 Part 2: Content Aggregation Model Version 1.1 +ISO/IEC TR 29163-3:2009 Part 3: Run-Time Environment Version 1.1 +ISO/IEC TR 29163-4:2009 Part 4: Sequencing and Navigation Version 1.1 +ISO/IEC 29164:2011 Information technology – Biometrics – Embedded BioAPI +ISO/IEC TR 29166:2011 Information technology - Document description and processing languages - Guidelines for translation between ISO/IEC 26300 and ISO/IEC 29500 document formats +ISO/IEC 29167 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques +ISO/IEC 29167-1:2014 Part 1: Security services for RFID air interfaces +ISO/IEC 29167-10:2015 Part 10: Crypto suite AES-128 security services for air interface communications +ISO/IEC 29167-11:2014 Part 11: Crypto suite PRESENT-80 security services for air interface communications +ISO/IEC 29167-12:2015 Part 12: Crypto suite ECC-DH security services for air interface communications +ISO/IEC 29167-13:2015 Part 13: Crypto suite Grain-128A security services for air interface communications +ISO/IEC 29167-14:2015 Part 14: Crypto suite AES OFB security services for air interface communications +ISO/IEC 29167-16:2015 Part 16: Crypto suite ECDSA-ECDH security services for air interface communications +ISO/IEC 29167-17:2015 Part 17: Crypto suite cryptoGPS security services for air interface communications +ISO/IEC 29167-19:2016 Part 19: Crypto suite RAMON security services for air interface communications +ISO/IEC 29167-21:2018 Part 21: Crypto suite SIMON security services for air interface communications +ISO/IEC 29167-22:2018 Part 22: Crypto suite SPECK security services for air interface communications +ISO/IEC 29168 Information technology - Open systems interconnection +ISO/IEC 29168-1:2011 Part 1: Object identifier resolution system +ISO/IEC 29168-2:2011 Part 2: Procedures for the object identifier resolution system operational agency +ISO/IEC 29169:2016 Information technology - Process assessment - Application of conformity assessment methodology to the assessment to process quality characteristics and organizational maturity +ISO/IEC 29170 Information technology - Advanced image coding and evaluation +ISO/IEC 29170-2:2015 Part 2: Evaluation procedure for nearly lossless coding +ISO/IEC 29171:2009 Information technology - Digitally recorded media for information interchange and storage - Information Versatile Disk for Removable usage (iVDR) cartridge +ISO/IEC TR 29172:2011 Information technology - Mobile item identification and management - Reference architecture for Mobile AIDC services +ISO/IEC 29173 Information technology - Mobile item identification and management +ISO/IEC 29173-1:2012 Part 1: Mobile RFID interrogator device protocol for ISO/IEC 18000-63 Type C +ISO/IEC 29175:2012 Information technology - Mobile item identification and management - User data for Mobile AIDC services +ISO/IEC 29176:2011 Information technology - Mobile item identification and management - Consumer privacy-protection protocol for Mobile RFID services +ISO/IEC 29177:2016 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture technique - Identifier resolution protocol for multimedia information access triggered by tag-based identification +ISO/IEC 29178:2012 Information technology - Mobile item identification and management - Service broker for Mobile AIDC services +ISO/IEC 29179:2012 Information technology - Mobile item identification and management - Mobile AIDC application programming interface +ISO/IEC 29180:2012 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Security framework for ubiquitous sensor networks +ISO/IEC TR 29181 Information technology – Future Network – Problem statement and requirements +ISO/IEC TR 29181-1:2012 Part 1: Overall aspects +ISO/IEC TR 29181-2:2014 Part 2: Naming and addressing +ISO/IEC TR 29181-3:2013 Part 3: Switching and routing +ISO/IEC TR 29181-4:2013 Part 4: Mobility +ISO/IEC TR 29181-5:2014 Part 5: Security +ISO/IEC TR 29181-6:2013 Part 6: Media transport +ISO/IEC TR 29181-7:2013 Part 7: Service composition +ISO/IEC TR 29181-8:2017 Part 8: Quality of Service +ISO/IEC TR 29181-9:2017 Part 9: Networking of everything +ISO/IEC 29182 Information technology – Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) +ISO/IEC 29182-1:2013 Part 1: General overview and requirements +ISO/IEC 29182-2:2013 Part 2: Vocabulary and terminology +ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014 Part 3: Reference architecture views +ISO/IEC 29182-4:2013 Part 4: Entity models +ISO/IEC 29182-5:2013 Part 5: Interface definitions +ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014 Part 6: Applications +ISO/IEC 29182-7:2015 Part 7: Interoperability guidelines +ISO/IEC 29187 Information technology - Identification of privacy protection requirements pertaining to learning, education and training (LET) +ISO/IEC 29187-1:2013 Part 1: Framework and reference model +ISO/IEC TR 29189:2015 Information technology – Biometrics – Evaluation of examiner assisted biometric applications +ISO/IEC 29190:2015 Information technology - Security techniques - Privacy capability assessment model +ISO/IEC 29191:2012 Information technology - Security techniques - Requirements for partially anonymous, partially unlinkable authentication. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9b452b07 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 28000–29999" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:49.377554+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO/IEC 29192 Information technology - Security techniques - Lightweight cryptography +ISO/IEC 29192-1:2012 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 29192-2:2012 Part 2: Block ciphers +ISO/IEC 29192-3:2012 Part 3: Stream ciphers +ISO/IEC 29192-4:2013 Part 4: Mechanisms using asymmetric techniques +ISO/IEC 29192-5:2016 Part 5: Hash-functions +ISO/IEC 29192-6:2016 Part 6: Message authentication codes (MACs) +ISO/IEC 29192-7:2016 Part 7: Broadcast authentication protocols +ISO/IEC TR 29194:2015 Information Technology – Biometrics – Guide on designing accessible and inclusive biometric systems +ISO/IEC TR 29195:2015 Traveller processes for biometric recognition in automated border control systems +ISO/IEC TR 29196:2015 Guidance for biometric enrolment +ISO/IEC 29197:2015 Information technology - Evaluation methodology for environmental influence in biometric system performance +ISO/IEC TR 29198:2013 Information technology – Biometrics – Characterization and measurement of difficulty for fingerprint databases for technology evaluation +ISO/IEC 29199 Information technology - JPEG XR image coding system +ISO/IEC TR 29199-1:2011 Part 1: System architecture +ISO/IEC 29199-2:2012 Part 2: Image coding specification +ISO/IEC 29199-3:2010 Part 3: Motion JPEG XR +ISO/IEC 29199-4:2010 Part 4: Conformance testing +ISO/IEC 29199-5:2012 Part 5: Reference software +ISO 29281 Intelligent transport systems – Communication access for land mobiles (CALM) – Non-IP networking +ISO 29281-1:2013 Part 1: Fast networking & transport layer protocol (FNTP) +ISO 29281-2:2013 Part 2: Legacy system support +ISO 29282:2011 Intelligent transport systems – Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) – Satellite networks +ISO 29283:2011 ITS CALM Mobile Wireless Broadband applications using Communications in accordance with IEEE 802.20 +ISO/TS 29284:2012 Intelligent transport systems – Event-based probe vehicle data +ISO/IEC 29341 Information technology - UPnP Device Architecture +ISO/IEC 29341-1:2011 Part 1: UPnP Device Architecture Version 1.0 +ISO/IEC 29341-1-1:2011 Part 1-1: UPnP Device Architecture Version 1.1 +ISO/IEC 29341-1-2:2017 Part 1-2: UPnP Device Architecture Version 2.0 +ISO/IEC 29341-2:2008 Part 2: Basic Device Control Protocol - Basic Device +ISO/IEC 29341-3-1:2011 Part 3-1: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Audio Video Architecture +ISO/IEC 29341-3-2:2008 Part 3-2: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Media Renderer Device +ISO/IEC 29341-3-3:2008 Part 3-3: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Media Server Device +ISO/IEC 29341-3-10:2015 Part 3-10: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Audio Video Transport Service +ISO/IEC 29341-3-11:2008 Part 3-11: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Connection Manager Service +ISO/IEC 29341-3-12:2008 Part 3-12: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Content Directory Service +ISO/IEC 29341-3-13:2008 Part 3-13: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Rendering Control Service +ISO/IEC 29341-4-2:2011 Part 4-2: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Media Renderer Device +ISO/IEC 29341-4-3:2008 Part 4-3: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Media Server Device +ISO/IEC 29341-4-4:2011 Part 4-4: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Audio Video Data Structures +ISO/IEC 29341-4-10:2011 Part 4-10: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Audio Video Transport Service +ISO/IEC 29341-4-11:2011 Part 4-11: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Connection Manager Service +ISO/IEC 29341-4-12:2008 Part 4-12: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Content Directory Service +ISO/IEC 29341-4-13:2011 Part 4-13: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Rendering Control Service +ISO/IEC 29341-4-14:2011 Part 4-14: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Scheduled Recording Service +ISO/IEC 29341-5-1:2008 Part 5-1: Digital Security Camera Device Control Protocol - Digital Security Camera Device +ISO/IEC 29341-5-10:2008 Part 5-10: Digital Security Camera Device Control Protocol - Digital Security Camera Motion Image Service +ISO/IEC 29341-5-11:2008 Part 5-11: Digital Security Camera Device Control Protocol - Digital Security Camera Settings Service +ISO/IEC 29341-5-12:2008 Part 5-12: Digital Security Camera Device Control Protocol - Digital Security Camera Still Image Service +ISO/IEC 29341-6-1:2008 Part 6-1: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Device Control Protocol - System Device +ISO/IEC 29341-6-2:2008 Part 6-2: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Device Control Protocol - Zone Thermostat Device +ISO/IEC 29341-6-10:2008 Part 6-10: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Device Control Protocol - Control Valve Service +ISO/IEC 29341-6-11:2008 Part 6-11: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Device Control Protocol - Fan Operating Mode Service +ISO/IEC 29341-6-12:2008 Part 6-12: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Device Control Protocol - Fan Speed Service +ISO/IEC 29341-6-13:2008 Part 6-13: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Device Control Protocol - House Status Service +ISO/IEC 29341-6-14:2008 Part 6-14: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Device Control Protocol - Setpoint Schedule Service +ISO/IEC 29341-6-15:2008 Part 6-15: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Device Control Protocol - Temperature Sensor Service +ISO/IEC 29341-6-16:2008 Part 6-16: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Device Control Protocol - Temperature Setpoint Service +ISO/IEC 29341-6-17:2008 Part 6-17: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Device Control Protocol - User Operating Mode Service +ISO/IEC 29341-7-1:2008 Part 7-1: Lighting Device Control Protocol - Binary Light Device +ISO/IEC 29341-7-2:2008 Part 7-2: Lighting Device Control Protocol - Dimmable Light Device +ISO/IEC 29341-7-10:2008 Part 7-10: Lighting Device Control Protocol - Dimming Service +ISO/IEC 29341-7-11:2015 Part 7-11: Lighting Device Control Protocol - Switch Power Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-1:2008 Part 8-1: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Internet Gateway Device +ISO/IEC 29341-8-2:2008 Part 8-2: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Local Area Network Device +ISO/IEC 29341-8-3:2008 Part 8-3: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Wide Area Network Device +ISO/IEC 29341-8-4:2008 Part 8-4: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Wide Area Network Connection Device +ISO/IEC 29341-8-5:2008 Part 8-5: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Wireless Local Area Network Access Point Device +ISO/IEC 29341-8-10:2008 Part 8-10: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Local Area Network Host Configuration Management Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-11:2008 Part 8-11: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Layer 3 Forwarding Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-12:2008 Part 8-12: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Link Authentication Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-13:2008 Part 8-13: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Radius Client Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-14:2008 Part 8-14: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Wide Area Network Cable Link Configuration Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-15:2008 Part 8-15: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Wide Area Network Common Interface Configuration Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-16:2008 Part 8-16: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Wide Area Network Digital Subscriber Line Configuration Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-17:2008 Part 8-17: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Wide Area Network Ethernet Link Configuration Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-18:2008 Part 8-18: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Wide Area Network Internet Protocol Connection Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-19:2008 Part 8-19: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Wide Area Network Plain Old Telephone Service Link Configuration Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-20:2008 Part 8-20: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Wide Area Network Point-to-Point Protocol Connection Service +ISO/IEC 29341-8-21:2008 Part 8-21: Internet Gateway Device Control Protocol - Wireless Local Area Network Configuration Service +ISO/IEC 29341-9-1:2008 Part 9-1: Imaging Device Control Protocol - Printer Device +ISO/IEC 29341-9-2:2008 Part 9-2: Imaging Device Control Protocol - Scanner +ISO/IEC 29341-9-10:2008 Part 9-10: Imaging Device Control Protocol - External Activity Service +ISO/IEC 29341-9-11:2008 Part 9-11: Imaging Device Control Protocol - Feeder Service +ISO/IEC 29341-9-12:2008 Part 9-12: Imaging Device Control Protocol - Print Basic Service +ISO/IEC 29341-9-13:2008 Part 9-13: Imaging Device Control Protocol - Scan Service +ISO/IEC 29341-10-1:2008 Part 10-1: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Quality of Service Architecture +ISO/IEC 29341-10-10:2008 Part 10-10: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Quality of Service Device +ISO/IEC 29341-10-11:2008 Part 10-11: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Quality of Service Manager Service +ISO/IEC 29341-10-12:2008 Part 10-12: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Quality of Service Policy Holder Service +ISO/IEC 29341-11-1:2008 Part 11-1: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Quality of Service Architecture +ISO/IEC 29341-11-2:2008 Part 11-2: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Quality of Service Schemas +ISO/IEC 29341-11-10:2008 Part 11-10: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Quality of Service Device Service +ISO/IEC 29341-11-11:2008 Part 11-11: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Quality of Service Manager Service +ISO/IEC 29341-11-12:2008 Part 11-12: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Level 2 - Quality of Service Policy Holder Service +ISO/IEC 29341-12-1:2015 Part 12-1: Remote User Interface Device Control Protocol - Remote User Interface Client Device +ISO/IEC 29341-12-2:2015 Part 12-2: Remote User Interface Device Control Protocol - Remote User Interface Server Device +ISO/IEC 29341-12-10:2015 Part 12-10: Remote User Interface Device Control Protocol - Remote User Interface Client Service +ISO/IEC 29341-12-11:2015 Part 12-11: Remote User Interface Device Control Protocol - Remote User Interface Server Service +ISO/IEC 29341-13-10:2008 Part 13-10: Device Security Device Control Protocol - Device Security Service +ISO/IEC 29341-13-11:2008 Part 13-11: Device Security Device Control Protocol - Security Console Service +ISO/IEC 29341-14-3:2011 Part 14-3: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Level 3 - Media Server Device +ISO/IEC 29341-14-12:2011 Part 14-12: Audio Video Device Control Protocol - Level 3 - Audio Video Content Directory Service +ISO/IEC 29341-15-10:2011 Part 15-10: Content Synchronization Device Control Protocol - Content Synchronization Service +ISO/IEC 29341-16-1:2011 Part 16-1: Low Power Device Control Protocol - Low Power +ISO/IEC 29341-16-10:2011 Part 16-10: Low Power Device Control Protocol - Low Power Proxy Service +ISO/IEC 29341-16-11:2011 Part 16-11: Low Power Device Control Protocol - Low Power Service +ISO/IEC 29341-17-1:2011 Part 17-1: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Level 3 - Quality of Service Architecture +ISO/IEC 29341-17-10:2011 Part 17-10: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Level 3 - Quality of Service Device Service +ISO/IEC 29341-17-11:2011 Part 17-11: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Level 3 - Quality of Service Manager Service +ISO/IEC 29341-17-12:2011 Part 17-12: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Level 3 - Quality of Service Policy Holder Service +ISO/IEC 29341-17-13:2011 Part 17-13: Quality of Service Device Control Protocol - Level 3 - Quality of Service Device Service - Underlying Technology Interfaces +ISO/IEC 29341-18-1:2011 Part 18-1: Remote Access Device Control Protocol - Remote Access Architecture +ISO/IEC 29341-18-2:2011 Part 18-2: Remote Access Device Control Protocol - Remote Access Client Device +ISO/IEC 29341-18-3:2011 Part 18-3: Remote Access Device Control Protocol - Remote Access Server Device +ISO/IEC 29341-18-4:2011 Part 18-4: Remote Access Device Control Protocol - Remote Access Discovery Agent Device +ISO/IEC 29341-18-10:2011 Part 18-10: Remote Access Device Control Protocol - Remote Access Inbound Connection Configuration Service +ISO/IEC 29341-18-11:2011 Part 18-11: Remote Access Device Control Protocol - Remote Access Discovery Agent Service +ISO/IEC 29341-18-12:2011 Part 18-12: Remote Access Device Control Protocol - Remote Access Discovery Agent Synchronization Service +ISO/IEC 29341-18-13:2011 Part 18-13: Remote Access Device Control Protocol - Remote Access Transport Agent Configuration Service +ISO/IEC 29341-19-1:2011 Part 19-1: Solar Protection Blind Device Control Protocol - Solar Protection Blind Device +ISO/IEC 29341-19-10:2011 Part 19-10: Solar Protection Blind Device Control Protocol - Two Way Motion Motor Service +ISO/IEC 29341-30-1:2017 Part 30-1: IoT management and control device control protocol - IoT management and control architecture overview +ISO/IEC 29341-30-2:2017 Part 30-2: IoT management and control device control protocol - IoT management and control device +ISO/IEC 29341-30-10:2017 Part 30-10: IoT management and control device control protocol - Data store service +ISO/IEC 29341-30-11:2017 Part 30-11: IoT management and control device control protocol - IoT management and control data model service +ISO/IEC 29341-30-12:2017 Part 30-12: IoT management and control device control protocol - IoT management and control transport generic service +ISO/IEC 29361:2008 Information technology – Web Services Interoperability – WS-I Basic Profile Version 1.1 +ISO/IEC 29362:2008 Information technology – Web Services Interoperability – WS-I Attachments Profile Version 1.0 +ISO/IEC 29363:2008 Information technology – Web Services Interoperability – WS-I Simple SOAP Binding Profile Version 1.0 +ISO 29383:2020 Terminology policies — Development and implementation +ISO 29404:2015 Ships and marine technology - Offshore wind energy - Supply chain information flow +ISO 29461 Air intake filter systems for rotary machinery – Test methods +ISO 29461-1:2013 Part 1: Static filter elements +ISO 29464:2017 Cleaning of air and other gases – Terminology +ISO/IEC 29500 Information technology – Document description and processing languages – Office Open XML File Formats +ISO/IEC 29500-1:2016 Part 1: Fundamentals and Markup Language Reference +ISO/IEC 29500-2:2012 Part 2: Open Packaging Conventions +ISO/IEC 29500-3:2015 Part 3: Markup Compatibility and Extensibility +ISO/IEC 29500-4:2016 Part 4: Transitional Migration Features +ISO/TS 29585:2010 Health informatics – Deployment of a clinical data warehouse +ISO 29621:2017 Cosmetics – Microbiology – Guidelines for the risk assessment and identification of microbiologically low-risk products +ISO/IEC 29642:2009 Information technology - Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW DL format - Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed 2,4X) +ISO 29701:2010 Nanotechnologies – Endotoxin test on nanomaterial samples for in vitro systems – Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test +ISO 29781:2008 Prostheses and orthoses – Factors to be included when describing physical activity of a person who has had a lower limb amputation(s) or who has a deficiency of a lower limb segment(s) present at birth +ISO 29782:2008 Prostheses and orthoses – Factors to be considered when specifying a prosthesis for a person who has had a lower limb amputation +ISO 29783 Prosthetics and orthotics - Vocabulary +ISO 29783-1:2008 Part 1: Normal gait +ISO 29783-2:2015 Part 2: Prosthetic gait +ISO 29783-3:2016 Part 3: Pathological gait (excluding prosthetic gait) +ISO/IEC 29794 Information technology – Biometric sample quality +ISO/IEC 29794-1:2016 Part 1: Framework +ISO/IEC 29794-4:2017 Part 4: Finger image data +ISO/IEC TR 29794-5:2010 Part 5: Face image data +ISO/IEC 29794-6:2015 Part 6: Iris image data +ISO 29821 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Ultrasound +ISO 29821-1:2011 Part 1: General guidelines +ISO 29821-2:2016 Part 2: Procedures and validation +ISO 29845:2011 Technical product documentation – Document types +ISO/IEC 29881:2010 Information technology - Systems and software engineering - FiSMA 1.1 functional size measurement method +ISO/TR 29901:2007 Selected illustrations of full factorial experiments with four factors +ISO 29990:2010 Learning services for non-formal education and training – Basic requirements for service providers +ISO 29991:2014 Language learning services outside formal education – Requirements +ISO 29993:2017 Learning services outside formal education – Service requirements \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb46b4233 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 28000–29999" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_28000–29999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:49.377554+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..455f76a8a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 30000–99999" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:50.528213+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9afdb9499 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 30000–99999" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:50.528213+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 30000 – ISO 39999 == +ISO 30000:2009 Ships and marine technology – Ship recycling management systems – Specifications for management systems for safe and environmentally sound ship recycling facilities +ISO 30002:2012 Ships and marine technology – Ship recycling management systems – Guidelines for selection of ship recyclers (and pro forma contract) +ISO 30003:2009 Ships and marine technology – Ship recycling management systems – Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of ship recycling management +ISO 30004:2012 Ships and marine technology – Ship recycling management systems – Guidelines for the implementation of ISO 30000 +ISO 30005:2012 Ships and marine technology – Ship recycling management systems – Information control for hazardous materials in the manufacturing chain of shipbuilding and ship operations +ISO 30006:2010 Ship recycling management systems – Diagrams to show the location of hazardous materials on board ships +ISO 30007:2010 Ships and marine technology – Measures to prevent asbestos emission and exposure during ship recycling +ISO 30042:2019 Management of terminology resources — TermBase eXchange (TBX) +ISO/IEC 30071 Information technology — Development of user interface accessibility +ISO/IEC 30071-1:2019 Part 1: Code of practice for creating accessible ICT products and services +ISO/IEC 30100 Information technology – Home network resource management +ISO/IEC 30100-1:2016 Part 1: Requirements +ISO/IEC 30100-2:2016 Part 2: Architecture +ISO/IEC 30100-3:2016 Part 3: Management application +ISO/IEC 30101:2014 Information technology – Sensor networks: Sensor network and its interfaces for smart grid system +ISO/IEC TR 30102:2012 Information technology – Distributed Application Platforms and Services (DAPS) – General technical principles of Service Oriented Architecture +ISO/IEC TS 30103:2015 Software and Systems Engineering – Lifecycle Processes – Framework for Product Quality Achievement +ISO/IEC TS 30104:2015 Information Technology – Security Techniques – Physical Security Attacks, Mitigation Techniques and Security Requirements +ISO/IEC 30105 Information technology – IT Enabled Services-Business Process Outsourcing (ITES-BPO) lifecycle processes +ISO/IEC 30105-1:2016 Part 1: Process reference model (PRM) +ISO/IEC 30105-2:2016 Part 2: Process assessment model (PAM) +ISO/IEC 30105-3:2016 Part 3: Measurement framework (MF) and organization maturity model (OMM) +ISO/IEC 30105-4:2016 Part 4: Terms and concepts +ISO/IEC 30105-5:2016 Part 5: Guidelines +ISO/IEC 30106 Information technology – Object oriented BioAPI +ISO/IEC 30106-1:2016 Part 1: Architecture +ISO/IEC 30106-2:2016 Part 2: Java implementation +ISO/IEC 30106-3:2016 Part 3: C# implementation +ISO/IEC 30107 Information technology – Biometric presentation attack detection +ISO/IEC 30107-1:2016 Part 1: Framework +ISO/IEC 30107-3:2017 Part 3: Testing and reporting +ISO/IEC 30108 Information technology – Biometric Identity Assurance Services +ISO/IEC 30108-1:2015 Part 1: BIAS services +ISO/IEC TR 30109:2015 Information technology – User interfaces – Worldwide availability of personalized computer environments +ISO/IEC TR 30110:2015 Information technology – Cross jurisdictional and societal aspects of implementation of biometric technologies – Biometrics and children +ISO/IEC 30111:2013 Information technology – Security techniques – Vulnerability handling processes +ISO/IEC TR 30112:2014 Information technology – Specification methods for cultural conventions +ISO/IEC 30113 Information technology – Gesture-based interfaces across devices and methods +ISO/IEC 30113-1:2015 Part 1: Framework +ISO/IEC 30113-11:2017 Part 11: Single-point gestures for common system +ISO/IEC TR 30114 Information technology – Extensions of Office Open XML file formats +ISO/IEC TR 30114-1:2016 Part 1: Guidelines +ISO/IEC 30114-2:2018 Part 2: Character repertoire checking +ISO/IEC 30116:2016 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – Optical Character Recognition (OCR) quality testing +ISO/IEC TR 30117:2014 Information technology – Guide to on-card biometric comparison standards and applications +ISO/IEC 30121:2015 Information technology – Governance of digital forensic risk framework +ISO/IEC 30122 Information technology – User interfaces – Voice commands +ISO/IEC 30122-1:2016 Part 1: Framework and general guidance +ISO/IEC 30122-2:2017 Part 2: Constructing and testing +ISO/IEC 30122-3:2017 Part 3: Translation and localization +ISO/IEC 30122-4:2016 Part 4: Management of voice command registration +ISO/IEC TR 30125:2016 Information technology – Biometrics used with mobile devices +ISO/IEC 30128:2014 Information technology – Sensor networks – Generic Sensor Network Application Interface +ISO/IEC 30129:2015 Information technology – Telecommunications bonding networks for buildings and other structures +ISO/IEC 30130:2016 Software engineering – Capabilities of software testing tools +ISO/IEC TR 30132 Information technology – Information technology sustainability – Energy efficient computing models +ISO/IEC TR 30132-1:2016 Part 1: Guidelines for energy effectiveness evaluation +ISO/IEC 30134 Information technology – Data centres – Key performance indicators +ISO/IEC 30134-1:2016 Part 1: Overview and general requirements +ISO/IEC 30134-2:2016 Part 2: Power usage effectiveness (PUE) +ISO/IEC 30134-3:2016 Part 3: Renewable energy factor (REF) +ISO/IEC TS 30135 Information technology – Digital publishing – EPUB3 +ISO/IEC TS 30135-1:2014 Part 1: EPUB3 Overview +ISO/IEC TS 30135-2:2014 Part 2: Publications +ISO/IEC TS 30135-3:2014 Part 3: Content Documents +ISO/IEC TS 30135-4:2014 Part 4: Open Container Format +ISO/IEC TS 30135-5:2014 Part 5: Media Overlay +ISO/IEC TS 30135-6:2014 Part 6: EPUB Canonical Fragment Identifier +ISO/IEC TS 30135-7:2014 Part 7: EPUB3 Fixed-Layout Documents +ISO/IEC 30170:2012 Information technology – Programming languages – Ruby +ISO/IEC 30182:2017 Smart city concept model – Guidance for establishing a model for data interoperability +ISO/IEC 30190:2016 Information technology – Digitally recorded media for information interchange and storage – 120 mm Single Layer (25,0 Gbytes per disk) and Dual Layer (50,0 Gbytes per disk) BD Recordable disk +ISO/IEC 30191:2015 Information technology – Digitally recorded media for information interchange and storage – 120 mm Triple Layer (100,0 Gbytes single sided disk and 200,0 Gbytes double sided disk) and Quadruple Layer (128,0 Gbytes single sided disk) BD Recordable disk +ISO/IEC 30192:2016 Information technology – Digitally recorded media for information interchange and storage – 120 mm Single Layer (25,0 Gbytes per disk) and Dual Layer (50,0 Gbytes per disk) BD Rewritable disk +ISO/IEC 30193:2016 Information technology – Digitally recorded media for information interchange and storage – 120 mm Triple Layer (100,0 Gbytes per disk) BD Rewritable disk +ISO 30300:2020 Information and documentation – Management systems for records – Fundamentals and vocabulary +ISO 30301:2019 Information and documentation – Management systems for records – Requirements +ISO 30302:2022 Information and documentation – Management systems for records – Guidelines for implementation +ISO 30400:2016 Human resource management – Vocabulary +ISO 30401:2018 Knowledge management system - Requirements +ISO 30405:2016 Human resource management – Guidelines on recruitment +ISO/TR 30406:2017 Human resource management – Sustainable employability management for organizations +ISO/TS 30407:2017 Human resource management – Cost-Per-Hire +ISO 30408:2016 Human resource management – Guidelines on human governance +ISO 30409:2016 Human resource management – Workforce planning +ISO 30414:2018 Human resource management – Guidelines for internal and external human capital reporting +ISO 30415:2021 Human resource management — Diversity and inclusion +ISO 30500:2018 Non-sewered sanitation systems — Prefabricated integrated treatment units — General safety and performance requirements for design and testing +ISO 31000:2018 Risk management – Principles and guidelines +ISO/TR 31004:2013 Risk management – Guidance for the implementation of ISO 31000 +ISO/IEC 31010:2009 Risk management – Risk assessment techniques +ISO 31030:2021 Travel risk management — Guidance for organizations +ISO/IEC/IEEE 31320 Information technology – Modeling Languages +ISO/IEC/IEEE 31320-1:2012 Part 1: Syntax and Semantics for IDEF0 +ISO/IEC/IEEE 31320-2:2012 Part 2: Syntax and Semantics for IDEF1X97 (IDEFobject) +ISO 32000 Document management – Portable document format +ISO/IEC 33001:2015 Information technology – Process assessment – Concepts and terminology +ISO/IEC 33002:2015 Information technology – Process assessment – Requirements for performing process assessment +ISO/IEC 33003:2015 Information technology – Process assessment – Requirements for process measurement frameworks +ISO/IEC 33004:2015 Information technology – Process assessment – Requirements for process reference, process assessment and maturity models +ISO/IEC TR 33014:2013 Information technology – Process assessment – Guide for process improvement +ISO/IEC 33020:2015 Information technology – Process assessment – Process measurement framework for assessment of process capability +ISO/IEC TS 33030:2017 Information technology – Process assessment – An exemplar documented assessment process +ISO/IEC TS 33052:2016 Information technology – Process reference model (PRM) for information security management +ISO/IEC 33063:2015 Information technology – Process assessment – Process assessment model for software testing +ISO/IEC 33071:2016 Information technology – Process assessment – An integrated process capability assessment model for Enterprise processes +ISO/IEC TS 33072:2016 Information technology – Process assessment – Process capability assessment model for information security management +ISO 35001:2019 Biorisk management for laboratories and other related organisations +ISO 37000:2021 Governance of organizations — Guidance +ISO 37001:2016 Anti-bribery management systems +ISO 37120 Sustainable development of communities – Indicators for city services and quality of life +ISO/TR 37137:2014 Cardiovascular biological evaluation of medical devices – Guidance for absorbable implants +ISO 37500:2014 Guidance on outsourcing +ISO/IEC 38500:2015 Information technology – Governance of IT for the organization +ISO/IEC TS 38501:2015 Information technology – Governance of IT – Implementation guide +ISO/IEC TR 38502:2014 Information technology – Governance of IT – Framework and model +ISO/IEC TR 38504:2016 Governance of information technology – Guidance for principles-based standards in the governance of information technology +ISO/IEC 38505 Information technology – Governance of IT – Governance of data +ISO/IEC 38505-1:2017 Part 1: Application of ISO/IEC 38500 to the governance of data +ISO 39001:2012 Road traffic safety (RTS) management systems – Requirements with guidance for use \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f095f914 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 30000–99999" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:50.528213+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 40000 – ISO 49999 == +ISO/IEC 40180:2017 Information technology – Quality for learning, education and training – Fundamentals and reference framework +ISO/IEC 40210:2011 Information technology – W3C SOAP Version 1.2 Part 1: Messaging Framework (Second Edition) +ISO/IEC 40220:2011 Information technology – W3C SOAP Version 1.2 Part 2: Adjuncts (Second Edition) +ISO/IEC 40230:2011 Information technology – W3C SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism +ISO/IEC 40240:2011 Information technology – W3C Web Services Addressing 1.0 – Core +ISO/IEC 40250:2011 Information technology – W3C Web Services Addressing 1.0 – SOAP Binding +ISO/IEC 40260:2011 Information technology – W3C Web Services Addressing 1.0 – Metadata +ISO/IEC 40270:2011 Information technology – W3C Web Services Policy 1.5 – Framework +ISO/IEC 40280:2011 Information technology – W3C Web Services Policy 1.5 – Attachment +ISO/IEC 40314:2016 Information technology – Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) Version 3.0 2nd Edition +ISO/IEC 40500:2012 Information technology – W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 +ISO 41011:2024 Facility management – Vocabulary +ISO 41012:2017 Facility management – Guidance on strategic sourcing and the development of agreements +ISO/TR 41013:2017 Facility management – Scope, key concepts and benefits +ISO/IEC 42001:2023 Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Management system +ISO/IEC 42005:2025 Information technology — Artificial intelligence (AI) — AI system impact assessment +ISO/IEC 42006:2025 Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of artificial intelligence management systems +ISO/IEC 42010:2011 Systems and software engineering – Architecture description +ISO 42500:2021 Sharing economy - General principles +ISO/TS 42501:2022 Sharing economy — General trustworthiness and safety requirements for digital platforms +ISO/TS 42502:2022 Sharing economy — Guidance for provider verification on digital platforms +ISO/TS 42507:2025 Sharing economy — Use cases of sharing economy platforms in the public sector +ISO 44001:2017 Collaborative business relationship management systems — Requirements and framework +ISO 45001 Occupational health and safety management systems – Requirements with guidance for use +framework + +ISO 45003 Psychological health and safety at work +ISO 46001:2019 Water efficiency management systems - Requirements with guidance for use + +== ISO 50000 – ISO 59999 == +ISO 50001:2018 Energy management systems – Requirements with guidance for use +ISO 50002:2014 Energy audits – Requirements with guidance for use +ISO 50003:2014 Energy management systems – Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of energy management systems +ISO 50004:2014 Energy management systems – Guidance for the implementation, maintenance and improvement of an energy management system +ISO 50006:2014 Energy management systems – Measuring energy performance using energy baselines (EnB) and energy performance indicators (EnPI) – General principles and guidance +ISO 50007:2017 Energy services – Guidelines for assessment and improvement of the energy service to users +ISO 50015:2014 Energy management systems – Measurement and verification of energy performance of organizations—General principles and guidance +ISO/TS 50044:2019 Energy saving projects (EnSPs) – Guideline for economic and financial evaluation +ISO 50046:2019 General methods for predicting energy savings +ISO 50047:2016 Energy savings – Determination of energy savings in organizations +ISO/ASTM 51026:2015 Practice for using the Fricke dosimetry system +ISO/ASTM 51205:2017 Practice for use of a ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system +ISO/ASTM 51261:2013 Practice for calibration of routine dosimetry systems for radiation processing +ISO/ASTM 51275:2013 Practice for use of a radiochromic film dosimetry system +ISO/ASTM 51276:2012 Practice for use of a polymethylmethacrylate dosimetry system +ISO/ASTM 51310:2004 Practice for use of a radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system +ISO/ASTM 51401:2013 Practice for use of a dichromate dosimetry system +ISO/ASTM 51431:2005 Practice for dosimetry in electron beam and X-ray (bremsstrahlung) irradiation facilities for food processing +ISO/ASTM 51538:2009 Practice for use of the ethanol-chlorobenzene dosimetry system +ISO/ASTM 51539:2013 Guide for use of radiation-sensitive indicators +ISO/ASTM 51540:2004 Practice for use of a radiochromic liquid dosimetry system +ISO/ASTM 51607:2013 Practice for use of the alanine-EPR dosimetry system +ISO/ASTM 51608:2015 Practice for dosimetry in an X-ray (bremsstrahlung) facility for radiation processing at energies between 50 keV and 7.5 MeV +ISO/ASTM 51631:2013 Practice for use of calorimetric dosimetry systems for electron beam dose measurements and dosimetry system calibrations +ISO/ASTM 51649:2015 Practice for dosimetry in an electron beam facility for radiation processing at energies between 300 keV and 25 MeV +ISO/ASTM 51650:2013 Practice for use of a cellulose triacetate dosimetry system +ISO/ASTM 51702:2013 Practice for dosimetry in a gamma facility for radiation processing +ISO/ASTM 51707:2015 Guide for estimation of measurement uncertainty in dosimetry for radiation processing +ISO/ASTM 51818:2013 Practice for dosimetry in an electron beam facility for radiation processing at energies between 80 and 300 keV +ISO/ASTM 51900:2009 Guide for dosimetry in radiation research on food and agricultural products +ISO/ASTM 51939:2017 Practice for blood irradiation dosimetry +ISO/ASTM 51940:2013 Guide for dosimetry for sterile insects release programs +ISO/ASTM 51956:2013 Practice for use of a thermoluminescence-dosimetry system (TLD system) for radiation processing +ISO/ASTM 52116:2013 Practice for dosimetry for a self-contained dry-storage gamma irradiator +ISO/ASTM 52303:2015 Guide for absorbed-dose mapping in radiation processing facilities +ISO/ASTM 52628:2013 Standard practice for dosimetry in radiation processing +ISO/ASTM 52701:2013 Guide for performance characterization of dosimeters and dosimetry systems for use in radiation processing +ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 Additive manufacturing – General principles – Terminology +ISO/ASTM 52915:2016 Specification for additive manufacturing file format (AMF) Version 1.2 +ISO 53800:2024 Guidelines for the promotion and implementation of gender equality and women’s empowerment +ISO 55000:2014 Asset management – Overview, principles and terminology +ISO 55001:2014 Asset management – Management systems – Requirements +ISO 55002:2014 Asset management – Management systems – Guidelines for the application of ISO 55001 +ISO 56000:2020 Innovation management — Fundamentals and vocabulary +ISO 56002:2019 Innovation management — Innovation management system — Guidance +ISO 56003:2019 Innovation management - Tools and methods for innovation partnership - Guidance +ISO/TR 56004:2019 Innovation Management Assessment — Guidance +ISO 56005:2020 Innovation management — Tools and methods for intellectual property management — Guidance + +== ISO 60000 – ISO 69999 == + +The 60000 series is reserved for IEC-lead standards. + +ISO/IEC 60559:2020 Information technology — Microprocessor Systems — Floating-Point arithmetic + +== ISO 80000 – ISO 89999 == + +The 80000 series is reserved for multi-part standards jointly developed by ISO and IEC, in which some parts are published by ISO and others by IEC. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71360d6dd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 30000–99999" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_30000–99999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:50.528213+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO/IEC 80000 Quantities and units +ISO/IEC 80001 Application of risk management for IT-networks incorporating medical devices +IEC 80001-1:2010 Part 1: Roles, responsibilities and activities +IEC/TR 80001-2-1:2012 Part 2-1: Step by Step Risk Management of Medical IT-Networks; Practical Applications and Examples +IEC/TR 80001-2-2:2012 Part 2-2: Guidance for the communication of medical device security needs, risks and controls +IEC/TR 80001-2-3:2012 Part 2-3: Guidance for wireless networks +IEC/TR 80001-2-4:2012 Part 2-4: General implementation guidance for Healthcare Delivery Organizations +IEC/TR 80001-2-5:2014 Part 2-5: Application guidance – Guidance for distributed alarm systems +ISO/TR 80001-2-6:2014 Part 2-6: Application guidance – Guidance for responsibility agreements +ISO/TR 80001-2-7:2015 Part 2-7: Guidance for healthcare delivery organizations (HDOs) on how to self-assess their conformance with IEC 80001-1 +IEC/TR 80001-2-8:2016 Part 2-8: Application guidance – Guidance on standards for establishing the security capabilities identified in IEC 80001-2-2 +IEC/TR 80001-2-9:2017 Part 2-9: Application guidance – Guidance for use of security assurance cases to demonstrate confidence in IEC/TR 80001-2-2 security capabilities +IEC/TR 80002 Medical device software +IEC/TR 80002-1:2009 Part 1: Guidance on the application of ISO 14971 to medical device software +ISO/TR 80002-2:2017 Part 2: Validation of software for medical device quality systems +IEC/TR 80002-3:2014 Part 3: Process reference model of medical device software life cycle processes (IEC 62304) +ISO/TS 80004 Nanotechnologies – Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 80079 Explosive atmospheres +ISO/IEC 80079-20-1:2017 Part 20-1: Material characteristics for gas and vapour classification — Test methods and data +ISO/IEC 80079-20-2:2016 Part 20-2: Material characteristics — Combustible dusts test methods +ISO/IEC 80079-34:2018 Part 34: Application of quality management systems for Ex Product manufacture +ISO 80079-36:2016 Part 36: Non-electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres — Basic method and requirements +ISO 80079-37:2016 Part 37: Non-electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres — Non-electrical type of protection constructional safety ''c'', control of ignition sources ''b'', liquid immersion ''k'' +ISO/IEC 80079-38:2016 Part 38: Equipment and components in explosive atmospheres in underground mines +ISO/IEC 80369 Small-bore connectors for liquids and gases in healthcare applications +ISO 80369-1:2010 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 80369-3:2016 Part 3: Connectors for enteral applications +IEC 80369-5:2016 Part 5: Connectors for limb cuff inflation applications +ISO 80369-6:2016 Part 6: Connectors for neuraxial applications +ISO 80369-7:2016 Part 7: Connectors for intravascular or hypodermic applications +ISO 80369-20:2015 Part 20: Common test methods +ISO/IEC 80416 Basic principles for graphical symbols for use on equipment +IEC 80416-1:2008 Part 1: Creation of graphical symbols for registration +ISO 80416-2:2001 Part 2: Form and use of arrows +IEC 80416-3:2002 Part 3: Guidelines for the application of graphical symbols +ISO 80416-4:2005 Part 4: Guidelines for the adaptation of graphical symbols for use on screens and displays (icons) +ISO/IEC 80601 Medical electrical equipment +ISO 80601-2-12:2011 Part 2-12: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of critical care ventilators +ISO 80601-2-13:2011 Part 2-13: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of an anaesthetic workstation +IEC/ISO 80601-2-26 Part 2-26: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of electroencephalographs +IEC 80601-2-30:2009 Part 2-30: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of automated non-invasive sphygmomanometers +IEC/ISO 80601-2-49 Part 2-49: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of multifunction patient monitoring equipment +ISO 80601-2-55:2011 Part 2-55: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of respiratory gas monitors +ISO 80601-2-56:2017 Part 2-56: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of clinical thermometers for body temperature measurement +IEC 80601-2-58:2014 Part 2-58: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of lens removal devices and vitrectomy devices for ophthalmic surgery +IEC 80601-2-59:2017 Part 2-59: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of screening thermographs for human febrile temperature screening +IEC 80601-2-60:2012 Part 2-60: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of dental equipment +ISO 80601-2-61:2017 Part 2-61: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of pulse oximeter equipment +ISO 80601-2-67:2014 Part 2-67: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of oxygen-conserving equipment +ISO 80601-2-69:2014 Part 2-69: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of oxygen concentrator equipment +ISO 80601-2-70:2015 Part 2-70: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of sleep apnoea breathing therapy equipment +IEC 80601-2-71:2015 Part 2-71: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) equipment +ISO 80601-2-72:2015 Part 2-72: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of home healthcare environment ventilators for ventilator-dependent patients +ISO 80601-2-74:2017 Part 2-74: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of respiratory humidifying equipment +IEC/ISO 80601-2-77 Part 2-77: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of robotically assisted surgical equipment +IEC/ISO 80601-2-78: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of medical robots for rehabilitation, assessment, compensation or alleviation +ISO 80601-2-79: Home Health Ventilatory Support Equipment for Respiratory Impairment +ISO 80601-2-80: Home Health Ventilatory Support Equipment for Respiratory Insufficiency +ISO 80601-2-84: Emergency and transport ventilators +ISO 80601-2-85: Cerebral tissue oximeter equipment +ISO/IEC 80601-2-86 (under development): Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of electrocardiographs, including diagnostic equipment, monitoring equipment, ambulatory equipment, electrodes, cables and leadwires +ISO 80601-2-87: High frequency critical care ventilators +ISO 80601-2-90: Ventilatory High-Flow Therapy Equipment +ISO 81060 Non-invasive sphygmomanometers +ISO 81060-1:2007 Part 1: Requirements and test methods for non-automated measurement type +ISO 81060-2:2018 Part 2: Clinical investigation of intermittent automated measurement type +ISO/IEC 81346 Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – Structuring principles and reference designations +IEC 81346-1:2009 Part 1: Basic rules +IEC 81346-2:2009 Part 2: Classification of objects and codes for classes +ISO/TS 81346-3:2012 Part 3: Application rules for a reference designation system +ISO/TS 81346-10:2015 Part 10: Power plants +ISO/IEC 81714 Design of graphical symbols for use in the technical documentation of products +ISO 81714-1:2010 Part 1: Basic rules +IEC 81714-2:2006 Part 2: Specification for graphical symbols in a computer sensible form, including graphical symbols for a reference library, and requirements for their interchange +IEC 81714-3:2004 Part 3: Classification of connect nodes, networks and their encoding + +== ISO 90000 – ISO 99999 == +ISO/IEC/IEEE 90003:2018 Software engineering — Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015 to computer software +ISO/IEC TR 90005:2008 Systems engineering — Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001 to system life cycle processes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/IEC TR 90006:2013 Information technology — Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2008 to IT service management and its integration with ISO/IEC 20000-1:2011 [Withdrawn without replacement] + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8accd1f04 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 1/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a294d8d45 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 2/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 3000 – ISO 3299 == +ISO 3000:1974 Sodium tripolyphosphate for industrial use — Estimation of tripolyphosphate content — Tris(ethylenediamine) cobalt (III) chloride gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3001:1999 Plastics — Epoxy compounds — Determination of epoxy equivalent +ISO 3002 Basic quantities in cutting and grinding +ISO 3002-1:1982 Part 1: Geometry of the active part of cutting tools – General terms, reference systems, tool and working angles, chip breakers +ISO 3002-2:1982 Part 2: Geometry of the active part of cutting tools – General conversion formulae to relate tool and working angles +ISO 3002-3:1984 Part 3: Geometric and kinematic quantities in cutting +ISO 3002-4:1984 Part 4: Forces, energy, power +ISO 3002-5:1989 Part 5: Basic terminology for grinding processes using grinding wheels +ISO 3003:1974 Dried-milk borers [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 707] +ISO 3004 Light gauge metal containers — Capacities and related cross-sections +ISO 3004-1:1986 Part 1: Open-top cans for general food [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10653, ISO 10654, ISO/TR 11761, ISO/TR 11762, and ISO/TR 11776] +ISO 3004-2:1989 Part 2: Open-top cans for meat and products containing meat for human consumption [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10653, ISO 10654, ISO/TR 11761, ISO/TR 11762, and ISO/TR 11776] +ISO 3004-3:1986 Part 3: Open-top cans for drinks +ISO 3004-4:1986 Part 4: Open-top cans for edible oil [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10653, ISO 10654, ISO/TR 11761, ISO/TR 11762, and ISO/TR 11776] +ISO 3004-5:1988 Part 5: Open-top cans for fish and other fishery products [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10653, ISO 10654, ISO/TR 11761, ISO/TR 11762, and ISO/TR 11776] +ISO 3004-6:1986 Part 6: Open-top cans for milk [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10653, ISO 10654, ISO/TR 11761, ISO/TR 11762, and ISO/TR 11776] +ISO 3005:1978 Textiles — Determination of dimensional change of fabrics induced by free-steam +ISO 3006:2015 Road vehicles — Passenger car wheels for road use — Test methods +ISO 3007:1999 Petroleum products and crude petroleum — Determination of vapour pressure — Reid method +ISO 3008 Fire resistance tests — Door and shutter assemblies +ISO 3008-1:2019 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 3008-2:2017 Part 2: Lift landing door assemblies +ISO 3008-3:2016 Part 3: Door and shutter assemblies horizontally oriented +ISO 3008-4:2021 Part 4: Linear joint fire seal materials used to seal the gap between a fire door frame and the supporting construction +ISO 3009:2003 Fire-resistance tests — Elements of building construction — Glazed elements +ISO 3010:2017 Bases for design of structures — Seismic actions on structures +ISO 3011:2021 Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of resistance to ozone cracking under static conditions +ISO 3012:1999 Petroleum products — Determination of thiol (mercaptan) sulfur in light and middle distillate fuels — Potentiometric method +ISO 3013:1997 Petroleum products — Determination of the freezing point of aviation fuels +ISO 3014:1993 Petroleum products — Determination of the smoke point of kerosine +ISO 3015:2019 Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic sources — Determination of cloud point +ISO 3016:2019 Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic sources — Determination of pour point +ISO 3017:1981 Abrasive discs — Designation, dimensions and tolerances — Selection of disc outside diameter/centre hole diameter combinations [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21950] +ISO 3018:1974 Textile floor coverings — Rectangular textile floor coverings — Determination of dimensions +ISO 3019 Hydraulic fluid power — Dimensions and identification code for mounting flanges and shaft ends of displacement pumps and motors +ISO 3019-1:2001 Part 1: Inch series shown in metric units +ISO 3019-2:2001 Part 2: Metric series +ISO 3019-3:1988 Part 3: Polygonal flanges (including circular flanges) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3019-2:2001] +ISO/AWI 3020 Agricultural tractors and self-propelled sprayers — Protection of the Operator (driver) against hazardous substances [Under development; originally planned ISO 3020 Test conditions for box type vertical drilling machines — Testing of the accuracy — Practical test became ISO 2772-2] +ISO 3020-1 Part 1: Terminology and overview [Under development] +ISO 3020-2 Part 2: Cab and HVAC design concepts [Under development] +ISO 3020-3 Part 3: Classification, requirements and test procedures [Under development] +ISO 3020-4 Part 4: Filters – Requirements and test procedures [Under development] +ISO 3020-5 Part 5: System validation [Under development] +ISO 3021 Adventure tourism — Hiking and trekking activities — Requirements and recommendations [Under development] +ISO 3022:1988 Cinematography — 35 mm motion-picture film perforated 16 mm (1-3-0) — Cutting and perforating dimensions +ISO 3023:1995 Cinematography — 65 mm and 70 mm unexposed motion-picture film — Cutting and perforating dimensions +ISO 3024:1983 Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm type S, model 1 — Camera run length, perforation cut-out and end-of-run notch in film — Specifications +ISO 3025:1974 Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S, Model II — Film load position [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3026:1992 Cinematography — Printed 8 mm Type S image area on 35 mm motion-picture film perforated 8 mm Type S, 2R-4.227 (1664) or 5R-4.234 (1667) — Position and dimensions +ISO 3027:1984 Cinematography — Magnetic stripes and recording head gaps for sound record on 8 mm Type S motion-picture films — Position and width dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3028:1984 Photography — Camera flash illuminants — Determination of ISO spectral distribution index (ISO/SDI) +ISO 3029:1995 Photography – 126-size cartridges – Dimensions of cartridge, film and backing paper [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3030:2022 Rolling bearings — Radial needle roller and cage assemblies — Boundary dimensions and tolerances +ISO 3031:2021 Rolling bearings — Thrust needle roller and cage assemblies, thrust washers — Boundary dimensions, geometrical product specifications (GPS) and tolerance values +ISO 3032 Test conditions for pillar type vertical drilling machines — Testing of the accuracy [Draft numbered ISO 2773-2] +ISO 3033 Oil of spearmint +ISO 3033-1:2005 Part 1: Native type (Mentha spicata L.) +ISO 3033-2:2005 Part 2: Chinese type (80% and 60%) (Mentha viridis L. var. crispa Benth.), redistilled oil +ISO 3033-3:2005 Part 3: Indian type (Mentha spicata L.), redistilled oil +ISO 3033-4:2005 Part 4: Scotch variety (Mentha x gracilis Sole) +ISO 3034:2011 Corrugated fibreboard — Determination of single sheet thickness +ISO 3035:2011 Corrugated fibreboard — Determination of flat crush resistance +ISO 3036:1975 Board — Determination of puncture resistance +ISO 3037:2013 Corrugated fibreboard — Determination of edgewise crush resistance (unwaxed edge method) +ISO 3038:1975 Corrugated fibreboard — Determination of the water resistance of the glue bond by immersion +ISO 3039:2010 Corrugated fibreboard — Determination of grammage of the component papers after separation +ISO 3040:2016 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensioning and tolerancing – Cones +ISO 3041:1975 Welding requirements — Categories of service requirements for welded joints [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3042:1992 Cinematography — Labelling of containers for raw-stock motion-picture films and magnetic films — Minimum information specifications +ISO 3043:1975 Oil of pimento berry [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3044:2020 Essential oil of Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill and L.A.S. Johnson (syn. Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.) +ISO 3045:2004 Oil of bay [Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J.W. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-10.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee84bedf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-10.md @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 11/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +et Thomson, forma macrophylla) +ISO 3524:2003 Oil of cinnamon leaf, Sri Lanka type (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) +ISO 3525:2008 Oil of amyris (Amyris balsamifera L.) +ISO 3526:2005 Oil of sage, Spanish (Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl) +ISO 3527:2016 Essential oil of parsley fruits (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.) +ISO 3528:2012 Essential oil of mandarin, Italian type (Citrus reticulata Blanco) +ISO 3529 Vacuum technology – Vocabulary +ISO 3529-1:2019 Part 1: General terms +ISO 3529-2:2020 Part 2: Vacuum pumps and related terms +ISO 3529-3:2024 Part 3: Total and partial pressure vacuum gauges +ISO 3530:1979 Vacuum technology — Mass-spectrometer-type leak-detector calibration +ISO 3531 Financial services — Financial information eXchange session layer [Original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 3531-1:2022 Part 1: FIX tagvalue encoding +ISO 3531-2:2022 Part 2: FIX session layer +ISO 3531-3 :2022Part 3: FIX session layer test cases +ISO 3532 Information technology — 3D Printing and scanning — Medical image-based modelling +ISO 3532-1 Part 1: General requirement [Under development] +ISO 3532-2 Part 2: Segmentation [Under development] +ISO 3533:2021 Sex toys — Design and safety requirements for products in direct contact with genitalia, the anus, or both +ISO 3534 Statistics – Vocabulary and symbols +ISO 3534-1:2006 Part 1: General statistical terms and terms used in probability +ISO 3534-2:2006 Part 2: Applied statistics +ISO 3534-3:2013 Part 3: Design of experiments +ISO 3534-4:2014 Part 4: Survey sampling +ISO 3535:1977 Forms design sheet and layout chart [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3536:2016 Road vehicles – Safety glazing materials – Vocabulary +ISO 3537:2015 Road vehicles – Safety glazing materials – Mechanical tests +ISO 3538:1997 Road vehicles – Safety glazing materials – Test methods for optical properties +ISO 3539:1975 Road vehicles — Injection nozzle holder with body, types 8 and 10, and injection nozzle holder with fixing flats, types 9 and 11 +ISO 3540:1976 Paper or plastic printing ribbons – Characteristics of cores +ISO 3541:1985 Earth-moving machinery — Dimensions of fuel filler opening [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3542:1975 Earth-moving machinery — Lubrication intervals [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6750] +ISO 3543:2000 Metallic and non-metallic coatings — Measurement of thickness — Beta backscatter method +ISO 3544:1978 Atomizing oil burners of the monobloc type — Safety times and safety control and monitoring devices [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3545 Steel tubes and fittings — Symbols for use in specifications +ISO 3545-1:1989 Part 1: Tubes and tubular accessories with circular cross-section +ISO 3545-2:1989 Part 2: Square and rectangular hollow sections +ISO 3545-3:1989 Part 3: Tubular fittings with circular cross-section +ISO 3546:1976 Fibre building boards — Determination of surface finish (roughness) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3547 Plain bearings — Wrapped bushes +ISO 3547-1:2018 Part 1: Dimensions +ISO 3547-2:2017 Part 2: Test data for outside and inside diameters +ISO 3547-3:2017 Part 3: Lubrication holes, grooves and indentations +ISO 3547-4:2017 Part 4: Materials +ISO 3547-5:2020 Part 5: Checking the outside diameter +ISO 3547-6:2020 Part 6: Checking the inside diameter +ISO 3547-7:2020 Part 7: Measurement of wall thickness of thin-walled bushes +ISO 3548 Plain bearings — Thin-walled half bearings with or without flange +ISO 3548-1:2014 Part 1: Tolerances, design features and methods of test +ISO 3548-2:2020 Part 2: Measurement of wall thickness and flange thickness +ISO 3548-3:2012 Part 3: Measurement of peripheral length +ISO 3549:1995 Zinc dust pigments for paints — Specifications and test methods +ISO 3550 Cigarettes — Determination of loss of tobacco from the ends +ISO 3550-1:1997 Part 1: Method using a rotating cylindrical cage +ISO 3550-2:1997 Part 2: Method using a rotating cubic box (sismelatophore) +ISO 3551 Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System A +ISO 3551-1:1992 Part 1: Metric units +ISO 3551-2:1992 Part 2: Inch units +ISO 3552 Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System B +ISO 3552-1:1992 Part 1: Metric units +ISO 3552-2:1992 Part 2: Inch units +ISO 3553 Road vehicles — High-tension connections for ignition coils and distributors +ISO 3553-1:1987 Part 1: Socket-type +ISO 3553-2:1997 Part 2: Plug-types +ISO 3554:1976 Credit cards — Magnetic stripe encoding for tracks 1 and 2 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7810, ISO 7811-(1-5), and ISO/IEC 7813] +ISO 3555:1977 Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps — Code for acceptance tests — Class B [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9906] +ISO 3556 Sputter-ion pumps — Measurement of performance characteristics [Rejected draft] +ISO 3557 Plastics — Recommended Practice for Spectrophotometry and Calculation of Colour in CIE Systems [Rejected draft] +ISO 3558 Plastics — Assessment of the Color of Near White or Near Colorless Materials [Rejected draft] +ISO 3559:1976 Road vehicles — Working voltages for lights fitted to motor vehicles and to their trailers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3560:2013 Road vehicles — Frontal fixed barrier or pole impact test procedure +ISO 3561:1976 Information processing – Interchangeable magnetic six-disk pack – Track format [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3562:1976 Information processing – Interchangeable magnetic single-disk cartridge (top loaded) – Physical and magnetic characteristics [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3563:1976 Information processing – Interchangeable magnetic single-disk cartridge (top loaded) – Track format [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3564:1976 Information processing – Interchangeable magnetic eleven-disk pack – Physical and magnetic characteristics [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3565:1975 Meat and meat products — Detection of salmonellae (Reference method) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3566:1976 Sodium fluoride primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of chlorides content — Turbidimetric method +ISO 3567:2011 Vacuum gauges — Calibration by direct comparison with a reference gauge +ISO 3568 Ionization vacuum gauges — Calibration by direct comparison with a reference gauge [Rejected draft] +ISO 3569:1976 Continuous mechanical handling equipment — Classification of unit loads +ISO 3570 Vacuum gauges — Standard methods for calibration [Rejected draft] +ISO 3571 Passenger lift installations +ISO 3571-1:1977 Part 1: Residential buildings – Definitions, functional dimensions, and modular co-ordination dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 4190-1, in 2019 replaced by ISO 8100-30] +ISO 3572:1976 Textiles – Weaves – Definitions of general terms and basic weaves +ISO 3573:2012 Hot-rolled carbon steel sheet of commercial and drawing qualities +ISO 3574:2012 Cold-reduced carbon steel sheet of commercial and drawing qualities +ISO 3575:2016 Continuous hot-dip zinc-coated and zinc-iron alloy-coated carbon steel sheet of commercial and drawing qualities +ISO 3576:1976 Hot-rolled carbon steel sheet coils for the production of cold-reduced products [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3577:1988 Animal fats — Determination of Bömer value [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3578:1980 Steel wire ropes — Standard designations [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3579 Technical Standard for Installation of Structural Modules in Nuclear Power Plants [Under development; original rejected draft ISO 3579 Green coffee beans — Determination of mass of foreign matter was incorporated into ISO 4149] +ISO 3580:2017 Welding consumables — Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of creep-resisting steels — Classification +ISO 3581:2016 Welding consumables — Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of stainless and heat-resisting steels — Classification +ISO 3582:2000 Flexible cellular polymeric materials — Laboratory assessment of horizontal burning characteristics of small specimens subjected to a small flame +ISO 3583:1984 Road vehicles — Pressure test connection for compressed-air pneumatic braking equipment +ISO 3584:2020 Road vehicles — Clevis couplings — Interchangeability +ISO 3585:1998 Borosilicate glass 3.3 — Properties +ISO 3586:1976 Glass plant, pipeline and fittings — General rules for testing, handling and use [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3587:1976 Glass plant, pipeline and fittings — Pipeline and fittings of nominal bore 15 to 150 mm — Compatibility and interchangeability [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3588:1977 Spices and condiments — Determination of degree of fineness of grinding — Hand sieving method (Reference method) +ISO 3589:1975 Modular units for machine tool construction — Integral way columns +ISO 3590:1976 Modular units for machine tool construction — Spindle units +ISO 3591:1977 Sensory analysis – Apparatus – Wine-tasting glass +ISO 3592:2000 Industrial automation systems — Numerical control of machines — NC processor output — File structure and language format +ISO 3593:1981 Starch — Determination of ash +ISO 3594:1976 Milk fat — Detection of vegetable fat by gas-liquid chromatography of sterols (Reference method) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3595:1976 Milk fat — Detection of vegetable fat by the phytosteryl acetate test +ISO 3596:2000 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of unsaponifiable matter — Method using diethyl ether extraction +ISO 3597 Textile-glass-reinforced plastics — Determination of mechanical properties on rods made of roving-reinforced resin +ISO 3597-1:2003 Part 1: General considerations and preparation of rods +ISO 3597-2:2003 Part 2: Determination of flexural strength +ISO 3597-3:2003 Part 3: Determination of compressive strength +ISO 3597-4:2003 Part 4: Determination of apparent interlaminar shear strength +ISO 3598:2011 Textile glass — Yarns — Basis for a specification +ISO 3599:1976 Vernier callipers reading to 0,1 and 0,05 mm [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3600:2015 Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment — Operator's manuals — Content and format +ISO 3601 Fluid power systems – O-rings +ISO 3601-1:2012 Inside diameters, cross-sections, tolerances and designation codes +ISO 3601-2:2016 Housing dimensions for general applications +ISO 3601-3:2005 Quality acceptance criteria +ISO 3601-4:2008 Anti-extrusion rings (back-up rings) +ISO 3601-5:2015 Suitability of elastomeric materials for industrial applications +ISO 3602:1989 Documentation – Romanization of Japanese (kana script) +ISO 3603:1977 Fittings for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipes with elastic sealing ring type joints — Pressure test for leakproofness +ISO 3604:1976 Fittings for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipes with elastic sealing ring type joints — Pressure test for leakproofness under conditions of external hydraulic pressure [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3605:1987 Textile glass — Rovings — Determination of compressive strength of rod composites [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3597-3] +ISO 3606:1976 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes — Tolerances on outside diameters and wall thicknesses [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11922-(1-2)] +ISO 3607:1977 Polyethylene (PE) pipes — Tolerances on outside diameters and wall thicknesses [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11922-(1-2)] +ISO 3608:1976 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipes — Tolerances on outside diameters and wall thicknesses [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11922-(1-2)] +ISO 3609:1977 Polypropylene (PP) pipes — Tolerances on outside diameters and wall thicknesses [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11922-(1-2)] +ISO 3610:1976 Modular units for machine tool construction — Support brackets +ISO 3611:2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensional measuring equipment: Micrometers for external measurements – Design and metrological characteristics +ISO 3612:1977 Tobacco and tobacco products — Cigarettes — Determination of rate of free combustion [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3613:2021 Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Chromate conversion coatings on zinc, cadmium, aluminium-zinc alloys and zinc-aluminium alloys — Test methods +ISO 3614:1975 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Detachable ladders [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3615:1976 Magnetic tape for instrumentation applications — Standardization of analogue modes of recording [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6068] +ISO 3616:2001 Textile glass — Chopped-strand and continuous-filament mats — Determination of average thickness, thickness under load and recovery after compression +ISO 3617:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for sodium hydroxide +ISO 3618:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for benzotriazole +ISO 3619:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for ammonium thiosulfate solution +ISO 3620:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for aluminium potassium sulfate +ISO 3621:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for sodium tetraborate decahydrate +ISO 3622:1996 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for ammonium thiocyanate +ISO 3623:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for anhydrous potassium carbonate +ISO 3624:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for potassium ferricyanide +ISO 3625:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for potassium hydroxide +ISO 3626:1996 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for potassium thiocyanate +ISO 3627:2001 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for anhydrous sodium metabisulfite +ISO 3628:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for boric acid, granular +ISO 3629:2000 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for potassium metabisulfite +ISO 3630 Dentistry — Endodontic instruments +ISO 3630-1:2019 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 3630-2:2013 Part 2: Enlargers +ISO 3630-3:2021 Part 3: Compactors +ISO 3630-4:2009 Part 4: Auxiliary instruments +ISO 3630-5:2020 Part 5: Shaping and cleaning instruments +ISO 3630-6 Part 6: Numeric coding system [Under development] +ISO 3630-7 Part 7: Ultrasonic inserts [Under development] +ISO 3631:2019 Citrus fruits — Guidelines for storage +ISO 3632 Spices – Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) +ISO 3632-1:2011 Part 1: Specification +ISO 3632-2:2010 Part 2: Test methods +ISO 3633:2002 Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) inside buildings — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) +ISO 3634:1979 Vegetable products — Determination of chloride content +ISO 3635:1981 Size designation of clothes – Definitions and body measurement procedure [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-1] +ISO 3636:1977 Size designation of clothes — Men's and boys' outerwear garments [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-2] +ISO 3637:1977 Size designation of clothes — Women's and girls' outerwear garments [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-2] +ISO 3638:1977 Size designation of clothes — Infants' garments [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-2] +ISO 3639:1981 Cinematography — Projection reels/spools 75 to 312 mm diameter for 8 mm Type S motion-picture film — Dimensions and specifications +ISO 3640:1982 Cinematography — Motion-picture prints and sound records for international exchange of television programmes — Specifications [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3641:1976 Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S Model II — Cartridge fit and take-up core drive — Dimensions and specifications +ISO 3642:1983 Cinematography — Cemented or welded splices on 8 mm Type S motion-picture film for projector use — Dimensions +ISO 3643 Cinematography — Image area produced by 8 mm Type S Model II motion-picture camera aperture and maximum projectable image area — Positions and dimensions [Rejected draft] +ISO 3644:1976 Cinematography — Spindles for 8 mm Type R motion-picture cameras and projectors — Dimensions +ISO 3645:1984 Cinematography — Image area produced by 8 mm Type S motion-picture camera aperture and maximum projectable image area — Positions and dimensions +ISO 3646:1976 Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S Model II — Slots, projections and cartridge hole for indicating film speed, colour balance and film identification — Dimensions and positions +ISO 3647:1976 Cinematography — Spindles for 16 mm motion-picture camera spools and projector reels — Dimensions +ISO 3648:1994 Aviation fuels — Estimation of net specific energy +ISO 3649:1980 Cleaning equipment for air or other gases — Vocabulary [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 29464] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-11.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-11.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73da29ba1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-11.md @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 12/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 3650 – ISO 3999 == +ISO 3650:1998 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Length standards – Gauge blocks +ISO 3651 Determination of resistance to intergranular corrosion of stainless steels +ISO 3651-1:1998 Austenitic and ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels — Corrosion test in nitric acid medium by measurement of loss in mass (Huey test) +ISO 3651-2:1998 Ferritic, austenitic and ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels — Corrosion test in media containing sulfuric acid +ISO 3651-3:2017 Determination of resistance to intergranular corrosion of stainless steels — Part 3: Corrosion test for low-Cr ferritic stainless steels +ISO 3652:1975 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Rope reels +ISO 3653:1978 Cinematography — Spindles for 8 mm Type S motion-picture projector reels/spools — Dimensions +ISO 3654:1983 Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8-mm Type S, Model I — Cartridge-camera interface and take-up core drive — Dimensions and specifications [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3655:1986 Acceptance conditions for vertical turning and boring lathes with one or two columns and a single fixed or movable table — General introduction and testing of the accuracy +ISO 3656:2011 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of ultraviolet absorbance expressed as specific UV extinction +ISO 3657:2020 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of saponification value +ISO 3658 Crude or liquid petroleum products — Determination of density and relative density — Graduated bicapillary pyknometer method [Draft merged into ISO 3838] +ISO 3659:1977 Fruits and vegetables — Ripening after cold storage +ISO 3660:1976 Fishing nets – Mounting and joining of netting – Terms and illustrations +ISO 3661:1977 End-suction centrifugal pumps — Baseplate and installation dimensions +ISO 3662:1976 Hydraulic fluid power — Pumps and motors — Geometric displacements +ISO 3663:1976 Polyethylene (PE) pressure pipes and fittings, metric series — Dimensions of flanges +ISO 3664:2009 Graphic technology and photography — Viewing conditions +ISO 3665:2011 Photography — Intra-oral dental radiographic film and film packets — Manufacturer specifications +ISO/TR 3666:1998 Viscosity of water +ISO 3667 Aircraft — Dimensions of hermetically sealed contactors [Rejected draft] +ISO 3668:2017 Paints and varnishes — Visual comparison of colour of paints +ISO 3669:2020 Vacuum technology — Dimensions of knife-edge flanges +ISO 3670:1979 Blanks for plug gauges and handles (taper lock and trilock) and ring gauges — Design and general dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3671:1976 Plastics — Aminoplastic moulding materials — Determination of volatile matter +ISO 3672 Plastics — Unsaturated-polyester resins (UP-R) +ISO 3672-1:2000 Part 1: Designation system +ISO 3672-2:2000 Part 2: Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties +ISO 3673 Plastics — Epoxy resins +ISO 3673-1:1996 Part 1: Designation +ISO 3673-2:2012 Part 2: Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties of crosslinked epoxy resins +ISO 3674:1976 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Deck rail +ISO 3675:1998 Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Laboratory determination of density — Hydrometer method +ISO 3676:2012 Packaging – Complete, filled transport packages and unit loads – Unit load dimensions +ISO 3677:2016 Filler metal for soldering and brazing — Designation +ISO 3678:1976 Paints and varnishes — Print-free test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9117-6] +ISO 3679:2015 Determination of flash no-flash and flash point — Rapid equilibrium closed cup method +ISO 3680:2004 Determination of flash/no flash — Rapid equilibrium closed cup method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3679] +ISO 3681:2018 Binders for paints and varnishes — Determination of saponification value — Titrimetric method +ISO 3682:1996 Binders for paints and varnishes — Determination of acid value — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2114] +ISO 3683:1978 Soft soldered joints — Determination of shear strength [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 5187] +ISO 3684:1990 Conveyor belts — Determination of minimum pulley diameters +ISO 3685:1993 Tool-life testing with single-point turning tools +ISO 3686: Test conditions for high accuracy turret and single spindle coordinate drilling and boring machines with table of fixed height with vertical spindle — Testing of the accuracy +ISO 3686-1:2000 Part 1: Single column type machines +ISO 3686-2:2000 Part 2: Portal type machines with moving table +ISO 3687:1976 Paper and board — Determination of air resistance (Gurley) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3688:1999 Pulps — Preparation of laboratory sheets for the measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor (ISO brightness) +ISO 3689:1983 Paper and board — Determination of bursting strength after immersion in water +ISO 3690:2018 Welding and allied processes — Determination of hydrogen content in arc weld metal +ISO 3691 Industrial trucks — Safety requirements and verification +ISO 3691-1:2011 Part 1: Self-propelled industrial trucks, other than driverless trucks, variable-reach trucks and burden-carrier trucks +ISO 3691-2:2016 Part 2: Self-propelled variable-reach trucks +ISO 3691-3:2016 Part 3: Additional requirements for trucks with elevating operator position and trucks specifically designed to travel with elevated loads +ISO 3691-4:2020 Part 4: Driverless industrial trucks and their systems +ISO 3691-5:2014 Part 5: Pedestrian-propelled trucks +ISO 3691-6:2021 Part 6: Burden and personnel carriers +ISO/TS 3691-7:2011 Part 7: Regional requirements for countries within the European Community [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3692:1976 Information processing – Reels and cores for 25,4 mm (1 in) perforated paper tape for information interchange – Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3693:1977 Nitric acid for industrial use — Determination of chloride ions content — Potentiometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3694:1977 Ammonium sulphate for industrial use — Determination of chloride ions content — Potentiometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3695:1977 Ammonium nitrate for industrial use — Determination of chloride ions content — Potentiometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3696:1987 Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods +ISO 3697:1976 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of calcium and magnesium contents — Flame atomic absorption method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3698:1976 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of calcium and magnesium contents — Flame atomic absorption method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3699:1976 Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride for industrial use — Determination of water content — Karl Fischer method +ISO 3700:1980 Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride for industrial use — Determination of water content — Conductimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3701:1976 Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride for industrial use — Determination of hexafluorosilicic acid content — Reduced molybdosilicate photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3702:1976 Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride for industrial use — Determination of sulphur dioxide content — Iodometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3703:1993 Acid-grade and ceramic-grade fluorspar — Determination of flotation agents [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3704:1976 Sulphur for industrial use — Determination of acidity — Titrimetric method +ISO 3705:1976 Sulphur for industrial use — Determination of arsenic content — Silver diethyldithiocarbamate photometric method +ISO 3706:1976 Phosphoric acid for industrial use (including foodstuffs) — Determination of total phosphorus (V) oxide content — Quinoline phosphomolybdate gravimetric method +ISO 3707:1976 Phosphoric acid for industrial use (including foodstuffs) — Determination of calcium content — Flame atomic absorption method +ISO 3708:1976 Phosphoric acid for industrial use (including foodstuffs) — Determination of chloride content — Potentiometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3709:1976 Phosphoric acid for industrial use (including foodstuffs) — Determination of oxides of nitrogen content — 3,4- Xylenol spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3710:1990 Lead chrome green pigments — Specifications and methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3711:1990 Lead chromate pigments and lead chromate-molybdate pigments — Specifications and methods of test +ISO 3713:1987 Ferroalloys – Sampling and preparation of samples – General rules +ISO 3714:1980 Oil of pennyroyal [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3715 Ships and marine technology – Propulsion plants for ships +ISO 3715-1:2002 Part 1: Vocabulary for geometry of propellers +ISO 3715-2:2001 Part 2: Vocabulary for controllable-pitch propeller plants +ISO 3716:2021 Hydrometry – Functional requirements and characteristics of suspended-sediment samplers +ISO/TR 3717:1975 Textile glass — Mats and woven fabrics — Determination of wet-out time through resin [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/TR 3718:1975 Textile glass — Determination of wet-through time through resin [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3719:1994 Mechanical vibration — Symbols for balancing machines and associated instrumentation [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3720:2011 Black tea — Definition and basic requirements +ISO 3721 Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation — Information model for Mixed and Augmented Reality Contents [Under development; originally planned ISO 3721 was Rigid cellular practice — classification and designation] +ISO 3721-1 Part 1: Core Objects and Attributes [Under development] +ISO 3721-2 Part 2: Augmentation Style Specification [Under development] +ISO 3722:1976 Hydraulic fluid power — Fluid sample containers — Qualifying and controlling cleaning methods +ISO 3723:2015 Hydraulic fluid power — Filter elements — Method for end load test +ISO 3724:2007 Hydraulic fluid power — Filter elements — Determination of resistance to flow fatigue using particulate contaminant +ISO 3725 Ships and marine technology — Aquatic nuisance species — Methods for evaluating the performance of compliance monitoring devices for ballast water discharges [Under development; originally planned ISO 3725 Statistics – Symbols merged into ISO 3534] +ISO 3726:1983 Instant coffee — Determination of loss in mass at 70 degrees C under reduced pressure +ISO 3727 Butter — Determination of moisture, non-fat solids and fat contents +ISO 3727-1:2001 Part 1: Determination of moisture content (Reference method) +ISO 3727-2:2001 Part 2: Determination of non-fat solids content (Reference method) +ISO 3727-3:2003 Part 3: Calculation of fat content +ISO 3728:2004 Ice-cream and milk ice — Determination of total solids content (Reference method) +ISO 3729:1976 Fibre building boards — Determination of surface stability [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3730:2012 Shipbuilding and marine structures — Mooring winches +ISO 3731:2003 Road vehicles — Connectors for the electrical connection of towing and towed vehicles — 7-pole connector type 24 S (supplementary) for vehicles with 24 V nominal supply voltage +ISO 3732:2003 Road vehicles — Connectors for the electrical connection of towing and towed vehicles — 7-pole connector type 12 S (supplementary) for vehicles with 12 V nominal supply voltage +ISO 3733:1999 Petroleum products and bituminous materials — Determination of water — Distillation method +ISO 3734:1997 Petroleum products — Determination of water and sediment in residual fuel oils — Centrifuge method +ISO 3735:1999 Crude petroleum and fuel oils — Determination of sediment — Extraction method +ISO 3736 Digital fitting — Service procedure [originally planned ISO 3736 Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications was numbered ISO 554 to replace ISO/R 554] +ISO 3736-1 Part 1: Ready-to-wear clothing online and off-line [Under development] +ISO 3736-2 Part 2: Customized clothing online and off-line [Under development] +ISO 3737:1976 Agricultural tractors and self-propelled machines — Test method for enclosure pressurization systems [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 14269-(1-5)] +ISO 3738 Hardmetals — Rockwell hardness test (scale A) +ISO 3738-1:1982 Part 1: Test method +ISO 3738-2:1988 Part 2: Preparation and calibration of standard test blocks +ISO 3739 Industrial tyres and rims +ISO 3739-1:2007 Part 1: Pneumatic tyres (metric series) on 5 degrees tapered or flat base rims +ISO 3739-2:2021 Part 2: Pneumatic tyres (metric series) on 5 degrees tapered or flat base rims — Load ratings +ISO 3739-3:2021 Part 3: Rims +ISO 3740:2019 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources – Guidelines for the use of basic standards +ISO 3741:2010 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure – Precision methods for reverberation test rooms +ISO 3742:1988 Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources — Precision methods for discrete-frequency and narrow-band sources in reverberation rooms [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3741] +ISO 3743 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure – Engineering methods for small movable sources in reverberant fields +ISO 3743-1:2010 Part 1: Comparison method for a hard-walled test room +ISO 3743-2:2018 Part 2: Methods for special reverberation test rooms +ISO 3744:2010 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure – Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane +ISO 3745:2012 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure – Precision methods for anechoic rooms and hemi-anechoic rooms +ISO 3746:2010 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure – Survey method using an enveloping measurement surface over a reflecting plane +ISO 3747:2010 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure – Engineering/survey methods for use in situ in a reverberant environment +ISO 3748 Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources — Engineering method for small, nearly omnidirectional sources under free-field conditions over a reflecting plane [Rejected draft] +ISO 3749:2022 Glass syringes — Determination of extractable tungsten [Original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 3750:2006 Zinc alloys — Determination of magnesium content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method +ISO 3751:1976 Zinc ingots — Selection and preparation of samples for chemical analysis [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 20081] +ISO 3752:1976 Zinc alloy ingots — Selection and preparation of samples for chemical analysis [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 20081] +ISO 3753:1977 Vacuum technology — Graphical symbols [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3754:1976 Steel — Determination of effective depth of hardening after flame or induction hardening [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18203] +ISO 3755:1991 Cast carbon steels for general engineering purposes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 14737] +ISO 3756:1976 Oil of cubeb +ISO 3757:2002 Oil of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.) +ISO 3758:2012 Textiles — Care labelling code using symbols +ISO 3759:2011 Textiles — Preparation, marking and measuring of fabric specimens and garments in tests for determination of dimensional change +ISO 3760:2002 Oil of celery seed (Apium graveolens L.) +ISO 3761:2005 Oil of rosewood, Brazilian type (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke or Aniba parviflora (Meisn.) Mez.) +ISO 3762:1979 Paper — Preparation of a letterpress print for test purposes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3763:1976 Wrought steels — Macroscopic methods for assessing the content of non-metallic inclusions +ISO 3764:2016 Timekeeping instruments — Movements — Types, dimensions and nomenclature +ISO 3765:1998 Timekeeping instruments — Wristwatches — Dimensions of bracelet-to-case fastening elements +ISO 3766:2003 Construction drawings – Simplified representation of concrete reinforcement +ISO 3767 Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment – Symbols for operator controls and other displays +ISO 3767-1:2016 Part 1: Common symbols +ISO 3767-2:2016 Part 2: Symbols for agricultural tractors and machinery +ISO 3767-3:2016 Part 3: Symbols for powered lawn and garden equipment +ISO 3767-4:2016 Part 4: Symbols for forestry machinery +ISO 3767-5:2016 Part 5: Symbols for manual portable forestry machines +ISO 3768:1976 Metallic coatings — Neutral salt spray test (NSS test) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9227] +ISO 3769:1976 Metallic coatings — Neutral salt spray test (NSS test) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9227] +ISO 3770:1976 Metallic coatings — Copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray test (CASS test) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9227] +ISO 3771:2011 Petroleum products — Determination of base number — Perchloric acid potentiometric titration method +ISO 3772:2000 Photography — Rolls of sensitized material for the pre-press industry — Dimensions and related requirements +ISO 3773:1983 Cinematography — Tape splices for 8 mm Type S motion-picture film for projector use — Dimensions +ISO 3774:1988 Cinematography — 35 mm motion-picture film perforated 8 mm Type S (1-3-5-7-0) and (1-0) — Cutting and perforating dimensions +ISO 3775:1990 Cinematography — Printed 8 mm Type S image area on 16 mm motion-picture film perforated 8 mm Type S (1-3) — Position and dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3776 Tractors and machinery for agriculture — Seat belts +ISO 3776-1:2006 Part 1: Anchorage location requirements +ISO 3776-2:2013 Part 2: Anchorage strength requirements +ISO 3776-3:2009 Part 3: Requirements for assemblies +ISO 3777:1976 Radiographic inspection of resistance spot welds for aluminium and its alloys — Recommended practice [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/TR 3778:1987 Agricultural tractors — Maximum actuating forces required to operate controls [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 15077] +ISO 3779:2009 Road vehicles — Vehicle identification number (VIN) — Content and structure +ISO 3780:2009 Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code +ISO 3781:2011 Paper and board — Determination of tensile strength after immersion in water +ISO 3782:1980 Paper and board — Determination of resistance to picking — Accelerating speed method using the IGT tester (Pendulum or spring model) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3783:2006 Paper and board — Determination of resistance to picking — Accelerated speed method using the IGT-type tester (electric model) +ISO 3784:1976 Road vehicles — Measurement of impact velocity in collision tests +ISO 3785:2006 Metallic materials — Designation of test specimen axes in relation to product texture +ISO 3786:1975 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation towing hooks — Scale of tractive efforts +ISO 3787:1976 Wood — Test methods — Determination of ultimate stress in compression parallel to grain [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-167] +ISO/IEC 3788:1990 Information processing – 9-track, 12,7 mm (0,5 in) wide magnetic tape for information interchange using phase encoding at 126 ftpmm (3 200 ftpi), 63 cpmm (1 600 cpi) +ISO 3789 Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment — Location and method of operation of operator controls +ISO 3789-1:1982 Part 1: Common controls [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 15077] +ISO 3789-2:1982 Part 2: Controls for agricultural tractors and machinery [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 15077] +ISO 3790:1976 Fishing nets — Determination of elongation of netting yarns +ISO 3791:1976 Office machines and data processing equipment – Keyboard layouts for numeric applications +ISO 3792:1976 Adding machines – Layout of function keyboard +ISO 3793:1976 Essential oils — Estimation of primary and secondary free alcohols content by acetylation in pyridine [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3794:1976 Essential oils (containing tertiary alcohols) — Estimation of free alcohols content by determination of ester value after acetylation +ISO 3795:1989 Road vehicles, and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry — Determination of burning behaviour of interior materials +ISO 3796:1999 Ships and marine technology — Clear openings for external single-leaf doors +ISO 3797:1976 Shipbuilding — Vertical steel ladders +ISO 3798:1976 Tinplate and blackplate — Minimum packaging requirements [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3799:1976 Textile machinery and accessories — Hydraulic lubricating fittings for textile machinery [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3800:1993 Threaded fasteners — Axial load fatigue testing — Test methods and evaluation of results +ISO 3801:1977 Textiles — Woven fabrics — Determination of mass per unit length and mass per unit area +ISO 3802:1976 Information processing – General purpose reels with 8 mm (5/16 in) centre hole for magnetic tape for interchange instrumentation applications +ISO 3803:1984 Road vehicles — Hydraulic pressure test connection for braking equipment +ISO 3804:1977 Plywood — Determination of dimensions of test pieces [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9424] +ISO 3805:1977 Plywood — Determination of density [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9427] +ISO 3806:1977 Plywood — Determination of moisture content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9425] +ISO 3807:2013 Gas cylinders — Acetylene cylinders — Basic requirements and type testing +ISO 3808:2002 Road vehicles — Unscreened high-voltage ignition cables — General specifications, test methods and requirements +ISO 3809:2004 Oil of lime (cold pressed), Mexican type (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle), obtained by mechanical means +ISO 3810:1987 Floor tiles of agglomerated cork — Methods of test +ISO 3811:1979 Meat and meat products — Detection and enumeration of presumptive coliform bacteria and presumptive Escherichia coli — (Reference method) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 4831, ISO 4832, and ISO 7251] +ISO 3812:1976 Essential oils of geranium and rose — Determination of ester value after hot formylation +ISO 3813:2004 Resilient floor coverings — Cork floor tiles — Specification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/TS 3814:2014 Standard tests for measuring reaction-to-fire of products and materials — Their development and application +ISO 3815 Zinc and zinc alloys +ISO 3815-1:2005 Part 1: Analysis of solid samples by optical emission spectrometry +ISO 3815-2:2005 Part 2: Analysis by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry +ISO 3816:1976 Zinc ingots — Selection and preparation of samples for spectrographic analysis [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 20081] +ISO 3817:1976 Zinc alloy ingots — Selection and preparation of samples for spectrographic analysis [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 20081] +ISO/TR 3818:1977 Ropes and cordage — Rope assemblies used in slinging — Safe working loads [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3819:2015 Laboratory glassware – Beakers +ISO 3820:1978 Cinematography — Sprockets for 8 mm Type S motion-picture film — Dimensions and design +ISO 3821:2019 Gas welding equipment — Rubber hoses for welding, cutting and allied processes +ISO 3822 Acoustics – Laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations +ISO 3822-1:1999 Part 1: Method of measurement +ISO 3822-2:1995 Part 2: Mounting and operating conditions for draw-off taps and mixing valves +ISO 3822-3:2018 Part 3: Mounting and operating conditions for in-line valves and appliances +ISO 3822-4:1997 Part 4: Mounting and operating conditions for special appliances +ISO 3823 Dental rotary instruments — Burs +ISO 3823-1:1997 Part 1: Steel and carbide burs +ISO 3823-2:2003 Part 2: Finishing burs +ISO 3824:1984 Dental silicophosphate cement (hand-mixed) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9917] +ISO 3825:1977 Glass transfusion bottles for medical use — Chemical resistance [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3826 Plastics collapsible containers for human blood and blood components +ISO 3826-1:2013 Part 1: Conventional containers +ISO 3826-2:2008 Part 2: Graphical symbols for use on labels and instruction leaflets +ISO 3826-3:2006 Part 3: Blood bag systems with integrated features +ISO 3826-4:2015 Part 4: Aphaeresis blood bag systems with integrated features +ISO 3827 Shipbuilding — Co-ordination of dimensions in ships' accommodation +ISO 3827-1:1977 Part 1: Principles of dimensional co-ordination +ISO 3827-2:1977 Part 2: Glossary of terms +ISO 3827-3:1977 Part 3: Co-ordinating sizes for components and assemblies +ISO 3827-4:1977 Part 4: Controlling dimensions +ISO 3827-5:1979 Part 5: Co-ordinating sizes for key components +ISO 3828:2008 Shipbuilding and marine structures – Deck machinery – Vocabulary and symbols +ISO 3829 Petroleum products – Determination of density and relative density – Jaulmes pyknometer method [Rejected draft] +ISO 3830:1993 Petroleum products — Determination of lead content of gasoline — Iodine monochloride method +ISO 3831:1979 Timekeeping instruments — Classification and numbering system and nomenclature of components for watches and clocks [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3832:2002 Passenger cars — Luggage compartments — Method of measuring reference volume +ISO 3833:1977 Road vehicles – Types – Terms and definitions +ISO 3834 Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials +ISO 3834-1:2021 Part 1: Criteria for the selection of the appropriate level of quality requirements +ISO 3834-2:2021 Part 2: Comprehensive quality requirements +ISO 3834-3:2021 Part 3: Standard quality requirements +ISO 3834-4:2021 Part 4: Elementary quality requirements +ISO 3834-5:2021 Part 5: Documents with which it is necessary to conform to claim conformity to the quality requirements of ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3 or ISO 3834-4 +ISO 3835 Equipment for vine cultivation and wine making – Vocabulary +ISO 3835-1:1976 (No part title) +ISO 3835-2:1977 (No part title) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3835-3:1980 (No part title) +ISO 3835-4:1981 (No part title) +ISO 3835-5:1982 (No part title) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/TR 3836:1978 Shoe sizes — System of width grading (for use in the Mondopoint system) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3837:1993 Liquid petroleum products — Determination of hydrocarbon types — Fluorescent indicator adsorption method +ISO 3838:2004 Crude petroleum and liquid or solid petroleum products — Determination of density or relative density — Capillary-stoppered pyknometer and graduated bicapillary pyknometer methods +ISO 3839:1996 Petroleum products — Determination of bromine number of distillates and aliphatic olefins — Electrometric method +ISO 3840:1976 Petroleum distillates — Determination of olefinic plus aromatic hydrocarbons content [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3841:1977 Petroleum waxes — Determination of melting point (cooling curve) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3842:2006 Road vehicles — Fifth wheels — Interchangeability +ISO 3843 Anodizing of aluminium and its alloys — Accelerated test of light fastness of coloured anodic oxidation coatings using artificial light [Draft named ISO 2135 as it was a revision of ISO/R 2135] +ISO 3844:1975 Shoe sizes — Method of marking [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9407] +ISO 3845 Petroleum and natural gas industries — High-test steel line pipe [Rejected draft] +ISO 3846:2008 Hydrometry – Open channel flow measurement using rectangular broad-crested weirs +ISO 3847:1977 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumes – End-depth method for estimation of flow in rectangular channels with a free overfall [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18481] +ISO 3848:2016 Essential oil of citronella, Java type +ISO 3849:2003 Oil of citronella, Sri Lankan type (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) W. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-12.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-12.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfb567dc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-12.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 13/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Watson var. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-13.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-13.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8b127170 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-13.md @@ -0,0 +1,202 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 14/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +lenabatu Stapf.) +ISO 3850:2004 Resilient floor coverings – Determination of apparent density of composition cork +ISO 3851:1977 Capsulated dental silicate and silico-phosphate filling materials [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9917] +ISO 3852:2007 Iron ores for blast furnace and direct reduction feedstocks — Determination of bulk density +ISO 3853:1994 Road vehicles — Towing vehicle coupling device to tow caravans or light trailers — Mechanical strength test +ISO 3854:1976 Road vehicles — Caravans and light trailers — Vacuum braking — Measurement of reaction time [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3855:1977 Milling cutters – Nomenclature +ISO 3856 Paints and varnishes — Determination of "soluble" metal content +ISO 3856-1:1984 Part 1: Determination of lead content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method and dithizone spectrophotometric method +ISO 3856-2:1984 Part 2: Determination of antimony content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method and Rhodamine B spectrophotometric method +ISO 3856-3:1984 Part 3: Determination of barium content — Flame atomic emission spectrometric method +ISO 3856-4:1984 Part 4: Determination of cadmium content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method and polarographic method +ISO 3856-5:1984 Part 5: Determination of hexavalent chromium content of the pigment portion of the liquid paint or the paint in powder form — Diphenylcarbazide spectrophotometric method +ISO 3856-6:1984 Part 6: Determination of total chromium content of the liquid portion of the paint — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method +ISO 3856-7:1984 Part 7: Determination of mercury content of the pigment portion of the paint and of the liquid portion of water-dilutable paints — Flameless atomic absorption spectrometric method +ISO 3857 Compressors, pneumatic tools and machines – Vocabulary +ISO 3857-1:1977 Part 1: General +ISO 3857-2:1977 Part 2: Compressors +ISO 3857-3:1989 Part 3: Pneumatic tools and machines +ISO 3857-4:2012 Part 4: Air treatment +ISO 3858:2018 Rubber compounding ingredients — Carbon black — Determination of light transmittance of toluene extract +ISO 3859:2000 Inverse dovetail cutters and dovetail cutters with cylindrical shanks +ISO 3860:2011 Bore cutters with key drive — Form milling cutters with constant profile +ISO 3861:2005 Rubber hoses and hose assemblies for sand and grit blasting — Specification +ISO 3862:2020 Rubber hoses and hose assemblies — Rubber-covered spiral-wire-reinforced hydraulic types for oil-based or water-based fluids — Specification +ISO 3863:1989 Cylindrical cork stoppers — Dimensional characteristics, sampling, packaging and marking [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3864 Graphical symbols – Safety colours and safety signs +ISO 3865:2020 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Methods of test for staining in contact with organic material +ISO 3866:1977 Office machines and printing machines used for information processing – Widths of fabric printing ribbons on spools exceeding 19 mm +ISO 3867:2017 Composition cork — Expansion joint fillers — Test methods +ISO 3868:1976 Metallic and other non-organic coatings — Measurement of coating thicknesses — Fizeau multiple-beam interferometry method +ISO 3869:2017 Agglomerated cork — Expansion joint fillers — Specifications, packaging and marking +ISO 3870:1976 Conveyor belts (fabric carcass), with length between pulley centres up to 300 m, for loose bulk materials — Adjustment of take-up device [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3871:2000 Road vehicles — Labelling of containers for petroleum-based or non-petroleum-based brake fluid +ISO 3872:1976 Graphic technology — Sheet-fed printing machines — Range of sizes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3873:1977 Industrial safety helmets +ISO 3874:2017 Series 1 freight containers — Handling and securing +ISO 3875:2020 Machine tools — Test conditions for external cylindrical centreless grinding machines — Testing of the accuracy +ISO 3876:1986 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Hand-holes +ISO 3877 Tyres, valves and tubes – List of equivalent terms +ISO 3877-1:1997 Part 1: Tyres +ISO 3877-2:1997 Part 2: Tyre valves +ISO 3877-3:1978 Part 3: Tubes +ISO 3877-4:1984 Part 4: Solid tyres +ISO 3878:1983 Hardmetals — Vickers hardness test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3879:1977 Welded joints — Recommended practice for liquid penetrant testing [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3452] +ISO 3880 Building construction – Stairs – Vocabulary +ISO 3880-1:1977 [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3881:1977 Building construction — Modular co-ordination — Stairs and stair openings — Co-ordinating dimensions +ISO 3882:2003 Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Review of methods of measurement of thickness +ISO 3883:1977 Office machines – Line and character capacity of address masters +ISO/DIS 3884:1975 Plastic +ISO 3886:1986 Iron ores — Determination of manganese content — Periodate spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9682-2] +ISO 3887:2007 Steels — Determination of the depth of decarburization +ISO 3888 Passenger cars — Test track for a severe lane-change manoeuvre +ISO 3888-1:2018 Part 1: Double lane-change +ISO 3888-2:2011 Part 2: Obstacle avoidance +ISO 3889:2006 Milk and milk products — Specification of Mojonnier-type fat extraction flasks +ISO 3890 Milk and milk products — Determination of residues of organochlorine compounds (pesticides) +ISO 3890-1:2009 Part 1: General considerations and extraction methods +ISO 3890-2:2009 Part 2: Test methods for crude extract purification and confirmation +ISO 3891:1978 Acoustics — Procedure for describing aircraft noise heard on the ground [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3892:2000 Conversion coatings on metallic materials — Determination of coating mass per unit area — Gravimetric methods +ISO 3893:1977 Concrete — Classification by compressive strength [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3894:2015 Road vehicles — Wheels/rims for commercial vehicles — Test methods +ISO 3895:1986 Road vehicles — Screened and waterproof spark-plug and its connection — Type 2 +ISO 3896:1986 Road vehicles — Screened and waterproof spark-plug and its connection — Type 3 +ISO 3897:1997 Photography — Processed photographic plates — Storage practices [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18918] +ISO 3898:2013 Bases for design of structures — Names and symbols of physical quantities and generic quantities +ISO 3899:2005 Rubber — Nitrile latex — Determination of residual acrylonitrile content +ISO 3900:1995 Rubber — Nitrile latex — Determination of bound acrylonitrile content +ISO 3901:2019 Information and documentation – International Standard Recording Code (ISRC) +ISO 3902:1990 Shipbuilding and marine structures — Gaskets for rectangular windows and side scuttles +ISO 3903:2012 Ships and marine technology — Ships' ordinary rectangular windows +ISO 3904:1990 Shipbuilding and marine structures — Clear-view screens +ISO 3905:1980 Paints and varnishes — Determination of contrast ratio (opacity) of light coloured paints at a fixed spreading rate (using black and white charts) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6504-3] +ISO 3906:1980 Paints and varnishes — Determination of contrast ratio (opacity) of light coloured paints at a fixed spreading rate (using polyester film) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6504-3] +ISO 3907:2009 Hardmetals — Determination of total carbon — Gravimetric method +ISO 3908:2009 Hardmetals — Determination of insoluble (free) carbon — Gravimetric method +ISO 3909:1976 Hardmetals — Determination of cobalt — Potentiometric method +ISO 3910:1983 Rubber boots, unlined moulded [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3911:2021 Wheels and rims for pneumatic tyres – Vocabulary, designation and marking +ISO 3912:1977 Woodruff keys and keyways [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3913:1977 Shipbuilding — Welded steel bollards +ISO 3914 Textile machinery and accessories — Cylindrical tubes +ISO 3914-1:1994 Part 1: Recommended main dimensions +ISO 3914-2:1994 Part 2: Dimensions, tolerances and designation of tubes for open-end spinning machines +ISO 3914-3:1994 Part 3: Dimensions, tolerances and designation of tubes for tape yarns +ISO 3914-4:1994 Part 4: Dimensions, tolerances and designation of tubes for textured yarns [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3914-5:1994 Part 5: Dimensions, tolerances and designation of tubes for continuous spin-drawn synthetic filament yarns [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3914-6:1994 Part 6: Dimensions, tolerances and designation of tubes for cross-wound packages in winding and twisting [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3914-7:1994 Part 7: Dimensions, tolerances and designation of perforated tubes for cheese dyeing +ISO 3915:2022 Plastics — Measurement of resistivity of conductive plastics +ISO 3916:1977 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Rope tubs [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3917:2016 Road vehicles — Safety glazing materials — Test methods for resistance to radiation, high temperature, humidity, fire and simulated weathering +ISO 3918:2007 Milking machine installations – Vocabulary +ISO 3919:2005 Coated abrasives — Flap wheels with shaft +ISO 3920:1976 Honing stones of square section — Designation and dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 603-(1-16)] +ISO 3921:1976 Honing stones of rectangular section — Designation and dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 603-(1-16)] +ISO 3922:1978 Continuous mechanical handling equipment — Rotary vane feeder — Dimensional specifications [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3923 Metallic powders — Determination of apparent density +ISO 3923-1:2018 Part 1: Funnel method +ISO 3923-2:1981 Part 2: Scott volumeter method +ISO 3923-3:1986 Part 3: Oscillating funnel method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3924:2019 Petroleum products — Determination of boiling range distribution — Gas chromatography method +ISO 3925:2014 Unsealed radioactive substances — Identification and documentation +ISO 3926:1980 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Couplings for oil and fuel reception — Mating dimensions +ISO 3927:2017 Metallic powders, excluding powders for hardmetals — Determination of compressibility in uniaxial compression +ISO 3928:2016 Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals — Fatigue test pieces +ISO 3929:2003 Road vehicles — Measurement methods for exhaust gas emissions during inspection or maintenance +ISO 3930:2000 Instruments for measuring vehicle exhaust emissions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3931 Fibre building boards – Determination of transversal internal bond [Rejected draft] +ISO 3932:1976 Textiles — Woven fabrics — Measurement of width of pieces [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22198] +ISO 3933:1976 Textiles — Woven fabrics — Measurement of length of pieces [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22198] +ISO 3934:2021 Rubber, vulcanized and thermoplastic — Preformed gaskets used in buildings — Classification, specifications and test methods +ISO 3935:1977 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Fire-fighting water system — Pressures [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3936:1993 Reduction sleeves with tenon drive with external and internal 7/24 taper — Dimensions +ISO 3937 Cutter arbors with tenon drive +ISO 3937-1:2008 Part 1: Dimensions of Morse taper +ISO 3937-2:2008 Part 2: Dimensions of 7/24 taper +ISO 3937-3:2008 Part 3: Dimensions of hollow taper interface with flange contact surface +ISO 3938:1986 Hydraulic fluid power — Contamination analysis — Method for reporting analysis data [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3939:1977 Fluid power systems and components — Multiple lip packing sets — Methods for measuring stack heights +ISO 3940:1977 Tapered die-sinking cutters with parallel shanks +ISO 3941:1977 Classification of fires +ISO 3942:1976 Photographic grade sodium carbonate, monohydrate — Specification [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 424] +ISO 3943:1993 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for anhydrous sodium acetate +ISO 3944:1992 Fertilizers — Determination of bulk density (loose) +ISO 3945:1985 Mechanical vibration of large rotating machines with speed range from 10 to 200 r/s — Measurement and evaluation of vibration severity in situ [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10816-1] +ISO 3946:1982 Starches and derived products — Determination of total phosphorus content — Spectrophotometric method +ISO 3947:1977 Starches, native or modified — Determination of total fat content +ISO 3948:1977 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Compressed-air systems — Pressure ranges +ISO 3949:2020 Plastics hoses and hose assemblies — Textile-reinforced types for hydraulic applications — Specification +ISO 3950:2016 Dentistry – Designation system for teeth and areas of the oral cavity +ISO 3951 Sampling procedures for inspection by variables +ISO 3951-1:2013 Part 1: Specification for single sampling plans indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection for a single quality characteristic and a single AQL +ISO 3951-2:2013 Part 2: General specification for single sampling plans indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection of independent quality characteristics +ISO 3951-3:2007 Part 3: Double sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection +ISO 3951-4:2011 Part 4: Procedures for assessment of declared quality levels +ISO 3951-5:2006 Part 5: Sequential sampling plans indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for inspection by variables (known standard deviation) +ISO 3952 Kinematic diagrams – Graphical symbols +ISO 3952-1:1981 (Motion of links of mechanisms; Kinematic pairs; Links and connections of their components; Linkage of bars and their links) +ISO 3952-2:1981 (Friction and gear mechanisms; Cam mechanisms) +ISO 3952-3:1979 (Maltese and ratchet mechanisms; Couplings and brakes) +ISO 3952-4:1984 (Miscellaneous mechanisms and their components) +ISO 3953:2011 Metallic powders — Determination of tap density +ISO 3954:2007 Powders for powder metallurgical purposes — Sampling +ISO 3955:1977 Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals — Sampling [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/TR 3956:1975 Principles of structural fire-engineering design with special regard to the connection between real fire exposure and the heating conditions of the standard fire-resistance test (ISO 834) +ISO 3957 Reaction to fire tests — Façades — Measurement of heat and smoke generation in severe exterior fire scenarios [Under development; originally planned ISO 3957 Graphic symbols — Index, survey, and compilation of the single sheets became ISO 7000] +ISO 3958:1996 Passenger cars — Driver hand-control reach +ISO 3959:1977 Green bananas — Ripening conditions +ISO 3960:2017 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of peroxide value — Iodometric (visual) endpoint determination +ISO 3961:2018 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of iodine value +ISO 3962:1977 Materials and equipment for petroleum and natural gas industries — Tool joints for steel drill pipe for oil or natural gas wells [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3963:1977 Fertilizers — Sampling from a conveyor by stopping the belt +ISO 3964:2016 Dentistry — Coupling dimensions for handpiece connectors +ISO 3965:1990 Agricultural wheeled tractors — Maximum speeds — Method of determination +ISO 3966:2020 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits – Velocity area method using Pitot static tubes +ISO 3967 Petroleum products – Determination of density and relative density – Bingham pyknometer method [Rejected draft] +ISO 3968:2017 Hydraulic fluid power — Filters — Evaluation of differential pressure versus flow +ISO 3969:1979 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Operational documentation +ISO 3970:1977 Modular units for machine tool construction — Integral way columns — Floor-mounted type +ISO 3971:1977 Rice milling — Symbols and equivalent terms [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3972:2011 Sensory analysis — Methodology — Method of investigating sensitivity of taste +ISO 3973:1996 Living animals for slaughter — Vocabulary — Bovines [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3974:1977 Definitions of living animals for slaughter — Ovines +ISO 3975:1977 Definitions of living animals for slaughter — Horses [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3976:2006 Milk fat — Determination of peroxide value +ISO 3977 Gas turbines – Procurement +ISO 3978:1976 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of chromium — Spectrophotometric method using diphenylcarbazide, after extraction +ISO 3979:1977 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of nickel — Spectrophotometric method using dimethylglyoxime [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3980:1977 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of copper — Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method +ISO 3981:1977 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of nickel — Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method +ISO 3982 Chemical analysis of aluminum and its alloys — Complexometric determination of magnesium [Rejected draft] +ISO 3983:1977 Cereals and cereal products — Determination of alpha-amylase activity — Colorimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3984:2004 Road vehicles — Rear moving barrier impact test procedure [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/TR 3985:2021 Biotechnology — Data publication — Preliminary considerations and concepts [originally planned ISO 3985 was a rejected draft with an unknown name] +ISO 3986 Petroleum products — Lubricating wax — Determination of cone penetration [Rejected draft] +ISO 3987:2010 Petroleum products — Determination of sulfated ash in lubricating oils and additives +ISO 3988 Determination of Spontaneous ignition temperature [Rejected draft] +ISO 3989 Measurement of airborne noise emitted by compressor units including prime movers [Rejected draft] +ISO 3990 Dentistry — Evaluation of antibacterial activity of dental restorative materials, luting cements, fissure sealants and orthodontic bonding or luting materials [Under development; originally planned ISO 3990 was Modular co-ordination — Sizes for co-ordinating lengths and widths of openings in the horizontal plane] +ISO 3991 Agricultural machinery — Robotic feed systems — Safety [Under development; originally planned ISO 3991 was Modular co-ordination — Sizes for co-ordinating heights of openings in the vertical plane] +ISO 3992 Petroleum waxes — Determination of needle penetration [Rejected draft] +ISO 3993:1984 Liquefied petroleum gas and light hydrocarbons — Determination of density or relative density — Pressure hydrometer method +ISO 3994:2014 Plastics hoses — Helical-thermoplastic-reinforced thermoplastics hoses for suction and discharge of aqueous materials — Specification +ISO 3995:1985 Metallic powders — Determination of green strength by transverse rupture of rectangular compacts +ISO 3996:1995 Road vehicles — Brake hose assemblies for hydraulic braking systems used with non-petroleum-base brake fluid +ISO 3997 Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of needle penetration [Rejected draft] +ISO 3998:1977 Textiles — Determination of resistance to certain insect pests +ISO 3999:2004 Radiation protection — Apparatus for industrial gamma radiography — Specifications for performance, design and tests \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-14.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-14.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a389ba8aa --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-14.md @@ -0,0 +1,485 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 15/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 4000 – ISO 4499 == +ISO 4000 Passenger car tyres and rims +ISO 4000-1:2021 Part 1: Tyres (metric series) +ISO 4000-2:2021 Part 2: Rims +ISO 4001:1977 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Raft-type life-saving apparatus +ISO 4002 Equipment for sowing and planting +ISO 4002-1:1979 Part 1: Concave disks type D1 — Dimensions +ISO 4002-2:1977 Part 2: Flat disks type D2 with single bevel — Dimensions +ISO 4003:1977 Permeable sintered metal materials — Determination of bubble test pore size +ISO 4004:1983 Agricultural tractors and machinery — Track widths +ISO/IEC 4005 Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Low altitude drone area network (LADAN) [Original draft ISO 4005 was deleted] +ISO/IEC 4005-1 Part 1: Communication model and requirements [Under development] +ISO/IEC 4005-2 Part 2: Physical and data link protocols for shared communication [Under development] +ISO/IEC 4005-3 Part 3: Physical and data link protocols for control communication [Under development] +ISO/IEC 4005-4 Part 4: Physical and data link protocols for video communication [Under development] +ISO 4006:1991 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits – Vocabulary and symbols +ISO 4007:2018 Personal protective equipment – Eye and face protection – Vocabulary +ISO 4008 Road vehicles — Fuel injection pump testing +ISO 4008-1:1980 Part 1: Dynamic conditions +ISO 4008-2:1983 Part 2: Static conditions +ISO 4008-3:1987 Part 3: Application and test procedures +ISO 4009:2000 Commercial vehicles — Location of electrical and pneumatic connections between towing vehicles and trailers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4010:1998 Diesel engines — Calibrating nozzle, delay pintle type +ISO/TR 4011:1976 Road vehicles — Apparatus for measurement of the opacity of exhaust gas from diesel engines [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11614] +ISO 4012:1978 Concrete — Determination of compressive strength of test specimens [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-4] +ISO 4013:1978 Concrete — Determination of flexural strength of test specimens [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-4] +ISO 4014:2011 Hexagon head bolts — Product grades A and B +ISO 4015:1979 Hexagon head bolts — Product grade B — Reduced shank (shank diameter approximately equal to pitch diameter) +ISO 4016:2011 Hexagon head bolts — Product grade C +ISO 4017:2014 Fasteners — Hexagon head screws — Product grades A and B +ISO 4018:2011 Hexagon head screws — Product grade C +ISO 4019:2001 Structural steels — Cold-formed, welded, structural hollow sections — Dimensions and sectional properties [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10799-2] +ISO 4020:2001 Road vehicles — Fuel filters for diesel engines — Test methods +ISO 4021:1992 Hydraulic fluid power — Particulate contamination analysis — Extraction of fluid samples from lines of an operating system +ISO 4022:2018 Permeable sintered metal materials — Determination of fluid permeability +ISO 4023:2009 Rubber hoses and hose assemblies for steam — Test methods +ISO 4024:1992 Road vehicles — Ignition coils — Low-tension cable connections +ISO 4025 The physical and mechanical properties of bagasse particleboards [Rejected draft] +ISO 4026:2003 Hexagon socket set screws with flat point +ISO 4027:2003 Hexagon socket set screws with cone point +ISO 4028:2003 Hexagon socket set screws with dog point +ISO 4029:2003 Hexagon socket set screws with cup point +ISO 4030:1983 Road vehicles — Vehicle identification number (VIN) — Location and attachment +ISO 4031:1978 Information interchange – Representation of local time differentials [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8601:1988] +ISO 4032:2012 Hexagon regular nuts (style 1) — Product grades A and B +ISO 4033:2012 Hexagon high nuts (style 2) — Product grades A and B +ISO 4034:2012 Hexagon regular nuts (style 1) — Product grade C [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4035:2012 Hexagon thin nuts chamfered (style 0) — Product grades A and B +ISO 4036:2012 Hexagon thin nuts unchamfered (style 0) — Product grade B [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4037 X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy +ISO 4037-1:1996 Part 1: Radiation characteristics and production +ISO 4037-2:1997 Part 2: Dosimetry for radiation protection over the energy ranges from 8 keV to 1,3 MeV and 4 MeV to 9 MeV +ISO 4037-3:1999 Part 3: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters and the measurement of their response as a function of energy and angle of incidence +ISO 4037-4:2004 Part 4: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters in low energy X reference radiation fields +ISO 4038:1996 Road vehicles — Hydraulic braking systems — Simple flare pipes, tapped holes, male fittings and hose end fittings +ISO 4039 Road vehicles — Pneumatic braking systems +ISO 4039-1:1998 Part 1: Pipes, male fittings and tapped holes with facial sealing surface +ISO 4039-2:1998 Part 2: Pipes, male fittings and holes with conical sealing surface +ISO 4040:2009 Road vehicles — Location of hand controls, indicators and tell-tales in motor vehicles +ISO 4041:1978 Rotary drilling equipment — Rotary hoses [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4042:2018 Fasteners — Electroplated coating systems +ISO 4043:2016 Simultaneous interpreting — Mobile booths — Requirements +ISO 4044:2017 Leather — Chemical tests — Preparation of chemical test samples +ISO 4045:2018 Leather — Chemical tests — Determination of pH and difference figure +ISO 4046 Paper, board, pulps and related terms – Vocabulary +ISO 4046-1:2016 Part 1: Alphabetical index +ISO 4046-2:2016 Part 2: Pulping terminology +ISO 4046-3:2016 Part 3: Paper-making terminology +ISO 4046-4:2016 Part 4: Paper and board grades and converted products +ISO 4046-5:2016 Part 5: Properties of pulp, paper and board +ISO 4047:1977 Leather — Determination of sulphated total ash and sulphated water-insoluble ash +ISO 4048:2018 Leather — Chemical tests — Determination of matter soluble in dichloromethane and free fatty acid content +ISO 4049:2019 Dentistry — Polymer-based restorative materials +ISO 4050:1977 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — "Rhine" and Hall's stockless anchors +ISO 4051:1977 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Steering gear — Values of torques +ISO 4052:1983 Coffee — Determination of caffeine content (Reference method) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4053 Measurement of gas flow in conduits — Tracer methods +ISO 4053-1:1977 Part 1: General [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4053-4:1978 Part 4: Transit time method using radioactive tracers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4054:1980 Couplers, loose spigots and base-plates for use in working scaffolds made of steel tubes — Requirements and test procedure [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4055:1977 Road vehicles — Caravans and light trailers — Electromagnetic braking [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4056:1978 Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings — Designation of polyethylene, based on nominal density and melt flow index [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10162] +ISO 4057:1986 Information processing – Data interchange on 6,30 mm (0.25 in) magnetic tape cartridge, 63 bpmm (1 600 bpi) phase-encoded [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4058:1977 Magnesium and its alloys — Determination of nickel — Photometric method using dimethylglyoxime [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4059:1978 Polyethylene (PE) pipes — Pressure drop in mechanical pipe-jointing systems — Method of test and requirements +ISO 4060 Road vehicles — Seat belts — Adjusting devices [Rejected draft] +ISO 4061 Soldering — Quality requirements for soldering of metallic materials [Under development; original draft ISO 4061 was Road vehicles — Seat belts equipment with push-button buckles — Handling characteristics] +ISO 4062:1977 Dictation equipment — Symbols [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 13251] +ISO 4063:2009 Welding and allied processes – Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers +ISO 4064 Water meters for cold potable water and hot water +ISO 4064-1:2014 Part 1: Metrological and technical requirements +ISO 4064-2:2014 Part 2: Test methods +ISO 4064-3:2014 Part 3: Test report format +ISO 4064-4:2014 Part 4: Non-metrological requirements not covered in ISO 4064-1 +ISO 4064-5:2014 Part 5: Installation requirements +ISO 4065:2018 Thermoplastics pipes — Universal wall thickness table +ISO 4066:1994 Construction drawings — Bar scheduling [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3766] +ISO 4067 Technical drawings — Installations +ISO 4067-1:1984 Part 1: Graphical symbols for plumbing, heating, ventilation and ducting [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4067-2:1980 Part 2: Simplified representation of sanitary appliances [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4067-3:1984 Part 3: Graphical symbols for automatic control [Rejected draft later published as ISO/TR 8545] +ISO 4067-6:1985 Part 6: Graphical symbols for supply water and drainage systems in the ground [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4068:1978 Building and civil engineering drawings — Reference lines [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4069:1977 Building and civil engineering drawings — Representation of areas on sections and views — General principles [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4070 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) — Effect of time and temperature on expected strength [Under development; originally planned standard with this number was a rejected draft with an unknown name] +ISO 4071:1978 Indirect-reading capacitor-type pocket exposure meters and accessory electrometers [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11934, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4072:1982 Green coffee in bags — Sampling +ISO 4073:2009 Dentistry — Information system on the location of dental equipment in the working area of the oral health care provider +ISO 4074:2015 Natural latex rubber condoms – Requirements and test methods +ISO 4075 Polysulfone (PSU) — Effect of time and temperature on expected strength [Under development; originally planned standard with this number was a rejected draft with an unknown name] +ISO 4076 Polyphenylsulphone (PPSU) — Effect of time and temperature on expected strength [Under development; originally planned standard with this number was a rejected draft with an unknown name] +ISO 4077 Coal preparation plant — Guide to sampling in coal preparation plants [Under development; originally planned standard with this number was a rejected draft with an unknown name] +ISO 4079:2020 Rubber hoses and hose assemblies — Textile-reinforced hydraulic types for oil-based or water-based fluids — Specification +ISO 4080:2009 Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies — Determination of permeability to gas +ISO 4081:2016 Rubber hoses and tubing for cooling systems for internal-combustion engines — Specification +ISO 4082:1981 Road vehicles — Motor vehicles — Flasher units +ISO 4083 Dental operating chair — General requirements [Rejected Draft] +ISO 4084:1977 Aircraft — Repairable contactors (not hermetically sealed) — Performance requirements [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4085:1979 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Swing derricks [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4086:2001 Road vehicles — 90 semi-trailer fifth wheel kingpin — Interchangeability +ISO 4087:2005 Micrographics – Microfilming of newspapers for archival purposes on 35 mm microfilm +ISO/TR 4088:1977 Rubber Thread – Classification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4089:1979 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Sealing rubber for covers of cargo hatches +ISO 4090:2001 Photography — Medical radiographic cassettes/screens/films and hard-copy imaging films — Dimensions and specifications +ISO 4091:2003 Road vehicles — Connectors for the electrical connection of towing and towed vehicles — Definitions, tests and requirements +ISO 4092:1988 Road vehicles — Diagnostic systems for motor vehicles — Vocabulary [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4093:1999 Diesel engines — Fuel injection pumps — High-pressure pipes for testing +ISO 4094:2017 Paper, board and pulps — General requirements for the competence of laboratories authorized for the issue of optical reference transfer standards of level 3 +ISO 4095:1998 Aerospace — Bihexagonal drives — Wrenching configuration — Metric series +ISO 4096:1978 Essential oils (containing tertiary alcohols) — Evaluation of free alcohols content by determination of ester value after cold formylation [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4097:2020 Rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) — Evaluation procedure +ISO 4098:2018 Leather — Chemical tests — Determination of water-soluble matter, water-soluble inorganic matter and water-soluble organic matter +ISO 4099:1984 Cheese — Determination of nitrate and nitrite contents — Method by cadmium reduction and photometry [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 14673-(1-3)] +ISO 4100:1980 Road vehicles — World parts manufacturer identifier (WPMI) code +ISO 4101:1983 Drawn steel wire for elevator ropes — Specifications +ISO 4102:1984 Equipment for crop protection — Sprayers — Connection threading +ISO 4103:1979 Concrete — Classification of consistency [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4104:1984 Dental zinc polycarboxylate cements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9917] +ISO 4105:1978 Textile machinery and accessories — Wires for flexible card clothings +ISO 4106:2012 Motorcycles — Engine test code — Net power +ISO 4107:2010 Commercial vehicles — Wheel-hub attachment dimensions +ISO 4108:1980 Concrete — Determination of tensile splitting strength of test specimens [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-4] +ISO 4109:1980 Fresh concrete — Determination of the consistency — Slump test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-2] +ISO 4110:1979 Fresh concrete — Determination of the consistency — Vebe test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-2] +ISO 4111:1979 Fresh concrete — Determination of consistency — Degree of compactibility (Compaction index) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-2] +ISO 4112:1990 Cereals and pulses — Guidance on measurement of the temperature of grain stored in bulk +ISO 4113:2010 Road vehicles — Calibration fluids for diesel injection equipment +ISO/TR 4114:1979 Road vehicles — Caravans and light trailers — Static load on ball couplings [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4115:1997 Air cargo equipment — Air/land pallet nets +ISO 4116:1986 Air cargo equipment — Ground equipment requirements for compatibility with aircraft unit load devices +ISO 4117:1993 Air and air/land cargo pallets — Specification and testing +ISO 4118:2016 Air cargo — Non-certified lower deck containers — Design and testing +ISO 4119:1995 Pulps — Determination of stock concentration +ISO 4120:2021 Sensory analysis — Methodology — Triangle test +ISO 4121:2003 Sensory analysis — Guidelines for the use of quantitative response scales +ISO/TR 4122:1977 Equipment for working the soil — Dimensions of flat disks — Type A [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4123:1979 Belt conveyors — Impact rings for carrying idlers and discs for return idlers — Main dimensions +ISO 4124:1994 Liquid hydrocarbons — Dynamic measurement — Statistical control of volumetric metering systems +ISO 4125:1991 Dry fruits and dried fruits – Definitions and nomenclature +ISO 4126 Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure +ISO 4126-1:2013 Part 1: Safety valves +ISO 4126-2:2018 Part 2: Bursting disc safety devices +ISO 4126-3:2020 Part 3: Safety valves and bursting disc safety devices in combination +ISO 4126-4:2013 Part 4: Pilot operated safety valves +ISO 4126-5:2013 Part 5: Controlled safety pressure relief systems (CSPRS) +ISO 4126-6:2014 Part 6: Application, selection and installation of bursting disc safety devices +ISO 4126-7:2013 Part 7: Common data +ISO 4126-9:2008 Part 9: Application and installation of safety devices excluding stand-alone bursting disc safety devices +ISO 4126-10:2010 Part 10: Sizing of safety valves for gas/liquid two-phase flow +ISO 4127 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Fairleads +ISO 4127-1:1979 Part 1: Two-lip fairleads +ISO 4127-2:1979 Part 2: Two-Roller fairleads +ISO 4128:1985 Aircraft — Air mode modular containers +ISO 4129:2012 Road vehicles – Mopeds – Symbols for controls, indicators and tell-tales [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4130:1978 Road vehicles – Three-dimensional reference system and fiducial marks – Definitions +ISO 4131:1979 Road vehicles — Dimensional codes for passenger cars +ISO 4132:1979 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and metal adaptor fittings for pipes under pressure — Laying lengths and size of threads — Metric series +ISO 4133:1979 Meat and meat products — Determination of glucono-delta-lactone content (Reference method) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4134:2021 Meat and meat products — Determination of L-(+)-glutamic acid content — Reference method +ISO 4135:2022 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Vocabulary +ISO 4136:2012 Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Transverse tensile test +ISO/TR 4137:1978 Plastics — Determination of modulus of elasticity by alternating flexure [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4138:2021 Passenger cars — Steady-state circular driving behaviour — Open-loop test methods +ISO 4139:1979 Ferrosilicon – Determination of aluminium content – Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method +ISO 4140:1979 Ferrochromium and ferrosilicochromium – Determination of chromium content – Potentiometric method +ISO 4141 Road vehicles — Multi-core connecting cables +ISO 4141-1:2019 Part 1: Test methods and requirements for basic performance sheathed cables +ISO 4141-2:2019 Part 2: Test methods and requirements for high performance sheathed cables +ISO 4141-3:2019 Part 3: Construction, dimensions and marking of unscreened sheathed low-voltage cables +ISO 4141-4:2009 Part 4: Test methods and requirements for coiled cable assemblies +ISO 4142:2002 Laboratory glassware — Test tubes +ISO 4143:1981 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Open rowing lifeboats +ISO 4144:2003 Pipework — Stainless steel fittings threaded in accordance with ISO 7-1 +ISO 4145:1986 Non-alloy steel fittings threaded to ISO 7-1 +ISO 4146:1980 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Manholes [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 5894] +ISO 4147:1997 Aerospace — Nuts, hexagonal, slotted (castellated), normal height, normal across flats, with MJ threads, classifications: 600 MPa (at ambient temperature)/120 degrees C, 600 MPa (at ambient temperature)/235 degrees C, 900 MPa (at ambient temperature)/425 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/235 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/315 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/650 degrees C, 1 210 MPa (at ambient temperature)/730 degrees C, 1 250 MPa (at ambient temperature)/235 degrees C and 1 550 MPa (at ambient temperature)/600 degrees C — Dimensions +ISO 4148:2004 Road vehicles — Special warning lamps — Dimensions +ISO 4149:2005 Green coffee — Olfactory and visual examination and determination of foreign matter and defects +ISO 4150:2011 Green coffee or raw coffee — Size analysis — Manual and machine sieving +ISO 4151:1987 Road vehicles — Mopeds — Type, location and functions of controls [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4152 Glass‐reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Determination of the apparent axial long‐term modulus of pipes subject to beam bending [Originally planned ISO 4152 was Welder's test on non-alloy and low-alloy steels for manual metal arc welding] +ISO 4153:1981 Aircraft — Pressure fuel dispensing system — Test procedure and limit value for shut-off surge pressure +ISO 4154 Traditional Chinese medicine — Sinomenium acutum stem [Under development] +ISO 4155 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of nickel — Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method [Under development] +ISO 4156 Straight cylindrical involute splines — Metric module, side fit +ISO 4156-1:2021 Part 1: Generalities +ISO 4156-2:2021 Part 2: Dimensions +ISO 4156-3:2021 Part 3: Inspection +ISO 4157 Construction drawings – Designation systems +ISO 4158:1978 Ferrosilicon, ferrosilicomanganese and ferrosilicochromium – Determination of silicon content – Gravimetric method +ISO 4159:1978 Ferromanganese and ferrosilicomanganese – Determination of manganese content – Potentiometric method +ISO 4160 Hexagon nuts and bolts with flange, style 1 — Small Series — Product grade B [Draft merged into ISO 4161 and ISO 4162] +ISO 4161:2012 Hexagon nuts with flange, style 2 — Coarse thread +ISO 4162:2012 Hexagon bolts with flange — Small series — Product grade A with driving feature of product grade B +ISO 4164:2012 Mopeds — Engine test code — Net power +ISO 4165 Road vehicles — Electrical connections — Double-pole connection +ISO 4166:1979 Hexagon nuts for fine mechanics — Product grade F [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4167:2012 Polyolefin agricultural twines +ISO 4168:2002 Timekeeping instruments — Conditions for carrying out checks on radioluminescent deposits [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4169:1979 Office machines — Keyboards — Key numbering system and layout charts +ISO 4170:1995 Air cargo equipment — Interline pallet nets +ISO 4171:1993 Air cargo equipment — Interline pallets +ISO 4172:1991 Technical drawings – Construction drawings – Drawings for the assembly of prefabricated structures +ISO 4173:1980 Ferromolybdenum – Determination of molybdenum content – Gravimetric method +ISO 4174:1998 Cereals, oilseeds and pulses — Measurement of unit pressure loss in one-dimensional air flow through bulk grain +ISO 4175:1979 Shipbuilding — Shipborne barges, series 1 — Main dimensions +ISO 4176:1981 Fertilizers — Determination of nitrate nitrogen content — Nitron gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4177 Magnesium and magnesium alloys – Determination of chromium – Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4178:1980 Complete, filled transport packages — Distribution trials — Information to be recorded +ISO 4179 Ductile iron pipes and fittings for pressure and non-pressure pipelines – Cement mortar lining +ISO 4180:2019 Packaging — Complete, filled transport packages — General rules for the compilation of performance test schedules +ISO 4181 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of strontium — Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4182:1999 Motor vehicles — Measurement of variations in dipped-beam headlamp angle as a function of load [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4183:1995 Belt drives — Classical and narrow V-belts — Grooved pulleys (system based on datum width) +ISO 4184:1992 Belt drives — Classical and narrow V-belts — Lengths in datum system +ISO 4185:1980 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduits – Weighing method +ISO 4186:1980 Asparagus — Guide to storage +ISO 4187:1980 Horse-radish — Guide to storage +ISO 4188 Magnesium and magnesium alloys – Determination of arsenic – Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4189 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of sodium — Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4190 Lift (US: Elevator) installation +ISO 4190-1:2010 Part 1: Class I, II, III and VI lifts [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8100-30] +ISO 4190-2:2001 Part 2: Class IV lifts +ISO 4190-3:1982 Part 3: Service lifts class V +ISO 4190-5:2006 Part 5: Control devices, signals and additional fittings +ISO 4190-6:1984 Part 6: Passenger lifts to be installed in residential buildings — Planning and selection [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8100-32] +ISO/TR 4191:2014 Plastics piping systems for water supply — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC-U) and oriented PVC-U (PVC-O) — Guidance for installation +ISO 4192:1981 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of lead content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method +ISO 4193:1981 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of chromium content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method +ISO 4194:1981 Magnesium alloys — Determination of zinc content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method +ISO 4195:2012 Conveyor belts with heat-resistant rubber covers — Heat resistance of covers — Requirements and test methods +ISO 4196:1984 Graphical symbols — Use of arrows [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 80416-2] +ISO 4197:1989 Equipment for working the soil — Hoe blades — Fixing dimensions +ISO 4198:1984 Surface active agents — Detergents for hand dishwashing — Guide for comparative testing of performance +ISO 4199:1979 Plain bearings — Shaft diameters for unsplit bushes [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4200:1991 Plain end steel tubes, welded and seamless — General tables of dimensions and masses per unit length +ISO 4202:2016 Reduction sleeves with external 7/24 taper for tools with Morse taper shanks +ISO 4203:1978 Parallel shank tools — Driving tenons and sockets — Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4204:2016 Countersinks, 90°, with Morse taper shanks and detachable pilots +ISO 4205:2016 Countersinks, 90°, with parallel shanks and solid pilots +ISO 4206:2016 Counterbores with parallel shanks and solid pilots +ISO 4207:2016 Counterbores with Morse taper shanks and detachable pilots +ISO 4208:1977 Detachable pilots for use with counterbores and 90 degrees countersinks — Dimensions +ISO 4209 Truck and bus tyres and rims (metric series) +ISO 4209-1:2001 Part 1: Tyres +ISO 4209-2:2020 Part 2: Rims +ISO 4210 Cycles — Safety requirements for bicycles +ISO 4210-1:2014 Part 1: Terms and definitions +ISO 4210-2:2015 Part 2: Requirements for city and trekking, young adult, mountain and racing bicycles +ISO 4210-3:2014 Part 3: Common test methods +ISO 4210-4:2014 Part 4: Braking test methods +ISO 4210-5:2014 Part 5: Steering test methods +ISO 4210-6:2015 Part 6: Frame and fork test methods +ISO 4210-7:2014 Part 7: Wheels and rims test methods +ISO 4210-8:2014 Part 8: Pedal and drive system test methods +ISO 4210-9:2014 Part 9: Saddles and seat-post test methods +ISO 4211:1979 Furniture — Assessment of surface resistance to cold liquids +ISO 4211-2:2013 Part 2: Assessment of resistance to wet heat +ISO 4211-3:2013 Part 3: Assessment of resistance to dry heat +ISO 4211-4:1988 Part 4: Assessment of resistance to impact +ISO 4211-5:2021 Part 5: Assessment of resistance to abrasion +ISO 4212 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys — Method of oxalic acid etching test for intergranular corrosion of austenitic stainless steel [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4213.2 Information technology — Artificial Intelligence — Assessment of machine learning classification performance [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4214 Milk and milk products — Determination of amino acids in infant formula and other dairy products [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4215 Corrosion of metals and alloys — Test method for high-temperature corrosion testing of metallic materials by thermogravimetry under isothermal or cyclic conditions [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4216:2021 Thermosetting resin and UV curable resin — Determination of shrinkage by continuous measurement method [Original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4217:2015 Codes for the representation of currencies +ISO 4218 Printing machines — Vocabulary +ISO 4218-1:1979 Part 1: Fundamental terms +ISO 4219:1979 Air quality — Determination of gaseous sulphur compounds in ambient air — Sampling equipment +ISO 4220:1983 Ambient air — Determination of a gaseous acid air pollution index — Titrimetric method with indicator or potentiometric end-point detection +ISO 4221:1980 Air quality — Determination of mass concentration of sulphur dioxide in ambient air — Thorin spectrophotometric method +ISO 4222 Ambient air — Measurement of particulate fall-out — Horizontal deposit gauge method [Rejected draft] +ISO 4223 Definitions of some terms used in the tyre industry +ISO 4223-1:2017 Part 1: Pneumatic tyres +ISO 4223-2:1991 Part 2: Solid tyres +ISO 4224:2000 Ambient air — Determination of carbon monoxide — Non-dispersive infrared spectrometric method +ISO 4225:2020 Air quality – General aspects – Vocabulary +ISO 4226:2007 Air quality – General aspects – Units of measurement +ISO/TR 4227:1989 Planning of ambient air quality monitoring +ISO 4228:1986 Spanners and wrenches — Spline drive ends for power socket wrenches +ISO 4229:2017 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Single-head engineer's wrenches for lower torque applications — Maximum outside dimensions of heads and test torques +ISO 4230:2016 Hand- and machine-operated circular screwing dies for taper pipe threads — R series +ISO 4231:2016 Hand- and machine-operated circular screwing dies for parallel pipe threads — G series +ISO 4232 Office machines – Minimum information to be included in specification sheets +ISO 4232-1:1979 Part 1: Duplicators [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4232-2:1980 Part 2: Document copying machines +ISO 4232-3:1984 Part 3: Postal franking machines [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4233 Hot helium leak testing method for high temperature pressure-bearing components in nuclear fusion reactors [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4238:1976 Cinematography — Optical printing ratios for enlargement and reduction of motion-picture film images — Specifications +ISO 4240-1 Fine bubble technology — Environmental applications — Part 1: Inspection method using online particle counter in dissolved air flotation (DAF) plant [Under development; original draft with this number unknown, but relates to Cinematography] +ISO 4241:2019 Cinematography — Projection film leader (time-based), trailer and cue marks — Specifications +ISO 4242:1980 Cinematography — Recording head gaps for two sound records on 16 mm magnetic film — Positions and width dimensions +ISO 4243:1979 Cinematography — Picture image area and photographic sound record on 16 mm motion-picture release prints — Positions and dimensions +ISO 4244:1979 Cinematography — Photographic sound record on 8 mm Type S motion-picture prints — Position and width dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4245 Cinematography — Projector usage of 16 mm motion-picture films for direct front projection — Specifications [Draft numbered as ISO 26, which the draft was a revision of] +ISO 4246:1994 Cinematography – Vocabulary +ISO 4247:1977 Jig bushes and accessories for drilling purposes — Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4248:1978 Jig bushes – Definitions and nomenclature +ISO 4249 Motorcycle tyres and rims (Code-designated series) +ISO 4249-1:1985 Part 1: Tyres +ISO 4249-2:1990 Part 2: Tyre load ratings +ISO 4249-3:2010 Part 3: Rims +ISO 4250 Earth-mover tyres and rims +ISO 4250-1:2017 Part 1: Tyre designation and dimensions +ISO 4250-2:2017 Part 2: Loads and inflation pressures +ISO 4250-3:2020 Part 3: Rims +ISO 4251 Code designated diagonal tyres (ply rating marked series) for agricultural tractors, trailers and machines +ISO 4251-1:2019 Part 1: Tyre designation and dimensions, and approved rim contours +ISO 4251-2:2019 Part 2: Tyre load ratings +ISO 4251-3:2006 Part 3: Rims [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18804] +ISO 4251-4:2010 Part 4: Tyre classification and nomenclature [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4251-5:1992 Part 5: Logging and forestry service tyres [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18807] +ISO 4252:2007 Agricultural tractors — Operator's workplace, access and exit — Dimensions +ISO 4253:1993 Agricultural tractors — Operator's seating accommodation — Dimensions +ISO 4254 Agricultural machinery — Safety +ISO 4254-1:2013 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 4254-2:1986 Part 2: Anhydrous ammonia applicators [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4254-3:1992 Part 3: Tractors [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 26322-(1,2)] +ISO 4254-4:1990 Part 4: Forestry winches [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 19472] +ISO 4254-5:2018 Part 5: Power-driven soil-working machines +ISO 4254-6:2020 Part 6: Sprayers and liquid fertilizer distributors +ISO 4254-7:2017 Part 7: Combine harvesters, forage harvesters, cotton harvesters and sugar cane harvesters +ISO 4254-8:2018 Part 8: Solid fertilizer distributors +ISO 4254-9:2018 Part 9: Seed drills +ISO 4254-10:2009 Part 10: Rotary tedders and rakes +ISO 4254-11:2010 Part 11: Pick-up balers +ISO 4254-12:2012 Part 12: Rotary disc and drum mowers and flail mowers +ISO 4254-13:2012 Part 13: Large rotary mowers +ISO 4254-14:2016 Part 14: Bale wrappers +ISO 4254-15 Part 15: Row-crop flail mowers [Abandoned draft] +ISO 4254-16:2018 Part 16: Portable agricultural grain augers +ISO 4254-17:2022 Part 17: Root crop harvesters +ISO 4256:1996 Liquefied petroleum gases — Determination of gauge vapour pressure — LPG method +ISO 4257:2001 Liquefied petroleum gases — Method of sampling +ISO 4259 Petroleum and related products — Precision of measurement methods and results +ISO 4259-1:2017 Part 1: Determination of precision data in relation to methods of test +ISO 4259-2:2017 Part 2: Interpretation and application of precision data in relation to methods of test +ISO 4259-3:2020 Part 3: Monitoring and verification of published precision data in relation to methods of test +ISO 4259-4:2021 Part 4: Use of statistical control charts to validate 'in-statistical-control' status for the execution of a standard test method in a single laboratory +ISO 4260:1987 Petroleum products and hydrocarbons — Determination of sulfur content — Wickbold combustion method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4261:2013 Petroleum products — Fuels (class F) — Specifications of gas turbine fuels for industrial and marine applications +ISO 4262:1993 Petroleum products — Determination of carbon residue — Ramsbottom method +ISO 4263 Petroleum and related products — Determination of the ageing behaviour of inhibited oils and fluids — TOST test +ISO 4263-1:2003 Part 1: Procedure for mineral oils +ISO 4263-2:2003 Part 2: Procedure for category HFC hydraulic fluids +ISO 4263-3:2015 Part 3: Anhydrous procedure for synthetic hydraulic fluids +ISO 4263-4:2006 Part 4: Procedure for industrial gear oils +ISO 4264:2018 Petroleum products — Calculation of cetane index of middle-distillate fuels by the four variable equation +ISO 4265:1986 Petroleum products — Lubricating oils and additives — Determination of phosphorus content — Quinoline phosphomolybdate method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4266 Petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Measurement of level and temperature in storage tanks by automatic methods +ISO 4266-1:2002 Part 1: Measurement of level in atmospheric tanks +ISO 4266-2:2002 Part 2: Measurement of level in marine vessels +ISO 4266-3:2002 Part 3: Measurement of level in pressurized storage tanks (non-refrigerated) +ISO 4266-4:2002 Part 4: Measurement of temperature in atmospheric tanks +ISO 4266-5:2002 Part 5: Measurement of temperature in marine vessels +ISO 4266-6:2002 Part 6: Measurement of temperature in pressurized storage tanks (non-refrigerated) +ISO 4267 Petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Calculation of oil quantities +ISO 4267-1 Part 1: Static measurement [Rejected draft] +ISO 4267-2:1988 Part 2: Dynamic measurement +ISO 4268:2000 Petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Temperature measurements — Manual methods +ISO 4269:2001 Petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Tank calibration by liquid measurement — Incremental method using volumetric meters +ISO 4270 Petroleum products – Determination of density and relative density – Reischauer pyknometer method [Rejected draft] +ISO 4271 Petroleum products – Determination of density and relative density – Conical pyknometer method [Rejected draft] +ISO 4272 Intelligent transport systems — Truck platooning systems (TPS) — Functional and operational requirements [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4273 Intelligent transport systems — Automated braking during low speed manoeuvring (ABLS) — Requirements and test procedures [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4274:1977 Urea for industrial use — Determination of biuret content — Flame atomic absorption and photometric absorption methods [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4275:1977 Ammonium hydrogen carbonate for industrial use (including foodstuffs) — Determination of arsenic content — Silver diethyldithiocarbamate photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4276:1978 Anhydrous ammonia for industrial use — Evaluation of residue on evaporation — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/TR 4277:2009 Cryolite, natural and artificial — Conventional test for evaluation of free fluorides content +ISO 4278:1977 Sodium fluoride for industrial use — Determination of carbonate content — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4279:1977 Aluminium fluoride for industrial use — Determination of sodium content — Flame emission spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4280:1977 Cryolite, natural and artificial, and aluminium fluoride for industrial use — Determination of sulphate content — Barium sulphate gravimetric method +ISO 4281:1977 Sodium hexafluorosilicate for industrial use — Determination of free acidity and total hexafluorosilicate content — Titrimetric method +ISO 4282:1992 Acid-grade and ceramic-grade fluorspar — Determination of loss in mass at 105 degrees C [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4283:1993 All grades of fluorspar — Determination of carbonate content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4284:1993 Acid-grade and ceramic-grade fluorspar — Determination of sulfide content — Iodometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4285:1977 Phosphoric acid for industrial use — Guide to sampling techniques +ISO 4286:2021 Intelligent transport systems — Use cases for sharing of probe data [Original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4287:1997 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Profile method – Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21920-2] +ISO 4288:1996 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Profile method – Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21920-3] +ISO 4289 Recommendation and specification of HVOF cermet coatings for metallurgical roll components [Under development; originally planned ISO 4289 was Instruments for the measurement of surface roughness by the profile method contact (stylus) instruments of consecutive profile transformation - Profile recording instruments calibration and means] +ISO 4290 Agricultural wheeled tractors and attachments — Front loaders — Dimensional and operational ratings [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4291:1985 Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness – Measurement of variations in radius +ISO 4292:1985 Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness — Measurement by two- and three-point methods [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4293:1982 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of phosphorus content — Extraction-molybdovanadate photometric method +ISO 4294:1984 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of copper content — Extraction-spectrometric and spectrometric methods [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4295:1988 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of aluminium content — Photometric and gravimetric methods +ISO 4296 Manganese ores — Sampling +ISO 4296-1:1984 Part 1: Increment sampling +ISO 4296-2:1983 Part 2: Preparation of samples +ISO 4297:1978 Manganese ores and concentrates — Methods of chemical analysis — General instructions +ISO 4298:1984 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of manganese content — Potentiometric method +ISO 4299:1989 Manganese ores — Determination of moisture content +ISO 4300:1984 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of lead content — Polarographic methods [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4301 Cranes – Classification +ISO 4301-1:2016 Part 1: General +ISO 4301-2:2020 Part 2: Mobile cranes +ISO 4301-3:2021 Part 3: Tower cranes +ISO 4301-4:1989 Part 4: Jib cranes +ISO 4301-5:1991 Part 5: Overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes +ISO 4302:2016 Cranes — Wind load assessment +ISO 4304:1987 Cranes other than mobile and floating cranes — General requirements for stability +ISO 4305:2014 Mobile cranes — Determination of stability +ISO 4306 Cranes – Vocabulary +ISO 4306-1:2007 Part 1: General +ISO 4306-2:2012 Part 2: Mobile cranes +ISO 4306-3:2016 Part 3: Tower cranes +ISO 4306-4:2020 Part 4: Jib cranes +ISO 4306-5:2005 Part 5: Bridge and gantry cranes +ISO 4307:2021 Molecular in vitro diagnostic examinations — Specifications for pre-examination processes for saliva — Isolated human DNA [Original draft with this number was related to cranes] +ISO 4308 Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection of wire ropes +ISO 4308-1:2003 Part 1: General [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16625] +ISO 4308-2:1988 Part 2: Mobile cranes — Coefficient of utilization [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16625] +ISO 4309:2017 Cranes — Wire ropes — Care and maintenance, inspection and discard +ISO 4310:2009 Cranes — Test code and procedures +ISO 4311:1979 Anionic and non-ionic surface active agents — Determination of the critical micellization concentration — Method by measuring surface tension with a plate, stirrup or ring +ISO 4312:1989 Surface active agents — Evaluation of certain effects of laundering — Methods of analysis and test for unsoiled cotton control cloth +ISO 4313:1976 Washing powders — Determination of total phosphorus(V) oxide content — Quinoline phosphomolybdate gravimetric method +ISO 4314:1977 Surface active agents — Determination of free alkalinity or free acidity — Titrimetric method +ISO 4315:1977 Surface active agents — Determination of alkalinity — Titrimetric method +ISO 4316:1977 Surface active agents — Determination of pH of aqueous solutions — Potentiometric method +ISO 4317:2011 Surface-active agents and detergents — Determination of water content — Karl Fischer methods +ISO 4318:1989 Surface active agents and soaps — Determination of water content — Azeotropic distillation method +ISO 4319:1977 Surface active agents — Detergents for washing fabrics — Guide for comparative testing of performance +ISO 4320:1977 Non-ionic surface active agents — Determination of cloud point index — Volumetric method +ISO 4321:1977 Washing powders — Determination of active oxygen content — Titrimetric method +ISO 4322:1977 Non-ionic surface active agents — Determination of sulphated ash — Gravimetric method +ISO 4323:2018 Soaps — Determination of chloride content — Potentiometric method +ISO 4324:1977 Surface active agents — Powders and granules — Measurement of the angle of repose +ISO 4325:1990 Soaps and detergents — Determination of chelating agent content — Titrimetric method +ISO 4326:1980 Non-ionic surface active agents — Polyethoxylated derivatives — Determination of hydroxyl value — Acetic anhydride method +ISO 4327:1979 Non-ionic surface active agents — Polyalkoxylated derivatives — Determination of hydroxyl value — Phthalic anhydride method +ISO 4328 Centre holes [Rejected draft] +ISO 4329 Shaft ends with woodruff keys [Rejected draft] +ISO 4330:1994 Photography — Determination of the curl of photographic film and paper [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18910] +ISO 4331:1986 Photography — Processed photographic black-and-white film for archival records — Silver-gelatin type on cellulose ester base — Specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10602, now replaced with ISO 18901] +ISO 4332:1986 Photography — Processed photographic black-and-white film for archival records — Silver-gelatin type on poly(ethylene terephthalate) base — Specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10602, now replaced with ISO 18901] +ISO 4333 Textiles — Determination of reduction activity of specific proteins derived from pollen, mite and other sources on textile products [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4334 Fruit puree — Specifications and test methods [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO/IEC 4335:1993 Information technology —- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — High-level data link control (HDLC) procedures — Elements of procedures [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO/IEC 13239] +ISO 4336:1981 Numerical control of machines — Specification of interface signals between the numerical control unit and the electrical equipment of an NC machine [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4337:1977 Information processing – Interchangeable magnetic twelve-disk pack (100 Mbytes) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4338 Information processing – Magnetic tape cassette [Rejected draft; a later proposed ISO 4338 Conceptual model and system architecture of smart classroom was deleted in 2021] +ISO 4339:2022 Information technology for learning, education and training — Reference model for information and communications technology (ICT) evaluation in education [Original draft with this number related to Information processing] +ISO 4340 Water aggressiveness evaluation and optimized lining choice [Under development; original draft with this number related to Information processing] +ISO 4341:1978 Information processing – Magnetic tape cassette and cartridge labelling and file structure for information interchange +ISO 4342:1985 Numerical control of machines — NC processor input — Basic part program reference language +ISO 4343:2000 Industrial automation systems — Numerical control of machines — NC processor output — Post processor commands +ISO 4344:2004 Steel wire ropes for lifts — Minimum requirements +ISO 4345:1988 Steel wire ropes — Fibre main cores — Specification +ISO 4346:1977 Steel wire ropes for general purposes – Lubricants – Basic requirements +ISO 4347:2015 Leaf chains, clevises and sheaves — Dimensions, measuring forces, tensile strengths and dynamic strengths +ISO 4348:1983 Flat-top chains and associated chain wheels for conveyors [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4349 Solid recovered fuels — Method for the determination of the Recycling-Index [Under development; original draft with this number was Genera! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-15.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-15.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4c12e641 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-15.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 16/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +principles for the verification of safety of concrete structures] +ISO 4351 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Association [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4354:2009 Wind actions on structures +ISO 4355:2013 Bases for design of structures — Determination of snow loads on roofs +ISO 4356:1977 Bases for the design of structures — Deformations of buildings at the serviceability limit states [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4357 Rules for use of the I.S. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-16.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-16.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd11b22ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-16.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 17/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +system of units in buildings [Rejected draft] +ISO 4358 Test methods for civil multi-copter unmanned aircraft system [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4359:2013 Flow measurement structures – Rectangular, trapezoidal and U-shaped flumes +ISO 4360:2020 Hydrometry – Open channel flow measurement using triangular profile weirs +ISO 4361 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumes – Round nosed broad crested weirs [Rejected draft] +ISO 4362:1999 Hydrometric determinations – Flow measurement in open channels using structures – Trapezoidal broad-crested weirs +ISO 4363:2002 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Methods for measurement of characteristics of suspended sediment +ISO 4364:1997 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Bed material sampling +ISO 4365:2005 Liquid flow in open channels – Sediment in streams and canals – Determination of concentration, particle size distribution and relative density +ISO 4366:2007 Hydrometry – Echo sounders for water depth measurements +ISO 4369:1979 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Moving-boat method +ISO 4370 Environmental life cycle assessment and recycling of ductile iron pipes for water applications [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4371:1984 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels by weirs and flumes – End depth method for estimation of flow in non-rectangular channels with a free overfall (approximate method) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18481] +ISO 4373:2022 Hydrometry – Water level measuring devices +ISO 4374:1990 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Round-nose horizontal broad-crested weirs +ISO 4375:2014 Hydrometry – Cableway systems for stream gauging +ISO 4376 Cycle Energy Requirement — Acceptance Test [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4377:2012 Hydrometric determinations – Flow measurement in open channels using structures – Flat-V weirs +ISO 4378 Plain bearings – Terms, definitions, classification and symbols +ISO 4378-1:2017 Part 1: Design, bearing materials and their properties +ISO 4378-2:2017 Part 2: Friction and wear +ISO 4378-3:2017 Part 3: Lubrication +ISO 4378-4:2009 Part 4: Basic symbols +ISO 4378-5:2009 Part 5: Application of symbols +ISO/TR 4378-6:2012 Part 6: Abbreviated terms +ISO 4379:2018 Plain bearings — Copper alloy bushes +ISO 4380 Plain bearings – Method of calculation of hydrodynamic thrust bearings (Rejected draft; now covered by ISO 12131-1) +ISO 4381:2011 Plain bearings — Tin casting alloys for multilayer plain bearings +ISO 4382 Plain bearings — Copper alloys +ISO 4382-1:2021 Part 1: Cast copper alloys for solid and multilayer thick-walled plain bearings +ISO 4382-2:2021 Part 2: Wrought copper alloys for solid plain bearings +ISO 4383:2012 Plain bearings — Multilayer materials for thin-walled plain bearings +ISO 4384 Plain bearings — Hardness testing of bearing metals +ISO 4384-1:2019 Part 1: Multilayer bearings materials +ISO 4384-2:2022 Part 2: Solid materials +ISO 4385:1981 Plain bearings — Compression testing of metallic bearing materials +ISO 4386 Plain bearings — Metallic multilayer plain bearings +ISO 4386-1:2019 Part 1: Non-destructive ultrasonic testing of bond of thickness greater than or equal to 0,5 mm +ISO 4386-3:2019 Part 2: Destructive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 2 mm +ISO 4387:2019 Cigarettes — Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine +ISO 4388:1991 Cigarettes — Determination of the smoke condensate retention index of a filter — Direct spectrometric method +ISO 4389:2000 Tobacco and tobacco products — Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues — Gas chromatographic method +ISO 4391:1983 Hydraulic fluid power — Pumps, motors and integral transmissions — Parameter definitions and letter symbols +ISO 4392 Hydraulic fluid power — Determination of characteristics of motors +ISO 4392-1:2002 Part 1: At constant low speed and constant pressure +ISO 4392-2:2002 Part 2: Startability +ISO 4392-3:1993 Part 3: At constant flow and at constant torque +ISO 4393:2015 Fluid power systems and components — Cylinders — Basic series of piston strokes +ISO 4394 Fluid power systems and components — Cylinder barrels +ISO 4394-1:1980 Part 1: Requirements for steel tubes with specially finished bores [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4395:2009 Fluid power systems and components — Cylinder piston rod end types and dimensions +ISO 4396 Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Future network recursive inter-network architecture [Under development; original DPR with this number related to fluid power] +ISO 4397:2011 Fluid power connectors and associated components — Nominal outside diameters of tubes and nominal hose sizes +ISO 4398 Intelligent transport systems — Guided transportation service planning data exchange [Under development; original DPR with this number related to fluid power] +ISO 4399:2019 Fluid power systems and components — Connectors and associated components — Nominal pressures +ISO 4400:1994 Fluid power systems and components — Three-pin electrical plug connectors with earth contact — Characteristics and requirements +ISO 4401:2005 Hydraulic fluid power — Four-port directional control valves — Mounting surfaces +ISO 4402:1991 Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of automatic-count instruments for particles suspended in liquids — Method using classified AC Fine Test Dust contaminant [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11171] +ISO 4404 Petroleum and related products — Determination of the corrosion resistance of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids +ISO 4404-1:2012 Part 1: Water-containing fluids +ISO 4404-2:2010 Part 2: Non-aqueous fluids +ISO 4405:1991 Hydraulic fluid power — Fluid contamination — Determination of particulate contamination by the gravimetric method +ISO 4406:2021 Hydraulic fluid power — Fluids — Method for coding the level of contamination by solid particles +ISO 4407:2002 Hydraulic fluid power — Fluid contamination — Determination of particulate contamination by the counting method using an optical microscope +ISO 4408 Hydraulic fluid power — Fluid contamination — Determination of particulate contamination by the counting method under incident light [Incomplete draft] +ISO 4409 Hydraulic fluid power — Positive-displacement pumps, motors and integral transmissions — Methods of testing and presenting basic steady state performance +ISO 4410 Experimental characterization of in-plane permeability of fibrous reinforcements for liquid composite moulding [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4411:2019 Hydraulic fluid power — Valves — Determination of differential pressure/flow rate characteristics +ISO 4412 Hydraulic fluid power – Test code for determination of airborne noise levels +ISO 4412-1:1991 Part 1: Pumps +ISO 4412-2:1991 Part 2: Motors +ISO 4412-3:1991 Part 3: Pumps – Method using a parallelepiped microphone array +ISO 4413:2010 Hydraulic fluid power – General rules and safety requirements for systems and their components +ISO 4414:2010 Pneumatic fluid power — General rules and safety requirements for systems and their components +ISO 4415:1981 Size designation of clothes — Men's and boys' underwear, nightwear and shirts [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-2] +ISO 4416:1981 Size designation of clothes — Women's and girls' underwear, nightwear, foundation garments and shirts [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-2] +ISO 4417:1977 Size designation of clothes — Headwear [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-2] +ISO 4418:1978 Size designation of clothes — Gloves [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-2] +ISO 4419 Health informatics — Reducing clinicians burden [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4420 Fluid power control components [Rejected draft] +ISO 4421 Health informatics — Introduction to Ayurveda [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4422 Pipes and fittings made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) for water supply — Specifications +ISO 4422-1:1996 Part 1: General [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-1] +ISO 4422-2:1996 Part 2: Pipes (with or without integral sockets) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-2] +ISO 4422-3:1996 Part 3: Fittings and joints [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-3] +ISO 4422-4:1996 Part 4: Valves and ancillary equipment [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-4] +ISO 4422-5:1996 Part 5: Fitness for purpose of the system [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-5] +ISO 4424 Genomics Informatics— Data Elements and their Metadata for Describing the Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB) Information of Clinical Massive Parallel DNA Sequencing [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4425 Genomics Informatics — Data elements and their metadata for describing the microsatellite instability (MSI) information of clinical massive parallel DNA sequencing [Under development; original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4426:2021 Intelligent transport systems — Lower layer protocols for usage in the European digital tachograph [Original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 4434:1977 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) adaptor fittings for pipes under pressure — Laying length and size of threads — Metric series [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-3] +ISO 4469:1981 Wood — Determination of radial and tangential shrinkage [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-13] +ISO 4481:1977 Cutlery and flatware – Nomenclature \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-17.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-17.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50e1f680a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-17.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 18/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 4500 - ISO 4999 == +ISO 4548 Methods of test for full-flow lubricating oil filters for internal combustion engines +ISO 4548-7:2012 Part 7: Vibration fatigue test +ISO 4551:1987 Ferroalloys – Sampling and sieve analysis +ISO 4552 Ferroalloys – Sampling and sample preparation for chemical analysis +ISO 4552-1:1987 Part 1: Ferrochromium, ferrosilicochromium, ferrosilicon, ferrosilicomanganese, ferromanganese +ISO 4552-2:1987 Part 2: Ferrotitanium, ferromolybdenum, ferrotungsten, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium +ISO 4570 Tyre valve threads +ISO 4578 Adhesives — Determination of peel resistance of high-strength adhesive bonds — Floating-roller method +ISO 4582 Plastics — Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to daylight under glass, natural weathering or laboratory light sources +ISO 4587 Adhesives — Determination of tensile lap-shear strength of rigid-to-rigid bonded assemblies +ISO 4618:2014 Paints and varnishes – Terms and definitions +ISO 4628 Paints and varnishes – Evaluation of degradation of coatings – Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance +ISO 4628-1 General introduction and designation system +ISO 4628-2 Assessment of degree of blistering +ISO 4628-3 Assessment of degree of rusting +ISO 4628-4 Assessment of degree of cracking +ISO 4628-5 Assessment of degree of flaking +ISO 4628-6 Assessment of degree of chalking by tape method +ISO 4628-7 Assessment of degree of chalking by velvet method +ISO 4628-8 Assessment of degree of delamination and corrosion around a scribe +ISO 4628-10 Assessment of degree of filiform corrosion +ISO 4648:1991 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of dimensions of test pieces and products for test purposes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 23529] +ISO 4661 Rubber, vulcanized — Preparation of samples and test pieces +ISO 4661-1:1993 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Preparation of samples and test pieces — Part 1: Physical tests [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 23529] +ISO 4661-2:2018 Rubber, vulcanized — Preparation of samples and test pieces — Part 2: Chemical tests +ISO 4683 Raw sheep skins +ISO 4683-1:1998 Part 1: Descriptions of defects +ISO 4720:2009 Essential oils – Nomenclature +ISO 4730:2017 Essential oil of Melaleuca, terpinen-4-ol type (Tea Tree oil) +ISO 4786:1977 Enclosed-scale adjustable-range thermometers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 4787:2010 Laboratory glassware – Volumetric instruments – Methods for testing of capacity and for use +ISO 4788:2005 Laboratory glassware – Graduated measuring cylinders +ISO 4791 Laboratory apparatus – Vocabulary relating to apparatus made essentially from glass, porcelain or vitreous silica +ISO 4791-1:1985 Part 1: Names for items of apparatus +ISO 4795:1996 Glass for thermometer bulbs +ISO 4801:1979 Glass alcoholometers and alcohol hydrometers not incorporating a thermometer +ISO 4805:1982 Laboratory glassware – Thermo-alcoholometers and alcohol-thermohydrometers +ISO 4824:1993 Dentistry — Ceramic denture teeth [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22112] +ISO 4831:2006 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of coliforms – Most probable number technique +ISO 4832:2006 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the enumeration of coliforms – Colony-count technique +ISO 4833 Microbiology of the food chain – Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms +ISO 4833-1:2013 Part 1: Colony count at 30 degrees C by the pour plate technique +ISO 4833-2:2013 Part 2: Colony count at 30 degrees C by the surface plating technique +ISO 4848:1980 Concrete — Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete — Pressure method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-2] +ISO 4858:1982 Wood — Determination of volumetric shrinkage [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-14] +ISO 4859:1982 Wood — Determination of radial and tangential swelling [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-15] +ISO 4860:1982 Wood — Determination of volumetric swelling [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-16] +ISO 4866:2010 Mechanical vibration and shock – Vibration of fixed structures – Guidelines for the measurement of vibrations and evaluation of their effects on structures +ISO 4871:1996 Acoustics – Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and equipment +ISO/IEC 4873:1991 Information technology – ISO 8-bit code for information interchange – Structure and rules for implementation +ISO 4875 Metal-cutting band saw blades +ISO 4875-1:2006 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 4880:1997 Burning behaviour of textiles and textile products – Vocabulary +ISO 4882:1979 Office machines and data processing equipment – Line spacings and character spacings +ISO 4885:2017 Ferrous materials – Heat treatments – Vocabulary +ISO 4892 Plastics – Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources +ISO 4902:1989 Information technology – Data communication – 37-pole DTE/DCE interface connector and contact number assignments +ISO 4903:1989 Information technology – Data communication – 15-pole DTE/DCE interface connector and contact number assignments +ISO/IEC 4909:2006 Identification cards – Financial transaction cards – Magnetic stripe data content for track 3 +ISO 4921:2000 Knitting – Basic concepts – Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 4922-1 Information security — Secure multiparty computation +ISO/IEC 4922-1:2023 Part 1: General +ISO 4977 Double cold-reduced electrolytic tinplate +ISO 4977-1:1984 Part 1: Sheet [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11949] +ISO 4977-2:1984 Part 2: Coil for subsequent cutting into sheets [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11949] + +== See also == +List of International Organization for Standardization standards, 1–4999 + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e4f82a8d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 3/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Moore] +ISO 3046 Reciprocating internal combustion engines – Performance +ISO 3046-1:2002 Part 1: Declarations of power, fuel and lubricating oil consumptions, and test methods — Additional requirements for engines for general use +ISO 3046-2:1987 Part 2: Test methods [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3046-1:2002] +ISO 3046-3:2006 Part 3: Test measurements +ISO 3046-4:2009 Part 4: Speed governing +ISO 3046-5:2001 Part 5: Torsional vibrations +ISO 3046-6:2020 Part 6: Overspeed protection +ISO 3046-7:1995 Part 7: Codes for engine power [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3046-1:2002] +ISO 3047:1982 Cinematography — Spool, daylight loading type, for 35 mm motion-picture cameras (capacity 30 m – 100 ft) — Dimensions +ISO 3048:1974 Gypsum plasters — General test conditions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3049:1974 Gypsum plasters — Determination of physical properties of powder [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3051:1974 Gypsum plasters — Determination of mechanical properties [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3052:1974 Gypsum plasters — Determination of water of crystallization content [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3053:2004 Oil of grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi Macfad.), obtained by expression +ISO 3054:2017 Essential oil of lavandin Abrial (Lavandula angustifolia Mill. × Lavandula latifolia Medik.), French type +ISO 3055:2021 Kitchen equipment — Coordinating sizes +ISO 3056:1986 Non-calibrated round steel link lifting chain and chain slings — Use and maintenance +ISO 3057:1998 Non-destructive testing — Metallographic replica techniques of surface examination +ISO 3058:1998 Non-destructive testing — Aids to visual inspection — Selection of low-power magnifiers +ISO 3059:2012 Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing — Viewing conditions +ISO 3060:1974 Textiles — Cotton fibres — Determination of breaking tenacity of flat bundles +ISO 3061:2008 Oil of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) +ISO 3062:1974 Oil of sandalwood (Eucarya spicata), Australia [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3063:2004 Oil of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. et Thomson forma genuina) +ISO 3064:2015 Essential oil of petitgrain, Paraguayan type (Citrus aurantium L. var. Paraguay (syn. Citrus aurantium var. bigaradia Hook f.)) +ISO 3065:2021 Essential oil of Eucalyptus, Australian type +ISO 3066:1986 Duplicating machines — Registration [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3067:1983 Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S, Model I — Notches for film speed, film identification and colour-balancing filter — Dimensions and positions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3068:1982 Cinematography — Magnetic stripes for sound records on 16 mm motion-picture film perforated 8 mm Type S-2R (1-4) and (1-3) — Positions and width dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3069:2000 End-suction centrifugal pumps — Dimensions of cavities for mechanical seals and for soft packing +ISO 3070 Machine tools — Test conditions for testing the accuracy of boring and milling machines with horizontal spindle +ISO 3070-0:1982 Part 0: Introduction [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3070-(1-3):2007] +ISO 3070-1:2007 Part 1: Machines with fixed column and movable table +ISO 3070-2:2016 Part 2: Machines with movable column along the X-axis (floor type) +ISO 3070-3:2007 Part 3: Machines with movable column and movable table +ISO 3071:2020 Textiles — Determination of pH of aqueous extract +ISO 3072:1975 Wool — Determination of solubility in alkali +ISO 3073:1975 Wool — Determination of acid content +ISO 3074:2014 Wool — Determination of dichloromethane-soluble matter in combed sliver +ISO 3075:1980 Short link chain for lifting purposes — Grade S (6) non calibrated, for chain slings etc. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17c0ef263 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 4/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +[Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3076:2012 Round steel short link chains for general lifting purposes — Medium tolerance sling chains for chain slings — Grade 8 +ISO 3077:2001 Short-link chain for lifting purposes — Grade T, (types T, DAT and DT), fine-tolerance hoist chain +ISO 3078:2016 Shipbuilding — Cargo winches +ISO 3079 A two-electrode method using acetic acid to measure pitting potential of aluminium and aluminium alloys in chloride solutions [Under development] +ISO 3080:1974 Guide for the mechanical balancing of marine main steam turbine machinery for merchant service [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3081:1986 Iron ores — Increment sampling — Manual method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3082] +ISO 3082:2017 Iron ores – Sampling and sample preparation procedures +ISO 3083:1986 Iron ores — Preparation of samples — Manual method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3082] +ISO 3084:1998 Iron ores — Experimental methods for evaluation of quality variation +ISO 3085:2019 Iron ores — Experimental methods for checking the precision of sampling, sample preparation and measurement +ISO 3086:2006 Iron ores — Experimental methods for checking the bias of sampling +ISO 3087:2020 Iron ores — Determination of the moisture content of a lot +ISO 3088:1975 Welding requirements — Factors to be considered in specifying requirements for fusion welded joints in steel (technical influencing factors) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3089:2005 Machine tools — Test conditions for self-centring, manually operated chucks with one-piece jaws +ISO 3090:1974 Ropes and cordage — Netting yarns — Determination of change in length after immersion in water [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3091:1975 Meat and meat products — Determination of nitrate content (Reference method) +ISO/CIE 3092 Light and lighting – Energy performance of lighting in buildings – Explanation and justification of ISO/CIE 20086 [Under development] +ISO 3093:2009 Wheat, rye and their flours, durum wheat and durum wheat semolina — Determination of the falling number according to Hagberg-Perten +ISO 3094:1974 Fruit and vegetable products — Determination of copper content — Photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3095:2013 Acoustics – Railway applications – Measurement of noise emitted by railbound vehicles +ISO 3096:2018 Rolling bearings — Needle rollers — Boundary dimensions, geometrical product specifications (GPS) and tolerance values +ISO/R 3097:1974 Rolling bearings — Needle rollers — Light and medium series — Dimensions and tolerance values [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1206] +ISO 3098 Technical product documentation – Lettering +ISO 3098-1:2015 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 3098-2:2000 Part 2: Latin alphabet, numerals and marks +ISO 3098-3:2000 Part 3: Greek alphabet +ISO 3098-4:2000 Part 4: Diacritical and particular marks for the Latin alphabet +ISO 3098-5:1997 Part 5: CAD lettering of the Latin alphabet, numerals and marks +ISO 3098-6:2000 Part 6: Cyrillic alphabet +ISO 3099:1974 Oilseed residues — Determination of total nitrogen content [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3100 Meat and meat products — Sampling and preparation of test samples +ISO 3100-1:1991 Part 1: Sampling [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 17604] +ISO 3100-2:1998 Part 2: Preparation of test samples for microbiological examination [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6887-2] +ISO 3101:1981 Wheels and castors — Triangular top plates with three fixing holes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22883 and ISO 22884] +ISO 3102:1981 Wheels and castors for non-powered equipment — Off-set for swivel castors [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22883 and ISO 22884] +ISO 3103 Tea – Preparation of liquor for use in sensory tests +ISO 3104:2020 Petroleum products — Transparent and opaque liquids — Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity +ISO 3105:1994 Glass capillary kinematic viscometers – Specifications and operating instructions +ISO 3106:1974 Dental zinc oxide/eugenol filling materials [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3107] +ISO 3107:2011 Dentistry — Zinc oxide/eugenol cements and zinc oxide/non-eugenol cements +ISO 3108:2017 Steel wire ropes — Test method — Determination of measured breaking force +ISO 3109:1984 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Hexagon insert bits for hexagon socket head screws [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2351-3] +ISO 3110:1975 Copper alloys — Determination of aluminium as alloying element — Volumetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3111:1975 Copper alloys — Determination of tin as alloying element — Volumetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3112:1975 Copper and copper alloys — Determination of lead — Extracting titration method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3114:1977 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes for potable water supply — Extractability of lead and tin — Test method +ISO 3115:1981 Castings in magnesium alloys containing zirconium — Chemical composition and mechanical properties [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16220] +ISO 3116:2019 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Wrought magnesium and magnesium alloys +ISO 3117:1977 Tangential keys and keyways [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3118:1976 Sodium perborates for industrial use — Determination of particle size distribution by mechanical sieving [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3119:1976 Boric acid, boric oxide and disodium tetraborates for industrial use — Determination of chromium content — Diphenylcarbazide photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3120:1976 diSodium tetraborates and crude sodium borates for industrial use — Determination of water content — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3121:1976 Boric acid, boric oxide and disodium tetraborates for industrial use — Determination of chloride content — Mercurimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3122:1976 Boric acid, boric oxide, disodium tetraborates, sodium perborates and crude borates for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 2,2'- Bipyridyl photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3123:1976 Sodium perborates for industrial use — Determination of rate of solution — Conductivity method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3124:1976 Crude sodium borates for industrial use — Determination of iron soluble in alkaline medium — 2,2'- Bipyridyl photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3125:1976 Crude sodium borates for industrial use — Determination of aluminium soluble in alkaline medium — EDTA titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3126:2005 Plastics piping systems — Plastics components — Determination of dimensions +ISO 3127:1994 Thermoplastics pipes — Determination of resistance to external blows — Round-the-clock method +ISO 3129:2019 Wood — Sampling methods and general requirements for physical and mechanical testing of small clear wood specimens +ISO 3130:1975 Wood — Determination of moisture content for physical and mechanical tests [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-1] +ISO 3131:1975 Wood — Determination of density for physical and mechanical tests [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-2] +ISO 3132:1975 Wood — Testing in compression perpendicular to grain [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-5] +ISO 3133:1975 Wood — Determination of ultimate strength in static bending [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-3] +ISO 3134 Light metals and their alloys — Terms and definitions +ISO 3134-1:1985 Part 1: Materials [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3134-2:1985 Part 2: Unwrought products [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3134-3:1985 Part 3: Wrought products [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3134-4:1985 Part 4: Castings [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3134-5:1981 Part 5: Methods of processing and treatment [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3136:1983 Rubber latex — Styrene-butadiene — Determination of bound styrene content +ISO 3137:1974 Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride for industrial use — Sampling +ISO 3138:1974 Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride for industrial use — Determination of non-volatile acid content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3139:1976 Aqueous hydrofluoric acid for industrial use — Sampling and methods of test +ISO 3140:2019 Essential oil of sweet orange expressed [Citrus sinensis (L.)] +ISO 3141:1997 Oil of clove leaves [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry, syn. Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock et S. Harrison] +ISO 3142:1997 Oil of clove buds [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry, syn. Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock et S. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2eded8de0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 5/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Harrison] +ISO 3143:1997 Oil of clove stems [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry, syn. Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock et S. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78b371265 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 6/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Harrison] +ISO 3144:1974 Carbon disulphide for industrial use — Sampling and methods of test +ISO 3145:1974 Rolling bearings — Bearings with spherical outside surface and extended inner ring width — Eccentric locking collars [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9628] +ISO 3146:2000 Plastics — Determination of melting behaviour (melting temperature or melting range) of semi-crystalline polymers by capillary tube and polarizing-microscope methods +ISO 3147:1975 Heat exchangers — Verification of thermal balance of water-fed or steam-fed primary circuits — Principles and test requirements [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3148:1975 Radiators, convectors and similar appliances — Determination of thermal output — Test method using air-cooled closed booth [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3149:1975 Radiators, convectors and similar appliances — Determination of thermal output — Test method using liquid-cooled closed booth [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3150:1975 Radiators, convectors and similar appliances — Calculation of thermal output and presentation of results [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/TR 3151 Visualization elements of PLM-MES interface [Under development; originally planned ISO 3151 was an engineering standard] +ISO/TR 3151-1 Part 1: Overview [Under development] +ISO/TR 3152:2022 Road vehicles — Comparison between ISO 26262-12 and other parts of the ISO 26262 series to support motorcycle adaptation +ISO 3154:1988 Stranded wire ropes for mine hoisting — Technical delivery requirements +ISO 3155:1976 Stranded wire ropes for mine hoisting — Fibre components — Characteristics and tests +ISO 3156:1976 Stranded wire ropes for mine hoisting — Impregnating compounds, lubricants and service dressings — Characteristics and tests +ISO 3157:1991 Radioluminescence for time measurement instruments — Specifications [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3158:1976 Timekeeping instruments — Symbolization of control positions +ISO 3159:2009 Timekeeping instruments — Wrist-chronometers with spring balance oscillator +ISO 3160 Watch-cases and accessories — Gold alloy coverings +ISO 3160-1:1998 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 3160-2:2015 Part 2: Determination of fineness, thickness, corrosion resistance and adhesion +ISO 3160-3:1993 Part 3: Abrasion resistance tests of a type of coating on standard gauges [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 23160] +ISO 3161:1999 Aerospace — UNJ threads — General requirements and limit dimensions +ISO 3162:1974 Caravans and light trailers — Couplings for vacuum braking systems — Dimensional characteristics [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3163 Adventure tourism — Terminology [Under development' original draft unknown] +ISO 3164:2013 Earth-moving machinery — Laboratory evaluations of protective structures — Specifications for deflection-limiting volume +ISO 3165:1976 Sampling of chemical products for industrial use — Safety in sampling +ISO 3166: Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions +ISO 3166-1:2020 Part 1: Country codes +ISO 3166-2:2020 Part 2: Country subdivision code +ISO 3166-3:2020 Part 3: Code for formerly used names of countries +ISO 3167:2014 Plastics — Multipurpose test specimens +ISO 3168:1998 Aerospace — Nuts, anchor, self-locking, fixed, single lug, with counterbore, with MJ threads, classifications: 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature )/235 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature )/315 degrees C and 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/425 degrees C — Dimensions +ISO 3169 Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Methods for chemical analysis of impurities in aluminium oxide powders using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry [Under development] +ISO 3170:2004 Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling +ISO 3171:1988 Petroleum liquids — Automatic pipeline sampling +ISO/TR 3172:1974 Paints and varnishes — Large scale brushing test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3173:1974 Road vehicles — Apparatus for measurement of the opacity of exhaust gas from diesel engines operating under steady state conditions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11614] +ISO 3174:1994 Aircraft — Connections for checking hydraulic systems by ground appliances — Threaded type +ISO 3175 Textiles — Professional care, drycleaning and wetcleaning of fabrics and garments +ISO 3175-1:2017 Part 1: Assessment of performance after cleaning and finishing +ISO 3175-2:2017 Part 2: Procedure for testing performance when cleaning and finishing using tetrachloroethene +ISO 3175-3:2017 Part 3: Procedure for testing performance when cleaning and finishing using hydrocarbon solvents +ISO 3175-4:2018 Part 4: Procedure for testing performance when cleaning and finishing using simulated wetcleaning +ISO 3175-5:2019 Part 5: Procedure for testing performance when cleaning and finishing using dibutoxymethane +ISO 3175-6:2017 Part 6: Procedure for testing performance when cleaning and finishing using decamethylpentacyclosiloxane +ISO 3176 Textiles — Determination of dimensional stability on dry cleaning in perchloroethylene, excluding finishing laboratory method [Rejected draft] +ISO 3177:1975 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of chlorides content — Photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3178:1988 Steel wire ropes for general purposes — Terms of acceptance [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3179:1974 Coniferous sawn timber — Nominal dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3180 Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Methods for chemical analysis of hydroxyapatite powders [Under development; originally planned ISO 3180 merged into ISO 3179] +ISO 3181 [draft merged into ISO 3179] +ISO 3182 Light Measuring System for Smoke Emission Testing [Under development; originally planned ISO 3182 merged into ISO 3179] +ISO 3183:2019 Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel pipe for pipeline transportation systems +ISO 3184:1998 Reach and straddle fork-lift trucks — Stability tests [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22915-3] +ISO 3185:2021 Aerospace — Bolts, normal bihexagonal head, normal shank, short or medium length MJ threads, metallic material, coated or uncoated, strength classes less than or equal to 1 100 MPa — Dimensions +ISO 3186:2008 Aerospace — Bolts, large bihexagonal head, normal shank, short or medium length MJ threads, metallic material, coated or uncoated, strength classes 1 250 MPa to 1 800 MPa — Dimensions +ISO 3187:1989 Refractory products — Determination of creep in compression +ISO 3188:1978 Starches and derived products — Determination of nitrogen content by the Kjeldahl method — Titrimetric method +ISO 3189 Sockets for wire ropes for general purposes +ISO 3189-1:1985 Part 1: General characteristics and conditions of acceptance [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3189-2:1985 Part 2: Special requirements for sockets produced by forging or machined from the solid [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3189-3:1985 Part 3: Special requirements for sockets produced by casting [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3190:1975 Test conditions for turret and single spindle co-ordinate drilling machines with vertical spindle — Testing of the accuracy +ISO 3191:1998 Aerospace — Nuts, anchor, self-locking, fixed, single lug, reduced series, with counterbore, with MJ threads, classifications: 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/235 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/315 degrees C and 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/425 degrees C — Dimensions +ISO 3193:2008 Aerospace — Bolts, normal hexagonal head, normal shank, short or medium length MJ threads, metallic material, coated or uncoated, strength classes less than or equal to 1 100 MPa — Dimensions +ISO 3194:1975 Potassium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of sulphur compounds — Method by reduction and titrimetry [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3195:1975 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Sampling — Test Sample — Preparation of the main solution for carrying out certain determinations +ISO 3196:1975 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of carbonates content — Titrimetric method +ISO 3197:1975 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of chlorides content — Photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3198:1975 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use — Determination of sulphur compounds — Method by reduction and titrimetry [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3199:1975 Sodium chlorate for industrial use — Determination of chlorate content — Dichromate titrimetric method +ISO 3200:1975 Sodium and potassium silicates for industrial use — Determination of sulphates content — Barium sulphate gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3201:1975 Sodium and potassium silicates for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 1,10- Phenanthroline photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3202:1997 Aerospace — Screws, pan head, internal offset cruciform ribbed or unribbed drive, threaded to head, MJ threads, metallic material, coated or uncoated, strength classes less than or equal to 1 100 MPa — Dimensions +ISO 3203:1993 Aerospace — Bolts, normal bihexagonal head, normal or pitch diameter shank, long length MJ threads, metallic material, coated or uncoated, strength classes less than or equal to 1 100 MPa — Dimensions +ISO 3205:1976 Preferred test temperatures [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3206:1975 Surface active agents — Analysis of technical alkane sulphonates — Determination of alkane monosulphonates content [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3207:1975 Statistical interpretation of data — Determination of a statistical tolerance interval [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16269-6] +ISO 3208:1974 Road vehicles — Evaluation of protrusions inside passenger cars +ISO 3209:2016 Aerospace — Nuts, anchor, self-locking, floating, two lug, with counterbore, with MJ threads, classifications: 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature )/235 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature )/315 degrees C and 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/425 degrees C — Dimensions +ISO 3210:2017 Anodizing of aluminium and its alloys — Assessment of quality of sealed anodic oxidation coatings by measurement of the loss of mass after immersion in acid solution(s) +ISO 3211:2018 Anodizing of aluminium and its alloys — Assessment of resistance of anodic oxidation coatings to cracking by deformation +ISO 3212:1975 Polypropylene pipes — Burst test requirements [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3213:2009 Polypropylene (PP) pipes — Effect of time and temperature on the expected strength +ISO 3214:2000 Oil of Litsea cubeba (Litsea cubeba Pers.) +ISO 3215:1998 Oil of nutmeg, Indonesian type (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) +ISO 3216:1997 Oil of cassia, Chinese type (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees, syn. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b37fb2b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 7/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Cinnamomum cassia Nees ex Blume) +ISO 3217:1974 Oil of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) +ISO 3218:2014 Essential oils — Principles of nomenclature +ISO 3219 Rheology +ISO 3219-1:2021 Part 1: Vocabulary and symbols for rotational and oscillatory rheometry +ISO 3219-2:2021 Part 2: General principles of rotational and oscillatory rheometry +ISO 3220:1975 Copper and copper alloys — Determination of arsenic — Photometric method +ISO 3221:1998 Aerospace — Nuts, anchor, self-locking, fixed, 90 degrees corner, with counterbore, with MJ threads, classifications: 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/235 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/315 degrees C and 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/425 degrees C — Dimensions +ISO 3222:1998 Aerospace — Nuts, anchor, self-locking, fixed, closed corner, reduced series, with counterbore, with MJ threads, classifications: 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/235 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/315 degrees C and 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/425 degrees C — Dimensions +ISO 3223:1998 Aerospace — Nuts, anchor, self-locking, fixed, two lug, with counterbore, with MJ threads, classifications: 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature )/235 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature )/315 degrees C and 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/425 degrees C — Dimensions +ISO 3224:1998 Aerospace — Nuts, anchor, self-locking, floating, single lug, with counterbore, with MJ threads, classifications: 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature )/235 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature )/315 degrees C and 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/425 degrees C — Dimensions +ISO 3225:1998 Aerospace — Nuts, anchor, self-locking, fixed, two lug, reduced series, with counterbore, with MJ threads, classifications: 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/235 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/315 degrees C and 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/425 degrees C — Dimensions +ISO 3228:2013 Rolling bearings — Cast and pressed housings for insert bearings — Boundary dimensions and tolerances +ISO 3230:1998 Aerospace — Rivets, solid, 100 degrees normal countersunk head with dome, metallic material, with or without surface treatment — Dimensions +ISO 3231:1993 Paints and varnishes — Determination of resistance to humid atmospheres containing sulfur dioxide [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22479] +ISO 3232:1974 Paints and varnishes — Determination of quantity of material in a container [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3233 Paints and varnishes — Determination of percentage volume of non-volatile matter +ISO 3233-1:2019 Part 1: Method using a coated test panel to determine non-volatile matter and to determine dry-film density by the Archimedes' principle +ISO 3233-2:2019 Part 2: Method using the determination of non-volatile-matter content in accordance with ISO 3251 and determination of dry film density on coated test panels by the Archimedes' principle +ISO 3233-3:2015 Part 3: Determination by calculation from the non-volatile-matter content determined in accordance with ISO 3251, the density of the coating material and the density of the solvent in the coating material +ISO 3234:1975 Sodium sulphate for industrial use — Determination of loss in mass at 110 degrees C [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3235:1975 Sodium sulphate for industrial use — Determination of acid-insoluble matter [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3236:1975 Sodium sulphate for industrial use — Determination of chlorides content — Mercurimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3237:1975 Sodium sulphate for industrial use — Determination of sulphates content — Calculation method and barium sulphate gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3238:1975 Sodium sulphate for industrial use — Determination of calcium content — EDTA complexometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3239:1975 Sodium sulphate for industrial use — Determination of iron content — 1,10- Phenanthroline photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3240:1975 Sodium sulphate for industrial use — Determination of acidity or alkalinity [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3241:1975 Sodium sulphate for industrial use — Measurement of pH — Potentiometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3242 Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies – Use cases [Under development] +ISO 3243:1975 Keyboards for countries whose languages have alphabetic extenders — Guidelines for harmonization [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9995-(1,7)] +ISO 3244:1984 Office machines and data processing equipment — Principles governing the positioning of control keys on keyboards [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9995-(1,7)] +ISO 3245:2015 Rolling bearings — Needle roller bearings with drawn cup and without inner ring — Boundary dimensions, geometrical product specifications (GPS) and tolerance values +ISO 3246:1977 Dentistry — Working space of the dentist — Definitions and principles [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3247 Mosaic parquet panels — Classification of oak strips [Rejected draft] +ISO 3248:2016 Paints and varnishes — Determination of the effect of heat +ISO 3249:1975 Reciprocating internal combustion engines — Definitions of locations on an engine [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1204] +ISO/TS 3250:2021 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Calculation and reporting production efficiency in the operating phase [Original draft with this number unknown] +ISO 3251:2019 Paints, varnishes and plastics — Determination of non-volatile-matter content +ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy – Vocabulary +ISO 3253:1998 Gas welding equipment — Hose connections for equipment for welding, cutting and allied processes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO/TR 28821] +ISO 3254:1989 Shipbuilding and marine structures — Toughened safety glass panes for rectangular windows [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21005] +ISO 3255:1974 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of aluminium — Chromazurol S photometric method +ISO 3256:1977 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of magnesium — Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method +ISO 3257:1992 Rubber compounding ingredients — Carbon black — Method of evaluation in styrene-butadiene rubbers [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3258:1976 Air distribution and air diffusion — Vocabulary [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3259 Pulps — Determination of pentosans content — Furfural method [Rejected draft] +ISO 3260:2015 Pulps — Determination of chlorine consumption (Degree of delignification) +ISO 3261:1975 Fire tests — Vocabulary [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3262 Extenders — Specifications and methods of test +ISO 3262-1:2020 Part 1: Introduction and general test methods +ISO 3262-2:1998 Part 2: Barytes (natural barium sulfate) +ISO 3262-3:1998 Part 3: Blanc fixe +ISO 3262-4:1998 Part 4: Whiting +ISO 3262-5:1998 Part 5: Natural crystalline calcium carbonate +ISO 3262-6:1998 Part 6: Precipitated calcium carbonate +ISO 3262-7:1998 Part 7: Dolomite +ISO 3262-8:1998 Part 8: Natural clay +ISO 3262-9:1997 Part 9: Calcined clay +ISO 3262-10:2000 Part 10: Natural talc/chlorite in lamellar form +ISO 3262-11:2000 Part 11: Natural talc, in lamellar form, containing carbonates +ISO 3262-12:2001 Part 12: Muscovite-type mica +ISO 3262-13:1997 Part 13: Natural quartz (ground) +ISO 3262-14:2000 Part 14: Cristobalite +ISO 3262-15:2000 Part 15: Vitreous silica +ISO 3262-16:2000 Part 16: Aluminium hydroxides +ISO 3262-17:2000 Part 17: Precipitated calcium silicate +ISO 3262-18:2000 Part 18: Precipitated sodium aluminium silicate +ISO 3262-19:2021 Part 19: Precipitated silica +ISO 3262-20:2021 Part 20: Fumed silica +ISO 3262-21:2000 Part 21: Silica sand (unground natural quartz) +ISO 3262-22:2000 Part 22: Flux-calcined kieselguhr +ISO 3263:1974 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Bucket elevators — Safety code [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7149] +ISO 3264:1974 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Screw feeders and conveyors — Safety code [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7149] +ISO 3265:1974 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Wagon tipplers handling rail-borne wagons (rotary, side discharge and end discharge) — Safety code +ISO 3266:2010 Forged steel eyebolts grade 4 for general lifting purposes +ISO 3267:1991 Road vehicles — Headlamp cleaners [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3268:1978 Plastics — Glass reinforced materials — Determination of tensile properties [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 527-(4-5)] +ISO 3269:2019 Fasteners — Acceptance inspection +ISO 3270:1984 Paints and varnishes and their raw materials — Temperatures and humidities for conditioning and testing +ISO 3271:2015 Iron ores for blast furnace and direct reduction feedstocks — Determination of the tumble and abrasion indices +ISO 3272 Microfilming of technical drawings and other drawing office documents +ISO 3272-1:2003 Part 1: Operating procedures +ISO 3272-2:1994 Part 2: Quality criteria and control of 35 mm silver gelatin microfilms +ISO 3272-3:2001 Part 3: Aperture card for 35 mm microfilm +ISO 3272-4:1994 Part 4: Microfilming of drawings of special and exceptional elongated sizes +ISO 3272-5:1999 Part 5: Test procedures for diazo duplicating of microfilm images in aperture cards [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3272-6:2000 Part 6: Quality criteria and control of systems for enlargements from 35 mm microfilm +ISO 3273 Transparent A6 Microfiche – Additional physical characteristics [Rejected draft] +ISO 3274:1996 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Profile method – Nominal characteristics of contact (stylus) instruments +ISO 3275:1974 Information processing – Implementation of the 7- bit coded character set and its 7- bit and 8- bit extensions on 3,81 mm magnetic cassette for data interchange +ISO 3276:1975 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for unit loads — Belt conveyors (canvas, rubber, plastic, etc.), steel band conveyors and wire mesh belt conveyors — Safety code [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7149] +ISO 3277:1974 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for unit loads — Suspended swing-tray conveyors and fixed-tray conveyors — Safety code [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7149] +ISO 3278:1974 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for unit loads — Canvas-sling elevators and conveyors — Safety code [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7149] +ISO 3279:1974 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for unit loads — Hydraulic conveyors — Safety code [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7149] +ISO 3280:1974 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for unit loads — Gravity roller and wheel conveyors, extensible-roller or telescopic-roller conveyors, and hinged-roller conveyors (gates) — Safety code [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7149] +ISO 3281:1974 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for unit loads — Spiral roller conveyor chutes, spiral chutes, and chutes for packages — Safety code [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7149] +ISO 3282:1976 Aircraft — Dimensions for single-hole and triple-hole mounting (Class 3) lever-operated manual switches +ISO 3283:1974 Continuous mechanical handling equipment — Transfer points — Safety code [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 7149] +ISO 3284:1974 Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose bulk materials — Dimensions of bends for use in pneumatic handling +ISO 3285:1986 Road vehicles — Ignition coil mounting brackets [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3286:2016 Single point cutting tools — Corner radii +ISO 3287:1999 Powered industrial trucks – Symbols for operator controls and other displays +ISO 3288 Individual space heating appliances — General test methods [Rejected draft] +ISO 3289 Independent room heaters burnings solid fuel — Particular test methods [Rejected draft] +ISO 3290 Rolling bearings — Balls +ISO 3290-1:2014 Part 1: Steel balls +ISO 3290-2:2014 Part 2: Ceramic balls +ISO 3291:2016 Extra-long Morse taper shank twist drills +ISO 3292:2016 Extra-long parallel shank twist drills +ISO 3293:2016 Morse taper shank countersinks for angles 60 degrees, 90 degrees and 120 degrees inclusive +ISO 3294:2016 Parallel shank countersinks for angles 60, 90 and 120 degrees inclusive +ISO 3295:1975 Narrow bandsaw blades for woodworking — Dimensions +ISO 3296:1975 Textile machinery and accessories — Tubes for ring-spinning, doubling and twisting spindles, taper 1:64 [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 368] +ISO 3297:2020 Information and documentation – International standard serial number (ISSN) +ISO 3298:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for glacial acetic acid +ISO 3299:1994 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93c247f24 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 8/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 3300 – ISO 3649 == +ISO 3300:1976 Photography — Processing chemicals — Specifications for anhydrous sodium thiosulfate [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10636] +ISO 3301:1975 Statistical interpretation of data – Comparison of two means in the case of paired observations +ISO 3302 Rubber — Tolerances for products +ISO 3302-1:2014 Part 1: Dimensional tolerances +ISO 3302-2:2008 Part 2: Geometrical tolerances +ISO 3303 Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of bursting strength +ISO 3303-1 Part 1: Steel-ball method +ISO 3303-2 Part 2: Hydraulic method +ISO 3304:1985 Plain end seamless precision steel tubes — Technical conditions for delivery [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3305:1985 Plain end welded precision steel tubes — Technical conditions for delivery +ISO 3306:1985 Plain end as-welded and sized precision steel tubes — Technical conditions for delivery +ISO 3307:1975 Information interchange – Representations of time of the day [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 8601:1988] +ISO 3308:2012 Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine — Definitions and standard conditions +ISO/IEC 3309:1993 Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — High-level data link control (HDLC) procedures — Frame structure [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO/IEC 13239] +ISO 3310 sieves — Technical requirements and testing +ISO 3310-1:2016 Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth +ISO 3310-2:2013 Part 2: Test sieves of perforated metal plate +ISO 3310-3:1990 Part 3: Test sieves of electroformed sheets +ISO/TR 3311:1974 Plain end precision steel tubes, welded and seamless — General tables of dimensions and masses per unit length [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 4200] +ISO 3312:1987 Sintered metal materials and hardmetals — Determination of Young modulus +ISO/TR 3313:2018 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits — Guidelines on the effects of flow pulsations on flow-measurement instruments +ISO 3314:1975 Shell drills with taper bore (taper bore 1 : 30 (included)) with slot drive +ISO 3315:2018 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Driving parts for hand-operated square drive socket wrenches — Dimensions and tests +ISO 3316:2018 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Attachments for hand-operated square drive socket wrenches — Dimensions and tests +ISO 3317:2015 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Square drive adaptor with hexagon or cylindrical flat drive, for power socket wrenches +ISO 3318:2016 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Open-ended wrenches, box wrenches and combination wrenches — Maximum widths of heads +ISO 3319 Guide for the use of ISO 2859 "Sampling procedures and tables for inspection by attributes" [Rejected draft] +ISO 3320:2013 Fluid power systems and components — Cylinder bores and piston rod diameters and area ratios — Metric series +ISO 3321:1975 Fluid power systems and components — Cylinder bores and piston rod diameters — Inch series [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3322:1985 Fluid power systems and components — Cylinders — Nominal pressures [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3323:1987 Aircraft — Hydraulic components — Marking to indicate fluid for which component is approved +ISO 3324 Aircraft tyres and rims +ISO 3324-1:2013 Part 1: Specifications [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3324-2:2013 Part 2: Part 2: Test methods for tyres [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3325:1996 Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals — Determination of transverse rupture strength +ISO 3326:2013 Hardmetals — Determination of (the magnetization) coercivity [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3327:2009 Hardmetals — Determination of transverse rupture strength +ISO 3328:1975 Nitric acid for industrial use — Determination of sulphate content — Method by reduction and titrimetry [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3329:1975 Ammonium nitrate for industrial use — Determination of content of sulphur compounds — Method by reduction and titrimetry [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3330:1975 Ammonium nitrate for industrial use — Determination of ammoniacal nitrogen content — Titrimetric method after distillation [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3331:1975 Ammonium nitrate for industrial use — Determination of total nitrogen content — Titrimetric method after distillation [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3332:1975 Ammonium sulphate for industrial use — Determination of ammoniacal nitrogen content — Titrimetric method after distillation +ISO 3333:1975 Ammonium sulphate for industrial use — Determination of copper content — Zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3334:2006 Micrographics — ISO resolution test chart No. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e85df50a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,239 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 9/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +2 — Description and use +ISO 3335:1977 Extruded solid profiles in aluminium-zinc- magnesium alloy Al Zn4,5 Mg1 (7020) — Chemical composition and mechanical properties [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 209-1] +ISO 3336:1993 Dentistry — Synthetic polymer teeth [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22112] +ISO 3337:2000 T-slot cutters with cylindrical shanks and with Morse taper shanks having tapped hole +ISO 3338 Cylindrical shanks for milling cutters +ISO 3338-1:1996 Part 1: Dimensional characteristics of plain cylindrical shanks +ISO 3338-2:2013 Part 2: Dimensional characteristics of flatted cylindrical shanks +ISO 3338-3:1996 Part 3: Dimensional characteristics of threaded shanks +ISO 3339 Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry — Classification and terminology +ISO 3339-0:1986 Part 0: Classification system and classification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3340:1976 Fibre building boards — Determination of sand content +ISO 3341:2000 Textile glass — Yarns — Determination of breaking force and breaking elongation +ISO 3342:2011 Textile glass — Mats — Determination of tensile breaking force +ISO 3343:2010 Reinforcement yarns — Determination of twist balance index +ISO 3344:1997 Reinforcement products — Determination of moisture content +ISO 3345:1975 Wood — Determination of ultimate tensile stress parallel to grain [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-6] +ISO 3346:1975 Wood — Determination of ultimate tensile stress perpendicular to grain [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-7] +ISO 3347:1976 Wood — Determination of ultimate shearing stress parallel to grain [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-8] +ISO 3348:1975 Wood — Determination of impact bending strength [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-10] +ISO 3349:1975 Wood — Determination of modulus of elasticity in static bending [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-4] +ISO 3350:1975 Wood — Determination of static hardness [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-12] +ISO 3351:1975 Wood — Determination of resistance to impact indentation [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-11] +ISO/TR 3352:1974 Acoustics — Assessment of noise with respect to its effect on the intelligibility of speech [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3353 Aerospace — Lead and runout threads +ISO 3353-1:2020 Part 1: Rolled external threads +ISO 3353-2:2020 Part 2: Internal threads +ISO 3354:2008 Measurement of clean water flow in closed conduits – Velocity-area method using current-meters in full conduits and under regular flow conditions +ISO 3355:1975 Shoe sizes — System of length grading (for use in the Mondopoint system) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9407] +ISO 3356:2009 Milk — Determination of alkaline phosphatase +ISO 3357:1975 Sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate for industrial use — Determination of total phosphorus(V) oxide content — Quinoline phosphomolybdate gravimetric method +ISO 3358:1979 Sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate for industrial use — Separation by column chromatography and determination of the different phosphate forms [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3359:1975 Phosphoric acid for industrial use — Determination of arsenic content — Silver diethyldithiocarbamate photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3360:1976 Phosphoric acid and sodium phosphates for industrial use (including foodstuffs) — Determination of fluorine content — Alizarin complexone and lanthanum nitrate photometric method +ISO 3361:1975 Phosphoric acid for industrial use — Determination of soluble silica content — Reduced molybdosilicate spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3362:1976 Benzyl chloride for industrial use — Methods of test [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3363:1976 Fluorochlorinated hydrocarbons for industrial use — Determination of acidity — Titrimetric method +ISO 3364:2017 Indexable hardmetal (carbide) inserts with rounded corners, with cylindrical fixing hole — Dimensions +ISO 3365:2016 Indexable hardmetal (carbide) inserts with wiper edges, without fixing hole — Dimensions +ISO 3366:1999 Coated abrasives — Abrasive rolls +ISO 3367:1975 Coated abrasives — Rolls for widths of 50 mm and greater — Any backing — Designation and dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3366] +ISO 3368:1975 Coated abrasives — Cloth rolls up to and including 40 mm width — Designation and dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3366] +ISO 3369:2006 Impermeable sintered metal materials and hardmetals — Determination of density +ISO 3371:1975 Modular units for machine tool construction — Rotary tables and multi-sided centre bases for rotary tables +ISO 3372:1975 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Mushroom-type ventilator heads [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3373 Fibre building boards — Determination of paint absorption [Rejected draft] +ISO 3374:2000 Reinforcement products — Mats and fabrics — Determination of mass per unit area +ISO 3375:2009 Textile glass — Determination of stiffness of rovings +ISO 3376:2020 Leather — Physical and mechanical tests — Determination of tensile strength and percentage elongation +ISO 3377 Leather — Physical and mechanical tests — Determination of tear load +ISO 3377-1:2011 Part 1: Single edge tear +ISO 3377-2:2016 Part 2: Double edge tear +ISO 3378:2002 Leather — Physical and mechanical tests — Determination of resistance to grain cracking and grain crack index +ISO 3379:2015 Leather — Determination of distension and strength of surface (Ball burst method) +ISO 3380:2015 Leather — Physical and mechanical tests — Determination of shrinkage temperature up to 100 °C +ISO 3381:2021 Railway applications – Acoustics – Noise measurement inside railbound vehicles +ISO 3382 Acoustics — Measurement of room acoustic parameters +ISO 3382-1:2009 Acoustics — Measurement of room acoustic parameters — Part 1: Performance spaces +ISO 3382-2:2008 Acoustics — Measurement of room acoustic parameters — Part 2: Reverberation time in ordinary rooms +ISO 3382-3:2022 Acoustics — Measurement of room acoustic parameters — Part 3: Open plan offices +ISO 3383:1985 Rubber — General directions for achieving elevated or subnormal temperatures for test purposes [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 23529] +ISO 3384 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of stress relaxation in compression +ISO 3384-1:2019 Part 1: Testing at constant temperature +ISO 3384-2:2019 Part 2: Testing with temperature cycling +ISO 3385:2014 Flexible cellular polymeric materials — Determination of fatigue by constant-load pounding +ISO 3386 Polymeric materials, cellular flexible — Determination of stress-strain characteristics in compression +ISO 3386-1:1986 Part 1: Low-density materials +ISO 3386-2:1997 Part 2: High-density materials +ISO 3387:2020 Rubber — Determination of crystallization effects by hardness measurements +ISO 3388:1977 Patent documents — Bibliographic references — Essential and complementary elements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 690] +ISO 3389:1975 Aircraft — Radio frequency flexible coaxial cables — Dimensions and electrical characteristics [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3390:1976 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of manganese content — Flame atomic absorption method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3391:1976 Cryolite, natural and artificial — Determination of calcium content — Flame atomic absorption method +ISO 3392:1976 Cryolite, natural and artificial, and aluminium fluoride for industrial use — Determination of water content — Electrometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3393:1976 Cryolite, natural and artificial, and aluminium fluoride for industrial use — Determination of moisture content — Gravimetric method +ISO 3394:2012 Packaging – Complete, filled transport packages and unit loads – Dimensions of rigid rectangular packages +ISO 3395:1975 Rotary drilling equipment — Roller bits and blade drag bits [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3396:1975 Rotary drilling equipment — Diamond drilling bits and diamond core bits [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3397:1977 Broadleaved wood raw parquet blocks — General characteristics +ISO 3398:1977 Broadleaved wood raw parquet blocks — Classification of oak parquet blocks +ISO 3399:1976 Broadleaved wood raw parquet blocks — Classification of beech parquet blocks +ISO 3400:1997 Cigarettes — Determination of alkaloids in smoke condensates — Spectrometric method +ISO 3401:1991 Cigarettes — Determination of alkaloid retention by the filters — Spectrometric method +ISO 3402:1999 Tobacco and tobacco products — Atmosphere for conditioning and testing +ISO 3405:2019 Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic sources — Determination of distillation characteristics at atmospheric pressure +ISO 3406:1975 Tobacco and tobacco products — Expression of analytical test results [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3407:1983 Information processing – Information interchange on 3,81 mm (0.150 in) magnetic tape cassette at 4 cpmm (100 cpi), phase encoded at 63 ftpmm (1 600 ftpi) [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3408 Ball screws +ISO 3408-1:2006 Part 1: Vocabulary and designation +ISO 3408-2:2021 Part 2: Nominal diameters, leads, nut dimensions and mounting bolts — Metric series +ISO 3408-3:2006 Part 3: Acceptance conditions and acceptance tests +ISO 3408-4:2006 Part 4: Static axial rigidity +ISO 3408-5:2006 Part 5: Static and dynamic axial load ratings and operational life +ISO 3409:1975 Passenger cars — Lateral spacing of foot controls +ISO 3410:1989 Agricultural machinery — Endless variable-speed V-belts and groove sections of corresponding pulleys +ISO 3411:2007 Earth-moving machinery — Physical dimensions of operators and minimum operator space envelope +ISO 3412:1992 Road vehicles — Screened and waterproof spark-plugs and their connections — Types 1A and 1B +ISO 3413:1975 Information processing — Recorded magnetic tapes for interchange instrumentation applications — Standard tape speeds and track configurations [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6068] +ISO 3414 Modular coordination — co-ordinating sizes for windows [Rejected draft] +ISO 3415:1986 Textile floor coverings — Determination of thickness loss after brief, moderate static loading +ISO 3416:1986 Textile floor coverings — Determination of thickness loss after prolonged, heavy static loading +ISO 3417:2008 Rubber — Measurement of vulcanization characteristics with the oscillating disc curemeter [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 6502-2] +ISO 3418:1975 Steel Tubes — Butt-welding bends, types 3D and 5D (45°, 90°, and 180°), without quality requirements [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3419:1981 Non-alloy and alloy steel butt-welding fittings +ISO 3420:1975 Ammonium hydrogen carbonate for industrial use (including foodstuffs) — Determination of ash — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3421 Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment — Offshore conductor design, setting depth and installation [Under development] +ISO 3422:1975 Ammonium hydrogen carbonate for industrial use (including foodstuffs) — Determination of total carbon dioxide content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3423:1975 Sulphuric acid and oleums for industrial use — Determination of sulphur dioxide content — Iodometric method +ISO 3424:1975 Sodium perborates for industrial use — Determination of bulk density [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3425:1975 Sulphur for industrial use — Determination of ash at 850-900 degrees C and of residue at 200 degrees C +ISO 3426:1975 Sulphur for industrial use — Determination of loss in mass at 80 degrees C +ISO 3427:1976 Gaseous halogenated hydrocarbons (liquefied gases) — Taking of a sample +ISO 3428:1976 Sodium fluoride for industrial use — Preparation and storage of test samples +ISO 3429:1976 Sodium fluoride primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of iron content — 1,10- Phenanthroline photometric method +ISO 3430:1976 Sodium fluoride primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of silica content — Reduced molybdosilicate spectrophotometric method +ISO 3431:1976 Sodium fluoride primarily used for the production of aluminium — Determination of soluble sulphates content — Turbidimetric method +ISO 3432:2008 Cheese — Determination of fat content — Butyrometer for Van Gulik method +ISO 3433:2008 Cheese — Determination of fat content — Van Gulik method +ISO 3434:2012 Ships and marine technology — Heated glass panes for ships' rectangular windows +ISO 3435:1977 Continuous mechanical handling equipment — Classification and symbolization of bulk materials +ISO 3437:1975 Road vehicles — Determination of fuel leakage in the event of a collision [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3438:2013 Subland twist drills for holes prior to tapping screw threads (originally Subland twist drills with Morse taper shanks for holes prior to tapping screw threads) +ISO 3439:2003 Subland twist drills with cylindrical shanks for holes prior to tapping screw threads [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3438] +ISO 3440 Twist drills with indexable inserts made of cemented carbide, with parallel shank, for metal and plastics [Rejected draft] +ISO 3441 Twist drills with indexable inserts made of cemented carbide, with Morse taper shank, for metal and plastics [Rejected draft] +ISO 3442 Machine tools — Dimensions and geometric tests for self-centring chucks with two-piece jaws +ISO 3442-1:2005 Part 1: Manually operated chucks with tongue and groove type jaws +ISO 3442-2:2005 Part 2: Power-operated chucks with tongue and groove type jaws +ISO 3442-3:2007 Part 3: Power-operated chucks with serrated jaws +ISO 3443 Tolerances for building +ISO 3443-1:1979 Part 1: Basic principles for evaluation and specification +ISO 3443-2:1979 Part 2: Statistical basis for predicting fit between components having a normal distribution of sizes +ISO 3443-3:1987 Part 3: Procedures for selecting target size and predicting fit +ISO 3443-4:1986 Part 4: Method for predicting deviations of assemblies and for allocation of tolerances +ISO 3443-5:1982 Part 5: Series of values to be used for specification of tolerances +ISO 3443-6:1986 Part 6: General principles for approval criteria, control of conformity with dimensional tolerance specifications and statistical control — Method 1 +ISO 3443-7:1988 Part 7: General principles for approval criteria, control of conformity with dimensional tolerance specifications and statistical control — Method 2 (Statistical control method) +ISO 3443-8:1989 Part 8: Dimensional inspection and control of construction work +ISO 3444 Stainless steel wire ropes [Under development; originally planned ISO 3444 was Paper and board – Determination of abrasion resistance – Taber method] +ISO/IEC TR 3445:2022 Information technology – Cloud computing – Audit of cloud services [Originally planned ISO 3445 was Modular coordination — Preferred sizes for horizontal controlling dimensions] +ISO 3446 Timber Structures – Determination of characteristic values of sawn timber from tests on Small Clear Wood Specimens [Under development; originally planned ISO 3446 was Modular coordination — Preferred sizes for vertical controlling dimensions] +ISO 3447:1975 Joints in building — General check-list of joint functions +ISO 3448:1992 Industrial liquid lubricants — ISO viscosity classification +ISO 3449:2005 Earth-moving machinery — Falling-object protective structures — Laboratory tests and performance requirements +ISO 3450:2011 Earth-moving machinery — Wheeled or high-speed rubber-tracked machines — Performance requirements and test procedures for brake systems +ISO 3451 Plastics — Determination of ash +ISO 3451-1:2019 Part 1: General methods +ISO 3451-2:1998 Part 2: Poly(alkylene terephthalate) materials +ISO 3451-3:1984 Part 3: Unplasticized cellulose acetate +ISO 3451-4:1998 Part 4: Polyamides +ISO 3451-5:2002 Part 5: Poly(vinyl chloride) +ISO 3452 Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing +ISO 3452-1:2021 Part 1: General principles +ISO 3452-2:2021 Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials +ISO 3452-3:2013 Part 3: Reference test blocks +ISO 3452-4:1998 Part 4: Equipment +ISO 3452-5:2008 Part 5: Penetrant testing at temperatures higher than 50 degrees C +ISO 3452-6:2008 Part 6: Penetrant testing at temperatures lower than 10 degrees C +ISO 3453:1984 Non-destructive testing — Liquid penetrant inspection — Means of verification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3454:2008 Hydrometry – Direct depth sounding and suspension equipment +ISO 3455:2021 Hydrometry – Calibration of current-meters in straight open tanks +ISO 3456:1975 Aircraft — Lever-operated manual switches (Class 3) — Performance requirements +ISO 3457:2003 Earth-moving machinery — Guards — Definitions and requirements +ISO 3458:2015 Plastics piping systems — Mechanical joints between fittings and pressure pipes — Test method for leaktightness under internal pressure +ISO 3459:2015 Plastic piping systems — Mechanical joints between fittings and pressure pipes — Test method for leaktightness under negative pressure +ISO 3460:1975 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressures pipes — Metric series — Dimensions of adapter for backing flange [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-3] +ISO 3461 General principles for the creation of graphical symbols +ISO 3461-1:1988 Part 1: Graphical symbols for use on equipment [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 80416-1] +ISO 3461-2:1987 Part 2: Graphical symbols for use in technical product documentation [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 80416-1] +ISO 3462:1980 Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry — Seat reference point — Method of determination [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3463:2006 Tractors for agriculture and forestry — Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) — Dynamic test method and acceptance conditions +ISO 3464:1977 Textile machinery and accessories — Bearings for bottom rollers and allied dimensions — Caps with central nose and caps with side lugs [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3465:1975 Hand taper pin reamers +ISO 3466:2016 Machine taper pin reamers with parallel shanks +ISO 3467:2016 Machine taper pin reamers with Morse taper shanks +ISO 3468:2014 Passenger cars — Windscreen defrosting and demisting systems — Test method +ISO 3469:1989 Passenger cars — Windscreen washing systems — Test methods +ISO 3470:1989 Passenger cars — Windscreen demisting systems — Test method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3468] +ISO 3471:2008 Earth-moving machinery — Roll-over protective structures — Laboratory tests and performance requirements +ISO 3472:1975 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes — Specification and determination of resistance to acetone [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3473:1977 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes — Effect of sulphuric acid — Requirement and test method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3474:1976 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes — Specification and measurement of opacity [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3475:2020 Essential oil of aniseed (Pimpinella anisum L.) +ISO 3476:1975 Modular units for machine tool construction — Tenon drive and flanges for mounting multi- spindle heads +ISO 3477:1981 Polypropylene (PP) pipes and fittings — Density — Determination and specification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3478:1975 Polypropylene (PP) pipes — Determination of longitudinal reversion [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 2505-(1-2)] +ISO 3480:1976 Polypropylene (PP) pipes — Maximum permissible longitudinal reversion [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3481 Acoustics — measurement of noise emitted by pneumatric tools and machines [Rejected draft] +ISO 3482 Marine technology — Technical guidelines for the active source exploration with Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) [Under development] +ISO 3483 Copper and zinc sulfide concentrates — Determination of thallium — Acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma — mass spectrometry [Under development] +ISO/TR 3485:1980 Plastics — Polypropylene granules — Determination of thermal stability in air by pH method [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3486:1980 Wrought copper and copper alloys — Cold-rolled flat products delivered in straight lengths (sheet) — Dimensions and tolerances [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3487:1980 Wrought copper and copper alloys — Cold-rolled flat products in coils or on reels (strip) — Dimensions and tolerances [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3488:1982 Wrought copper and copper alloys — Extruded round, square or hexagonal bars — Dimensions and tolerances [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3489:1984 Wrought copper and copper alloys — Drawn round bars — All minus tolerances on diameter and form tolerances [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3490:1984 Wrought copper and copper alloys — Drawn hexagonal bars — All minus tolerances on width across flats and form tolerances [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3491:1984 Wrought copper and copper alloys — Drawn square bars — All minus tolerances on width across flats and form tolerances [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3492:1982 Wrought copper and copper alloys — Drawn round wire — Tolerances on diameter [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3493:2014 Vanilla – Vocabulary +ISO 3494:1976 Statistical interpretation of data – Power of tests relating to means and variances +ISO 3495:1975 Dried milk — Determination of lactic acid and lactates content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8069] +ISO 3496:1994 Meat and meat products — Determination of hydroxyproline content +ISO 3497:2000 Metallic coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — X-ray spectrometric methods +ISO 3498:1979 Lubricants for machine tools — Classification [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3499:1976 Plastics — Aqueous dispersions of homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl acetate — Determination of bromine number [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO 3500:2005 Gas cylinders — Seamless steel CO2 cylinders for fixed fire-fighting installations on ships +ISO 3501:2021 Plastics piping systems — Mechanical joints between fittings and pressure pipes — Test method for resistance to pull-out under constant longitudinal force +ISO 3503:2015 Plastics piping systems — Mechanical joints between fittings and pressure pipes — Test method for leaktightness under internal pressure of assemblies subjected to bending +ISO 3505:1975 Ropes and cordage — Equivalence between natural fibre ropes and man-made fibre ropes for use in the mooring of vessels +ISO 3506 Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners +ISO 3506-1:2020 Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs with specified grades and property classes +ISO 3506-2:2020 Part 2: Nuts with specified grades and property classes +ISO 3506-3:2009 Part 3: Set screws and similar fasteners not under tensile stress +ISO 3506-4:2009 Part 4: Tapping screws +ISO 3506-5:2022 Part 5: Special fasteners (also including fasteners from nickel alloys) for high temperature applications +ISO 3506-6:2020 Part 6: General rules for the selection of stainless steels and nickel alloys for fasteners +ISO 3507:1999 Laboratory glassware – Pyknometers +ISO 3508:1976 Thread run-outs for fasteners with thread in accordance with ISO 261 and ISO 262 +ISO 3509:2005 Coffee and coffee products – Vocabulary +ISO 3511 Industrial process measurement control functions and instrumentation – Symbolic representation +ISO 3511-1:1977 Part 1: Basic requirements +ISO 3511-2:1984 Part 2: Extension of basic requirements +ISO 3511-3:1984 Part 3: Detailed symbols for instrument interconnection diagrams +ISO 3511-4:1985 Part 4: Basic symbols for process computer, interface, and shared display/control functions +ISO 3512:1992 Heavy-duty cranked-link transmission chains +ISO 3513:1995 Chillies — Determination of Scoville index +ISO 3514:1976 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipes and fittings — Specification and determination of density +ISO 3515:2002 Oil of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) +ISO 3516:1997 Oil of coriander fruits (Coriandrum sativum L.) +ISO 3517:2012 Essential oil of neroli (Citrus aurantium L., syn. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-9.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7313c4905 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999-9.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 3000–4999" +chunk: 10/18 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:30.597318+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Citrus amara Link, syn. Citrus bigaradia Loisel, syn. Citrus vulgaris Risso) +ISO 3518:2002 Oil of sandalwood (Santalum album L.) +ISO 3519:2005 Oil of lime distilled, Mexican type (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) +ISO 3520:2022 Oil of bergamot [Citrus aurantium L. subsp. bergamia (Wight et Arnott) Engler], Italian type +ISO 3521:1997 Plastics — Unsaturated polyester and epoxy resins — Determination of overall volume shrinkage +ISO 3522:2007 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Castings — Chemical composition and mechanical properties +ISO 3523:2002 Oil of cananga (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22c81e600 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 5000–7999" +chunk: 1/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:34.923695+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad090e44b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,317 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 5000–7999" +chunk: 2/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:34.923695+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 5000 – ISO 7999 == +ISO 5006:2017 Earth-moving machinery - Operator's field of view - Test method and performance criteria +ISO 5010:2007 Earth-moving machinery - Rubber-tyred machines - Steering requirements +ISO 5011:2014 Inlet air cleaning equipment for internal combustion engines and compressors - Performance testing +ISO 5053 Industrial trucks – Terminology and classification +ISO 5053-1:2015 Part 1: Types of industrial trucks +ISO/IEC 5055:2021 Information technology — Software measurement — Software quality measurement — Automated source code quality measures +ISO 5122:1979 Documentation - Abstract sheets in serial publications +ISO 5123:1984 Documentation - Headers for microfiche of monographs and serials +ISO 5127:2017 Information and documentation - Foundation and vocabulary +ISO 5128:1980 Acoustics – Measurement of noise inside motor vehicles +ISO 5129:2001 Acoustics - Measurement of sound pressure levels in the interior of aircraft during flight +ISO 5130:2007 Acoustics – Measurements of sound pressure level emitted by stationary road vehicles +ISO 5131:2015 Tractors for agriculture and forestry – Measurement of noise at the operator's position – Survey method +ISO 5135:1997 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise from air-terminal devices, air-terminal units, dampers and valves by measurement in a reverberation room +ISO 5136:2003 Acoustics – Determination of sound power radiated into a duct by fans and other air-moving devices – In-duct method +ISO 5138 Office machines - Vocabulary +ISO 5138-1:1978 Part 1: Dictation equipment +ISO 5138-2:1980 Part 2: Duplicators +ISO 5138-3:1981 Part 3: Addressing machines +ISO 5138-4:1981 Part 4: Letter opening machines +ISO 5138-5:1981 Part 5: Letter folding machines +ISO 5138-7:1986 Part 7: Postal franking machines +ISO 5138-9:1984 Part 9: Typewriters +ISO 5167 Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full +ISO 5167-1:2003 Part 1: General principles and requirements +ISO 5167-2:2003 Part 2: Orifice plates +ISO 5167-3:2003 Part 3: Nozzles and Venturi nozzles +ISO 5167-4:2003 Part 4: Venturi tubes +ISO 5167-5:2016 Part 5: Cone meters +ISO 5167-6:2019 Part 6: Wedge meters +ISO 5168:2005 Measurement of fluid flow – Procedures for the evaluation of uncertainties +ISO 5211:2017 Industrial valves - Part-turn actuator attachments +ISO/IEC 5218:2004 Information technology — Codes for the representation of human sexes +ISO/IEC 5230:2020 Information technology — OpenChain Specification +ISO 5232:1998 Graphical symbols for textile machinery +ISO 5234:2005 Textile machinery and accessories – Metallic card clothing – Definitions of dimensions, types and mounting +ISO 5237:1978 Textile machinery and accessories — Cones for yarn winding (cross wound) — Half angle of the cone 5 degrees 57' [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8489-5] +ISO 5238 Textile machinery and accessories – Packages of yarns and intermediate products +ISO 5238-1:1982 Part 1: Terminology +ISO 5239:1980 Textile machinery and accessories – Winding – Basic terms +ISO 5247 Textile machinery and accessories – Weaving machines +ISO 5247-1:2004 Part 1: Vocabulary and classification +ISO 5247-3:1993 Part 3: Parts of the machine – Vocabulary +ISO 5248:2003 Textile machinery and accessories – Dyeing and finishing machinery – Vocabulary for ancillary devices +ISO 5250:2003 Textile machinery and accessories – Dyeing and finishing machinery – Terms for tentering and heat-treatment machinery +ISO 5261:1995 Technical drawings – Simplified representation of bars and profile sections +ISO 5284:1986 Conveyor belts – List of equivalent terms +ISO 5288:2001 Synchronous belt drives - Vocabulary +ISO 5323:1984 Solid wood parquet and raw parquet blocks – Vocabulary +ISO 5329:1978 Solid wood paving blocks – Vocabulary +ISO 5344:2004 Electrodynamic vibration generating systems – Performance characteristics +ISO 5347 Methods for the calibration of vibration and shock pick-ups +ISO 5347-8:1993 Part 8: Primary calibration by dual centrifuge +ISO 5347-12:1993 Part 12: Testing of transverse shock sensitivity +ISO 5347-13:1993 Part 13: Testing of base strain sensitivity +ISO 5347-15:1993 Part 15: Testing of acoustic sensitivity +ISO 5347-16:1993 Part 16: Testing of mounting torque sensitivity +ISO 5347-17:1993 Part 17: Testing of fixed temperature sensitivity +ISO 5347-18:1993 Part 18: Testing of transient temperature sensitivity +ISO 5347-22:1997 Part 22: Accelerometer resonance testing – General methods +ISO 5348:1998 Mechanical vibration and shock – Mechanical mounting of accelerometers +ISO 5356 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Conical connectors +ISO 5356-1:2015 Part 1: Cones and sockets +ISO 5356-2:2012 Part 2: Screw-threaded weight-bearing connectors +ISO 5358:1992 Anaesthetic machines for use with humans +ISO 5359:2014 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Low-pressure hose assemblies for use with medical gases +ISO 5360:2016 Anaesthetic vaporizers – Agent-specific filling systems +ISO 5361:2016 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Tracheal tubes and connectors +ISO 5362:2006 Anaesthetic reservoir bags +ISO 5364:2016 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Oropharyngeal airways +ISO 5366:2016 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Tracheostomy tubes and connectors +ISO 5367:2014 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Breathing sets and connectors +ISO 5391:2003 Pneumatic tools and machines - Vocabulary +ISO 5396:1977 Hardmetal heading dies - Terminology +ISO 5408:2009 Screw threads - Vocabulary +ISO 5419:1982 Twist drills - Terms, definitions and types +ISO 5420:1983 Reamers - Terms, definitions and types +ISO 5426:1983 Information and documentation - Extension of the Latin alphabet coded character set for bibliographic information interchange +ISO 5426-2:1996 Part 2: Latin characters used in minor European languages and obsolete typography +ISO 5427:1984 Extension of the Cyrillic alphabet coded character set for bibliographic information interchange +ISO 5428:1984 Greek alphabet coded character set for bibliographic information interchange +ISO 5436 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Profile method; Measurement standards +ISO 5436-1:2000 Part 1: Material measures +ISO 5436-2:2012 Part 2: Software measurement standards +ISO 5445:1980 Ferrosilicon - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 5446:2017 Ferromanganese - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 5447:1980 Ferrosilicomanganese - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 5448:1981 Ferrochromium - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 5449:1980 Ferrosilicochromium - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 5450:1980 Ferrotungsten - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 5451:1980 Ferrovanadium - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 5452:1980 Ferromolybdenum - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 5453:1980 Ferroniobium - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 5454:1980 Ferrotitanium - Specification and conditions of delivery +ISO 5455:1979 Technical drawings – Scales +ISO 5456 Technical drawings – Projection methods +ISO 5456-1:1996 Part 1: Synopsis +ISO 5456-2:1996 Part 2: Orthographic representations +ISO 5456-3:1996 Part 3: Axonometric representations +ISO 5456-4:1996 Part 4: Central projection +ISO 5457:1999 Technical product documentation – Sizes and layout of drawing sheets +ISO 5458:1998 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Geometrical tolerancing – Positional tolerancing +ISO 5459:2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Geometrical tolerancing – Datums and datum systems +ISO 5479:1997 Statistical interpretation of data - Tests for departure from the normal distribution +ISO 5492:2008 Sensory analysis – Vocabulary +ISO 5496:2006 Sensory analysis – Methodology – Initiation and training of assessors in the detection and recognition of odours +ISO 5507:2002 Oilseeds, vegetable oils and fats – Nomenclature +ISO 5526:2013 Cereals, pulses and other food grains – Nomenclature +ISO 5527:2015 Cereals – Vocabulary +ISO 5572:1987 Shipbuilding and marine structures - Numbering of equipment and structural elements in ships +ISO 5576:1997 Non-destructive testing - Industrial X-ray and gamma-ray radiology - Vocabulary +ISO 5577:2017 Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Vocabulary +ISO 5593:1997 Rolling bearings - Vocabulary +ISO 5598:2008 Fluid power systems and components - Vocabulary +ISO 5652:1984 Information processing – 9-Track, 12,7 mm (0.5 in) wide magnetic tape for information interchange – Format and recording, using group coding at 246 cpmm (6 250 cpi) +ISO 5653:1980 Information processing – Interchangeable magnetic twelve-disk pack (200 Mbytes) +ISO 5654 Information processing – Data interchange on 200 mm (8 in) flexible disk cartridges using two-frequency recording at 13 262 ftprad, 1,9 tpmm (48 tpi), on one side +ISO 5654-1:1984 Part 1: Dimensional, physical and magnetic characteristics +ISO 5654-2:1985 Part 2: Track format +ISO 5659 Plastics - Smoke generation +ISO 5659-1:1996 Part 1: Guidance on optical-density testing [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 5659-2:2012] +ISO 5659-2:2017 Part 2: Determination of optical density by a single-chamber test +ISO/TR 5659-3:1999 Part 3: Determination of optical density by a dynamic-flow method [Withdrawn, no replacement] +ISO 5660 Reaction-to-fire tests – Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate +ISO 5660-1 Heat release rate (cone calorimeter method) +ISO 5660-2 Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement) +ISO/TS 5660-3 Guidance on measurement +ISO 5681:1992 Equipment for crop protection – Vocabulary +ISO 5702:1983 Equipment for harvesting – Combine harvester component parts – Equivalent terms +ISO 5725 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results +ISO 5725-1:1994 Part 1: General principles and definitions +ISO 5725-2:1994 Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method +ISO 5725-3:1994 Part 3: Intermediate measures of the precision of a standard measurement method +ISO 5725-4:1994 Part 4: Basic methods for the determination of the trueness of a standard measurement method +ISO 5725-5:1998 Part 5: Alternative methods for the determination of the precision of a standard measurement method +ISO 5725-6:1994 Part 6: Use in practice of accuracy values +ISO 5742:2004 Pliers and nippers - Nomenclature +ISO 5775 Bicycle tires and rims +ISO 5776 Graphic technology - Symbols for text correction +ISO 5800:2001 Photography – Colour negative films for still photography – Determination of ISO speed +ISO 5806:1984 Information processing - Specification of single-hit decision tables +ISO 5807:1985 Information processing - Documentation symbols and conventions for data, program and system flowcharts, program network charts and system resources charts +ISO 5826:2014 Resistance welding equipment – Transformers – General specifications applicable to all transformers +ISO 5832 Implants for surgery – Metallic materials +ISO 5832-1:2016 Part 1: Wrought stainless steel +ISO 5832-2:1999 Part 2: Unalloyed titanium +ISO 5832-3:2016 Part 3: Wrought titanium 6-aluminium 4-vanadium alloy +ISO 5832-4:2014 Part 4: Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum casting alloy +ISO 5832-5:2005 Part 5: Wrought cobalt-chromium-tungsten-nickel alloy +ISO 5832-6:1997 Part 6: Wrought cobalt-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy +ISO 5832-7:2016 Part 7: Forgeable and cold-formed cobalt-chromium-nickel-molybdenum-iron alloy +ISO 5832-8:1997 Part 8: Wrought cobalt-nickel-chromium-molybdenum- tungsten-iron alloy +ISO 5832-9:2007 Part 9: Wrought high nitrogen stainless steel +ISO 5832-11:2014 Part 11: Wrought titanium 6-aluminium 7-niobium alloy +ISO 5832-12:2007 Part 12: Wrought cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy +ISO 5832-14:2007 Part 14: Wrought titanium 15-molybdenum 5-zirconium 3-aluminium alloy +ISO 5833:2002 Implants for surgery – Acrylic resin cements +ISO 5834 Implants for surgery – Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene +ISO 5834-1:2005 Part 1: Powder form +ISO 5834-2:2011 Part 2: Moulded forms +ISO 5834-3:2005 Part 3: Accelerated ageing methods +ISO 5834-4:2005 Part 4: Oxidation index measurement method +ISO 5834-5:2005 Part 5: Morphology assessment method +ISO 5835:1991 Implants for surgery – Metal bone screws with hexagonal drive connection, spherical under-surface of head, asymmetrical thread – Dimensions +ISO 5836:1988 Implants for surgery – Metal bone plates – Holes corresponding to screws with asymmetrical thread and spherical under-surface +ISO 5837 Implants for surgery – Intramedullary nailing systems +ISO 5837-1:1985 Part 1: Intramedullary nails with cloverleaf or V-shaped cross-section +ISO 5838 Implants for surgery – Metallic skeletal pins and wires +ISO 5838-1:2013 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 5838-2:1991 Part 2: Steinmann skeletal pins – Dimensions +ISO 5838-3:1993 Part 3: Kirschner skeletal wires +ISO 5840 Cardiovascular implants – Cardiac valve prostheses +ISO 5840-1:2015 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 5840-2:2015 Part 2: Surgically implanted heart valve substitutes +ISO 5840-3:2013 Part 3: Heart valve substitutes implanted by transcatheter techniques +ISO 5841 Implants for surgery – Cardiac pacemakers +ISO 5841-2:2014 Part 2: Reporting of clinical performance of populations of pulse generators or leads +ISO 5841-3:2013 Part 3: Low-profile connectors (IS-1) for implantable pacemakers +ISO 5843 Aerospace - List of equivalent terms +ISO 5843-1:1985 Part 1: Aerospace electrical equipment +ISO 5843-2:1990 Part 2: Aerospace rivets +ISO 5843-3:1997 Part 3: Aerospace bolts and nuts +ISO 5843-4:1990 Part 4: Flight dynamics +ISO 5843-5:1990 Part 5: Environmental and operating conditions for aircraft equipment +ISO 5843-6:1985 Part 6: Standard atmosphere +ISO 5843-8:1988 Part 8: Aircraft reliability +ISO 5843-9:1988 Part 9: Aircraft +ISO 5843-10:1988 Part 10: Aircraft structure +ISO 5845 Technical drawings – Simplified representation of the assembly of parts with fasteners +ISO 5845-1:1995 Part 1: General principles +ISO 5845-2:1995 Part 2: Rivets for aerospace equipment +ISO 5859:2014 Aerospace series - Graphic symbols for schematic drawings of hydraulic and pneumatic systems and components +ISO 5878:1982 Reference atmospheres for aerospace use +ISO 5893 Rubber and plastics test equipment – Tensile, flexural and compression types (constant rate of traverse) – Specification +ISO 5963:1985 Documentation - Methods for examining documents, determining their subjects, and selecting indexing terms +ISO 5964 Documentation – Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri +ISO 5967:1981 Taps and thread cutting - Nomenclature of the main types and terminology +ISO 5968:1981 Circular screwing dies - Terminology +ISO 5971:1981 Size designation of clothes – Pantyhose +ISO 5989:1995 Photography - Pre-packaged chemicals for the processing of silver halide based photographic materials - Vocabulary +ISO 5993 Sodium hydroxide for industrial use—Determination of mercury content—Flameless atomic absorption spectrometric method +ISO 6009:2016 Hypodermic needles for single use – Colour coding for identification +ISO 6011:2003 Earth-moving machinery – Visual display of machine operation +ISO 6050:1987 Shipbuilding - Bulbous bow and side thruster symbols +ISO 6068:1985 Information processing – Recording characteristics of instrumentation magnetic tape (including telemetry systems) – Interchange requirements +ISO 6070:1981 Auxiliary tables for vibration generators – Methods of describing equipment characteristics +ISO 6078:1982 Black tea – Vocabulary +ISO 6093:1985 Information processing - Representation of numerical values in character strings for information interchange +ISO 6098:1984 Information processing – Self-loading cartridges for 12,7 mm (0.5 in) wide magnetic tape +ISO 6107 Water quality—Vocabulary +ISO 6107-1:2004 (No part title) +ISO 6107-2:2006 (No part title) +ISO 6107-3:1993 (No part title) +ISO 6107-4:1993 (No part title) +ISO 6107-5:2004 (No part title) +ISO 6107-6:2004 (No part title) +ISO 6107-7:2006 (No part title) +ISO 6107-8:1993 (No part title) +ISO 6107-9:1997 Part 9: Alphabetical list and subject index +ISO 6152:1982 Thermometers for use with alcoholometers and alcohol hydrometers +ISO 6160:1979 Programming languages - PL/1 +ISO 6165:2012 Earth-moving machinery – Basic types – Identification and terms and definitions +ISO 6166:2013 Securities and related financial instruments – International securities identification numbering system (ISIN) +ISO 6173:1982 Open-end spinning machines – Vocabulary +ISO 6188:1986 Plastics — Poly(alkylene terephthalate) granules — Determination of water content [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 15512] +ISO 6194 Rotary-shaft lip-type seals incorporating elastomeric sealing elements +ISO 6194-2:2009 Part 2: Vocabulary +ISO 6194-5 Identification of visual imperfections +ISO 6196 Micrographics - Vocabulary +ISO 6196-1:1993 Part 1: General terms +ISO 6196-2:1993 Part 2: Image positions and methods of recording +ISO 6196-3:1997 Part 3: Film processing +ISO 6196-4:1998 Part 4: Materials and packaging +ISO 6196-5:1987 Part 5: Quality of images, legibility, inspection +ISO 6196-6:1992 Part 6: Equipment +ISO 6196-7:1992 Part 7: Computer micrographics +ISO 6196-8:1998 Part 8: Use +ISO 6196-10:1999 Part 10: Index +ISO 6206:1979 Chemical products for industrial use – Sampling – Vocabulary +ISO 6217:1982 Shipbuilding – Inland navigation – Pilot craft – Identification painting and inscriptions +ISO 6222:1999 Water quality – Enumeration of culturable micro-organisms – Colony count by inoculation in a nutrient agar culture medium +ISO 6284:1996 Construction drawings – Indication of limit deviations +ISO 6289:2003 Skis – Vocabulary +ISO 6336 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears +ISO 6344 Coated abrasives – Grain size analysis +ISO 6345:1990 Shipbuilding and marine structures – Windows and side scuttles – Vocabulary +ISO 6346 Freight containers – Coding, identification and marking +ISO 6348:1980 Textiles – Determination of mass – Vocabulary +ISO 6352:1985 Ferronickel - Determination of nickel content - Dimethylglyoxime gravimetric method +ISO 6354:1982 Adhesives – Vocabulary [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 472] +ISO 6355:1988 Textile glass – Vocabulary [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 472] +ISO 6357:1985 Documentation – Spine titles on books and other publications +ISO 6372:2017 Nickel and nickel alloys – Terms and definitions +ISO 6385:2016 Ergonomics principles in the design of work systems +ISO 6393:2008 Earth-moving machinery – Determination of sound power level – Stationary test conditions +ISO 6394:2008 Earth-moving machinery – Determination of emission sound pressure level at operator's position – Stationary test conditions +ISO 6395:2008 Earth-moving machinery – Determination of sound power level – Dynamic test conditions +ISO 6396:2008 Earth-moving machinery – Determination of emission sound pressure level at operator's position – Dynamic test conditions +ISO 6405 Earth-moving machinery - Symbols for operator controls and other displays +ISO 6405-1:2017 Part 1: Common symbols +ISO 6405-2:2017 Part 2: Symbols for specific machines, equipment and accessories +ISO 6410 Technical drawings – Screw threads and threaded parts +ISO 6410-1:1993 Part 1: General conventions +ISO 6410-2:1993 Part 2: Screw thread inserts +ISO 6410-3:1993 Part 3: Simplified representation +ISO 6411:1982 Technical drawings – Simplified representation of centre holes +ISO 6412 Technical drawings – Simplified representation of pipelines +ISO 6412-1:2017 Part 1: General rules and orthogonal representation +ISO 6412-2:2017 Part 2: Isometric projection +ISO 6412-3:2017 Part 3: Terminal features of ventilation and drainage systems +ISO 6413:1988 Technical drawings – Representation of splines and serrations +ISO 6414:1982 Technical drawings for glassware +ISO 6416:2017 Hydrometry – Measurement of discharge by the ultrasonic transit time (time of flight) method +ISO 6420:2016 Hydrometry – Position fixing equipment for hydrometric boats +ISO 6421:2012 Hydrometry – Methods for assessment of reservoir sedimentation +ISO 6422 Layout key for trade documents +ISO 6422-1:2010 Part 1: Paper-based documents +ISO 6425:1996 Divers' watches +ISO 6426 Horological vocabulary +ISO 6426-1:1982 Part 1: Technical and scientific definitions +ISO 6426-2:2002 Part 2: Technical and commercial definitions +ISO 6428:1982 Technical drawings – Requirements for microcopying +ISO/IEC 6429:1992 Information technology – Control functions for coded character sets +ISO 6433:2012 Technical product documentation – Part references +ISO 6438:1983 Documentation – African coded character set for bibliographic information interchange +ISO 6461 Water quality – Detection and enumeration of the spores of sulfite-reducing anaerobes (clostridia) +ISO 6461-1:1986 Part 1: Method by enrichment in a liquid medium +ISO 6461-2:1986 Part 2: Method by membrane filtration +ISO 6467:1980 Ferrovanadium - Determination of vanadium content - Potentiometric method +ISO 6472:2017 Rubber compounding ingredients – Abbreviated terms +ISO 6474 Implants for surgery – Ceramic materials +ISO 6474-1:2010 Part 1: Ceramic materials based on high purity alumina +ISO 6474-2:2012 Part 2: Composite materials based on a high-purity alumina matrix with zirconia reinforcement +ISO 6475:1989 Implants for surgery – Metal bone screws with asymmetrical thread and spherical under-surface – Mechanical requirements and test methods +ISO 6501:1988 Ferronickel - Specification and delivery requirements +ISO 6512:1982 Building construction — Modular coordination — Storey heights and room heights [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21723] +ISO 6513:1982 Building construction — Modular coordination — Series of preferred multimodular sizes for horizontal dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21723] +ISO 6514:1982 Building construction — Modular coordination — Sub-modular increments [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21723] +ISO 6518 Road vehicles – Ignition systems +ISO 6518-1:2002 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 6522:1992 Information technology - Programming languages - PL/1 general purpose subset +ISO/IEC 6523 Information technology – Structure for the identification of organizations and organization parts +ISO 6531:2017 Machinery for forestry – Portable chain-saws – Vocabulary +ISO 6552:1980 Automatic steam traps - Definition of technical terms +ISO 6579 Microbiology of the food chain – Horizontal method for the detection, enumeration and serotyping of Salmonella +ISO 6579-1:2017 Part 1: Detection of Salmonella spp. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb3a4bc41 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 5000–7999" +chunk: 3/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:34.923695+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ISO/TS 6579-2:2012 Part 2: Enumeration by a miniaturized most probable number technique +ISO/TR 6579-3:2014 Part 3: Guidelines for serotyping of Salmonella spp. ISO 6586:1980 Data processing - Implementation of the ISO 7- bit and 8- bit coded character sets on punched cards +ISO 6590 Packaging – Sacks – Vocabulary and types +ISO 6590-1:1983 Part 1: Paper sacks +ISO 6590-2:1986 Part 2: Sacks made from thermoplastic flexible film +ISO 6594 Cast iron drainage pipes and fittings – Spigot series +ISO 6596 Information processing – Data interchange on 130 mm (5.25 in) flexible disk cartridges using two-frequency recording at 7 958 ftprad, 1.9 tpmm (48 tpi), on one side +ISO 6596-1:1985 Part 1: Dimensional, physical and magnetic characteristics +ISO 6596-2:1985 Part 2: Track format +ISO 6611:2004 Milk and milk products – Enumeration of colony-forming units of yeasts and/or moulds – Colony-count technique at 25 degrees C +ISO 6621 Internal combustion engines – Piston rings +ISO 6621-1:2007 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 6630:1986 Documentation - Bibliographic control characters +ISO 6689 Equipment for harvesting – Combines and functional components +ISO 6689-1:1997 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 6706:1981 Plastics laboratory ware – Graduated measuring cylinders +ISO 6707 Buildings and civil engineering works – Vocabulary +ISO 6707-1:2014 Part 1: General terms +ISO 6707-2:2014 Part 2: Contract terms +ISO 6707-3:2017 Part 3: Sustainability terms +ISO 6709:2008 Standard representation of geographic point location by coordinates +ISO 6710:2017 Single-use containers for human venous blood specimen collection +ISO 6725:1981 Road vehicles – Dimensions of two-wheeled mopeds and motorcycles – Terms and definitions +ISO 6726:1988 Mopeds and motorcycles with two wheels – Masses – Vocabulary +ISO 6727:2012 Road vehicles - Motorcycles - Symbols for controls, indicators and tell-tales +ISO 6730:2005 Milk – Enumeration of colony-forming units of psychrotrophic microorganisms – Colony-count technique at 6,5 degrees C +ISO 6747:2013 Earth-moving machinery – Dozers – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 6780:2003 Flat pallets for intercontinental materials handling — Principal dimensions and tolerances, reviewed and confirmed 2014 +ISO 6798:1995 Reciprocating internal combustion engines – Measurement of emitted airborne noise – Engineering method and survey method +ISO 6811:1998 Spherical plain bearings - Vocabulary +ISO 6813:1998 Road vehicles – Collision classification – Terminology +ISO 6814:2009 Machinery for forestry – Mobile and self-propelled machinery – Terms, definitions and classification +ISO 6861:1996 Information and documentation - Glagolitic alphabet coded character set for bibliographic information interchange +ISO 6862:1996 Information and documentation - Mathematical coded character set for bibliographic information interchange +ISO 6871 Dental base metal casting alloys +ISO 6871-1:1994 Part 1: Cobalt-based alloys [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22674] +ISO 6871-2:1994 Part 2: Nickel-based alloys [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22674] +ISO 6883:2017 Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Determination of conventional mass per volume (litre weight in air) +ISO 6887 Microbiology of the food chain - Preparation of test samples, initial suspension and decimal dilutions for microbiological examination +ISO 6887-1:2017 Part 1: General rules for the preparation of the initial suspension and decimal dilutions +ISO 6887-2:2017 Part 2: Specific rules for the preparation of meat and meat products +ISO 6887-3:2017 Part 3: Specific rules for the preparation of fish and fishery products +ISO 6887-4:2017 Part 4: Specific rules for the preparation of miscellaneous products +ISO 6887-5:2010 Part 5: Specific rules for the preparation of milk and milk products +ISO 6887-6:2013 Part 6: Specific rules for the preparation of samples taken at the primary production stage +ISO 6888 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species) +ISO 6888-1:1999 Part 1: Technique using Baird-Parker agar medium +ISO 6888-2:1999 Part 2: Technique using rabbit plasma fibrinogen agar medium +ISO 6888-3:2003 Part 3: Detection and MPN technique for low numbers +ISO 6892 Metallic materials – Tensile testing +ISO 6892-1 Method of test at room temperature +ISO 6892-2 Method of test at elevated temperature +ISO 6892-3 Method of test at low temperature +ISO 6892-4 Method of test in liquid helium +ISO 6926:2016 Acoustics – Requirements for the performance and calibration of reference sound sources used for the determination of sound power levels +ISO 6927:2012 Buildings and civil engineering works – Sealants – Vocabulary +ISO 6929:2013 Steel products – Vocabulary +ISO 6936:1988 Information processing - Conversion between the two coded character sets of ISO 646 and ISO 6937-2 and the CCITT international telegraph alphabet No. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e7432e37 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 5000–7999" +chunk: 4/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:34.923695+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +2 (ITA 2) +ISO/IEC 6937:2001 Information technology - Coded graphic character set for text communication - Latin alphabet +ISO 6938:2012 Textiles – Natural fibres – Generic names and definitions +ISO 6946 Building components and building elements – Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance – Calculation method +ISO 6951:1986 Information processing - Processor system bus interface (Eurobus A) +ISO 6974-1:2012 Natural gas — Determination of composition and associated uncertainty by gas chromatography Part 1: General guidelines and calculation of composition +ISO 6974-2:2012 Natural gas — Determination of composition and associated uncertainty by gas chromatography Part 2: Uncertainty calculations +ISO 6974-3:2001 Natural gas — Determination of composition with defined uncertainty by gas chromatography — Part 3: Determination of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons up to C8 using two packed columns +ISO 6974-4:2001 Natural gas — Determination of composition with defined uncertainty by gas chromatography — Part 4: Determination of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and C1 to C5 and C6+ hydrocarbons for a laboratory and on-line measuring system using two columns +ISO 6974-5:2001 Natural gas — Determination of composition with defined uncertainty by gas chromatography — Part 5: Determination of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and C1 to C5 and C6+ hydrocarbons for a laboratory and on-line process application using three columns +ISO 6974-6: 2008 Natural gas — Determination of composition with defined uncertainty by gas chromatography — Part 6: Determination of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and C1 to C8 hydrocarbons using three capillary columns +ISO 6980 Nuclear energy - Reference beta-particle radiation +ISO 6980-1:2006 Part 1: Methods of production +ISO 6980-2:2004 Part 2: Calibration fundamentals related to basic quantities characterizing the radiation field +ISO 6980-3:2006 Part 3: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters and the determination of their response as a function of beta radiation energy and angle of incidence +ISO 7000:2014 Graphical symbols for use on equipment - Registered symbols +ISO 7001:2007 Graphical symbols – Public information symbols +ISO 7002 Agricultural food products – Layout for a standard method of sampling from a lot +ISO 7010:2011 Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Registered safety signs +ISO 7029:2017 Acoustics - Statistical distribution of hearing thresholds related to age and gender +ISO 7056:1981 Plastics laboratory ware – Beakers +ISO/IEC 7064:2003 Information technology - Security techniques - Check character systems +ISO 7065 Information processing – Data interchange on 200 mm (8 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 13 262 ftprad, 1,9 tpmm (48 tpi), on both sides +ISO 7065-1:1985 Part 1: Dimensional, physical and magnetic characteristics +ISO 7065-2:1985 Part 2: Track format +ISO 7066 Assessment of uncertainty in the calibration and use of flow measurement devices +ISO 7066-2:1988 Part 2: Non-linear calibration relationships +ISO 7078:1985 Building construction – Procedures for setting out, measurement and surveying – Vocabulary and guidance notes +ISO 7083:1983 Technical drawings – Symbols for geometrical tolerancing – Proportions and dimensions +ISO 7087:1984 Ferroalloys - Experimental methods for the evaluation of the quality variation and methods for checking the precision of sampling +ISO 7088:1981 Fish-meal – Vocabulary +ISO 7089:2000 Plain washers — Normal series — Product grade A +ISO 7090:2000 Plain washers, chamfered — Normal series — Product grade A +ISO 7091:2000 Plain washers — Normal series — Product grade C +ISO 7092:2000 Plain washers — Small series — Product grade A +ISO 7093:2000 Plain washers — Large series +ISO 7098:2015 Information and documentation – Romanization of Chinese +ISO 7112:2017 Machinery for forestry – Portable brush-cutters and grass-trimmers – Vocabulary +ISO 7130:2013 Earth-moving machinery – Operator training – Content and methods +ISO 7131:2009 Earth-moving machinery – Loaders – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 7132:2003 Earth-moving machinery – Dumpers – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 7133:2013 Earth-moving machinery – Scrapers – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 7134:2013 Earth-moving machinery – Graders – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 7135:2009 Earth-moving machinery – Hydraulic excavators – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 7136:2006 Earth-moving machinery – Pipelayers – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 7137:1995 Aircraft - Environmental conditions and test procedures for airborne equipment +ISO 7144:1986 Documentation – Presentation of theses and similar documents +ISO 7151:1988 Surgical instruments – Non-cutting, articulated instruments – General requirements and test methods +ISO 7152:1997 Camping tents and caravan awnings – Vocabulary and list of equivalent terms +ISO 7153 Surgical instruments – Materials +ISO 7153-1:2016 Part 1: Metals +ISO 7154:1983 Documentation - Bibliographic filing principles +ISO 7176 Wheelchairs +ISO 7176-21:2009 Part 21: Requirements and test methods for electromagnetic compatibility of electrically powered wheelchairs and scooters, and battery chargers +ISO 7176-26:2007 Part 26: Vocabulary +ISO 7185:1990 Information technology - Programming languages - Pascal +ISO 7194:2008 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits – Velocity-area methods of flow measurement in swirling or asymmetric flow conditions in circular ducts by means of current-meters or Pitot static tubes +ISO 7196:1995 Acoustics – Frequency-weighting characteristic for infrasound measurements +ISO 7197:2006 Neurosurgical implants – Sterile, single-use hydrocephalus shunts and components +ISO 7198:2016 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems – Vascular prostheses – Tubular vascular grafts and vascular patches +ISO 7199:2016 Cardiovascular implants and artificial organs – Blood-gas exchangers (oxygenators) +ISO 7200:2004 Technical product documentation – Data fields in title blocks and document headers +ISO 7206 Implants for surgery – Partial and total hip joint prostheses +ISO 7206-1:2008 Part 1: Classification and designation of dimensions +ISO 7206-2:2011 Part 2: Articulating surfaces made of metallic, ceramic and plastics materials +ISO 7206-4:2010 Part 4: Determination of endurance properties and performance of stemmed femoral components +ISO 7206-6:2013 Part 6: Endurance properties testing and performance requirements of neck region of stemmed femoral components +ISO 7206-10:2003 Part 10: Determination of resistance to static load of modular femoral heads +ISO 7206-12:2016 Part 12: Deformation test method for acetabular shells +ISO 7206-13:2016 Part 13: Determination of resistance to torque of head fixation of stemmed femoral components +ISO 7207 Implants for surgery – Components for partial and total knee joint prostheses +ISO 7207-1:2007 Part 1: Classification, definitions and designation of dimensions +ISO 7207-2:2011 Part 2: Articulating surfaces made of metal, ceramic and plastics materials +ISO 7216:2015 Agricultural and forestry tractors – Measurement of noise emitted when in motion +ISO 7218:2007 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – General requirements and guidance for microbiological examinations +ISO 7220:1996 Information and documentation - Presentation of catalogues of standards +ISO 7237:1993 Caravans – Masses and dimensions – Vocabulary +ISO 7240 Fire detection and alarm systems +ISO 7251:2005 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of presumptive Escherichia coli – Most probable number technique +ISO 7255:1985 Shipbuilding – Active control units of ships – Vocabulary +ISO 7275:1985 Documentation – Presentation of title information of series +ISO 7287:2002 Graphical symbols for thermal cutting equipment +ISO 7294:1983 Saw teeth for woodworking saws – Profile shape – Terminology and designation +ISO 7296 Cranes - Graphic symbols +ISO 7296-1:1991 Part 1: General +ISO 7296-2:1996 Part 2: Mobile cranes +ISO 7296-3:2006 Part 3: Tower cranes +ISO 7297:1985 Information processing – Magnetic disk for data storage devices – 96 000 flux transitions per track, 200 mm (7.9 in) outer diameter, 63,5 mm (2.5 in) inner diameter +ISO 7298:1985 Information processing – Magnetic disk for data storage devices – 158 000 flux transitions per track, 210 mm (8.3 in) outer diameter, 100 mm (3.9 in) inner diameter +ISO 7345:1987 Thermal insulation – Physical quantities and definitions +ISO 7347:1987 Ferroalloys - Experimental methods for checking the bias of sampling and sample preparation +ISO 7348:1992 Glass containers – Manufacture – Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 7350:1991 Information technology - Registration of repertoires of graphic characters from ISO/IEC 10367 +ISO 7369:2004 Pipework - Metal hoses and hose assemblies - Vocabulary +ISO 7372:2005 Trade data interchange - Trade data elements directory +ISO 7373:1987 Ferroalloys - Experimental methods for checking the precision of sample division +ISO 7376:2009 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Laryngoscopes for tracheal intubation +ISO 7380 Button Head Screws +ISO 7380-1:2011 Part 1: Hexagon socket button head screws +ISO 7380-2:2011 Part 2: Hexagon socket button head screws with collar +ISO 7396 Medical gas pipeline systems +ISO 7396-1:2016 Part 1: Pipeline systems for compressed medical gases and vacuum +ISO 7396-2:2007 Part 2: Anaesthetic gas scavenging disposal systems +ISO 7404 Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals +ISO 7404-1:2016 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 7437:1990 Technical drawings – Construction drawings – General rules for execution of production drawings for prefabricated structural components +ISO 7462:1985 Shipbuilding - Principal ship dimensions - Terminology and definitions for computer applications +ISO 7478:1987 Information processing systems – Data communication – Multilink procedures +ISO 7479:1982 Textile machinery and accessories — Metal reeds with plastic baulk [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 366-4] +ISO/IEC 7480:1991 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Start-stop transmission signal quality at DTE/DCE interfaces +ISO 7482 Raw goat skins +ISO 7482-1:1998 Part 1: Descriptions of defects +ISO/IEC 7487 Information technology – Data interchange on 130 mm (5,25 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 7 958 ftprad, 1,9 tpmm (48 tpi), on both sides – ISO type 202 +ISO/IEC 7487-1:1993 Part 1: Dimensional, physical and magnetic characteristics +ISO 7487-2:1985 Part 2: Track format A +ISO 7487-3:1986 Part 3: Track format B +ISO 7489:1986 Dental glass polyalkenoate cements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9917] +ISO/IEC 7498 Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — Basic Reference Model +ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994 The Basic Model +ISO 7498-2:1989 Part 2: Security Architecture +ISO/IEC 7498-3:1997 Naming and addressing +ISO/IEC 7498-4:1989 Part 4: Management framework +ISO/IEC 7501 Identification cards – Machine readable travel documents +ISO/IEC 7501-1:2008 Part 1: Machine readable passport +ISO/IEC 7501-2:1997 Part 2: Machine readable visa +ISO/IEC 7501-3:2005 Part 3: Machine readable official travel documents +ISO 7504:2015 Gas analysis – Vocabulary +ISO 7518:1983 Technical drawings – Construction drawings – Simplified representation of demolition and rebuilding +ISO 7519:1991 Technical drawings – Construction drawings – General principles of presentation for general arrangement and assembly drawings +ISO 7520:1985 Ferronickel - Determination of cobalt content - Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method +ISO 7524:1985 Nickel, ferronickel and nickel alloys - Determination of carbon content - Infra-red absorption method after induction furnace combustion +ISO 7526:1985 Nickel, ferronickel and nickel alloys - Determination of sulfur content - Infra-red absorption method after induction furnace combustion +ISO 7527:1985 Nickel, ferronickel and nickel alloys - Determination of sulfur content - Iodimetric titration method after induction furnace combustion +ISO 7550:1985 Laboratory glassware – Disposable micropipettes +ISO 7563:1998 Fresh fruits and vegetables – Vocabulary +ISO 7568:1986 Woodworking machines – Thickness planing machines with rotary cutterblock for one-side dressing – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7569:1986 Woodworking machines – Planing machines for two-, three- or four-side dressing – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7570:1986 Woodworking machines – Surface planing and thicknessing machines – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7571:1986 Woodworking machines – Surface planing machines with cutterblock for one-side dressing – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7573:2008 Technical product documentation – Parts lists +ISO 7574 Acoustics – Statistical methods for determining and verifying stated noise emission values of machinery and equipment +ISO 7574-1:1985 Part 1: General considerations and definitions +ISO 7574-2:1985 Part 2: Methods for stated values for individual machines +ISO 7574-3:1985 Part 3: Simple (transition) method for stated values for batches of machines +ISO 7574-4:1985 Part 4: Methods for stated values for batches of machines +ISO 7583:2013 Anodizing of aluminium and its alloys - Terms and definitions +ISO 7626 Mechanical vibration and shock – Experimental determination of mechanical mobility +ISO 7626-1:2011 Part 1: Basic terms and definitions, and transducer specifications +ISO 7626-2:2015 Part 2: Measurements using single-point translation excitation with an attached vibration exciter +ISO 7626-5:1994 Part 5: Measurements using impact excitation with an exciter which is not attached to the structure +ISO 7637 Road vehicles – Electrical disturbances from conduction and coupling +ISO 7637-1:2015 Part 1: Definitions and general considerations +ISO 7639:1985 Road vehicles - Diagnostic systems - Graphical symbols +ISO 7665:1983 Information processing – File structure and labelling of flexible disk cartridges for information interchange +ISO 7692:1983 Ferrotitanium - Determination of titanium content - Titrimetric method +ISO 7693:1984 Ferrotungsten - Determination of tungsten content - Cinchonine gravimetric method +ISO 7704:1985 Water quality – Evaluation of membrane filters used for microbiological analyses +ISO 7711 Dentistry – Diamond rotary instruments +ISO 7711-3:2004 Part 3: Grit sizes, designation and colour code +ISO 7712:1983 Laboratory glassware – Disposable Pasteur pipettes +ISO 7736 Road vehicles – Car radio for front installation – Installation space including connections +ISO 7740:1985 Instruments for surgery – Scalpels with detachable blades – Fitting dimensions +ISO 7741:1986 Instruments for surgery – Scissors and shears – General requirements and test methods +ISO/IEC 7776:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – High-level data link control procedures – Description of the X.25 LAPB-compatible DTE data link procedures +ISO 7779:2010 Acoustics - Measurement of airborne noise emitted by information technology and telecommunications equipment +ISO/IEC 7810 Identification cards – Physical characteristics +ISO/IEC 7811 Identification cards – Recording technique +ISO/IEC 7812 Identification cards – Identification of issuers +ISO/IEC 7813:2006 Information technology – Identification cards – Financial transaction cards +ISO/IEC 7816 Identification cards – Integrated circuit cards +ISO 7830:1983 Photography — Safety photographic films other than motion picture films — Material specifications Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 543, later ISO 18906 +ISO 7839:2005 Textile machinery and accessories – Knitting machines – Vocabulary and classification +ISO/TS 7849 Acoustics – Determination of airborne sound power levels emitted by machinery using vibration measurement +ISO/TS 7849-1:2009 Part 1: Survey method using a fixed radiation factor +ISO/TS 7849-2:2009 Part 2: Engineering method including determination of the adequate radiation factor +ISO 7863:1984 Height setting micrometers and riser blocks +ISO 7864:2016 Sterile hypodermic needles for single use – Requirements and test methods +ISO 7870 Control charts +ISO 7870-1:2014 Part 1: General guidelines +ISO 7870-2:2013 Part 2: Shewhart control charts +ISO 7870-3:2012 Part 3: Acceptance control charts +ISO 7870-4:2011 Part 4: Cumulative sum charts +ISO 7870-5:2014 Part 5: Specialized control charts +ISO 7870-6:2016 Part 6: EWMA control charts +ISO 7870-8:2017 Part 8: Charting techniques for short runs and small mixed batches +ISO 7876 Fuel injection equipment – Vocabulary +ISO 7876-1:1990 Part 1: Fuel injection pumps +ISO 7876-2:1991 Part 2: Fuel injectors +ISO 7876-3:1993 Part 3: Unit injectors +ISO 7876-4:2004 Part 4: High-pressure pipes and end-connections +ISO 7876-5:2004 Part 5: Common rail fuel injection system +ISO 7885:2010 Dentistry – Sterile injection needles for single use +ISO 7886 Sterile hypodermic syringes for single use +ISO 7886-1:2017 Part 1: Syringes for manual use +ISO 7886-2:1996 Part 2: Syringes for use with power-driven syringe pumps +ISO 7886-3:2005 Part 3: Auto-disable syringes for fixed-dose immunization +ISO 7886-4:2006 Part 4: Syringes with re-use prevention feature +ISO 7889:2003 Yogurt – Enumeration of characteristic microorganisms – Colony-count technique at 37 degrees C +ISO 7899 Water quality – Detection and enumeration of intestinal enterococci +ISO 7899-1:1998 Part 1: Miniaturized method (Most Probable Number) for surface and waste water +ISO 7899-2:2000 Part 2: Membrane filtration method +ISO 7919 Mechanical vibration – Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on rotating shafts +ISO 7919-3:2009 Part 3: Coupled industrial machines +ISO 7919-4:2009 Part 4: Gas turbine sets with fluid-film bearings +ISO 7919-5:2005 Part 5: Machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants +ISO 7929:1985 Information processing – Magnetic disk for data storage devices – 83 000 flux transitions per track, 130 mm (5.12 in) outer diameter, 40 mm (1.57 in) inner diameter +ISO 7932:2004 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the enumeration of presumptive Bacillus cereus – Colony-count technique at 30 degrees C +ISO 7937:2004 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the enumeration of Clostridium perfringens – Colony-count technique +ISO/IEC 7942 Information technology – Computer graphics and image processing – Graphical Kernel System (GKS) +ISO 7944:1998 Optics and optical instruments - Reference wavelengths +ISO 7945:1985 Woodworking machines – Single spindle boring machines – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7946:1985 Woodworking machines – Slot mortising machines – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7947:1985 Woodworking machines – Two-, three- and four-side moulding machines – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7948:1987 Woodworking machines – Routing machines – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7949:1985 Woodworking machines – Veneer pack edge shears – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7950:1985 Woodworking machines – Single chain mortising machines – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7957:1987 Woodworking machines – Radial circular saws – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7958:1987 Woodworking machines – Single blade stroke circular sawing machines for lengthwise cutting of solid woods and panels – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7959:1987 Woodworking machines – Double edging precision circular sawing machines – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7960:1995 Airborne noise emitted by machine tools – Operating conditions for woodworking machines +ISO 7967 Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Vocabulary of components and systems +ISO 7967-1:2005 Part 1: Structure and external covers +ISO 7967-2:2010 Part 2: Main running gear +ISO 7967-3:2010 Part 3: Valves, camshaft drives and actuating mechanisms +ISO 7967-4:2005 Part 4: Pressure charging and air/exhaust gas ducting systems +ISO 7967-5:2010 Part 5: Cooling systems +ISO 7967-6:2005 Part 6: Lubricating systems +ISO 7967-7:2005 Part 7: Governing systems +ISO 7967-8:2005 Part 8: Starting systems +ISO 7967-9:2010 Part 9: Control and monitoring systems +ISO 7967-10:2014 Part 10: Ignition systems +ISO 7967-11:2014 Part 11: Fuel systems +ISO 7967-12:2014 Part 12: Exhaust emission control systems +ISO 7983:1988 Woodworking machines – Single blade circular sawing machines with travelling table – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7987:1985 Woodworking machines – Turning lathes – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7988:1988 Woodworking machines – Double-end tenoning machines – Nomenclature and acceptance conditions +ISO 7998:2005 Ophthalmic optics - Spectacle frames - Lists of equivalent terms and vocabulary \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b24bbca5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 5000–7999" +chunk: 5/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_5000–7999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:34.923695+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df86c8634 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 8000–9999" +chunk: 1/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:36.234521+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. +The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..915e4bf2f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 8000–9999" +chunk: 2/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:36.234521+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 8000 – ISO 8999 == +ISO 8000 Data quality +ISO 8002:1986 Mechanical vibrations – Land vehicles – Method for reporting measured data +ISO 8015:2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Fundamentals – Concepts, principles and rules +ISO 8041:2005 Human response to vibration - Measuring instrumentation +ISO 8041-1:2017 Part 1: General purpose vibration meters +ISO 8042:1988 Shock and vibration measurements – Characteristics to be specified for seismic pick-ups +ISO 8044:2015 Corrosion of metals and alloys – Basic terms and definitions +ISO 8048:1984 Technical drawings – Construction drawings – Representation of views, sections and cuts +ISO 8049:2016 Ferronickel shot - Sampling for analysis +ISO 8050:1988 Ferronickel ingots or pieces - Sampling for analysis +ISO 8062 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts +ISO 8062-1:2007 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO/TS 8062-2:2013 Part 2: Rules +ISO 8062-3:2007 Part 3: General dimensional and geometrical tolerances and machining allowances for castings +ISO 8062-4:2017 Part 4: General tolerances for castings using profile tolerancing in a general datum system +ISO 8063 Information processing – Data interchange on 6,30 mm (0.25 in) wide magnetic tape cartridge using IMFM recording at 252 ftpmm (6 400 ftpi) +ISO 8063-1:1986 Part 1: Mechanical, physical and magnetic properties +ISO 8063-2:1986 Part 2: Track format and method of recording for data interchange in start/stop mode +ISO 8064:1985 Information processing – Reels for 12,7 mm (0,5 in) wide magnetic tapes – Sizes 16, 18 and 22 +ISO/IEC 8072:1996 Information technology – Open systems interconnection – Transport service definition +ISO/IEC 8073:1997 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for providing the connection-mode transport service +ISO 8088:1994 Equipment for olive cultivation and olive oil production – Vocabulary +ISO 8090:1990 Cycles – Terminology +ISO 8107:1993 Nuclear power plants - Maintainability - Terminology +ISO 8109:1990 Banking and related financial services – Securities – Format of Eurobonds +ISO 8114:1990 Textile machinery and accessories – Spindles for ring-spinning and doubling machines – List of equivalent terms +ISO 8116 Textile machinery and accessories – Beams for winding +ISO 8116-1:1995 Part 1: General vocabulary +ISO 8119 Textile machinery and accessories – Needles for knitting machines – Terminology +ISO 8119-1:1989 Part 1: Latch-type needles +ISO 8119-2:1989 Part 2: Bearded needles +ISO 8119-3:1992 Part 3: Compound needles +ISO/IEC 81346: Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – structuring principles and reference designations +ISO 8147:1995 Shipbuilding and marine structures – Derrick rigs and component parts – Vocabulary +ISO 8152:1984 Earth-moving machinery – Operation and maintenance – Training of mechanics +ISO 8153 Aerospace fluid systems and components – Vocabulary +ISO 8153-1:2009 Part 1: Hose assemblies +ISO 8157:2015 Fertilizers and soil conditioners – Vocabulary +ISO 8159:1987 Textiles – Morphology of fibres and yarns – Vocabulary +ISO 8160:1987 Textiles – Textured filament yarns – Vocabulary +ISO 8178 Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement +ISO 8180 Ductile iron pipelines – Polyethylene sleeving for site application +ISO 8199:2005 Water quality – General guidance on the enumeration of micro-organisms by culture +ISO/IEC 8208:2000 Information technology – Data communications – X.25 Packet Layer Protocol for Data Terminal Equipment +ISO/IEC 8211:1994 Information technology - Specification for a data descriptive file for information interchange +ISO 8217:2017 Petroleum products - Fuels (class F) - Specifications of marine fuels +ISO 8229:1991 Operations and baths relating to dry-cleaning machines – Vocabulary +ISO 8277:2013 Ships and marine technology – Pipework and machinery – Information transfer +ISO 8297:1994 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of multisource industrial plants for evaluation of sound pressure levels in the environment – Engineering method +ISO 8316:1987 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduits – Method by collection of the liquid in a volumetric tank +ISO 8317:2015 Child-resistant packaging - Requirements and testing procedures for reclosable packages +ISO 8319 Orthopaedic instruments – Drive connections +ISO 8319-1:1996 Part 1: Keys for use with screws with hexagon socket heads +ISO 8319-2:1986 Part 2: Screwdrivers for single slot head screws, screws with cruciate slot and cross-recessed head screws +ISO/IEC 8326:1996 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Session service definition +ISO/IEC 8327 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented Session protocol +ISO/IEC 8327-1:1996 Protocol specification +ISO/IEC 8327-2:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO 8330:2014 Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies - Vocabulary +ISO 8333:1985 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumes – V-shaped broad-crested weirs +ISO 8343:1985 Ferronickel - Determination of silicon content - Gravimetric method +ISO/IEC 8348:2002 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Network service definition +ISO 8362 Injection containers and accessories +ISO 8362-1:2009 Part 1: Injection vials made of glass tubing +ISO 8362-2:2015 Part 2: Closures for injection vials +ISO 8362-3:2001 Part 3: Aluminium caps for injection vials +ISO 8362-4:2011 Part 4: Injection vials made of moulded glass +ISO 8362-5:2016 Part 5: Freeze drying closures for injection vials +ISO 8362-6:2010 Part 6: Caps made of aluminium-plastics combinations for injection vials +ISO 8362-7:2006 Part 7: Injection caps made of aluminium-plastics combinations without overlapping plastics part +ISO/TR 8363:1997 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels — General guidelines for selection of method [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 18365] +ISO 8368:1999 Hydrometric determinations – Flow measurements in open channels using structures – Guidelines for selection of structure +ISO 8373:2012 Manipulating industrial robots – Vocabulary +ISO 8378 Information processing – Data interchange on 130 mm (5.25 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 7 958 ftprad, 3,8 tpmm (96 tpi), on both sides +ISO 8378-1:1986 Part 1: Dimensional, physical and magnetic characteristics +ISO 8378-2:1986 Part 2: Track format A +ISO 8378-3:1986 Part 3: Track format B +ISO 8384:2000 Ships and marine technology – Dredgers – Vocabulary +ISO 8388:1998 Knitted fabrics – Types – Vocabulary +ISO 8421 Fire protection - Vocabulary +ISO 8421-1:1987 Part 1: General terms and phenomena of fire +ISO 8421-2:1987 Part 2: Structural fire protection +ISO 8421-6:1987 Part 6: Evacuation and means of escape +ISO 8421-7:1987 Part 7: Explosion detection and suppression means +ISO 8422:2006 Sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes +ISO 8423:2008 Sequential sampling plans for inspection by variables for percent nonconforming (known standard deviation) +ISO 8429:1986 Optics and optical instruments – Ophthalmology – Graduated dial scale +ISO 8439:1990 Forms design - Basic layout +ISO 8440:1986 Location of codes in trade documents +ISO/IEC 8441 Information technology – High density digital recording (HDDR) +ISO/IEC 8441-1:1991 Part 1: Unrecorded magnetic tape for (HDDR) applications +ISO/IEC 8441-2:1991 Part 2: Guide for interchange practice +ISO 8459:2009 Information and documentation - Bibliographic data element directory for use in data exchange and enquiry +ISO 8462 Information processing – Data interchange on 6,30 mm (0.25 in) magnetic tape cartridge using GCR recording at 394 ftpmm (10 000 ftpi), 39 cpmm (1 000 cpi) +ISO 8462-1:1986 Part 1: Mechanical, physical and magnetic properties +ISO 8462-2:1986 Part 2: Streaming mode +ISO/IEC 8473 Information technology – Protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service +ISO/IEC 8473-1:1998 Protocol specification +ISO/IEC 8473-2:1996 Part 2: Provision of the underlying service by an ISO/IEC 8802 subnetwork +ISO/IEC 8473-3:1995 Provision of the underlying service by an X.25 subnetwork +ISO/IEC 8473-4:1995 Provision of the underlying service by a subnetwork that provides the OSI data link service +ISO/IEC 8473-5:1997 Provision of the underlying service by ISDN circuit-switched B-channels +ISO/IEC 8480:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – DTE/DCE interface back-up control operation using ITU-T Recommendation V.24 interchange circuits +ISO/IEC 8481:1996 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – DTE to DTE direct connections +ISO/IEC 8482:1993 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Twisted pair multipoint interconnections +ISO/IEC 8484:2014 Information technology – Magnetic stripes on savingsbooks +ISO 8485:1989 Programming languages - APL +ISO 8498:1990 Woven fabrics – Description of defects – Vocabulary +ISO 8499:2003 Knitted fabrics – Description of defects – Vocabulary +ISO 8501 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products – Visual assessment of surface cleanliness +ISO 8501-1:2007 Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings +ISO 8501-2:1994 Part 2: Preparation grades of previously coated steel substrates after localized removal of previous coatings +ISO 8501-3:2006 Part 3: Preparation grades of welds, edges and other areas with surface imperfections +ISO 8501-4:2006 Part 4: Initial surface conditions, preparation grades and flash rust grades in connection with high-pressure water jetting +ISO 8502 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness +ISO 8502-2:2017 Part 2: Laboratory determination of chloride on cleaned surfaces +ISO 8502-3:2017 Part 3: Assessment of dust on steel surfaces prepared for painting (pressure-sensitive tape method) +ISO 8502-4:2017 Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation prior to paint application +ISO 8502-5:1998 Part 5: Measurement of chloride on steel surfaces prepared for painting (ion detection tube method +ISO 8502-6:2006 Part 6: Extraction of soluble contaminants for analysis - The Bresle method +ISO 8502-9:1998 Part 9: Field method for the conductometric determination of water-soluble salts +ISO 8502-11:2006 Part 11: Field method for the turbidimetric determination of water-soluble sulfate +ISO 8503 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates +ISO 8503-1:2012 Part 1: Specifications and definitions for ISO surface profile comparators for the assessment of abrasive blast-cleaned surfaces +ISO 8503-2:2012 Part 2: Method for the grading of surface profile of abrasive blast-cleaned steel - Comparator procedure +ISO 8503-3:2012 Part 3: Method for the calibration of ISO surface profile comparators and for the determination of surface profile - Focusing microscope procedure +ISO 8503-4:2012 Part 4: Method for the calibration of ISO surface profile comparators and for the determination of surface profile - Stylus instrument procedure +ISO 8503-5:2017 Part 5: Replica tape method for the determination of the surface profile +ISO 8504 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Surface preparation methods +ISO 8504-1:2000 Part 1: General principles +ISO 8504-2:2000 Part 2: Abrasive blast-cleaning +ISO 8504-3:1993 Part 3: Hand- and power-tool cleaning +ISO 8506:2024 Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture technology — AIDC application in industrial construction +ISO 8512 Surface plates +ISO 8512-1:1990 Part 1: Cast iron +ISO 8512-2:1990 Part 2: Granite +ISO/TR 8517:1988 Rubber- or plastics-covered rollers – Glossary +ISO 8525:2008 Airborne noise emitted by machine tools – Operating conditions for metal-cutting machines +ISO 8528 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets +ISO 8528-1:2005 Part 1: Application, ratings and performance +ISO 8528-2:2005 Part 2: Engines +ISO 8528-3:2005 Part 3: Alternating current generators for generating sets +ISO 8528-4:2005 Part 4: Controlgear and switchgear +ISO 8528-5:2013 Part 5: Generating sets +ISO 8528-6:2005 Part 6: Test methods +ISO 8528-7:2017 Part 7: Technical declarations for specification and design +ISO 8528-8:2016 Part 8: Requirements and tests for low-power generating sets +ISO 8528-9:2017 Part 9: Measurement and evaluation of mechanical vibrations +ISO 8528-10:1998 Part 10: Measurement of airborne noise by the enveloping surface method +ISO 8528-12:1997 Part 12: Emergency power supply to safety services +ISO 8528-13:2016 Part 13: Safety +ISO 8529 Reference neutron radiations +ISO 8529-1:2001 Part 1: Characteristics and methods of production +ISO 8529-2:2000 Part 2: Calibration fundamentals of radiation protection devices related to the basic quantities characterizing the radiation field +ISO 8529-3:1998 Part 3: Calibration of area and personal dosimeters and determination of response as a function of energy and angle of incidence +ISO 8532:1995 Securities – Format for transmission of certificate numbers +ISO 8536 Infusion equipment for medical use +ISO 8536-1:2011 Part 1: Infusion glass bottles +ISO 8536-2:2010 Part 2: Closures for infusion bottles +ISO 8536-3:2009 Part 3: Aluminium caps for infusion bottles +ISO 8536-4:2010 Part 4: Infusion sets for single use, gravity feed +ISO 8536-5:2004 Part 5: Burette infusion sets for single use, gravity feed +ISO 8536-6:2016 Part 6: Freeze drying closures for infusion bottles +ISO 8536-7:2009 Part 7: Caps made of aluminium-plastics combinations for infusion bottles +ISO 8536-8:2015 Part 8: Infusion sets for single use with pressure infusion apparatus +ISO 8536-9:2015 Part 9: Fluid lines for single use with pressure infusion equipment +ISO 8536-10:2015 Part 10: Accessories for fluid lines for single use with pressure infusion equipment +ISO 8536-11:2015 Part 11: Infusion filters for single use with pressure infusion equipment +ISO 8536-12:2007 Part 12: Check valves +ISO 8536-13:2016 Part 13: Graduated flow regulators for single use with fluid contact +ISO 8536-14:2016 Part 14: Clamps and flow regulators for transfusion and infusion equipment without fluid contact +ISO 8537:2016 Sterile single-use syringes, with or without needle, for insulin +ISO 8540:1993 Open front mechanical power presses - Vocabulary +ISO 8548 Prosthetics and orthotics – Limb deficiencies +ISO 8548-1:1989 Part 1: Method of describing limb deficiencies present at birth +ISO 8548-2:1993 Part 2: Method of describing lower limb amputation stumps +ISO 8548-3:1993 Part 3: Method of describing upper limb amputation stumps +ISO 8548-4:1998 Part 4: Description of causal conditions leading to amputation +ISO 8548-5:2003 Part 5: Description of the clinical condition of the person who has had an amputation +ISO 8549 Prosthetics and orthotics - Vocabulary +ISO 8549-1:1989 Part 1: General terms for external limb prostheses and external orthoses +ISO 8549-2:1989 Part 2: Terms relating to external limb prostheses and wearers of these prostheses +ISO 8549-3:1989 Part 3: Terms relating to external orthoses +ISO 8549-4:2014 Part 4: Terms relating to limb amputation +ISO/TR 8550 Guidance on the selection and usage of acceptance sampling systems for inspection of discrete items in lots +ISO/TR 8550-1:2007 Part 1: Acceptance sampling +ISO/TR 8550-2:2007 Part 2: Sampling by attributes +ISO/TR 8550-3:2007 Part 3: Sampling by variables +ISO 8551:2003 Prosthetics and orthotics – Functional deficiencies – Description of the person to be treated with an orthosis, clinical objectives of treatment, and functional requirements of the orthosis +ISO 8552:2004 Milk – Estimation of psychrotrophic microorganisms – Colony-count technique at 21 degrees C (Rapid method) +ISO 8553:2004 Milk – Enumeration of microorganisms – Plate-loop technique at 30 degrees C +ISO 8559:1989 Garment construction and anthropometric surveys – Body dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 8559-1:2017] +ISO 8559 Size designation of clothes +ISO 8559-1:2017 Part 1: Anthropometric definitions for body measurement +ISO 8559-2:2017 Part 2: Primary and secondary dimension indicators +ISO 8560:1986 Technical drawings – Construction drawings – Representation of modular sizes, lines and grids +ISO 8568:2007 Mechanical shock – Testing machines – Characteristics and performance +ISO 8571 Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection - File Transfer, Access and Management +ISO 8571-1:1988 Part 1: General introduction +ISO 8571-2:1988 Part 2: Virtual Filestore Definition +ISO 8571-3:1988 Part 3: File Service Definition +ISO 8571-4:1988 Part 4: File Protocol Specification +ISO/IEC 8571-5:1990 Part 5: Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement Proforma +ISO 8573 Compressed air +ISO 8573-1:2010 Contaminants and purity classes +ISO 8573-2:2007 Test methods for oil aerosol content +ISO 8573-3:1999 Test methods for measurement of humidity +ISO 8573-4:2001 Test methods for solid particle content +ISO 8573-5:2001 Test methods for oil vapour and organic solvent content +ISO 8573-6:2003 Test methods for gaseous contaminant content +ISO 8573-7:2003 Test method for viable microbiological contaminant content +ISO 8573-8:2004 Test methods for solid particle content by mass concentration +ISO 8573-9:2004 Test methods for liquid water content +ISO 8579 Acceptance code for gear units +ISO 8579-1:2002 Part 1: Test code for airborne sound +ISO 8583 Financial transaction card originated messages – Interchange message specifications +ISO 8586:2012 Sensory analysis – General guidelines for the selection, training and monitoring of selected assessors and expert sensory assessors +ISO 8596:2009 Ophthalmic optics – Visual acuity testing – Standard optotype and its presentation +ISO 8598 Optics and optical instruments – Focimeters +ISO 8598-1:2014 Part 1: General purpose instruments +ISO 8600 Endoscopes – Medical endoscopes and endotherapy devices +ISO 8600-1:2015 Part 1: General requirements +ISO 8600-2:2015 Part 2: Particular requirements for rigid bronchoscopes +ISO 8600-3:1997 Part 3: Determination of field of view and direction of view of endoscopes with optics +ISO 8600-4:2014 Part 4: Determination of maximum width of insertion portion +ISO 8600-5:2005 Part 5: Determination of optical resolution of rigid endoscopes with optics +ISO 8600-6:2005 Part 6: Vocabulary +ISO 8600-7:2012 Part 7: Basic requirements for medical endoscopes of water-resistant type +ISO 8601:2019 Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times +ISO/IEC 8602:1995 Information technology – Protocol for providing the OSI connectionless-mode transport service +ISO 8604:1988 Plastics – Prepregs – Definitions of terms and symbols for designations +ISO 8608:2016 Mechanical vibration – Road surface profiles – Reporting of measured data +ISO 8612:2009 Ophthalmic instruments – Tonometers +ISO/IEC 8613 Information technology – Open Document Architecture (ODA) and interchange format +ISO 8614:1997 Ski bindings – Vocabulary +ISO 8615:1991 Implants for surgery – Fixation devices for use in the ends of the femur in adults +ISO 8624:2011 Ophthalmic optics – Spectacle frames – Measuring system and terminology +ISO 8625 Aerospace – Fluid systems – Vocabulary +ISO 8625-1:1993 Part 1: General terms and definitions related to pressure +ISO 8625-2:1991 Part 2: General terms and definitions relating to flow +ISO 8625-3:1991 Part 3: General terms and definitions relating to temperature +ISO 8625-4:2011 Part 4: General terms and definitions relating to control/actuation systems +ISO 8626:1989 Servo-hydraulic test equipment for generating vibration – Method of describing characteristics +ISO 8630 Information processing – Data interchange on 130 mm (5.25 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 13 262 ftprad, on 80 tracks on each side +ISO 8630-1:1987 Part 1: Dimensional, physical and magnetic characteristics +ISO 8630-2:1987 Part 2: Track format A for 77 tracks +ISO 8630-3:1987 Part 3: Track format B for 80 tracks +ISO/IEC 8631:1989 Information technology - Program constructs and conventions for their representation +ISO/IEC 8632 Information technology – Computer graphics – Metafile for the storage and transfer of picture description information +ISO/IEC 8632-1:1999 Part 1: Functional specification +ISO/IEC 8632-2:1992 Part 2: Character encoding [withdrawn 2001-06-21] +ISO/IEC 8632-3:1999 Part 3: Binary encoding +ISO/IEC 8632-4:1999 Part 4: Clear text encoding +ISO 8637:2010 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems – Haemodialysers, haemodiafilters, haemofilters and haemoconcentrators +ISO 8638:2010 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems – Extracorporeal blood circuit for haemodialysers, haemodiafilters and haemofilters +ISO 8640 Textile machinery and accessories – Flat warp knitting machines +ISO 8640-1:2004 Part 1: Vocabulary of basic structure and knitting elements +ISO 8640-2:2004 Part 2: Vocabulary of warp let-off, fabric take-up and batching +ISO 8640-3:2002 Part 3: Vocabulary of patterning devices +ISO 8640-4:1996 Part 4: Stitch bonding machines and stitch bonding devices +ISO 8648:1988 Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection – Internal organization of the Network Layer +ISO/IEC 8650 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol specification for the Association Control Service Element +ISO/IEC 8650-2:1997 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO 8651 Information technology – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System (GKS) language bindings +ISO 8651-1:1988 Part 1: FORTRAN +ISO 8651-2:1988 Part 2: Pascal +ISO 8651-3:1988 Part 3: Ada +ISO/IEC 8651-4:1995 Part 4: C +ISO/IEC 8652:2012 Information technology – Programming languages – Ada +ISO 8653:1986 Jewellery – Ring-sizes – Definition, measurement and designation +ISO 8655 Piston-operated volumetric apparatus +ISO 8655-1:2002 Part 1: Terminology, general requirements and user recommendations +ISO 8655-2:2002 Part 2: Piston pipettes +ISO 8655-3:2002 Part 3: Piston burettes +ISO 8655-4:2002 Part 4: Dilutors +ISO 8655-5:2002 Part 5: Dispensers +ISO 8655-6:2002 Part 6: Gravimetric methods for the determination of measurement error +ISO 8655-7:2005 Part 7: Non-gravimetric methods for the assessment of equipment performance +ISO 8669 Urine collection bags +ISO 8669-1:1988 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 8670 Ostomy collection bags +ISO 8670-1:1988 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 8691 Petroleum products – Low levels of vanadium in liquid fuels – Determination by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry after ashing +ISO 8695:2010 Tools for pressing - Punches - Nomenclature and terminology +ISO/TR 8713:2012 Electrically propelled road vehicles – Vocabulary +ISO 8769:2016 Reference sources - Calibration of surface contamination monitors - Alpha-, beta- and photon emitters +ISO 8777:1993 Information and documentation - Commands for interactive text searching +ISO 8784 Pulp, paper and board – Microbiological examination +ISO 8784-1:2014 Part 1: Enumeration of bacteria and bacterial spores based on disintegration +ISO 8785:1998 Geometrical Product Specification (GPS) - Surface imperfections - Terms, definitions and parameters +ISO 8790:1987 Information processing systems - Computer system configuration diagram symbols and conventions +ISO/IEC 8802 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Local and metropolitan area networks – Specific requirements +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-A:2015 Part A: Overview and architecture +ISO/IEC TR 8802-1:2001 Part 1: Overview of Local Area Network Standards +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1Q:2016 Part 1Q: Bridges and bridged networks +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1X:2013 Part 1X: Port-based network access control +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1AB:2017 Part 1AB: Station and media access control connectivity discovery +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1AE:2013 Part 1AE: Media access control (MAC) security +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1AR:2014 Part 1AR: Secure device identity +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1AS:2014 Part 1AS: Timing and synchronization for time-sensitive applications in bridged local area networks +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1AX:2016 Part 1AX: Link aggregation +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1BA:2016 Part 1BA: Audio video bridging (AVB) systems +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1BR:2016 Part 1BR: Virtual bridged local area networks – Bridge port extension +ISO/IEC 8802-2:1998 Part 2: Logical link control +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-3:2017 Part 3: Standard for Ethernet +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-3-1:2015 Part 3-1: Standard for management information base (MIB) – Definitions for Ethernet +ISO/IEC 8802-5:1998 Part 5: Token Ring access method and physical layer specifications +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-11:2012 Part 11: Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-15-4:2010 Part 15-4: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for low-rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs) +ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-22:2015 Part 22: Cognitive Wireless RAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Policies and Procedures for Operation in the TV Bands +ISO 8805 Information processing systems – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions (GKS-3D) functional description +ISO/IEC 8806 Information technology – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions (GKS-3D) language bindings +ISO/IEC 8806-4 Part 4: C +ISO 8807:1989 Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection – LOTOS – A formal description technique based on the temporal ordering of observational behaviour +ISO 8811:2000 Earth-moving machinery – Rollers and compactors – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 8812:2016 Earth-moving machinery – Backhoe loaders – Terminology and commercial specifications +ISO 8815:1994 Aircraft – Electrical cables and cable harnesses – Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 8822:1994 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Presentation service definition +ISO/IEC 8823 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented presentation protocol +ISO/IEC 8823-1:1994 Protocol specification +ISO/IEC 8823-2:1997 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO/IEC 8824 Information technology – Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) +ISO/IEC 8824-1:2015 Specification of basic notation +ISO/IEC 8824-2:2015 Information object specification +ISO/IEC 8824-3:2015 Constraint specification +ISO/IEC 8824-4:2015 Parameterization of ASN.1 specifications +ISO/IEC 8825 Information technology – ASN.1 encoding rules +ISO/IEC 8825-1:2015 Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) +ISO/IEC 8825-2:2015 Specification of Packed Encoding Rules (PER) +ISO/IEC 8825-3:2015 Specification of Encoding Control Notation (ECN) +ISO/IEC 8825-4:2015 XML Encoding Rules (XER) +ISO/IEC 8825-5:2015 Mapping W3C XML schema definitions into ASN.1 +ISO/IEC 8825-6:2015 Registration and application of PER encoding instructions +ISO/IEC 8825-7:2015 Part 7: Specification of Octet Encoding Rules (OER) +ISO 8826 Technical drawings – Rolling bearings +ISO 8826-1:1989 Part 1: General simplified representation +ISO 8826-2:1994 Part 2: Detailed simplified representation +ISO 8827:1988 Implants for surgery – Staples with parallel legs for orthopaedic use – General requirements +ISO 8828:2014 Implants for surgery – Guidance on care and handling of orthopaedic implants +ISO 8835 Inhalational anaesthesia systems +ISO 8835-7:2011 Part 7: Anaesthetic systems for use in areas with limited logistical supplies of electricity and anaesthetic gases +ISO 8836:2014 Suction catheters for use in the respiratory tract +ISO 8843:2005 Aircraft – Crimp-removable contacts for electrical connectors – Identification system +ISO 8855:2011 Road vehicles – Vehicle dynamics and road-holding ability – Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 8859 Information technology – 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets +ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 Part 1: Latin alphabet No. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbf54571e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 8000–9999" +chunk: 3/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:36.234521+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +1 +ISO/IEC 8859-2:1999 Part 2: Latin alphabet No. 2 +ISO/IEC 8859-3:1999 Part 3: Latin alphabet No. 3 +ISO/IEC 8859-4:1998 Part 4: Latin alphabet No. 4 +ISO/IEC 8859-5:1999 Part 5: Latin/Cyrillic alphabet +ISO/IEC 8859-6:1999 Part 6: Latin/Arabic alphabet +ISO/IEC 8859-7:2003 Part 7: Latin/Greek alphabet +ISO/IEC 8859-8:1999 Part 8: Latin/Hebrew alphabet +ISO/IEC 8859-9:1999 Part 9: Latin alphabet No. 5 +ISO/IEC 8859-10:1998 Part 10: Latin alphabet No. 6 +ISO/IEC 8859-11:2001 Part 11: Latin/Thai alphabet +ISO/IEC 8859-13:1998 Part 13: Latin alphabet No. 7 +ISO/IEC 8859-14:1998 Part 14: Latin alphabet No. 8 (Celtic) +ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999 Part 15: Latin alphabet No. 9 +ISO/IEC 8859-16:2001 Part 16: Latin alphabet No. 10 +ISO 8860 Information processing – Data interchange on 90 mm (3.5 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 7 958 ftprad on 80 tracks on each side +ISO 8860-1:1987 Part 1: Dimensional, physical and magnetic characteristics +ISO 8860-2:1987 Part 2: Track format +ISO 8871 Elastomeric parts for parenterals and for devices for pharmaceutical use +ISO 8871-1:2003 Part 1: Extractables in aqueous autoclavates +ISO 8871-2:2003 Part 2: Identification and characterization +ISO 8871-3:2003 Part 3: Determination of released-particle count +ISO 8871-4:2006 Part 4: Biological requirements and test methods +ISO 8871-5:2016 Part 5: Functional requirements and testing +ISO 8872:2003 Aluminium caps for transfusion, infusion and injection bottles – General requirements and test methods +ISO/IEC 8877:1992 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Interface connector and contact assignments for ISDN Basic Access Interface located at reference points S and T +ISO/IEC 8878:1992 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Use of X.25 to provide the OSI Connection-mode Network Service +ISO 8879:1986 Information processing – Text and office systems – Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) +ISO/IEC 8880 Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Protocol combinations to provide and support the OSI Network Service +ISO/IEC 8880-1:1990 Part 1: General principles [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO/IEC TR 13532:1995, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/IEC 8880-2:1992 Part 2: Provision and support of the connection-mode Network Service [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO/IEC TR 13532:1995, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/IEC 8880-3:1990 Part 3: Provision and support of the connectionless-mode Network Service [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO/IEC TR 13532:1995, now withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/IEC 8881:1989 Information processing systems – Data communications – Use of the X.25 packet level protocol in local area networks +ISO/IEC 8882 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – X.25 DTE conformance testing +ISO/IEC 8882-1:1996 Part 1: General principles +ISO/IEC 8882-2:2000 Part 2: Data link layer conformance test suite +ISO/IEC 8882-3:2000 Part 3: Packet layer conformance test suite +ISO 8884:1989 Information processing — Text and office systems — Keyboards for multiple Latin-alphabet languages — Layout and operation [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9995-(1,7)] +ISO 8885:1987 Information processing systems — Data communication — High-level data link control procedures — General purpose XID frame information field content and format [Withdrawn without replacement] +ISO/IEC 8886:1996 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Data link service definition +ISO 8887 Technical product documentation – Design for manufacturing, assembling, disassembling and end-of-life processing +ISO 8887-1:2017 Part 1: General concepts and requirements +ISO 8891:1998 Dental casting alloys with noble metal content of at least 25 % but less than 75 % [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22674] +ISO 8909 Forage harvesters +ISO 8909-1:1994 Part 1: Vocabulary +ISO 8910:1993 Machinery and equipment for working the soil – Mouldboard plough working elements – Vocabulary +ISO 8927:1991 Earth-moving machinery – Machine availability – Vocabulary +ISO 8930:1987 General principles on reliability for structures – List of equivalent terms +ISO 8936:2017 Awnings for leisure accommodation vehicles - Requirements and test methods +ISO 8954 Ferroalloys - Vocabulary +ISO 8954-1:1990 Part 1: Materials +ISO 8954-2:1990 Part 2: Sampling and sample preparation +ISO 8954-3:1990 Part 3: Sieve analysis +ISO 8957:1996 Information and documentation - Hebrew alphabet coded character sets for bibliographic information interchange +ISO 8965:2013 Logging industry – Technology – Terms and definitions +ISO 8979:2004 Pliers and nippers for electronics - Nomenclature +ISO 8980 Ophthalmic optics – Uncut finished spectacle lenses +ISO 8980-1:2017 Part 1: Specifications for single-vision and multifocal lenses +ISO 8980-2:2017 Part 2: Specifications for power-variation lenses +ISO 8980-3:2013 Part 3: Transmittance specifications and test methods +ISO 8980-4:2006 Part 4: Specifications and test methods for anti-reflective coatings +ISO 8980-5:2005 Part 5: Minimum requirements for spectacle lens surfaces claimed to be abrasion-resistant +ISO 8999:2001 Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Graphical symbols \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33a39def1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 8000–9999" +chunk: 4/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:36.234521+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== ISO 9000 – ISO 9999 == +ISO 9000:2015 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary +ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems – Requirements +ISO/TS 9002:2016 Quality management systems – Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015 +ISO 9004:2018 Managing for the sustained success of an organization – A quality management approach +ISO/TR 9007:1987 Information processing systems - Concepts and terminology for the conceptual schema and the information base +ISO 9019:1995 Securities – Numbering of certificates +ISO 9022 Optics and optical instruments - Environmental test methods +ISO 9022-1:2016 Definitions, extent of testing +ISO 9022-2:2015 Cold, heat and humidity +ISO 9022-3:2015 Mechanical stress +ISO 9022-4:2014 Salt mist +ISO 9022-5:1994 Combined cold, low air pressure [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 9022-23:2016] +ISO 9022-6:2015 Dust +ISO 9022-23:2016 Low pressure combined with cold, ambient temperature and dry or damp heat +ISO 9031:1987 Air cargo equipment - Handling systems for unit load devices (ULDs) - Symbols for pictorial representation +ISO 9036:1987 Information processing - Arabic 7-bit coded character set for information interchange +ISO/IEC 9040:1997 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Virtual Terminal Basic Class Service +ISO/IEC 9041 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Virtual Terminal Basic Class Protocol +ISO/IEC 9041-1:1997 Part 1: Specification +ISO/IEC 9041-2:1997 Part 2: Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO 9045:1990 Industrial screens and screening – Vocabulary +ISO 9050 Glass in building – Determination of light transmittance, solar direct transmittance, total solar energy transmittance, ultraviolet transmittance and related glazing factors +ISO 9060: Solar energy -- Specification and classification of instruments for measuring hemispherical solar and direct solar radiation +ISO/IEC 9066 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Reliable Transfer +ISO/IEC 9066-1:1989 Part 1: Model and service definition +ISO/IEC 9066-2:1989 Part 2: Protocol specification +ISO/IEC 9066-3:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO 9069:1988 Information processing – SGML support facilities – SGML Document Interchange Format (SDIF) +ISO/IEC 9070:1991 Information technology - SGML support facilities - Registration procedures for public text owner identifiers +ISO/IEC 9072 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Remote Operations +ISO/IEC 9072-1:1989 Part 1: Model, notation and service definition +ISO/IEC 9072-2:1989 Part 2: Protocol specification +ISO/IEC 9072-3:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO/IEC 9075 Information technology – Database languages – SQL +ISO 9086 Wood – Methods of physical and mechanical testing – Vocabulary +ISO 9086-1:1987 Part 1: General concepts and macrostructure +ISO 9092:2011 Textiles – Nonwovens – Definition +ISO 9095:1990 Steel tubes – Continuous character marking and colour coding for material identification +ISO 9123:2001 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Stage-fall-discharge relationships +ISO/IEC 9126 Software engineering – Product quality +ISO 9128:2006 Road vehicles - Graphical symbols to designate brake fluid types +ISO 9141 Road vehicles – Diagnostic systems +ISO 9141-2 CARB requirements for interchange of digital information +ISO 9141-3 Verification of the communication between vehicle and OBD II scan tool +ISO 9144:1991 Securities – Optical character recognition line – Position and structure +ISO 9160:1988 Information processing - Data encipherment - Physical layer interoperability requirements +ISO 9170 Terminal units for medical gas pipeline systems +ISO 9170-1:2017 Part 1: Terminal units for use with compressed medical gases and vacuum +ISO 9170-2:2008 Part 2: Terminal units for anaesthetic gas scavenging systems +ISO/IEC 9171 Information technology - 130 mm optical disk cartridge, write once, for information interchange +ISO/IEC 9171-1:1990 Part 1: Unrecorded optical disk cartridge +ISO/IEC 9171-2:1990 Part 2: Recording format +ISO 9175 Tubular tips for hand-held technical pens using India ink on tracing paper +ISO 9175-1:1988 Part 1: Definitions, dimensions, designation and marking +ISO 9177 Mechanical pencils for technical drawings +ISO 9177-1:2016 Part 1: Classification, dimensions, performance requirements and testing +ISO 9177-2:1989 Part 2: Black leads – Classification and dimensions +ISO 9177-3:1994 Part 3: Black leads – Bending strengths of HB leads +ISO 9180:1988 Black leads for wood-cased pencils – Classification and diameters +ISO 9186 Graphical symbols - Test methods +ISO 9186-1:2014 Part 1: Method for testing comprehensibility +ISO 9186-2:2008 Part 2: Method for testing perceptual quality +ISO 9186-3:2014 Part 3: Method for testing symbol referent association +ISO 9187 Injection equipment for medical use +ISO 9187-1:2010 Part 1: Ampoules for injectables +ISO 9187-2:2010 Part 2: One-point-cut (OPC) ampoules +ISO 9195:1992 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Sampling and analysis of gravel-bed material +ISO 9196:1992 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Flow measurements under ice conditions +ISO 9211 Optics and photonics - Optical coatings +ISO 9211-1:2010 Part 1: Definitions +ISO/TR 9212:2015 Hydrometry – Methods of measurement of bedload discharge +ISO 9222 Technical drawings – Seals for dynamic application +ISO 9222-1:1989 Part 1: General simplified representation +ISO 9222-2:1989 Part 2: Detailed simplified representation +ISO 9223 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Classification, determination and estimation +ISO 9224 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Guiding values for the corrosivity categories +ISO 9225 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Measurement of environmental parameters affecting corrosivity of atmospheres +ISO 9226 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Determination of corrosion rate of standard specimens for the evaluation of corrosivity +ISO 9227:2017 Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres – Salt spray tests +ISO 9229:2007 Thermal insulation - Vocabulary +ISO 9230:2007 Information and documentation - Determination of price indexes for print and electronic media purchased by libraries +ISO 9232:2003 Yogurt – Identification of characteristic microorganisms (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9d71dc54 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 8000–9999" +chunk: 5/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:36.234521+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) +ISO 9235:2013 Aromatic natural raw materials – Vocabulary +ISO 9241 Ergonomics of human-system interaction +ISO 9244:2008 Earth-moving machinery - Machine safety labels - General principles +ISO 9245:1991 Earth-moving machinery – Machine productivity – Vocabulary, symbols and units +ISO 9247:1990 Earth-moving machinery – Electrical wires and cables – Principles of identification and marking +ISO/TS 9250 Earth-moving machinery – Multilingual listing of equivalent terms +ISO/TS 9250-1:2012 Part 1: General +ISO/TS 9250-2:2012 Part 2: Performance and dimensions +ISO 9251:1987 Thermal insulation - Heat transfer conditions and properties of materials - Vocabulary +ISO 9264:1988 Woodworking machines – Narrow belt sanding machines with sliding table or frame – Nomenclature +ISO 9265:1988 Woodworking machines – Multi-spindle boring machines – Nomenclature +ISO 9266:1988 Woodworking machines – Universal tool and cutter sharpeners – Nomenclature +ISO 9267:1988 Woodworking machines – Bandsaw blade sharpening machines – Nomenclature +ISO 9268:1988 Implants for surgery – Metal bone screws with conical under-surface of head – Dimensions +ISO 9269:1988 Implants for surgery – Metal bone plates – Holes and slots corresponding to screws with conical under-surface +ISO/IEC 9281 Information technology - Picture coding methods +ISO/IEC 9281-1:1990 Part 1: Identification +ISO/IEC 9281-2:1990 Part 2: Procedure for registration +ISO/IEC 9282 Information processing - Coded representation of pictures +ISO/IEC 9282-1:1988 Part 1: Encoding principles for picture representation in a 7-bit or 8-bit environment +ISO 9288:1989 Thermal insulation – Heat transfer by radiation – Physical quantities and definitions +ISO/IEC 9293:1994 Information technology – Volume and file structure of disk cartridges for information interchange +ISO 9295:2015 Acoustics - Determination of high-frequency sound power levels emitted by machinery and equipment +ISO 9296:2017 Acoustics - Declared noise emission values of information technology and telecommunications equipment +ISO 9300:2005 Measurement of gas flow by means of critical flow Venturi nozzles +ISO 9308 Water quality – Enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria +ISO 9308-1:2014 Part 1: Membrane filtration method for waters with low bacterial background flora +ISO 9308-2:2012 Part 2: Most probable number method +ISO 9308-3:1998 Part 3: Miniaturized method (Most Probable Number) for the detection and enumeration of E. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c21144a42 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 8000–9999" +chunk: 6/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:36.234521+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +coli in surface and waste water +ISO 9314 Information processing systems Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) +ISO 9314-1:1989 Part 1: Token Ring Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) +ISO 9314-2:1989 Part 2: Token Ring Media Access Control (MAC) +ISO/IEC 9314-3:1990 Part 3: Physical Layer Medium Dependent (PMD) +ISO/IEC 9314-4:1999 Part 4: Single Mode Fibre Physical Layer Medium Dependent (SMF-PMD) +ISO/IEC 9314-5:1995 Part 5: Hybrid Ring Control (HRC) +ISO/IEC 9314-6:1998 Part 6: Station Management (SMT) +ISO/IEC 9314-7:1998 Part 7: Physical layer Protocol (PHY-2) +ISO/IEC 9314-8:1998 Part 8: Media Access Control-2 (MAC-2) +ISO/IEC 9314-9:2000 Part 9: Low-cost fibre physical layer medium dependent (LCF-PMD) +ISO/IEC 9314-13:1998 Part 13: Conformance Test Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (CT-PICS) Proforma +ISO/IEC 9314-20:2001 Part 20: Abstract test suite for FDDI physical medium dependent conformance testing (FDDI PMD ATS) +ISO/IEC 9314-21:2000 Part 21: Abstract test suite for FDDI physical layer protocol conformance testing (FDDI PHY ATS) +ISO/IEC 9314-25:1998 Part 25: Abstract test suite for FDDI - Station Management Conformance Testing (SMT-ATS) +ISO/IEC 9314-26:2001 Part 26: Media Access Control Conformance Testing (MAC-ATS) +ISO 9315:1989 Information processing systems - Interface between flexible disk cartridge drives and their host controllers +ISO/IEC 9316:1995 Information technology - Small Computer System Interface-2 +ISO/IEC 9316-2:2000 Information technology - Small computer system interface-2 (SCSI-2) - Part 2: Common Access Method (CAM) Transport and SCSI interface module +ISO/IEC 9318 Information technology - Intelligent Peripheral Interface +ISO/IEC 9318-2:1990 Part 2: Device specific command set for magnetic disk drives +ISO/IEC 9318-3:1990 Part 3: Device generic command set for magnetic and optical disk drives +ISO/IEC 9318-4:2002 Part 4: Device generic command set for magnetic tape drives (IPI-3 tape) +ISO 9334:2012 Optics and photonics - Optical transfer function - Definitions and mathematical relationships +ISO 9335:2012 Optics and photonics - Optical transfer function - Principles and procedures of measurement +ISO 9342 Optics and optical instruments – Test lenses for calibration of focimeters +ISO 9342-1:2005 Part 1: Test lenses for focimeters used for measuring spectacle lenses +ISO 9342-2:2005 Part 2: Test lenses for focimeters used for measuring contact lenses +ISO 9346:2007 Hygrothermal performance of buildings and building materials – Physical quantities for mass transfer – Vocabulary +ISO 9360 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) for humidifying respired gases in humans +ISO 9360-1:2000 Part 1: HMEs for use with minimum tidal volumes of 250 ml +ISO 9360-2:2001 Part 2: HMEs for use with tracheostomized patients having minimum tidal volumes of 250 ml +ISO 9362:2014 Banking – Banking telecommunication messages – Business identifier code (BIC) +ISO 9368 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduits by the weighing method – Procedures for checking installations +ISO 9368-1:1990 Part 1: Static weighing systems +ISO 9394:2012 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses and contact lens care products – Determination of biocompatibility by ocular study with rabbit eyes +ISO 9407 Shoe sizes – Mondopoint system of sizing and marking +ISO 9431:1990 Construction drawings – Spaces for drawing and for text, and title blocks on drawing sheets +ISO/TR 9464:2008 Guidelines for the use of ISO 5167:2003 +ISO 9488:1999 Solar energy - Vocabulary +ISO 9493:2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensional measuring equipment: Dial test indicators (lever type) – Design and metrological characteristics +ISO/IEC 9496:2003 CHILL - The ITU-T programming language +ISO 9506 Industrial automation systems - Manufacturing Message Specification +ISO/IEC 9529 Information processing systems - Data interchange on 90 mm (3,5 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 15 916 ftprad, on 80 tracks on each side +ISO/IEC 9541 Information technology – Font information interchange +ISO/IEC 9541-1:2012 Part 1: Architecture +ISO/IEC 9541-2:2012 Part 2: Interchange Format +ISO/IEC 9541-3:2012 Part 3: Glyph shape representation +ISO/IEC 9541-4:2009 Part 4: Harmonization to Open Font Format +ISO 9542:1988 Information processing systems – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – End system to Intermediate system routeing exchange protocol for use in conjunction with the Protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service (ISO 8473) +ISO 9543:1989 Information processing systems – Information exchange between systems – Synchronous transmission signal quality at DTE/DCE interfaces +ISO/IEC 9545:1994 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Application Layer structure +ISO/TR 9547:1988 Programming language processors - Test methods - Guidelines for their development and acceptability +ISO/IEC 9548 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connectionless Session protocol +ISO/IEC 9548-1:1996 Protocol specification +ISO/IEC 9548-2:1995 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO/IEC 9549:1990 Information technology – Galvanic isolation of balanced interchange circuit +ISO 9555 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Tracer dilution methods for the measurement of steady flow +ISO 9555-1:1994 Part 1: General +ISO 9555-3:1992 Part 3: Chemical tracers +ISO 9555-4:1992 Part 4: Fluorescent tracers +ISO 9564 Financial services – Personal Identification Number (PIN) management and security +ISO 9568:1993 Cinematography – Background acoustic noise levels in theatres, review rooms and dubbing rooms +ISO/IEC TR 9573:1988 Information processing - SGML support facilities - Techniques for using SGML +ISO/IEC TR 9573-11:2004 Part 11: Structure descriptions and style specifications for standards document interchange +ISO/IEC TR 9573-13:1991 Part 13: Public entity sets for mathematics and science +ISO/IEC 9574:1992 Information technology – Provision of the OSI connection-mode network service by packet mode terminal equipment to an integrated services digital network (ISDN) +ISO/IEC TR 9575:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – OSI Routeing Framework +ISO/IEC 9576 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connectionless Presentation protocol +ISO/IEC 9576-1:1995 Protocol specification +ISO/IEC 9576-2:1995 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO/IEC TR 9577:1999 Information technology – Protocol identification in the network layer +ISO/IEC TR 9578:1990 Information technology – Communication interface connectors used in local area networks +ISO/IEC 9579:2000 Information technology – Remote database access for SQL with security enhancement +ISO 9583:1993 Implants for surgery – Non-destructive testing – Liquid penetrant inspection of metallic surgical implants +ISO 9584:1993 Implants for surgery – Non-destructive testing – Radiographic examination of cast metallic surgical implants +ISO 9585:1990 Implants for surgery – Determination of bending strength and stiffness of bone plates +ISO/IEC 9592 Information technology – Computer graphics and image processing – Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) +ISO/IEC 9593 Information technology – Computer graphics – Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) language bindings +ISO/IEC 9594 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory +ISO/IEC 9594-1:2017 Part 1: Overview of concepts, models and services +ISO/IEC 9594-2:2017 Part 2: Models +ISO/IEC 9594-3:2017 Part 3: Abstract service definition +ISO/IEC 9594-4:2017 Part 4: Procedures for distributed operation +ISO/IEC 9594-5:2017 Part 5: Protocol specifications +ISO/IEC 9594-6:2017 Part 6: Selected attribute types +ISO/IEC 9594-7:2017 Part 7: Selected object classes +ISO/IEC 9594-8:2017 Part 8: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks +ISO/IEC 9594-9:2017 Part 9: Replication +ISO/IEC 9595:1998 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Common management information service +ISO/IEC 9596 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Common management information protocol +ISO/IEC 9596-1:1998 Part 1: Specification +ISO/IEC 9596-2:1993 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO 9611:1996 Acoustics – Characterization of sources of structure-borne sound with respect to sound radiation from connected structures – Measurement of velocity at the contact points of machinery when resiliently mounted +ISO 9613 Acoustics – Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors +ISO 9613-1:1993 Part 1: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere +ISO 9613-2:1996 Part 2: General method of calculation +ISO 9614 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity +ISO 9614-1:1993 Part 1: Measurement at discrete points +ISO 9614-2:1996 Part 2: Measurement by scanning +ISO 9614-3:2002 Part 3: Precision method for measurement by scanning +ISO 9626:2016 Stainless steel needle tubing for the manufacture of medical devices – Requirements and test methods +ISO/IEC 9636 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) - Functional specification +ISO/IEC 9636-1:1991 Part 1: Overview, profiles, and conformance +ISO/IEC 9636-2:1991 Part 2: Control +ISO/IEC 9636-3:1991 Part 3: Output +ISO/IEC 9636-4:1991 Part 4: Segments +ISO/IEC 9636-5:1991 Part 5: Input and echoing +ISO/IEC 9636-6:1991 Part 6: Raster +ISO/IEC 9637 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) – Data stream binding +ISO/IEC 9637-1:1994 Part 1: Character encoding +ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992 Part 2: Binary encoding +ISO/IEC 9638 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) - Language bindings +ISO/IEC 9638-3:1994 Part 3: Ada +ISO 9645:1990 Acoustics – Measurement of noise emitted by two-wheeled mopeds in motion – Engineering method +ISO/IEC 9646 Information technology—Open Systems Interconnection—Conformance testing methodology and framework +ISO/IEC 9646-1:1994 Part 1: General concepts +ISO/IEC 9646-2:1994 Part 2: Abstract Test Suite specification +ISO/IEC 9646-3:1998 Part 3: The Tree and Tabular Combined Notation (TTCN) +ISO/IEC 9646-4:1994 Part 4: Test realization +ISO/IEC 9646-5:1994 Part 5: Requirements on test laboratories and clients for the conformance assessment process +ISO/IEC 9646-6:1994 Part 6: Protocol profile test specification +ISO/IEC 9646-7:1995 Part 7: Implementation Conformance Statements +ISO 9660:1988 Information processing – Volume and file structure of CD-ROM for information interchange +ISO/IEC 9661:1994 Information technology – Data interchange on 12,7 mm wide magnetic tape cartridges – 18 tracks, 1 491 data bytes per millimetre +ISO 9662:1994 Aircraft equipment - Environmental and operating conditions for airborne equipment - Humidity, temperature and pressure tests +ISO 9668:1990 Pulps — Determination of magnesium content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 12830] +ISO 9687:2015 Dentistry - Graphical symbols for dental equipment +ISO 9688:1990 Mechanical vibration and shock – Analytical methods of assessing shock resistance of mechanical systems – Information exchange between suppliers and users of analyses +ISO 9696:2007 Water quality - Measurement of gross alpha activity in non-saline water - Thick source method +ISO 9706:1994 Information and documentation – Paper for documents – Requirements for permanence +ISO 9707:2008 Information and documentation - Statistics on the production and distribution of books, newspapers, periodicals and electronic publications +ISO 9712:2012 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel +ISO 9713:2002 Neurosurgical implants – Self-closing intracranial aneurysm clips +ISO 9714 Orthopaedic drilling instruments +ISO 9714-1:2012 Part 1: Drill bits, taps and countersink cutters +ISO 9735:1988 Electronic data interchange for administration, commerce and transport (EDIFACT) – Application level syntax rules (Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release number: 2) +ISO 9735-1:2002 Part 1: Syntax rules common to all parts +ISO 9735-2:2002 Part 2: Syntax rules specific to batch EDI +ISO 9735-3:2002 Part 3: Syntax rules specific to interactive EDI +ISO 9735-4:2002 Part 4: Syntax and service report message for batch EDI (message type – CONTRL) +ISO 9735-5:2002 Part 5: Security rules for batch EDI (authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation of origin) +ISO 9735-6:2002 Part 6: Secure authentication and acknowledgement message (message type – AUTACK) +ISO 9735-7:2002 Part 7: Security rules for batch EDI (confidentiality) +ISO 9735-8:2002 Part 8: Associated data in EDI +ISO 9735-9:2002 Part 9: Security key and certificate management message (message type – KEYMAN) +ISO 9735-10:2014 Part 10: Syntax service directories +ISO/IEC 9796 Information technology – Security techniques – Digital signature schemes giving message recovery +ISO/IEC 9796-2:2010 Part 2: Integer factorization based mechanisms +ISO/IEC 9796-3:2006 Part 3: Discrete logarithm based mechanisms +ISO/IEC 9797 Information technology – Security techniques – Message Authentication Codes (MACs) +ISO/IEC 9797-1:2011 Part 1: Mechanisms using a block cipher +ISO/IEC 9797-2:2011 Part 2: Mechanisms using a dedicated hash-function +ISO/IEC 9797-3:2011 Part 3: Mechanisms using a universal hash-function +ISO/IEC 9798 Information technology – Security techniques – Entity authentication +ISO/IEC 9798-1:2010 Part 1: General +ISO/IEC 9798-2:2008 Part 2: Mechanisms using symmetric encipherment algorithms +ISO/IEC 9798-3:1998 Part 3: Mechanisms using digital signature +ISO/IEC 9798-4:1999 Part 4: Mechanisms using a cryptographic check function +ISO/IEC 9798-5:2009 Part 5: Mechanisms using zero-knowledge techniques +ISO/IEC 9798-6:2010 Part 6: Mechanisms using manual data transfer +ISO 9801:2009 Ophthalmic instruments – Trial case lenses +ISO 9802:1996 Raw optical glass – Vocabulary +ISO/IEC 9804:1998 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Service definition for the Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery service element +ISO/IEC 9805 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for the Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery service element +ISO/IEC 9805-1:1998 Protocol specification +ISO/IEC 9805-2:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma +ISO/TR 9824:2007 Hydrometry – Measurement of free surface flow in closed conduits +ISO 9825:2005 Hydrometry – Field measurement of discharge in large rivers and rivers in flood +ISO 9826:1992 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Parshall and SANIIRI flumes +ISO 9827:1994 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels by weirs and flumes – Streamlined triangular profile weirs +ISO/IEC 9834 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Procedures for the operation of OSI Registration Authorities +ISO/IEC 9834-1:2012 General procedures and top arcs of the international object identifier tree +ISO/IEC 9834-2:1993 Part 2: Registration procedures for OSI document types +ISO/IEC 9834-3:2008 Registration of Object Identifier arcs beneath the top-level arc jointly administered by ISO and ITU-T +ISO/IEC 9834-4:1991 Part 4: Register of VTE Profiles +ISO/IEC 9834-5:1991 Part 5: Register of VT Control Object Definitions +ISO/IEC 9834-6:2005 Registration of application processes and application entities +ISO/IEC 9834-7:2008 Joint ISO and ITU-T Registration of International Organizations +ISO/IEC 9834-8:2014 Part 8: Generation of universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) and their use in object identifiers +ISO/IEC 9834-9:2008 Registration of object identifier arcs for applications and services using tag-based identification +ISO 9846 Solar energy -- Calibration of a pyranometer using a pyrheliometer +ISO 9847 Solar energy -- Calibration of field pyranometers by comparison to a reference pyranometer +ISO 9849:2017 Optics and optical instruments - Geodetic and surveying instruments - Vocabulary +ISO 9851:1990 Continuous mechanical handling equipment – Overhead electrical monorail conveyors – Definitions and safety rules +ISO 9869 Thermal insulation – Building elements – In-situ measurements of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance +ISO 9873:2017 Dentistry - Intra-oral mirrors +ISO 9878:1990 Micrographics - Graphical symbols for use in microfilming +ISO 9897:1997 Freight containers - Container equipment data exchange (CEDEX) - General communication codes +ISO/IEC 9899:2018 Programming languages – C +ISO 9902 Textile machinery – Noise test code +ISO 9902-1:2001 Part 1: Common requirements +ISO 9902-2:2001 Part 2: Spinning preparatory and spinning machinery +ISO 9902-3:2001 Part 3: Nonwoven machinery +ISO 9902-4:2001 Part 4: Yarn processing, cordage and rope manufacturing machinery +ISO 9902-5:2001 Part 5: Weaving and knitting preparatory machinery +ISO 9902-6:2001 Part 6: Fabric manufacturing machinery +ISO 9902-7:2001 Part 7: Dyeing and finishing machinery +ISO 9926 Cranes – Training of operators +ISO 9926-1:1990 Part 1: General +ISO 9926-3:2016 Part 3: Tower cranes +ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009 Information technology – Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX®) Base Specifications, Issue 7 +ISO 9947:2005 Textile machinery and accessories – Two-for-one twisters – Vocabulary +ISO 9949 Urine absorbing aids - Vocabulary +ISO 9949-1:1993 Part 1: Conditions of urinary incontinence +ISO 9949-2:1993 Part 2: Products +ISO 9949-3:1993 Part 3: Identification of product types +ISO 9951:1993 Measurement of gas flow in closed conduits – Turbine meters +ISO 9957 Fluid draughting media +ISO 9957-1:1992 Part 1: Water-based India ink – Requirements and test conditions +ISO 9957-2:1995 Part 2: Water-based non-India ink – Requirements and test conditions +ISO 9957-3:1997 Part 3: Water-based coloured draughting inks – Requirements and test conditions +ISO 9958 Draughting media for technical drawings – Draughting film with polyester base +ISO 9958-1:1992 Part 1: Requirements and marking +ISO 9958-2:1992 Part 2: Determination of properties +ISO 9959 Numerically controlled draughting machines – Drawing test for the evaluation of performance +ISO 9959-1:1992 Part 1: Vector plotters +ISO 9960 Draughting instruments with or without graduation +ISO 9960-1:1992 Part 1: Draughting scale rules +ISO 9961:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings – Natural tracing paper +ISO 9962 Manually operated draughting machines +ISO 9962-1:1992 Part 1: Definitions, classification and designation +ISO 9962-2:1992 Part 2: Characteristics, performance, inspection and marking +ISO/IEC 9973:2013 Information technology - Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation - Procedures for registration of items +ISO 9984:1996 Information and documentation – Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters +ISO 9985:1996 Information and documentation – Transliteration of Armenian characters into Latin characters +ISO 9992 Financial transaction cards – Messages between the integrated circuit card and the card accepting device +ISO/IEC 9995 Information technology – Keyboard layouts for text and office systems +ISO 9997:1999 Dental cartridge syringes +ISO 9999 Assistive products for persons with disability – Classification and terminology \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..593d00182 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO standards 8000–9999" +chunk: 7/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:36.234521+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +International Organization for Standardization +ISO Certification Provider +ISO Consultant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ITU-T_V-series_recommendations-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ITU-T_V-series_recommendations-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73d9e594a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ITU-T_V-series_recommendations-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "List of ITU-T V-series recommendations" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ITU-T_V-series_recommendations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:52.916958+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The ITU-T V-Series Recommendations on Data communication over the telephone network specify the protocols that govern approved modem communication standards and interfaces. +Note: the bis and ter suffixes are ITU-T standard designators of successive iterations of a standard (bis and ter are the Latin words for "twice" and "thrice"). + +== General standards == +Applies to V.1–V.9 + + V.1 is an ITU-T recommendation, entitled Equivalence between binary notation symbols and the significant conditions of a two-condition code. + V.2 is an ITU-T recommendation, approved in November 1988, titled Power levels for data transmission over telephone lines. + V.4 is an ITU-T recommendation, approved in November 1988, titled General structure of signals of International Alphabet No. 5 code for character oriented data transmission over public telephone networks. + V.5 was an ITU-T recommendation, approved in November 1988, titled Standardization of data signalling rates for synchronous data transmission in the general switched telephone network. It has been withdrawn since. + V.6 was an ITU-T recommendation, approved in November 1988, titled Standardization of data signalling rates for synchronous data transmission on leased telephone-type circuits. It has been withdrawn since. + V.7 is an ITU-T recommendation, approved in November 1988, titled Definitions of terms concerning data communication over the telephone network. + V.8 is an ITU-T recommendation, first approved in September 1994, titled Procedures for starting sessions of data transmission over the public switched telephone network. It has been superseded three times. The current version was approved in November 2000. +V.8bis is an ITU-T recommendation, first approved in August 1996, titled Procedures for the identification and selection of common modes of operation between data circuit-terminating equipments (DCEs) and between data terminal equipments (DTEs) over the public switched telephone network and on leased point-to-point telephone-type circuits. It has been superseded twice. The current version was approved in November 2000. + +== Interfaces and voiceband modems == +Applies to V.10–V.34 + +V.10 is an ITU-T recommendation, first agreed in 1976, for unbalanced electrical circuits for data communication at up to 100 kbit/s. It can interwork with V.28, provided it is not exposed to signals greater than 12 volts. Used with the 37-pin ISO 4902 connector, it is compatible with EIA RS-423. +V.11 is an ITU-T recommendation, first agreed in 1976, for balanced electrical circuits for data communication at up to 10 Mbit/s. Used with the 37-pin ISO 4902 connector ("DC-37"), it is compatible with EIA-422. The 15-pin ISO 4903 connector ("DA-15") is recommended for data network interface. + V.17 is an ITU-T recommendation for a fax modem using TCM at 12 and 14.4 kbit/s. +V.18 is an ITU-T recommendation for operation and interworking of text telephone devices + V.21 is an ITU-T recommendation for full-duplex communication between two analogue dial-up modems using audio frequency-shift keying modulation at 300 baud to carry digital data at 300 bit/s. It is a variant of the original Bell 103 modulation format. + V.22 is an ITU-T recommendation for full-duplex communication between two analogue dial-up modems using PSK modulation at 600 baud to carry data at 1200 or 600 bit/s. It is a variant of the Bell 212A modulation format. +V.22bis is an ITU-T recommendation extending V.22 with a faster rate using QAM at 600 baud to carry digital data at 2400 or 1200 bit/s. The 1200 bit/s mode is compatible with V.22. +V.23 is an ITU-T recommendation for half-duplex communication between two analogue dial-up modems using FSK modulation at up to 600 or 1200 baud to carry digital data at up to 600 or 1200 bit/s respectively. An optional 75 baud reverse channel carries 75 bit/s. +V.24 is referenced as RS-232 which also includes V.28. +V.25ter see V.250 + V.27ter is an ITU-T recommendation for a half-duplex modem, allowing 2400 and 4800 bit/s (PSK modulation). + V.28 is an ITU-T recommendation defining the electrical characteristics for unbalanced double-current interchange circuits. + V.29 is an ITU-T recommendation for a modem, allowing 4.8 kbit/s, 7.2 kbit/s and 9.6 kbit/s transfer modes (PSK and QAM modulations). + V.32 (11/88) is an ITU-T recommendation for a modem operating as full-duplex on a four-wire circuit, or half-duplex on a two-wire circuit, allowing bidirectional data transfer at either 9.6 kbit/s or 4.8 kbit/s at a symbol rate of 2,400 baud instead of the 600 baud of the V.22 standards. +V.32bis (02/91) is an ITU-T recommendation for a modem, allowing up to 14.4 kbit/s bidirectional data transfer. Other additional defined data transfer rates are 12.0 kbit/s, 9.6 kbit/s, 7.2 kbit/s, and 4.8 kbit/s. The standard was extended by several modem manufacturers to allow bidirectional data transfer rates of 19.2 kbit/s, but never ratified as a V.32ter standard. These non-ITU-T standard modems were often referred to as "V.32terbo" modems. + V.33 is an ITU-T recommendation for a modem operating as full-duplex on a four-wire point-to-point leased line allowing bidirectional data transfer at either 14.4 kbit/s. + V.34 (09/94) is an ITU-T recommendation (superseded) for a modem, allowing up to 28.8 kbit/s bidirectional data transfer using TCM modulation. Other additional defined data transfer rates are 24.0 kbit/s and 19.2 kbit/s as well as all the permitted V.32 and V.32bis rates. Additionally, V.34 modems employ shell mapping as shaping code to reduce the transmit power. +V.34 (10/96) is an updated ITU-T recommendation for a modem, building on the V.34 standard but allowing up to 33.6 kbit/s bidirectional data transfer. Other additional defined data transfer rates are 31.2 kbit/s, as well as all the permitted V.34 rates. Modems implementing this standard were often marketed under the moniker V.34+. +V.34 (02/98) commonly rendered as V.34bis, is a further update to V.34 which corrected some errata in the original 1996 document. + +=== Ad hoc standards === +In order to gain first-mover advantage, many modem companies introduced models based on upcoming V-series standards before they reached final ratification. In other cases, companies introduced non-standard systems but gave them ITU-like names. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ITU-T_V-series_recommendations-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ITU-T_V-series_recommendations-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b469e7ae --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ITU-T_V-series_recommendations-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "List of ITU-T V-series recommendations" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ITU-T_V-series_recommendations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:52.916958+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + + V.32terbo, or V.32ter for short, was a 19.2 kbit/s standard introduced by AT&T Paradyne. It was based on V.32bis and did little other than increase the data rate. V.32ter is compatible with V.32bis at speeds of 14.4 kbit/s and lower, but it is not compatible with V.34 at 19.2. + V.FC, short for V.Fast Class and sometimes referred to as V.FAST, was developed by Hayes and Rockwell to introduce a 28.8 kbit/s standard while the V.34 efforts dragged on. V.FC was not compatible with V.34, although most V.34 modems could support V.FC, notably, those using Rockwell chipsets. + +== Wideband modems == +Applies to V.35–V.39 + + V.35 is an ITU-T standard located on layer 1 on the OSI model. Max speed is 2 Mbit/s and synchronous only. Withdrawn ITU-T recommendation for 48 kbit/s data transmission over wideband circuits. The physical and electrical characteristics of this interface are now specified in ITU-T recommendation V.11. + V.36 is an ITU-T standard located on layer 2 on the OSI model called Modems For Synchronous Data Transmission Using 60–108 kHz Group Band Circuits. + +== Error control and data compression == +Applies to V.40–V.49 + + V.41 is a code-independent error control system. It defines the ITU-T standard CRC-16 polynomial as x16 + x12 + x5 + 1 + V.42 is an error correction protocol. The receiver uses it to immediately request re-transmission of any lost data packets. However, it does not guarantee how quickly the error-free data will be delivered to the receiving end. V.42 is generally included in dialup modems. It also defines the ITU-T standard CRC-32 polynomial as x32+x26+x23+x22+x16+x12+x11+x10+x8+x7+x5+x4+x2+x+1, and includes the LAPM framing protocol. +V.42bis, also an adaptive data compression standard, is based on the Lempel Ziv dynamic dictionary approach, and may go to "transparent mode," in which data is transmitted uncompressed. The specific algorithm is "BTLZ" (British Telecom Lempel Ziv), which was developed by Alan Clark (then with BT). + V.44 is based on LZJH (Lempel–Ziv–Jeff–Heath) adaptive data compression developed by Hughes Electronics for its DirecPC satellite Internet, and incorporated into the v.92 dial-up modem standard. V.44 offers somewhat better compression performance for certain types of data than the V.42bis standard. On average, it achieves 15% greater throughput. For instance, a 53.3 kbit/s connection with V.44 can transmit up to 53.3×6 = 320 kbit/s using pure text. In reality, the overall data rate rarely exceeds 3:1 compression (~150 kbit/s). The compression tends to get better and worse over time due to noise on the line, or due to the transfer of already-compressed files (ZIP files, JPEG images, MP3 audio, MPEG video). At some points the modem will be sending compressed files at 53 kbit/s, uncompressed files at 160 kbit/s, and pure text at 320 kbit/s, or any value in between. + +== Simultaneous transmission of data and other signals == +Applies to V.60–V.99 + + V.61 Analog Simultaneous Voice and Data (ASVD) + V.70 Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data (DSVD) + V.80: videoconferencing. It is generally compatibilized with H.324 standard point-to-point video telephony over regular phone lines. + V.90 is an ITU-T recommendation for a modem, allowing 56 kbit/s digital download and 33.6 kbit/s analog upload. It replaced two vendor standards (K56flex and X2) and was designed to allow modems from both prior standards to be flash upgraded to support it. It is also known as V.Last as it was anticipated to be the last standard for modems operating near the channel capacity of POTS lines to be developed. V.90 is generally used in concert with the V.42bis compression standard. + V.91: A digital modem operating at data signalling rates of up to 64 000 bit/s for use on a four-wire circuit switched connection and on leased point-to-point four-wire digital circuits, published in 1999 +V.92 is an ITU-T recommendation, titled Enhancements to Recommendation V.90, that establishes a modem standard allowing 56 kbit/s download, 48 kbit/s upload rates, and the new V.44 compression method. It is intended to succeed the V.90 standards. With V.92, PCM is used for both the upstream and downstream connections; previously 56K modems only used PCM for downstream data. + +== Interworking with other networks == +Applies to V.100–V.199 + + V.110 is an ITU-T recommendation for using terminal adaptor functions for the connection of terminals having interfaces conforming to V-series to the ISDN. + V.120 is an alternative to V.110 based on the LAPD protocol. + V.150.1 is an ITU-T recommendation for using a modem over IP networks. + V.152 is an ITU-T recommendation for using voice-band data over IP networks. + +== Interface layer specifications for data communication == +Applies to V.200–V.249 + + V.230 is an ITU-T recommendation, approved in November 1988, titled General data communications interface layer 1 specification. + +== Control procedures == +Applies to V.250–V.299 + + V.250, originally known as V.25ter, is an ITU-T recommendation for serial asynchronous automatic dialing and control. + +== Digital circuit modems == +Applies to V.300–V.399 + + V.300 is an ITU-T recommendation, first approved in January 1997, titled A 128 (144) kbit/s data circuit-terminating equipment standardized for use on digital point-to-point leased circuits. + +== See also == +Microcom Networking Protocols (MNP1 to 10) +List of interface bit rates + +== References == + +== External links == +ITU-T Recommendations: V Series +V.35 Technical Info – Includes pinouts and history +V.44 FAQ +Technical information on the LZJH algorithm in use in the V.44 standard +Basic handshakes & modulations – V.22, V.22bis & V.32 handshakes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_map_symbols-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_map_symbols-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7326644f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_map_symbols-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "List of Japanese map symbols" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_map_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:23.725757+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of symbols appearing on Japanese maps. These symbols are called chizukigou (地図記号) in the Japanese language. They are standardized by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) and the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB). These two sources generally agree, but they have alternative forms for a few symbols. +Because these symbols were developed within a specifically Japanese cultural setting, alternative symbols have been developed for some meanings that are more consistent with worldwide symbol usage or more obvious in what they depict. + + +== Partial list of symbols for users with visual impairment == +Official symbols according to the conventions of the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan appear with a circle below. + + +== See also == +Key (map) – Graphic depiction of a geographic phenomenonPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +List of Japanese typographic symbols +Geospatial Information Authority of Japan – Institution responsible for surveying and mapping the national land of Japan (GSI) + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Japanese map symbols +List of symbols (in Japanese) (Translate to English: Google, Bing, Yandex) +Children's list from the GSI (in Japanese) (Translate to English: Google, Bing, Yandex) This is a very good reference, it has separate links for each symbol. +Map Symbols (2002) from the GSI (in Japanese) (Translate to English: Google, Bing, Yandex) +Map symbols from the Its-mo online map (in Japanese) (Translate to English: Google, Bing, Yandex) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jungian_psychologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jungian_psychologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c0ff8da4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jungian_psychologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,193 @@ +--- +title: "List of Jungian psychologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jungian_psychologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:02.959643+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of clinicians and academics, both past and present, known for their association with analytical psychology. This school of psychology is based on the writings and practices of Carl Jung. + + +== A == +Gerhard Adler +Michael Anderton + + +== B == + +Cary Baynes +Helton Godwin Baynes +Brewster Yale Beach +John Beebe +Ean Begg +Edward Armstrong Bennet +Ernst Bernhard +Pam Blackwell +Jean Shinoda Bolen + + +== C == + +Irene Claremont de Castillejo +Wallace Clift +Hugh Crichton-Miller + + +== D == + +John P. Dourley +Avis M. Dry + + +== E == + +Edward F. Edinger +Michael Edwards +Clarissa Pinkola Estés + + +== F == + +Linda Fierz-David +Tirzah Firestone +Frieda Fordham +Michael Fordham +Marie-Louise von Franz + + +== G == + +Wolfgang Giegerich +Ingaret Giffard +Rosemary Gordon +Adolf Guggenbühl-Craig + + +== H == + +Barbara Hannah +Mary Esther Harding +Joseph L. Henderson +Vera von der Heydt +Gustav Heyer +James Hillman +Beatrice M. Hinkle +James Hollis +David Holt +Judith Hubback + + +== J == + +Jolande Jacobi +Aniela Jaffé +Robert A. Johnson +Carl Jung +Emma Jung + + +== K == + +Hayao Kawai +Tina Keller-Jenny +Antoni Kępiński + + +== L == + +John Layard + + +== M == + +Kristine Mann +Clifford Mayes +Kevin F. McCready +Carl Alfred Meier +Jill Mellick +Arnold Mindell +Maria Moltzer +Robert L. Moore +Thomas Moore +Wendy Mulford + + +== N == + +Erich Neumann + + +== O == + +V. Walter Odajnyk + + +== P == + +Fiann Paul +Sylvia Brinton Perera +Linda Pritzker +Ira Progoff + + +== R == + +J. W. T. Redfearn +David H. Rosen +Winifred Rushforth +Joel Ryce-Menuhin + + +== S == + +Andrew Samuels +John A. Sanford +Florida Scott-Maxwell +Nise da Silveira +June Singer +Celestine Smith +Hester McFarland Solomon +Anthony Stevens +Anthony Storr + + +== U == + +Ann Belford Ulanov + + +== V == + +Salley Vickers + + +== W == + +Frances G. Wickes +Toni Wolff +Marion Woodman + + +== Y == + +Polly Young-Eisendrath +Jonathan Young + + +== Z == + +Beverley Zabriskie +Louis Zinkin + + +== Citations == + + +== Bibliography == +Casement, Ann, ed. (2007). Who Owns Jung?. Karnac. ISBN 978-1855754034. +Nagel, Claudia (2020). "Analytical Psychology". In Leeming, David A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion (3rd ed.). Springer. pp. 70–75. ISBN 978-3030243470. +Samuels, Andrew (1985). Jung and the Post-Jungians. Routledge. ISBN 978-0710208644. +Stevens, Anthony (2001). Jung: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192854582. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes-0.md index 123f7a001..3f6e5a9a0 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:52:47.244189+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:28.520598+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Proton_Synchrotron_experiments-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Proton_Synchrotron_experiments-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f175a7f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Proton_Synchrotron_experiments-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "List of Proton Synchrotron experiments" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Proton_Synchrotron_experiments" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:09.755230+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of past and current experiments at the CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS) facility since its commissioning in 1959. The PS was CERN's first synchrotron and the world's highest energy particle accelerator at the time. It served as the flagship of CERN until the 1980s when its main role became to provide injection beams to other machines such as the Super Proton Synchrotron. +The information is gathered from the INSPIRE-HEP database. + + +== See also == +Experiments + +List of Super Proton Synchrotron experiments +List of Large Hadron Collider experiments +Facilities +CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research +PS: Proton Synchrotron +SPS: Super Proton Synchrotron +ISOLDE: On-Line Isotope Mass Separator +ISR: Intersecting Storage Rings +LEP: Large Electron–Positron Collider +LHC: Large Hadron Collider + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_physicians_and_psychologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_physicians_and_psychologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8e71a950 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_physicians_and_psychologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +--- +title: "List of Russian physicians and psychologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_physicians_and_psychologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:38.399796+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list of Russian physicians and psychologists includes the famous physicians and psychologists, medical scientists and medical doctors from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia. Physicians of all specialties may be listed here. + + +== Alphabetical list == + + +=== A === +Nikolai Amosov, prominent cardiovascular surgery developer, best-selling author + + +=== B === +Aleksandr Bakulev, prominent cardiovascular surgery developer +Vladimir Bekhterev, neuropathologist, founder of objective psychology, noted the role of the hippocampus in memory, major contributor to reflexology, studied the Bekhterev’s Disease +Vladimir Betz, discovered Betz cells of primary motor cortex +Peter Borovsky, described the causative agent of Oriental sore +Sergey Botkin, major therapist and court physician +Nikolay Burdenko, major developer of neurosurgery +Konstantin Buteyko, developed the Buteyko method for the treatment of asthma and other breathing disorders + + +=== C === +Mikhail Chumakov, co-discovered tick-borne encephalitis, co-developed oral polio vaccine + + +=== D === +Livery Darkshevich, neurologist, described the nucleus of posterior commissure +Vladimir Demikhov, major pioneer of transplantology + + +=== F === +Vladimir Filatov, ophthalmologist, corneal transplantation pioneer +Svyatoslav Fyodorov, inventor of radial keratotomy + + +=== G === +Pyotr Gannushkin, psychiatrist, pioneer researcher of psychopathies known today as personality disorders +Oleg Gazenko, founder of space medicine, selected and trained Laika, the first space dog +Georgy Gause, inventor of gramicidin S and other antibiotics +Vera Gedroitz, world's first female professor of surgery +Yuliya Gippenreyter, researcher in experimental psychology, family therapy and neuro-linguistic programming +Ilya Gruzinov, found that vocal folds are the source of phonation + + +=== H === +Waldemar Haffkine, invented the first vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague + + +=== I === +Gavriil Ilizarov, invented Ilizarov apparatus, developed distraction osteogenesis +Chingis Izmailov, psychophysiologist and psychophysicist, the principal author of the spherical model of color space. + + +=== K === +Nikolai Korotkov, invented auscultatory blood pressure measurement, pioneer of vascular surgery +Sergey Korsakov, studied the effects of alcoholism on the nervous system, described Korsakoff's syndrome, introduced paranoia concept +Aleksei Kozhevnikov, neurologist and psychiatrist, described the epilepsia partialis continua +Stanislav Kozlovsky, psychophysiologist, studied the neural mechanisms of visual memory and perception. + + +=== L === +Aleksey Leontyev, founder of activity theory in psychology +Peter Lesgaft, founder of the modern system of physical education in Russia +Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko, adolescent psychiatrist +Alexander Luria, co-developer of activity theory and cultural-historical psychology, major researcher of aphasia + + +=== M === +Khalida Mamanova, professor, medical doctor, and participant of the Second World War. +Ilya Mechnikov, pioneer researcher of immune system, probiotics and phagocytosis; coined the term "gerontology", Nobel Prize in Medicine winner +Lazar Minor, neurologist, described Minor's disease + + +=== N === +Pyotr Nikolsky, dermatologist, discoverer of Nikolsky's sign +Raissa Nitabuch, pathologist, the first to describe the spiral arteries which connect the uterine and placental blood flow during pregnancy. + + +=== O === +Alexey Olovnikov, predicted existence of telomerase, suggested the telomere hypothesis of aging and the telomere relations to cancer + + +=== P === +Ivan Pavlov, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical conditioning, influenced comparative psychology and behaviorism by his works on reflexes, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner +Nikolay Pirogov, pioneer of ether anaesthesia and modern field surgery, the first to perform anaesthesia in the field conditions, invented a number of surgical operations +Peter Herzen, Soviet surgeon and one of the pioneers of oncology in the USSR +Viktor Protopopov, founder of his own pathophysiological school of thought, namesake of Protopopov's syndrome + + +=== R === +Leonid Rogozov, performed an appendectomy on himself during the 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition, a famous case of self-surgery +Grigory Rossolimo, pioneer of child neuropsychology +Vladimir Roth, neuropathologist, described meralgia paraesthetica + + +=== S === +Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology, author of the classic work Reflexes of the Brain +Vladimir Serbsky, founder of forensic psychiatry in Russia +Nikolay Sklifosovskiy, prominent 19th-century field surgeon +Victor Skumin, first to describe a previously unknown disease, now called Skumin syndrome (a disorder of the central nervous system of some patients after a prosthetic heart valve) +Eugene Sokolov, founder the Soviet psychophysiology research. Known for his work on the orienting reflex and habituation. +Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood–brain barrier + + +=== U === +Fyodor Uglov, oldest practicing surgeon in history +Igor Ursov, phthisiatrist, the inventor of intravenous intermittent bactericidal tuberculosis therapy + + +=== V === +Alexander Varshavsky, researched ubiquitination, Wolf Prize in Medicine winner +Vikenty Veresayev, Russian/Soviet doctor, author of Memoirs of a Physician +Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky, founder of purulent surgery, saint +Lev Vygotsky, founder of cultural-historical psychology, major contributor to child development and psycholinguistics, introduced zone of proximal development and cultural mediation concepts + + +=== W === +Josias Weitbrecht, first to describe the construction and function of intervertebral discs + + +=== Y === +Sergei Yudin, inventor of cadaveric blood transfusion + + +=== Z === +Alexander Zaporozhets, developmental psychologist, collaborator of Vygotsky, Luria, and Leontiev, once head of the Kharkov School of Psychology +Bluma Zeigarnik, psychiatrist, discovered the Zeigarnik effect, founded experimental psychopathology + + +== See also == +List of physicians +Psychiatry in the Soviet Union +List of Russian scientists +List of Russian inventors +Science and technology in Russia + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_physicists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_physicists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c6d25ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_physicists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "List of Slovenian physicists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:04.616792+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of notable Slovenian physicists. + + +== A == +Miroslav Adlešič + + +== B == +Robert Blinc (1933 - 2011) +Silvo Breskvar (1902 - 1969) + + +== C == +Andrej Čadež - astrophysicist. +Lavo Čermelj (1889 - 1980) + + +== G == +Peter Gosar (1923 - ) + + +== K == +Ignacij Klemenčič (1853 - 1901) +Alojz Kodre (1944 - ) + + +== P == +Matjaž Perc (1979 - ) +Anton Peterlin (1908 - 1993) - +Rudolf Podgornik (1955 - 2024) +Herman Potočnik Noordung (1892 - 1929) - pioneer of astronautics and cosmonautics, and rocket engineer. +Tomaž Prosen (1970 - ) + + +== S == +Jožef Stefan (1835 - 1893) - physicist, mathematician and poet. +Janez Strnad (1934 - 2015) - physicist and populariser of natural science. + + +== T == +Gašper Tkačik (1979 -) + + +== V == +Jurij Bartolomej Vega (1754 - 1802) - mathematician, physicist and artillery officer + + +== Z == +Danilo Zavrtanik (1953 - ) + + +== See also == +Physicist +List of Slovenians \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4389150f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "List of U.S. state soils" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:37.962223+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of U.S. state soils. A state soil is a soil that has special significance to a particular state. Each state in the United States has selected a state soil, twenty of which have been legislatively established. These official state soils share the same level of distinction as official state flowers and birds. Also, representative soils have been selected for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. + + +== Table == + + +== See also == +List of state soil science associations +List of U.S. state, district, and territorial insignia +Soil in the United States + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official State Soils +United States Dept. of Agriculture: State Soils \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_statistical_associations-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_statistical_associations-0.md index eba571c4b..cdc3843f3 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_statistical_associations-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_statistical_associations-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_statistical_associations" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:28.836651+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:03.212185+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_actuaries-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_actuaries-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0412787b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_actuaries-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +--- +title: "List of actuaries" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_actuaries" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:04.327096+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An actuary is a business professional who deals with a financial situation of risk and uncertainty. This is a list of notable actuaries and others who have influenced the profession. + + +== Born in the 17th century == +John Graunt (1620–1674), English, constructed one of the first life tables +William Petty (1623–1687), English, much early writing on life tables +Johan de Witt (1625–1672), Dutch, early pioneering work on life annuities +Edmond Halley (1656–1742), English, constructed one of the first life tables + + +== Born in the 18th century == +James Dodson (1705–1751), English, developed statistical mortality tables +Alexander Webster (1708–1784), Scottish, developed a scheme for providing pensions to widows of church ministers +Richard Price (1723–1791), Welsh, introduced correct methods for values of contingent reversions +Edward Rowe Mores (1731–1778), English, founder of The Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorships and the first person to use the professional title "actuary" +William Morgan (1750–1833), Welsh +George Barrett (1752–1821), English +Nathaniel Bowditch (1773–1838), probably the second American insurance actuary; Essex Fire and Marine +Joshua Milne (1776–1851), English +Benjamin Gompertz (1779–1865), English, developed the Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality and the Gompertz function +John Finlaison (1783–1860), Scottish, first president of the Institute of Actuaries +Griffith Davies (1788–1855), Welsh +Thomas Galloway (1796–1851), Scottish + + +== Born in the 19th century == +Elizur Wright (1804–1885), American, campaigned for valuation laws requiring life insurance companies to hold reserves to guarantee payment of benefits +Wesley S. B. Woolhouse (1809–1893), English, co-founder of the Institute of Actuaries +James Joseph Sylvester (1814–1897), English +Ole Jacob Broch (1818–1889), Norwegian, founded Christiania almindelige gjensidige Forsørgelsesanstalt, Scandinavia's first life insurance company +Ernst Engel (1821–1896), German, founded the first mortgage insurance company at Dresden +Thomas Bond Sprague (1830–1920), British +Esprit Jouffret (1837–1904), French +Thorvald N. Thiele (1838–1910), Danish +Emory McClintock (1840–1916), American +Anders Lindstedt (1854–1939), Swedish +Thomas Bassett Macaulay (1860–1942), Canadian +Thomas Jaffrey (1861–1953), Scottish +Miles Menander Dawson (1863–1942), American +Gabriel Gabrielsen Holtsmark (1867–1954), Norwegian +George James Lidstone (1870–1952), British +Joseph Burn (1871–1950), English +Johan Frederik Steffensen (1873–1961), Danish +Alexander Jobson (1875–1933), Australian +Maurice Princet (1875–1973), French +Henry Louis Rietz (1875–1943), American +I. M. Rubinow (1875–1936), Russian +Alfred M. Best (1876–1958), American, founder of the A. M. Best company +Filip Lundberg (1876–1965), Swedish, founder of mathematical risk theory and managing director of several insurance companies +William Palin Elderton (1877–1962), English +Alfred J. Lotka (1880–1949), American +Sverre Krogh (1883–1957), Norwegian +Harald Cramér (1893–1985), Swedish, developed numerous statistical theories and methods +Ivo Lah (1896–1979), Slovene +Dorothy Spiers (1897–1977), first woman to qualify as an actuary in the United Kingdom +Henrik Palmstrøm (1900–1998), Norwegian + + +== Born in the 20th century == +Oswald Jacoby (1902–1984), American, youngest person to pass four examinations of the Society of Actuaries +Pedro Teotónio Pereira (1902–1972), Portuguese +Wendell Milliman (1905–1976), American, co-founder of Milliman & Robertson +Andreas Tømmerbakke (1905–1994), Norwegian +Bruno de Finetti (1906–1985), Italian +Frank Redington (1906–1984), English, developed a theory concerning the immunisation of fixed-income portfolios +Bernard Benjamin (1910–2002), English +Cecil J. Nesbitt (1912–2001), Canadian +Stuart A. Robertson (1918–2005), American, co-founder of Milliman & Robertson +James C. Hickman (1927–2006), American +Harvey Milk (1930-1978), American +David Wilkie (1934-), British, developer of the Wilkie Model +Hugh Hedley Scurfield (1935–2020), English +Phelim Boyle (1941–), Northern Irish +Jeremy Gold, (1942–2018), American +Paul McCrossan (1942–), Canadian +Ed Savitz (1942–1993), American +Ward Whitt (1942–), American +Howard Winklevoss (1943–), American +Robert Astley (1944–), Canadian +Bryn Davies (1944–), British +Christopher Daykin (1948–), English +Steven Haberman (1951–), English +James Robert Crosby (1956–), English +Terri Vaughan (1956–), American +Tan Suee Chieh (1959–), Singaporean +David X. Li (~1960s), Chinese, advanced the use of Gaussian copula models to price collateralized debt obligations +Michael Shackleford (1965–), English +Roelof Botha (1973–), South African + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_analyses_of_categorical_data-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_analyses_of_categorical_data-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca7c365c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_analyses_of_categorical_data-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +--- +title: "List of analyses of categorical data" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_analyses_of_categorical_data" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:07.812186+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of statistical procedures which can be used for the analysis of categorical data, also known as data on the nominal scale and as categorical variables. + + +== General tests == +Bowker's test of symmetry +Categorical distribution, general model +Chi-squared test +Cochran–Armitage test for trend +Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics +Correspondence analysis +Cronbach's alpha +Diagnostic odds ratio +G-test +Generalized estimating equations +Generalized linear models +Krichevsky–Trofimov estimator +Kuder–Richardson Formula 20 +Linear discriminant analysis +Multinomial distribution +Multinomial logit +Multinomial probit +Multiple correspondence analysis +Odds ratio +Poisson regression +Powered partial least squares discriminant analysis +Qualitative variation +Randomization test for goodness of fit +Relative risk +Stratified analysis +Tetrachoric correlation +Uncertainty coefficient +Wald test + + +== Binomial data == +Bernstein inequalities (probability theory) +Binomial regression +Binomial proportion confidence interval +Chebyshev's inequality +Chernoff bound +Gauss's inequality +Markov's inequality +Rule of succession +Rule of three (medicine) +Vysochanskiï–Petunin inequality + + +== 2 × 2 tables == +Chi-squared test +Diagnostic odds ratio +Fisher's exact test +G-test +Odds ratio +Relative risk +McNemar's test +Yates's correction for continuity + + +== Measures of association == +Aickin's α +Andres and Marzo's delta +Bangdiwala's B +Bennett, Alpert, and Goldstein’s S +Brennan and Prediger's κ +Coefficient of colligation - Yule's Y +Coefficient of consistency +Coefficient of raw agreement +Conger's Kappa +Contingency coefficient – Pearson's C +Cramér's V +Dice's coefficient +Fleiss' kappa +Goodman and Kruskal's lambda +Guilford’s G +Gwet's AC1 +Hanssen–Kuipers discriminant +Heidke skill score +Jaccard index +Janson and Vegelius' C +Kappa statistics +Klecka's tau +Krippendorff's Alpha +Kuipers performance index +Matthews correlation coefficient +Phi coefficient +Press' Q +Renkonen similarity index +Prevalence adjusted bias adjusted kappa +Sakoda's adjusted Pearson's C +Scott's Pi +Sørensen similarity index +Stouffer's Z +True skill statistic +Tschuprow's T +Tversky index +Von Eye's kappa + + +== Categorical manifest variables as latent variable == +Latent variable model +Item response theory +Rasch model +Latent class analysis + + +== See also == +Categorical distribution \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_representing_first-level_administrative_country_subdivisions-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_representing_first-level_administrative_country_subdivisions-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06cb86ceb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_representing_first-level_administrative_country_subdivisions-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +--- +title: "List of animals representing first-level administrative country subdivisions" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_representing_first-level_administrative_country_subdivisions" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:54.128835+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of animals that represent first-level administrative country subdivisions. + + +== List by country == + + +=== Australia === + + +=== Canada === + + +=== People's Republic of China === + + +=== India === + + + +=== Indonesia === + + +=== Italy === + + +=== Japan === + + +=== Netherlands === + + +=== Malaysia === + + +=== Mexico === + + +=== Pakistan === + + +=== Philippines === + + +=== Romania === + + +=== South Korea === + + +=== Spain === + + +=== Sweden === + + +=== Taiwan === + + +=== United Kingdom === + + +=== United States === + + +== See also == +Floral emblem +List of national birds +National emblem + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5cfecfaf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "List of body armor performance standards" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:45.156234+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Body armor performance standards are lists generated by national authorities, of requirements for armor to perform reliably, clearly indicating what the armor may and may not defeat. Different countries have different standards, which may include threats that are not present in other countries. + +== VPAM armor standard (International) == +The VPAM scale as of 2009 runs from 1 to 14, with 1-5 being soft armor, and 6-14 being hard armor. Tested armor must withstand three hits, spaced 120 mm (4.7 inches) apart, of the designated test threat with no more than 25 mm (0.98 inches) of back-face deformation in order to pass. Of note is the inclusion of special regional threats such as Swiss P AP from RUAG and .357 DAG. According to VPAM's website, it is apparently used in France and Britain. +The VPAM scale is as follows: + +== TR armor standard (Germany) == +The Technische Richtlinie (TR) Ballistische Schutzwesten is a regulation guide in Germany for body armor. It is mainly issued for body armor used by the German police, but also for the German armed forces and civilian available body armor. Producers have to meet the criteria of the TR, if they want to participate in open competitive bidding made by German agencies. The TR specifies different Schutzklassen (SK), which translates to protection classes, which a body armor can have. It specifies five different classes ranging from L to 4 of ballistic protection (e.g. SK 4). It also gives specifications for additional Stichschutz (ST), protection against knives, using the same classes as the ballistic protection, but giving it the additional ST label (e.g. SK L ST). The ballistic tests to determine a class are now integrated into the VPAM guidelines, so that the tests differ just in minor details and only one test (SK 1) is significantly different as of 2008. +The TR scale is as follows: + +The German TR are generally comparable to the American NIJ, but the German TR usually tests more threat scenarios, as there are no point-blank shots as well as no police special rounds. In contrast the NIJ tests for bigger calibers and higher man stopping power. And while the German TR tests smaller calibers and lighter bullets, it also tests more aggressive rounds, as the first test already uses steel FMJ bullets, while the NIJ uses normal FMJ rounds. In addition SK 4, the highest protection class, is specified to withstand three hits, while Level IV needs only to withstand one hit - although by a bigger caliber (7.62×63mm). + +== HOSDB armor standard (United Kingdom) == +The Home Office Scientific Development Branch is governing standards and testing protocols for police body armor. + +BFD (Back Face Deformation) to be measured after each shot, maximum allowed BFD for HG1/A class is 44 mm (1.7 in) and 25 mm (0.98 in) for the rest. + +== GOST armor standard (Russia) == +GOST R 50744-95 is the Russian Federation standard for body armor. Prior to the 2017 revision, the threat levels ran from 1 to 6. Noticeably, it included threats with the suffix A, which denote heightened ratings as opposed to lowered ratings in the NIJ standard. +The old (pre-2017) standards are as follows: + +With the 2017 revision, the standards have changed significantly. Threat classes now range from BR1 to BR6. 'A'-suffixed classes have been eliminated, and their test threats have been either merged into the new categories, such as Classes 6 and 6A being moved into Class BR5, or removed entirely, as in the case of Class 2A. Additionally, several of the threat levels have been increased in difficulty with the introduction of new test threats; most notably is the introduction of Class BR6, which requires the tested armor to survive three hits of 12.7×108mm B32 API. In spite of the more difficult test threats, the 16 mm (0.63 in) back-face deformation limit remains unchanged. +The updated standards from the 2017 revision are as follows: + +== NIJ armor standard (United States) == + +=== Ballistic resistance (before April 2024) === +NIJ Standard-0101.06 had specific performance standards for bullet resistant vests used by law enforcement. This rated vests on the following scale against penetration and also blunt trauma protection (deformation): + +"Special Threats" were ratings of armor which provide protection against specific projectiles. For example, the NIJ guidelines did not have any specification for armor that can stop M855 steel core ammunition. As a result, some manufacturers designated specific armors as "Level III+" (a designation not recognized by the NIJ) to specify armor which had up to level III protection and could protect against special threats like the M855, but did not provide level IV protection. + +=== Ballistic resistance (after April 2024) === +In April 2024, NIJ began testing with NIJ Standard-0101.07 in conjunction with NIJ Standard-0123.00. NIJ Standard-0101.07 outlines testing procedures, while NIJ Standard-0123.00 describes ballistic protection levels. These standards completely replaced the NIJ Standard-0101.06. HG is rated for handgun threats and RF is rated for rifle threats. +The ballistic protection levels outlined in NIJ Standard 0123.00 are as follows: + +NIJ standards are used for law enforcement armors. Armor used by the United States military is not required to be tested under NIJ standards. Textile armor is tested for both penetration resistance by bullets and for the impact energy transmitted to the wearer. + +=== Backface deformation === +Backface deformation is defined in NIJ Standard-0101.07 as "the indentation in the backing material caused by a projectile impact on the test item during testing". It is measured by shooting armor mounted in front of a backing material, typically oil-based modeling clay. The clay is used at a controlled temperature and verified for impact flow before testing. After the armor is impacted with the test bullet, the vest is removed from the clay and the depth of the indentation in the clay is measured. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c5af7042 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "List of body armor performance standards" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:45.156234+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Conditioned armor === +Some armor tested under NIJ Standard-0101.07 is conditioned before testing, meaning it has been subjected to stress factors such as submersion, vibration, or impacts. These stress factors have been shown in some cases to degrade the performance of some armor material. The test-round velocity for conditioned armor is the same as that for unconditioned armor during testing, whereas in the previous standard the velocities would have varied. For example, under NIJ Standard-0101.06, conditioned Level IIIA would have been shot with a .44 Magnum round at 408 m/s (1,340 ft/s), while unconditioned Level IIIA would have been shot at 436 m/s (1,430 ft/s). Under NIJ Standard-0101.07, the velocity used for testing conditioned and unconditioned armor is the same. Armor conditioning procedures are outlined in ASTM E3078 Standard Practice for Conditioning of Hard Armor Test Items. +Generally, textile armor material temporarily degrades when wet. As a result of this, the major test standards call for wet testing of textile armor. Mechanisms for this loss of performance are not known. Neutral water at room temp has not been shown in testing to negatively affect the performance of para-aramid or UHMWPE but acidic, basic and some other solutions can permanently reduce para-aramid fiber tensile strength. +From 2003 to 2005, a large study of the environmental degradation of Zylon armor was undertaken by the US-NIJ. This concluded that water, long-term use, and temperature exposure significantly affect tensile strength and the ballistic performance of PBO or Zylon fiber. This NIJ study on vests returned from the field demonstrated that environmental effects on Zylon resulted in ballistic failures under standard test conditions. + +=== Stab resistance === +The NIJ's stab resistance standards (Standard–0115.00) define three levels of protection: + +Level 1 armor is low-level protection suitable for extended wear and is usually covert. This armor protects against stab threats with a strike energy of 24±0.50 J (17.7±0.36 ft·lbf). The overtest condition for this level is 36±0.60 J (26.6±0.44 ft·lbf). +Level 2 armor is medium-level protection suitable for extended wear and may be either overt or covert. This armor protects against stab threats with a strike energy of 33±0.60 J (24.3±0.44 ft·lbf). The overtest condition for this level is 50±0.70 J (36.9±0.51 ft·lbf). +Level 3 is high-level protection suitable for wear in high risk situations and is usually overt. This armor protects against stab threats with a strike energy of 43±0.60 J (31.7±0.44 ft·lbf). The overtest condition for this level is 65±0.80 J (47.9±0.59 ft·lbf). +For all three levels, the maximum blade or spike penetration allowed is 7 mm (0.28 in), with this limit being determined through research indicating that internal injuries to organs would be extremely unlikely at this depth of penetration. The overtest condition, which is intended to ensure an adequate margin of safety in the armor design, permits a maximum blade or spike penetration of 20 mm (0.79 in). +The standard does not directly address slash resistance and instead notes that, since stab threats are more difficult to defeat, any armor that can defeat a stab threat will also defeat a slash threat. + +== US military armor standards == +Although the US military requirements for body armor mirror the NIJ's on a surface level, the two are very different systems. The two systems share a 44 mm (1.7 in) limit on back-face deformation, but SAPI-series plates increase linearly in protection (with each plate tested against the preceding plate's threats), and require a soft armor backer in order to reach their stated level of protection. + +Armor is tested using a standard set of test methods under ARMY MIL-STD-662F and STANAG 2920 Ed2. The Department of Defense armor programs-of-record (Modular Tactical Vest for example) procure armor using these test standards. In addition, special requirements can be defined under this process such as flexible rifle protection, fragment protection for the extremities, etc. + +== GA141 armor standard (China) == +The Chinese Ministry of Public Security has maintained GA141, a standard document for describing the ballistic resistance of police armor, since 1996. As of 2023, the latest revision is GA141-2010. The standard defines the following grades using domestic weapons: + +Levels higher than 6 are marked "special". Levels 1 through 5 are to be tested with 6 shots. Level 6 is to be tested with 2 shots. +Annex A describes the use of GA grades against other "common" threats. 9×18mm Makarov is assigned to GA 1, 9×19mm to GA 2, 9×19mm AP (steel) and 5.8×21mm DAP92 AP to GA 4, 5.8×42mm DBP87 to GA 6, and "type 53" 7.62×54mmR API to "special grade". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35492e0d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "List of body armor performance standards" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:45.156234+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Ballistic testing V50 and V0 == +Measuring the ballistic performance of armor is based on determining the kinetic energy of a bullet at impact (Ek = 1⁄2 mv2). Because the energy of a bullet is a key factor in its penetrating capacity, velocity is used as the primary independent variable in ballistic testing. For most users the key measurement is the velocity at which no bullets will penetrate the armor. Measuring this zero penetration velocity (v0) must take into account variability in armor performance and test variability. Ballistic testing has a number of sources of variability: the armor, test backing materials, bullet, casing, powder, primer and the gun barrel, to name a few. +Variability reduces the predictive power of a determination of V0. If for example, the v0 of an armor design is measured to be 1,600 ft/s (490 m/s) with a 9 mm FMJ bullet based on 30 shots, the test is only an estimate of the real v0 of this armor. The problem is variability. If the v0 is tested again with a second group of 30 shots on the same vest design, the result will not be identical. +Only a single low velocity penetrating shot is required to reduce the v0 value. The more shots made the lower the v0 will go. In terms of statistics, the zero penetration velocity is the tail end of the distribution curve. If the variability is known and the standard deviation can be calculated, one can rigorously set the V0 at a confidence interval. Test Standards now define how many shots must be used to estimate a v0 for the armor certification. This procedure defines a confidence interval of an estimate of v0. (See "NIJ and HOSDB test methods".) +v0 is difficult to measure, so a second concept has been developed in ballistic testing called the ballistic limit (v50). This is the velocity at which 50 percent of the shots go through and 50 percent are stopped by the armor. US military standard MIL-STD-662F V50 Ballistic Test define a commonly used procedure for this measurement. The goal is to get three shots that penetrate that are slower than a second faster group of three shots that are stopped by the armor. These three high stops and three low penetrations can then be used to calculate a v50 velocity. +In practice this measurement of v50 requires 1–2 vest panels and 10–20 shots. A very useful concept in armor testing is the offset velocity between the v0 and v50. If this offset has been measured for an armor design, then v50 data can be used to measure and estimate changes in v0. For vest manufacturing, field evaluation and life testing both v0 and v50 are used. However, as a result of the simplicity of making v50 measurements, this method is more important for control of armor after certification. + +== Military testing: fragment ballistics == +After the Vietnam War, military planners developed a concept of "Casualty Reduction". The large body of casualty data made clear that in a combat situation, fragments, not bullets, were the most important threat to soldiers. After WWII, vests were being developed and fragment testing was in its early stages. Artillery shells, mortar shells, aerial bombs, grenades, and antipersonnel mines are all fragmentation devices. They all contain a steel casing that is designed to burst into small steel fragments or shrapnel, when their explosive core detonates. After considerable effort measuring fragment size distribution from various NATO and Soviet bloc munitions, a fragment test was developed. Fragment simulators were designed, and the most common shape is a right circular cylinder or RCC simulator. This shape has a length equal to its diameter. These RCC Fragment Simulation Projectiles (FSPs) are tested as a group. The test series most often includes 2 grain (0.13 g), 4 grain (0.263 g), 16 grain (1.0 g), and 64 grain (4.2 g) mass RCC FSP testing. The 2-4-16-64 series is based on the measured fragment size distributions. + +The second part of "Casualty Reduction" strategy is a study of velocity distributions of fragments from munitions. Warhead explosives have blast speeds of 20,000 ft/s (6,100 m/s) to 30,000 ft/s (9,100 m/s). As a result, they are capable of ejecting fragments at very high speeds of over 3,300 ft/s (1,000 m/s), implying very high energy (where the energy of a fragment is 1⁄2 mass × velocity2, neglecting rotational energy). The military engineering data showed that, like the fragment size, the fragment velocities had characteristic distributions. It is possible to segment the fragment output from a warhead into velocity groups. For example, 95% of all fragments from a bomb blast under 4 grains (0.26 g) have a velocity of 3,000 ft/s (910 m/s) or less. This established a set of goals for military ballistic vest design. +The random nature of fragmentation required the military vest specification to trade off mass vs. ballistic-benefit. Hard vehicle armor is capable of stopping all fragments, but military personnel can only carry a limited amount of gear and equipment, so the weight of the vest is a limiting factor in vest fragment protection. The 2-4-16-64 grain series at limited velocity can be stopped by an all-textile vest of approximately 5.4 kg/m2 (1.1 lb/ft2). In contrast to the design of vest for deformable lead bullets, fragments do not change shape; they are steel and can not be deformed by textile materials. The 2-grain (0.13 g) FSP (the smallest fragment projectile commonly used in testing) is about the size of a grain of rice; such small fast moving fragments can potentially slip through the vest, moving between yarns. As a result, fabrics optimized for fragment protection are tightly woven, although these fabrics are not as effective at stopping lead bullets. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb45b0f67 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "List of body armor performance standards" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:45.156234+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== BR1 - BR7 (EN 1063, or CEN 1063) == +EN 1063, or CEN 1063, is a security glazing standard created by the European Committee for Standardization for measuring the protective strength of bullet-resistant glass. It is commonly used in conjunction with EN 1522 (Euronorm standard for Bullet Resistance in Windows, Doors, Shutters and Blinds) to form a ballistic classification system by which armored vehicles and structures are tested and rated. A similar classification system primarily used in the United States is NIJ Standard 0108, the U.S. National Institute of Justice's Standard for Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials which includes glass and armor plate. + +== Backing materials for testing == + +=== Ballistic === +One of the critical requirements in soft ballistic testing is measurement of "back side signature" (i.e. energy delivered to tissue by a non-penetrating projectile) in a deformable backing material placed behind the targeted vest. The majority of military and law enforcement standards have settled on an oil/clay mixture for the backing material, known as Roma Plastilena. Although harder and less deformable than human tissue, Roma represents a "worst case" backing material when plastic deformations in the oil/clay are low (less than 20 mm (0.79 in)). (Armor placed over a harder surface is more easily penetrated.) The oil/clay mixture of "Roma" is roughly twice the density of human tissue and therefore does not match its specific gravity, however "Roma" is a plastic material that will not recover its shape elastically, which is important for accurately measuring potential trauma through back side signature. +The selection of test backing is significant because in flexible armor, the body tissue of a wearer plays an integral part in absorbing the high energy impact of ballistic and stab events. However the human torso has a very complex mechanical behavior. Away from the rib cage and spine, the soft tissue behavior is soft and compliant. In the tissue over the sternum bone region, the compliance of the torso is significantly lower. This complexity requires very elaborate bio-morphic backing material systems for accurate ballistic and stab armor testing. A number of materials have been used to simulate human tissue in addition to Roma. In all cases, these materials are placed behind the armor during test impacts and are designed to simulate various aspects of human tissue impact behavior. +One important factor in test backing for armor is its hardness. Armor is more easily penetrated in testing when backed by harder materials, and therefore harder materials, such as Roma clay, represent more conservative test methods. + +=== Stab === +Stab and spike armor standards have been developed using 3 different backing materials. The Draft EU norm calls out Roma clay, The California DOC called out 60% ballistic gelatin and the current standard for NIJ and HOSDB calls out a multi-part foam and rubber backing material. + +Using Roma clay backing, only metallic stab solutions met the 109 joule Calif. DOC ice pick requirement +Using 10% Gelatin backing, all fabric stab solutions were able to meet the 109 joule Calif. DOC ice pick requirement. +Most recently the Draft ISO prEN ISO 14876 norm selected Roma as the backing for both ballistics and stab testing. +This history helps explain an important factor in Ballistics and Stab armor testing, backing stiffness affects armor penetration resistance. The energy dissipation of the armor-tissue system is Energy = Force × Displacement when testing on backings that are softer and more deformable the total impact energy is absorbed at lower force. When the force is reduced by a softer more compliant backing the armor is less likely to be penetrated. The use of harder Roma materials in the ISO draft norm makes this the most rigorous of the stab standards in use today. + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_politics_of_science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_politics_of_science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5b37fd11 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_politics_of_science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "List of books about the politics of science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_politics_of_science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:15.962480+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of notable books about the politics of science that have their own articles on Wikipedia. + + +== Environment == +Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (2010) by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway + + +== Health == +Liberation by Oppression (2002) by Thomas Szasz +Mad in America (2002) by Robert Whitaker +Big Pharma: How the World's Biggest Drug Companies Control Illness (2006) by Jacky Law +Medical Apartheid (2007) by Harriet A. Washington +Side Effects (2008) by Alison Bass +Bad Science (2008) by Ben Goldacre +Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health (2008) by David Michaels (epidemiologist) +Anatomy of an Epidemic (2010) by Robert Whitaker +Bad Pharma: How drug companies mislead doctors and harm patients (2012) by Ben Goldacre + + +== Miscellaneous == +Bending Science (2008) +Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science (1983) +Plastic Fantastic: How the Biggest Fraud in Physics Shook the Scientific World (2009) +Science, Money, and Politics: Political Triumph and Ethical Erosion (2001) +Science Under Siege: The Politicians' War on Nature and Truth (1998) +The Great Betrayal: Fraud In Science (2004) +The New Politics of Science (1984) +The Republican War on Science (2005) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cabec8bc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "List of branches of psychology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:54.367478+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This non-exhaustive list contains many of the sub-fields within the field of psychology: + + +== See also == +List of psychology topics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..719cd5bc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "List of cases of factitious disorder imposed on another" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:17.976300+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA), also known as fabricated or induced illness by carers (FII), medical child abuse and originally named Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) after Munchausen syndrome, is a mental health disorder in which a caregiver creates the appearance of health problems in another person – typically their child, and sometimes (rarely) when an adult falsely simulates an illness or health issues in another adult partner. This may include injuring the proxy or altering test samples. The caregiver then presents the proxy as being sick or injured. Permanent injury or death of the proxy may occur as a result of the disorder. Although the caregiver typically does not benefit from their own behaviour, there are notable cases where the caregiver defrauds charities, insurance companies or local friends and family under the guise of using the resources received for the aid of the proxy. + +== Origin of name == +The name is derived from Munchausen syndrome, which in turn derives from the famous liar in literature, Baron Munchausen; the character was in turn derived from the historical Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, Freiherr von Münchhausen. + +== Notable victims == +Jennifer Bush: used in a large-scale fraud involving political elites who saw the girl's case as an example of the need for medical reform; mother Kathy Bush was later discovered to have caused Jennifer's symptoms in a case of Munchausen by proxy. +Olivia Gant: died from the removal of her feeding tubes after years of medical abuse by her mother, Kelly Renee Turner-Gant; Turner-Gant was convicted in 2022. +Julie Gregory: childhood victim of her mother's Munchausen by proxy, which she survived and later documented in her memoir, Sickened: The Memoir of a Munchausen by Proxy Childhood. +Hannah Milbrandt: a girl who was convinced that she suffered from terminal cancer by her parents in a situation of Munchausen by proxy, using community donations in a widescale act of fraud. This is one of the first contested Munchausen by proxy cases, causing a debate about whether it was a situation of true Munchausen or just medical fraud. +Garnett Spears: killed due to brain swelling induced by repeated salt poisoning by mother Lacey Spears, who was later convicted of murder. +Eminem: American rapper who has spoken in songs about his mother frequently taking him to doctors and hospitals for tests. He mentions being a victim of the illness in his song "Cleanin' Out My Closet": "going through public housing systems, victim of Munchausen syndrome. My whole life I was made to believe I was sick when I wasn't until I grew up and blew up." He also received custody of his younger brother due to his mother's battle with the illness. +Megan Bhari: Bhari's mother, Jean, claimed her daughter had idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The pair subsequently started a charity, Believe in Magic that garnered thousands of dollars in revenue and the support of several celebrities, most notably boy band One Direction. Bhari died at the age of 23 in 2018 from acute cardiac arrhythmia. An autopsy found that her brain was morphologically normal and had no tumours, despite what Jean claimed. A report by the BBC suggested that Bhari was victim of Munchausen by proxy, a claim supported by academic Marc Feldman and Kingston Council. + +== Notable perpetrators == +Beverley Allitt: British serial killer with Munchausen by proxy, who purposely sickened and killed a number of minor children. +Ameh Bozorg in the memoir Not Without My Daughter is not only convinced that she is suffering from some sort of chronic illness, but she also convinces her adult brother, a medical doctor, that he will become ill himself if he bathes because he will "wash all the cells off his skin" and leave himself open to pathogens. Her brother, a trained medical doctor, initially finds this silly, but as the memoir progresses, he begins to follow his older sister's bizarre regimen of not bathing or following healthcare standards. Notably the book does not suggest whether this is true Munchausen by proxy or behaviour based on anti-western sentiment. +Wendi Michelle Scott: mother charged with child abuse after purposely sickening her four-year-old daughter. +Shauna Dee Taylor, a Floridian woman who medically abused all 10 of her children, with a specific fascination with their internal organs; she poisoned her infant daughter in a 2013 incident and caused the child to suffer liver damage, setting up a sympathy donation fundraiser page online for the child. +Marybeth Roe Tinning, an American murderer and suspected serial killer who was convicted in New York State of the murder of her ninth child, 4-month-old daughter Tami Lynne, on December 20, 1985. She is suspected to be similarly involved in the previous deaths of her eight children, all of which took place within the span of fourteen years. +Ellen Rupp-Jones, a nurse from Palestine, Texas, pled guilty on June 27, 2023, to charges of injury to a child, exploitation of a child and aggravated assault. Rupp-Jones injected her then seven-year-old daughter with insulin and glucagon in order to feign diabetes. Rupp-Jones appeared twice on local news programs to solicit fundraising donations and a “Diabetic Alert Dog” for her daughter. She received an eight-year deferred adjudication sentence, 59 days in jail, 300 hours community service, court costs, restitution to the family of the service dog, and an order of protection from her daughter until the latter turns 21. +Cynthia Abcug, a Denver, Colorado, mother who was convicted on August 26th, 2022 of misdemeanor child abuse and conspiracy to commit kidnapping after plotting with Q-Anon members online to enact a raid on the foster home of her then 7-year-old son. He was removed from her custody due to accusations that she lied about him having seizures, a heart condition, brain tumors, and other health issues in order to trick doctors into providing unnecessary treatments. Her son is still in foster care and has not had any major health issues since removal from her custody. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f856967e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "List of cases of factitious disorder imposed on another" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:17.976300+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Alleged perpetrators == +Dee Dee Blanchard: Dee Dee faked multiple chronic illnesses of her daughter, Gypsy-Rose Blanchard, both for sympathy and charitable benefits. Her abuse of Gypsy-Rose led to the girl eventually aiding a secret boyfriend in the murder of Dee Dee, after which the abuse was finally discovered. Gypsy-Rose's experience has been dramatized in movies and TV shows. + +== Fictional examples == +Boh, an obese infant child in the Japanese 2001 animated feature film Spirited Away, is kept in a padded room by his mother and convinced that he is too sickly to go outside, led by his mother to believe that he will catch germs if he wanders from the room. He later relents and leaves the room, thus meeting new friends and helping to save the life of his mother's gravely injured apprentice. +Cheryl, a parent in the 2013 Lifetime movie The Good Mother (played by Helen Slater) poisons her teenage daughter to death with ricin, then moves on to her next daughter, while basking in the constant sympathy she receives as a grieving mother with terminally ill children. She tells people that the unnamed "illness" is a genetic condition of sorts, poisoning the daughters until a family friend discovers the abuse and tries to report it. +Kyra Collins, a young girl in The Sixth Sense (played by Mischa Barton), is made to appear ill by her mother (Angelica Page), who gives her symptoms of an illness by poisoning her food. Kyra later dies from the repeated poisoning. Her mother's crimes are later revealed by a VHS tape showing Mrs. Collins mixing Pine Sol into Kyra's food. +Colin Craven in various adaptations of The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett, most notably the 1993 feature film of the same name, is kept in a single room for most of his life, convinced by his father and the head servant that he is crippled, unable to walk, and too sickly to survive in the outdoor air. His cousin Mary befriends him and takes him outside to the garden, proving to him that he is perfectly well. +Adora Crellin in the miniseries Sharp Objects poisons her daughter Marian, in a case of Munchausen by proxy that goes unsolved until a later investigation. +Natalie Drax from The 9th Life of Louis Drax causes several injuries to her son, Louis, during his lifetime due to her Munchausen by proxy condition. +Edward "Eddie" Kaspbrak from the Stephen King novel It developed hypochondriac behaviours after a childhood living with his single mother in a situation of Munchausen by proxy. +Dorothy Mann from Monkey Shines: Dorothy is annoyed when her quadriplegic son shows signs that he might be able to recover and live a normal life, including the possibility that he might move again and that he can have a romantic relationship. She sells her own house, moves in with him, lies to him and tells him that he is incapable, and attempts to cut off any female relationships he has. The original novel did not feature these elements quite so heavily. +Mandy Phillips from Fragile: British girl with osteogenesis imperfecta, a condition purposely worsened by obsessed nurse Charlotte when she notices the girl's bones beginning to heal. +Chloe Sherman, a young woman in Run (2020), played by Kiera Allen, is raised by her mother (Sarah Paulson) who treats her real and imagined ailments. +Esme Stoller from Love You to Death: a fictional cosplay fan and victim of her mother's Munchausen by proxy, told that she has cancer and developmental delays; Esme is loosely based on real-life victim Gypsy-Rose Blanchard. +Pauline Whittier from Everything, Everything treats her daughter Maddy for the immune disorder SCID. A doctor later reveals that she never had the disease, just an underdeveloped immune system due to lack of exposure. +In the light novel series Ameku M.D., a nurse gives her child an overdose of Vitamin A in order to seem like she's caring too much for him, and later switches out the contents of his juice boxes for grapefruit juice in order to cause a drug interaction with his anti-epileptic medications. + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clinical_psychologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clinical_psychologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f669e9f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clinical_psychologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +--- +title: "List of clinical psychologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clinical_psychologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:44.159064+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list includes notable clinical psychologists and contributors to clinical psychology, some of whom may not have thought of themselves primarily as clinical psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline. + + +== A == +Jonathan Abramowitz +Alfred W. Adler (inferiority complex) +Lauren Alloy +Nathan Azrin + + +== B == +Richard Bandler, co-founder of neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) +David H. Barlow, known for his study and treatment of anxiety and related disorders +Albert Bandura +Deirdre Barrett, researcher on dreams and hypnosis +Aaron T. Beck, founder of cognitive therapy +Kim Bergman, surrogacy psychologist +Eric Berne +Larry E. Beutler, systematic treatment selection +Wilfred Bion +Theodore H. Blau +Nathaniel Branden, notable as a clinician for sentence stems technique, style of group therapy, clinical approaches to self-esteem work +David D. Burns, cognitive-behavioral therapy/theory + + +== C == +James Cantor +Robert Cialdini +Stephen Connor + + +== D == +Lisa Damour +Daniel O David +Arthur A. Dole + + +== E == +Steve Eichel +Albert Ellis, founder of rational-emotive therapy (RET) +Erik Erikson +Hans Eysenck + + +== F == +Ronald Fairbairn theorist of object-relations psychoanalysis +Edna B Foa +Anna Freud +Sigmund Freud, Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis + + +== G == +Paul Gilbert (psychologist), founder of compassion focused therapy (CFT) +Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela +Kurt Goldstein, theorist of holistic psychology and self-actualization +Wayne Goodman + + +== H == +Lionel Haward, father of British forensic psychology +Steven C. Hayes +Stefan Hofmann +Olivia Hooker +Karen Horney, founder of feminist psychology and major theorist of conflict-based neuroses. +Clark Hull + + +== I == +David Indermaur + + +== J == +Kay Redfield Jamison +Arthur Janov, invented primal therapy +Elizabeth Jeglic +Mary Cover Jones +Carl G. Jung, founder of analytical psychology + + +== K == +Alan E. Kazdin, developer of parent management training +Melanie Klein + + +== L == +Michael Langone +Robert Langs +Jan van der Lans +Arnold A. Lazarus, early writer in CBT +Richard Lazarus +Tatia Lee +Harriet Lerner +Marsha Linehan, founder of dialectical behavior therapy + + +== M == +Isaac Marks +Paul R. Martin +Abraham Maslow +Rollo May +Rufus May +Paul Meehl +Cindy Meston +Jesse S. Miller +Neal Miller +Theodore Millon, known for his work on personality disorders + + +== O == +Joy Osofsky + + +== P == +Jordan Peterson +Robert O. Pihl +Rebecca Pillai Riddell + + +== Q == +Heinz Kohut, theorist of self psychology + + +== R == +Stanley Rachman +Adam S. Radomsky +Carl Rogers +Richard Rogers +Stephen Rollnick, co-founder of motivational interviewing with William R. Miller +Marshall Rosenberg + + +== S == +Paul Salkovskis +Edgar Schein +Gernot Schiefer +Kirk J. Schneider +Martin Seligman +Monte B. Shapiro +Tamara Sher +Hunter B. Shirley +Margaret Singer +B.F. Skinner +Victor Skumin +C. Michael Smith +Daniel N. Stern +Harry Stack Sullivan, founder of interpersonal psychoanalysis + + +== T == +Maurice K. Temerlin +Edward Thorndike, behavior theorist + + +== V == +Douglas Vakoch + + +== W == +John B. Watson +Adrian Wells +D. W. Winnicott, object-relations psychoanalyst +Joseph Wolpe +Bobby E. Wright + + +== See also == +List of psychologists +List of people by occupation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..297c5f0dc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive biases" +chunk: 1/11 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In psychology and cognitive science, cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment. They are often studied in psychology, sociology and behavioral economics. + +A memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. +Explanations include information-processing rules (i.e., mental shortcuts), called heuristics, that the brain uses to produce decisions or judgments. Biases have a variety of forms and appear as cognitive ("cold") bias, such as mental noise, or motivational ("hot") bias, such as when beliefs are distorted by wishful thinking. Both effects can be present at the same time. +There are also controversies over some of these biases as to whether they count as useless or irrational, or whether they result in useful attitudes or behavior. For example, when getting to know others, people tend to ask leading questions which seem biased towards confirming their assumptions about the person. However, this kind of confirmation bias has also been argued to be an example of social skill; a way to establish a connection with the other person. +Although this research overwhelmingly involves human subjects, some studies have found bias in non-human animals as well. For example, loss aversion has been shown in monkeys and hyperbolic discounting has been observed in rats, pigeons, and monkeys. + +== Organization of cognitive biases == +Although the reality of these biases is confirmed by reproducible research, there are often controversies about how to classify these biases or how to explain them. Several theoretical causes are known for some cognitive biases, which provides a classification of biases by their common generative mechanism (such as noisy information-processing). Gerd Gigerenzer has criticized the framing of cognitive biases as errors in judgment, and favors interpreting them as arising from rational deviations from logical thought. This list is organized based on the task-based classification proposed by Dimara et al. (2020). This classification defines 6 tasks, namely estimation, decision, hypothesis assessment, causal attribution, recall, and opinion reporting. The biases are further loosely classified into 5 sub-categories or "flavors": + +Association: a connection between different pieces of information +Baseline: comparing something to a perceived standard or starting point +Inertia: the reluctance to change something that is already in place +Outcome: how well something aligns with an expected or hoped-for result +Self-perspective: influenced by one's own personal point of view + +== Estimation == +In estimation or judgement tasks, people are asked to assess the value of a quantity. + +=== Association === +Aesthetic–usability effect: A tendency for people to perceive attractive things as more usable. +Attribute substitution: Occurs when a judgment has to be made (of a target attribute) that is computationally complex, and instead a more easily calculated heuristic attribute is substituted. This substitution is thought of as taking place in the automatic intuitive judgment system, rather than the more self-aware reflective system. +The availability heuristic (also known as the availability bias) is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events with greater "availability" in memory, which can be influenced by how recent the memories are or how unusual or emotionally charged they may be. There is a greater likelihood of recalling recent, nearby, or otherwise immediately available examples, and the imputation of importance to those examples over others. +Conjunction fallacy, the tendency to assume that specific conditions are more probable than a more general version of those same conditions. +Hot-cold empathy gap, the tendency to underestimate the influence of visceral drives on one's attitudes, preferences, and behaviors. +Tachypsychia: When time perceived by the individual either lengthens, making events appear to slow down, or contracts. +Time-saving bias, a tendency to underestimate the time that could be saved (or lost) when increasing (or decreasing) from a relatively low speed, and to overestimate the time that could be saved (or lost) when increasing (or decreasing) from a relatively high speed. +Travis syndrome: Overestimating the significance of the present. It is related to chronological snobbery with possibly an appeal to novelty logical fallacy being part of the bias. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb9e33f1f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive biases" +chunk: 2/11 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Baseline === +The anchoring bias, or focalism, is the tendency to rely too heavily—to "anchor"—on one trait or piece of information when making decisions (usually the first piece of information acquired on that subject). +Base rate fallacy or base rate neglect, the tendency to ignore general information and focus on information only pertaining to the specific case, even when the general information is more important. +Dunning–Kruger effect, the tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability. +Gambler's fallacy, the tendency to think that future probabilities are altered by past events, when in reality they are unchanged. The fallacy arises from an erroneous conceptualization of the law of large numbers. For example, "I've flipped heads with this coin five times consecutively, so the chance of tails coming out on the sixth flip is much greater than heads." +Hard–easy effect, the tendency to overestimate one's ability to accomplish hard tasks, and underestimate one's ability to accomplish easy tasks. +Hot-hand fallacy (also known as "hot hand phenomenon" or "hot hand"), the belief that a person who has experienced success with a random event has a greater chance of further success in additional attempts. +Insensitivity to sample size, the tendency to under-expect variation in small samples. +Interoceptive bias or hungry judge effect: The tendency for sensory input about the body itself to affect one's judgement about external, unrelated circumstances. (As for example, in parole judges who are more lenient when fed and rested.) +Conservatism or regressive bias: Tendency to remember high values and high likelihoods/probabilities/frequencies as lower than they actually were and low ones as higher than they actually were. Based on the evidence, memories are not extreme enough. +Subadditivity effect: The tendency to estimate that the likelihood of a remembered event is less than the sum of its (more than two) mutually exclusive components. +Systematic bias: Judgement that arises when targets of differentiating judgement become subject to effects of regression that are not equivalent. +Unit bias: The standard suggested amount of consumption (e.g., food serving size) is perceived to be appropriate, and a person would consume it all even if it is too much for this particular person. +Weber–Fechner law: Difficulty in perceiving and comparing small differences in large quantities. + +=== Inertia === +Conservatism bias, the tendency to insufficiently revise one's belief when presented with new evidence. + +=== Outcome === +Exaggerated expectation: The tendency to expect or predict more extreme outcomes than those outcomes that actually happen. +Hedonic recall bias: The tendency for people who are satisfied with their wage to overestimate how much they earn, and conversely, for people who are unsatisfied with their wage to underestimate it. +Illusion of validity, the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's judgments, especially when available information is consistent or inter-correlated. +Impact bias: The tendency to overestimate the length or the intensity of the impact of future feeling states. +Outcome bias: The tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of the quality of the decision at the time it was made. +Planning fallacy, the tendency for people to underestimate the time it will take them to complete a given task. +Restraint bias, the tendency to overestimate one's ability to show restraint in the face of temptation. +Sexual overperception bias, the tendency to overestimate sexual interest of another person in oneself, and sexual underperception bias, the tendency to underestimate it. + +=== Self-perspective === +Curse of knowledge: When better-informed people find it extremely difficult to think about problems from the perspective of lesser-informed people. +Extrinsic incentives bias, an exception to the fundamental attribution error, where people view others as having (situational) extrinsic motivations, while viewing themselves as having (dispositional) intrinsic motivations. +False consensus effect, the tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which others agree with them. +Illusion of transparency, the tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which their personal mental state is known by others, and to overestimate how well they understand others' personal mental states. +Naïve cynicism, expecting more egocentric bias in others than in oneself. +Optimism bias: The tendency to be over-optimistic, underestimating greatly the probability of undesirable outcomes and overestimating favorable and pleasing outcomes (see also wishful thinking, valence effect, positive outcome bias, and compare pessimism bias). +Outgroup homogeneity bias, where individuals see members of other groups as being relatively less varied than members of their own group. +Pessimism bias: The tendency to overestimate the likelihood that bad things will happen. (compare optimism bias). +Spotlight effect: The tendency to overestimate the amount that other people notice one's appearance or behavior. +Worse-than-average effect: A tendency to believe ourselves to be worse than others at tasks which are difficult. + +== Decision == +In decision or choice tasks, people select one option out of several. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-10.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6cbafe83 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-10.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive biases" +chunk: 11/11 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Self-perspective === +Anthropocentric thinking, the tendency to use human analogies as a basis for reasoning about other, less familiar, biological phenomena. +Anthropomorphism is characterization of animals, objects, and abstract concepts as possessing human traits, emotions, or intentions. The opposite bias, of not attributing feelings or thoughts to another person, is dehumanised perception, a type of objectification. +Ben Franklin effect, where a person who has performed a favor for someone is more likely to do another favor for that person than they would be if they had received a favor from that person. +Bias blind spot, the tendency to see oneself as less biased than other people, or to be able to identify more cognitive biases in others than in oneself. +Illusion of asymmetric insight, where people perceive their knowledge of their peers to surpass their peers' knowledge of them. +Illusory superiority, the tendency to overestimate one's desirable qualities, and underestimate undesirable qualities, relative to other people. (Also known as "Lake Wobegon effect", "better-than-average effect", or "superiority bias".) +Impostor Syndrome, a psychological occurrence in which an individual doubts their skills, talents, or accomplishments and has a persistent internalized fear of being exposed as a fraud. Also known as impostor phenomenon. +Naïve realism, the belief that we see reality as it really is—objectively and without bias; that the facts are plain for all to see; that rational people will agree with us; and that those who do not are either uninformed, lazy, irrational, or biased. +Third-person effect, a tendency to believe that mass-communicated media messages have a greater effect on others than on themselves. +Trait ascription bias, the tendency for people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior, and mood while viewing others as much more predictable. +Zero-sum bias, where a situation is incorrectly perceived to be like a zero-sum game, in which any gain by one person necessarily comes at the expense of another. + +== See also == + +== Footnotes == + +== References == + +== Further reading == + +== External links == + Media related to Cognitive biases at Wikimedia Commons \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35124e8d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive biases" +chunk: 3/11 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Association === +Ambiguity effect, the tendency to avoid options for which the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown. +Authority bias, the tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure (unrelated to its content) and be more influenced by that opinion. +Automation bias, the tendency to depend excessively on automated systems which can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions. +Default effect, the tendency to favor the default option when given a choice between several options. +Dread aversion, just as losses yield double the emotional impact of gains, dread yields double the emotional impact of savouring. +The framing effect is the tendency to draw different conclusions from the same information, depending on how that information is presented. +Hyperbolic discounting, where discounting is the tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs. Hyperbolic discounting leads to choices that are inconsistent over time—people make choices today that their future selves would prefer not to have made, despite using the same reasoning. Also known as current moment bias or present bias, and related to Dynamic inconsistency. A good example of this is a study showed that when making food choices for the coming week, 74% of participants chose fruit, whereas when the food choice was for the current day, 70% chose chocolate. +Compassion fade, the tendency to behave more compassionately towards a small number of identifiable victims than to a large number of anonymous ones. +Loss aversion, where the perceived disutility of giving up an object is greater than the utility associated with acquiring it. (see also Sunk cost fallacy) +Neglect of probability, the tendency to completely disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty. +Non-adaptive choice switching: After experiencing a bad outcome with a decision problem, the tendency to avoid the choice previously made when faced with the same decision problem again, even though the choice was optimal. Also known as "once bitten, twice shy" or "hot stove effect". +Prevention bias: When investing money to protect against risks, decision makers perceive that a dollar spent on prevention buys more security than a dollar spent on timely detection and response, even when investing in either option is equally effective. +Pseudocertainty effect, the tendency to make risk-averse choices if the expected outcome is good but risk-seeking choices if it is bad. +Risk compensation or Peltzman effect: The tendency to take greater risks when perceived safety increases. +Zero-risk bias, the preference for reducing a small risk to zero over a greater reduction in a larger risk. + +=== Baseline === +Action bias: The tendency for someone to act when faced with a problem even when inaction would be more effective, or to act when no evident problem exists. +Additive bias: The tendency to solve problems through addition, even when subtraction is a better approach. +Decoy effect, where preferences for either option A or B change in favor of option B when option C is presented, which is completely dominated by option B (inferior in all respects) and partially dominated by option A. +Ballot order effect, where candidates who are listed first often receive a small but statistically significant increase in votes compared to those listed in lower positions. +Cheerleader effect, the tendency for people to appear more attractive in a group than in isolation. +Compromise effect, choices affected if presented as extreme or average +Denomination effect, the tendency to spend more money when it is denominated in small amounts (e.g., coins) rather than large amounts (e.g., bills). +Disposition effect, the tendency to sell an asset that has accumulated in value and resist selling an asset that has declined in value. +Distinction bias, the tendency to view two options as more dissimilar when evaluating them simultaneously than when evaluating them separately. +Less-is-better effect, the tendency to prefer a smaller set to a larger set judged separately, but not jointly. +Money illusion: The tendency to concentrate on the nominal value (face value) of money rather than its value in terms of purchasing power. +Phantom effect: choices affected by dominant but unavailable options. +Normalcy bias, a form of cognitive dissonance, is the refusal to plan for, or react to, a disaster which has never happened before. +Projection bias: The tendency to overestimate how much one's future selves will share one's current preferences, thoughts and values, thus leading to sub-optimal choices. +Scope neglect or scope insensitivity, the tendency to be insensitive to the size of a problem when evaluating it. For example, being willing to pay as much to save 2,000 children or 20,000 children. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4271ca0f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive biases" +chunk: 4/11 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Inertia === +Doubling-back aversion, the tendency for people to avoid retracing their steps or restarting a task, even when doing so would clearly save time or effort, because it feels like undoing past progress rather than making future gains. +Endowment effect, the tendency for people to demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay to acquire it. +Escalation of commitment, irrational escalation, or sunk cost fallacy, where people justify increased investment in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the decision was probably wrong. +Functional fixedness, a tendency limiting a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. +Mere exposure effect or familiarity principle (in social psychology): The tendency to express undue liking for things merely because of familiarity with them. +Plan continuation bias, failure to recognize that the original plan of action is no longer appropriate for a changing situation or for a situation that is different from anticipated. +Semmelweis reflex, the tendency to reject new evidence that contradicts a paradigm. +Shared information bias: The tendency for group members to spend more time and energy discussing information that all members are already familiar with (i.e., shared information), and less time and energy discussing information that only some members are aware of (i.e., unshared information). +Status quo bias, the tendency to prefer things to stay relatively the same. +Well travelled road effect, the tendency to underestimate the duration taken to traverse oft-travelled routes and overestimate the duration taken to traverse less familiar routes. + +=== Outcome === +Present bias: The tendency of people to give stronger weight to payoffs that are closer to the present time when considering trade-offs between two future moments. +Reactance: The urge to do the opposite of what someone wants one to do out of a need to resist a perceived attempt to constrain one's freedom of choice (see also Reverse psychology). + +=== Self-perspective === +Effort justification, a person's tendency to attribute greater value to an outcome if they had to put effort into achieving it. This can result in more value being applied to an outcome than it actually has. An example of this is the IKEA effect, the tendency for people to place a disproportionately high value on objects that they partially assembled themselves, such as furniture from IKEA, regardless of the quality of the end product. +Law of the instrument, an over-reliance on a familiar tool or methods, ignoring or under-valuing alternative approaches. "If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail." +Not invented here, an aversion to contact with or use of products, research, standards, or knowledge developed outside a group. +Reactive devaluation: Devaluing proposals only because they purportedly originated with an adversary. +Social comparison bias: The tendency, when making decisions, to favour potential candidates who do not compete with one's own particular strengths. + +== Hypothesis assessment == +In hypothesis assessment, people determine whether a statement is true or false. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb9ef5833 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive biases" +chunk: 5/11 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Association === +Agent detection bias, the inclination to presume the purposeful intervention of a sentient or intelligent agent. +Availability cascade, a self-reinforcing process in which a collective belief gains more and more plausibility through its increasing repetition in public discourse (or "repeat something long enough and it will become true"). See also availability heuristic. +Cognitive dissonance is the perception of contradictory information and the mental toll of it. +Common source bias, the tendency to combine or compare research studies from the same source, or from sources that use the same methodologies or data. +False priors are initial beliefs and knowledge which interfere with the unbiased evaluation of factual evidence and lead to incorrect conclusions. +Fluency heuristic: If one object is processed more fluently, faster, or more smoothly than another, the mind infers that this object has the higher value with respect to the question being considered. In other words, the more skillfully or elegantly an idea is communicated, the more likely it is to be considered seriously, whether or not it is logical +Groupthink, the psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome. Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints by actively suppressing dissenting viewpoints, and by isolating themselves from outside influences. +Groupshift, the tendency for decisions to be more risk-seeking or risk-averse than the group as a whole, if the group is already biased in that direction +Illusion of explanatory depth, the tendency to believe that one understands a topic much better than one actually does. The effect is strongest for explanatory knowledge, whereas people tend to be better at self-assessments for procedural, narrative, or factual knowledge. +Illusory truth effect, the tendency to believe that a statement is true if it is easier to process, or if it has been stated multiple times, regardless of its actual veracity. People are more likely to identify as true statements those they have previously heard (even if they cannot consciously remember having heard them), regardless of the actual validity of the statement. In other words, a person is more likely to believe a familiar statement than an unfamiliar one. +Probability matching: Sub-optimal matching of the probability of choices with the probability of reward in a stochastic context. +Rhyme as reason effect, where rhyming statements are perceived as more truthful. +Quantification bias, the tendency to ascribe more weight to measured/quantified metrics than to unquantifiable values. See also: McNamara fallacy. +Salience bias, the tendency to focus on items that are more prominent or emotionally striking and ignore those that are unremarkable, even though this difference is often irrelevant by objective standards. See also von Restorff effect. +Saying is believing effect: Communicating a socially tuned message to an audience can lead to a bias of identifying the tuned message as one's own thoughts. +Selection bias, which happens when the members of a statistical sample are not chosen completely at random, which leads to the sample not being representative of the population. +Subadditivity effect, the tendency to judge the probability of the whole to be less than the probabilities of the parts. +Truth bias is people's inclination towards believing, to some degree, the communication of another person, regardless of whether or not that person is actually lying or being untruthful. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f65fcd86d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive biases" +chunk: 6/11 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Outcome === +Barnum effect or Forer effect, the tendency for individuals to give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. This effect can provide a partial explanation for the widespread acceptance of some beliefs and practices, such as astrology, fortune telling, graphology, and some types of personality tests. +Belief bias, an effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion. +Berkson's paradox, the tendency to misinterpret statistical experiments involving conditional probabilities. +Clustering illusion, the tendency to overestimate the importance of small runs, streaks, or clusters in large samples of random data (that is, seeing phantom patterns). +Confirmation bias, the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. +Congruence bias, the tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, instead of testing possible alternative hypotheses. +Extension neglect occurs where the quantity of the sample size is not sufficiently taken into consideration when assessing the outcome, relevance or judgement. +Gender bias, a widespread set of implicit biases that discriminate against a gender. For example, the assumption that women are less suited to jobs requiring high intellectual ability. Or the assumption that people or animals are male in the absence of any indicators of gender. +Illusory correlation: Inaccurately seeing a relationship between two events related by coincidence. +Information bias: The tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action. +Observer-expectancy effect, when a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment or misinterprets data in order to find it (see also subject-expectancy effect). +Overconfidence effect, a tendency to have excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions. For example, for certain types of questions, answers that people rate as "99% certain" turn out to be wrong 40% of the time. +Pareidolia, a tendency to perceive a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound) as significant, e.g., seeing images of animals or faces in clouds, the man in the Moon, and hearing non-existent hidden messages on records played in reverse. +Subjective validation, where statements are perceived as true if a subject's belief demands it to be true. Also assigns perceived connections between coincidences. (Compare confirmation bias.) +Survivorship bias, which is concentrating on the people or things that "survived" some process and inadvertently overlooking those that did not because of their lack of visibility. +Unconscious bias or implicit bias: The underlying attitudes and stereotypes that people unconsciously attribute to another person or group of people that affect how they understand and engage with them. Many researchers suggest that unconscious bias occurs automatically as the brain makes quick judgments based on past experiences and background. +Value selection bias: The tendency to rely on existing numerical data when reasoning in an unfamiliar context, even if calculation or numerical manipulation is required. + +== Causal attribution == +In a causal attribution task, people are asked to explain the causes of behavior and events. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8863146c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive biases" +chunk: 7/11 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Outcome === +Apophenia: The tendency to perceive meaningful connections between unrelated things. +Assumed similarity bias: Where an individual assumes that others have more traits in common with them than those others actually do. +Context neglect bias, the tendency to neglect the human context of technological challenges. +Domain neglect bias, the tendency to neglect relevant domain knowledge while solving interdisciplinary problems. +Embodiment bias: Biases in attribution of meaning and perceived properties to objects or events based on the physical capacities and properties of the body, such as sex and temperament +Form function attribution bias: In human–robot interaction, the tendency of people to make systematic errors when interacting with a robot. People may base their expectations and perceptions of a robot on its appearance (form) and attribute functions which do not necessarily mirror the true functions of the robot. +G. I. Joe fallacy, the tendency to think that knowing about cognitive bias is enough to overcome it. +Group attribution error, the biased belief that the characteristics of an individual group member are reflective of the group as a whole or the tendency to assume that group decision outcomes reflect the preferences of group members, even when information is available that clearly suggests otherwise. +Hostile attribution bias, the tendency to interpret others' behaviors as having hostile intent, even when the behavior is ambiguous or benign. +Illusory correlation, a tendency to inaccurately perceive a relationship between two unrelated events. +Illusion of control, the tendency to overestimate one's degree of influence over other external events. +Intentionality bias, the tendency to judge human action to be intentional rather than accidental. +Just-world fallacy, the tendency for people to want to believe that the world is fundamentally just, causing them to rationalize an otherwise inexplicable injustice as deserved by the victim(s). +Motonormativity: Also known as windshield bias, car blindness or car brain. The assumption that motor vehicle use is an unremarkable social norm, causing people to discount harms caused by motor vehicle use compared to similar harms caused by other behaviors. +Plant blindness: The tendency to ignore plants in their environment and a failure to recognize and appreciate the utility of plants to life on earth. +Pro-innovation bias: The tendency to have an excessive optimism towards an invention or innovation's usefulness throughout society, while often failing to identify its limitations and weaknesses. +Proportionality bias: Our innate tendency to assume that big events have big causes, may also explain our tendency to accept conspiracy theories. +Puritanical bias, the tendency to attribute cause of an undesirable outcome or wrongdoing by an individual to a moral deficiency or lack of self-control rather than taking into account the impact of broader societal determinants . +Surrogation: Losing sight of the strategic construct that a measure is intended to represent, and subsequently acting as though the measure is the construct of interest. +System justification, the tendency to defend and bolster the status quo. Existing social, economic, and political arrangements tend to be preferred, and alternatives disparaged, sometimes even at the expense of individual and collective self-interest. +Teleological Bias: The tendency to engage in overgeneralized ascriptions of purpose to entities and events that did not arise from goal-directed action, design, or selection based on functional effects. +Turkey illusion: Absence of expectation of sudden trend breaks in continuous developments \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a717ba858 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive biases" +chunk: 8/11 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Self-perspective === +Actor-observer bias, the tendency for explanations of other individuals' behaviors to overemphasize the influence of their personality and underemphasize the influence of their situation (see also Fundamental attribution error), and for explanations of one's own behaviors to do the opposite (that is, to overemphasize the influence of our situation and underemphasize the influence of our own personality). +Defensive attribution hypothesis, a tendency to attribute more blame for a mishap to the person or persons involved if they are perceived as dissimilar to the person making that judgment. +Egocentric bias: Recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g., remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as bigger than it really was. Also the tendency to rely too heavily on one's own perspective and/or have a different perception of oneself relative to others. +Experimenter's or expectation bias, the tendency for experimenters to believe, certify, and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment, and to disbelieve, discard, or downgrade the corresponding weightings for data that appear to conflict with those expectations. +False uniqueness bias, the tendency of people to see their projects and themselves as more singular than they actually are. +Fundamental attribution error, the tendency for people to overemphasize personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior (see also actor-observer bias, group attribution error, positivity effect, and negativity effect). +Ingroup bias: the tendency for people to give preferential treatment to others they perceive to be members of their own groups. +Objectivity illusion, the phenomena where people tend to believe that they are more objective and unbiased than others. This bias can apply to itself – where people are able to see when others are affected by the objectivity illusion, but unable to see it in themselves. See also bias blind spot. +Ostrich effect: The tendency to avoid acknowledgment of an obviously bad situation to avoid the bad feelings that may come with acknowledgment of the situation. +Outgroup favoritism: When some socially disadvantaged groups will express favorable attitudes (and even preferences) toward social, cultural, or ethnic groups other than their own. +Pygmalion effect: The phenomenon whereby others' expectations of a target person affect the target person's performance. +Selective perception, the tendency for expectations to affect perception. +Self-serving bias, the tendency to claim more responsibility for successes than failures. It may also manifest itself as a tendency for people to evaluate ambiguous information in a way beneficial to their interests (see also group-serving bias). +Ultimate attribution error, similar to the fundamental attribution error, in this error a person is likely to make an internal attribution to an entire group instead of the individuals within the group. + +== Recall == +In a recall or memory task, people are asked to recall or recognize previous material. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdc72a152 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive biases" +chunk: 9/11 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Association === +Boundary extension: Remembering the background of an image as being larger or more expansive than the foreground +Childhood amnesia: The retention of few memories from before the age of four. +Consistency bias: Incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour. +Contrast effect, the enhancement or reduction of a certain stimulus's perception when compared with a recently observed, contrasting object. +Cryptomnesia, where a memory is mistaken for novel thought or imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory. +Cue-dependent forgetting context effect: That cognition and memory are dependent on context, such that out-of-context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories (e.g., recall time and accuracy for a work-related memory will be lower at home, and vice versa). +Google effect: The tendency to forget information that can be found readily online by using Internet search engines. +Duration neglect, the neglect of the duration of an episode in determining its value. +Fading affect bias: A bias in which the emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the emotion associated with pleasant ones. +False memory, where imagination is mistaken for a memory. +Humor effect: That humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or the emotional arousal caused by the humor. +Implicit association, where the speed with which people can match words depends on how closely they are associated. +Lag effect: The phenomenon whereby learning is greater when studying is spread out over time, as opposed to studying the same amount of time in a single session. See also spacing effect. +Levels-of-processing effect: That different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness. +Leveling and sharpening: Memory distortions introduced by the loss of details in a recollection over time, often concurrent with sharpening or selective recollection of certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to the details or aspects of the experience lost through leveling. Both biases may be reinforced over time, and by repeated recollection or re-telling of a memory. +Memory inhibition: Being shown some items from a list makes it harder to retrieve the other items (e.g., Slamecka, 1968). +Misinformation effect: Memory becoming less accurate because of interference from post-event information. cf. continued influence effect, where misinformation about an event, despite later being corrected, continues to influence memory about the event. +Modality effect: That memory recall is higher for the last items of a list when the list items were received via speech than when they were received through writing. +Repetition blindness: Unexpected difficulty in remembering more than one instance of a visual sequence +Mood-congruent memory bias (state-dependent memory): The improved recall of information congruent with one's current mood. +Next-in-line effect: When taking turns speaking in a group using a predetermined order (e.g. going clockwise around a room, taking numbers, etc.) people tend to have diminished recall for the words of the person who spoke immediately before them. +Part-list cueing effect: That being shown some items from a list and later retrieving one item causes it to become harder to retrieve the other items. +Peak–end rule: That people seem to perceive not the sum of an experience but the average of how it was at its peak (e.g., pleasant or unpleasant) and how it ended. +Persistence: The unwanted recurrence of memories of a traumatic event. +The Perky effect, where real images can influence imagined images, or be misremembered as imagined rather than real +Picture superiority effect: The notion that concepts that are learned by viewing pictures are more easily and frequently recalled than are concepts that are learned by viewing their written word form counterparts. +Positivity effect (Socioemotional selectivity theory): Older adults' tendency to favor good over bad information in their memories. See also euphoric recall +Processing difficulty effect: That information that takes longer to read and is thought about more (processed with more difficulty) is more easily remembered. See also levels-of-processing effect. +Reminiscence bump: The recalling of more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime periods. +Social cryptomnesia, a failure by people and society in general to remember the origin of a change, in which people know that a change has occurred in society, but forget how this change occurred; that is, the steps that were taken to bring this change about, and who took these steps. This has led to reduced social credit towards the minorities who made major sacrifices that led to a change in societal values. +Source confusion, episodic memories are confused with other information, creating distorted memories. +Spacing effect: That information is better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a long span of time rather than a short one. +Suffix effect: Diminishment of the recency effect because a sound item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall. A form of serial position effect. cf. recency effect and primacy effect. +Suggestibility, where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory. +Telescoping effect: The tendency to displace recent events backwards in time and remote events forward in time, so that recent events appear more remote, and remote events, more recent. +Testing effect: The fact that one more easily recall information one has read by rewriting it instead of rereading it. Frequent testing of material that has been committed to memory improves memory recall. +Tip of the tongue phenomenon: When a subject is able to recall parts of an item, or related information, but is frustratingly unable to recall the whole item. This is thought to be an instance of "blocking" where multiple similar memories are being recalled and interfere with each other. +Verbatim effect: That the "gist" of what someone has said is better remembered than the verbatim wording. This is because memories are representations, not exact copies. +Zeigarnik effect: That uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-9.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a26d63cb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-9.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive biases" +chunk: 10/11 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Baseline === +Bizarreness effect: Bizarre material is better remembered than common material. +Frequency illusion or Baader–Meinhof phenomenon. The frequency illusion is that once something has been noticed then every instance of that thing is noticed, leading to the belief it has a high frequency of occurrence (a form of selection bias). The Baader–Meinhof phenomenon is the illusion where something that has recently come to one's attention suddenly seems to appear with improbable frequency shortly afterwards. It was named after an incidence of frequency illusion in which the Baader–Meinhof Group was mentioned. +List-length effect: A smaller percentage of items are remembered in a longer list, but as the length of the list increases, the absolute number of items remembered increases as well. +Negativity bias or Negativity effect: The phenomenon of having better recall of unpleasant memories than of pleasant ones. (see also actor-observer bias, group attribution error, positivity effect, and negativity effect). +Primacy effect: Where an item at the beginning of a list is more easily recalled. A form of serial position effect. See also recency effect and suffix effect. +Recency effect: A form of serial position effect where an item at the end of a list is easier to recall. This can be disrupted by the suffix effect. See also primacy effect. +Serial position effect: That items near the end of a sequence are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a sequence; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered. See also recency effect, primacy effect and suffix effect. +von Restorff effect: That an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other items. + +=== Inertia === +Attentional bias, the tendency of perception to be affected by recurring thoughts. +Continued influence effect: Misinformation continues to influence memory and reasoning about an event, despite the misinformation having been corrected. cf. misinformation effect, where the original memory is affected by incorrect information received later. +Stereotype bias or stereotypical bias: Memory distorted towards stereotypes (e.g., racial or gender). + +=== Outcome === +Choice-supportive bias: The tendency to remember one's choices as better than they actually were. +Declinism: The predisposition to view the past favorably (rosy retrospection) and the future unfavorably. +Euphoric recall: The tendency of people to remember past experiences favorably while overlooking bad experiences associated with them. +Hindsight bias: Sometimes called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect, or the "Hindsight is 20/20" effect, is the tendency to see past events as having been predictable before they happened. +Recency illusion: The illusion that a phenomenon one has noticed only recently is itself recent. Often used to refer to linguistic phenomena; the illusion that a word or language usage that one has noticed only recently is an innovation when it is, in fact, long-established (see also frequency illusion). Also recency bias is a cognitive bias that favors recent events over historic ones. A memory bias, recency bias gives "greater importance to the most recent event", such as the final lawyer's closing argument a jury hears before being dismissed to deliberate. +Rosy retrospection: The remembering of the past as having been better than it really was. + +=== Self-perspective === +Cross-race effect: The tendency for people of one race to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own. +Gender differences in eyewitness memory: The tendency for a witness to remember more details about someone of the same gender. +Generation effect (Self-generation effect): That self-generated information is remembered best. For instance, people are better able to recall memories of statements that they have generated than similar statements generated by others. +Placement bias: Tendency to remember ourselves to be better than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves above average (also Illusory superiority or Better-than-average effect) and tendency to remember ourselves to be worse than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves below average (also Worse-than-average effect). +Self-relevance effect: That memories relating to the self are better recalled than similar information relating to others. + +== Opinion reporting == +In an opinion reporting task, people answer questions regarding their beliefs or opinions on political, moral, or social issues. + +=== Association === +Halo effect, the tendency for a person's good or bad traits to "spill over" from one personality area to another in others' perceptions of them (see also physical attractiveness stereotype). +Moral credential effect: Occurs when someone who does something good gives themselves permission to be less good in the future. +Negativity bias: Social judgments are more influenced by negative information than positive information. + +=== Inertia === +Backfire effect, a tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. +End-of-history illusion: The age-independent belief that one will change less in the future than one has in the past. +Omission bias: The tendency to judge harmful actions (commissions) as worse, or less moral, than equally harmful inactions (omissions). + +=== Outcome === +Bandwagon effect, the tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink and herd behavior. +Courtesy bias, the tendency to give an opinion that is more socially correct than one's true opinion, so as to avoid offending anyone. +Illusion of learning, a false belief that if you understand something you learned and acquired a knowledge about it. +Moral luck, the tendency for people to ascribe greater or lesser moral standing based on the outcome of an event. +Misinterpreted-effort hypothesis: Perceiving effort as a poor learning. +Social desirability bias, the tendency to over-report socially desirable characteristics or behaviours in oneself and under-report socially undesirable characteristics or behaviours. See also: § Courtesy bias. +Stereotyping, expecting a member of a group to have certain characteristics without having actual information about that individual. +Women are wonderful effect: A tendency to associate more good attributes with women than with men. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_psychologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_psychologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4f3dd330 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_psychologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive psychologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_psychologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:46.709392+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of academics, both past and present, recognized for their contributions to the field of cognitive psychology. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive–behavioral_therapies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive–behavioral_therapies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ae1d1017 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive–behavioral_therapies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- +title: "List of cognitive–behavioral therapies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive–behavioral_therapies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:49.370151+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Cognitive behavioral therapy encompasses many therapeutical approaches, techniques and systems. + +Acceptance and commitment therapy was developed by Steven C. Hayes and others based in part on relational frame theory and has been called a "third wave" cognitive behavioral therapy. +Anxiety management training was developed by Suinn and Richardson (1971) for helping clients control their anxiety by the use of relaxation and other skills. +Aversion therapy, developed by Hans Eysenck +Behavior therapy +Behavioral activation is a behavioral approach to treating depression, developed by Neil Jacobson and others. +Cognitive therapy was developed by Aaron Beck. +Cognitive analytic therapy +Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy +Cognitive emotional behavioral therapy +Cognitive processing therapy for Post traumatic stress disorder +Compassion focused therapy +Computerised cognitive behavioral therapy +Contingency management +Counterconditioning +Decoupling +Desensitization +Dialectical behavior therapy +Direct therapeutic exposure +Exposure and response prevention +Exposure therapy +Functional analytic psychotherapy +Habit Reversal Training +Metacognitive therapy +Metacognitive training +Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy +Multimodal therapy +Problem-solving therapy +Prolonged exposure therapy +Rational emotive behavior therapy, formerly called rational therapy and rational emotive therapy, was founded by Albert Ellis. +Reality therapy +Relapse prevention +Schema therapy +Self-control therapy +Self-instructional training was developed by Donald Meichenbaum, influenced by the developmental psychology of Alexander Luria and Lev Vygotsky, designed to treat the mediational deficiencies of impulsive children. +Stress inoculation training +Systematic desensitization is an anxiety reduction technique, developed by Joseph Wolpe. +Systematic rational restructuring was an attempt by Marvin Goldfried to reanalyze systematic desensitization in terms of cognitive mediation and coping skills. + + +== See also == +List of therapies +List of psychotherapies + + +== Notes == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df231fe6e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "List of common EMC test standards" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:02.201472+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following list outlines a number of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards which are known at the time of writing to be either available or have been made available for public comment. These standards attempt to standardize product EMC performance, with respect to conducted or radiated radio interference from electrical or electronic equipment, imposition of other types of disturbance on the mains supply by such equipment, and the sensitivity of such equipment to received interference. +The legal status of these standards varies according to the jurisdiction. Standards called up by the European Union's EMC Directive effectively have the force of law in the EU. + +== IEC standards == +The IEC standards on Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) are mostly part of the IEC 61000 family. Below are some examples. + +IEC/TR EN 61000-1-1, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 1: General - Section 1: Application and interpretation of fundamental definitions and terms +IEC/TR EN 61000-2-1, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2: Environment - Section 1: Description of the environment - Electromagnetic environment for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signaling in public power supply systems +IEC/TR EN 61000-2-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2: Environment - Section 3: Description of the environment - Radiated and non-network-frequency-related conducted phenomena +IEC EN 61000-3-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-2 - Limits - Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current ≤ 16 A per phase) +IEC EN 61000-3-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-3 - Limits - Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with rated current ≤ 16 A per phase and not subject to conditional connection +IEC EN 61000-3-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-4: Limits - Limitation of emission of harmonic currents in low-voltage power supply systems for equipment with rated current greater than 16 A (note: for currents > 16 A and ≤ 75 A per phase this standard should be replaced with IEC EN 61000-3-12) +IEC/TS EN 61000-3-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-5: Limits - Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in low-voltage power supply systems for equipment with rated current greater than 75 A +IEC EN 61000-3-11, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-11: Limits - Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems - Equipment with rated current ≤ 75 A and subject to conditional connection +IEC EN 61000-3-12, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-12: Limits - Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to public low-voltage systems with input current > 16 A and ≤ 75 A per phase +IEC EN 61000-4-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)- Part 4-2: Testing and measurement techniques - Electrostatic discharge immunity test +IEC EN 61000-4-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)- Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques - Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test +IEC EN 61000-4-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-4: Testing and measurement techniques - Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test +IEC EN 61000-4-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques - Surge immunity test +IEC EN 61000-4-6, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-6: Testing and measurement techniques - Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields +IEC EN 61000-4-7, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-7: Testing and measurement techniques - General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto +IEC EN 61000-4-8, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-8: Testing and measurement techniques - Power frequency magnetic field immunity test +IEC EN 61000-4-9, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-9: Testing and measurement techniques - Pulse magnetic field immunity test +IEC EN 61000-4-11, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-11: Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests +IEC EN 61000-4-13, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-13: Testing and measurement techniques - Harmonics and interharmonics including mains signalling at a.c. power port, low frequency immunity tests +IEC EN 61000-4-30, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-30: Testing and measurement techniques - Power Quality measurement methods +IEC EN 61000-4-34, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-34: Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests for equipment with mains current more than 16 A per phase +IEC EN 61000-6-1, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-1: Generic standards - Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments +IEC EN 61000-6-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-2: Generic standards - Immunity for industrial environments +IEC EN 61000-6-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-3: Generic standards - Emission standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments +IEC EN 61000-6-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-4: Generic standards - Emission standard for industrial environments +IEC EN 61000-6-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-5: Generic standards - Immunity for equipment used in power station and substation environment +IEC EN 61000-6-6, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-6: Generic standards - HEMP immunity for indoor equipment +IEC EN 61000-6-7, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-7: Generic standards - Immunity requirements for equipment intended to perform functions in a safety-related system (functional safety) in industrial locations +IEC EN 61000-6-8, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-8: Generic standards - Emission standard for professional equipment in commercial and light-industrial locations \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4746b67f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "List of common EMC test standards" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:02.201472+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== CISPR standards == +CISPR [1] is the acronym of Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radio, or the International Special Committee for Radio Protection of IEC. CISPR Standards aim to the protection of radio reception in the range 9 kHz to 400 GHz from interference caused by operation of electrical or electronic appliances and systems in the electromagnetic environment. CISPR standards cover product emission and immunity requirements as well as defining test methods and equipment. +CISPR standards are divided into the following categories: [2] +Basic Standards +They give the general and fundamental conditions or rules for the assessment of EMC and related performance of all products, systems or installations, and serve as reference documents for CISPR Generic and Product (Family) Standards. Basic Standards are general and hence are not dedicated to specific product families or products; they relate to general information, to the disturbing phenomena and to the measurement or testing techniques. They do not contain any prescribed limits or any product/system related performance specifications. However, methods and guidance on how to generate appropriate limits for the protection of radio reception are given. +The following are CISPR Basic EMC Standards: + +CISPR 16-1-1, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Measuring apparatus. +CISPR 16-1-2, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-2: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Coupling devices for conducted disturbance measurements. +CISPR 16-1-3, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-3: Ancillary equipment – Disturbance power. +CISPR 16-1-4, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-4: Antennas and test sites for radiated disturbance measurements. +CISPR 16-1-5, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-5: Antenna calibration sites & reference test sites for 5 MHz to 18 GHz. +CISPR 16-1-6, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-6: EMC antenna calibration. +CISPR 16-2-1, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 2-1: Conducted disturbance measurements. +CISPR 16-2-2, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 2-2: Measurement of disturbance power. +CISPR 16-2-3, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 2-3: Radiated disturbance measurements. +CISPR 16-2-4, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 2-4: Immunity measurements. +CISPR 16-4-2, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measurement apparatus and methods - Part 4-2: Measurement instrumentation uncertainty. +CISPR 17, Methods of measurement of the suppression characteristics of passive EMC filtering devices. +IEC 61000-4-20, Testing and measurement techniques - Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides. +IEC 61000-4-21, Testing and measurement techniques - Reverberation chamber test methods. +IEC 61000-4-22, Testing and measurement techniques - Radiated emissions and immunity measurements in fully anechoic rooms (FARs). +Generic Standards +Generic EMC Standards are standards related to a particular environment, which specify the set of essential EMC requirements and test procedures, applicable to all the products or systems intended for operation in this environment, provided that no specific EMC Standards for a particular product family, product, system or installation exist. Limits are included, and reference is made to the test procedures given in the relevant Basic Standards. +The following are CISPR Generic EMC Standards: + +IEC 61000-6-1, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-1: Generic standards - Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments +IEC 61000-6-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-2: Generic standards - Immunity for industrial environments +IEC 61000-6-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-3: Generic standards - Emission standard for equipment in residential environments. +IEC 61000-6-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-4: Generic standards - Emission standard for industrial environments. +IEC 61000-6-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-5: Generic standards - Immunity for equipment used in power station and substation environment +IEC 61000-6-6, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-6: Generic standards - HEMP immunity for indoor equipment. +IEC 61000-6-7, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-7: Generic standards - Immunity requirements for equipment intended to perform functions in a safety-related system (functional safety) in industrial locations. +IEC 61000-6-8, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-8: Generic standards - Emission standard for professional equipment in commercial and light-industrial locations. +Product (Family) Standards +Product (Family) Standards define specific EMC requirements, test procedures and limits dedicated to particular products, systems or installations for which specific conditions must be considered. +The following are CISPR Product (Family) Standards: + +CISPR 11, Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement. +CISPR 12, Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engine driven devices - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of off-board receivers. +CISPR 13, Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement +(Note: CISPR 13 has been replaced by CISPR 32) + +CISPR 14-1, Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus - Part 1: Emission. +CISPR 14-2, Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus - Part 2: Immunity - Product family standard. +CISPR 15, Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of electrical lighting and similar equipment. +CISPR 20, Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment - Immunity characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement +(Note: CISPR 20 has been replaced by CISPR 35) + +CISPR 22, Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement +(Note: CISPR 22 has been replaced by CISPR 32) + +CISPR 24, Information technology equipment - Immunity characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement +(Note: CISPR 24 has been replaced by CISPR 35) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8916f06ee --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +--- +title: "List of common EMC test standards" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:02.201472+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +CISPR 25, Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engine driven devices - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of on-board receivers. +CISPR 32, Electromagnetic Compatibility of multimedia equipment – Emission requirements. +CISPR 35, Electromagnetic Compatibility of multimedia equipment – Immunity requirements. +CISPR 36, Electric and hybrid electric road vehicles - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of off-board receivers below 30 MHz. +In the CISPR Guide, March 2021 there is a non-exhaustive selection list of products and the appropriate CISPR standards to be applied. + +== ISO standards == +The following are ISO standards on automotive EMC issues. + +ISO 7637, Road vehicles - Electrical disturbances from conduction and coupling +ISO 11452-1, Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 1: General and definitions +ISO 11452-2, Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation source +ISO 11452-3, Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 3: On-board transmitter simulation +ISO 11452-4, Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 4: Bulk current injection (BCI) +ISO 11452-5, Road Vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 5: Stripline +ISO 11452-6, Road Vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 6: Parallel plate antenna +ISO 11452-7, Road Vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 7: Direct radio frequency (RF) power injection +ISO 11452-8, Road Vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 8: Immunity to magnetic fields +ISO 11452-9, Road Vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 9: Portable transmitters +ISO 11452-10, Road Vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 10: Immunity to conducted disturbances in the extended audio frequency range +ISO 11452, Road vehicles - Electrical disturbances by narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Component test methods +ISO 13766, Earthmoving Machinery - Electromagnetic Compatibility +ISO 14982, Agricultural and forestry machinery—Electromagnetic compatibility—Test methods and acceptance criteria + +== SAE Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards committee == +J1113/1, Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedures and Limits for Components of Vehicles, Boats (up to 15 m), and Machines (Except Aircraft) (16.6 Hz to 18 GHz) +J1113/11, Immunity to Conducted Transients on Power Leads +J1113/12, Electrical Interference by Conduction and Coupling—Capacitive and Inductive Coupling via Lines Other than Supply Lines +J1113/13, Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedure for Vehicle Components—Part 13: Immunity to Electrostatic Discharge +J1113/21, Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedure for Vehicle Components—Part 21: Immunity to Electromagnetic Fields, 30 MHz to 18 GHz, Absorber-Lined Chamber +J1113/26, Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedure for Vehicle Components—Immunity to AC Power Line Electric Fields +J1113/27, Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurements Procedure for Vehicle Components—Part 27: Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields—Mode Stir Reverberation Method +J1113/4, Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields—Bulk Current Injection (BCI) Method +J1752/1, Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedures for Integrated Circuits - Integrated Circuit EMC Measurement Procedures—General and Definitions +J1752/2, Measurement of Radiated Emissions from Integrated Circuits—Surface Scan Method (Loop Probe Method) 10 MHz to 3 GHz +J1752/3, Measurement of Radiated Emissions from Integrated Circuits—TEM/Wideband TEM (GTEM) Cell Method; TEM Cell (150 kHz to 1 GHz), Wideband TEM Cell (150 kHz to 8 GHz) +J1812, Function Performance Status Classification for EMC Immunity Testing +J2556, Radiated Emissions (RE) Narrowband Data Analysis—Power Spectral Density (PSD) +J2628, Characterization—Conducted Immunity +J551/1, Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Vehicles, Boats (up to 15 m), & Machines (16.6 Hz to 18 GHz) +J551/15, Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity—Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) +J551/16, Electromagnetic Immunity—Off-Vehicle Source (Reverberation Chamber Method)—Part 16: Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields +J551/17, Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity—Power Line Magnetic Fields +J551/5, Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Magnetic and Electric Field Strength from Electric Vehicles, Broadband, 9 kHz To 30 MHz + +== European standards concerning unwanted electrical emissions == +EN 50 081 part1 European Generic emission standard, part1: Domestic, commercial and light industry environment, replaced by EN61000-6-3 +EN 50 081 part2 European Generic emission standard, part2: industrial environment, replaced by EN61000-6-4 +EN 55 011 European limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics for scientific and medical equipment +EN 55 013 European limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of broadcast receivers +EN 55 014 European limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of household appliances and power tools, replaced by EN55014-1, and immunity part is covered by EN55014-2 +EN 55 015 European limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of fluorescent lamps +EN 55 022 European limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of information technology equipment +EN 55 032 Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment - Emission requirements +EN 60 555 part 2 and 3 Disturbances of power supply network (part 2) and power fluctuations (part 3) caused by of household appliances and power tools, replaced by EN61000-3-2 and EN61000-3-3 +EN 13309 Construction Machinery - Electromagnetic compatibility of machines with internal electrical power supplies +VDE 0875 German EMC directive for broadband interference generated by household appliances +VDE 0871 German EMC directive for broadband and narrowband interference generated by information technology equipment \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a4728897 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "List of common EMC test standards" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:02.201472+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== European standards concerning immunity to electrical emissions == +EN 50 082 part1 European immunity standard, part1: Domestic, commercial and light industry environment, replaced by EN61000-6-1 +EN 50 082 part2 European immunity standard, part2: industrial environment, replaced by EN61000-6-2 +EN 50 093 European, immunity to short dips in the power supply (brownouts) +EN 55 020 European, immunity from radio interference of broadcast receivers +EN 55 024 European immunity requirements for information technology equipment +EN 55 101 older draft of immunity requirements for information technology equipment, replaced by EN 55 024 +EN 50 081 part1 European Generic emission standard, part1: Domestic, commercial and light industry environment, replaced by EN61000-6-3 +EN 50 081 part2 European immunity requirements for information technology equipment, replaced by EN61000-6-4 + +== American standards == +FCC Part 15 regulates unlicensed radio-frequency transmissions, both intentional and unintentional. +FCC Part 15 Subpart A contains a general provision that "devices may not cause interference and must accept interference from other sources." +FCC Part 15 Subpart B US limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance, measuring radio waves accidentally emitted from devices not specifically designed to emit radio waves ("unintentional"), both directly ("radiated") and indirectly ("conducted") +The rest of FCC Part 15 (subparts C through H) deal with unlicensed devices specifically designed to emit radio waves ("intentional"), such as wireless LAN, cordless telephones, low-power broadcasting, walkie-talkies, etc. +Conducted emissions are regulated from 150 kHz to 30 MHz, and radiated emissions are regulated from 30 MHz and up. +MIL-STD 461 is a US Military Standard addressing EMC for subsystem and components. Currently in revision G, it covers Conducted and Radiated Emissions and Susceptibility. +MIL-STD 464 is a US Military Standard addressing EMC for systems. Currently in revision D, it covers E3 interface requirements and verification criteria of military platforms. +MIL-STD-469, MILITARY STANDARD:This standard establishes the engineering interface requirements to control the electromagnetic emission and susceptibility characteristics of all new military radar equipment and systems operating between 100 megahertz (MHz) and 100 gigahertz (GHz). + +== References == + +== External links == +GR-1089-CORE. Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electrical Safety - Generic Criteria for Network Telecommunications Equipment. Part of the NEBS standards. + +== Note == +Do not forget the DO-160 standard \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_astronomy_symbols-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_astronomy_symbols-0.md index 76b1824bd..45428492a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_astronomy_symbols-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_astronomy_symbols-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_astronomy_symbols" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:53:51.908080+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:56.445064+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_display_resolutions-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_display_resolutions-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdefc31f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_display_resolutions-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "List of common display resolutions" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_display_resolutions" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:55.533997+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article lists computer monitor, television, digital film, and other graphics display resolutions that are in common use. Most of them use certain preferred numbers. + + +== Computer graphics == + +Pixel aspect ratio (PAR) +The horizontal to vertical ratio of each pixel. +Storage aspect ratio (SAR) +The horizontal to vertical ratio of solely the number of pixels in each direction. +Display aspect ratio (DAR) +The combination (which occurs by multiplication) of both the pixel aspect ratio and storage aspect ratio giving the aspect ratio as experienced by the viewer. + + +== Television and media == +For television, the display aspect ratio (DAR) is shown, not the storage aspect ratio (SAR); analog television does not have well-defined pixels, while several digital television standards have non-square pixels. + + +=== Analog systems === + + +=== Digital standards === + +Many of these resolutions are also used for video files that are not broadcast. These may also use other aspect ratios by cropping otherwise black bars at the top and bottom which result from cinema aspect ratios greater than 16∶9, such as 1.85 or 2.35 through 2.40 (dubbed "Cinemascope", "21∶9" etc.), while the standard horizontal resolution, e.g. 1920 pixels, is usually kept. The vertical resolution is usually a multiple of 8 or 16 pixels due to most video codecs processing pixels on such sized blocks. A widescreen FHD video can be 1920 × 800 for a 12∶5 ratio or 1920 × 1040 for roughly 1.85∶1, for instance. + + +== Films == + +The below distinguish SAR (aspect ratio of pixel dimensions), DAR (aspect ratio of displayed image dimensions), and the corresponding PAR (aspect ratio of individual pixels), though it currently contains some errors (inconsistencies), as flagged. + + +== Video conferencing == + + +== CCTV == +960H is a resolution used in analog CCTV equipment. 960H represents the number of horizontal pixels in a video signal transmitted from a camera or received by a DVR (Digital Video Recorder). The resolution of 960H depends on whether the equipment is PAL or NTSC based: 960H represents 960 × 576 (PAL) or 960 × 480 (NTSC) pixels. 960H represents an increase in pixels of some 30% over standard D1 resolution, which is 720 × 576 pixels (PAL), or 720 × 480 pixels (NTSC). The increased resolution over D1 comes as a result of a longer horizontal scan. The difference is that whilst D1 has a 4:3 aspect ratio 960H has a 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio. The extra pixels are used to form the increased area to the sides of the D1 image. The pixel density of 960H is identical to standard D1 resolution so it does not give any improvement in image quality, merely a wider aspect ratio. +Alternative analog video transport technologies carrying higher resolutions than 960H include HD-TVI, HDCVI, and AHD. + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Myers, Robert L. (4 October 2002). "Format and Timing Standards". Display Interfaces: Fundamentals and Standards. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. p. 132. ISBN 0-471-49946-3. +Rosch, Winn L. (21 February 2003). "Display Systems". Winn L. Rosch Hardware Bible (6th ed.). Que Publishing. p. 827. ISBN 0-7897-2859-1. + + +== External links == +Interactive Visualization : Screen Resolutions +Resolutions for Common Aspect Ratios Archived 20 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards-0.md index 86124f285..6ccc8c427 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:04:38.462049+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:52.928274+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_convolutions_of_probability_distributions-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_convolutions_of_probability_distributions-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..454e18b60 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_convolutions_of_probability_distributions-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,1363 @@ +--- +title: "List of convolutions of probability distributions" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_convolutions_of_probability_distributions" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:37.331297+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In probability theory, the probability distribution of the sum of two or more independent random variables is the convolution of their individual distributions. The term is motivated by the fact that the probability mass function or probability density function of a sum of independent random variables is the convolution of their corresponding probability mass functions or probability density functions respectively. Many well known distributions have simple convolutions. The following is a list of these convolutions. Each statement is of the form + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + X + + i + + + ∼ + Y + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}X_{i}\sim Y} + + +where + + + + + X + + 1 + + + , + + X + + 2 + + + , + … + , + + X + + n + + + + + {\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\dots ,X_{n}} + + are independent random variables, and + + + + Y + + + {\displaystyle Y} + + is the distribution that results from the convolution of + + + + + X + + 1 + + + , + + X + + 2 + + + , + … + , + + X + + n + + + + + {\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\dots ,X_{n}} + +. In place of + + + + + X + + i + + + + + {\displaystyle X_{i}} + + and + + + + Y + + + {\displaystyle Y} + + the names of the corresponding distributions and their parameters have been indicated. + +== Discrete distributions == + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + B + e + r + n + o + u + l + l + i + + ( + p + ) + ∼ + + B + i + n + o + m + i + a + l + + ( + n + , + p + ) + + 0 + < + p + < + 1 + + n + = + 1 + , + 2 + , + … + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathrm {Bernoulli} (p)\sim \mathrm {Binomial} (n,p)\qquad 0 + 0 + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathrm {Poisson} (\lambda _{i})\sim \mathrm {Poisson} \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\lambda _{i}\right)\qquad \lambda _{i}>0} + + +== Continuous distributions == + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + Stable + ⁡ + + ( + + α + , + + β + + i + + + , + + c + + i + + + , + + μ + + i + + + + ) + + = + Stable + ⁡ + + ( + + α + , + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + β + + i + + + + c + + i + + + α + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + c + + i + + + α + + + + + + , + + + ( + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + c + + i + + + α + + + + ) + + + 1 + + / + + α + + + , + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + μ + + i + + + + ) + + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\operatorname {Stable} \left(\alpha ,\beta _{i},c_{i},\mu _{i}\right)=\operatorname {Stable} \left(\alpha ,{\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}\beta _{i}c_{i}^{\alpha }}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}c_{i}^{\alpha }}},\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}c_{i}^{\alpha }\right)^{1/\alpha },\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mu _{i}\right)} + + + + + + + 0 + < + + α + + i + + + ≤ + 2 + + − + 1 + ≤ + + β + + i + + + ≤ + 1 + + + c + + i + + + > + 0 + + ∞ + < + + μ + + i + + + < + ∞ + + + {\displaystyle \qquad 0<\alpha _{i}\leq 2\quad -1\leq \beta _{i}\leq 1\quad c_{i}>0\quad \infty <\mu _{i}<\infty } + + +The following three statements are special cases of the above statement: + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + Normal + ⁡ + ( + + μ + + i + + + , + + σ + + i + + + 2 + + + ) + ∼ + Normal + ⁡ + + ( + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + μ + + i + + + , + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + σ + + i + + + 2 + + + + ) + + + − + ∞ + < + + μ + + i + + + < + ∞ + + + σ + + i + + + 2 + + + > + 0 + + ( + α + = + 2 + , + + β + + i + + + = + 0 + ) + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\operatorname {Normal} (\mu _{i},\sigma _{i}^{2})\sim \operatorname {Normal} \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mu _{i},\sum _{i=1}^{n}\sigma _{i}^{2}\right)\qquad -\infty <\mu _{i}<\infty \quad \sigma _{i}^{2}>0\quad (\alpha =2,\beta _{i}=0)} + + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + Cauchy + ⁡ + ( + + a + + i + + + , + + γ + + i + + + ) + ∼ + Cauchy + ⁡ + + ( + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + a + + i + + + , + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + γ + + i + + + + ) + + + − + ∞ + < + + a + + i + + + < + ∞ + + + γ + + i + + + > + 0 + + ( + α + = + 1 + , + + β + + i + + + = + 0 + ) + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\operatorname {Cauchy} (a_{i},\gamma _{i})\sim \operatorname {Cauchy} \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i},\sum _{i=1}^{n}\gamma _{i}\right)\qquad -\infty 0\quad (\alpha =1,\beta _{i}=0)} + + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + Levy + ⁡ + ( + + μ + + i + + + , + + c + + i + + + ) + ∼ + Levy + ⁡ + + ( + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + μ + + i + + + , + + + ( + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + + + c + + i + + + + + + ) + + + 2 + + + + ) + + + − + ∞ + < + + μ + + i + + + < + ∞ + + + c + + i + + + > + 0 + + ( + α + = + 1 + + / + + 2 + , + + β + + i + + + = + 1 + ) + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\operatorname {Levy} (\mu _{i},c_{i})\sim \operatorname {Levy} \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mu _{i},\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\sqrt {c_{i}}}\right)^{2}\right)\qquad -\infty <\mu _{i}<\infty \quad c_{i}>0\quad (\alpha =1/2,\beta _{i}=1)} + + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + Gamma + ⁡ + ( + + α + + i + + + , + β + ) + ∼ + Gamma + ⁡ + + ( + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + α + + i + + + , + β + + ) + + + + α + + i + + + > + 0 + + β + > + 0 + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\operatorname {Gamma} (\alpha _{i},\beta )\sim \operatorname {Gamma} \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\alpha _{i},\beta \right)\qquad \alpha _{i}>0\quad \beta >0} + + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + Voigt + ⁡ + ( + + μ + + i + + + , + + γ + + i + + + , + + σ + + i + + + ) + ∼ + Voigt + ⁡ + + ( + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + μ + + i + + + , + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + γ + + i + + + , + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + σ + + i + + + 2 + + + + + + ) + + + − + ∞ + < + + μ + + i + + + < + ∞ + + + γ + + i + + + > + 0 + + + σ + + i + + + > + 0 + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\operatorname {Voigt} (\mu _{i},\gamma _{i},\sigma _{i})\sim \operatorname {Voigt} \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mu _{i},\sum _{i=1}^{n}\gamma _{i},{\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{n}\sigma _{i}^{2}}}\right)\qquad -\infty <\mu _{i}<\infty \quad \gamma _{i}>0\quad \sigma _{i}>0} + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_convolutions_of_probability_distributions-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_convolutions_of_probability_distributions-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41665752b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_convolutions_of_probability_distributions-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,594 @@ +--- +title: "List of convolutions of probability distributions" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_convolutions_of_probability_distributions" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:37.331297+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + VarianceGamma + ⁡ + ( + + μ + + i + + + , + α + , + β + , + + λ + + i + + + ) + ∼ + VarianceGamma + ⁡ + + ( + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + μ + + i + + + , + α + , + β + , + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + λ + + i + + + + ) + + + − + ∞ + < + + μ + + i + + + < + ∞ + + + λ + + i + + + > + 0 + + + + + α + + 2 + + + − + + β + + 2 + + + + + > + 0 + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\operatorname {VarianceGamma} (\mu _{i},\alpha ,\beta ,\lambda _{i})\sim \operatorname {VarianceGamma} \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mu _{i},\alpha ,\beta ,\sum _{i=1}^{n}\lambda _{i}\right)\qquad -\infty <\mu _{i}<\infty \quad \lambda _{i}>0\quad {\sqrt {\alpha ^{2}-\beta ^{2}}}>0} + + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + Exponential + ⁡ + ( + θ + ) + ∼ + Erlang + ⁡ + ( + n + , + θ + ) + + θ + > + 0 + + n + = + 1 + , + 2 + , + … + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\operatorname {Exponential} (\theta )\sim \operatorname {Erlang} (n,\theta )\qquad \theta >0\quad n=1,2,\dots } + + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + Exponential + ⁡ + ( + + λ + + i + + + ) + ∼ + Hypoexponential + ⁡ + ( + + λ + + 1 + + + , + … + , + + λ + + n + + + ) + + + λ + + i + + + > + 0 + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\operatorname {Exponential} (\lambda _{i})\sim \operatorname {Hypoexponential} (\lambda _{1},\dots ,\lambda _{n})\qquad \lambda _{i}>0} + + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + χ + + 2 + + + ( + + r + + i + + + ) + ∼ + + χ + + 2 + + + + ( + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + r + + i + + + + ) + + + + r + + i + + + = + 1 + , + 2 + , + … + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\chi ^{2}(r_{i})\sim \chi ^{2}\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}r_{i}\right)\qquad r_{i}=1,2,\dots } + + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + r + + + + N + + 2 + + + ( + 0 + , + 1 + ) + ∼ + + χ + + r + + + 2 + + + + r + = + 1 + , + 2 + , + … + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{r}N^{2}(0,1)\sim \chi _{r}^{2}\qquad r=1,2,\dots } + + + + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + ( + + X + + i + + + − + + + + X + ¯ + + + + + ) + + 2 + + + ∼ + + σ + + 2 + + + + χ + + n + − + 1 + + + 2 + + + , + + + + {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}(X_{i}-{\bar {X}})^{2}\sim \sigma ^{2}\chi _{n-1}^{2},\quad } + + where + + + + + X + + 1 + + + , + … + , + + X + + n + + + + + {\displaystyle X_{1},\dots ,X_{n}} + + is a random sample from + + + + N + ( + μ + , + + σ + + 2 + + + ) + + + {\displaystyle N(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})} + + and + + + + + + + X + ¯ + + + + = + + + 1 + n + + + + ∑ + + i + = + 1 + + + n + + + + X + + i + + + . + + + {\displaystyle {\bar {X}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}X_{i}.} + + +Mixed distributions: + + + + + Normal + ⁡ + ( + μ + , + + σ + + 2 + + + ) + + + Cauchy + ⁡ + ( + + x + + 0 + + + , + γ + ) + ∼ + Voigt + ⁡ + ( + μ + + + + x + + 0 + + + , + σ + , + γ + ) + + − + ∞ + < + μ + < + ∞ + + − + ∞ + < + + x + + 0 + + + < + ∞ + + γ + > + 0 + + σ + > + 0 + + + {\displaystyle \operatorname {Normal} (\mu ,\sigma ^{2})+\operatorname {Cauchy} (x_{0},\gamma )\sim \operatorname {Voigt} (\mu +x_{0},\sigma ,\gamma )\qquad -\infty <\mu <\infty \quad -\infty 0\quad \sigma >0} + + +== See also == + +== References == + +== Sources == +Hogg, Robert V.; McKean, Joseph W.; Craig, Allen T. (2004). Introduction to mathematical statistics (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 692. ISBN 978-0-13-008507-8. MR 0467974. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_credentials_in_psychology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_credentials_in_psychology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54e05b739 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_credentials_in_psychology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +--- +title: "List of credentials in psychology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_credentials_in_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:50.603251+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list is of professional and academic credentials in the field of psychology and allied fields in United States of America, including education, counseling, social work, and family therapy. + + +== Degrees == +Although undergraduate (Bachelor's) degrees for psychology and counseling exist, in most jurisdictions the minimum requirement for professional licensure is a graduate degree (master's or doctorate). + +Associate degrees +Associate of Art (AA) or Associate of Science (AS): Associate degrees are usually two-year degrees and are often offered at community colleges. Many choose to start with associate degrees in counseling psychology, clinical psychology, or related fields, before starting work on degrees which require further education. An associate degree is usually not required in order to enroll in a bachelor's degree program. An associate degree does not meet the requirements for clinical practice or licensure. +Bachelor's degrees +Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BS): Bachelor's degrees usually require four years of study and are required prior to entry into graduate programs where Master's or Doctoral degrees may be earned. Although a person may earn a bachelor's degree in counseling psychology, clinical psychology or related fields in mental health, a person may have had a major concentration in another field of study and still qualify for entry into a graduate school for study in the area of psychology. A bachelor's degree does not meet the requirements for clinical practice or licensure. +Master's degrees in psychology +Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MS) in behavior analysis, counseling psychology, clinical psychology. +A Master of Arts (MA) in marriage and family therapy may be in psychology. A master's degree in the specified area may require completion of a master's thesis, dissertation and/or project. +Master of Science in Counseling (MSC) +Master's degrees in related fields (See mental health professional) +Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MS) in education, family therapy, or a related field. A master's degree in the specified area may require completion of a master's thesis, dissertation and/or project. +Master of Marriage and Family Therapy (MMFT) (may or may not be a psychology program) +Master of Social Work (MSW) +Master of Arts in Professional Counseling (MAPC) +Masters of Science in Education (MSEd) +Doctoral degrees in psychology +Doctor of Philosophy (PhD): A Doctor of Philosophy degree in psychology prepares the student to conduct independent research and to provide professional services (consultation, assessment, diagnosis, therapy). To use the title "psychologist," individuals must have graduated specifically from a psychology program and meet their state requirements and obtain a license to practice psychology. +Doctor of Psychology (PsyD): Requires the student to create relevant and helpful research that contributes to the existing body of knowledge or scholarship in an area. At one time, the PsyD was assumed to not require significant research activities, focusing more on advanced clinical training. However, most academic institutions offering a PsyD today require the completion of a dissertation suitable for publishing. To use the title "psychologist," individuals must meet their state requirements and obtain a license to practice psychology. +Licentiate in Psychology or Psychologist (LPsy) – professional title used in EU and Latin American countries and equivalent of PsyD in the United States +Doctoral degrees in related fields (See mental health professional). +Doctor of Philosophy (PhD): A Doctor of Philosophy degree in a related field prepares the student to conduct independent research and to provide professional services (consultation, therapy). PhD degrees are awarded in social work, counselor education, and marriage and family therapy. +Doctor of Education (EdD): Similar to PhD but granted by a college of education within a university. This degree is based on the scientist-practitioner model which prepares the holder for both types of work, i.e., clinical as well as research. +Doctor of Marriage and Family Therapy (DMFT) +Doctor of Social Work (DSW) +Doctor of Psychoanalysis (Psya.D. or D.Psa.): historically awarded by some psychoanalytic institutions + + +== Professional licenses == +Licensure as a "Psychologist." To use the title "psychologist," individuals must meet their state requirements and obtain a license to practice psychology. +Licensed Psychologist – Doctorate in Psychology (except for West Virginia which requires a Master's in Psychology), supervised hours ranging from 1,500 to 6,000 (depending on the state), passing the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology, passing additional state specific exams +Licensed Master's Degreed Psychologists +Licensed Psychological Associate – Master's in Psychology (Alaska, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, & Texas) +Licensed Psychologist Associate – Master's in Psychology (Colorado, New Mexico, & Oregon) +Licensed Psychological Examiner – Master's in Psychology (Arkansas & Maine) +Licensed Psychological Assistant – Master's in Psychology (Tennessee) +Licensed Psychologist – Master's in Psychology (West Virginia) +Limited License Psychology - Master's in Psychology (Michigan) +Other forms of licensure for mental health professionals. Professional licenses for mental health providers with a master's degree issued by US states to graduate degree holders which allow them to legally practice (additional requirements/training/hours, for Supervisors "-S") + +Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LPC or LCPC depending on the state) - Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology and/or Counseling, supervised experience, plus passing National Board Licensing and State Board Licensing Exams (double board certified) +Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) – Master of Social Work required, plus supervised experience (2 to 3 years depending on the state), and continuing education +Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) – Master of Social Work required, plus clinical training, 2 to 3 years training under an LICSW (depending on the state), and continuing education +Licensed Creative Arts Therapist (LCAT) – Master's in Art Therapy, Music Therapy, Dance/Movement Therapy, or Drama Therapy, plus supervised experience +Licensed Graduate Social Worker (LGSW) - Master of Social Work required, plus passing the licensing exam (Alabama, District of Columbia, Maryland, Minnesota, West Virginia) +Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) – Master's in Marriage and Family Therapy and/or psychology required, plus 1,000+ (depending on state) hours of supervised experience, plus passing the licensing exam +Licensed Master Social Worker (LMSW) - Master of Social Work required, plus passing the licensing exam (Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas) +Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC, LCMHC, or CMHC depending on the state) – Master's in Counseling and/or Psychology, plus 3 years supervised experience plus passing the licensing exam. +Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC or LPC depending on the state) - Master's in Counseling and/or Psychology, plus supervised experience +Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor (LPC-S) - Master's in Counseling, Family Therapy or Psychology, plus supervised experience + + +== Professional certifications and specializations == +Certifications for licensed providers are offered by various non-profit and for-profit organizations such as the National Board for Certified Counselors and Affiliates. In most states, a license to practice is also required. + +Psychotraumatology and Trauma Professionals + +PsyT - Psychotraumatology Specialist in Postraumatic Stress, Complex Trauma and Dissociation. +CPT - Certified Trauma Professional is the standard for Trauma Studies. + + +== References == +Psychology Today. "The Credentials". Retrieved December 6, 2016. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_developmental_psychologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_developmental_psychologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa6132e34 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_developmental_psychologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,261 @@ +--- +title: "List of developmental psychologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_developmental_psychologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:52.525800+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of academics, both past and present, noted for their contributions to the field of developmental psychology. + + +== A == + +Edith Ackermann (1946–2016) +Lauren Adamson +Mary Ainsworth (1913–1999) +Martha W. Alibali +Louise Bates Ames (1908–1906) +Jeffrey Arnett +Louise Arseneault + + +== B == +Donald M. Baer (1931–2002) +Albert Bandura (1925–2021) +Renée Baillargeon +James Mark Baldwin (1861–1934) +Paul Baltes (1939–2006) +Simon Baron-Cohen +Rachel Barr +Nancy Bayley (1899–1994) +Diana Baumrind (1927–2018) +Jay Belsky (1952–) +Rebecca Bigler +Sidney W. Bijou (1908–2009) +Leann Birch (1946–2019) +David F. Bjorklund +Lois Bloom +Marc H. Bornstein (1947–) +John Bowlby (1907–1990) +Gene Brody +Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) +Jeanne Brooks-Gunn (1946–) +Christia Spears Brown +Jerome Bruner (1915–2016) +Charlotte Bühler +Erica Burman + + +== C == +Deborah M. Capaldi +Stephen J. Ceci +Dante Cicchetti +Edouard Claparède (1873–1940) +Mamie Phipps Clark (1917–1983) +Ann M. Clarke (1928–2015) +K. Alison Clarke-Stewart (1943–2014) +Cynthia García Coll +Rand Conger +Wendy Craig +Nicki R. Crick (1958–2012) + + +== D == +Brian D'Onofrio +Kazimierz Dąbrowski +William Damon +Kirby Deater-Deckard +Andreas Demetriou +Martin Deutsch +Rheta DeVries +Adele Diamond +Kenneth A. Dodge +Judith Dunn + + +== E == +Jacquelynne Eccles +Bruce J. Ellis + + +== F == +Robert L. Fantz (1925–1981) +Shirley Feldman +Anne Fernald +John H. Flavell (1928–) +Robyn Fivush +Nathan Fox +Michael C. Frank +Uta Frith (1941–) +Hans G. Furth + + +== G == +Howard Gardner (1943–) +Eleanor J. Gibson (1910–2002) +H. Hill Goldsmith +Roberta Michnick Golinkoff +Florence Goodenough (1886–1959) +Gail Goodman +Alison Gopnik +Thérèse Gouin-Décarie +Clare W. Graves (1914–1986) +Giordana Grossi + + +== H == + +G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924) +Glenna Halvorson-Boyd +Margaret Kuenne Harlow (1918–1971) +Isoko Hatano (1905–1978) +Jutta Heckhausen +E. Mavis Hetherington (1926–2023) +Kathy Hirsh-Pasek +George Holden +Lois Holzman +Frances Degen Horowitz (1932–2021) +Ruth Winifred Howard (1900–1997) +Aletha C. Huston + + +== I == +Bärbel Inhelder (1913–1997) +Susan Sutherland Isaacs (1885–1948) +Jana Iverson + + +== J == +Carol Nagy Jacklin + + +== K == + +Jerome Kagan +Robert Kegan +Melanie Killen +Grazyna Kochanska +Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) +Helen L. Koch (1895–1977) + + +== L == +Michael Lamb +Lee C. Lee (1935–2006) +Aleksei Leontiev (1903–1979) +Richard M. Lerner (1946–) +Daniel Levinson (1920–1994) +Lynn S. Liben +Jane Loevinger (1918–2008) +Abraham Low (1891–1954) +Margaret Lowenfeld (1890–1973) + + +== M == +Eleanor Maccoby (1917–2018) +James Marcia +Ann Masten +Daphne Maurer +Kathleen McCartney +Vonnie McLoyd +Andrew N. Meltzoff (1950–) +Patricia H. Miller +Paul H. Mussen + + +== N == +Katherine Nelson (1930–2018) +John Nesselroade +Erich Neumann +Elissa L. Newport +Anat Ninio +Mary Louise Northway + + +== O == +Jelena Obradovic +Kristina Olson +Joy Osofsky +Willis Overton + + +== P == +Juan Pascual-Leone +Anne C. Petersen (1944–) +Jean Piaget (1896–1980) +Debra Pepler +James W. Prescott (1934–) + + +== R == +Marian Radke-Yarrow (1918–2007) +Pamela Trotman Reid +Harriet Lange Rheingold (1908–2000) +Gina Rippon +Mary K. Rothbart (1940–) +Michael Rutter (1933–2021) + + +== S == +Carolyn Saarni (1945–2015) +Jenny Saffran +Arnold J. Sameroff +K. Warner Schaie +Núria Sebastián Gallés +Michael Siegal +Linda Siegel +Robert S. Siegler +Marian Sigman +B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) +Sara Smilansky (1922–2006) +Linda B. Smith +Peter K. Smith +Andrea Smorti +Catherine E. Snow +Aletha Solter +Edmund Sonuga-Barke +Elizabeth Spelke +Margaret Beale Spencer +Laurence Steinberg (1952–) +Clara Stern (1877–1945) +Deborah Stipek +Robert Stoller (1925–1991) + + +== T == +Ruby Takanishi +Esther Thelen +Barbara Tizard +Deborah Tolman +Michael Tomasello +Carol Tomlinson-Keasey +Edward Tronick +Elliot Tucker-Drob +Elliot Turiel (1938–) +Gerald Turkewitz + + +== V == +Deborah Vandell +Jaan Valsiner +Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) + + +== W == + +Theodore Wachs +John B. Watson (1878–1958) +Sandra Waxman +Richard A. Weinberg +Janet F. Werker +Emmy Werner (1929–2017) + + +== Z == +Carolyn Zahn-Waxler +Sandra Waxman +Edward Zigler (1930–2019) +Pyotr Zinchenko (1903–1969) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_educational_psychologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_educational_psychologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82cac4601 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_educational_psychologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +--- +title: "List of educational psychologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_educational_psychologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:56.939540+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of academicians, both past and present, who are widely renowned for their groundbreaking contributions to the field of educational psychology. + + +== A == +Patricia Alexander +John Robert Anderson (born 1947) +Richard C. Anderson (born 1934) +Chris Argyris (1923–2013) +Elliot Aronson +Richard C. Atkinson (born 1929) +David Ausubel (1918–2008) + + +== B == +Albert Bandura (1925–2021) +Russell Barkley +Carl Bereiter +David Berliner +Ellen Bialystok +John B. Biggs +Alfred Binet (1857–1911) +Benjamin Bloom (1913–1999) +Guy Bond +Hilda Borko +Ann Brown (1943–1999) +Jerome Bruner (1915–2016) + + +== C == +Donald T. Campbell (1916–1996) +Idit Harel Caperton (born 1958) +John Bissell Carroll (1916–2003) +Nancy Cole +Allan Collins +Lee Cronbach (1916–2001) + + +== D == +John Dewey (1859–1952) +Andrea diSessa +Stewart Donaldson + + +== E == +Robert L. Ebel (born 1942) +Kieran Egan +Noel Entwistle +Dorothy Espelage (born 1968) + + +== F == +Charles Ferster (1922–1981) +Reuven Feuerstein (1921–2014) +John H. Flavell (born 1928) + + +== G == +Nathaniel Gage (1917–2008) +Robert M. Gagné (1916–2002) +Howard Gardner (born 1943) +David C. Geary +Robert Glaser +Gene V. Glass (born 1940) +Anthony Gregorc +Loren Grey (1915–2007) + + +== H == +G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924) +Diane F. Halpern +Karen R. Harris +Michael Hogg +John L. Holland +Klaus Holzkamp (1927–1995) +Lois Holzman +J. McVicker Hunt + + +== J == +William James (1842–1910) +Arthur Jensen (1923–2012) +Charles Hubbard Judd (1873–1946) + + +== K == +Alan S. Kaufman (born 1944) +Kenneth Koedinger (born 1962) +Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) +David A. Kolb (born 1939) +David Krathwohl + + +== L == +Nadine Lambert (1926–2006) +Jean Lave +Aleksei N. Leontiev (1903–1979) +Alan Lesgold +Robert L. Linn + + +== M == +Herbert W. Marsh +Ferenc Marton (born 1939) +Richard Mayer +Maria Montessori (1870–1952) + + +== N == +Lilli Nielsen (1926–2013) + + +== O == +Angela O'Donnell +Joy Osofsky + + +== P == +Gordon Pask (1928–1996) +Roy Pea +Eva Bendix Petersen +Jean Piaget (1896–1980) +Paul Pintrich (1953–2003) + + +== R == +Joseph Renzulli (born 1936) +Lauren Resnick +James Rest +Cecil Reynolds +Carl Rogers (1902–1987) + + +== S == +Roger Säljö (born 1948) +Gavriel Salomon +Marlene Scardamalia +Dale Schunk +Michael Scriven (born 1928) +Carl Seashore (1866–1949) +Marilyn Mailman Segal +Richard Shavelson +Michael Shonrock (born 1957) +Lee Shulman +Herbert A. Simon +B. F. Skinner +Victor Skumin (born 1948) +Robert Slavin +Catherine E. Snow +Charles Spearman +Julian Stanley +Robert Sternberg +Deborah J. Stipek +Patrick Suppes +John Sweller + + +== T == +Lewis Terman +Edward Thorndike +Robert L. Thorndike +David Tzuriel + + +== V == +Ernst von Glasersfeld (1917–2010) +Lev Vygotsky + + +== W == +David Wechsler +Bernard Weiner +Cassandra B. Whyte +William Winn +Philip Winne + + +== Z == +Caroline Beaumont Zachry +Barry Zimmerman \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_American_Statistical_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_American_Statistical_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d179e94ba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_American_Statistical_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,342 @@ +--- +title: "List of fellows of the American Statistical Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_American_Statistical_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:13.460533+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Like many other academic professional societies, the American Statistical Association (ASA) uses the title of Fellow of the American Statistical Association as its highest honorary grade of membership. The designation of ASA Fellow has been a significant honor for nearly 100 years. The number of new fellows per year is limited to one third of one percent of the membership of the ASA. To be selected, nominees must have an established reputation and have made outstanding contributions to statistical science. People named as Fellows are listed below. + + +== Fellows == + + +=== 1914 === + + +=== 1916 === + + +=== 1917 === + + +=== 1918 === + + +=== 1920 === + + +=== 1921 === + + +=== 1922 === + + +=== 1923 === + + +=== 1924 === + + +=== 1926 === + + +=== 1927 === + + +=== 1928 === + + +=== 1930 === + + +=== 1931 === + + +=== 1932 === + + +=== 1933 === + + +=== 1934 === + + +=== 1935 === + + +=== 1936 === + + +=== 1937 === + + +=== 1939 === + + +=== 1940 === + + +=== 1941 === + + +=== 1942 === + + +=== 1943 === + + +=== 1944 === + + +=== 1945 === + + +=== 1946 === + + +=== 1947 === + + +=== 1948 === + + +=== 1949 === + + +=== 1950 === + + +=== 1951 === + + +=== 1952 === + + +=== 1953 === + + +=== 1954 === + + +=== 1955 === + + +=== 1956 === + + +=== 1957 === + + +=== 1958 === + + +=== 1959 === + + +=== 1960 === + + +=== 1961 === + + +=== 1962 === + + +=== 1963 === + + +=== 1964 === + + +=== 1965 === + + +=== 1966 === + + +=== 1967 === + + +=== 1968 === + + +=== 1969 === + + +=== 1970 === + + +=== 1971 === + + +=== 1972 === + + +=== 1973 === + + +=== 1974 === + + +=== 1975 === + + +=== 1976 === + + +=== 1977 === + + +=== 1978 === + + +=== 1979 === + + +=== 1980 === + + +=== 1981 === + + +=== 1982 === + + +=== 1983 === + + +=== 1984 === + + +=== 1985 === + + +=== 1986 === + + +=== 1987 === + + +=== 1988 === + + +=== 1989 === + + +=== 1990 === + + +=== 1991 === + + +=== 1992 === + + +=== 1993 === + + +=== 1994 === + + +=== 1995 === + + +=== 1996 === + + +=== 1997 === + + +=== 1998 === + + +=== 1999 === + + +=== 2000 === + + +=== 2001 === + + +=== 2002 === + + +=== 2003 === + + +=== 2004 === + + +=== 2005 === + + +=== 2006 === + + +=== 2007 === + + +=== 2008 === + + +=== 2009 === + + +=== 2010 === + + +=== 2011 === + + +=== 2012 === + + +=== 2013 === + + +=== 2014 === + + +=== 2015 === + + +=== 2016 === + + +=== 2017 === + + +=== 2018 === + + +=== 2019 === + + +=== 2020 === + + +=== 2021 === + + +=== 2022 === + + +=== 2023 === + + +=== 2024 === + + +=== 2025 === + + +== See also == +American Statistical Association Founders Award + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fields_of_application_of_statistics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fields_of_application_of_statistics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e3d9f3fc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fields_of_application_of_statistics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "List of fields of application of statistics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fields_of_application_of_statistics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:14.624996+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Statistics is the mathematical science involving the collection, analysis and interpretation of data. A number of specialties have evolved to apply statistical and methods to various disciplines. Certain topics have "statistical" in their name but relate to manipulations of probability distributions rather than to statistical analysis. + +Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries. +Astrostatistics is the discipline that applies statistical analysis to the understanding of astronomical data. +Biostatistics is a branch of biology that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis, and includes medical statistics. +Business analytics is a rapidly developing business process that applies statistical methods to data sets (often very large) to develop new insights and understanding of business performance & opportunities +Chemometrics is the science of relating measurements made on a chemical system or process to the state of the system via application of mathematical or statistical methods. +Demography is the statistical study of all populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population, that is, one that changes over time or space. +Econometrics is a branch of economics that applies statistical methods to the empirical study of economic theories and relationships. +Environmental statistics is the application of statistical methods to environmental science. Weather, climate, air and water quality are included, as are studies of plant and animal populations. +Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. +Forensic statistics is the application of probability models and statistical techniques to scientific evidence, such as DNA evidence, and the law. In contrast to "everyday" statistics, to not engender bias or unduly draw conclusions, forensic statisticians report likelihoods as likelihood ratios (LR). +Spatial statistics is a branch of applied statistics that deals with the analysis of spatial data +Geostatistics is a branch of geography that deals with the analysis of data from disciplines such as petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geography. +Jurimetrics is the application of probability and statistics to law. +Machine learning is the subfield of computer science that formulates algorithms in order to make predictions from data. +Operations research (or operational research) is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics and formal science that uses methods such as mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms to arrive at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex problems; Management science focuses on problems in the business world. +Population ecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment. +Psychometrics is the theory and technique of educational and psychological measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits. +Quality control reviews the factors involved in manufacturing and production; it can make use of statistical sampling of product items to aid decisions in process control or in accepting deliveries. +Quantitative psychology is the science of statistically explaining and changing mental processes and behaviors in humans. +Reliability engineering is the study of the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time. +Social statistics is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment. +Statistical finance, an area of econophysics, is an empirical attempt to shift finance from its normative roots to a positivist framework using exemplars from statistical physics with an emphasis on emergent or collective properties of financial markets. +Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force. +Statistical physics is one of the fundamental theories of physics, and uses methods of probability theory in solving physical problems. +Statistical signal processing utilizes the statistical properties of signals to perform signal processing tasks. +Statistical thermodynamics is the study of the microscopic behaviors of thermodynamic systems using probability theory and provides a molecular level interpretation of thermodynamic quantities such as work, heat, free energy, and entropy. + + +== See also == +List of statistics topics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_global_sustainability_statistics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_global_sustainability_statistics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1622f8136 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_global_sustainability_statistics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "List of global sustainability statistics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_global_sustainability_statistics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:46.742395+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Global sustainability statistics are benchmarks for measuring the status of sustainability parameters. The following agencies provide baseline data for sustainability governance. They are just one form of data used for sustainability accounting and are valuable for assessing trends and measuring progress. +This list provides sources of statistics at the global level of governance only. + +General lists +Meadows, D.H., Randers, J. & Meadows, D.L. 2004. Limits to growth: the 30-year update. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River Junction, USA. +The CIAs World Fact Book +World Data Center +United Nations Environmental Indicators Also publications on environmental statistics and statistical methods. +Water (water resources, water supply industry, waste water) +Air pollution (SO2 & NOx), +Climate change (greenhouse gas emissions; by sector(absolute & percentage); CO2 emissions; CH4 & N2O emissions) +Waste (municipal waste collection, treatment, hazardous waste) +Land use (total land area by country, forest area by country, agricultural area by country). +European Commission (Eurostat) +Biodiversity +Groombridge, B & Jenkins, M.D. 2002. World Atlas of Biodiversity. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre +Energy +BP Statistical Review of World Energy +The International Energy Agency. Key World Energy Statistics +UN Energy Statistics Database +Fisheries +UN Food and Agriculture Organization +Forests +UN Food and Agriculture Organization +Fertilizer +International Fertilizer Industry Association +Food and agriculture +UN Food and Agriculture Organization. FAOSTAT +Population +United Nations Population Division +United Nations Database +Population Reference Bureau +American Association for Advancement of Science +Water +International Water Management Institute +Stockholm International Water Institute +United Nations Environmental Program +Global Runoff Data Centre + + +== See also == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graphical_methods-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graphical_methods-0.md index 8ababc322..c3fb89768 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graphical_methods-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graphical_methods-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graphical_methods" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:14:42.275606+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:18.172517+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91b03ca05 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +--- +title: "List of humor research publications" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:09.499651+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article lists publications in humor research, with brief annotations. The list includes books and scholarly journals that regularly cover articles in humor research. +This list is not intended for humorous books and joke collections that do not have any scholarly analysis of humor. + +== Early publications == +Henri Bergson: his 1900 book of three essays, Laughter, was written in French; its original title is Le Rire. Essai sur la signification du comique ("Laughter, an essay on the meaning of the comic"). +Sigmund Freud: his 1905 book on jokes and unconscious has been translated in many languages, including several translations in English +Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious, Translated by James Strachey, 1963, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-00145-8 +The Joke and Its Relation to the Unconscious, Translated by Joyce Crick +2002, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-118554-6 +2003, Penguin Classics, ISBN 0-14-243744-1 +Max Eastman +The Sense of Humor, New York: Scribners, 1921 +The Enjoyment of Laughter, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1936 + +== Monographs == +Dramlitsch, Thomas, The Origin of Humor, 2018, ISBN 978-1720264637 +Minchew, Sue S.; Hopper, Peggy F. Clearing House, May/June 2008, Vol. 81 Issue 5, p232-236, 5p; (AN 32193154) +Igor Krichtafovitch, Humor Theory. The formulae of laughter. Outskitspress, 2006, ISBN 978-1-59800-222-5 +Bruce Friend Adams (2005) Tiny Revolutions in Russia: Twentieth Century Soviet and Russian History in anecdotes, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-35173-1 +Alexander, Richard J (1997) Aspects of Verbal Humour in English +Apte, M. L. (1985). Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-9307-2 +Salvatore Attardo +(1994) Linguistic Theories of Humor, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-014255-4 +(2001) Humorous Texts: A Semantic and Pragmatic Analysis, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017068-X +In this book Attardo finalizes the general theory of verbal humour (GTVH) suggested by him and Victor Raskin in 1991, known for some time under the name of semantic script theory of humour (SSTH) +(2023) Humor 2.0: How the Internet Changed Humor. Anthem Press. +Arthur Asa Berger +An Anatomy of Humor, 1993, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0494-8 +Blind Men and Elephants: Perspectives on Humor, 1995, Transaction Publishers +The Art of Comedy Writing, 1997, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-56000-324-3 +Peter L. Berger (1997) Redeeming Laughter: The Comic Dimension of Human Experience, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-015562-1 +Francis H. Buckley (2003) The Morality of Laughter, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-09818-7 +Delia Chiaro (1992) The Language of Jokes: Analysing Verbal Play, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-03090-0 +Cohen, Sarah Blacher (ed) (1992) Comic Relief: Humor in Contemporary American Literature, Detroit: Wayne State University Press +Lisa Colletta (2003) Dark Humor and Social Satire in the Modern British Novel, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 1-4039-6365-7 +Cohen, Ted (1999) Jokes: Philosophical Thoughts on Joking Matters, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-11230-6 +Critchley, Simon (2002) On Humour, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-25121-4 +Christie Davies (1998) Jokes and Their Relation to Society, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016104-4 +Jessica Milner Davis (2002) Farce, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0887-0 +Arthur Roy Eckardt (1995) How to Tell God from the Devil: On the Way to Comedy, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-56000-179-8 +Evan Esar (2006) The Humor of Humor: The Art And Techniques of Popular Comedy, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-4128-0616-X +Marc Galanter (2005) Lowering the Bar: Lawyer Jokes and Legal Culture, University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-299-21350-1 +Gantar, Jure (2005) The Pleasure of Fools: Essays in the Ethics of Laughter, McGill-Queen's Press, ISBN 0-7735-2892-X +Ingvild Saelid Gilhus (1997) Laughing Gods, Weeping Virgins: Laughter in the History of Religion, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-16197-5 +Rupert D. V. Glasgow (1995) Madness, Masks, and Laughter: An Essay on Comedy, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 0-8386-3559-8 +J. C. Gregory (1999) The Nature of Laughter, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-21129-8 +Charles R. Gruner +Understanding Laughter: The workings of Wit and Humor, Chicago: Nelson Hall +(1999) The Game of Humor: A Comprehensive Theory of Why We Laugh, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0659-2 +Hempelmann, Christian F. (2010) Incongruity and Resolution of Medieval Humorous Narratives, VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, ISBN 3-639-22342-X +Carl Hill (1993) The Soul of Wit: Joke Theory from Grimm to Freud, U of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-2369-2 +Jan Hokenson (2006) The Idea of Comedy: History, Theory, Critique, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 0-8386-4096-6 +Holland, N. (1982) Laughing: A psychology of humor, Cornell University Press +M. Conrad Hyers (1996) The Spirituality of Comedy: Comic Heroism in a Tragic World, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-56000-218-2 +Koller, M.R. (1988) Humor and society: Explorations in the sociology of humor, Houston: Cap and Gown +Robert L. Latta (1999) The Basic Humor Process: A Cognitive-Shift Theory and the Case against Incongruity, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016103-6 (Humor Research no. 5) +Gershon Legman, Rationale of the Dirty Joke +Paul Lewis +Cracking Up: American Humor in a Time of Conflict, The University of Chicago Press, 2006. ISBN 0-226-47699-5 +Comic Effects: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Humor in Literature, State University of New York Press, 1989. +John Marmysz (2003) Laughing at Nothing: Humor As a Response to Nihilism, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-5839-3 +Rod A. Martin[1] (2007) The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach, Elsevier, ISBN 0-12-372564-X +James Mendrinos (2004) The Complete Idiot's Guide to Comedy Writing, Alpha Books, ISBN 1-59257-231-6 +John Morreall +(1983) Taking Laughter Seriously, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-87395-642-7 +(1999) Comedy, Tragedy, and Religion, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-4205-5 +Dianna C. Niebylski (2004) Humoring resistance: laughter and the excessive body in contemporary Latin American women's fiction, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-6123-8 +Neal R. Norrick (1993) Conversational Joking, Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-34111-6 +Dallin D. Oaks (2010) Structural Ambiguity in English: An Applied Grammatical Inventory, 2 vols. London: Continuum. +Elliott Oring +(1992) Jokes and Their Relations, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0-8131-1774-7 +(2003) Engaging Humor, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-02786-8 +Jerry Palmer (1994) Taking Humour Seriously, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-10266-9 +Robert R. Provine (2000) Laughter. A Scientific Investigation. Viking. +Leon Rappoport (2005) Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor, Praeger/Greenwood, ISBN 0-275-98764-7 +Raskin, V. (1985) Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Pub. Co. +Mary Ann Rishel (2002) Writing Humor: Creativity and the Comic Mind, Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0-8143-2960-8 +Graeme D. Ritchie (2004) The Linguistic Analysis of Jokes, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30983-2 +Roukes, Nicholas (2003) Artful Jesters: Innovators of Visual Wit and Humor, Ten Speed Press,ISBN 1-58008-266-1 +Allan J. Ryan (1999) The Trickster Shift: Humour and Irony in Contemporary Native Art, UBC Press, ISBN 0-7748-0704-0 +Alison Ross (1998) The Language of Humour, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-16912-7 +Willibald Ruch (1998) The Sense of Humor: Explorations of a Personality Characteristic, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016207-5 +Barry Sanders (1995) Sudden Glory: Laughter as Subversive History, Beacon Press, ISBN 0-8070-6205-7 +Scott Cutler Shershow (1986) Laughing Matters: The Paradox of Comedy, University of Massachusetts Press, ISBN 0-87023-509-5 +Warren Shibles (1998) Humor Reference Guide: A Comprehensive Classification and Analysis, ISBN 0-8093-2097-5 +Paul Simpson (2003) On the Discourse of Satire: Towards a Stylistic Model of Satirical Humor, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 90-272-3333-0 +Andrew Stott (2005) Comedy, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-29933-0 +Westwood, R.I. and Rhodes, C. (eds.) (2007) Humour, Work and Organisation. Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-38412-4 +Wickberg, Daniel (1998) The Senses of Humor: Self and Laughter in Modern America, Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-801-43078-7 +Dean L. Yarwood (2004) When Congress Makes a Joke: Congressional Humor Then and Now, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-3043-4 +Barreca, Regina +They Used to Call Me Snow White...But I Drifted, 1991, Penguin ISBN 0-14-016835-4 +Untamed and Unabashed: Essays on Women and Humor in British Literature, 1994, Wayne State University Press ISBN 0-8143-2136-4 +Editor Last Laughs: Perspectives on Women and Comedy, 1988, Gordon and Breach ISBN 0-677-22020-0 +Editor The Signet Book of American Humor, 2004, New American Library ISBN 0-451-21058-1 +Editor The penguin Book of Women's Humor, 1996, Penguin ISBN 0-14-017294-7 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb0af374a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +--- +title: "List of humor research publications" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:09.499651+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Applications of humor === +Ronald A. Berk +(2002) Humor as an Instructional Defibrillator: Evidence-Based Techniques in teaching and assessment, Stylus Publishing, LLC, ISBN 1-57922-063-0 +(2003) Professors Are from Mars, Students Are from Snickers: How to Write and, Stylus Publishing, LLC, ISBN 1-57922-070-3 +Elcha Shain Buckman (1994) The Handbook of Humor: Clinical Applications in Psychotherapy, Krieger Publishing Company, ISBN 0-89464-369-X +Rumena Bužarovska (2012) What's Funny: Theories of Humor Applied to the Short Story, Blesok, 2012, ISBN 978-9989-59-377-2 +Louis R. Franzina (2002) Kids Who Laugh: How to Develop Your Child's Sense of Humor, Square One Publishers, ISBN 0-7570-0008-8 +Amelia J. Klein (2003) Humor in Children's Lives: A Guidebook for Practitioners, Praeger/Greenwood, ISBN 0-89789-892-3 +Karen J. Kolberg, Diana Loomans (2002) The Laughing Classroom: Everyone's Guide to Teaching with Humor and Play, H J Kramer, ISBN 0-915811-99-5 +Herbert M. Lefcourt (2001) Humor: The Psychology of Living Buoyantly, Springer, ISBN 0-306-46407-1 +Lefcourt, H. M., & Martin, R. A. (1986). Humor and life stress: Antidote to adversity. New York: Springer/Verlag. +Paul E. McGhee (1989) Humor and Children's Development: A Guide to Practical Applications, Haworth Press, ISBN 0-86656-681-3 +C. W. Metcalf, Roma Felible (1999) Lighten Up: Survival Skills for People Under Pressure, Basic Books, ISBN 0-201-62239-4 +David M. Jacobson (2018) 7 1/2 Habits To Help You Become More Humorous, Happier & Healthier Humor, Horizons Publishing, ISBN 9781543050981 + +=== History of comedy and humor === +Salvatore Attardo (2023) Humor 2.0: How the Internet Changed Humor Anthem Press, Hardcover ISBN 978-1-83998-856-1 ebook ISBN 978-1-83998-857-8 +Salvatore Attardo, ed. (2014). Encyclopedia of Humor Studies. SAGE Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4129-9909-0. +R. Howard Bloch (1986) The Scandal of the Fabliaux, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-05975-8 +Pamela Allen Brown (2003) Better a Shrew Than a Sheep: Women, Drama, and the Culture of Jest in early modern England, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-8836-2, a review +Chris Holcomb (2001) Mirth Making: The Rhetorical Discourse on Jesting in early modern England, U of South Carolina Press, ISBN 1-57003-397-8 +Brian Joseph Levy (2000) The Comic Text: Patterns and Images in the Old French Fabliaux, Rodopi, ISBN 90-420-0429-0 a review +Laurie O'Higgins (2003) Women and Humor in Classical Greece, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82253-X +Lisa Renée Perfetti (2003) Women and Laughter in Medieval Comic Literature, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-11321-6 +Manfred Pfister (2002) A History of English Laughter: Laughter from Beowulf to Beckett and Beyond, Rodopi, ISBN 90-420-1288-9 +Robson, James (2006) Humour, Obscenity and Aristophanes, Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 3-8233-6220-8 +Mary Jane Stearns Schenck (1987) Fabliaux - Tales of Wit and Deception, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 90-272-1734-3 +Michael West (2000) America's Romantic Punsters and the Search for the Language of Nature, Ohio University Press, ISBN 0-8214-1324-4 +Alison Williams (2000) Tricksters and Pranksters: Roguery in French and German Literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Rodopi, ISBN 90-420-1512-8 a review + +=== Ethnic humor === +Christie Davies +(1990) Ethnic Humor Around the World: A Comparative Analysis, Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-31655-3 +(2002) The Mirth of Nations, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0096-9 +A social and historical study of jokes from the main English-speaking countries, which debates the existing theories of humor +Emil A. Draitser (1998) Taking Penguins to the Movies: Ethnic Humor in Russia, Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0-8143-2327-8 +(in German) Karin Keding, Anika Struppert (2006) Ethno-comedy im deutschen Fernsehen: Inhaltsanalyse und Rezipientenbefragung zu "Was guckst du?!", Frank & Timme GmbH, ISBN 3-86596-084-7 +(in Portuguese) Adilson José Moreira (2018) O Que É Racismo Recreativo?, Editora Letramento, ISBN 9-788595-301313 + +==== Jewish comedy and humor ==== +Altman, Sig (1971) Comic Image of the Jew: explorations of a pop culture phenomenon, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 0-8386-7869-6 +Arthur Asa Berger (2006) The Genius of the Jewish Joke, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-4128-0553-8 +Cohen, Sarah Blacher (1991) Jewish Wry: Essays on Jewish Humor, Detroit: Wayne State University Press +Elliott Oring (1981) Israeli Humor: The Content and Structure of the Chizbat of the Palmah, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-87395-512-9 +Richard Raskin (1992) Life Is Like a Glass of Tea. Studies of Classic Jewish Jokes. Aarhus University Press. ISBN 87-7288-409-6. +Asscher Omri (2010) "A model for Hebrew translation of British humor: Amplification and overstatement", Target 22:2. John Benjamins Publishing Company. +Avner Ziv (1998) Jewish Humor, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-56000-991-8 +The book is derived from the First International Conference on Jewish Humor, Tel Aviv University. + +=== Stand-up comedy === +Joanne R. Gilbert (2004) Performing Marginality: Humor, Gender, and Cultural Critique, Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0-8143-2803-2 +Hengen, Shannon Eileen (1998) Performing Gender and Comedy: Theories, Texts and Contexts, Routledge, ISBN 90-5699-540-5 +Suzanne Lavin (2004) Women and Comedy in Solo Performance: Phyllis Diller, Lily Tomlin, and Roseanne, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-94858-4 +John Limon (2000) Stand-Up Comedy in Theory, Or, Abjection in America, Duke University Press, ISBN 0-8223-2546-2 +Robert A. Stebbins (1990) The Laugh-Makers: Stand-up Comedy as Art, Business, and Life-Style, McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 9780773562325 +Rutter, Jason (1997). "Stand-up as interaction: Performance and Audience in Comedy Venues" (PDF). Department of Sociology. CORE. University of Saford: Institute for Social Research. Retrieved 8 March 2019. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed7773e83 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "List of humor research publications" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:09.499651+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Collections of scientific works on humor == +J.H. Goldstein and P.E. McGhee (Eds), The Psychology of Humor: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Issues, New York: Academic Press, 1972 +A.J. Chapman and H.C. Foot, (Eds.), +Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research and Applications, +London: John Wiley and Sons, 1976 +Transaction Publishers. 1996. +It's a Funny Thing, Humour Oxford, England: Pergamon Press, 1977 +J. Bremmer and H. Roodenburg, (Eds.), A Cultural History of Humor, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1997 +McGhee, P.E., and Goldstein, J.H. (Eds), Handbook of Humor Research, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983 +"Humor and Society: Explorations in the Sociology of Humor." Houston. 1988. +John Parkin (Ed.)(1999) French Humour: Papers Based on a Colloquium Held in the French Department of the University of Bristol, November 30, 1996, Rodopi, ISBN 90-420-0586-6 +Paton, G.E.C., Powell, C., Wagg, S. (Eds) The Social Faces of Humour: Practices and Issues, Aldershot, England: Arena +Raskin, Victor. (Ed.) 2008. The Primer of Humor Research. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. +Loizou, E. & Recchia, S.(Eds.) (2019). Research on Young Children's Humor: Theoretical and Practical Implications for Early Childhood Education. Switzerland: Springer + +== Journals and book series == +Comedy Studies (journal) +European Journal of Humour Research +Humor (alias Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, International Journal of Humor Research) +Humor & Health Journal (formerly Humor & Health Letters), a bimonthly by Humor & Health Institute +Humor Research +Israeli Journal of Humor Research : An international journal +Studies in American Humor +Symposium On Humor and the Law BYU Law Review, vol 1992, #2 + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_information_graphics_software-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_information_graphics_software-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f8f7eadd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_information_graphics_software-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "List of information graphics software" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_information_graphics_software" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:20.652156+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of notable software to create any kind of information graphics: + +either includes the ability to create one or more infographics from a provided data set +either it is provided specifically for information visualization + + +== Vector graphics == +Vector graphics software can be used for manual graphing or for editing the output of another program; see: + +Category:Vector graphics editors +Comparison of vector graphics editors +Some online editors using vector graphics for specific needs exist. These creative interfaces work well together with data visualization tools like the ones above. + + +== See also == +Category:Diagramming software +List of graphical methods +PGF/TikZ – Graphics languages + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_common_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_common_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e97e17dc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_common_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +--- +title: "List of international common standards" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_common_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:08.846255+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A list of international common and basic technical standards, which have been established worldwide and are related by their frequent and widespread use. These standards are conventionally accepted as best practice and used globally by industry and organizations. +In circumstances and situations there are certain methods and systems that are used as benchmarks, guidelines or protocols for communication, measurement, orientation, reference for information, science, symbols and time. These standards are employed to universally convey meaning, classification and to relate details of information. +The standards listed may be formal or informal and some might not be recognised by all governments or organizations. + + +== Communication == +Braille +International Code of Signals +International Maritime Signal Flags +International Phonetic Alphabet +In radio communications + +Radiotelephony procedure +Procedure word +International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet +Aeronautical Code signals +Maritime Mobile Service Q Codes +Standard Marine Communication Phrases +Brevity code +Q code +Call sign +In electronics + +Unicode + + +== Agriculture & Manufacturing == +ISO 216 or A4 paper +Codex Alimentarius + + +== Measurement == +International System of Units +Standard mathematical notation +Metric system + + +== Reference for information == +Barcode +International Standard Book Number +QR code +Uniform resource locator +vCard +In geographical location + +Cartography +Geotagging +Geographic coordinate system + + +== Science == +Medical classification + + +== Symbols == +Chemical symbols +Hazard symbol +International Symbol of Access +In electronics + +Electronic symbols, for circuit diagrams +Media control symbols +Power symbol + + +== Time == +Time zones +Universal Time + + +== See also == + +Communication protocol +Index of standards articles +International Communication Association +International Electrotechnical Commission +International Organization for Standardization +International Classification of Diseases +International regulation +List of symbols +Lists of spoken and written languages +Substitute flag + + +== External links == +ISO - International Organization for Standardization \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_disorders-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_disorders-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e8a0d932 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_disorders-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "List of language disorders" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_disorders" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:05.643925+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of language disorders. A language disorder is a condition defined as a condition that limits or altogether stops natural speech. A language disorder may be neurological, physical, or psychological in origin. + + +== List of language disorders == + + +== Bibliography == +Lahey, Margaret; Bloom, Lois (1988). Language Disorders and Language Development. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-367130-2. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d393a7deb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "List of mass panic cases" +chunk: 1/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In sociology and psychology, mass hysteria is a phenomenon that transmits collective illusions of threats, whether real or imaginary, through a population and society as a result of rumors and fear. In medicine, the term is used to describe the spontaneous manifestation—or production of chemicals in the body—of the same or similar hysterical physical symptoms by more than one person. +A common type of mass hysteria occurs when a group of people believes that they have a similar disease or ailment, sometimes referred to as mass sociogenic illness or epidemic hysteria. + +== Middle Ages == +According to an account which was written by an author in 1784, a nun who lived in a German convent in the 15th century began to bite her companions, and the behavior soon spread through other convents in Germany, Holland and Italy. +In The Epidemics of the Middle Ages, an 1844 collection of works written by J. F. C. Hecker (and translated by Benjamin Guy Babington), a translator's note by Babington, citing an unnamed medical textbook, recalls the story of a nun who lived in a French convent during an unspecified time (presumably in the Middle Ages) who inexplicably began to meow like a cat, shortly leading the other nuns in the convent to meow as well. Eventually, all of the nuns in the convent would meow together for a certain period, leaving the surrounding community astonished. This did not stop until the police threatened to whip the nuns. + +== 1500–1800 == +Witch trials in the early modern period from 1450 to 1750 and especially from 1580 to 1630. +Dancing plague of 1518 – a case of dancing mania that occurred in Strasbourg, Alsace (then part of the Holy Roman Empire) in July 1518 wherein numerous people took to dancing for days. +Irish Fright (1688) – In England and parts of Wales in December 1688 during the Glorious Revolution, false reports that Irish soldiers were burning and massacring English towns prompted a mass panic in at least 19 counties, with thousands of people arming themselves and preparing to resist non-existent groups of marauding Irishmen. +Salem witch trials (1692−1693) – In colonial Massachusetts, adolescent girls Abigail Williams, Betty Parris, Ann Putnam Jr., and Elizabeth Hubbard began to have fits that were described by a minister as "beyond the power of epileptic fits or natural disease to effect." The events resulted in the Salem witch trials, a series of hearings which resulted in the execution of 20 citizens and the death of five other citizens of Salem Village, Massachusetts (present day Danvers, Massachusetts) and nearby towns who were accused of practicing witchcraft. The episode is one of America's most notorious cases of mass hysteria, and it has been used in political rhetoric and popular literature as a vivid cautionary tale about the dangers of isolationism, religious extremism, false accusations and lapses in due process. +Würzburg, Germany (1749) – an outbreak of screaming, squirming, and trance in a nunnery led to the execution of a suspected witch. +Glass harmonica (1761-1820) +Chinese sorcery scares, a series of similar events that took place in 1768, 1810, 1876, and 1910. +Great Fear (1789) – a general panic that took place between 17 July and 3 August 1789, at the start of the French Revolution. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e07046408 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "List of mass panic cases" +chunk: 2/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== 1800–1950 == +Hammersmith Ghost hysteria (1803) – In November 1803, stories of ghost sightings in the Hammersmith neighbourhood of west London began to circulate. Many people assumed the ghost to be that of a recent suicide victim buried in Hammersmith's churchyard, which was in accordance with a popular notion at the time that suicides should not be buried in sacred grounds because their souls would be unable to find rest there. All witnesses reported the ghost as being very tall and clothed entirely in white, with some adding horns and glass eyes to the mix. As more individuals came forward to claim that they had not only seen the Hammersmith ghost, but had also been assaulted by it, alarm rapidly turned to widespread panic, and finally mass hysteria. Fearful residents responded by taking up guns and monitoring the area. This reaction resulted in one member of the public, Francis Smith, shooting and killing bricklayer Thomas Millwood by mistake, thinking he was the ghost. +Spring-heeled Jack sightings (1837-1904) – The earliest known sightings of Spring-heeled Jack, a legendary figure in English folklore, are claimed to have occurred in London in 1837, and the final confirmed sighting is said to have taken place in Liverpool in 1904. +"Writing Tremor Epidemic" (1892, 1904) – The right hand of a 10-year-old girl in Groß Tinz began trembling, which developed into full-body seizures that spread to 19 other students. A similar epidemic affected 20 in Basel, Switzerland. Twelve years later, the Basel school experienced another outbreak that affected 27 students. Legend of the first outbreak was said to have played a role. +Montreal (1894) – 60 students at a ladies' seminary had an outbreak of fits and seizures, some for as long as 2 months. +"Trembling Disease" (1905–06) – An estimated 237 children were impacted between October 1905 and May 1906 in Meissen, Germany. +Miracle of the Sun (disputed) (13 October 1917) – The Miracle of the Sun, also known as the Miracle of Fátima, was a series of events reported to have occurred miraculously, witnessed by a large crowd who had gathered in Fátima, Portugal, in response to a prophecy made by three children. Newspapers published testimony from witnesses who said that they had seen extraordinary solar activity. Skeptical analysts attribute the claims to the "psychological suggestibility of the witnesses". +Halifax Slasher (1938) – The "Halifax Slasher" was the name given to a supposed attacker of residents, mostly women, of the town of Halifax, England, in November 1938. The week-long scare began after two women claimed to have been attacked by a mysterious man with a mallet and "bright buckles" on his shoes. Further reports of attacks by a man wielding a knife or a razor followed. The situation became so serious that Scotland Yard was called in to assist the Halifax police. On November 29 one of the alleged victims admitted that he had inflicted the damage upon himself for attention. Others soon had similar admissions, and the Yard investigation concluded that none of the attacks had been real. Five local people were subsequently charged with public mischief offenses, and four were sent to prison. +"War of the Worlds" radio broadcast (1938) – Newspaper headlines reported that thousands of Americans were plunged into panic over an Orson Welles radio play, convinced that America was under a deadly Martian attack. +Bellevue, Louisiana (1939) – A girl developed a leg twitch at the annual homecoming high school dance. Attacks worsened and spread to friends over the next several weeks. +Mad Gasser of Mattoon (1940s) – Mattoon, Illinois +Ghost rockets (1946) – German, British and Scandinavian intelligence officials concluded that the Ghost rockets which were reported over Scandinavia are a case of mass hysteria (among other conclusions). +Tokyo sea monster broadcast (1947) – On May 29, 1947, the United States armed forces radio station in Tokyo (WVTR) broadcast a "news bulletin" that a 20-feet tall sea monster was spotted in Tokyo Bay and travelling inland. +1947 flying disc craze \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ed3f4e4a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "List of mass panic cases" +chunk: 3/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== 1950−2000 == +Seattle windshield pitting epidemic (1954) +Tanganyika laughter epidemic (1962) – began on January 30, 1962, at a mission-run boarding school for girls in Kashasha, Tanzania. The laughter started with three girls and spread haphazardly throughout the school, affecting 95 of the 159 pupils, aged 12–18. Symptoms lasted from a few hours to 16 days in those affected. The teaching staff were not affected but reported that students were unable to concentrate on their lessons. The school was forced to close down on March 18, 1962. After the school was closed and the students were sent home, the epidemic spread to Nshamba, a village that was home to several of the girls. In April and May, 217 people had laughing attacks in the village, most of them school children and young adults. The Kashasha school was reopened on May 21, only to be closed again at the end of June. In June, the laughing epidemic spread to Ramashenye girls' middle school, near Bukoba, affecting 48 girls. Another outbreak occurred in Kanyangereka and two nearby boys schools were closed. +June bug epidemic (1962) – A mysterious disease broke out in a dressmaking department of an American textile factory. The symptoms included numbness, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. Word of a bug in the factory that would bite its victims and cause them to develop the above symptoms quickly spread. Soon 62 employees developed this mysterious illness, some of whom were hospitalized. The news media reported on the case. After research by company physicians and experts from the US Public Health Service Communicable Disease Center, it was concluded that the case was one of mass hysteria. While the researchers believed some workers were bitten by the bug, anxiety was probably the cause of the symptoms. No evidence was ever found for a bug which could cause the above flu-like symptoms, nor did all workers demonstrate bites. +Welsh, Louisiana (1962) – With students' sexual activity under close scrutiny by school officials, and following rumors of mandatory pregnancy tests, 21 girls and one boy in grades six to eleven were affected by seizures and other symptoms over six months. +Blackburn faintings (1965) – In October 1965, several girls at a girls' school complained of dizziness in Blackburn, England. Some fainted. Within a couple of hours, 85 girls from the school were rushed by ambulance to a nearby hospital after fainting. Symptoms included swooning, moaning, chattering of teeth, hyperpnea, and tetany. A medical analysis of the event about one year later found that outbreaks began among the 14-year-olds, but that the heaviest incidence moved to the youngest age groups. There was no evidence of pollution of food or air. The younger girls proved more susceptible, but disturbance was more severe and lasted longer in the older girls. Using the Eysenck Personality Inventory, those affected had higher scores for extroversion and neuroticism. It was considered that the epidemic was hysterical, that a previous polio epidemic had rendered the population emotionally vulnerable, and that a three-hour parade, producing 20 faints on the day before the first outbreak, had been the specific trigger. +Mount Pleasant, Mississippi (1976) – School officials suspected drug use after 15 students fell to the ground writhing, but no drugs were found and hysteria is assumed to be the culprit. At one point, one third of the school's 900 students stayed home for fear of being "hexed". +Malaysia (1970s–1980s) – Mass hysteria in Malaysia affected school-age girls and young women working in factories. The locals have explained this outbreak as "spirits" having possessed the girls and young women. +Hollinwell incident (1980) – Around 300 people, mostly children, but including adults and babies, suddenly had fainting attacks, nausea and other symptoms. The incident remains one of the prime examples of mass hysteria. +West Bank fainting epidemic (1983) – a series of incidents in March 1983 wherein 943 Palestinian teenage girls, mostly schoolgirls, and a small number of IDF women soldiers fainted or complained of feeling nauseous in the West Bank. Israel was accused of using chemical warfare to sterilize West Bank women while IDF sources speculated that a toxic substance had been employed by Palestinian militants to stir up unrest, but investigators concluded that even if some environmental irritant had originally been present, the wave of complaints was ultimately a product of mass hysteria. This conclusion was supported by a Palestinian health official, who said that while 20% of the early cases may have been caused by the inhalation of some kind of gas, the remaining 80% were psychosomatic. +1981 clown panic (1981) – Starting in Boston, Massachusetts, numerous reports were made across the United States and Canada of evil clowns being seen and often engaging in frightening behavior. All recorded reports were made by children and there has been no conclusive evidence of any actual clown activity during the panic. +Day-care sex-abuse hysteria – a moral panic that occurred primarily in the 1980s and early 1990s featuring charges against day-care providers of several forms of child abuse, including Satanic ritual abuse. +Faaite demon exorcisms (1987) – Several people on the island of Faaite in French Polynesia who were followers of a branch of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal movement became convinced that a number of community members had become possessed by demons, and proceeded to attempt to exorcise them by beatings, drowning, and burning alive. Six people were charged and served varying sentences. +San Diego (1988) – The U.S. Navy evacuated 600 men from barracks; 119 were sent to San Diego hospitals with complaints of breathing difficulty. No evidence of toxins, food poisoning, or any other cause was found. +Kosovo student poisoning (1990) – alleged poisoning of thousands of Kosovan young people by toxic gases, was concluded by professor of medicine Zoran Radovanović to be a product of mass hysteria. +Ganesha drinking milk miracle (1995) +Belgium (June 1999) – Coca-Cola withdrew 30 million units of its soft-drink product from sale after more than a hundred people in Belgium and northern France complained of cramps, nausea and other problems after consuming the soft drinks. Testing found no evidence of tainted product and the incident was reported to be a panic, perhaps fueled by the discovery of dioxins in Belgian meat, which had brought down the national government earlier that year. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d6f70f51 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +--- +title: "List of mass panic cases" +chunk: 4/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== 2000–present == +Monkey-man of Delhi (2001) – Rumors about a hairy monkey-looking monster attacking people in Delhi in India led to the deaths of several panicked people who fell from roofs or stairwells while fleeing what they thought was the monster. North Carolina (2002) – Ten girls developed seizures and other symptoms at a rural North Carolinian high school. Symptoms persisted for five months across various grade levels. Incidents tended to happen outside of class, with half of all incidents estimated to have occurred around lunch hour. Half of the affected were cheerleaders or former cheerleaders. "Strawberries with Sugar virus" (2006) – In May 2006, an outbreak of the so-dubbed Morangos com Açúcar Virus ('Strawberries with Sugar virus') was reported in Portuguese schools, named after the popular teen girl's show Morangos com Açúcar ('Strawberries With Sugar'). At least 300 students at 14 schools reported similar symptoms to those experienced by the characters in a then recent episode where a life-threatening virus affected the school depicted in the show. Symptoms included rashes, difficulty breathing, and dizziness. The belief that there was a medical outbreak forced some schools to temporarily close. The Portuguese National Institute for Medical Emergency eventually dismissed the illness as mass hysteria. Mexico City (2006–2007) – Between October 2006 and June 2007, near Chalco, a working-class suburb of Mexico City, mass hysteria resulted in an outbreak of unusual symptoms experienced by more than 500 adolescent female students at Children's Village School (Villa de las Ninas), a Catholic boarding-school. The affected students had difficulty walking and were feverish and nauseated, some becoming partially paralyzed. Vinton, Virginia (2007) – An outbreak of twitching, headaches and dizziness affected at least nine girls and one teacher at William Byrd High School. The episode lasted for months amid other local public health scares. Tanzania (2008) – In September 2008, 20 girls at a school in Tabora started fainting while taking their final year exams. The mass fainting according to one medical officer, has been linked to neurosis related to the local practice of witchcraft. Afghanistan (2009) – Starting around 2009, a spate of apparent poisonings at girls' schools across Afghanistan began to be reported, with symptoms including dizziness, fainting, and vomiting. The United Nations, World Health Organization and NATO's International Security Assistance Force carried out investigations of the incidents over multiple years, but never found any evidence of toxins or poisoning in the hundreds of blood, urine, and water samples they tested. The conclusion of the investigators was that the girls had a mass psychogenic illness. Despite these findings, Afghan officials often blame the incidents on the Taliban, accusing them of contaminating the school's water supply or using poison gas. Brunei (2010) – In April and May 2010, incidents of mass hysteria occurred at two all-girls secondary schools in Brunei. The most recent notable event happened on the 24 April 2014 in a public secondary school. The phenomenon caused a wave of panic among many parents, educators, and members of the community. Some of the students affected by the phenomenon claimed to have been possessed by spirits, or jinn, displaying histrionic symptoms such as screaming, shaking, fainting, and crying. Le Roy, New York (2011–12) – After 12 high school girls developed Tourette-like symptoms in 2011, their school was tested for toxins, and all other factors for their symptoms were ruled out. The case, and some of the girls and their parents, gained national media attention. In January 2012, several more students and a 36-year-old adult female came forward with similar symptoms. They were all diagnosed with conversion disorder. Sri Lanka (2012) – From November 15–20, 2012, incidents of mass hysteria occurred at 15 schools in Sri Lanka. More than 1,900 school children of 15 schools in Sri Lanka and five teachers were treated for a range of symptoms that included skin rashes, vomiting, vertigo, and cough due to allergic reactions believed to be mass hysteria. It originated at the Jinaraja Balika Vidyalaya in Gampola on November 15, 2012, when 1,100 students were admitted to hospital with a range of symptoms that included skin rashes, vomiting, vertigo and coughing. Later, authorities had to close down the school for 3 days. After that on November 16–19 there were more reports of students from other parts of the country showing similar symptoms. Charlie Charlie panic (2015) – Four teens in Tunja, Colombia, were hospitalized, and several in the Dominican Republic were considered "possessed by Satan" after playing the Charlie Charlie Challenge viral game. 2016 clown sightings – Sightings of people in evil clown costumes in the United States, Canada, and 18 other countries were dismissed as a case of mass hysteria, stating that a fear of clowns (which is common in children and adults) may be an underlying cause. The website Vox likewise claimed that "The Great Clown Panic of 2016 has been perpetuated by pretty much everyone except actual clowns." +Recurrent epidemic of mass hysteria in Nepal (2016–2018) – A unique phenomenon of “recurrent epidemic of mass hysteria” was reported from a school of Pyuthan district of western Nepal in 2018. After a 9-year-old school girl developed crying and shouting episodes, quickly other children of the same school were also affected resulting in 47 affected students (37 females, 10 males) in the same day. Since 2016 similar episodes of mass psychogenic illness has been occurring in the same school every year. In 2016, twelve students were affected and in 2017, a total of 18 students of the same school were affected showing various symptoms in a single day. Hence it was thought to be a unique case of recurrent mass hysteria. Havana syndrome (2016-2023) Idiopathic symptoms experienced mostly abroad by U.S. government officials and military personnel, ranging in severity from pain and ringing in the ears to cognitive dysfunction, were first reported in 2016 by U.S. and Canadian embassy staff in Havana, Cuba. Beginning in 2017, more people, including U.S. intelligence and military personnel and their families, reported having these symptoms in places around the world including in Washington, D.C. Many U.S. federal government officials and agencies blamed the reported illnesses on attacks by unidentified foreign agents using unknown weaponry. In March 2023, seven U.S. intelligence agencies completed a review of the proposed cases and reported that "available intelligence consistently points against the involvement of US adversaries in causing the reported incidents" and that a foreign adversary's involvement was "very unlikely". Emirates Flight 203 (September 2018) – 106 of 521 passengers on a 14-hour flight from Dubai to New York reported symptoms including coughing, sneezing, fever, or vomiting. The pilot notified airport ground staff, and personnel from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention met and quarantined the plane in New York and evaluated passengers, 11 of whom were sent to the hospital. A few passengers on the "flight from hell" turned out to have common colds or flu, with the other passengers coming to the belief that they were also sick after observing those around them. Ketereh, Malaysia (2019) – In August 2019, the BBC reported that schoolgirls at the Ketereh national secondary school (SMK Ketereh) in Kelantan, started screaming, with some claiming to have seen 'a face of pure evil'. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1020ef8f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "List of mass panic cases" +chunk: 5/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Professor Simon Wessely a former president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, suggested it was a form of 'collective behaviour'. Robert Bartholomew, a medical sociologist, suggested it was due to the stricter implementation of Islamic law in the school. The school responded to the outbreak by cutting down the trees around the school, believing they were home to supernatural spirits. Starehe Girls' Centre, Kenya (October 2019) – 52 students were isolated with an unknown disease, showing symptoms of a high-pitched cough, sneezing and low-grade fever, a number that later rose to 68. As the number rose, the school's administration shut the school down and instructed parents to pick up their daughters. Specimens collected from the affected students showed only two cases of rhinovirus, a virus that is the predominant cause of the common cold. After carrying out psychological assessments on the students, a team of mental health specialists dispatched by Kenya's Ministry of Health to the school concluded that the 'mysterious' disease was a case of mass hysteria. Iranian schoolgirls mass poisoning reports (2022-2023) A series of alleged chemical attacks during which students in dozens of schools in Iran were reportedly poisoned in various and undetermined manners by unidentified perpetrators. These events started in November 2022 and reports of thousands of students being poisoned in ongoing assaults were claimed to have occurred in the following months. Mass psychogenic illness has been identified as a possible cause of the incidents. School and university shooting threats in Brazil (2023)- after the Blumenau school attack in Blumenau, in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina and the Thomazia Montoro school shooting in São Paulo, a wave of threats against education centres throughout Brazil occurred, with many schools and universities being closed and students refusing to go to those vicinities or parents not allowing their children to go to school. While some of these threats were real, most of them turned out to be hoaxes motivated by mass hysteria. Musoli, Kenya (2023) In October 2023, over 100 students from the St. Theresa’s Eregi Girls’ High School were hospitalized due to rapid and involuntary arm and leg movement, sometimes accompanied by headaches and vertigo. Routine medical tests revealed nothing unusual, and there were no signs of infectious disease as a cause. Ultimately it was decided that the events were caused by “stress due to upcoming exams” and the incident was determined to be an incident of “hysteria”. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ae5c16e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "List of mass panic cases" +chunk: 6/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Potential cases in non-human animals == +Great Sheep Panic (1888) – Several thousand sheep in Oxfordshire, England, begin displaying signs of distress and flee across an area of about 200 square miles (520 km2). They are found the next morning, many still hiding and in distress. A similar event occurred the next year in Berkshire. Explanations are varied and include a chain reaction of individuals responding to other sheep's fear, which stemmed from the thunder that was reported that evening, in addition to claims of mass psychogenic illness. + +== See also == +Body-centred countertransference +Conversion disorder +Folie à deux (from the French for "a madness shared by two") +Hysterical contagion +Psychochemical weaponry + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Bartholomew, Robert E. (2001). Little Green Men, Meowing Nuns and Head-hunting Panics: A Study of Mass Psychogenic Illnesses and Social Delusion. McFarland. +Bartholomew, Robert E; Evans, Hilary. (2009). Outbreak! The Encyclopedia of Extraordinary Social Behavior. Anomalist Books. +Craft, Amos Norton. (1881). Epidemic Delusions: Containing an Exposé of the Superstitions and Frauds which Underlie Some Ancient and Modern Delusions, Including Especial Reference to Modern Spiritualism. New York: Phillips & Hunt. +Fleischer, Jeff. (2011). The Latest Craze: A Short History of Mass Hysterias. Fall River Press. +Mackay, Charles. (1856 edition). Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. London, New York: G. Routledge and Sons. +Verma, S. K; Srivastava, D. K. (2003). A Study on Mass Hysteria (Monkey Men?) Victims In East Delhi. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 57: 355–360. + +== External links == +Six hundred girls in Mexico experience collective hysteria +Sri Lanka Mass Hysteria +Mass hysteria – Skeptic's Dictionary +Mass Delusions and Hysterias: Highlights from the Past Millennium – Skeptical Inquirer \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_probabilists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_probabilists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b4ff0e0a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_probabilists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +--- +title: "List of mathematical probabilists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_probabilists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:27.704385+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +See probabilism for the followers of such a theory in theology or philosophy. + +This list contains only probabilists in the sense of mathematicians specializing in probability theory. + +David Aldous (born 1952) +Siva Athreya (born 1971) +Thomas Bayes (1702–1761) - British mathematician and Presbyterian minister, known for Bayes' theorem +Gerard Ben-Arous (born 1957) +Itai Benjamini +Jakob Bernoulli (1654–1705) - Switzerland, known for Bernoulli trials +Jean Bertoin (born 1961) +Joseph Louis François Bertrand (1822–1900) +Patrick Billingsley (1925–2011) +Robert Blumenthal (1931–2012) +Erwin Bolthausen (born 1945) +Carlo Emilio Bonferroni (1892–1960) +Émile Borel (1871–1956) +Sourav Chatterjee (born 1979) +Kai Lai Chung (1917–2009) +Erhan Çınlar (born 1941) +Harald Cramér (1893–1985) +Miklós Csörgő (born 1932) +Sándor Csörgő (1947–2008) +Amir Dembo (born 1958) +Persi Diaconis (born 1945) +Catherine Doléans-Dade (1942–2004) +Joseph Leo Doob (1910–2004) +Lester Dubins (1920–2010) +Richard M. Dudley (1938–2020) +Hugo Duminil-Copin (born 1985) +Eugene Dynkin (1924–2014) +Robert J. Elliott (born 1940) +Paul Erdős (1913–1996) +Alison Etheridge (born 1964) +Steve Evans (born 1960) +William Feller (1906–1970) +Bruno de Finetti (1906–1985) +Hans Föllmer (born 1941) +Iosif Gikhman (1918–1985) +Igor Girsanov (1934–1967) +Boris Gnedenko (1912–1995) +Geoffrey Grimmett (born 1950) +Alice Guionnet (born 1969) +Ian Hacking (1936–2023) +Paul Halmos (1916–2006) +Joseph Halpern (born 1953) +David Heath (c.1943–2011) +Wassily Hoeffding (1914–1991) +Kiyoshi Itô (1915–2008) +Jean Jacod (born 1944) +Peter Jagers (born 1941) +Edwin Thompson Jaynes (1922–1998) +Richard Jeffrey (1926–2002) +Harold Jeffreys (1891–1989) +Mark Kac (1914–1984) +Olav Kallenberg (born 1939) +Gopinath Kallianpur (1925–2015) +Rudolf E. Kálmán (1930–2016) +Rajeeva L. Karandikar (born 1956) +Samuel Karlin (1924–2007) +David George Kendall (1918–2007) +Richard Kenyon (born 1964) +Harry Kesten (1931–2019) +John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) - best known for his pioneering work in economics +Aleksandr Khinchin (1894–1959) +Andrey Kolmogorov (1903–1987) +Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827) +Gregory Lawler (born 1955) +Lucien Le Cam (1924–2000) +Jean-François Le Gall (born 1959) +Paul Lévy (1886–1971) +Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg (1876–1932) +Paul Malliavin (1925–2010) +Andrey Markov (1856–1922) +Stefan Mazurkiewicz (1888–1945) +Henry P. McKean, Jr (1930–2024) +Paul-André Meyer (1934–2003) +Richard von Mises (1883–1953) +Abraham de Moivre (1667–1754) +Octav Onicescu (1892–1983) +K. R. Parthasarathy (1936–2023) +Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) +Charles E. M. Pearce (1940–2012) +Yuval Peres (born 1963) +Edwin A. Perkins (born 1953) +Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840) +Yuri Vasilevich Prokhorov (1929–2013) +Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930) +Alfréd Rényi (1921–1970) +Oded Schramm (1961–2008) +Romano Scozzafava (born 1935) +Scott Sheffield (born 1973) +Albert Shiryaev (born 1934) +Yakov Sinai (born 1935) +Anatoliy Skorokhod (1930–2011) +Ray Solomonoff (1926–2009) +Frank Spitzer (1926–1992) +Ruslan L. Stratonovich (1930–1997) +Daniel W. Stroock (1940–2025) +Alain-Sol Sznitman (born 1955) +Michel Talagrand (born 1952) +Bálint Tóth (born 1955) +S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan (born 1940) +Bálint Virág (born 1973) +Wendelin Werner (born 1968) +Norbert Wiener (1894–1964) +David Williams +Marc Yor (1949–2014) +Ofer Zeitouni (born 1960) + + +== See also == +List of statisticians \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73cfb2db3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ +--- +title: "List of mental disorders" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:13.131238+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of mental disorders as defined at any point by any of the two most prominent systems of classification of mental disorders, namely the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). +A mental disorder, also known as a mental illness, mental health condition, or psychiatric disorder, is characterized by a pattern of behavior or mental function that significantly impairs personal functioning or causes considerable distress. +The DSM, a classification and diagnostic guide published by the American Psychiatric Association, includes over 450 distinct definitions of mental disorders. Meanwhile, the ICD, published by the World Health Organization, stands as the international standard for categorizing all medical conditions, including sections on mental and behavioral disorders. +Revisions and updates are periodically made to the diagnostic criteria and descriptions in the DSM and ICD to reflect current understanding and consensus within the mental health field. The list includes conditions currently recognized as mental disorders according to these systems. There is ongoing debate among mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, about the definitions and criteria used to delineate mental disorders. There is particular concern over whether certain conditions should be classified as "mental illnesses" or might more accurately be described as neurological disorders or in other terms. + +== Anxiety disorders == + +Agoraphobia +Generalized anxiety disorder +Panic disorder +Selective mutism +Separation anxiety disorder +Specific phobias +Social anxiety disorder +Anxiety due to another medical condition +Substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder +Other specified anxiety disorder +Unspecified anxiety disorder + +== Dissociative disorders == + +Dissociative identity disorder +Dissociative amnesia (formerly psychogenic amnesia) +Depersonalization/derealization disorder +Dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue +Dissociative neurological symptom disorder (including psychogenic non-epileptic seizures) +Other specified dissociative disorder (OSDD) +Unspecified dissociative disorder +Ganser syndrome [outdated] + +== Mood disorders == + +=== Depressive disorders === + +Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder +Major depressive disorder (all types included) +Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia) +Premenstrual dysphoric disorder +Postpartum depression +Psychotic depression +Other specified depressive disorder +Unspecified depressive disorder + +=== Bipolar disorders === + +Bipolar I disorder +Bipolar II disorder +Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition +Substance/medication-induced bipolar and related disorders +Other specified and related bipolar disorder +Unspecified bipolar and related disorder +Cyclothymia + +Hypomania +Mania +Mixed affective state + +Unspecified mood disorder + +== Trauma- and stressor-related disorders == +Reactive attachment disorder +Disinhibited social engagement disorder +Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) +Post-traumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) +Acute stress disorder +Adjustment disorders +Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) +Prolonged grief disorder +Other specified trauma- and stressor-related disorder +Unspecified trauma- and stressor-related disorder + +== Neuro-developmental disorders == + +Intellectual developmental disorder +Language disorder +Sensory processing disorder +Speech sound disorder +Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering) +Aphasia +Social (pragmatic) communication disorder +Pervasive developmental disorder [outdated] +Auditory processing disorder +Communication disorder +Autism spectrum disorder +Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) +Developmental coordination disorder (dyspraxia) +Stereotypic movement disorder +Tourette syndrome +Down syndrome +Tic disorders (all types included) +Specific learning disorder with impairment in reading (dyslexia) +Specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics (dyscalculia) +Specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression (dysgraphia) +Nonverbal learning disorder (NVLD, NLD) +Other specified neurodevelopmental disorder +Unspecified neurodevelopmental disorder + +== Sleep-wake disorders == + +Insomnia (including chronic insomnia and short-term insomnia) +Hypersomnolence +Idiopathic hypersomnolence +Kleine–Levin syndrome +Insufficient sleep syndrome +Narcolepsy +Cataplexy +Sleep-related hypoventilation +Restless legs syndrome +Sleep apnea (all types included) +Night terrors (sleep terrors) +Exploding head syndrome +Other specified sleep-wake disorder +Unspecified sleep-wake disorder + +=== Parasomnias === + +Nightmare disorder +Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders +Somnambulism (sleepwalking) +Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder +Confusional arousals +Sleep-related hallucination +Hypnagogic hallucinations +Hypnopompic hallucinations + +=== Circadian rhythm sleep disorder === +Circadian rhythm sleep disorder +Delayed sleep phase disorder +Advanced sleep phase disorder +Irregular sleep–wake rhythm +Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder +Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder caused by irregular work shifts +Jet lag + +== Neurocognitive disorders == + +Delirium +Dementia (applies in "major" cases) +Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease +Major or mild neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies +Major or mild vascular neurocognitive disorder +Major or mild frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder +Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease +Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease +Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease +Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition +Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies +Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury +Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection/HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) +Chronic traumatic encephalopathy +Unspecified neurocognitive disorder +Amnesia (all types includes) +Agnosia + +== Substance-related and addictive disorders == + +=== Substance-related disorders === + +Substance-induced disorder (Substance-induced psychosis, Substance-induced delirium, Substance-induced mood disorder) +Substance intoxication +Substance withdrawal +Substance dependence + +==== Disorders due to use of alcohol ==== +Alcohol use disorder +Alcoholic hallucinosis +Alcohol withdrawal +Harmful pattern of use of alcohol + +==== Disorders due to use of cannabis ==== +Cannabis use disorder +Cannabis dependence +Cannabis intoxication +Harmful pattern of use of cannabis +Cannabis withdrawal +Cannabis-induced delirium +Cannabis-induced psychosis +Cannabis-induced mood disorder +Cannabis-induced anxiety + +==== Disorders due to use of synthetic cannabinoids ==== +Episode of harmful use of synthetic cannabinoids +Harmful pattern of use of synthetic cannabinoids +Synthetic cannabinoid dependence +Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication +Synthetic cannabinoids withdrawal +Synthetic cannabinoids induced delirium +Synthetic cannabinoids induced psychotic disorder +Synthetic cannabinoids induced mood disorder +Synthetic cannabinoids induced anxiety + +==== Disorders due to use of opioids ==== + +Episode of harmful use of opioids +Harmful pattern of use of opioids +Opioid dependence +Opioid intoxication +Opioids withdrawal +Opioids induced delirium +Opioids induced psychotic disorder +Opioids induced mood disorder +Opioids induced anxiety + +==== Disorders due to use of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic ==== +Episode of harmful use of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic +Harmful pattern of use of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic +Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic dependence +Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic intoxication +Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic withdrawal +Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic induced delirium +Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic induced psychotic disorder +Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic induced mood disorder +Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic induced anxiety +Amnestic disorder due to use of sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics +Dementia due to use of sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7acdabcff --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,282 @@ +--- +title: "List of mental disorders" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:13.131238+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Disorders due to use of cocaine ==== +Episode of harmful use of cocaine +Harmful pattern of use of cocaine +Cocaine dependence +Cocaine intoxication +Cocaine withdrawal +Cocaine induced delirium +Cocaine induced psychotic disorder +Cocaine induced mood disorder +Cocaine induced anxiety +Cocaine induced OCD +Cocaine induced impulse control disorder + +==== Disorders due to use of amphetamines ==== +Episode of harmful use of amphetamines +Harmful pattern of use of amphetamines +Amphetamines dependence +Amphetamines intoxication +Amphetamines withdrawal +Amphetamines induced delirium +Amphetamines induced psychotic disorder +Amphetamines induced mood disorder +Amphetamines induced anxiety +Amphetamines induced OCD +Amphetamines induced impulse control disorder + +==== Disorders due to use of synthetic cathinone ==== +Episode of harmful use of synthetic cathinone +Harmful pattern of use of synthetic cathinone +Synthetic cathinone dependence +Synthetic cathinone intoxication +Synthetic cathinone withdrawal +Synthetic cathinone induced delirium +Synthetic cathinone-induced psychotic disorder +Synthetic cathinone-induced mood disorder +Synthetic cathinone induced anxiety +Synthetic cathinone induced OCD +Synthetic cathinone induced impulse control disorder + +==== Disorders due to use of caffeine ==== +Episode of harmful use of caffeine +Harmful pattern of use of caffeine +Caffeine intoxication +Caffeine withdrawal +Caffeine induced anxiety disorder +Caffeine-induced sleep disorder + +==== Disorders due to use of hallucinogens ==== +Episode of harmful use of hallucinogens +Harmful pattern of use of hallucinogens +Hallucinogens dependence +Hallucinogen-induced delirium +Hallucinogens induced psychotic disorder +Hallucinogens induced anxiety disorder +Hallucinogens induced mood disorder +Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder + +==== Disorders due to use of nicotine ==== +Episode of harmful use of nicotine +Harmful pattern of use of nicotine +Nicotine intoxication +Nicotine withdrawal +Nicotine dependence + +==== Disorders due to use of volatile inhalants ==== +Episode of harmful use of volatile inhalants +Harmful pattern of use of volatile inhalants +Volatile inhalants withdrawal +Volatile inhalants induced delirium +Volatile inhalants induced psychotic disorder +Volatile inhalants induced mood disorder +Volatile inhalants induced anxiety + +==== Disorders due to use of dissociative drugs including ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP) ==== +Episode of harmful use of dissociative drugs including ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP) +Harmful pattern of use of dissociative drugs including ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP) +Dissociative drugs including ketamine and phencyclidine [PCP] dependence +Dissociative drugs including ketamine and phencyclidine [PCP] intoxication +Dissociative drugs including ketamine and phencyclidine [PCP] withdrawal +Dissociative drugs including ketamine and phencyclidine [PCP] induced delirium +Dissociative drugs including ketamine and phencyclidine [PCP] induced psychotic disorder +Dissociative drugs including ketamine and phencyclidine [PCP] induced mood disorder +Dissociative drugs including ketamine and phencyclidine [PCP] induced anxiety + +=== Non-substance related disorder === +Addictive personality +Gambling disorder +Video game addiction +Internet addiction disorder +Sexual addiction +Food addiction +Exercise addiction +Addiction to social media +Pornography addiction +Shopping addiction + +== Paraphilias == + +Voyeurism +Exhibitionistic disorder +Frotteuristic disorder +Pedophilia +Compulsive sexual behaviour +Erotic target location error +Sexual masochism +Sexual sadism +Fetishistic disorder +Transvestic disorder +Other specified paraphilic disorder + +== Somatic symptom related disorders == + +Illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis) +Somatic symptom disorder +Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) +Factitious disorder imposed on self (Munchausen syndrome) +Factitious disorder imposed on another (Munchausen by proxy) +Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions +Other specified somatic symptom and related disorder +Unspecified somatic symptom and related disorder +Sexual dysfunctions +Anorgasmia/female orgasmic disorder +Delayed ejaculation +Dyspareunia +Erectile disorder/dysfunction +Female sexual interest/arousal disorder +Genito-pelvic pain disorder (vaginismus) +Hypoactive sexual desire disorder +Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder +Persistent genital arousal disorder +Premature (early) ejaculation +Sexual arousal disorder +Sexual dysfunction +Substance/medication-induced sexual dysfunction +Other specified sexual dysfunction +Unspecified sexual dysfunction + +== Elimination disorders == +Enuresis (involuntary urination) +Nocturnal enuresis +Encopresis (involuntary defecation) +Other specified elimination disorders +Unspecified elimination disorder + +== Feeding and eating disorders == +Pica (disorder) +Rumination syndrome +Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder +Anorexia nervosa +Binge-eating disorder +Bulimia nervosa +Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) +Purging disorder +Night eating syndrome +Atypical anorexia nervosa +Diabulimia [unofficial] +Orthorexia nervosa [unofficial] +Unspecified feeding or eating disorder + +== Disruptive impulse-control, and conduct disorders == +Intermittent explosive disorder +Oppositional defiant disorder +Conduct disorder +Antisocial personality disorder +Pyromania +Kleptomania +Mythomania [unofficial] +Other specified disruptive impulse-control, and conduct disorders +Unspecified disruptive impulse-control, and conduct disorders + +== Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders == +Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) +Body dysmorphic disorder +Body integrity dysphoria +Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) +Excoriation disorder (dermatillomania/skin-picking disorder) +Body-focused repetitive behavior disorder +Olfactory reference syndrome +Phantom limb syndrome +Primarily obsessional obsessive-compulsive disorder +Hoarding disorder +Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition +Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder +Other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder +Unspecified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder + +== Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders == +Brief psychotic disorder +Delusional disorder +Delusional misidentification syndrome +Paraphrenia +Psychosis +Schizophrenia +Schizoaffective disorder +Schizophreniform disorder +Schizotypal personality disorder +Shared delusional disorder +Postpartum psychosis +Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition +Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder +Other schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder +Unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder +Catatonia (all subtypes included) + +== Personality disorders == + +=== DSM-5-TR classification === + +==== Cluster A (Odd, Eccentric) ==== +Paranoid personality disorder +Schizoid personality disorder +Schizotypal personality disorder + +==== Cluster B (Dramatic, Erratic) ==== +Antisocial personality disorder +Borderline personality disorder +Histrionic personality disorder +Narcissistic personality disorder + +==== Cluster C (Fearful, Anxious) ==== +Avoidant personality disorder +Dependent personality disorder +Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder + +==== Other personality disorders ==== +Other specified personality disorder +Unspecified personality disorder +Personality change due to another medical condition + +=== ICD-11 classification === + +==== Personality disorder ==== +Mild personality disorder +Moderate personality disorder +Severe personality disorder +Personality disorder, severity unspecified + +==== Prominent personality traits or patterns ==== +Negative affectivity in personality disorder or personality difficulty +Detachment in personality disorder or personality difficulty +Dissociality in personality disorder or personality difficulty +Disinhibition in personality disorder or personality difficulty +Anankastia in personality disorder or personality difficulty +Borderline pattern + +=== Former diagnoses === +Depressive personality disorder +Haltlose personality disorder +Immature personality disorder +Passive–aggressive personality disorder +Sadistic personality disorder +Self-defeating personality disorder + +== Other == +Gender dysphoria (also known as gender integrity disorder or gender incongruence; there are different categorizations for children and non-children in both the DSM-5-TR the ICD-11) +Medication-induced movement disorders and other adverse effects of medication +Culture-bound syndrome + +== Conditions for Further Study (From DSM-5-TR) == +Attenuated psychosis syndrome +Depressive episodes with short-duration hypomania +Caffeine use disorder +Internet gaming disorder +Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure +Suicidal behaviour disorder +Nonsuicidal self-injury disorder + +== See Also == +List of neurological conditions and disorders +International Classification of Diseases by the World Health Organization + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd66668dd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,197 @@ +--- +title: "List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:06.907227+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of mental disorders as defined in the DSM-IV, the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Published by the American Psychiatry Association (APA), it was released in May 1994, superseding the DSM-III-R (1987). This list also includes updates featured in the text revision of the DSM-IV, the DSM-IV-TR, released in July 2000. +Similar to the DSM-III-R, the DSM-IV-TR was created to bridge the gap between the DSM-IV and the next major release, then named DSM-V (eventually titled DSM-5). The DSM-IV-TR contains expanded descriptions of disorders. Wordings were clarified and errors were corrected. The categorizations and the diagnostic criteria were largely unchanged. No new disorders or conditions were introduced, although a small number of subtypes were added and removed. ICD-9-CM codes that were changed since the release of IV were updated. The DSM-IV and the DSM-IV-TR both contain a total of 297 mental disorders. +For an alphabetical list, see List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR (alphabetical). + +== Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence == + +=== Mental retardation === +317 Mild mental retardation +318.0 Moderate mental retardation +318.1 Severe mental retardation +318.2 Profound mental retardation +319 Mental retardation, severity unspecified + +=== Learning disorders === +315.00 Reading disorder +315.1 Mathematics disorder +315.2 Disorder of written expression +315.9 Learning disorder NOS + +=== Motor skills disorders === +315.4 Developmental coordination disorder + +=== Communication disorders === +315.31 Expressive language disorder +315.32 Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder (coded 315.31 in the DSM-IV) +315.39 Phonological disorder +307.0 Stuttering +307.9 Communication disorder NOS + +=== Pervasive developmental disorders === +299.00 Autistic disorder +299.80 Rett's disorder +299.10 Childhood disintegrative disorder +299.80 Asperger syndrome +299.80 PDD-NOS + +=== Attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders === +314.xx Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder +.01 Combined subtype +.01 Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype +.00 Predominantly inattentive subtype +.9 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder NOS +312.xx Conduct disorder (coded 312.8 in the DSM-IV) +.81 Childhood-onset type (code included only in the DSM-IV-TR) +.82 Adolescent-onset type (code included only in the DSM-IV-TR) +.89 Unspecified onset (code included only in the DSM-IV-TR) +313.81 Oppositional defiant disorder +312.9 Disruptive Behavior Disorder NOS + +=== Feeding and eating disorders of infancy or early childhood === +307.52 Pica +307.53 Rumination disorder +307.59 Feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood + +=== Tic disorders === +307.23 Tourette's disorder +307.22 Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder +307.21 Transient tic disorder +307.20 Tic disorder NOS + +=== Elimination disorders === +307.6 Enuresis (not due to a general medical condition) +307.7 Encopresis, without constipation and overflow incontinence +787.6 Encopresis, with constipation and overflow incontinence + +=== Other disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence === +309.21 Separation anxiety disorder +313.23 Selective mutism +313.89 Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood +307.3 Stereotypic movement disorder +313.9 Disorder of infancy, childhood, or adolescence NOS + +== Delirium, dementia, and amnestic and other cognitive disorders == + +=== Delirium === +293.0 Delirium due to... [indicate the general medical condition] +780.09 Delirium NOS + +=== Dementia === +294.xx Dementia of the Alzheimer's type, with early onset (coded 290.xx in the DSM-IV) +.10 Without behavioral disturbance (DSM-IV-TR only) +.11 With behavioral disturbance (DSM-IV-TR only) +.10 Uncomplicated (DSM-IV only) +.11 With delirium (DSM-IV only) +.12 With delusions (DSM-IV only) +.13 With depressed mood (DSM-IV only) +294.xx Dementia of the Alzheimer's type, with late onset (coded 290.xx in the DSM-IV) +.10 Without behavioral disturbance (DSM-IV-TR only) +.11 With behavioral disturbance (DSM-IV-TR only) +.0 Uncomplicated (DSM-IV only) +.3 With delirium (DSM-IV only) +.20 With delusions (DSM-IV only) +.21 With depressed mood (DSM-IV only) +290.xx Vascular dementia +.40 Uncomplicated +.41 With delirium +.42 With delusions +.43 With depressed mood +294.1x Dementia due to HIV disease (coded 294.9 in the DSM-IV) +294.1x Dementia due to head trauma (coded 294.1 in the DSM-IV) +294.1x Dementia due to Parkinson's disease (coded 294.9 in the DSM-IV) +294.1x Dementia due to Huntington's disease (coded 294.1 in the DSM-IV) +294.1x Dementia due to Pick's disease (coded 290.10 in the DSM-IV) +294.1x Dementia due to Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (coded 290.10 in the DSM-IV) +294.1x Dementia due to ... [Indicate the general medical condition not listed above] (coded 294.1 in the DSM-IV) +294.8 Dementia NOS + +=== Amnestic disorders === +294.0 Amnestic disorder due to... [indicate the general medical condition] +294.8 Amnestic disorder NOS + +=== Other cognitive disorders === +294.9 Cognitive disorder NOS + +== Mental disorders due to a general medical condition not elsewhere classified == +293.89 Catatonic disorder due to... [indicate the general medical condition] +310.1 Personality change due to... [indicate the general medical condition] +(Subtypes: Labile, Disinhibited, Aggressive, Apathetic, Paranoid, Other, Combined, Unspecified) +293.9 Mental disorder NOS due to... [indicate the general medical condition] + +== Substance-related disorders == + +=== Alcohol-related disorders === + +==== Alcohol use disorders ==== +303.90 Alcohol dependence +305.00 Alcohol abuse + +==== Alcohol-induced disorders ==== +303.00 Alcohol intoxication +291.81 Alcohol withdrawal (coded 291.8 in the DSM-IV) +291.0 Alcohol intoxication delirium +291.0 Alcohol withdrawal delirium +291.2 Alcohol-induced persisting dementia +291.1 Alcohol-induced persisting amnestic disorder +291.x Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder +.5 With delusions +.3 With hallucinations +291.89 Alcohol-induced mood disorder (coded 291.8 in the DSM-IV) +291.89 Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder (coded 291.8 in the DSM-IV) +291.89 Alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction (coded 291.8 in the DSM-IV) +291.89 Alcohol-induced sleep disorder (coded 291.8 in the DSM-IV) +291.9 Alcohol-related disorder NOS + +=== Amphetamine (or amphetamine-like)-related disorders === + +==== Amphetamine use disorders ==== +304.40 Amphetamine dependence +305.70 Amphetamine abuse + +==== Amphetamine-induced disorders ==== +292.89 Amphetamine intoxication +292.0 Amphetamine withdrawal +292.81 Amphetamine intoxication delirium +292.xx Amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder +.11 With delusions +.12 With hallucinations +292.84 Amphetamine-induced mood disorder +292.89 Amphetamine-induced anxiety disorder +292.89 Amphetamine-induced sexual dysfunction +292.89 Amphetamine-induced sleep disorder +292.9 Amphetamine-related disorder NOS + +=== Caffeine-related disorders === + +==== Caffeine-induced disorders ==== +305.90 Caffeine intoxication +292.89 Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder +292.89 Caffeine-induced sleep disorder +292.9 Caffeine-related disorder NOS + +=== Cannabis-related disorders === + +==== Cannabis use disorders ==== +304.30 Cannabis dependence +305.20 Cannabis abuse + +==== Cannabis-induced disorders ==== +292.89 Cannabis intoxication +292.81 Cannabis intoxication delirium +292.xx Cannabis-induced psychotic disorder +.11 With delusions +.12 With hallucinations +292.89 Cannabis-induced anxiety disorder +292.9 Cannabis-related disorder NOS + +=== Cocaine-related disorders === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a4f11e59 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,261 @@ +--- +title: "List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:06.907227+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Cocaine use disorders ==== +304.20 Cocaine dependence +305.60 Cocaine abuse + +==== Cocaine-induced disorders ==== +292.89 Cocaine intoxication +292.0 Cocaine withdrawal +292.81 Cocaine intoxication delirium +292.xx Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder +.11 With delusions +.12 With hallucinations +292.84 Cocaine-induced mood disorder +292.89 Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder +292.89 Cocaine-induced sexual dysfunction +292.89 Cocaine-induced sleep disorder +292.9 Cocaine-related disorder NOS + +=== Hallucinogen-related disorders === + +==== Hallucinogen use disorders ==== +304.50 Hallucinogen dependence +305.30 Hallucinogen abuse + +==== Hallucinogen-induced disorders ==== +292.89 Hallucinogen intoxication +292.89 Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (Flashbacks) +292.81 Hallucinogen intoxication delirium +292.xx Hallucinogen-induced psychotic disorder +.11 With delusions +.12 With hallucinations +292.84 Hallucinogen-induced mood disorder +292.89 Hallucinogen-induced anxiety disorder +292.9 Hallucinogen-related disorder NOS + +=== Inhalant-related disorders === + +==== Inhalant use disorders ==== +304.60 Inhalant dependence +305.90 Inhalant abuse + +==== Inhalant-induced disorders ==== +292.89 Inhalant intoxication +292.81 Inhalant intoxication delirium +292.82 Inhalant-induced persisting dementia +292.xx Inhalant-induced psychotic disorder +.11 With delusions +.12 With hallucinations +292.84 Inhalant-induced mood disorder +292.89 Inhalant-induced anxiety disorder +292.9 Inhalant-related disorder NOS + +=== Nicotine-related disorders === + +==== Nicotine use disorder ==== +305.1 Nicotine dependence (coded 305.10 in the DSM-IV) + +==== Nicotine-induced disorder ==== +292.0 Nicotine withdrawal +292.9 Nicotine-related disorder NOS + +=== Opioid-related disorders === + +==== Opioid use disorders ==== +304.00 Opioid dependence +305.50 Opioid abuse + +==== Opioid-induced disorders ==== +292.89 Opioid intoxication +292.0 Opioid withdrawal +292.81 Opioid intoxication delirium +292.xx Opioid-induced psychotic disorder +.11 With delusions +.12 With hallucinations +292.84 Opioid-induced mood disorder +292.89 Opioid-induced sexual dysfunction +292.89 Opioid-induced sleep disorder +292.9 Opioid-related disorder NOS + +=== Phencyclidine (or phencyclidine-like) related disorders === + +==== Phencyclidine use disorders ==== +304.60 Phencyclidine dependence (coded 304.90 in the DSM-IV) +305.90 Phencyclidine abuse + +==== Phencyclidine-induced disorders ==== +292.89 Phencyclidine intoxication +292.81 Phencyclidine intoxication delirium +292.xx Phencyclidine-induced psychotic disorder +.11 With delusions +.12 With hallucinations +292.84 Phencyclidine-induced mood disorder +292.89 Phencyclidine-induced anxiety disorder +292.9 Phencyclidine-related disorder NOS + +=== Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related disorders === + +==== Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorders ==== +304.10 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic dependence +305.40 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic abuse + +==== Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced disorders ==== +292.89 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication +292.0 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal +292.81 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication delirium +292.81 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal delirium +292.82 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced persisting dementia +292.83 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced persisting amnestic disorder +292.xx Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced psychotic disorder +.11 With delusions +.12 With hallucinations +292.84 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced mood disorder +292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced anxiety disorder +292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sexual dysfunction +292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sleep disorder +292.9 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related disorder NOS + +=== Polysubstance-related disorder === +304.80 Polysubstance dependence + +=== Other (or unknown) substance-related disorders === + +==== Other (or unknown) substance use disorders ==== +304.90 Other (or unknown) substance dependence +305.90 Other (or unknown) substance abuse + +==== Other (or unknown) substance-induced disorders ==== +292.89 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication +292.0 Other (or unknown) substance withdrawal +292.81 Other (or unknown) substance-induced delirium +292.82 Other (or unknown) substance-induced persisting dementia +292.83 Other (or unknown) substance-induced persisting amnestic disorder +292.xx Other (or unknown) substance-induced psychotic disorder +.11 With delusions +.12 With hallucinations +292.84 Other (or unknown) substance-induced mood disorder +292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced anxiety disorder +292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sexual dysfunction +292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sleep disorder +292.9 Other (or unknown) substance-related disorder NOS + +== Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders == +295.xx Schizophrenia +295.20 Catatonic type +295.10 Disorganized type +295.30 Paranoid type +295.60 Residual type +295.90 Undifferentiated type +295.40 Schizophreniform disorder +295.70 Schizoaffective disorder +297.1 Delusional disorder +Erotomanic subtype +Grandiose subtype +Jealous subtype +Persecutory subtype +Somatic subtype +Mixed type +298.8 Brief psychotic disorder +297.3 Shared psychotic disorder +Psychotic disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] +293.81 With delusions +293.82 With hallucinations +298.9 Psychotic disorder NOS + +== Mood disorders == +293.83 Mood disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] +296.90 Mood disorder NOS + +=== Depressive disorders === +296.xx Major depressive disorder +.2x Major depressive disorder, single episode +.26 In full remission +.25 In partial remission +.21 Mild +.22 Moderate +.23 Severe without psychotic features +.24 Severe with psychotic features +.20 Unspecified +.3x Major depressive disorder, recurrent +.36 In full remission +.35 In partial remission +.31 Mild +.32 Moderate +.33 Severe without psychotic features +.34 Severe with psychotic features +.30 Unspecified +300.4 Dysthymic disorder +311 Depressive disorder NOS + +=== Bipolar disorders === +296.xx Bipolar I disorder +.5x Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode depressed +.56 In full remission +.55 In partial remission +.51 Mild +.52 Moderate +.53 Severe without psychotic features +.54 Severe with psychotic features +.50 Unspecified +.40 Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode hypomanic +.4x Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode manic +.46 In full remission +.45 In partial remission +.41 Mild +.42 Moderate +.43 Severe without psychotic features +.44 Severe with psychotic features +.40 Unspecified +.6x Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode mixed +.66 In full remission +.65 In partial remission +.61 Mild +.62 Moderate +.63 Severe without psychotic features +.64 Severe with psychotic features +.60 Unspecified +.7 Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode unspecified +.0x Bipolar I disorder, single manic episode +.06 In full remission +.05 In partial remission +.01 Mild +.02 Moderate +.03 Severe without psychotic features +.04 Severe with psychotic features +.00 Unspecified +296.89 Bipolar II disorder +301.13 Cyclothymic disorder +296.80 Bipolar disorder NOS + +== Anxiety disorders == +300.01 Panic disorder without agoraphobia +300.21 Panic disorder with agoraphobia +300.22 Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder +300.29 Specific phobia +300.23 Social phobia +300.3 Obsessive–compulsive disorder +309.81 Posttraumatic stress disorder +308.3 Acute stress disorder +300.02 Generalized anxiety disorder +293.84 Anxiety disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] (coded 293.89 in the DSM-IV) +300.00 Anxiety disorder NOS + +== Somatoform disorders == +300.81 Somatization disorder +300.82 Undifferentiated somatoform disorder (coded 300.81 in the DSM-IV) +300.11 Conversion disorder +307.xx Pain disorder +307.80 Associated with psychological factors +307.89 Associated with both psychological factors and a general medical condition +300.7 Hypochondriasis +300.7 Body dysmorphic disorder +300.82 Somatoform disorder NOS (coded 300.81 in the DSM-IV) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..600b6b6f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,213 @@ +--- +title: "List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:06.907227+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Factitious disorders == +300.xx Factitious disorder +.19 With combined psychological and physical signs and symptoms +.19 With predominantly physical signs and symptoms +.16 With predominantly psychological signs and symptoms +300.19 Factitious disorder NOS + +== Dissociative disorders == +300.12 Dissociative amnesia +300.13 Dissociative fugue +300.14 Dissociative identity disorder +300.6 Depersonalization disorder +300.15 Dissociative disorder NOS + +== Sexual and gender identity disorders == + +=== Sexual dysfunctions === + +==== Sexual desire disorders ==== +302.71 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder +302.79 Sexual aversion disorder + +==== Sexual arousal disorders ==== +302.72 Female sexual arousal disorder +302.72 Male erectile disorder + +==== Orgasmic disorders ==== +302.73 Female orgasmic disorder +302.74 Male orgasmic disorder +302.75 Premature ejaculation + +==== Sexual pain disorders ==== +302.76 Dyspareunia (not due to a general medical condition) +306.51 Vaginismus (not due to a general medical condition) + +==== Sexual dysfunction due to a general medical condition ==== +625.8 Female hypoactive sexual desire disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] +608.89 Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] +607.84 Male erectile disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] +625.0 Female dyspareunia due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] +608.89 Male dyspareunia due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] +625.8 Other female sexual dysfunction due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] +608.89 Other male sexual dysfunction due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] +302.70 Sexual dysfunction NOS + +=== Paraphilias === + +302.4 Exhibitionism +302.81 Fetishism +302.89 Frotteurism +302.2 Pedophilia +302.83 Sexual masochism +302.84 Sexual sadism +302.3 Transvestic fetishism +302.82 Voyeurism +302.9 Paraphilia NOS + +=== Gender identity disorders === +302.xx Gender identity disorder +.6 in children +.85 in adolescents or adults +302.6 Gender identity disorder NOS +302.9 Sexual disorder NOS + +== Eating disorders == +307.1 Anorexia nervosa +307.51 Bulimia nervosa +307.50 Eating disorder NOS + +== Sleep disorders == + +=== Primary sleep disorders === + +==== Dyssomnias ==== +307.44 Primary hypersomnia +307.42 Primary insomnia +347 Narcolepsy +780.59 Breathing-related sleep disorder +307.45 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder +307.47 Dyssomnia NOS + +=== Parasomnias === +307.47 Nightmare disorder +307.46 Sleep terror disorder +307.46 Sleepwalking disorder +307.47 Parasomnia NOS + +=== Sleep disorders related to another mental disorder === +307.42 Insomnia Related to ... [indicate the Axis I or Axis II disorder] +307.44 Hypersomnia Related to ... [indicate the Axis I or Axis II disorder] + +=== Other sleep disorders === +780.xx Sleep disorder due to... [indicate the general medical condition] +.54 Hypersomnia type +.52 Insomnia type +.59 Mixed type +.59 Parasomnia type + +== Impulse-control disorders not elsewhere classified == +312.34 Intermittent explosive disorder +312.32 Kleptomania +312.31 Pathological gambling +312.33 Pyromania +312.39 Trichotillomania +312.30 Impulse-control disorder NOS + +== Adjustment disorders == +309.xx Adjustment disorders +.9 Unspecified +.24 With anxiety +.0 With depressed mood +.3 With disturbance of conduct +.28 With mixed anxiety and depressed mood +.4 With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct + +== Personality disorders (Axis II) == +Cluster A (odd or eccentric): + +301.0 Paranoid personality disorder +301.20 Schizoid personality disorder +301.22 Schizotypal personality disorder +Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic): + +301.7 Antisocial personality disorder +301.83 Borderline personality disorder +301.50 Histrionic personality disorder +301.81 Narcissistic personality disorder +Cluster C (anxious or fearful): + +301.82 Avoidant personality disorder +301.6 Dependent personality disorder +301.4 Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder +NOS: + +301.9 Personality disorder not otherwise specified + +== Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention == + +=== Psychological factors affecting medical condition === +316 ... [Specified psychological factor] affecting ... [indicate the general medical condition] + +=== Medication-induced movement disorders === +332.1 Neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism +333.92 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome +333.7 Neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia +333.99 Neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia +333.82 Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia +333.1 Medication-induced postural tremor +333.90 Medication-induced movement disorder NOS + +=== Other medication-induced disorder === +995.2 Adverse effects of medication NOS + +=== Relational problems === +V61.9 Relational problem related to a mental disorder or general medical condition +V61.20 Parent-child relational problem +V61.10 Partner relational problem (coded V61.1 in the DSM-IV) +V61.8 Sibling relational problem +V62.81 Relational problem NOS + +=== Problems related to abuse or neglect === +V61.21 Physical abuse of Child +V61.21 Sexual abuse of child +V61.21 Neglect of child +___.__ Physical abuse of adult (coded V61.1 in the DSM-IV) +V61.12 if by partner (included only in the DSM-IV-TR) +V62.83 if by person other than partner (included only in the DSM-IV-TR) +___.__ Sexual abuse of adult (coded V61.1 in the DSM-IV) +V61.12 if by partner (included only in the DSM-IV-TR) +V62.83 if by person other than partner (included only in the DSM-IV-TR) + +=== Additional conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention === +V15.81 Noncompliance with treatment +V65.2 Malingering +V71.01 Adult antisocial behavior +V71.02 Child or adolescent antisocial behavior +V62.89 Borderline intellectual functioning +780.9 Age-related cognitive decline +V62.82 Bereavement +V62.3 Academic problem +V62.2 Occupational problem +313.82 Identity problem +V62.89 Religious or spiritual problem +V62.4 Acculturation problem +V62.89 Phase of life problem + +== Additional codes == +300.9 Unspecified mental disorder (nonpsychotic) +V71.09 No diagnosis or condition on Axis I +799.9 Diagnosis or condition deferred on Axis I +V71.09 No diagnosis on Axis II +799.9 Diagnosis deferred on Axis II + +== See also == +Classification of mental disorders +Clinical coder +DSM-5#Changes from DSM-IV +List of ICD-9 codes 290–319: mental disorders + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website of the DSM-IV-TR, published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA, via archive.org) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR_(alphabetical)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR_(alphabetical)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61776c509 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR_(alphabetical)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR (alphabetical)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR_(alphabetical)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:08.225948+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is an alphabetically sorted list of all mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR, along with their ICD-9-CM codes, where applicable. +The DSM-IV-TR is a text revision of the DSM-IV. While no new disorders were added in this version, 11 subtypes were added and 8 were removed. This list features both the added and removed subtypes. Also, 22 ICD-9-CM codes were updated. The ICD codes stated in the first column are those from the DSM-IV-TR. The ones that were updated are marked yellow – the older ICD codes from the DSM-IV are stated in the third column. + + +== List == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website of the DSM-IV-TR, published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA, via archive.org) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcefcd078 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +--- +title: "List of mnemonics" +chunk: 1/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:16.788943+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article contains a list of notable mnemonics used to remember various objects, lists, etc. + +== Astronomy == +Order of planets from the Sun: (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto) + +obsolete (per the IAU definition of planet): +Most Vegetables Eat More Juice So Usually Never Pee +My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Potatoes +Many Vicious Elephants Met Just Slightly Under New Pineapples +My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets +Mark's Very Extravagant Mother Just Sent Us Ninety Parakeets +Mother Very Eagerly Made A (Asteroids) Jelly Sandwich Under No Protest +Many Volcanoes Erupt Molten Jam Sandwiches Usually Not Palatable +Since the IAU change the definition of a planet and relegated Pluto to the status of minor planet, the following has gained popularity + +My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos +Stellar classification sequence: O B A F G K M R N S +Oh Be A Fine Girl/Guy, Kiss Me Right Now, Sweetheart! +Revised stellar classification sequence: O B A F G K M L T Y +Old, Bald, And Fat Generals Kiss More Ladies Than You +Signs of the zodiac: + +== Biology == + +To remember the order of taxa in biology (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, [Variety]): +"Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup" is often cited as a non-vulgar method for teaching students to memorize the taxonomic classification of system. Other variations tend to start with the mythical king, with one author noting "The nonsense about King Philip, or some ribald version of it, has been memorized by generations of biology students". +Dear King Philip Claps Often For Good Science +Dark King Prawns Curl Over Fresh Green Salad +Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk? +Dumb Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Greasy Spinach +Do Kindly Place Cover On Fresh Green Spring Vegetables +Darn Kernel Panics Crash Our Family Game System +Do Keep Pond Clean Or Frog Gets Sick +Dumb Kids Play Catch Over Father's Grave Stone +Daniel Keeps Philip Cat On Friday Getting Salsa +Dumb Kids Pushing Cups Over Feeds Growing Spite +To remember the processes that define living things: +MRS GREN: Movement; Respiration; Sensation; Growth; Reproduction; Excretion; Nutrition +To remember the number of humps on types of camels: +D in Dromedary has one hump; B in Bactrian has two +To recognize poison ivy +Leaves of three, leave it be. +Hairy vine, no friend of mine. +COWS stand for Cold Opposite Warm Same, which are the relation between the components of the Caloric reflex test +To memorise DNA/nucleotide base pairs +Tigers Are Great Cats, first letters of the word pairs (T-A, G-C) stand for base pairs. +To memorise the types of antibodies +GAMED: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD +To memorise the first six fields of sequence match records in a SAM file (Query, Flags, Reference name, Position, Mapping quality, CIGAR): +Queen Felicity Rarely Plays Multi-dimensional Chess + +== Chemistry == + +To recall the names of the first 20 elements in the periodic table: +Harry, he likes beer by cupfuls, not over frothy, never nasty mugs allowed. Since past six closing, are kegs cancelled? +(H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca.) +To remember the electrodes on which oxidation and reduction occurs (An Ox, Red Cat) +An Ox (Oxidation at Anode) +Red Cat (Reduction at Cathode) + +To remember the different charges of the anode and cathode in electrolysis (PANIC): +Positive Anode Negative Is Cathode +AN OIL RIG CAT: +At the ANode, Oxidation Involves electron Loss. +Reduction Involves electron Gain at the CAThode. +CHON: to remember the four most common elements in organisms +Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen +CHNOPS: to remember the six most common elements in organisms +Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur + +== Engineering == +For the EIA electronic color code, Black(0), Brown(1), Red(2), Orange(3), Yellow(4), Green(5), Blue(6), Violet(7), Gray(8), White(9), Gold(5%), Silver(10%), None(20%) + +Big brown rabbits often yield great big vocal groans when gingerly slapped +Bad boys run our young girls behind victory garden walls +B. B. Roy [of] Great Britain [has] Very Good Wife. +A mnemonic to remember which way to turn common (right-hand thread) screws and nuts, including light bulbs, is "Righty-tighty, Lefty-loosey"; another is "Right on, Left off". +For the OSI Network Layer model Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away correspond to the Physical, Datalink, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation and Application layers. +For power in watts: Twinkle twinkle little star, Power equals I (current) squared R (resistance). +"ELI the ICE man": E leads the I in an inductor, I leads the E in a capacitor. Useful in power factor correction. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2523b455 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +--- +title: "List of mnemonics" +chunk: 2/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:16.788943+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Geography == +Both names of the northern major circles of latitude (the Arctic Circle and Tropic of Cancer) have six letters; both southern ones (the Antarctic Circle and Tropic of Capricorn) have nine. +The countries of South America in order of largest to smallest by area: Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Chile, Paraguay, Ecuador, Guyana, Uruguay, Suriname +Boring, Average Politics Can Become Very Corrupt. People Everywhere Get Used Sometimes +The countries of Central America from North to South: Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama +Big Gorillas Eat Hotdogs, Not Cold Pizza +Including Mexico, My Grandma's Bunny Eats Hamburgers, Not Canned Peas +The Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea including the eight independent nations and eight larger island territories (and excluding the "ABC" islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao), in order generally from northwest to southeast: +BUt Angry SaM's StuBborn KNights ABandon Money to Guard Dominant Marines and SteaL SteVe's Barrels of Green Tobacco +(British Virgin Islands, US Virgin Islands, Anguilla, St. Martin/Sint Maarten, St. Barthelemy, St. Kitts & Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago) +The Great Lakes in order of largest to smallest: Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario +Super Heroes Must Eat Oats +And in order from west to east: +Shake My hand Evil Octopus +A more common mnemonic for the Great Lakes, disregarding order: +Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior: HOMES +The principal factors affecting climate: LABDOWA +Latitude, Altitude, Build, Distance from the sea, Ocean currents, Wind, Aspect +The countries bordering Germany (clockwise from top): Denmark, Poland, Czechia, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands. +Do Polish Checks Always Say "France Look Back Now"! +The traditional six counties of Northern Ireland are Fermanagh, Antrim, Tyrone, Londonderry, Armagh, and Down. FAT LAD. +The northernmost countries of the African continent, from west to east: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt. +Most African Tourists Like Elephants. +The southernmost provinces of Canada: British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland. +BASMOQN, pronounced "Baz-Mock-Win" + +== Geology == +Geological periods: Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous; Post-Cretaceous Epochs: Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent (Holocene) +Pregnant Camels Often Sit Down Carefully, Perhaps Their Joints Creak? Possibly Early Oiling Might Prevent Permanent Rheumatism +Paleozoic to Cenozoic: Pregnant Camels Ordinarily Sit Down Carefully, Perhaps Their Joints Creak +Post-Cretaceous Epochs: Please Eat Oats My Pretty Pet Horse (Holocene) +Mohs scale of mineral hardness 1-10: +For Talc(=1), Gypsum(=2), Calcite(=3), Fluorite(=4), Apatite(=5), Orthoclase(=6), Quartz(=7), Topaz(=8), Corundum(=9), Diamond(=10) +Tall Girls Can Fight And Other Queer Things Can Develop +TAll GYroscopes CAn FLy APart ORbiting QUickly TO COmplete DIsintegration +Toronto Girls Can Flirt And Only Quit To Chase Dwarves +Terrible Giants Can Find Alligators Or Quaint Trolls Conveniently Digestible +Tall Gene Calls Florence At Our Quarters To Correct Dumbness +Differentiating stalactites from stalagmites. +The 'mites go up and the 'tites come down. When one has ants in one's pants, the mites go up and the tights come down. (In a strict scientific sense, a mite is not an ant, although "mite" in common speech can refer to any small creature.) +Stalactites hang tight, hang down like tights on a line; stalagmites might bite (if you sit on them), might reach the roof. +Tights hang from the Ceiling, and Mites crawl around on the Ground +You need might to do push-ups (from the floor). You must hold tight doing chin-ups (off the ceiling). +Stalactites are on the ceiling. Stalagmites are on the ground. +Stalactites hang tightly ; stalagmites stand mightily. + +== History == +Chinese dynasties (simplified): Xia (Hsia), Shang, Zhou (Chou), Qin (Ch'in), Han, Jin, Southern and Northern, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing (Ching) +She Shamefully Chose Chinese Hand Jingles (and) SiNfully Sweet Tango Songs: "You (and) Me, Chickadee!" +English dynasties (simplified): Norman, Plantagenet, Lancaster, York, Tudor, Stuart, Hanover, Windsor +No Plan Like Yours To Study History Wisely. + +Wives of Henry VIII (names): Aragon, Boleyn, Seymour, Cleves, Howard, Parr +All Boys Should Come Home Please +Wives of Henry VIII (manner of death): Divorced, beheaded, died / Divorced, beheaded, survived. +British nobility rank order (simplified): Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, Barons +Do Men Ever Visit Boston? +Assassinated US presidents and perpetrators: Lincoln by Booth, Garfield by Guiteau, McKinley by Czolgosz and Kennedy by Oswald. +Losers Bearing Grudges Grieve Mainly Cowards Killing Orators + +== Languages == + +=== English === + +==== Characteristic sequence of letters ==== +I always comes before E (but after C, E comes before I) +In most words like friend, field, piece, pierce, mischief, thief, tier, it is "i" which comes before "e". But on some words with c just before the pair of e and i, like receive, perceive, "e" comes before "i". This can be remembered by the following mnemonic, + +I before E, except after C +But this is not always obeyed as in case of weird and weigh, weight, height, neighbor etc. and can be remembered by extending that mnemonic as given below + +I before E, except after C +Or when sounded "A" as in neighbor, weigh and weight +Or when sounded like "eye" as in height +And "weird" is just weird +Another variant, which avoids confusion when the two letters represent different sounds instead of a single sound, as in atheist or being, runs + +When it says ee +Put i before e +But not after c +Where ever there is a Q there is a U too +Most frequently u follows q. e.g.: Que, queen, question, quack, quark, quartz, quarry, quit, Pique, torque, macaque, exchequer. Hence the mnemonic: + +Where ever there is a Q there is a U too (But this is violated by some words; see:List of English words containing Q not followed by U) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec1f04110 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +--- +title: "List of mnemonics" +chunk: 3/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:16.788943+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Letters of specific syllables in a word ==== +BELIEVE +Do not believe a lie. +SECRETARY +A secretary must keep a secret +TEACHER +There is an ache in every teacher. +MEASUREMENT +Be sure of your measurements before you start work. +FRIEND +Fri the end of your friend +SPECIAL +The CIA have special agents +BEAUTIFUL +Big Elephants Are Ugly +SEPARATE +Always smell a rat when you spell separate +There was a farmer named Sep and one day his wife saw a rat. She yelled, "Sep! A rat – E!!!" +TOMORROW +I will go with Tom or Row. +PRINCIPAL +The principal is your pal. +BEGINNING +I will beg at the inn. + +==== Distinguishing between similar words ==== +Difference between Advice & Advise, Practice & Practise, Licence & License etc. +Advice, Practice, Licence etc. (those with c) are nouns and Advise, Practise, License etc. are verbs. + +One way of remembering this is that the word 'noun' comes before the word 'verb' in the dictionary; likewise 'c' comes before 's', so the nouns are 'practice, licence, advice' and the verbs are 'practise, license, advise'. +Here or Hear +We hear with our ear. +Complement and Compliment +complement adds something to make it enough +compliment puts you in the limelight +Principle and Principal +Your principal is your pal +A rule can be called a principle +Remedial and Menial +Remedial work is meant to remedy. +Menial work is boring but it's mean (-ial) to complain. +Their, There and They're +Theirs is not mine even though 'I' is in it. +There is where we'll be. +They're is a contraction of 'they are.' +Stationary and stationery +Stationery contains er and so does paper; stationary (not moving) contains ar and so does car +A for "at rest", e for envelope +Gray and grey +Gray is preferred in America while grey is preferred in England + +==== First letter mnemonics of spelling ==== +DIARRH(O)EA +Dashing In A Rush, Running Harder (or) Else Accident! +Dining In A Rough Restaurant: Hurry, (otherwise) Expect Accidents! +Diarrhea Is A Really Runny Heap (of) Endless Amounts +ARITHMETIC +A Rat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream +NECESSARY +Not Every Cat Eats Sardines (Some Are Really Yummy) +Never Eat Chocolate, Eat Sardine Sandwiches And Remain Young +BECAUSE +Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants +Big Elephants Cause Accidents Under Small Elephants +Big Elephants Can't Always Use Small Exits +Big Elephants Can't Always Use Small Entrances +MNEMONICS +Mnemonics Now Erase Man's Oldest Nemesis, Insufficient Cerebral Storage +GEOGRAPHY +George's Elderly Old Grandfather Rode A Pig Home Yesterday. +TOMORROW +Trails Of My Old Red Rose Over Window +RHYTHM +Rhythm Helps Your Two Hips Move + +==== Grammar ==== +Adjective order in English: OSASCOMP (Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose) +On Saturday And Sunday Cold Ovens Make Pastry +Commonly-used coordinating conjunctions in English: FANBOYS +For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So + +=== French === +The verbs in French that use the auxiliary verb être in the compound past (sometimes called "verbs of motion") can be memorized using the phrase "Dr. (and) Mrs. Vandertramp": +devenir, revenir, monter, rester, sortir, venir, aller, naître, descendre, entrer, rentrer, tomber, retourner, arriver, mourir, partir + +=== Spanish === +The informal affirmative imperative forms can be memorized using the phrase "Vin Diesel has ten weapons, eh?": ¡Ven! (venir), ¡Di! (decir), ¡Sal! (salir), ¡Haz! (hacer), ¡Ten! (tener), ¡Ve! (ver), ¡Pon! (poner), ¡Se! (ser) +Contexts in which subjunctive mood is used can be memorized using the acronym WEIRDO: Wishes, Emotions, Impersonal expressions, Recommendations/requests, Doubt/denial, Ojalá + +== Mathematics == + +=== Pi === +The first 15 digits of Pi can be remembered by counting the letters in the phrase, "How I want a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics." + +=== Quadratic equation === +The articulation of the quadratic equation can be sung to the tune of various songs as a mnemonic device. + +=== Mathematical operations === +For helping students in remembering the rules in adding and multiplying two signed numbers, Balbuena and Buayan (2015) made the letter strategies LAUS (like signs, add; unlike signs, subtract) and LPUN (like signs, positive; unlike signs, negative), respectively. + +Order of Operations + +PEMDAS + +Please - Parenthesis + +Excuse - Exponents + +My - Multiplication + +Dear - Division + +Aunt - Addition + +Sally - Subtraction +In the UK, the phrase BIDMAS is used instead; Brackets, Indices, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction. +BEDMAS is more commonly used in Canada and New Zealand. + +=== Trigonometry === + +The mnemonic "SOHCAHTOA" (occasionally spelt "SOH CAH TOA") is often used to remember the basic trigonometric functions: + +Sine = Opposite / Hypotenuse +Cosine = Adjacent / Hypotenuse +Tangent = Opposite / Adjacent +Other mnemonics that have been used for this include: +Some Old Hippie +Caught Another Hippie +Tripping On Acid. +Ships Of Holland Call At Harwich To Obtain Apples. +Sighs Of Happiness Come After Having Tankards Of Ale. +Some Old Hen Caught Another Hen Taking Off Alone. +Silly Old Hitler Can't Advance His Troops On Africa. + +=== Topology === +Mnemonics for Euler's characteristic are "fav.me", for "F add V, minus E", and "veryfun". + +=== Calculus === +The mnemonic "LIATE" is commonly used to determine which functions are to be chosen as  u  and  d v  in integration by parts. + +Logarithmic functions +Inverse trigonometric functions +Algebraic functions +Trigonometric functions +Exponential functions + +== Medicine == + +To remember the signs of a stroke: +FAST +Face (Has the victim's face fallen on one side?) +Arms (Can the victim raise both arms and keep them raised?) +Speech (Is the victim's speech slurred? Can they repeat a simple sentence?) +Time (It is time to contact emergency services.) +To remember the steps for Resuscitation: +D.R.S. A.B.C.D +Danger (Check for danger to yourself or others before starting) +Response (Check for signs of life or response) +Send for help (Call for backup, or Emergency services) +Airway (Check for obstruction in the throat) +Breaths (Check for breaths) +CPR (Commence CPR) +Defib (Apply Defibrillator) + +== Anatomy == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bde32ebf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +--- +title: "List of mnemonics" +chunk: 4/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:16.788943+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +To remember the 10 organ systems of the human body: +NICER DRUMS (Nervous, Integumentary, Circulatory, Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive, Reproductive, Urinary, Muscular, Skeletal) +Intrinsic muscles of hand +'A OF A OF A' +Thenar (lateral to medial-palmar surface): + +Abductor pollicis brevis + Opponens pollicis + Flexor pollicis brevis + Adductor pollicis + +Hypothenar (lateral to medial-palmar surface): + +Opponens digiti minimi + Flexor digiti minimi + Abductor digiti minimi + +Muscles of mandibular nerve (V3 of trigeminal nerve) : Mylohyoid, Tensor tympani + Tensor veli palatini, Digastric (Anterior) – 4 Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids +My Tensors Dig Ants for Mom +2 big ones, 2 small ones, 2 tensors, 2 pterygoids +Bones of the wrist:Scaphoid bone, Lunate bone, Triquetral bone, Pisiform bone, Trapezium (bone), Trapezoid bone, Capitate bone & Hamate bone +Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle +She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her +So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb +Simply Learn The Positions That The Carpus Has +Send Louis To Paris To Tame Carnal Hungers +Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hands +Differential Diagnosis +VINDICATE +Cranial nerves + +== Music == + +=== Bowed strings === +Mnemonics are used in remembering string names in violin standard tuning. +Good Dogs Always Eat +Greedy Dogs Always Eat +Mnemonics are used in remembering string names in viola standard tuning. +Cats Give Dogs Advice + +=== Guitar === +Mnemonics are used in remembering guitar string names in standard tuning. +Every Average Dude Gets Better Eventually +Eggs Are Deliciously Good Breakfast Energy +Eddy Ate Dynamite Good Bye Eddy +Every Adult Dog Growls Barks Eats. +Every Acid Dealer Gets Busted Eventually +Even After Dinner Giant Boys Eat +Elephants All Dine Generally Before Eight +Elephants And Donkeys Grow Big Ears +Every American Dog Gets Bones Easily +Every Angel Does Good Before Evil +Eat All Day Get Big Easy +Eine Alte Dame Geht Heute Einkaufen (German: an old lady goes shopping today) +Een Aap Die Geen Bananen Eet (Dutch: A monkey that doesn't eat bananas) +Thus we get the names of the strings from 6th string to the 1st string in that order. +Conversely, a mnemonic listing the strings in the reverse order is: + +Every Beginning Guitarist Does All Exercises! +Elvis' Big Great Dane Ate Everything +Every Big Girl Deserves An Elephant +Easter Bunny Gets Drunk At Easter +Easter Bunnies Go Dancing After Easter + +=== Ukulele === +As for guitar tuning, there is also a mnemonic for ukuleles. + +Good Cooks Eat A-lot +Gotta Catch 'Em All +In the other direction it is Aunt Evie Cooks Grits + +=== Reading music === + +Musicians can remember the notes associated with the five lines of the treble clef using any of the following mnemonics, EGBDF: (from the bottom line to the top) + Every Good Boy Does Fine. + Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge (or Friendship, Fun, Fruit, etc.) +Eggnog Gets Better During February + Empty Garbage Before Dad Flips + Eat Good Bread Dear Father + Every Good Burger Deserves Fries + Every Good Bird Dresses Fly + +The four spaces of the treble clef spell out (from the bottom to the top) FACE and can be remembered as FACE fits in the space (between lines) +The five lines of the bass clef from the bottom to the top + Good Boys Do Fine Always + Good Birds Don't Fly Away + Grizzly Bears Don't Fly Airplanes + Great Basses Dig Fine Altos + Goblins Bring Death For All +George Bush Didn't Find Anything +Good Burritos Don't Fall Apart +Good Boys Deserve Fudge Always +Garbage Birds Don't Fly Away +The four spaces of the bass clef from the bottom to the top + All Cows Eat Grass + All Cars Eat Gas + All Conductors Eat Garbage +The five lines of the alto clef from the bottom to the top + Fat Alley Cat Eats Garbage +The four spaces of the alto clef from the bottom to the top + Green Birds Do Fly + +The order of sharps in key signature notation is F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯, which can be remembered using the phrase + Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle + Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket. + Fat Cats Go Down Alleys Eating Birds. + Fidel Castro Gets Drunk And Eats Babies. + Fat Cats Greedy Dogs All Eat Bananas. +The order of flats is B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, and F♭ (reverse order of sharps), which can be remembered using the phrase: + Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father + Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet. + Before Eating A Doughnut Get Coffee First. +To remember the difference between the whole rest and the half rest: +A whole rest looks like a "hole in the ground", and a half rest looks like a hat. + +=== Music theory === +The 7 modern modes (Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, and Locrian) may be remembered in order with any of several mnemonics: + I Don't Play Loud Music After Lunch + I Don't Punch Like Muhammad A Li + I Don't Particularly Like Modes A Lot + I Don't Particularly Like My Aunt's Lasagna + Iron Door F(Ph)ridge Lids Mixup (Ae)oily Locals +The 7 modern modes in brightest-to-darkest order (Lydian, Ionian, Mixolydian, Dorian, Aeolian, Phrygian, and Locrian) may be remembered as follows: + Lilacs In Malaysia Don't Always Provide Longevity + LIM DAPL (pronounced "limbed apple") + +== Philosophy == +THE LAD ZAPPA is a mnemonic for the first 11 (and most important) Ionian philosophers: Thales, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Leucippus, Anaximander, Democritus, Zeno, Anaximenes, Protagoras, Parmenides, Anaxagoras . +THE PLAZA PAD is another mnemonic for the first 11 (and most important) Ionian philosophers: Thales, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Protagoras, Leucippus, Anaximander, Zeno, Anaximenes, Parmenides, Anaxagoras, Democritus. +SPA is a mnemonic for the philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle in their order of appearance, Socrates first. + +== Physics == + +Sequence of colours in a rainbow or visible spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet): +Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain +Ring Out Your Great Bells In Victory. +Roy G. Biv is also used as a fictitious name +Raving "Oh, You're Great, Bradley!" Is Valid (from quiz show The Chase, referring to host Bradley Walsh) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a26707d08 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "List of mnemonics" +chunk: 5/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:16.788943+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Theology == +TULIP, summarises the core tenets of Calvinism: Total depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and Perseverance of the Saints. +(Further Memory Peg: The Economic boom that allowed the Tulip mania in the Netherlands was ultimately enabled by the Calvinist Ethic) + +== Transportation == +Marine +"Red, Right, Return" reminds the skipper entering ("returning to") an IALA region B port to keep red markers to the starboard of the vessel. Conversely the opposite convention exists in IALA region A ports, where a similar (but significantly different) mnemonic of "Red on the Right Returning To Sea" can be used. +The phrase "there's always some red port (wine) left" is used to remember the basics in seafaring. "Red" refers to the color of navigation lights on the port (left) side of a vessel (as opposed to green on the starboard side). +"Nuclear Restrictions Constrain Fishing and Sailing, People Say" is used to encode the "order of priority" for which vessels have right of way (earlier in the list has priority over later): Not under command; Restricted; Constrained by draft; Fishing vessel; Sailboat; Powerboat; Seaplane. + +Aviation uses many mnemonics in addition to written checklists. See also Category: Aviation mnemonics +CRAFT - Clearance limit, Route, Altitude, Frequency, Transponder. +pre-landing: GUMPS - Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Propeller, Speed. +pre-final: MARTHA - Missed (procedure), Altitude (limit), Radios (set), Time (limit), Heading (final), Airspeed (descent) +pre-high-altitude - FLOWER - Flow (enabled), Lights (test), Oxygen (charged), Water (humidity), Electricity (on), Radio (check) +pre-flight-paperwork - ARROW - Airworthiness (certificate), Registration, Required (charts), Operating (checklists), Weight and balance +night collision avoidance: Red, Right, Returning - Red nav light on Right implies target is Returning (closing) +radio loss Instrument course - CDEF - as Cleared, else Direct to last fix, else as directed to Expect, else as flight plan Filed +spin recovery - POKER - Power (off), Opposite (full rudder), Klean (flaps, ...), Elevator (briskly forward), Recover (from dive) + +== Units of measure == +Common SI prefixes: +kilo-, hecto-, deca-, deci-, centi-, milli-, in descending order of magnitude: +"Base" (Meters, liters, grams) come in between "deca" and "deci". +Kangaroos Hop Down British Driveways Carrying M&Ms +King Henry Drank Both Diet Cokes Monday +King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk +deca-, hecto-, kilo-, mega-, giga-, tera-, in ascending order of magnitude: +Decadent Hector Killed Meg's Gigantic Terrier +deci-, centi-, milli-, micro-, nano-, pico-, femto-, atto- in descending order of magnitude: +Darn Clever Mnemonic Makes No Prefix Forgettable, Absolutely + +== See also == +Mnemonic +List of firefighting mnemonics +List of visual mnemonics +Category: Science mnemonics + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Evans, Rod L. (2007). Every good boy deserves fudge : the book of mnemonic devices (1st ed.). New York, N.Y.: Perigee. ISBN 978-0-399-53351-8. +Parkinson, Judy (2008). I before E (except after C) : old-school ways to remember stuff. Pleasantville, N.Y.: Reader's Digest Association. ISBN 978-0-7621-0917-3. + +== External links == +Medical mnemonics pdf (consisting of 22 pages full of) mnemonics on medical topics ordered alphabetically +Medical mnemonics +Searchable database of Medical mnemonics +Mnemonics generator for numbers +Collection of Mnemonics +Collection of Mnemonics by Category +Community website to collaborate and create new mnemonics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_and_international_statistical_services-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_and_international_statistical_services-0.md index 02d8e32c3..553d354c7 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_and_international_statistical_services-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_and_international_statistical_services-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_and_international_statistical_services" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:20:12.391292+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:43.166964+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neurological_conditions_and_disorders-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neurological_conditions_and_disorders-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b435cdc18 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neurological_conditions_and_disorders-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,530 @@ +--- +title: "List of neurological conditions and disorders" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neurological_conditions_and_disorders" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:19.175230+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of major and frequently observed neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), symptoms (e.g., back pain), signs (e.g., aphasia) and syndromes (e.g., Aicardi syndrome). There is disagreement over the definitions and criteria used to delineate various disorders and whether some of these conditions should be classified as mental disorders or in other ways. + + +== # == +22q13 deletion syndrome + + +== A == +Abulia +Achromatopsia +Acquired brain injury +Acute flaccid myelitis +Agraphia +Agnosia +Aicardi syndrome +AIDS – neurological manifestations +Akinetopsia +Alexander Disease +Alien hand syndrome +Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome +Alternating hemiplegia of childhood +Alzheimer's disease +Amaurosis fugax +Amnesia +Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis +Anencephaly +Aneurysm +Angelman syndrome +Anosognosia +Aphasia +Aphantasia +Apraxia +Arachnoiditis +Arnold–Chiari malformation +Asomatognosia +Asperger syndrome +Ataxia +ATR-16 syndrome +Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder +Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominately inattentive +Auditory processing disorder +Autism spectrum disorder + + +== B == +Back pain +Behçet's disease +Bell's palsy +Bipolar disorder +Blindsight +Blindness +Blurred vision +Brain damage +Brachial plexus injury +Brain death +Brain injury +Brain infarction +Brain tumor +Brody myopathy + + +== C == +Canavan disease +Capgras delusion +Carpal tunnel syndrome +Causalgia +Central pain syndrome +Central pontine myelinolysis +Centronuclear myopathy +Cephalic disorder +Cerebral aneurysm +Cerebral arteriosclerosis +Cerebral atrophy +Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy +Cerebral dysgenesis–neuropathy–ichthyosis–keratoderma syndrome +Cerebral gigantism +Cerebral palsy +Cerebral vasculitis +Cerebrospinal fluid leak +Cervical spinal stenosis +Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease +Chiari malformation +Chorea +Chronic fatigue syndrome +Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy +Charles bonnet syndrome +Chronic pain +Cluster headache +Cockayne syndrome +Coffin–Lowry syndrome +Coma +Complex post-traumatic stress disorder +Complex regional pain syndrome +Compression neuropathy +Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy +Congenital facial diplegia +Color blindness +Cornelia de Lange syndrome +Corticobasal degeneration +Cotard delusion +Cranial arteritis +Craniosynostosis +Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease +Cumulative trauma disorders +Cushing's syndrome +Cyclic vomiting syndrome +Cyclothymic disorder +Cytomegalic inclusion body disease +Cytomegalovirus Infection + + +== D == +Dandy–Walker syndrome +Dawson disease +De Morsier's syndrome +Dejerine–Klumpke palsy +Dejerine–Sottas disease +Delayed sleep phase disorder or syndrome +Dementia +Dermatillomania +Dermatomyositis +Developmental coordination disorder +Diabetic neuropathy +Disc herniation +Diffuse sclerosis +Diplopia +Disorders of consciousness +Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V +Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1 +Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 2 +Dizziness +Down syndrome +Dravet syndrome +Duchenne muscular dystrophy +Dysarthria +Dysautonomia +Dyscalculia +Dysphagia +Dysgraphia +Dyskinesia +Dyslexia +Dystonia + + +== E == +Empty sella syndrome +Encephalitis +Encephalocele +Encephalopathy +Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis +Encopresis +Enuresis +Epilepsy +Epilepsy-intellectual disability in females +Erb's palsy +Erythromelalgia +Essential tremor +Exploding head syndrome + + +== F == +Fabry's disease +Fahr's syndrome +Fainting +Familial spastic paralysis +Fatal insomnia +Fetal alcohol syndrome +Febrile seizures +Fisher syndrome +Fibromyalgia +Foville's syndrome +Fragile X syndrome +Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome +Friedreich's ataxia +Frontotemporal dementia +Functional neurological symptom disorder + + +== G == +Gaucher's disease +Generalized anxiety disorder +Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus +Gerstmann's syndrome +Giant cell arteritis +Giant cell inclusion disease +Globoid cell leukodystrophy +Gray matter heterotopia +Guillain–Barré syndrome + + +== H == +Head injury +Headache +Hemicrania Continua +Hemifacial spasm +Hemispatial neglect +Hereditary motor neuropathies +Hereditary spastic paraplegia +Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis +Herpes zoster +Herpes zoster oticus +Hirayama syndrome +Hirschsprung's disease +Holmes–Adie syndrome +Holoprosencephaly +HTLV-1 associated myelopathy +Huntington's disease +Hydrocephalia +Hydranencephaly +Hydrocephalus +Hypercortisolism +Hypoalgesia +Hypoesthesia +Hypoxia + + +== I == +Immune-mediated encephalomyelitis +Inclusion body myositis +Incontinentia pigmenti +Infantile spasms +Inflammatory myopathy +Intellectual disability +Intracranial cyst +Intracranial hypertension +Isodicentric 15 + + +== J == +Joubert syndrome + + +== K == +Karak syndrome +Kearns–Sayre syndrome +Kinsbourne syndrome +Kleine–Levin syndrome +Klippel Feil syndrome +Krabbe disease +Korsakoff Syndrome +Kufor–Rakeb syndrome +Kugelberg–Welander disease – see Spinal muscular atrophy + + +== L == +Lafora disease +Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome +Landau–Kleffner syndrome +Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome +Learning disabilities +Leigh's disease +Lennox–Gastaut syndrome +Lesch–Nyhan syndrome +Leukodystrophy +Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter +Lewy body dementia +Lissencephaly +Locked-in syndrome +Lou Gehrig's disease – see Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis +Lumbar disc disease +Lumbar hernia +Lumbar spinal stenosis +Lupus erythematosus – neurological sequelae +Lyme disease + + +== M == +Machado–Joseph disease +Macrencephaly +Macrocephalia +Macropsia +Mal de debarquement +Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts +Megalencephaly +Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome +Menieres disease +Meningitis +Menkes disease +Metachromatic leukodystrophy +Microcephaly +Micropsia +Migraine +Mild brain injury +Miller Fisher syndrome +Mini-stroke (transient ischemic attack) +Misophonia +Mitochondrial myopathy +Mobius syndrome +Monomelic amyotrophy +Morvan syndrome +Motor neurone disease – see Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis +Motor skills disorder +Moyamoya disease +Mucopolysaccharidoses +Multifocal motor neuropathy +Multi-infarct dementia +Multiple sclerosis +Multiple system atrophy +Muscular dystrophy +Myalgic encephalomyelitis +Myasthenia gravis +Myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis +Myoclonic Encephalopathy of infants +Myoclonus +Myopathy +Myotonia congenita +Myotubular myopathy + + +== N == +Narcolepsy +Neuralgia +Neuro-Behçet's disease +Neurofibromatosis +Neuroleptic malignant syndrome +Neuromyotonia +Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis +Neuronal migration disorders +Neuropathy +Neurosis +Niemann–Pick disease +Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder +Nonverbal learning disorder + + +== O == +Occipital Neuralgia +Occult spinal dysraphism sequence +Ohtahara syndrome +Olivopontocerebellar atrophy +Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome +Optic neuritis +Orthostatic hypotension +O'Sullivan–McLeod syndrome +Otosclerosis +Overuse syndrome + + +== P == +Palinopsia +PANDAS +Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration +Paraplegia +Paralysis +Paramyotonia congenita +Paresthesia +Paresis +Parkinson('s) disease +Paraneoplastic diseases +Paroxysmal attacks +Parry–Romberg syndrome +Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease +Periodic paralyses +Peripheral neuropathy +Pervasive developmental disorders +Phantom limb / Phantom pain +Photic sneeze reflex +Phytanic acid storage disease +Pick's disease +Pinched nerve +Pituitary tumors +Polyneuropathy +PMG +Polio +Polymicrogyria +Polymyositis +Porencephaly +Post-polio syndrome +Postherpetic neuralgia +Posttraumatic stress disorder +Postural hypotension +Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome +Prader–Willi syndrome +Primary lateral sclerosis +Prion diseases +Progressive hemifacial atrophy +Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy +Progressive supranuclear palsy +Prosopagnosia +Pseudotumor cerebri + + +== Q == +Quadrantanopia +Quadriplegia + + +== R == +Rabies +Radiculopathy +Ramsay Hunt syndrome type I +Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II +Ramsay Hunt syndrome type III – see Ramsay–Hunt syndrome +Rasmussen encephalitis +Reflex neurovascular dystrophy +Refsum disease +REM sleep behavior disorder +Repetitive stress injury +Restless legs syndrome +Retrovirus-associated myelopathy +Rett syndrome +Reye's syndrome +Rhythmic movement disorder +Romberg syndrome + + +== S == +Savant syndrome +Saint Vitus dance +Sandhoff disease +Sanfilippo syndrome +Schilder's disease (two distinct conditions) +Schizencephaly +Sclerosis +Seizures +Sensory processing disorder +Septo-optic dysplasia +Shaken baby syndrome +Shingles +Shy–Drager syndrome +Sjögren's syndrome +Sleep apnea +Sleeping sickness +Slurred speech +Snatiation +Sotos syndrome +Spasticity +Spina bifida +Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy +Spinal cord injury +Spinal cord tumors +Spinal muscular atrophy +Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 – see Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1 +Spinocerebellar ataxia +Split-brain +Steele–Richardson–Olszewski syndrome – see Progressive supranuclear palsy +Stiff-person syndrome +Stroke +Sturge–Weber syndrome +Stuttering +Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis +Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy +Superficial siderosis +Sydenham's chorea +Syncope +Synesthesia +Syringomyelia +Substance use disorder + + +== T == +Traumatic encephalopathy +Tardive dyskinesia +Tarlov cyst +Tarsal tunnel syndrome +Tay–Sachs disease +Temporal arteritis +Temporal lobe epilepsy +Tetanus +Tethered spinal cord syndrome +Thalamocortical dysrhythmia +Thomsen disease +Thoracic outlet syndrome +Tic Douloureux +Tinnitus +Todd's paralysis +Tourette syndrome +Toxic encephalopathy +Transient ischemic attack +Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies +Transverse myelitis +Traumatic brain injury +Tremor +Trichotillomania +Trigeminal neuralgia +Tropical spastic paraparesis +Trypanosomiasis +Tuberous sclerosis + + +== U == +Unconsciousness +Unverricht–Lundborg disease + + +== V == +Vestibular schwannoma +Vertigo +Viliuisk encephalomyelitis +Visual Snow +Von Hippel–Lindau disease +Vulpian-Bernhardt Syndrome + + +== W == +Wallenberg's syndrome +Werdnig–Hoffmann disease – see Spinal muscular atrophy +Wernicke's encephalopathy +Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome +West syndrome +Whiplash +Williams syndrome +Wilson's disease +Witzelsucht + + +== Y == +Y-Linked hearing impairment + + +== Z == +Zellweger syndrome + + +== See also == +List of mental disorders + + +== References == +The source of this list is from the NIH public domain [1] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22102ed88 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +--- +title: "List of non-coherent units of measurement" +chunk: 1/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of units of measurement in active use, which do not form part of a coherent system of measurement. Many of the items listed here are colloquial units based on familiar objects such as parts of the body. Many of the listed units are approximate or vaguely defined. Some are odd multiples or fractions of a base unit. + +== Length == + +=== Ligne === +The ligne is a French unit of length that is sometimes used in watchmaking and ribbon manufacture. It is equal to one twelfth of a Paris inch, or about 2.2558 mm. +Diameters of buttons are also measured in a unit called the ligne, but it is defined as 1/40 inch. + +=== Vee === +In groff/troff and specifically in the included traditional manuscript macro set ms, the vee (v) is a unit of vertical distance often—but not always—corresponding to the height of an ordinary line of text. + +=== Horizontal pitch === +Horizontal pitch (HP) is a unit of length defined by the Eurocard printed circuit board standard used to measure the horizontal width of rack-mounted electronic equipment, similar to the rack unit (U) used to measure vertical heights of rack-mounted equipment. One HP is 0.2 inches (1⁄5″) or 5.08 millimetres wide. + +=== Hammer unit === +Valve's Source game engine uses the Hammer unit as its base unit of length. This unit refers to Source's official map creation software, Hammer. The exact definition varies from game to game, but a Hammer unit is usually defined as sixteenth of a foot (16 Hammer units = 1 foot) relative to the map, or 1 inch or 2.54 centimeters when compared to the average player height. With the sixteenth of a foot definition, this means that 1 Hammer unit is equal to exactly 19.05 millimetres or 0.75 inches (3⁄4″). + +=== Rack unit === + +One rack unit (U) is 1.75 inches (44.45 mm) and is used to measure rack-mountable audiovisual, computing and industrial equipment. Rack units are typically denoted without a space between the number of units and the 'U'. Thus, a 4U server enclosure (case) is nominally seven inches (177.8 mm) high, or more precisely, built to occupy a vertical space seven inches high, with sufficient clearance to allow movement of adjacent hardware. + +=== Hand === + +The hand is a non-SI unit of length equal to exactly 4 inches (101.6 mm). It is normally used to measure the height of horses in some English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is customary when measuring in hands to use a point to indicate inches (quarter-hands) and not tenths of a hand. For example, 15.1 hands normally means 15 hands, 1 inch (5 ft 1 in), rather than 15+1⁄10 hands. + +=== Light-nanosecond === + +The light-nanosecond is defined as exactly 29.9792458 cm. It was popularized in information technology as a unit of distance by Grace Hopper as the distance which a photon could travel in one billionth of a second (roughly 30 cm or one foot): "The speed of light is one foot per nanosecond." + +=== Metric foot === + +A metric foot, defined as 300 millimetres (approximately 11.8 inches), has been used occasionally in the UK but has never been an official unit. +The corresponding metric inch of 25 millimetres (0.984 in) was used for pin spacing in Soviet microchips, which were often cloned from Western designs but scaled down slightly from US customary inches to metric inches. This led to incompatibility issues in the Soviet computer market. + +=== Horse === + +Horses are used to measure distances in horse racing – a horse length (shortened to merely a length when the context makes it obvious) equals roughly 8 feet or 2.4 metres. Shorter distances are measured in fractions of a horse length; also common are measurements of a full or fraction of a head, a neck, or a nose. + +=== Boat length === +In rowing races such as the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, the margin of victory or defeat is expressed in fractions and multiples of boat lengths. The length of a rowing eight is about 62 feet (19 m). This is also commonly expressed in time i.e. 3 or 3.5 seconds. A shorter distance is the canvas, which is the length of the covered part of the boat between the bow and the bow oarsman, and equivalent to less than one second. The Racing Rules of Sailing also makes heavy use of boat lengths. + +=== Football field (length) === +A football field is often used as a comparative measurement of length when talking about distances that may be hard to comprehend when stated in terms of standard units. +An American football field is usually understood to be 100 yards (91 m) long, though it is technically 120 yards (110 m) when including the two 10 yd (9.1 m) long end zones. The field is 160 ft (53 yd; 49 m) wide. +An association football pitch may vary within limits of 90–120 m (98–131 yd) in length and 45–90 m (49–98 yd) in width. The recommended field size is 105 m × 68 m (115 yd × 74 yd) for major competitions such as the FIFA World Cup, UEFA European Championship and UEFA Champions League. +A Canadian football field is 65 yd (59 m) wide and 150 yd (140 m) long, including two 20 yd (18 m) long end zones. + +=== Block === +In most US cities, a city block is between 1⁄16 and 1⁄8 mi (100 and 200 m). In Manhattan, the measurement "block" usually refers to a north–south block, which is 1⁄20 mi (80 m). Sometimes people living in places (like Manhattan) with a regularly spaced street grid will speak of long blocks and short blocks. Within a typical large North American city, it is often only possible to travel along east–west and north–south streets, so travel distance between two points is often given in the number of blocks east–west plus the number north–south (known to mathematicians as the Manhattan Metric). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69494e404 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "List of non-coherent units of measurement" +chunk: 2/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Earth radius === +The globally-average radius of Earth, generally given as 6,371 kilometres (3,959 miles), is often employed as a unit of measure to intuitively compare objects of planetary size. + +=== Lunar distance === +Lunar distance (LD), the distance from the centre of Earth to the centre of the Moon, is a unit of measure in astronomy. The lunar distance is approximately 384,400 km (238,900 mi), or 1.28 light-seconds; this is roughly 30 times Earth's diameter. A little less than 400 lunar distances make up an astronomical unit. + +=== Siriometer === +The siriometer is an obsolete astronomical measure equal to one million astronomical units, i.e., one million times the average distance between the Sun and Earth. This distance is equal to about 15.8 light-years, 149.6 Pm, or 4.8 parsecs, and is about twice the distance from Earth to the star Sirius. + +== Area == + +=== Barn === + +One barn is 10−28 square metres, about the cross-sectional area of a uranium nucleus. The name probably derives from early neutron-deflection experiments, when the uranium nucleus was described, and the phrases "big as a barn" and "hit a barn door" were used. Barn are typically used for cross sections in nuclear and particle physics. Additional units include the microbarn (or "outhouse") and the yoctobarn (or "shed"). + +=== Brass or square === +One brass is exactly 100 square feet (9.29 m2) area (used in measurement of work done or to be done, such as plastering, painting, etc.). The same word is used, however, for 100 cubic feet (2.83 m3) of estimated or supplied loose material, such as sand, gravel, rubble, etc. This unit is prevalent in the construction industry in India. +The same area is called a square in the construction industry in North America, and was historically used in Australia by real estate agents. A roof's area may be calculated in square feet, then converted to squares. + +=== Cow's grass === +In Ireland, before the 19th century, a "cow's grass" was a measurement used by farmers to indicate the size of their fields. A cow's grass was equal to the amount of land that could produce enough grass to support a cow. + +=== Football field (area) === + +A football pitch, or field, can be used as a man-in-the-street unit of area. The standard FIFA football pitch for international matches is 105 m (344 ft) long by 68 m (223 ft) wide (7,140 m2 or 0.714 ha or 1.76 acres); FIFA allows for a variance of up to 5 m (16.4 ft) in length in either direction and 7 m (23.0 ft) more or 4 m (13.1 ft) less in width (and larger departures if the pitch is not used for international competition), which generally results in the association football pitch generally only being used for order of magnitude comparisons. +An American football field, including both end zones, is 360 by 160 ft (120.0 by 53.3 yd; 109.7 by 48.8 m), or 57,600 square feet (5,350 m2) (0.535 hectares or 1.32 acres). A Canadian football field is 65 yards (59 m) wide and 110 yards (100 m) long with end zones adding a combined 40 yards (37 m) to the length, making it 87,750 square feet (8,152 m2) or 0.8215 ha (2.030 acres). +An Australian rules football field may be approximately 150 metres (160 yd) (or more) long goal to goal and 135 metres (148 yd) (or more) wide, although the field's elliptical nature reduces its area to a certain extent. A 150-by-135-metre (164 by 148 yd) football field has an area of approximately 15,900 m2 (1.59 ha; 3.9 acres), twice the area of a Canadian football field and three times that of an American football field. + +=== Morgen === + +A morgen ("morning" in Dutch and German) was approximately the amount of land tillable by one man behind an ox in the morning hours of a day. This was an official unit of measurement in South Africa until the 1970s, and was defined in November 2007 by the South African Law Society as having a conversion factor of 1 morgen = 0.856532 hectares. This unit of measure was also used in the Dutch colonial province of New Netherland (later New York and parts of New England). + +=== Countries, regions, and cities === + +The area of a familiar country, state or city is often used as a size reference, especially in journalism. Usually the region is used to describe something of similar size to the reference region, but in some cases such references become common enough that multiples of the area start to be used, as in "twice the area of Wales". Besides Wales (20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi)), other regions that have been used this way include Belgium (30,528 km2 or 11,787 mi2), the German state of Saarland (2,569.69 km2 or 992.16 mi2), and Washington, D.C. (61.4 mi2 or 159 km2). + +== Volume == + +=== Metric ounce === +A metric ounce is an approximation of the imperial ounce, US dry ounce, or US fluid ounce. These three customary units vary. However, the metric ounce is usually taken as 25 or 30 ml (0.88 or 1.06 imp fl oz; 0.85 or 1.01 US fl oz) when volume is being measured, or in grams when mass is being measured. +The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines the "food labeling ounce" as 30.0 ml (1.06 imp fl oz; 1.01 US fl oz), slightly larger than the 29.6 ml (1.04 imp fl oz; 1.00 US fl oz) fluid ounce. +Several Dutch units of measurement have been replaced with informal metric equivalents, including the ons or ounce. It originally meant 1⁄16 of a pound, or a little over 30 g (1.1 oz) depending on which definition of the pound was used, but was redefined as 100 g (3.5 oz) when the country metricated. + +=== Shot === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ddaee315 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "List of non-coherent units of measurement" +chunk: 3/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The shot is a liquid volume measure that varies from country to country and state to state depending on legislation. It is routinely used for measuring strong liquor or spirits when the amount served and consumed is smaller than the more common measures of alcoholic "drink" and "pint". There is a legally defined maximum size of a serving in some jurisdictions. The size of a "single" shot is 20–60 ml (0.70–2.11 imp fl oz; 0.68–2.03 US fl oz). The smaller "pony" shot is 20–30 ml (0.70–1.06 imp fl oz; 0.68–1.01 US fl oz). According to Encyclopædia Britannica Almanac 2009, a pony is 0.75 fluid ounces of liquor. According to Wolfram Alpha, one pony is 1 U.S. fluid ounce. "Double" shots (surprisingly not always the size of two single shots, even in the same place) are 40–100 ml (1.4–3.5 imp fl oz; 1.4–3.4 US fl oz). In the UK, spirits are sold in shots of either 25 ml (0.88 imp fl oz; 0.85 US fl oz) (approximating the old fluid ounce) or 35 ml (1.2 imp fl oz; 1.2 US fl oz). + +=== Board foot or super foot === + +A board foot is a United States and Canadian unit of approximate volume, used for lumber. It is equivalent to 1 inch × 1 foot × 1 foot (144 in3 or 2,360 cm3). It is also found in the unit of density pounds per board foot. In Australia and New Zealand the terms super foot or superficial foot were formerly used for this unit. The exact volume of wood specified is variable and depends on the type of lumber. For planed lumber the dimensions used to calculate board feet are nominal dimensions, which are larger than the actual size of the planed boards. See Dimensional lumber for more information on this. + +=== Hoppus foot === + +A system of measure for timber in the round (standing or felled), now largely superseded by the metric system except in measuring hardwoods in certain countries. Its purpose is to estimate the value of sawn timber in a log, by measuring the unsawn log and allowing for wastage in the mill. Following the so-called "quarter-girth formula" (the square of one quarter of the circumference in inches multiplied by 1⁄144 of the length in feet), the notional log is four feet in circumference, one inch of which yields the hoppus board foot, 1 foot yields the hoppus foot, and 50 feet yields a hoppus ton. This translates to a hoppus foot being equal to 1.273 cubic feet (2,200 in3; 0.0360 m3). The hoppus board foot, when milled, yields about one board foot. The volume yielded by the quarter-girth formula is 78.54% of cubic measure (i.e. 1 ft3 = 0.7854 h ft; 1 h ft = 1.273 ft3). + +=== Cubic ton === + +A cubic ton is an antiquated measure of volume, varying based on the commodity from about 16 to 45 ft3 (0.45 to 1.27 m3). It is now only used for lumber, for which one cubic ton is equivalent to 40 ft3 (1.1 m3). + +=== Cord and rick === + +The cord is a unit of measure of dry volume used in Canada and the United States to measure firewood and pulpwood. A cord is the amount of wood that, when "ranked and well stowed" (arranged so pieces are aligned, parallel, touching and compact), occupies a volume of 128 cubic feet (3.62 m3). This corresponds to a well-stacked woodpile, 4 feet deep by 4 feet high by 8 feet wide (122 cm × 122 cm × 244 cm), or any other arrangement of linear measurements that yields the same volume. A more unusual measurement for firewood is the "rick" or face cord. It is stacked 16 inches (40.6 cm) deep with the other measurements kept the same as a cord, making it 1⁄3 of a cord; however, regional variations mean that its precise definition is non-standardized. + +=== Twenty-foot equivalent unit === + +The twenty-foot equivalent unit is the volume of the smallest standard shipping container. It is equivalent to 1,172 cubic feet (33.2 m3). Larger intermodal containers are commonly described in multiples of TEU, as are container ship capacities. + +=== Acre-foot === + +An acre-foot is a unit of volume commonly used in the United States in reference to large-scale water resources, such as reservoirs, aqueducts, canals, sewer flow capacity, irrigation water and river flows. It is defined by the volume of one acre of surface area to a depth of one foot. 43,560 ft3 (1,233 m3; 325,851 US gal; 271,328 imp gal). + +=== Casual units === +Many well-known objects are regularly used as casual units of volume. They include: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ced19158 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "List of non-coherent units of measurement" +chunk: 4/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Double-decker bus +The approximate volume of a double-decker bus, abbreviated to DDB, has been used informally to describe the size of hole created by a major sewer collapse. For example, a report might refer to "a 4 DDB hole". +Olympic-size swimming pool + For larger volumes of liquid, one measure commonly used in the media in many countries is the Olympic-size swimming pool. A 50 m × 25 m (164 ft × 82 ft) Olympic swimming pool, built to the FR3 minimum depth of 2 metres (6.6 ft) would hold 2,500 m3 (660,000 US gal). The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines the Olympic swimming pool as 1 million litres, which is the approximate volume of the smaller FR2 pool. +Royal Albert Hall +The Royal Albert Hall, a large concert hall, is sometimes used as a unit of volume in the UK, for example when referring to volumes of rubbish placed in landfill. It is famously used in the line "Now they know how many holes it takes to fill the Albert Hall." in The Beatles song "A Day in the Life". The volume of the auditorium is between 3 and 3.5 million cubic feet (between 85,000 and 99,000 cubic metres). +Melbourne Cricket Ground +A common measure of volume in Australia, and in the state of Victoria in particular, is the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the largest stadium in Australia and 13th largest in the world. The volume of the Melbourne Cricket Ground is 1,574,000 cubic metres, or about 630 Olympic swimming pools. Its seating capacity (100,000 as of July 2019) is also used as a unit measure of the number of people. +Sydney Harbour + A unit of volume used in Australia for water. One Sydney Harbour is the amount of water in Sydney Harbour: approximately 562 gigalitres (562,000,000 cubic metres, or 0.562 cubic kilometres); or in terms of the more unusual measures above, about 357 Melbourne Cricket Grounds, 238,000 Olympic Swimming pools, or 476,000 acre-feet. +The Grand Canyon +With a volume measure approximately 4 orders of magnitude greater than Sydney Harbour, the volume of the Grand Canyon may be used to visualize even larger things, like the magma chamber underneath Yellowstone and other things. According to the National Park Service, the volume of the Grand Canyon is 4.17 trillion cubic metres (5.45 trillion cubic yards) which is 4,170 km3 (1,000 mi3). + +== Flow rate == + +=== Miner's inch === + +The volume of water which flows in one unit of time through an orifice of one square inch area. The size of the unit varies from one place to another. + +== Mass == + +=== Electronvolt mass === + +It is common in particle physics to use eV/c2 as a unit of mass. Here, eV (electronvolt) is a unit of energy (the kinetic energy of an electron accelerated over one volt, 1.6×10−19 J), and c is the speed of light in vacuum. Energy and mass are related through E = mc2. This definition is useful for a linear particle accelerator when accelerating electrons. + +In many systems of natural units c = 1, so the c is dropped and eV itself becomes a unit of mass. + +=== Grave === + +In 1793, the French term "grave" (from "gravity") was suggested as the base unit of mass for the metric system. In 1795, however, the name "kilogramme" was adopted instead. + +=== Bag of cement and bag mix === +The mass of an old bag of cement was one hundredweight (112 pounds, 51 kg). In the concrete and petroleum industry, however, a bag of cement is defined as 94 lb (43 kg) because it has an apparent volume close to 1 cubic foot (28 litres). + +=== Jupiter === + +When reporting on the masses of extrasolar planets, astronomers often discuss them in terms of multiples of Jupiter's mass (MJ = 1.9 ×1027 kg). For example, "Astronomers recently discovered a planet outside our Solar System with a mass of approximately 3 Jupiters." Furthermore, the mass of Jupiter is nearly equal to one thousandth of the mass of the Sun. + +=== Sun === +Solar mass (M☉ = 2.0×1030 kg) is also often used in astronomy when talking about masses of stars or galaxies; for example, Alpha Centauri A has the mass of 1.1 suns, and the Milky Way has a mass of approximately 6×1011 M☉. +Solar mass also has a special use when estimating orbital periods and distances of 2 bodies using Kepler's laws: a3 = MtotalT2, where a is length of semi-major axis in AU, T is orbital period in years and Mtotal is the combined mass of objects in M☉. In case of planet orbiting a star, Mtotal can be approximated to mean the mass of the central object. More specifically in the case of Sun and Earth the numbers reduce to Mtotal ~ 1, a ~ 1 and T ~ 1. + +== Time == + +=== Light-distance === +George Gamow discussed measurements of time such as the "light-mile" and "light-foot", the time taken for light to travel the specified unit distance, defined by "reversing the procedure" used in defining a light-year. A light-foot is roughly one nanosecond, and one light-mile is approximately five microseconds. + +=== Shake === +In nuclear engineering and astrophysics contexts, the shake is sometimes used as a conveniently short period of time. 1 shake is defined as 10 nanoseconds. + +=== Jiffy === +In computing, the jiffy is the duration of one tick of the system timer interrupt. Typically, this time is 0.01 seconds, though in some earlier systems (such as the Commodore 8-bit machines) the jiffy was defined as 1⁄60 of a second, roughly equal to the vertical refresh period (i.e. the field rate) on NTSC video hardware (and the period of AC electric power in North America). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1213bea18 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "List of non-coherent units of measurement" +chunk: 5/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Thirds, fourths === +The term "minute" usually means 1⁄60 of an hour, coming from "a minute division of an hour". The term "second" comes from "the second minute division of an hour", as it is 1⁄60 of a minute, or 1⁄60 of 1⁄60 of an hour. While usually sub-second units are represented with SI prefixes on the second (e.g. milliseconds), this system can be extrapolated further, such that a "third" would mean 1⁄60 of a second (16.7 milliseconds), and a "fourth" would mean 1⁄60 of a third (278 microseconds), etc. These units are occasionally used in astronomy to denote angles. + +=== Moment === + +A moment was a medieval unit of time. The movement of a shadow on a sundial covered 40 moments in a solar hour. An hour in this case meant one twelfth of the period between sunrise and sunset. The length of a solar hour depended on the length of the day, which in turn varied with the season, so the length of a moment in modern seconds was not fixed, but on average, a moment corresponded to 90 seconds. + +=== Sidereal day === +The sidereal day is based on the Earth's rotation rate relative to fixed stars, rather than the Sun. A sidereal day is approximately 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.0905 SI seconds. + +=== Decimal time systems === + +There have been numerous proposals and usage of decimal time, most of which were based on the day as the base unit. In dynastic China, the kè was a unit that represented 1⁄100 of a day (since redefined to 1⁄96 of a day, or 15 minutes). In France, a decimal time system in place from 1793 to 1805 divided the day into 10 hours, each divided into 100 minutes, in turn divided into 100 seconds; the French Republican calendar further extended this by assembling days into ten-day weeks. +Ordinal dates and Julian days, the latter of which has seen use in astronomy as it is not subject to leap year complications, allow for the expression of a decimal portion of the day. Decimal time is frequently found in fiction, often in futuristic works. +The Swatch Internet Time system is based on decimal time. +Many mechanical stopwatches are of the 'decimal minute' type. These split one minute into 100 units of 0.6 s each. This makes addition and subtraction of times easier than using regular seconds. + +=== Hexadecimal time === +Hexadecimal time divides the day into 16 hexadecimal hours, each hour into 256 hexadecimal minutes, and each minute into 16 hexadecimal seconds. + +=== Sol === + +The United States-based NASA, when conducting missions to the planet Mars, has typically used a time of day system calibrated to the mean solar day on that planet (known as a "sol"), training those involved on those missions to acclimate to that length of day, which is 88,775 SI seconds, or 2,375 seconds (about 39 minutes) longer than the mean solar day on Earth. NASA's Martian timekeeping system (instead of breaking down the sol into 25×53×67 or 25×67×53 SI second divisions) slows down clocks so that the 24-hour day is stretched to the length of that on Mars; Martian hours, minutes and seconds are thus 2.75% longer than their SI-compatible counterparts. +The Darian calendar is an arrangement of sols into a Martian year. It maintains a seven-sol week (retaining Sunday through Saturday naming customs), with four weeks to a month and 24 months to a Martian year, which contains 668 or 669 sols depending on leap years. The last Saturday of every six months is skipped over in the Darian calendar. + +=== Dog year === + +There are two diametrically opposed definitions of the dog year, primarily used to approximate the equivalent age of dogs and other animals with similar life spans. Both are based upon a popular myth regarding the aging of dogs that states that a dog ages seven years in the time it takes a human to age one year. + +One seventh of a year, or approximately 52 days. When this definition is used, a standard calendar year is known as a "human year". +A standard (365-day) calendar year of a dog's life, whereas a "human year" is the period of a dog's (or other animal's) life that is claimed to be equivalent to a year of a human being's life (or seven calendar years). +In fact, the aging of a dog varies by breed (larger breeds tend to have shorter lifespans than small and medium-sized breeds); dogs also develop faster and have longer adulthoods relative to their total life span than humans. Most dogs are sexually mature by 1 year old, which corresponds to perhaps 13 years old in humans. Giant dog breeds and bulldogs tend to have the strongest linear correspondence to human aging, with longer adolescences and shorter overall lifespans; such breeds typically age about nine times as fast as humans throughout their lives. + +=== Galactic year === + +The galactic year, GY, is the time it takes the Solar System to revolve once around the galactic core, approximately 250 million years (megaannum or "Ma"). It is a convenient unit for long-term measurements. For example, oceans appeared on Earth after 4 GY, life is detectable at 5 GY, and multicellular organisms first appeared at 15 GY. The age of the Earth is estimated at 20 GY. This use of GY is not to be confused with Gyr for gigayear or Gy for Gray (unit). + +== Angular measure == + +=== Furman === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e74717f6e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "List of non-coherent units of measurement" +chunk: 6/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Furman is a unit of angular measure equal to 1⁄65,536 of a circle, or just under 20 arcseconds. It is named for Alan T. Furman, the American mathematician who adapted the CORDIC algorithm for 16-bit fixed-point arithmetic sometime around 1980. 16 bits give a resolution of 216 = 65,536 distinct angles. +A related unit of angular measure equal to 1⁄256 of a circle, represented by 8 bits, has found some use in machinery control where fine precision is not required, most notably crankshaft and camshaft position in internal combustion engine controllers, and in video game programming. There is no consensus as to its name, but it has been called the 8-Bit Furman. These units are convenient because binary integer overflow resembles angular arithmetic: the value of an 8-bit integer overflows from 255 to 0 when a full circle has been traversed. This means binary addition and subtraction work as expected for angular arithmetic. Measures are often made using a Gray code, which is trivially converted into more conventional notation. Its value is equivalent to about 0.0245 radians or 1.41°. + +=== Mils, strecks === + +Mils and strecks are small units of angle used by various military organizations for range estimation and translating map coordinates used for directing artillery fire. The exact size varies between different organizations: there are 6400 NATO mils per turn (1 NATO mil = 0.982 mrad), or 6000 Warsaw pact mils per turn (1 Warsaw pact mil = 1.047 mrad). In the Swedish military, there are 6300 strecks per turn (1 streck = 0.997 mrad). + +=== Grade (also grad, gradian, gon) === + +Coordinates were measured in grades on official French terrestrial ordnance charts from the French revolution well into the 20th century. 1 grade (or in modern symbology, 1 gon) = 0.9° or 0.01 right angle. One advantage of this measure is that the distance between latitude lines 0.01 gon apart at the equator is almost exactly 1 kilometre. It would be exactly 1 km if the original definition of 1 metre = 1⁄10,000 quarter-meridian had been adhered to. One disadvantage is that common angles like 30° and 60° are expressed by fractional values (33+1⁄3 and 66+2⁄3 respectively) so this "decimal" unit failed to displace the "sexagesimal" units equilateral-vertex – degree – minute – second invented by Babylonian astronomers. + +== Energy == + +=== Gasoline gallon equivalent === + +In 2011, the United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced the gallon gasoline equivalent as a unit of energy because their research showed most U.S. citizens do not understand the standard units. The gallon gasoline equivalent is defined as 33.7 kWh, or about 1.213×108 joules. +Energy efficiency of electric and alternative-fuel vehicles can be given as miles per gallon gasoline equivalent. + +=== Tons of TNT equivalent === + +The energy of various amounts of the explosive TNT (kiloton, megaton, gigaton) is often used as a unit of explosion energy, and sometimes of asteroid impacts and violent explosive volcanic eruptions. One ton of TNT produces 4.184×109 joules, or (by arbitrary definition) exactly 109 thermochemical calories (approximately 3.964×106 BTU). This definition is only loosely based on the actual physical properties of TNT. + +=== Hiroshima bomb and Halifax explosion === + +The energy released by the Hiroshima bomb explosion (about 15 kt TNT equivalent, or 6×1013 J) is often used by geologists as a unit when describing the energy of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and asteroid impacts. +Prior to the detonation of the Hiroshima bomb, the size of the Halifax Explosion (about 3 kt TNT equivalent, or 1.26×1013 J), was the standard for this type of relative measurement. Each explosion had been the largest known artificial detonation to date. + +=== Quad === +A quad is a unit of energy equal to 1015 BTUs, or approximately 1.055×1018 J (slightly over one exajoule). It is suitably large to quantify energy usage by nations or by the planet as whole using everyday numbers. For example, in 2004, US energy consumption was about 100 Q/year, while demand worldwide was about 400 Q/year. + +=== Foe === +A foe is a unit of energy equal to 1044 joules (≈9.478×1040 BTU) that was invented by physicist Gerry Brown of Stony Brook University. To measure the staggeringly immense amount of energy produced by a supernova, specialists occasionally use the "foe", an acronym derived from the phrase [ten to the power of] fifty-one ergs, or 1051 ergs. This unit of measure is convenient because a supernova typically releases about one foe of observable energy in a very short period of time (which can be measured in seconds). + +== Other metric-compatible scales == + +=== Power: Ton of refrigeration === + +The rate at which heat is removed by melting one short ton (910 kg) of ice in 24 hours is called a ton of refrigeration, or even a ton of cooling. This unit of refrigeration capacity came from the days when large blocks of ice were used for cooling, and is still used to describe the heat-removal capabilities of refrigerators and chillers today. One ton of refrigeration is exactly equal to 12,000 BTU/h, or 3.517 kW. + +=== Luminous flux: watt equivalent === +With the phaseout of the incandescent lamp in the United States and European Union in the early 21st century, manufacturers and sellers of more energy-efficient lamps have compared the visible light output of their lamps to commonly used incandescent lamp sizes with the watt equivalent or watt incandescent replacement (usually with a lowercase w as a unit symbol, as opposed to capital W for the actual wattage). 1 watt incandescent replacement corresponds to 15 lumens. Thus, a 72-watt halogen lamp, a 23-watt compact fluorescent lamp and a 14-watt light-emitting diode lamp, all of which emit 1500 lumens of visible light, are all marketed as "100 watt incandescent replacement" (100w). + +=== Flow: Amazon River === +The volume of discharge of the Amazon River sometimes used to describe large volumes of water flow such as ocean currents. The unit is equivalent to 216,000 m3/s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fe35f5e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "List of non-coherent units of measurement" +chunk: 7/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Flow: Sverdrup === +One sverdrup (Sv) is equal to 1,000,000 cubic metres per second (264,000,000 USgal/s). It is used almost exclusively in oceanography to measure the volumetric rate of transport of ocean currents. + +=== Speed: Bubnoff unit === +The Bubnoff unit is defined as 1 micrometre per year (3.169×10−14 m/s), or one millimeter per 1,000 years. It is employed in geology to measure rates of lowering of earth surfaces due to erosion. + +=== Energy intensity === +The langley (symbol Ly) is used to measure solar radiation or insolation. It is equal to one thermochemical calorie per square centimetre (4.184×104 J/m2 or ≈3.684 BTU/sq ft) and was named after Samuel Pierpont Langley. Its symbol should not be confused with that for the light-year, ly. + +=== Kinematic viscosity === +One of the few CGS units to see wider use, one stokes (symbol S or St) is a unit of kinematic viscosity, defined as 1 cm2/s, i.e., 10−4 m2/s (≈1.08×10−3 sq ft/s). + +=== Angular velocity === +A MERU (milli Earth rate unit) is a measure of angular velocity equal to 1⁄1000 of Earth's rotation rate: 1 MERU = 7.292115×10^−8 radians per second or about 0.2625 milliradians/hour. It was introduced by MIT's Instrumentation Laboratories (now Draper Labs) to measure the performance of inertial navigation systems. + +=== Electromagnetic flux === +In radio astronomy, the unit of electromagnetic flux is the jansky (symbol Jy), equivalent to 10−26 watts per square metre per hertz (= 10−26 kg/s2 in base units, about 8.8×10−31 BTU/ft2). It is named after the pioneering radio astronomer Karl Jansky. The brightest natural radio sources have flux densities of the order of one to one hundred jansky. + +=== Metre of water equivalent === + +A material-dependent unit used in nuclear and particle physics and engineering to measure the thickness of shielding, for example around a nuclear reactor, particle accelerator, or radiation or particle detector. 1 mwe of a material is the thickness of that material that provides the equivalent shielding of one metre (≈39.4 in) of water. +This unit is commonly used in underground science to express the extent to which the overburden (usually rock) shields an underground space or laboratory from cosmic rays. The actual thickness of overburden through which cosmic rays must traverse to reach the underground space varies as a function of direction due to the shape of the overburden, which may be a mountain, or a flat plain, or something more complex like a cliff side. To express the depth of an underground space in mwe (or kmwe for deep sites) as a single number, the convention is to use the depth beneath a flat overburden at sea level that gives the same overall cosmic ray muon flux in the underground location. + +=== Strontium unit: radiation dose === +The strontium unit, formerly known as the Sunshine Unit (symbol S.U.), is a unit of biological contamination by radioactive substances (specifically strontium-90). It is equal to one picocurie of Sr-90 per gram of body calcium. Since about 2% of the human body mass is calcium, and Sr-90 has a half-life of 28.78 years, releasing 6.697+2.282 MeV per disintegration, this works out to about 1.065×10−12 grays per second. The permissible body burden was established at 1,000 S.U. + +=== Banana equivalent dose === + +Bananas, like most organic material, naturally contain a certain amount of radioactive isotopes—even in the absence of any artificial pollution or contamination. The banana equivalent dose, defined as the additional dose a person will absorb from eating one banana, expresses the severity of exposure to radiation, such as resulting from nuclear weapons or medical procedures, in terms that would make sense to most people. This is approximately 78 nanosieverts – in informal publications one often sees this estimate rounded up to 0.1 μSv. + +=== Flight-time equivalent dose === +Natural background radiation typically increases with altitude above the earth's surface. Utilizing this phenomenon, dose resulting from radiological exposures can be expressed in units of flight-time. Flight-time equivalent dose is defined as the time spent in an aircraft at cruising altitude required to receive a radiological dose approximately equivalent to a radiological exposure such as a medical x-ray. One hour of flight-time is approximately equivalent to a dose of 0.004 millisieverts. + +=== Molar mass of cellulose === +In the pulp and paper industry, molar mass is traditionally measured with a method where the intrinsic viscosity (dL/g) of the pulp sample is measured in cupriethylenediamine (Cuen). The intrinsic viscosity [η] is related to the weight-average molar mass (in daltons) by the Mark–Houwink equation: [η] = 0.070 Mw0.70. However, it is typical to cite [η] values directly in dL/g, as the "viscosity" of the cellulose, confusingly as it is not a viscosity. + +=== Iodine, bromine and kappa number === +In measuring unsaturation in fatty acids, the traditional method is the iodine number. Iodine adds stoichiometrically to double bonds, so their amount is reported in grams of iodine spent per 100 grams of oil. The standard unit is a dimensionless stoichiometry ratio of moles double bonds to moles fatty acid. A similar quantity, bromine number, is used in gasoline analysis. +In pulp and paper industry, a similar kappa number is used to measure how much bleaching a pulp requires. Potassium permanganate is added to react with the unsaturated compounds (lignin and uronic acids) in the pulp and back-titrated. Originally with chlorine bleaching the required quantity of chlorine could be then calculated, although modern methods use multiple stages. Since the oxidizable compounds are not exclusively lignin and the partially pulped lignin does not have a single stoichiometry, the relation between the kappa number and the precise amount of lignin is inexact. + +=== Temperature: Gas Mark === +Gas Mark is a temperature scale, predominantly found on British ovens, that scales linearly with temperature above 135 °C (Gas Mark 1) and scales with the log of Celsius below 135 °C. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7795b035a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "List of non-coherent units of measurement" +chunk: 8/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Demography and epidemiology == +Demography and quantitative epidemiology are statistical fields that deal with counts or proportions of people, or rates of change in these. Counts and proportions are technically dimensionless, and so have no units of measurement, although identifiers such as "people", "births", "infections" and the like are used for clarity. Rates of change are counts per unit of time and strictly have inverse time dimensions (per unit of time). In demography and epidemiology expressions such as "deaths per year" are used to clarify what is being measured. +Prevalence, a common measure in epidemiology, is strictly a type of denominator data, a dimensionless ratio or proportion. Prevalence may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage or as the number of cases per 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000 in the population of interest. + +=== Micromort === + +A micromort is a unit of risk measuring a one-in-a-million probability of death (from micro- and mortality). Micromorts can be used to measure riskiness of various day-to-day activities. A microprobability is a one-in-a million chance of some event; thus a micromort is the microprobability of death. For example, smoking 1.4 cigarettes increases one's death risk by one micromort, as does traveling 370 km (230 miles) by car. + +=== Numbers of people: stadium capacities === + +The large numbers of people involved in demography are often difficult to comprehend. A useful visualisation tool is the audience capacity of large sports stadiums (often about 100,000). Often the capacity of the largest stadium in a region serves as a unit for a large number of people. For example, Uruguay's Estadio Centenario is often used in Uruguay, while in parts of the United States, Michigan Stadium is used in this manner. In Australia, the capacity of the Melbourne Cricket Ground (about 100,000) is often cited in this manner. Hence the Melbourne Cricket Ground serves as both a measure of people and a unit of volume. + +== Computer and information science == +The growth of computing has necessitated the creation of many new units, several of which are based on unusual foundations. + +=== Data volume === + +Volume or capacity of data is often compared to works of literature or large collections of writing. Popular units include the Bible, the Encyclopædia Britannica, phone books, the complete works of Shakespeare, and the Library of Congress. +When the Compact Disc began to be used as a data storage device as the CD-ROM, journalists often described the disc capacity (650 megabytes) by using the number of Christian Bibles that can be stored. The King James Version of the Bible in uncompressed plain 8-bit text contains about 4.5 million characters, so a CD-ROM can store about 150 Bibles. +The print version of the Encyclopædia Britannica is another common data volume metric. It contains approximately 300 million characters, so two copies would fit onto a CD-ROM and still have 50 megabytes (or about 11 bibles) left over. +The term Library of Congress is often used. It refers to the US Library of Congress. Information researchers have estimated that the entire print collections of the Library of Congress represent roughly 10 terabytes of uncompressed textual data. + +==== Nibble ==== +A measure of quantity of data or information, the "nibble" (sometimes spelled "nybble" or "nybl") is normally equal to 4 bits, or one half of the common 8-bit byte. The nibble is used to describe the amount of memory used to store a digit of a number stored in binary-coded decimal format, or to represent a single hexadecimal digit. Less commonly, 'nibble' may be used for any contiguous portion of a byte of specified length, e.g. "6-bit nibble"; this usage is most likely to be encountered in connection with a hardware architecture in which the word length is not a multiple of 8, such as older 36-bit minicomputers. + +=== FLOPS === + +In computing, FLOPS (FLoating point Operations Per Second) is a measure of a computer's computing power. It is also common to see measurements of kilo, mega, giga, and teraFLOPS. +It is also used to compare the performance of computers in practice. + +=== BogoMips === + +A measure to determine the CPU speed. It was invented by Linus Torvalds and is nowadays present on every Linux operating system. However, it is not a meaningful measure to assess the actual CPU performance. + +=== KLOC === +A computer programming expression, the K-LOC or KLOC, pronounced kay-lok, standing for "kilo-lines of code", i.e., thousand lines of code. The unit was used, especially by IBM managers, to express the amount of work required to develop a piece of software. Given that estimates of 20 lines of functional code per day per programmer were often used, it is apparent that 1 K-LOC could take one programmer as long as 50 working days, or 10 working weeks. This measure is no longer in widespread use because different computer languages require different numbers of lines to achieve the same result (occasionally the measure "assembly equivalent lines of code" is used, with appropriate conversion factors from the language actually used to assembly language). +Error rates in programming are also measured in "Errors per K-LOC", which is called the defect density. NASA's SATC is one of the few organizations to claim zero defects in a large (>500K-LOC) project, for the space shuttle software. +An alternative measurement was defined by Pegasus Mail author David Harris: the "WaP" is equivalent to 71,500 lines of program code, because that number of lines is the length of one edition of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. + +=== Ticks === +The "tick" is the amount of time between timer interrupts generated by the timer circuit of a CPU. The amount of time is processor-dependent. The word "tick" is also used to describe steps of processing in apps and video games, for example, Minecraft servers process the simulation at a rate of 20 ticks per second, while other games commonly use tickrates of 30, 60, 64, or 128 ticks per second. + +== Other == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cbe12e90 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- +title: "List of non-coherent units of measurement" +chunk: 9/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Centimorgan: Genetic linkage === +In genetics, a centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (m.u.) is a unit for measuring genetic linkage. It is defined as the distance between chromosome positions (also termed loci or markers) for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01. It is often used to infer distance along a chromosome. One centimorgan corresponds to about 1 million base pairs in humans on average. + +=== Centipawn: Chess position === +Chess software frequently uses centipawns internally or externally as a unit measuring how strong each player's situation position is, and hence also by how much one player is beating the other, and how strong a possible move is. 100 centipawns = the value of 1 pawn – more specifically, something like the average value of the pawns at the start of the game, as the actual value of pawns depends on their position. Loss of a pawn will therefore typically lose that player 100 centipawns. The centipawn is often used for comparing possible moves, as in a given position, chess software will often rate the better of two moves within a few centipawns of each other. + +=== Garn: Spacesickness === +The garn is NASA's unit of measure for symptoms resulting from space adaptation syndrome, the response of the human body to weightlessness in space, named after US Senator Jake Garn, who became exceptionally spacesick during an orbital flight in 1985. If an astronaut is completely incapacitated by space adaptation syndrome, he or she is under the effect of one garn of symptoms. + +=== Mother cows: Land quality === +Formerly used in real estate transactions in the American Southwest, it was the number of pregnant cows an acre of a given plot of land could support. It acted as a proxy for the agricultural quality, natural resource availability, and arability of a parcel of land. + +=== Nines: Purity === + +Numbers very close to, but below one are often expressed in "nines" (N – not to be confused with the unit newton), that is in the number of nines following the decimal separator in writing the number in question. For example, "three nines" or "3N" indicates 0.999 or 99.9%, "four nines five" or "4N5" is the expression for the number 0.99995 or 99.995%. +Typical areas of usage are: + +The reliability of computer systems, that is the ratio of uptime to the sum of uptime and downtime. "Five nines" reliability in a continuously operated system means an average downtime of no more than approximately five minutes per year (there is no relationship between the number of nines and minutes per year, it is pure coincidence that "five nines" relates to five minutes per year.) (See high availability for a chart.) +The purity of materials, such as gases and metals. + +=== Pain === + +==== Dol ==== +The dol (from the Latin word for pain, dolor) is a unit of measurement for pain. James D. Hardy, Herbert G. Wolff, and Helen Goodell of Cornell University proposed the unit based on their studies of pain during the 1940s and 1950s. They defined one dol to equal a just-noticeable difference in pain. The unit never came into widespread use and other methods are now used to assess the level of pain experienced by patients. + +==== Scales ==== +The Schmidt sting pain index and Starr sting pain index are pain scales rating the relative pain caused by different hymenoptera stings. Schmidt has refined his pain index (with a 1–4 scale) with extensive anecdotal experience, culminating in a paper published in 1990 which classifies the stings of 78 species and 41 genera of Hymenoptera. The Starr sting pain scale uses the same 1–4 scale. + +=== Pepper heat === + +==== ASTA pungency unit ==== +The ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) pungency unit is based on a scientific method of measuring chili pepper "heat". The technique utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography to identify and measure the concentrations of the various compounds that produce a heat sensation. Scoville units are roughly 1⁄15 the size of pungency units while measuring capsaicin, so a rough conversion is to multiply pungency by 15 to obtain Scoville heat units. + +==== Scoville heat unit ==== + +The Scoville scale is a measure of the hotness of a chili pepper. It is the degree of dilution in sugar water of a specific chili pepper extract when a panel of 5 tasters can no longer detect its "heat". Pure capsaicin (the chemical responsible for the "heat") has 16 million Scoville heat units. + +=== Proof: Alcohol concentration === + +Up to the 20th century, alcoholic spirits were assessed in the UK by mixing with gunpowder and testing the mixture to see whether it would still burn; spirit that just passed the test was said to be at 100° proof. The UK now uses percentage alcohol by volume (ABV) at 20 °C (68.0 °F), where spirit at 100° proof is approximately 57.15% ABV. In the US, "proof number" is defined as twice the ABV at 60 °F (15.6 °C). + +=== Savart: Sound pitch === +The savart is an 18th-century unit for measuring the frequency ratio of two sounds. It is equal to 1⁄1000 of a decade (not to be confused with the time period equal to 10 years). The cent is preferred for musical use. + +=== Erlang: Telecommunications traffic volume === + +The erlang, named after A. K. Erlang, as a dimensionless unit is used in telephony as a statistical measure of the offered intensity of telecommunications traffic on a group of resources. Traffic of one erlang refers to a single resource being in continuous use, or two channels being at fifty percent use, and so on, pro rata. Much telecommunications management and forecasting software uses this. + +=== Crab: X-ray intensity === + +The crab is defined as the intensity of X-rays emitted from the Crab Nebula at a given photon energy up to 30 kiloelectronvolts. The Crab Nebula is often used for calibration of X-ray telescopes. For measuring the X-ray intensity of a less energetic source, the milliCrab (mCrab) may be used. +One crab is approximately 24 pW/m2. + +== See also == +GNU Units, a unit conversion program, which supports many uncommon units +List of humorous units of measurement +List of obsolete units of measurement + +== References == + +== Bibliography == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e59ccb88 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "List of oldest heraldry" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:22.514906+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Heraldry developed in the High Middle Ages based on earlier traditions of visual identification by means of seals, field signs, emblems used on coins, etc. Notably, lions that would subsequently appear in 12th-century coats of arms of European nobility have pre-figurations in the animal style of ancient art (specifically the style of Scythian art as it developed from c. the 7th century BC). +The origin of the term heraldry itself (Middle English heraldy, Old French hiraudie) can be placed in the context of the early forms of the knightly tournaments in the 12th century. Combatants wore full armour, and identified themselves by wearing their emblems on their shields. A herald (Old French heraut, from a Frankish *hariwald "commander of an army") was an officer who would announce the competitors. +The display of heraldic emblems on shields is an innovation of the 12th century. The kite shields shown in the Bayeux Tapestry (c. 1070) sometimes show simple cross or spiral ornaments, but no heraldic emblems. Similarly, Frankish or German round shields of the 11th century (Ottonian, Salian) are sometimes depicted with simple geometric ornamentation, but not with figurative emblems. +Early mention of heraldic shields in Middle High German literature likewise dates to the 12th century. +In some cases, the adoption of a symbol on a coat of arms was the culmination of a gradual progression, whereby a family can be seen using a symbol in a quasi-heraldic manner prior to its adoption as part of a formal coat. An example of this are the Counts of Saint-Pol, who between 1083 and 1130 decorated their coins with wheat sheafs that are then found on the equestrian seal of Count Engueraud (1141–50) placed in the blank space surrounding the mounted knight, before appearing on the shield of count Anselm and his successors from 1162. Similarly, the fleur-de-lis progressed from use as a decorative emblem by Henry I of France (1031–60) to then be displayed as a quasi-heraldic symbol by Louis VI, Louis VII, and Philip II (1180–1223) before becoming the charge of the French royal arms under the last of these kings. Lions were used as heraldic emblems by Henry "the Lion" (before 1146), and Alfonso VII of León (d. 1157), and probably by Henry I of England (d. 1135), in the first half of the 12th century, and lions later appear on the coats of arms of their respective realms. +The oldest surviving heraldic seals are the equestrian seals (German: Reitersiegel) used by high nobility in the second half of the 12th century. Among the oldest examples from the Holy Roman Empire, of what would develop into German heraldry, is the lion (or "leopard") of the Staufer coat of arms, first used before 1146 by Henry "the Lion", and in 1181 on the seal of Frederick VI of Swabia. Similar seals are known from England, one of the oldest being the equestrian seal of King Richard Lionheart of the House of Plantagenet, dated 1189, showing a heraldic lion design on the king's shield. His second seal, dated 1198, shows the three lions design which would subsequently become the royal coat of arms of England. +The earliest known colored heraldic representation appears on the funerary enamel of Geoffrey of Anjou (d. 1151), showing a coat of arms that appears to be the same as one later used by some of his descendants. Depiction of heraldic shields in manuscript miniatures becomes more common in the early-to-mid 13th century, and dedicated armorials become fashionable in the mid-to-late 13th century. + + +== See also == + +History of heraldry +Ancient and modern arms +Roll of arms +Attributed arms + + +== Notes == + + +== External links == +https://www.theheraldrysociety.com/articles/as-it-was-in-the-beginning/ + + +== References == + +Gerard J. Brault. Early Blazon. Heraldic terminology in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, with special reference to Arthurian literature. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1972. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optical_illusions-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optical_illusions-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43006a359 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optical_illusions-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "List of optical illusions" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optical_illusions" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:22.889375+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of visual illusions. + + +== See also == + + +== Notes == + + +== External links == + +Optical Illusion Examples by Great Optical Illusions +Optical Illusions & Visual Phenomena by Michael Bach +Optical Illusions Database by Mighty Optical Illusions +Optical illusions and perception paradoxes by Archimedes Lab +https://web.archive.org/web/20100419004856/http://ilusaodeotica.com/ hundreds of optical illusions +Project LITE Atlas of Visual Phenomena Archived 2010-03-29 at the Wayback Machine +Akiyoshi's illusion pages Professor Akiyoshi KITAOKA's anomalous motion illusions +Spiral Or Not? by Enrique Zeleny, Wolfram Demonstrations Project +Magical Optical Illusions by Rangki +Hunch Optical Illusions by Hunch +Optical Illusions by Ooh, My Brain! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cd09cdb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +--- +title: "List of particles" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:02.237050+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of known and hypothesized molecular, atomic, and subatomic particles in particle physics, condensed matter physics and cosmology. + +== Standard Model elementary particles == + +Elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal structure; that is, it is unknown whether they are composed of other particles. They are the fundamental objects of quantum field theory. Many families and sub-families of elementary particles exist. Elementary particles are classified according to their spin. Fermions have half-integer spin while bosons have integer spin. All the elementary particles of the Standard Model have been experimentally observed, including the Higgs boson in 2012. Many other hypothetical elementary particles, such as the graviton, have been proposed, but not observed experimentally. + +Notes: +[†] An anti-electron (e+) is conventionally called a "positron". + +=== Fermions === +Fermions are one of the two fundamental classes of particles, the other being bosons. Fermion particles are described by Fermi–Dirac statistics and have quantum numbers described by the Pauli exclusion principle. They include the quarks and leptons, as well as any composite particles consisting of an odd number of these, such as all baryons and many atoms and nuclei. +Fermions have half-integer spin; for all known elementary fermions this is ⁠1/2⁠ħ. All known fermions except neutrinos, are also Dirac fermions; that is, each known fermion has its own distinct antiparticle. It is not known whether the neutrino is a Dirac fermion or a Majorana fermion. Fermions are the basic building blocks of all matter. They are classified according to whether they interact via the strong interaction or not. In the Standard Model, there are 12 types of elementary fermions: six quarks and six leptons. + +==== Quarks ==== +Quarks are the fundamental constituents of hadrons and interact via the strong force. Quarks are the only known carriers of fractional charge, but because they combine in groups of three quarks (baryons) or in pairs of one quark and one antiquark (mesons), only integer charge is observed in nature. Their respective antiparticles are the antiquarks, which are identical except that they carry the opposite electric charge (for example the up quark carries charge +⁠2/3⁠e, while the up antiquark carries charge −⁠2/3⁠e), color charge, and baryon number. There are six flavors of quarks; the three positively charged quarks are called "up-type quarks" while the three negatively charged quarks are called "down-type quarks". + +==== Leptons ==== +Leptons do not interact via the strong interaction. Their respective antiparticles are the antileptons, which are identical, except that they carry the opposite electric charge and lepton number. The antiparticle of an electron is an antielectron, which is almost always called a "positron" for historical reasons. There are six leptons in total; the three charged leptons are called "electron-like leptons", while the neutral leptons are called "neutrinos". Neutrinos are known to oscillate, so that neutrinos of definite flavor do not have definite mass: instead, they exist in a superposition of mass eigenstates. The hypothetical heavy right-handed neutrino, called a "sterile neutrino", has been omitted. + +=== Bosons === +Bosons are one of the two fundamental particles having integral spinclasses of particles, the other being fermions. Bosons are characterized by Bose–Einstein statistics and all have integer spins. Bosons may be either elementary, like photons and gluons, or composite, like mesons. +According to the Standard Model, the elementary bosons are: + +The Higgs boson is postulated by the electroweak theory primarily to explain the origin of particle masses. In a process known as the "Higgs mechanism", the Higgs boson and the other gauge bosons in the Standard Model acquire mass via spontaneous symmetry breaking of the SU(2) gauge symmetry. The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) predicts several Higgs bosons. On 4 July 2012, the discovery of a new particle with a mass between 125 and 127 GeV/c2 was announced; physicists suspected that it was the Higgs boson. Since then, the particle has been shown to behave, interact, and decay in many of the ways predicted for Higgs particles by the Standard Model, as well as having even parity and zero spin, two fundamental attributes of a Higgs boson. This also means it is the first elementary scalar particle discovered in nature. +Elementary bosons responsible for the four fundamental forces of nature are called force particles (gauge bosons). The strong interaction is mediated by the gluon, the weak interaction is mediated by the W and Z bosons, electromagnetism by the photon, and gravity by the graviton, which is still hypothetical. + +== Composite particles == +Composite particles are bound states of elementary particles. + +=== Hadrons === +Hadrons are defined as strongly interacting composite particles. Hadrons are either: + +Composite fermions (especially 3 quarks), in which case they are called baryons. +Composite bosons (especially 2 quarks), in which case they are called mesons. +Quark models, first proposed in 1964 independently by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig (who called quarks "aces"), describe the known hadrons as composed of valence quarks and/or antiquarks, tightly bound by the color force, which is mediated by gluons. (The interaction between quarks and gluons is described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics.) A "sea" of virtual quark–antiquark pairs is also present in each hadron. + +==== Baryons ==== + +Ordinary baryons (composite fermions) contain three valence quarks or three valence antiquarks each. + +Nucleons are the fermionic constituents of normal atomic nuclei: +Protons, composed of two up and one down quark (uud) +Neutrons, composed of two down and one up quark (ddu) +Hyperons, such as the Λ, Σ, Ξ, and Ω particles, which contain one or more strange quarks, are short-lived and heavier than nucleons. Although not normally present in atomic nuclei, they can appear in short-lived hypernuclei. +A number of charmed and bottom baryons have also been observed. +Pentaquarks consist of four valence quarks and one valence antiquark. +Other exotic baryons may also exist. + +==== Mesons ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82f908f0e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- +title: "List of particles" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:02.237050+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Ordinary mesons are made up of a valence quark and a valence antiquark. Because mesons have integer spin (0 or 1) and are not themselves elementary particles, they are classified as "composite" bosons, although being made of elementary fermions. Examples of mesons include the pion, kaon, and the J/ψ. In quantum hadrodynamics, mesons mediate the residual strong force between nucleons. +At one time or another, positive signatures have been reported for all of the following exotic mesons but their existences have yet to be confirmed. + +A tetraquark consists of two valence quarks and two valence antiquarks; +A glueball is a bound state of gluons with no valence quarks; +Hybrid mesons consist of one or more valence quark–antiquark pairs and one or more real gluons. + +=== Atomic nuclei === + +Atomic nuclei typically consist of protons and neutrons, although exotic nuclei may consist of other baryons, such as hypertriton which contains a hyperon. These baryons (protons, neutrons, hyperons, etc.) which comprise the nucleus are called nucleons. Each type of nucleus is called a "nuclide", and each nuclide is defined by the specific number of each type of nucleon. + +"Isotopes" are nuclides which have the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons. +Conversely, "isotones" are nuclides which have the same number of neutrons but differing numbers of protons. +"Isobars" are nuclides which have the same total number of nucleons but which differ in the number of each type of nucleon. Nuclear reactions can change one nuclide into another. + +=== Atoms === + +Atoms are the smallest neutral particles into which matter can be divided by chemical reactions. An atom consists of a small, heavy nucleus surrounded by a relatively large, light cloud of electrons. An atomic nucleus consists of 1 or more protons and 0 or more neutrons. Protons and neutrons are, in turn, made of quarks. Each type of atom corresponds to a specific chemical element. To date, 118 elements have been discovered or created. +Exotic atoms may be composed of particles in addition to or in place of protons, neutrons, and electrons, such as hyperons or muons. Examples include pionium (π− π+) and quarkonium atoms. + +==== Leptonic atoms ==== +Leptonic atoms, named using -onium, are exotic atoms constituted by the bound state of a lepton and an antilepton. Examples of such atoms include positronium (e− e+), muonium (e− μ+), and "true muonium" (μ− μ+). Of these positronium and muonium have been experimentally observed, while "true muonium" remains only theoretical. + +=== Molecules === + +Molecules are the smallest particles into which a substance can be divided while maintaining the chemical properties of the substance. Each type of molecule corresponds to a specific chemical substance. A molecule is a composite of two or more atoms. Atoms are combined in a fixed proportion to form a molecule. Molecule is one of the most basic units of matter. + +=== Ions === +Ions are charged atoms (monatomic ions) or molecules (polyatomic ions). They include cations which have a net positive charge, and anions which have a net negative charge. + +=== Other categories === +Goldstone bosons are a massless excitation of a field that has been spontaneously broken. The pions are quasi-goldstone bosons (quasi- because they are not exactly massless) of the broken chiral isospin symmetry of quantum chromodynamics. +Parton, is a generic term coined by Feynman for the sub-particles making up a composite particle – at that time a baryon – hence, it originally referred to what are now called "quarks" and "gluons". +Odderon, a particle composed of an odd number of gluons, detected in 2021. + +== Quasiparticles == + +Quasiparticles are effective particles that exist in many particle systems. The field equations of condensed matter physics are remarkably similar to those of high energy particle physics. As a result, much of the theory of particle physics applies to condensed matter physics as well; in particular, there are a selection of field excitations, called quasi-particles, that can be created and explored. These include: + +Anyons are a generalization of fermions and bosons in two-dimensional systems like sheets of graphene that obeys braid statistics. +Excitons are bound states of an electron and a hole. +Magnons are coherent excitations of electron spins in a material. +Phonons are vibrational modes in a crystal lattice. +Plasmons are coherent excitations of a plasma. +Polaritons are mixtures of photons with other quasi-particles. +Polarons are moving, charged (quasi-) particles that are surrounded by ions in a material. + +== Hypothetical particles == + +=== Graviton === + +The graviton is a hypothetical particle that has been included in some extensions to the Standard Model to mediate the gravitational force. It is in a peculiar category between known and hypothetical particles: as an unobserved particle that is not predicted by, nor required for the Standard Model, it belongs in the table of hypothetical particles. But gravitational force itself is a certainty, and expressing that known force in the framework of a quantum field theory requires a boson to mediate it. +If it exists, the graviton is expected to be massless because the gravitational force has a very long range, and appears to propagate at the speed of light. The graviton must be a spin-2 boson because the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor, a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism's spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-order tensor). Additionally, it can be shown that any massless spin-2 field would give rise to a force indistinguishable from gravitation, because a massless spin-2 field would couple to the stress–energy tensor in the same way that gravitational interactions do. This result suggests that, if a massless spin-2 particle is discovered, it must be the graviton. + +=== Dark matter candidates === + +Many hypothetical particle candidates for dark matter have been proposed like weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP), weakly interacting slender particles (WISP), or feebly interacting particles (FIP). + +=== Dark energy candidates === + +Hypothetical particle candidates to explain dark energy include the chameleon particle and the acceleron. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b75bdb7d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "List of particles" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:02.237050+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Auxiliary particles == +Virtual particles are mathematical tools used in calculations that exhibits some of the characteristics of an ordinary particle but do not obey the mass-shell relation. These particles are unphysical and unobservable. These include: + +Ghost particles, like Faddeev–Popov ghosts and Pauli–Villars ghosts +Spurions, auxiliary field in a quantum field theory that can be used to parameterize any symmetry +Soft photons, photons with energies below detectable in experiment. +There are also instantons, field configurations which are a local minimum of the Yang–Mills field equation. Instantons are used in nonperturbative calculations of tunneling rates. Instantons have properties similar to particles, specific examples include: + +Calorons, finite temperature generalization of instantons. +Merons, a field configuration which is a non-self-dual solution of the Yang–Mills field equation. The instanton is believed to be composed of two merons. +Sphalerons are a field configuration which is a saddle point of the Yang–Mills field equations. Sphalerons are used in nonperturbative calculations of non-tunneling rates. +Renormalons, a possible type of singularity arising when using Borel summation. It is a counterpart of an instanton singularity. + +== Classification by speed == +A bradyon (or tardyon) travels slower than the speed of light in vacuum and has a non-zero, real rest mass. +A luxon travels as fast as light in vacuum and has no rest mass. +A tachyon is a hypothetical particle that travels faster than the speed of light so they would paradoxically experience time in reverse (due to inversion of the theory of relativity) and would violate the known laws of causality. A tachyon has an imaginary rest mass. + +== See also == + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d70b9447 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +--- +title: "List of people with dyslexia" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:55.746139+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of some notable people who have dyslexia. See also the People with dyslexia category for a longer list. + +== A == + +Eric Adams (born 1960), American politician and former mayor of New York +Maggie Aderin-Pocock (born 1968), British space scientist and science educator +Muhammad Ali (1942–2016), American professional boxer +Sam Allardyce (born 1954), English footballer and football manager +Marc Almond (born 1957), English singer (Soft Cell) +Jennifer Aniston (born 1969), American actress + +== B == + +Mel B (born 1975), English singer (Spice Girls) +Abhishek Bachchan (born 1976), Indian Bollywood actor +David Bailey, (born 1938), English photographer +Robert Ballard (born 1942), deep sea explorer +Ann Bancroft (born 1955), American arctic explorer +Geoff Barrow (born 1971), English musician +Princess Beatrice (born 1988), member of the British royal family +Rob Beckett (born 1986), English comedian, television presenter and actor +BENEE (born 2000), New Zealand singer-songwriter +Robert Benton (1932–2025), American screenwriter and film director +Orlando Bloom (born 1977), English actor +Todd Bol (born 1956), Founder of Little Free Library +Roberto Bolaño (1953–2003), Chilean novelist and poet +Chaz Bono (born 1969), American advocate, writer, musician and actor +Charley Boorman (born 1966), British TV presenter, writer and actor +Sir Richard Branson (born 1950), English entrepreneur (Virgin Group) +Nancy Brinker (born 1946), American ambassador and founder of The Promise Fund and Susan G. Komen for the Cure +Erin Brockovich (born 1960), American legal clerk, consumer advocate and socio-environmental activist +Max Brooks (born 1972), American actor and author +Dame Darcey Bussell (born 1969), an English retired ballerina +Octavia E. Butler (1947–2006), American science fiction author + +== C == + +Stephen J. Cannell (1941–2010), American television producer, writer and novelist +Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland (born 1979), Prince of Sweden +Dan Carter, Canadian politician +Jim Carrey (born 1962), Canadian-American actor and comedian +Dave Chalk (born 1959), Canadian broadcaster and technology journalist +John T. Chambers (born 1949), American businessman and CEO of Cisco +Georgina Chapman (born 1976), English fashion designer and actress +Blake Charlton (born 1979), American science fiction author and cardiologist +Cher (born 1946), American singer and actress +Amy Childs (born 1990), English model and television personality +Sir Timothy Clifford (born 1946), British art historian +Gary Cohn (born 1960), American business leader +Jason Conley (born 1981), American basketball player +Pete Conrad (1930–1999), American astronaut +Anderson Cooper (born 1967), American broadcast journalist and political commentator +Barbara Corcoran (born 1949), American businesswoman, columnist, and television personality +Chris Cosentino (born 1972), American celebrity chef and television personality +Toby Cosgrove (born 1940), American heart surgeon +Tom Cruise (born 1962), American actor + +== D == + +Roald Dahl (1916–1990), British author +Clark Janell Davis (born 1997), American model +John de Lancie (born 1948), American actor and comedian +Michelle de Swarte (born 1980), English actress, comedian, presenter, and model +Samuel R. Delany (born 1942), American science fiction author and literary critic +Patrick Dempsey (born 1966), American actor +Paul Dewar (1963–2019), Canadian educator and politician +Callum Dixon (born 2000), British rower +Andrew Dornenburg (born 1958), American chef and author +Nadine Dorries (born 1957), British politician +Jacques Dubochet (born 1942), Swiss biophysicist +Michael Dudikoff (born 1954), American actor + +== E == +Arjan Ederveen (born 1956), Dutch actor and comedian +Thomas Edison (born 1847), American inventor and businessman +Fae Ellington (born 1953), Jamaican media personality and lecturer +Ari Emanuel (born 1961), American businessman and CEO of Endeavor +Aslı Enver (born 1984), Turkish actress + +== F == + +Paloma Faith (born 1981), English singer-songwriter and actress +Alexander Faludy (born 1983), English Reverend +Steve Fielding (born 1960), Australian politician +Fannie Flagg (born 1944), American actress, comedian and author +Ben Fogle (born 1973), English television presenter, writer and adventurer +Dave Foley (born 1963), Canadian comedian and actor +Richard Ford (born 1944), American author + +== G == + +Anaïs Gallagher (born 2000), English model and photographer +Noel Gallagher (born 1967), English musician (Oasis) +Karina Galvez (born 1964), Ecuadorian-American poet and television and radio personality +Sally Gardner (born 1954), English children's book author and illustrator +Gayle (born 2004), American singer +Mo Gilligan (born 1988), British stand-up comedian +Glowie (born 1997), Icelandic singer +Whoopi Goldberg (born 1955), American actress, comedian and television personality +Alison Goldfrapp (born 1966), English musician and record producer (Goldfrapp) +John B. Goodenough (1922–2023), American materials scientist +Terry Goodkind (1948–2020), American writer +Frank Gore (born 1983), American football player +Ashley Graham (born 1987), American model and television presenter +Mike Gravel (1930–2021), American politician +Allan Gray (1938–2019), South African businessman and philanthropist +Olive Gray (born 1994), English actor +Brian Grazer (born 1951), American film and television producer and writer +Carol W. Greider (born 1961), an American molecular biologist and Nobel laureate +Carl XVI Gustaf (born 1946), King of Sweden since 1973 + +== H == + +Jerry Hall (born 1956), American model and actress +Lewis Hamilton (born 1985), British racing driver +Susan Hampshire (born 1937), British actress +Matt Hancock (born 1978), British politician +Charles "Chuck" Harrison (1931–2018), American industrial designer +Maya Hawke (born 1998), American actor, model and singer-songwriter +Salma Hayek (born 1966), Mexican actress +Mark Henry (born 1971), American professional wrestler and powerlifter +Bill Hewlett (1913–2001), American engineer +John Hickenlooper (born 1952), American politician +Tommy Hilfiger (born 1951), American fashion designer +John Hoke III (born 1965), American architect and designer +Tom Holland (born 1996), English actor +Sir Anthony Hopkins (born 1937), Welsh actor and director +Jack Horner (born 1946), American palaeontologist + +== I == +Boman Irani (born 1959), Bollywood actor +John Irving (born 1942), American author and screenwriter +Jony Ive (born 1967), English product designer +Eddie Izzard (born 1962), British comedian, actor and activist + +== J == +Caitlyn Jenner (born 1949), American media personality, retired Olympic gold medal-winning athlete and transgender activist +Daymond John (born 1969), American businessman, investor and television personality (Shark Tank) +Colin Jones (1936–2021), English photographer and ballet dancer + +== K == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26da2ccac --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +--- +title: "List of people with dyslexia" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:55.746139+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Rebecca Kamen (born 1950), American artist and sculptor +Ingvar Kamprad (1926–2018), Swedish industrialist +Paul Kanjorski (born 1937), American politician +John F. Kennedy (born 1917) 35th President of the United States +Mollie King (born 1987), English singer and radio presenter +Laura Kirkpatrick (born 1989), American model and fashion designer +Tawny Kitaen (1961–2021), American actress and model +Keira Knightley (born 1985), English actress +Willem Johan Kolff (1911–2009), Dutch physician +David Koresh (1959–1993), American cult leader of the Branch Davidians + +== L == + +LadBaby (born 1987), English YouTuber, blogger and philanthropist +Penny Lancaster (born 1971), English model +Eugene Landy (1934–2006), American psychologist +J. F. Lawton (born 1960), American writer, producer and director +Lee Kuan Yew (1923–2015), 1st Prime Minister of Singapore +Peter Leitch (born 1944), New Zealand businessman and philanthropist +Angie Le Mar (born 1965), British comedian, actress and writer +Jay Leno (born 1950), American television presenter and comedian +Tom Lewis (born 1991), English golfer +Lil Pump (born 2000), American rapper +Kenny Logan (born 1972), Scottish rugby union player +Harry Lorayne (1926–2023) American magician, memory-training specialist, and author +Greg Louganis (born 1960), American diver, author and LGBT rights activist +Prince Louis of Luxembourg (born 1986), Prince of Luxembourg +Noah Lyles (born 1997), American athlete + +== M == +Anthony Mackie (born 1978), American actor +Dannel Malloy (born 1955), American politician +Jo Malone (born 1963), British perfumer and entrepreneur +Steve Mariotti (1953–2024), American social entrepreneur and educator +Mireille Mathieu (born 1946), French singer +Lee Marvin (1924–1987), American actor +Don McCullin (born 1935), British photojournalist +Joel McHale (born 1971), American actor, comedian, and television presenter +Charlotte McKinney (born 1993), American model and actress +Steve McQueen (1930–1980), American actor +Steve McQueen (born 1969), British film director +Kendrick Meek (born 1966), American politician +Douglas Merrill (born 1970), American technologist and fintech entrepreneur +M.I.A. (born 1975), British rapper and singer +Mika (born 1983), Lebanese-born English singer-songwriter +Alyssa Milano (born 1972), American actress +Jerry Moffatt (born 1963), British rock climber +A. R. Morlan (1958–2016), American writer +Dorrit Moussaieff (born 1950), Israeli jewellery designer +Shlomo Moussaieff (1925–2015), Israeli businessman, biblical antiquities collector, and Bible scholar +Don Mullan (born 1956), Irish author, producer and humanitarian +Róisín Murphy (born 1973), Irish singer-songwriter and record producer +Jaime Murray (born 1976), English actress + +== N == + +Steven Naismith (born 1986), Scottish professional footballer +David Neeleman (born 1959), Brazilian-American businessman and entrepreneur +Gavin Newsom (born 1967), American politician +Jace Norman (born 2000), American actor +Mike Norris (born 1961), English businessman + +== O == + +Paul Oakenfold (born 1963), English record producer and DJ +Brendan O'Carroll (born 1955), Irish actor and comedian +Danny O'Carroll (born 1983), Irish actor +Olav V of Norway (1903–1991), King of Norway (1957–1991) +Jamie Oliver (born 1975), British chef and television presenter +Naoisé O'Reilly, Irish psychologist +Paul Orfalea (born 1947), American entrepreneur +Ozzy Osbourne (1948–2025), English musician and television personality +Will Ospreay (born 1993), English professional wrestler + +== P == + +Alice Pagani (born 1998), Italian actress, model and author +Diamond Dallas Page (born 1956), American professional wrestler, actor and author +Theo Paphitis (born 1959), Cypriot-born British businessman and retail magnate +Nicholas Parsons (1923–2020), English actor and presenter +Jean Paton (born 1929), British bryologist and botanical illustrator +River Phoenix (1970–1993), American actor and musician +Dav Pilkey (born 1966), American author and illustrator +Jerry Pinkney (1939–2021), American illustrator and writer +Daniel Powter (born 1971), Canadian singer-songwriter +Hal Prewitt (born 1954), American artist, photographer, entrepreneur and race car driver + +== Q == +Scott Quinnell (born 1972), Welsh rugby union player + +== R == + +Bodo Ramelow (born 1956), German politician +Sara Rankin, British scientist +Robert Rauschenberg (1925–2008), American artist +Keanu Reeves (born 1964), Canadian actor +Nicolas Winding Refn (born 1970), Danish film director +Iwan Rheon (born 1985), Welsh actor and musician +Freya Ridings, (born 1994), English singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist +Guy Ritchie (born 1968), English film director +Chris Robshaw (born 1986), English rugby union player +Simone Rocha (born 1986), Irish fashion designer +David Rockefeller (1915–2017), American business executive and philanthropist +Nelson Rockefeller (1908–1979), American politician +Richard Rogers (1933–2021), British architect +Justin Roiland (born 1980), American animator and voice actor +Kelle Roos (born 1992), Dutch footballer +Louis B. Rosenberg (born 1969), American engineer and businessperson +Hans Rosling (1948–2017), Swedish international health professor and statistician +Mark Ruffalo (born 1967), American actor and producer +Stephanie Ruhle (born 1975) American news host and business analyst +Rex Ryan (born 1962), American football coach and analyst + +== S == + +Lauren Sánchez (born 1969), American media personality +Ronja Savolainen (born 1997), Finnish ice hockey player +Mark Schlereth (born 1966), American football player +Philip Schultz (born 1945), American poet and founder of the Writers Studio +Charles R. Schwab (born 1937), American investor +Arnold Schwarzenegger (born 1947), Austrian and American actor, businessman, politician, and bodybuilder +Tim Scott (born 1971), English guitarist +Jo Self (born 1956), English contemporary artist and poet +Dax Shepard (born 1975), American actor, comedian, and filmmaker +Peter Shumlin (born 1956), American politician +Carly Simon (born 1943), American singer-songwriter, memoirist, and children's author +Eileen Simpson (1918–2002), American writer and psychotherapist +Bryan Singer (born 1965), American film director +Callum Skinner (born 1992), Scottish racing cyclist +Neil Smith (born 1966), American football player +Zack Snyder (born 1966), American film director, producer, and screenwriter, who has publicly stated that he has dyslexia +Erna Solberg, (born 1961), Norwegian politician +Brent Sopel (born 1977), Canadian ice hockey player +Steven Spielberg (born 1946), American film director and screenwriter +Octavia Spencer (born 1970), American actress +Glenn Stearns (born 1963), American entrepreneur +Georgia Steel (born 1998), English television personality +Gwen Stefani (born 1969), American singer-songwriter +Stefán Karl Stefánsson (1975–2018), Icelandic actor +Sir Jackie Stewart (born 1939), Scottish racing driver +Sir David Stirling (1915–1990), Scottish military officer +Joss Stone (born 1987), English singer +Musa Sukwene (born 1986), South Africa singer +Kristy Swanson (born 1969), American actress +Diane Swonk (born 1962), American economic advisor + +== T == + +Helen B. Taussig (1898–1986), American cardiologist +Tim Tebow (born 1987), American football player +Bella Thorne (born 1997), American actress, singer and writer +Kara Tointon (born 1983), English actress +Tina Turner (1939–2023), American-born Swiss singer \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77914e14c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "List of people with dyslexia" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:55.746139+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== V == +Krystal Versace (born 2001), English drag queen +Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden (born 1977), heir apparent to the Swedish throne + +== W == + +Lindsay Wagner (born 1949), American actress +Camille Walala (born 1975), French artist +Butch Walker (born 1969), American singer and record producer +Andy Warhol (1928-1987) American artist and filmmaker +Ben Watkins (born 1957), English musician +Ben Way (born 1980), English entrepreneur +Bob Weir (born 1947), American guitarist +Cliff Weitzman (born 1995?), Israeli-American entrepreneur +Willard Wigan (born 1957), English sculptor +Florence Welch (born 1986), British-American singer +Mark Wilkinson (1950–2017), English furniture designer +Toyah Willcox (born 1958), English singer and actress +Robbie Williams (born 1974), English singer-songwriter +Robin Williams (1951–2014), American actor and comedian +Holly Willoughby (born 1981), English television presenter +Justin Wilson (1978–2015), British racing driver +Henry Winkler (born 1945), American actor and spokesman for The Dyslexia Foundation +Joshua Wong (born 1996), Hong Kong activist +Bethan Laura Wood (born 1983), English designer +Dominic Wood (born 1978), English radio and television presenter and magician + +== Y == +Hamza Yassin (born 1990), British TV presenter and cameraman +William Butler Yeats (1865–1939), Irish poet and playwright +Michael Young (born 1966), British designer + +== Z == + +Benjamin Zephaniah (1958–2023), British writer and poet + +== Notes == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phobias-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phobias-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f80a02303 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phobias-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +--- +title: "List of phobias" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phobias" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:25.313112+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The English suffixes -phobia, -phobic, -phobe (from Greek φόβος phobos, 'fear') occur in technical usage in psychiatry to construct words that describe irrational, abnormal, unwarranted, persistent, or disabling fear as a mental disorder (e.g., agoraphobia), in chemistry to describe chemical aversions (e.g., hydrophobic), in biology to describe organisms that dislike certain conditions (e.g., acidophobia), and in medicine to describe hypersensitivity to a stimulus, usually sensory (e.g., photophobia). In common usage, they also form words that describe dislike or hatred of a particular thing or subject (e.g., homophobia). The suffix is antonymic to -phil-. +For more information on the psychiatric side, including how psychiatry groups phobias such as agoraphobia, social phobia, or simple phobia, see phobia. The following lists include words ending in -phobia, and include fears that have acquired names. In some cases, the naming of phobias has become a word game, a notable example being a 1998 humorous article published by BBC News. In some cases, a word ending in -phobia may have an antonym with the suffix -phil-, e.g., Germanophobe/Germanophile. +Many -phobia lists circulate on the Internet, with words collected from indiscriminate sources, often copying each other. Also, a number of psychiatric websites exist that at the first glance cover a huge number of phobias, but in fact use a standard text to fit any phobia and reuse it for all unusual phobias by merely changing the name. Sometimes it leads to bizarre results, such as suggestions to cure "prostitute phobia". Such practice is known as content spamming and is used to attract search engines. +An article published in 1897 in the American Journal of Psychology noted, "the absurd tendency to give Greek names to objects feared (which, as Arndt says, would give us such terms as klopsophobia – fear of thieves and triakaidekaphobia [sic] – fear of the number 13 ...)". + + +== Psychological conditions == + +Specialists may prefer to avoid the suffix -phobia and use more descriptive terms such as personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and avoidant personality disorder. Terms should strictly have a Greek prefix, although many are irregularly formed with Latin or even English prefixes. Many use inaccurate or imprecise prefixes, such as aerophobia (fear of air) for fear of flying. + + +=== A === + + +=== B === + + +=== C === + + +=== D === + + +=== E === + + +=== F === + + +=== G === + + +=== H === + + +=== I === + + +=== K === + + +=== L === + + +=== M === + + +=== N === + + +=== O === + + +=== P === + + +=== R === + + +=== S === + + +=== T === + + +=== V === + + +=== Z === + + +== Cultural prejudices and discrimination == + + +=== Ethnic/national/religious prejudices and discrimination === +The suffix -phobia is used to coin terms that denote a particular anti-ethnic or anti-demographic sentiment, such as Americanophobia, Europhobia, Francophobia, Hispanophobia, and Indophobia. Often a synonym with the prefix "anti-" already exists (e.g. Polonophobia vs. anti-Polonism). Anti-religious sentiments are expressed in terms such as Christianophobia and Islamophobia. + + +== Medical conditions == + + +== Cultural phenomena == + + +== -phobia in the natural sciences == +In the natural sciences, words with the suffix -phobia/-phobic generally describe a predisposition for avoidance or exclusion. + + +== Jocular and fictional phobias == +Aibohphobia – a humorous term for the fear of palindromes, which is a palindrome itself. The term is a piece of computer humor entered into the 1981 The Devil's DP Dictionary. +Anatidaephobia – the fictional fear that one is being watched by a duck. The word comes from the name of the family Anatidae, and was used in Gary Larson's The Far Side. +Anoraknophobia – a portmanteau of "anorak" and "arachnophobia". It was used in the Wallace & Gromit comic book Anoraknophobia. Also the title of an album by Marillion. +Arachibutyrophobia – fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth, from Latin arachis "peanut" and butyrum "butter". The word is used by Charles M. Schulz in a 1982 installment of his Peanuts comic strip, and by Peter O'Donnell in his 1985 Modesty Blaise adventure novel Dead Man's Handle. +Charlophobia – the fictional fear of any person named Charlotte or Charlie, mentioned in the comedic book A Duck is Watching Me: Strange and Unusual Phobias (2014), by Bernie Hobbs. The phobia was created to mock name bias, a form of discrimination studied by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Chicago. +Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia – fear of long words, from the root word sesquipedalophobia combined with monstrum and hippopotamus. This was mentioned on the first episode of Brainiac Series Five as a Tickle's Teaser. +Keanuphobia – fear of Keanu Reeves, portrayed in the Dean Koontz book, False Memory, where a woman has an irrational fear of Reeves and has to see her psychiatrist, Mark Ahriman, each week, unaware that she only has the fear in the first place because Ahriman implanted it via hypnotic suggestion to amuse himself. He calls her "Keanuphobe" in his head. +Luposlipaphobia – fear of being pursued by timber wolves around a kitchen table while wearing socks on a newly waxed floor. Coined humorously by cartoonist Gary Larson for his comic The Far Side. +Nihilophobia – fear of nothingness, from Latin nihil and "nothing, none", as described by the Doctor in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Night". Voyager's morale officer and chef Neelix has this condition, having panic attacks while the ship was traversing a dark expanse of space known as the Void. It is also the title of a 2008 album by Neuronium. +Robophobia – irrational fear of robots or androids, also known as "Grimwade's Syndrome". It was first used in "The Robots of Death", the fifth serial of the 14th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. +Semaphobia – fear of average web developers to use Semantic Web technologies. +Venustraphobia – fear of beautiful women, according to a 1998 humorous article published by BBC News. + + +== See also == + +List of paraphilias – Medical conditions +List of manias +Childhood phobia – Exaggerated, intense fear found in children +Specific phobia – Specific, irrational fears + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Aldrich C (2 December 2002). The Aldrich Dictionary of Phobias and Other Word Families. Trafford Publishing. pp. 224–236. ISBN 1-55369-886-X. +Summerscale K (6 October 2022). The Book of Phobias and Manias. Profile Books. ISBN 9781788162814. + + +== External links == + +The Phobia List +Nursing Degree Guide Archived 2 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_quantities-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_quantities-0.md index 6d2a91fec..52bed8691 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_quantities-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_quantities-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_quantities" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:59:54.673028+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:12.234299+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c7f1d012 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +--- +title: "List of physicists" +chunk: 1/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:03.432252+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Following is a list of physicists who are notable for their achievements. + +== A == +Jules Aarons – United States (1921–2016) +Ernst Karl Abbe – Germany (1840–1905) +Derek Abbott – Australia (born 1960) +Hasan Abdullayev – Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Soviet Union, Azerbaijan (1918–1993) +Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov – Soviet Union, Russia (1928–2017) Nobel laureate +Robert Adler – United States (1913–2007) +Stephen L. Adler – United States (born 1939) +Franz Aepinus – Rostock (1724–1802) +Mina Aganagic – Albania, United States +David Z Albert – United States (born 1954) +Felicie Albert – France, United States +Miguel Alcubierre – Mexico (born 1964) +Zhores Ivanovich Alferov – Soviet Union, Russia (1930–2019) Nobel laureate +Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén – Sweden (1908–1995) Nobel laureate +Alhazen – Basra, Iraq (965–1040) +Artem Alikhanian – Soviet Union, Armenia (1908–1978) +Abram Alikhanov – Soviet Union, Russia (1904–1970) +John E. Allen – United Kingdom (born 1928) +William Allis – United States (1901–1999) +Samuel King Allison – United States (1900–1965) +Yakov Lvovich Alpert – Soviet Union, Russia, United States (1911–2010) +Ralph Asher Alpher – United States (1921–2007) +Semen Altshuler – Soviet Union (1911–1983) +Luis Walter Alvarez – United States (1911–1988) Nobel laureate +Viktor Ambartsumian – Soviet Union, Armenia (1908–1996) +André-Marie Ampère – France (1775–1836) +Anja Cetti Andersen – Denmark (born 1965) +Hans Henrik Andersen – Denmark (1937–2012) +Philip Warren Anderson – United States (1923–2020) Nobel laureate +Carl David Anderson – United States (1905–1991) Nobel laureate +Herbert L. Anderson – United States (1914–1988) +Elephter Andronikashvili – Soviet Union, Georgia (1910–1989) +Anders Jonas Ångström – Sweden (1814–1874) +Alexander Animalu, Nigeria (born 1938) +Edward Victor Appleton – United Kingdom (1892–1965) Nobel laureate +François Arago – France (1786–1853) +Archimedes – Syracuse, Greece (ca. 287–212 BC) +Manfred von Ardenne – Germany (1907–1997) +Aristarchus of Samos – Samos, Greece (310–ca. 230 BC) +Aristotle – Athens, Greece (384–322 BC) +Nima Arkani-Hamed – United States (born 1972) +Lev Artsimovich – Soviet Union (1909–1973) +Aryabhata – Pataliputra, India (476–550) +Neil Ashby – United States (born 1934) +Maha Ashour-Abdalla – Egypt, United States (1943–2016) +Gurgen Askaryan – Soviet Union (1928–1997) +Alain Aspect – France (born 1947) +Marcel Audiffren – France +Pierre Victor Auger – France (1899–1993) +Avicenna – Persia (980–1037) +Amedeo Avogadro – Italy (1776–1856) +David Awschalom – United States (born 1956) +APJ Abdul Kalam – India + +== B == + +Abu sahl Al-Quhi – İran (born 940) +Xiaoyi Bao – Canada +Mani Lal Bhaumik – United States (born 1931) +Tom Baehr-Jones – United States (born 1980) +John Norris Bahcall – United States (1934–2005) +Gilbert Ronald Bainbridge – U.K. (1925–2003) +Cornelis Bakker – Netherlands (1904–1960) +Aiyalam Parameswaran Balachandran – India (born 1938) +V Balakrishnan – India (born 1943) +Milla Baldo-Ceolin – Italy (1924–2011) +Johann Jakob Balmer – Switzerland (1825–1898) +Tom Banks – United States (born 1949) +Riccardo Barbieri – Italy (born 1944) +Marcia Barbosa – Brazil (born 1960) +John Bardeen – United States (1908–1991) double Nobel laureate +William A. Bardeen – United States (born 1941) +Ronald Hugh Barker – Ireland (1915–2015) +Charles Glover Barkla – U.K. (1877–1944) Nobel laureate +Amanda Barnard – Australia (born 1971) +Boyd Bartlett – United States (1897–1965) +Asım Orhan Barut – Malatya, Turkey (1926–1994) +Heinz Barwich – Germany (1911–1966) +Nikolay Basov – Soviet Union, Russia (1922–2001) Nobel laureate +Laura Maria Caterina Bassi – Italy (1711–1778) +Zoltán Lajos Bay – Hungary (1900–1992) +Karl Bechert – Germany (1901–1981) +Henri Becquerel – France (1852–1908) Nobel laureate +Johannes Georg Bednorz – Germany (born 1950) Nobel laureate +Isaac Beeckman – Netherlands (1588–1637) +Jacob Bekenstein – Israel (1947–2015) +Alexander Graham Bell – Scotland, Canada, U.S.A. (1847–1922) +John Stewart Bell – U.K. (1928–1990) +Jocelyn Bell Burnell – Northern Ireland, U.K. (born 1943) +Carl M. Bender – United States (born 1943) +Abraham Bennet – England (1749–1799) +Daniel Bernoulli – Switzerland (1700–1782) +Hans Bethe – Germany, United States (1906–2005) Nobel laureate +Homi J. Bhabha – India (1909–1966) +Lars Bildsten – United States (1964) +James Binney – England (born 1950) +Gerd Binnig – Germany (born 1947) Nobel laureate +Jean-Baptiste Biot – France (1774–1862) +Raymond T. Birge – United States (1887–1980) +Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī – Persia (973–1048) +Vilhelm Bjerknes – Norway (1862–1951) +James Bjorken – United States (1934–2024) +Patrick Blackett – U.K. (1897–1974) Nobel laureate +Felix Bloch – Switzerland (1905–1983) Nobel laureate +Nicolaas Bloembergen – Netherlands, United States (1920–2017) Nobel laureate +Walter Boas – Germany, Australia (1904–1982) +Céline Bœhm – France (born 1974) +Nikolay Bogolyubov – Soviet Union, Russia (1909–1992) +David Bohm – United States (1917–1992) +Aage Bohr – Denmark (1922–2009) Nobel laureate +Niels Bohr – Denmark (1885–1962) Nobel laureate +Martin Bojowald – Germany (born 1973) +Ludwig Boltzmann – Austria (1844–1906) +Eugene T. Booth – United States (1912–2004) +Max Born – Germany, U.K. (1882–1970) Nobel laureate +Rudjer Josip Boscovich – Croatia (1711–1787) +Jagadish Chandra Bose – India (1858–1937) +Margrete Heiberg Bose – Denmark (1866–1952) +Satyendra Nath Bose – India (1894–1974) +Johannes Bosscha – Netherlands (1831–1911) +Walther Bothe – Germany (1891–1957) Nobel laureate +Edward Bouchet – United States (1852–1918) +Mustapha Ishak Boushaki – Algeria (1967–) +Mark Bowick – United States (born 1957) +Robert Boyle – Ireland, England (1627–1691) +Willard S. Boyle – Canada, United States (1924–2011) Nobel laureate +William Henry Bragg – U.K. (1862–1942) Nobel laureate +William Lawrence Bragg – U.K., Australia (1890–1971) Nobel laureate +Tycho Brahe – Denmark (1546–1601) +Howard Brandt – United States (1939–2014) +Walter Houser Brattain – United States (1902–1987) Nobel laureate +Karl Ferdinand Braun – Germany (1850–1918) Nobel laureate +David Brewster – U.K. (1781–1868) +Percy Williams Bridgman – United States (1882–1961) Nobel laureate +Léon Nicolas Brillouin – France (1889–1969) +Marcel Brillouin – France (1854–1948) +Bertram Brockhouse – Canada (1918–2003) Nobel laureate +Louis-Victor de Broglie – France (1892–1987) Nobel laureate +William Fuller Brown, Jr. – United States (1904–1983) +Ernst Brüche – Germany (1900–1985) +Hermann Brück – Germany (1905–2000) +Ari Brynjolfsson – Iceland (1927–2013) +Hans Buchdahl – Germany, Australia (1918–2010) +Gersh Budker – Soviet Union (1918–1977) +Silke Bühler-Paschen – Austria (born 1967) +Johannes Martinus Burgers – Netherlands (1895–1981) +Friedrich Burmeister – Germany (1890–1969) +Bimla Buti – India (1933–2024) +Christophorus Buys Ballot – Netherlands (1817–1890) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73b30f129 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +--- +title: "List of physicists" +chunk: 2/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:03.432252+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== C == +Nicola Cabibbo – Italy (1935–2010) +Nicolás Cabrera – Spain (1913–1989) +Orion Ciftja – United States +Curtis Callan – United States (born 1942) +Annie Jump Cannon – United States (1863–1941) +Fritjof Capra – Austria, United States (born 1939) +Marcela Carena – Argentina (born 1962) +Ricardo Carezani – Argentina, United States (1921–2016) +Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot – France (1796–1832) +David Carroll – United States (born 1963) +Brandon Carter – Australia (born 1942) +Hendrik Casimir – Netherlands (1909–2000) +Henry Cavendish – U.K. (1731–1810) +James Chadwick – U.K. (1891–1974) Nobel laureate +Owen Chamberlain – United States (1920–2006) Nobel laureate +Moses H. W. Chan – Hong Kong (born 1946) +Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – India, United States (1910–1995) Nobel laureate +Tsao Chang - Chinese (born 1942) +Georges Charpak – France (1924–2010) Nobel laureate +Émilie du Châtelet – France (1706–1749) +Swapan Chattopadhyay – India (born 1951) +Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1904–1990) Nobel laureate +Maxim Chernodub – Soviet Union, Russia, France (born 1973) +Geoffrey Chew – United States (1924–2019) +Boris Chirikov – Soviet Union, Russia (1928–2008) +Juansher Chkareuli – Soviet Union, Georgia (born 1940) +Ernst Chladni – Germany (1756–1827) +Nicholas Christofilos – Greece (1916–1972) +Steven Chu – United States (born 1948) Nobel laureate +Giovanni Ciccotti – Italy (born 1943) +Benoît Clapeyron – France (1799–1864) +George W. Clark – United States +John Clauser – United States (born 1942) Nobel laureate +Rudolf Clausius – Germany (1822–1888) +Richard Clegg – U.K. +Gari Clifford – British-American physicist, biomedical engineer, academic, researcher +John Cockcroft – U.K. (1897–1967) Nobel laureate +Claude Cohen-Tannoudji – France (born 1933) Nobel laureate +Arthur Compton – United States (1892–1962) Nobel laureate +Karl Compton – United States (1887–1954) +Edward Condon – United States (1902–1974) +Leon Cooper – United States (1930–2024) Nobel laureate +Nicolaus Copernicus – Poland (1473 – 1543) +Alejandro Corichi – Mexico (born 1967) +Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis – France (1792–1843) +Allan McLeod Cormack – South Africa, United States (1924–1998) +Eric Allin Cornell – United States (born 1961) Nobel laureate +Marie Alfred Cornu – France (1841–1902) +Charles-Augustin de Coulomb – France (1736–1806) +Ernest Courant – United States (1920–2020) +Brian Cox – U.K. (born 1968) +Thomas E. Cravens - United States, cometary x-rays +Charles Critchfield – United States (1910–1994) +James Cronin – United States (1931–2016) Nobel laureate +Sir William Crookes – U.K. (1832–1919) +Paul Crowell – United States +Marie Curie – Russian Empire, France (1867–1934) twice Nobel laureate +Pierre Curie – France (1859–1906) Nobel laureate +Predrag Cvitanović – Croatia (born 1946) + +== D == +Jean le Rond d'Alembert – France (1717–1783) +Gustaf Dalén – Sweden (1869–1937) Nobel laureate +Jean Dalibard – France (born 1958) +Richard Dalitz – U.K., United States (1925–2006) +John Dalton – U.K. (1766–1844) +Sanja Damjanović – Yugoslavia, Montenegro (born 1972) +Ranjan Roy Daniel – India (1923–2005) +Charles Galton Darwin – U.K. (1887–1962) +Ashok Das – India, United States (born 1953) +James C. Davenport – United States (born 1938) +Paul Davies – Australia (born 1946) +Raymond Davis, Jr. – United States (1914–2006) Nobel laureate +Clinton Davisson – United States (1881–1958) Nobel laureate +Peter Debije – Netherlands (1884–1966) +Hans Georg Dehmelt – Germany, United States (1922–2017) Nobel laureate +Max Delbrück – Germany, United States (1906–1981) +Democritus – Abdera (ca. 460–360 BC) +David M. Dennison – United States (1900–1976) +Beryl May Dent – U.K. (1900–1977) +David Deutsch – Israel, U.K. (born 1953) +René Descartes – France (1596–1650) +James Dewar – U.K. (1842–1923) +Scott Diddams – United States +Ulrike Diebold – Austria (born 1961) +Robbert Dijkgraaf – Netherlands (born 1960) +Viktor Dilman – Soviet Union, Russia (born 1926) +Savas Dimopoulos – United States (born 1952) +Paul Dirac – Switzerland, U.K. (1902–1984) Nobel laureate +Revaz Dogonadze – Soviet Union, Georgia (1931–1985) +Louise Dolan – United States (born 1950) +Amos Dolbear – United States (1837–1910) +Robert Döpel – Germany (1895–1982) +Christian Doppler – Austria (1803–1853) +Henk Dorgelo – Netherlands (1894–1961) +Friedrich Ernst Dorn – Germany (1848–1916) +Geneva Smith Douglas – United States (1932–1993) +Michael R. Douglas – United States (born 1961) +Jonathan Dowling – United States (1955–2020) +Claudia Draxl – Germany (born 1959) +Sidney Drell – United States (1926–2016) +Mildred Dresselhaus – United States (1930–2017) +Paul Drude – Germany (1863–1906) +F. J. Duarte – United States (born 1954) +Émilie du Châtelet – France (1706–1749) +Pierre Louis Dulong – France (1785–1838) +Janette Dunlop – Scotland (1891–1971) +Samuel T. Durrance – United States (born 1943) +Freeman Dyson – U.K., United States (1923–2020) Wolf laureate +Arthur Jeffrey Dempster – Canada (1886–1950) + +== E == +Joseph H. Eberly – United States (1935–2025) +William Eccles – U.K. (1875–1966) +Carl Eckart – United States (1902–1973) +Arthur Stanley Eddington – U.K. (1882–1944) +Thomas Edison – U.S. Invented the lightbulb. +Paul Ehrenfest – Austria-Hungary, Netherlands (1880–1933) +Felix Ehrenhaft – Austria-Hungary, United States (1879–1952) +Manfred Eigen – Germany (1927–2019) +Albert Einstein – Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United States (1879–1955) Nobel laureate +Laura Eisenstein – (1942–1985) professor of physics at University of Illinois +Terence James Elkins – Australia, United States (1936–2023) +John Ellis – U.K. (born 1946) +Paul John Ellis – U.K., United States (1941–2005) +Richard Keith Ellis – U.K., United States (born 1949) +Arpad Elo – Hungary (1903–1992) +François Englert – Belgium (born 1932) Nobel laureate +David Enskog – Sweden (1884–1947) +Loránd Eötvös – Austria-Hungary (1848–1919) +Frederick J. Ernst – United States (born 1933) +Leo Esaki – Japan (born 1925) Nobel laureate +Ernest Esclangon – France (1876–1954) +Louis Essen – U.K. (1908–1997) +Leonhard Euler – Switzerland (1707–1783) +Denis Evans – Australia (born 1951) +Paul Peter Ewald – Germany, United States (1888–1985) +James Alfred Ewing – U.K. (1855–1935) +Franz S. Exner – Austria (1849–1926) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47d4f70ff --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +--- +title: "List of physicists" +chunk: 3/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:03.432252+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== F == +Ludvig Faddeev – Soviet Union, Russia (1934–2017) +Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit – Prussia (1686–1736) +Kazimierz Fajans – Russian Empire, Poland, United States (1887–1975) +James E. Faller – United States +Michael Faraday – U.K. (1791–1867) +Eugene Feenberg – United States (1906–1977) +Mitchell Feigenbaum – United States (1944–2019) +Gerald Feinberg – United States (1933–1992) +Enrico Fermi – Italy (1901–1954) Nobel laureate +Albert Fert – France (born 1938) Nobel laureate +Herman Feshbach – United States (1917–2000) +Richard Feynman – United States (1918–1988) Nobel laureate +Wolfgang Finkelnburg – Germany (1905–1967) +David Finkelstein – United States (1929–2016) +Johannes Fischer – Germany (born 1887) +Willy Fischler – Belgium (born 1949) +Val Logsdon Fitch – United States (1923–2015) Nobel laureate +George Francis FitzGerald – Ireland (1851–1901) +Hippolyte Fizeau – France (1819–1896) +Georgy Flyorov – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1913–1990) +Vladimir Fock – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1898–1974) +Adriaan Fokker – Netherlands (1887–1972) +Arthur Foley – America (1867–1945) +James David Forbes – U.K. (1809–1868) +Jeff Forshaw – U.K. (born 1968) +Léon Foucault – France (1819–1868) +Joseph Fourier – France (1768–1830) +Ralph H. Fowler – U.K. (1889–1944) +William Alfred Fowler – United States (1911–1995) Nobel laureate +James Franck – Germany, United States (1882–1964) Nobel laureate +Ilya Frank – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1908–1990) Nobel laureate +Benjamin Franklin – British America, United States (1706–1790) +Rosalind Franklin – U.K. (1920–1958) +Walter Franz – Germany (1911–1992) +Joseph von Fraunhofer – Germany (1787–1826) +Steven Frautschi – United States (born 1933) +Joan Maie Freeman – Australia (1918–1998) +Phyllis S. Freier – United States (1921–1992)) +Yakov Frenkel – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1894–1952) +Augustin-Jean Fresnel – France (1788–1827) +Peter Freund – United States (1936–2018) +Daniel Friedan – United States (born 1948) +B. Roy Frieden – United States (born 1936) +Alexander Friedman – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1888–1925) +Jerome Isaac Friedman – United States (born 1930) Nobel laureate +Otto Frisch – Austria, U.K. (1904–1979) +Erwin Fues – Germany (1893–1970) +Harald Fuchs – Germany (born 1951) + +== G == + +Dennis Gabor – Hungary (1900–1979) Nobel laureate +Mary K. Gaillard – France, United States (1939–2025) +Galileo Galilei – Italy (1564–1642) +Luigi Galvani – Italy (1737–1798) +George Gamow – Russian Empire, Soviet Union, United States (1904–1968) +Domenica Garzón – Ecuador (living) +Sylvester James Gates – United States (born 1950) +Carl Friedrich Gauss – Germany (1777–1855) +Pamela L. Gay – United States (born 1973) +Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – France (1778–1850) +Hans Geiger – Germany (1882–1945) +Andre Geim – Soviet Union, Russia, Netherlands, U.K. (born 1958) Nobel laureate +Murray Gell-Mann – United States (1929–2019) Nobel laureate +Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – France (1932–2007) Nobel laureate +Howard Georgi – United States (born 1947) +Walter Gerlach – Germany (1889–1979) +Christian Gerthsen – Denmark, Germany (1894–1956) +Ezra Getzler – Australia (born 1962) +Andrea M. Ghez – United States (born 1955) Nobel laureate +Riccardo Giacconi – Italy, United States (1931–2018) Nobel laureate +Ivar Giaever – Norway, United States (1929–2025) Nobel laureate +Josiah Willard Gibbs – United States (1839–1903) +Valerie Gibson – U.K. (born 19??) +William Gilbert – England (1544–1603) +Mar Gómez – Spain (1985) +Piara Singh Gill – India (1911–2002) +Naomi Ginsberg – United States (born 1979) +Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg – Soviet Union, Russia (1916–2009) Nobel laureate +Marvin D. Girardeau – United States (1930–2015) +Marissa Giustina – United States (born 19??) +Donald Arthur Glaser – United States (1926–2013) Nobel laureate +Sheldon Glashow – United States (born 1932) Nobel laureate +G. N. Glasoe – United States (1902–1987) +Roy Jay Glauber – United States (1925–2018) Nobel laureate +James Glimm – United States (born 1934) +Karl Glitscher – Germany (1886–1945) +Peter Goddard – U.K. (born 1945) +Maria Goeppert-Mayer – Germany, United States (1906–1972) Nobel laureate +Gerald Goertzel – United States (1920–2002) +Marvin Leonard Goldberger – United States (1922–2014) +Maurice Goldhaber – Austria, United States (1911–2011) +Jeffrey Goldstone – U.K., United States (born 1933) +Sixto González – Puerto Rico, United States (born 1965) +Ravi Gomatam – India (born 1950) +Deryck Goodwin – U.K. (1927–1997) +Lev Gor'kov – United States (1929–2016) +Samuel Goudsmit – Netherlands, United States (1902–1978) +Leo Graetz – Germany (1856–1941) +Willem 's Gravesande – Netherlands (1688–1742) +Michael Green (physicist) – Britain (born 1946) +Daniel Greenberger – United States (born 1932) +Brian Greene – United States (born 1963) +John Gribbin – U.K. (born 1946) +Vladimir Gribov – Soviet Union, Russia (1930–1997) +David J. Griffiths – United States (born 1942) +David Gross – United States (born 1941) Nobel laureate +Frederick Grover – United States (1876–1973) +Peter Grünberg – Germany (1939–2018) Nobel laureate +Charles Édouard Guillaume – Switzerland (1861–1931) Nobel laureate +Ayyub Guliyev – Soviet Union, Azerbaijan (born 1954) +Feza Gürsey – Turkey (1921–1992) +Hanoch Gutfreund – Israel (born 1935) +Alan Guth – United States (born 1947) +Martin Gutzwiller – Switzerland (1925–2014) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..201870ff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +--- +title: "List of physicists" +chunk: 4/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:03.432252+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== H == +Rudolf Haag – Germany (1922–2016) +Wander Johannes de Haas – Netherlands (1878–1960) +Alain Haché – Canada (born 1970) +Carl Richard Hagen – United States (born 1937) +Otto Hahn – Germany (1879–1968) +Edwin Hall – United States (1855–1938) +John Lewis Hall – United States (born 1934) Nobel laureate +Alexander Hamilton – U.K., Australia (born 1967) +William Rowan Hamilton – Ireland (1805–1865) +Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch – Germany (born 1941) Nobel laureate +Peter Andreas Hansen – Denmark (1795–1874) +W.W. Hansen – United States (1909–1949) +Serge Haroche – France (born 1944) Nobel laureate +Paul Harteck – Germany (1902–1985) +John G. Hartnett – Australia (born 1952) +Douglas Hartree – U.K. (1897–1958) +Friedrich Hasenöhrl – Austria, Hungary (1874–1915) +Lene Vestergaard Hau – Vejle, Denmark (born 1959) +Stephen Hawking – U.K. (1942–2018) Wolf laureate +Ibn al-Haytham – Iraq (965–1039) +Evans Hayward – United States (1922–2020) +Oliver Heaviside – U.K. (1850–1925) +Werner Heisenberg – Germany (1901–1976) Nobel laureate +Walter Heitler – Germany, Ireland (1904–1981) +Hermann von Helmholtz – Germany (1821–1894) +Charles H. Henry – United States (1937–2016) +Joseph Henry – United States (1797–1878) +John Herapath – U.K. (1790–1868) +Carl Hermann – Germany (1898–1961) +Gustav Ludwig Hertz – Germany (1887–1975) Nobel laureate +Heinrich Rudolf Hertz – Germany (1857–1894) +Karl Herzfeld – Austria, United States (1892–1978) +Victor Francis Hess – Austria, United States (1883–1964) Nobel laureate +Mahmoud Hessaby – Iran (1903–1992) +Antony Hewish – U.K. (1924–2021) Nobel laureate +Paul G. Hewitt – United States (born 1931) +Peter Higgs – U.K. (1929–2024) Nobel laureate +George William Hill – United States (1838–1914) +Gustave-Adolphe Hirn – France (1815–1890) +Carol Hirschmugl – United States, professor of physics, laboratory director +Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin – England (1910–1994) +Robert Hofstadter – United States (1915–1990) Nobel laureate +Helmut Hönl – Germany (1903–1981) +Pervez Hoodbhoy – Pakistan (born 1950) +Gerardus 't Hooft – Netherlands (born 1946) Nobel laureate +Robert Hooke – England (1635–1703) +John Hopkinson – United Kingdom (1849–1898) +Johann Baptiste Horvath – Slovakia (1732–1799) +William V. Houston – United States (1900–1968) +Charlotte (née Riefenstahl) Houtermans – Germany (1899–1993) +Fritz Houtermans – Netherlands, Germany, Austria (1903–1966) +Archibald Howie – U.K. (born 1934) +Fred Hoyle – U.K. (1915–2001) +Veronika Hubeny – United States +John Hubbard – U.K. (1931–1980) +John H. Hubbell – United States (1925–2007) +Edwin Powell Hubble – United States (1889–1953) +Russell Alan Hulse – United States (born 1950) Nobel laureate +Friedrich Hund – Germany (1896–1997) +Tahir Hussain – Pakistan (1923–2010) +Andrew D. Huxley – U.K. (born 1966) +Christiaan Huygens – Netherlands (1629–1695) + +== I == +Arthur Iberall – United States (1918–2002) +Sumio Iijima – Japan (born 1939) +John Iliopoulos – Greece (born 1940) +Ataç İmamoğlu – Turkey, United States (born 1962) +Elmer Imes – United States (1883–1941) +Abram Ioffe – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1880–1960) +Nathan Isgur – United States, Canada (1947–2001) +Ernst Ising – Germany (1900–1998) +Jamal Nazrul Islam – Bangladesh (1939–2013) +Werner Israel – Canada (1931–2022) + +== J == +Roman Jackiw – Poland, United States (1939–2023) +Shirley Ann Jackson – United States (born 1946) +Boris Jacobi – Germany, Russia (1801–1874) +Gregory Jaczko – United States (born 1970) +Chennupati Jagadish – India, Australia (born 1957) +Jainendra Jain – India (born 1960) +Ratko Janev – North Macedonia (1939–2019) +Andreas Jaszlinszky – Hungary (1715–1783) +Ali Javan – Iran (1928–2016) +Edwin Jaynes – United States (1922–1998) +Antal István Jákli – Hungary (born 1958) +Sir James Jeans – U.K. (1877–1946) +Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen – Germany (1907–1973) Nobel laureate +Deborah S. Jin – United States (born 1968) +Anthony M. Johnson – United States (born 1954) +Irène Joliot-Curie – France (1897–1956) +Lorella Jones – United States (1943–1995) +Pascual Jordan – Germany (1902–1980) +Vania Jordanova – United States, physicist, space weather and geomagnetic storms +Brian David Josephson – U.K. (born 1940) Nobel laureate +James Prescott Joule – U.K. (1818–1889) +Adolfas Jucys – Russian Empire, Lithuania, Soviet Union (1904–1974) +Chang Kee Jung – South Korea, United States \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f21c1508b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +--- +title: "List of physicists" +chunk: 5/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:03.432252+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== K == +Menas Kafatos – Greece, United States (born 1945) +Takaaki Kajita – Japan (born 1959) Nobel laureate +Michio Kaku – United States (born 1947) +Theodor Kaluza – Germany (1885–1954) +Heike Kamerlingh Onnes – Netherlands (1853–1926) Nobel laureate +William R. Kanne – United States +Charles K. Kao – China, Hong Kong, U.K., United States (1933–2018) Nobel laureate +Pyotr Kapitsa – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1894–1984) Nobel laureate +Theodore von Kármán – Hungary, United States (1881–1963) aeronautical engineer +Alfred Kastler – France (1902–1984) Nobel laureate +Amrom Harry Katz – United States (1915–1997) +Moshe Kaveh – Israel (born 1943) President of Bar-Ilan University +Predhiman Krishan Kaw – India (1948–2017) +Heinrich Kayser – Germany (1853–1940) +Willem Hendrik Keesom – Netherlands (1876–1956) +Edwin C. Kemble – United States (1889–1984) +Henry Way Kendall – United States (1926–1999) Nobel laureate +Johannes Kepler – Germany (1571–1630) +John Kerr – Scotland (1824–1907) +Wolfgang Ketterle – Germany (born 1957) Nobel laureate +Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov – Soviet Union, Russia (1919–2021) +Jim Al-Khalili – U.K. (born 1962) +Abdul Qadeer Khan – Pakistan (1936–2021) +Yulii Borisovich Khariton – Russian Empire, Soviet Union, Russia (1904–1996) +Erhard Kietz – Germany, United States (1909–1982) +Jack Kilby – United States (1923–2005) electronics engineer, Nobel laureate +Toichiro Kinoshita – Japan, United States (1925–2023) +Gustav Kirchhoff – Germany (1824–1887) +Oskar Klein – Sweden (1894–1977) +Hagen Kleinert – Germany (born 1941) +Klaus von Klitzing – Germany (born 1943) Nobel laureate +Jens Martin Knudsen – Denmark (1930–2005) +Martin Knudsen – Denmark (1871–1949) +Makoto Kobayashi – Japan (born 1944) Nobel laureate +Arthur Korn – Germany (1870–1945) +Masatoshi Koshiba – Japan (1926–2020) Nobel laureate +Matthew Koss – United States (born 1961) +Walther Kossel – Germany (1888–1956) +Ashutosh Kotwal – United States (born 1965) +Lew Kowarski – France (1907–1979) +Hendrik Kramers – Netherlands (1894–1952) +Sabine Kraml – Austria (born 1971) +Serguei Krasnikov – Soviet Union, Russia (born 1961) +Adolf Kratzer – Germany (1893–1983) +Lawrence M. Krauss – United States (born 1954) +Herbert Kroemer – Germany (1928–2024) Nobel laureate +August Krönig – Germany (1822–1879) +Ralph Kronig – Germany, United States (1904–1995) +Nikolay Sergeevich Krylov – Soviet Union (1917–1947) +Ryogo Kubo – Japan (1920–1995) +Daya Shankar Kulshreshtha – India (born 1951) +Shaiwatna Kupratakul – Thailand (born 1940) +Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1903–1960) +Behram Kursunoglu – Turkey (1922–2003) +Polykarp Kusch – Germany (1911–1993) Nobel laureate + +== L == +Anne L'Huillier – France, Sweden (born 1958) Nobel laureate +James W. LaBelle – United States +Joseph-Louis Lagrange – France (1736–1813) +Willis Lamb – United States (1913–2008) Nobel laureate +Lev Davidovich Landau – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1908–1968) Nobel laureate +Rolf Landauer – United States (1927–1999) +Grigory Landsberg – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1890–1957) +Kenneth Lane – United States +Paul Langevin – France (1872–1946) +Irving Langmuir – United States (1881–1957) +Pierre-Simon Laplace – France (1749–1827) +Joseph Larmor – U.K. (1857–1942) +John Latham - U.K. (1937–2021) +Cesar Lattes – Brazil (1924–2005) +Max von Laue – Germany (1879–1960) Nobel laureate +Robert Betts Laughlin – United States (born 1950) Nobel laureate +Mikhail Lavrentyev – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1900–1980) +Melvin Lax – United States (1922–2002) +Ernest Lawrence – United States (1901–1958) Nobel laureate +TH Laby – Australia (1880–1946) +Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev – Russian Empire (1866–1912) +Lindsay LeBlanc – Canada (living) +Leon Max Lederman – United States (1922–2018) Nobel laureate +Benjamin Lee – Korea, United States (1935–1977) +David Lee – United States (born 1931) Nobel laureate +Tsung-Dao Lee – China, United States (1926–2024) Nobel laureate +Anthony James Leggett – U.K., United States (born 1938) Nobel laureate +Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – Germany (1646–1716) +Robert B. Leighton – United States (1919–1997) +Georges Lemaître – Belgium (1894–1966) +Philipp Lenard – Hungary, Germany (1862–1947) Nobel laureate +John Lennard-Jones – U.K. (1894–1954) +John Leslie – U.K. (1766–1832) +Walter Lewin – Netherlands, United States (born 1936) +Martin Lewis Perl – United States (1927–2014) +Robert von Lieben – Austria-Hungary (1878–1913) +Alfred-Marie Liénard – France (1869–1958) +Evgeny Lifshitz – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1915–1985) +David Lindley – United States (born 1956) +John Linsley – United States (1925–2002) +Chris Lintott – U.K. (born 1980) +Gabriel Jonas Lippmann – France, Luxemburg (1845–1921) Nobel laureate +Antony Garrett Lisi – United States (born 1968) +Karl L. Littrow – Austria (1811–1877) +Seth Lloyd – United States (born 1960) +Oliver Lodge – U.K. (1851–1940) +Maurice Loewy – Austria, France (1833–1907) +Robert K. Logan – United States (born 1939) +Mikhail Lomonosov – Tsardom of Russia, Russian Empire (1711–1765) +Alfred Lee Loomis – United States (1887–1975) +Ramón E. López – United States (born 1959) +Hendrik Lorentz – Netherlands (1853–1928) Nobel laureate +Ludvig Lorenz – Denmark (1829–1891) +Johann Josef Loschmidt – Austria (1821–1895) +Oleg Losev – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1903–1942) +Archibald Low – U.K. (1888–1956) +Per-Olov Löwdin – Sweden (1916–2000) +Lucretius – Rome (98?–55 BC) +Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov – Russian Empire (1857–1918) +Joseph Lykken – United States (born 1957) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..499373243 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +--- +title: "List of physicists" +chunk: 6/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:03.432252+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== M == +Arthur B. McDonald – Canada (born 1943) Nobel laureate +Carolina Henriette MacGillavry – Netherlands (1904–1993) +Ernst Mach – Austria-Hungary (1838–1916) +Katie Mack (astrophysicist) – United States (born 1981) +Gladys Mackenzie – Scotland (1903–1972) +Ray Mackintosh – U.K. +Luciano Maiani – Italy, San Marino (born 1941) +Theodore Maiman – United States (1927–2007) +Arthur Maitland – U.K. (1925–1994) +Ettore Majorana – Italy (1906–1938 presumed dead) +Sudhansu Datta Majumdar – India (1915–1997) +Richard Makinson – Australia (1913–1979) +Juan Martín Maldacena – Argentina (born 1968) +Étienne-Louis Malus – France (1775–1812) +Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1879–1944) +Franz Mandl – U.K. (1923–2009) +Charles Lambert Manneback – Belgium (1894–1975) +Peter Mansfield – U.K. (1933–2017) +Carlo Marangoni – Italy (1840–1925) +M. Cristina Marchetti – Italy, United States (born 1955) +Guglielmo Marconi – Italy (1874–1937) Nobel laureate +Henry Margenau – Germany, United States (1901–1977) +Nina Marković – Yugoslavia, Croatia, United States +William Markowitz – United States (1907–1998) +Laurence D. Marks – United States (born 1954) +Robert Marshak – United States (1916–1992) +Walter Marshall – U.K. (1932–1996) +Toshihide Maskawa – Japan (1940–2021) Nobel laureate +Harrie Massey – Australia (1908–1983) +John Cromwell Mather – United States (born 1946) Nobel laureate +James Clerk Maxwell – U.K. (1831–1879) +Brian May – U.K. (born 1947) +Maria Goeppert Mayer – Germany, United States (1906–1972) +Ronald E. McNair – United States (1950–1986) +Anna McPherson – Canadian (1901–1979) +Simon van der Meer – Netherlands (1925–2011) Nobel laureate +Lise Meitner – Austria (1878–1968) +Fulvio Melia – United States (born 1956) +Macedonio Melloni – Italy (1798–1854) +Adrian Melott – United States (born 1947) +Thomas Corwin Mendenhall – United States (1841–1924) +M. G. K. Menon – India (1928–2016) +David Merritt – United States +Albert Abraham Michelson – United States (1852–1931) Nobel laureate +Arthur Alan Middleton – United States +Stanislav Mikheyev – Soviet Union, Russia (1940–2011) +Robert Andrews Millikan – United States (1868–1953) Nobel laureate +Robert Mills – United States (1927–1999) +Arthur Milne – U.K. (1896–1950) +Shiraz Minwalla – India (born 1972) +Bedangadas Mohanty – India (born 1973) +Rabindra Nath Mohapatra – India, United States (born 1944) +Kathryn Moler – United States +Merritt Moore – United States (born 1988) +Tanya Monro – Australia (born 1973) +John J. Montgomery – United States (1858–1911) +Jagadeesh Moodera – India, United States (born 1950) +Henry Moseley – U.K. (1887–1915) +Rudolf Mössbauer – Germany (1929–2011) Nobel laureate +Nevill Mott – U.K. (1905–1996) Nobel laureate +Ben Roy Mottelson – Denmark, United States (1926–2022) Nobel laureate +Amédée Mouchez – Spain, France (1821–1892) +Ali Moustafa – Egypt (1898–1950) +José Enrique Moyal – Ottoman Empire, Mandatory Palestine, France, U.K., United States, Australia (1910–1998) +Christine Muschik – Germany +Karl Alexander Müller – Switzerland (1927–2023) Nobel laureate +Richard A. Muller – United States (born 1944) +Robert S. Mulliken – United States (1896–1986) +Pieter van Musschenbroek – Netherlands (1692–1762) + +== N == +Yoichiro Nambu – Japan, United States (1921–2015) Nobel laureate +Meenakshi Narain – United States (1964–2022) +Jayant Narlikar – India (1938–2025) +Quirino Navarro – Filipino nuclear physicist and chemist (1936–2002) +Seth Neddermeyer – United States (1907–1988) +Louis Néel – France (1904–2000) Nobel laureate +Yuval Ne'eman – Mandatory Palestine, Israel (1925–2006) +Ann Nelson – United States (1958–2019) +John von Neumann – Austria-Hungary, United States (1903–1957) +Simon Newcomb – United States (1835–1909) +Sir Isaac Newton – England (1642–1727) +Edward P. Ney – United States (1920–1996) +Kendal Nezan – France, Kurdistan (born 1949) +Holger Bech Nielsen – Denmark (born 1941) +Leopoldo Nobili – Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1784–1835) +Emmy Noether – Germany (1882–1935) +Lothar Nordheim – Germany (1899–1985) +Gunnar Nordström – Russian Empire, Finland (1881–1923) +Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg – Germany (1787–1862) +Konstantin Novoselov – Soviet Union, Russia, U.K. (born 1974) Nobel laureate +H. Pierre Noyes – United States (1923–2016) +John Nye – U.K. (1923–2019) + +== O == +Yuri Oganessian – Soviet Union, Russia (born 1933) +Georg Ohm – Germany (1789–1854) +Hideo Ohno – Japan (born 1954) +Susumu Okubo – Japan, United States (1930–2015) +Sir Mark Oliphant – Australia (1901–2000) +David Olive – U.K. (1937–2012) +Zaira Ollano – Italy (1904–1997) +Gerard K. O'Neill – United States (1927–1992) +Heike Kamerlingh Onnes - Netherlands (1853–1926) +Lars Onsager – Norway (1903–1976) +Robert Oppenheimer – United States (1904–1967) +Nicole Oresme – France (1325–1382) +Yuri Orlov – Soviet Union, United States (1924–2020) +Leonard Salomon Ornstein – Netherlands (1880–1941) +Egon Orowan – Austria-Hungary, United States (1901–1989) +Hans Christian Ørsted – Denmark (1777–1851) +Douglas Dean Osheroff – United States (born 1945) Nobel laureate +Silke Ospelkaus – Germany +Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky – Russian Empire (1801–1862) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37b4aab74 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +--- +title: "List of physicists" +chunk: 7/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:03.432252+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== P == +Thanu Padmanabhan – India (1957–2021) +Heinz Pagels – United States (1939–1988) +Abraham Pais – Netherlands, United States (1918–2000) +Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky – Germany, United States (1919–2007) +Giorgio Parisi - Italy (born 1948) Nobel laureate +Blaise Pascal – France (1623–1662) +John Pasta – United States (1918–1984) +Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski – United States (born 1993) +Jogesh Pati – United States (born 1937) +Petr Paucek – United States +Stephen Paul – United States (1953–2012) +Wolfgang Paul – Germany (1913–1993) Nobel laureate +Wolfgang Pauli – Austria-Hungary (1900–1958) Nobel laureate +Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin – United States (1900–1979) astronomer and astrophysicist +Ruby Payne-Scott – Australia (1912–1981) +George B. Pegram – United States (1876–1958) +Rudolf Peierls – Germany, U.K. (1907–1995) +Jean Peltier – France (1785–1845) +Roger Penrose – U.K. (born 1931) Wolf laureate, mathematician +Arno Allan Penzias – United States (1933–2024) Nobel laureate, electrical engineer +Martin Lewis Perl – United States (1927–2014) Nobel laureate +Saul Perlmutter – United States (born 1959) Nobel laureate +Jean Baptiste Perrin – France (1870–1942) Nobel laureate +Mario Petrucci - U.K. (born 1958) +Konstantin Petrzhak – Russian Empire, Soviet Union, Russia (1907–1998) +Bernhard Philberth – Germany (1927–2010) +William Daniel Phillips – United States (born 1948) Nobel laureate +Max Planck – Germany (1858–1947) Nobel laureate +Joseph Plateau – Belgium (1801–1883) +Milton S. Plesset – United States (1908–1991) +Ward Plummer – United States (1940–2020) +Boris Podolsky – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1896–1966) +Henri Poincaré – France (1854–1912) mathematician +Eric Poisson – Canada (born 1965) +Siméon Denis Poisson – France (1781–1840) mathematician +Balthasar van der Pol – Netherlands (1889–1959) electrical engineer +Joseph Polchinski – United States (1954–2018) +Hugh David Politzer – United States (born 1949) Nobel laureate +John Polkinghorne – U.K. (1930–2021) +Julianne Pollard-Larkin – United States +Alexander M. Polyakov – Soviet Union, United States (born 1945) +Bruno Pontecorvo – Italy, Soviet Union, Russia (1913–1993) +Heraclides Ponticus – Greece (387–312 BC) +Heinz Pose – Germany (1905–1975) +Cecil Frank Powell – U.K. (1903–1969) Nobel laureate +John Henry Poynting – U.K. (1852–1914) +Ludwig Prandtl – Germany (1875–1953) +Willibald Peter Prasthofer – Austria (1917–1993) +Ilya Prigogine – Belgium (1917–2003) +Alexander Prokhorov – Russian Empire, Soviet Union, Russia (1916–2002) Nobel laureate +William Prout – U.K. (1785–1850) +Luigi Puccianti – Italy (1875–1952) +Ivan Pulyuy – Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary (1845–1918) +Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin – Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary, Serbia, United States (1858–1935) +Edward Mills Purcell – United States (1912–1997) Nobel laureate + +== Q == +Xuesen Qian – China (1911–2009) +Helen Quinn – Australia, United States (born 1943) + +== R == +Raúl Rabadán – United States +Gabriele Rabel – Austria, United Kingdom (1880–1963) +Isidor Isaac Rabi – Austria, United States (1898–1988) Nobel laureate +Giulio Racah – Italian-Israeli (1909–1965) +James Rainwater – United States (1917–1986) Nobel laureate +Mark G. Raizen – United States (born 1955) +Alladi Ramakrishnan – British Empire, India (1923–2008) +Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – British Empire, India (1888–1970) Nobel laureate +Edward Ramberg – United States (1907–1995) +Carl Ramsauer – Germany (1879–1955) +Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr. – United States (1915–2011) Nobel laureate +Lisa Randall – United States (born 1962) +Riccardo Rattazzi – Italy (born 1964) +Lord Rayleigh – U.K. (1842–1919) Nobel laureate +René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur – France (1683–1757) +Sidney Redner – Canada, United States (born 1951) +Martin John Rees – U.K. (born 1942) +Hubert Reeves – Canada (born 1932) +Tullio Regge – Italy (1931–2014) +Frederick Reines – United States (1918–1998) Nobel laureate +Louis Rendu – France (1789–1859) +Osborne Reynolds – U.K. (1842–1912) +Owen Willans Richardson – U.K. (1879–1959) Nobel laureate +Robert Coleman Richardson – United States (1937–2013) Nobel laureate +Burton Richter – United States (1931–2018) Nobel laureate +Floyd K. Richtmyer – United States (1881–1939) +Robert D. Richtmyer – United States (1910–2003) +Charlotte Riefenstahl – Germany (1899–1993) +Nikolaus Riehl – Germany (1901–1990) +Adam Riess – United States (born 1969) Nobel laureate +Karl-Heinrich Riewe – Germany +Walther Ritz – Switzerland (1878–1909) +Étienne-Gaspard Robert – Belgium (1763–1837) +Heinrich Rohrer – Switzerland (1933–2013) Nobel laureate +Joseph Romm – United States (born 1960) +Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Germany (1845–1923) Nobel laureate +Clemens C. J. Roothaan – Netherlands (1918–2019) +Nathan Rosen – United States, Israel (1909–1995) +Marshall Rosenbluth – United States (1927–2003) +Yasha Rosenfeld – Israel (1948–2002) +Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby – Sweden, United States (1898–1957) +Bruno Rossi – Italy, United States (1905–1993) +Joseph Rotblat – Russian Empire, Poland, U.K. (1908–2005) +Carlo Rovelli – Italy (born 1956) +Mary Laura Chalk Rowles – United States (1904–1996) +Subrata Roy (scientist) – India, United States +Carlo Rubbia – Italy (born 1934) Nobel laureate +Vera Rubin – United States (1928–2016) +Serge Rudaz – Canada, United States (born 1954) +David Ruelle – Belgium, France (born 1935) +Ernst August Friedrich Ruska – Germany (1906–1988) Nobel laureate +Ernest Rutherford – New Zealand, U.K. (1871–1937) +Janne Rydberg – Sweden (1854–1919) +Martin Ryle – U.K. (1918–1984) Nobel laureate \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0e02e00f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +--- +title: "List of physicists" +chunk: 8/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:03.432252+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== S == +Subir Sachdev – United States (born 1961) +Mendel Sachs – United States (1927–2012) +Rainer K. Sachs – Germany and United States (born 1932) +Robert G. Sachs – United States (1916–1999) +Carl Sagan – United States (1934–1996) +Georges-Louis le Sage – Switzerland (1724–1803) +Georges Sagnac – France (1869–1926) +Meghnad Saha – Bengali India (1893–1956) +Shoichi Sakata – Japan (1911–1970) +Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov – Soviet Union (1929–1989) +Oscar Sala – Brazil (1922–2010) +Abdus Salam – Pakistan (1926–1996) Nobel laureate +Edwin Ernest Salpeter – Austria, Australia, United States (1924–2008) +Anthony Ichiro Sanda – Japan, United States (born 1944) +Leonard Sander – United States (living) +Antonella De Santo – Italy, U.K. +Vikram Sarabhai – India (1919–1971) +Isidor Sauers – Austria (born 1948) +Félix Savart – France (1791–1841) +Brendan Scaife – Ireland (born 1928) +Martin Schadt – Switzerland (born 1938) +Arthur Leonard Schawlow – United States (1921–1999) Nobel laureate +Craige Schensted – United States +Joël Scherk – France (1946–1979) +Otto Scherzer – Germany (1909–1982) +Brian Schmidt – Australia, United States (born 1967) Nobel laureate +Alan Schoen – United States (1924–2023) +Walter H. Schottky – Germany (1886–1976) +Kees A. Schouhamer Immink – Netherlands (born 1946) +John Robert Schrieffer – United States (1931–2019) Nobel laureate +Erwin Schrödinger – Austria-Hungary, Austria, Ireland (1887–1961) Nobel laureate +John Henry Schwarz – United States (born 1941) +Melvin Schwartz – United States (1932–2006) Nobel laureate +Karl Schwarzschild – German Empire (1876–1916) +Julian Schwinger – United States (1918–1994) Nobel laureate +Marlan Scully – United States (born 1939) +Dennis William Sciama – U.K. (1926–1999) +Bice Sechi-Zorn – Italy, United States (1928–1984) +Thomas Johann Seebeck – Estonia (1770–1831) +Raymond Seeger – United States (1906–1992) +Emilio G. Segre – Italy, United States (1905–1989) Nobel laureate +Nathan Seiberg – United States (born 1956) +Frederick Seitz – United States (1911–2008) +Nikolay Semyonov – Russia (1896–1986) +Ashoke Sen – India (born 1956) +Hiranmay Sen Gupta – Bangladesh (1934–2022) +Robert Serber – United States (1909–1997) +Roman U. Sexl – Austria (1939–1986) +Shen Kuo – China (1031–1095) +Mikhail Shifman – Russia, United States (born 1949) +Dmitry Shirkov – Russia (1928–2016) +William Shockley – United States (1910–1989) Nobel laureate +Boris Shraiman – United States (1956) +Lev Shubnikov – Russia, Netherlands, Ukraine (1901–1937) +Clifford Shull – United States (1915–2001) Nobel laureate +Kai Siegbahn – Sweden (1918–2007) Nobel laureate +Manne Siegbahn – Sweden (1886–1978) Nobel laureate +Ludwik Silberstein – Poland, Germany, Italy, United States, Canada (1872–1948) +Eva Silverstein – United States (born 1970) +John Alexander Simpson – United States (1916–2000) +Willem de Sitter – Netherlands (1872–1934) +Uri Sivan – Israel (born 1955) +Tamitha Skov – United States space weather physicist, researcher and public speaker +G. V. Skrotskii – Russia (1915–1992) +Francis G. Slack – United States (1897–1985) +John C. Slater – United States (1900–1976) +Louis Slotin – United States (1910–1946) +Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov – Russia, Italy (born 1951) +George E. Smith – United States (1930–2025) Nobel laureate +Lee Smolin – United States (born 1955) +Marian Smoluchowski – Poland (1872–1917) +George Smoot – United States (1945–2025) Nobel laureate +Willebrord Snell – Netherlands (1580–1626) +Arsenij Sokolov – Russia (1910–1986) +Arnold Sommerfeld – Germany (1868–1951) +Haim Sompolinsky – Israel (born 1949) +Bent Sørensen – Denmark (born 1941) +Rafael Sorkin – United States (born 1945) +Zeinabou Mindaoudou Souley (1964–) Nuclear physicist from Niger +Nicola Spaldin – United Kingdom (born 1969) +Maria Spiropulu – Greece (born 1970) +Henry Stapp – United States (born 1928) +Johannes Stark – Germany (1874–1957) Nobel laureate +Max Steenbeck – (1901–1981) +Joseph Stefan – Austria-Hungary, Slovenia (1835–1893) +Jack Steinberger – Germany, United States (1921–2020) Nobel laureate +Paul J. Steinhardt – United States (born 1952) +Carl August Steinheil – Germany (1801–1870) +George Sterman – United States (born 1946) +Otto Stern – Germany (1888–1969) Nobel laureate +Simon Stevin – Belgium, Netherlands (1548–1620) +Thomas H. Stix – United States (1924–2001) +George Gabriel Stokes – Ireland, U.K. (1819–1903) +Aleksandr Stoletov – Russia (1839–1896) +Donna Strickland – Canada (born 1959) Nobel laureate +Horst Ludwig Störmer – Germany (born 1949) Nobel laureate +Leonard Strachan – United States, astrophysicist +Julius Adams Stratton – United States +Andrew Strominger – United States (born 1955) +Audrey Stuckes – U.K. (1923–2006) +Ernst Stueckelberg – Switzerland (1905–1984) +George Sudarshan – India, United States (1931–2018) +Rashid Sunyaev – USSR (born 1943) +Oleg Sushkov – USSR, Australia (born 1950) +Leonard Susskind – United States (born 1940) +Joseph Swan – U.K. (1828–1914) +Jean Henri van Swinden – Netherlands (1746–1823) +Bertha Swirles – U.K. (1903–1999) +Leo Szilard – Austria-Hungary, United States (1898–1964) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b76842d03 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +--- +title: "List of physicists" +chunk: 9/9 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:03.432252+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== T == +Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1895–1971) Nobel laureate +Rachel Takserman-Krozer – Ukraine (1921–1987) +Abraham H. Taub – United States (1911–1999) +Geoffrey Ingram Taylor – U.K. (1886–1975) +Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. – United States (born 1941) Nobel laureate +Richard Edward Taylor – United States (1929–2018) Nobel laureate +Max Tegmark – Sweden, United States (born 1967) +Valentine Telegdi – Hungary, United States (1922–2006) Wolf laureate +Edward Teller – Austria-Hungary, United States (1908–2003) +Igor Ternov – Russia (1921–1996) +George Paget Thomson – U.K. (1892–1975) Nobel laureate +J. J. Thomson – U.K. (1856–1940) Nobel laureate +William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) – Ireland, U.K. (1824–1907) +Charles Thorn – United States (born 1946) +Kip Stephen Thorne – United States (born 1940) +Peter Adolf Thiessen – Germany (1899–1990) +Samuel Chao Chung Ting – United States (born 1936) Nobel laureate +Frank J. Tipler – United States (born 1947) +Ernest William Titterton – U.K., Australia (1916–1990) +Yoshinori Tokura – Japan (born 1954) +Samuel Tolansky – U.K. (1907–1973) +Orlando Toledo -- Chile (born 1964) +Sin-Itiro Tomonaga – Japan (1906–1979) Nobel laureate +Lewi Tonks – United States (1897–1971) +Akira Tonomura – Japan (1942–2012) +Evangelista Torricelli – Italy (1608–1647) +Yoji Totsuka – Japan (1942–2008) +Bruno Touschek – Italy (1921–1978) +Charles Townes – United States (1915–2015) Nobel laureate +John Townsend – U.K. (1868–1957) +Johann Georg Tralles – Germany (1763–1822) +Sam Treiman – United States (1925–1999) +Daniel Chee Tsui – China, United States (born 1939) Nobel laureate +Vipin Kumar Tripathi – India (born 1948) +John J. Turin – United States (1913–1973) +Neil Turok – South Africa (born 1958) +Victor Twersky – United States (1923–1998) +Sergei Tyablikov – Russia (1921–1968) +John Tyndall – U.K. (1820–1893) +Neil deGrasse Tyson – United States (born 1958) + +== U == +George Eugene Uhlenbeck – Netherlands, United States (1900–1988) +Stanislaw Ulam – Poland, United States (1909–1984) +Nikolay Umov – Russia (1846–1915) +Juris Upatnieks – Latvia, United States (born 1936) + +== V == +Cumrun Vafa – Iran, United States (born 1960) +Oriol Valls – (born 1947 in Barcelona, Spain) university physics professor +Léon Van Hove – Belgium (1924–1990) +Sergei Vavilov – Soviet Union (1891–1951) +Vlatko Vedral – U.K., Serbia (born 1971) +Evgeny Velikhov – Russia (born 1935) +Martinus J. G. Veltman – Netherlands, United States (1931–2021) Nobel laureate +Gabriele Veneziano – Italy (born 1942) +Giovanni Battista Venturi – Italy (1746–1822) +Émile Verdet – France (1824–1866) +Erik Verlinde – Netherlands (1962) +Herman Verlinde – Netherlands (1962) +Leonardo da Vinci – Italy (1452–1519) +Jean-Pierre Vigier – France (1920–2004) +Gaetano Vignola – Italy +Anatoly Vlasov – Russia (1908–1975) +John Hasbrouck van Vleck – United States (1899–1980) Nobel laureate +Woldemar Voigt – Germany (1850–1919) +Burchard de Volder – Netherlands (1643–1709) +Max Volmer – Germany (1885–1965) +Alessandro Volta – Italy (1745–1827) +Wernher von Braun – Germany (1912–1977) aerospace engineer + +== W == +Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Netherlands (1837–1923) Nobel laureate +James Wait – Canada (1924–1998) +Ludwig Waldmann – Germany (1913–1980) +Alan Walsh – U.K., Australia (1916–1988) +Ernest Walton – Ireland (1903–1995) Nobel laureate +Dezhao Wang – China (1905–1998) +Enge Wang – China (born 1957) +Huanyu Wang – China (1954–2018) +Kan-Chang Wang – China (1907–1998) +Pu (Paul) Wang – China (1902–1969) +Zhuxi Wang – China (1911–1983) +Aaldert Wapstra – Netherlands (1923–2006) +John Clive Ward – England, Australia (1924–2000) +Gleb Wataghin – Ukraine, Italy, Brazil (1896–1986) +John James Waterston – U.K. (1811–1883) +Alan Andrew Watson – U.K. (born 1938) +James Watt – U.K. (1736–1819) +Denis Weaire – Ireland (born 1942) +Colin Webb – U.K. (born 1937) +Wilhelm Weber – Germany (1804–1891) +Katherine Weimer – United States (1919–2000) +Alvin Weinberg – United States (1915–2006) +Steven Weinberg – United States (1933–2021) Nobel laureate +Silke Weinfurtner – Germany +Rainer Weiss – United States (1932–2025) Nobel laureate +Victor Frederick Weisskopf – Austria, United States (1908–2002) +Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker – Germany (1912–2007) +Heinrich Welker – Germany (1912–1981) +Gregor Wentzel – Germany (1898–1978) +Paul Werbos – United States (born 1947) +Siebren van der Werf – Netherlands (born 1942) +Peter Westervelt – United States (1919–2015) +Hermann Weyl – Germany (1885–1955) +Christof Wetterich – Germany (born 1952) +John Archibald Wheeler – United States (1911–2008) +Gian-Carlo Wick – Italy (1909–1992) +Emil Wiechert – Prussia (1861–1928) +Carl Wieman – United States (born 1951) Nobel laureate +Wilhelm Wien – Germany (1864–1928) Nobel laureate +Arthur Wightman – United States (1922–2013) +Eugene Wigner – Austria-Hungary, United States (1902–1993) Nobel laureate +Frank Wilczek – United States (born 1951) Nobel laureate +Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – U.K. (1869–1959) Nobel laureate +Christine Wilson (scientist) – Canadian-American physicist and astronomer +Kenneth Geddes Wilson – United States (1936–2013) Nobel laureate +Robert R. Wilson – United States (1914–2000) Nobel laureate +Robert Woodrow Wilson – United States (born 1936) +John R. Winckler – United States (1918–2001) +David J. Wineland – United States (born 1944) Nobel laureate +Karl Wirtz – Germany (1910–1994) +Mark B. Wise – Canada, United States (born 1953) +Edward Witten – United States (born 1951) +Emil Wolf – Czechoslovakia, United States (1922–2018) +Fred Alan Wolf – United States (born 1934) +Lincoln Wolfenstein – United States (1923–2015) +Stephen Wolfram – U.K. (born 1959) +Ewald Wollny – Germany (1846–1901) +Michael Woolfson – U.K. (1927–2019) +Chien-Shiung Wu – United States (1912–1997) +Sau Lan Wu – United States (born early 1940s) +Tai Tsun Wu – United States (1933–2024) + +== X == +Basilis C. Xanthopoulos – Greece (1951–1990) + +== Y == +Rosalyn Yalow – United States (1921–2011) +Chen Ning Yang – China (1922–2025) Nobel laureate +Félix Ynduráin – Spain (born 1946) +Francisco José Ynduráin – Spain (1940–2008) +Kenneth Young – United States, China (born 1947) +Thomas Young – U.K. (1773–1829) +Hideki Yukawa – Japan (1907–1981) Nobel laureate + +== Z == +Jan Zaanen – Netherlands (born 1957) +Daniel Zajfman – Israel (born 1959) +Anthony Zee – United States (born 1945) +Pieter Zeeman – Netherlands (1865–1943) Nobel laureate +Ludwig Zehnder – Switzerland (1854–1949) +Anton Zeilinger – Austria (born 1945) +Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich – Russia (1914–1987) +John Zeleny – United States (1872–1951) +Frits Zernike – Netherlands (1888–1960) Nobel laureate +Antonino Zichichi – Italy (1929–2026) +Hans Ziegler – Switzerland, United States (1910–1985) +Karl Zimmer – Germany (1911–1988) +Georges Zissis – Greece (born 1964) +Peter Zoller – Austria (born 1952) +Zongfu Yu – United States (living) +Dmitry Zubarev – Russia (1917–1992) +Bruno Zumino – Italy (1923–2014) +Wojciech H. Zurek – Poland, United States (born 1951) +Robert Zwanzig – United States (1928–2014) +George Zweig – United States (born 1937) +Fritz Zwicky - Bulgaria, United States (1898–1974) +Barton Zwiebach – United States (born 1954) + +== External links == +Pictures of some physicists (mostly 20th-century American) are collected in the Emilio Segrè Visual Archives and A Picture Gallery of Famous Physicists +20th-century women in physics in the Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics archive + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physics_concepts_in_primary_and_secondary_education_curricula-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physics_concepts_in_primary_and_secondary_education_curricula-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6996c5c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physics_concepts_in_primary_and_secondary_education_curricula-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +--- +title: "List of physics concepts in primary and secondary education curricula" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physics_concepts_in_primary_and_secondary_education_curricula" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:08.497766+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of topics that are included in high school physics curricula or textbooks. + + +== Mathematical Background == +SI Units +Scalar (physics) +Euclidean vector +Motion graphs and derivatives +Pythagorean theorem +Trigonometry + + +== Motion and forces == +Motion +Force + + +=== Linear motion === +Linear motion +Displacement +Speed +Velocity +Acceleration +Center of mass +Mass +Momentum +Newton's laws of motion +Work (physics) +Free body diagram + + +=== Rotational motion === +Angular momentum (Introduction) +Angular velocity +Centrifugal force +Centripetal force +Circular motion +Tangential velocity +Torque + + +== Conservation of energy and momentum == +Energy +Conservation of energy +Elastic collision +Inelastic collision +Inertia +Moment of inertia +Momentum +Kinetic energy +Potential energy +Rotational energy + + +== Electricity and magnetism == +Ampère's circuital law +Capacitor +Coulomb's law +Diode +Direct current +Electric charge +Electric current +Alternating current +Electric field +Electric potential energy +Electron +Faraday's law of induction +Ion +Inductor +Joule heating +Lenz's law +Magnetic field +Ohm's law +Resistor +Transistor +Transformer +Voltage + + +== Heat == +Entropy +First law of thermodynamics +Heat +Heat transfer +Second law of thermodynamics +Temperature +Thermal energy +Thermodynamic cycle +Volume (thermodynamics) +Work (thermodynamics) + + +== Waves == +Wave +Longitudinal wave +Transverse waves +Transverse wave +Standing Waves +Wavelength +Frequency +Light +Light ray +Speed of light +Sound +Speed of sound +Radio waves +Harmonic oscillator +Hooke's law +Reflection +Refraction +Snell's law +Refractive index +Total internal reflection +Diffraction +Interference (wave propagation) +Polarization (waves) +Vibrating string +Doppler effect + + +== Gravity == +Gravitational potential +Newton's law of universal gravitation +Newtonian constant of gravitation + + +== See also == +Outline of physics +Physics education + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plasma_physicists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plasma_physicists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..995ab8e88 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plasma_physicists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "List of plasma physicists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plasma_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:07.276604+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of physicists who have worked in or made notable contributions to the field of plasma physics. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plasma_physics_articles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plasma_physics_articles-0.md index 2a7535768..b9404ddef 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plasma_physics_articles-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plasma_physics_articles-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plasma_physics_articles" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:49:32.540973+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:05.979450+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Psychiatric_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Psychiatric_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcf0fe71d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Psychiatric_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "List of presidents of the American Psychiatric Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Psychiatric_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:26.635883+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of presidents of the American Psychiatric Association. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Statistical_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Statistical_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cec59f017 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Statistical_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "List of presidents of the American Statistical Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Statistical_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:28.905060+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The president of the American Statistical Association is the head of the American Statistical Association (ASA). According to the association's bylaws, the president is an officer, and a member of the board of directors and of the executive committee. Elections for the position are held annually, in which all full members are eligible to vote. The term in office is typically three years, as president-elect and past president are also official positions. + + +== List of presidents == + + +=== 19th century === + + +=== 20th century === + + +=== 21st century === + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Bylaws and constitution +ASA Presidential Papers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Institute_of_Mathematical_Statistics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Institute_of_Mathematical_Statistics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad5d54513 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Institute_of_Mathematical_Statistics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "List of presidents of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Institute_of_Mathematical_Statistics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:30.038823+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics is the highest officer of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS), and, together with the president-elect and past president, sets the directions for IMS during his or her term of office. + + +== Duties == +According to the IMS Handbook for Officers, Editors, Council Members and Committee Chairs (2003), the president makes appointments to IMS committee vacancies, represents the Society to other organizations such as the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies (COPSS) and the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences (CBMS). In addition, the president is an ex officio member of the corporation of the National Institute for Statistical Sciences (NISS), and is responsible for appointing another member of the corporation and a member of the NISS Board of Trustees. + + +== List of presidents == + + +=== 20th century === + + +=== 21st century === + + +== External links == +Past Executive Committee Members + + +== References == +IMS Handbook for Officers, Editors, Council Members and Committee Chairs \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59126b611 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +--- +title: "List of presidents of the Royal Statistical Society" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:31.216046+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The president of the Royal Statistical Society is the head of the Royal Statistical Society (RSS), elected biennially by the Fellows of the Society. The time-period between elections has varied in the past. +The president oversees the running of the Society and chairs its council meetings. The president gives a presidential address at some point in their tenure, which is published in the longest running journal of the society, Series A, setting out personal views on the future of discipline and the role of the society. In recent years, almost all presidents have been nominated following many years' service to the Society, although some have been nominated to mark their eminence in society generally, such as Harold Wilson. +Nominations for president are received by the society's Nominating Committee. + The committee recommends at least one fellow to Council who, at a meeting, agree a preferred candidate or candidates. If only one preferred candidate is selected, the Fellowship are given four weeks to offer an alternate candidate. +There has only been one contested election in the Society's history, in 1977. Many fellows objected to the nomination by the Council of Campbell Adamson because he was not a statistician, was said to have made derogatory comments about statisticians, and principally because in the previous year he had been defeated in an election to the Council of the Society, and fellows felt that he was being foisted upon the Society by the current 'establishment' in an essentially undemocratic fashion. Henry Wynn was nominated by several fellows (including Adrian Smith, himself later president, and Philip Dawid) and won the election. +Despite women being elected fellows from 1858, only five have been president of the society. Three of these have been in the 21st century although the proportion remains biased to men with nine male presidents since 2001. +In 2010, Bernard Silverman stepped down very early in his presidential term. This was due to being appointed as chief scientific advisor to the Home Office which presented a conflict of interest as the society sometimes issues expert statements on statistical matters in public life. In 2022 then president-elect David Firth withdrew on health grounds, prompting a further election in which the immediate past-president, Andrew Garrett, was elected. The current president is Prof Sir John Aston. +In 2025, Enkhbilguun Enkhsaikhan was elected president, winning by 78 percent against Prof Sir John Aston. + + +== Honorary presidents == +Three Princes of Wales have been an honorary president: + +1872 - 1901 Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) +1902 - 1910 George, Prince of Wales (later George V) +1921 - 1936 Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) + + +== List of presidents == + + +=== 19th century === + + +=== 20th century === + + +=== 21st century === +2001–2003 Peter Green +2003–2005 Andrew P. Grieve +2005–2007 Tim Holt +2008–2009 David Hand +2010–2010 Bernard Silverman (resigned Feb 2010; replaced pro tem by David Hand) +2011–2012 Valerie Isham +2013–2014 John Pullinger +2014–2016 Peter Diggle +2017–2018 David Spiegelhalter +2019–2020 Deborah Ashby +2021–2022 Sylvia Richardson +2023–2024 Andrew Garrett +2025-date John Aston + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Current president +List of presidents \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Statistical_Society_of_Canada-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Statistical_Society_of_Canada-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e3a29023 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Statistical_Society_of_Canada-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +--- +title: "List of presidents of the Statistical Society of Canada" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Statistical_Society_of_Canada" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:32.436217+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The President of the Statistical Society of Canada is the highest officer of the Statistical Society of Canada (SSC). + + +== List of presidents == + + +=== 20th Century === +1972–1974 Norm Shklov +1974–1975 Pierre Robillard +1975–1976 Charles S. Carter +1976–1978 David F. Bray +1979 Donald G. Watts +1980 Urs R. Maag +1981 Ivan P. Fellegi +1982 Charles Dunnett +1983 Michael A. Stephens +1984 James G. Kalbfleisch +1985 David F. Andrews +1986–1987 Martin B. Wilk +1987–1988 James V. Zidek +1988–1989 Robert Cléroux +1989–1990 Geoffrey J.C. Hole +1990–1991 Peter D.M. Macdonald +1991–1992 Agnes M. Herzberg +1992–1993 Christopher A. Field +1993–1994 Jerald F. Lawless +1994–1995 R. James Tomkins +1995–1996 Marc Moore +1996–1997 Richard A. Lockhart +1997–1998 Jane F. Gentleman +1998–1999 David R. Bellhouse +1999–2000 John D. (Jack) Kalbfleisch + + +=== 21st Century === +2000–2001 Louis-Paul Rivest +2001–2002 David R. Brillinger +2002–2003 James O. Ramsay +2003–2004 Mary E. Thompson +2004–2005 Nancy M. Reid +2005–2006 David A. Binder +2006–2007 Charmaine Dean +2007–2008 Christian Genest +2008–2009 Román Viveros-Aguilera +2009–2010 Bovas Abraham +2010–2011 Donald L. McLeish +2011–2012 John F. Brewster +2012–2013 Christian Léger +2013–2014 Michael J. Evans +2014–2015 A. John Petkau +2015–2016 O. Brian Allen +2016–2017 Jack Gambino +2017–2018 Hugh Chipman +2018–2019 Robert Platt +2019–2020 Bruce Smith +2020–2021 Wendy Lou +2021–2022 Grace Yi +2022–2023 Bruno Rémillard +2023-2024 Shirley Mills +2024-2025 Erica Moodie +2025-2026 Rob Deardon + + +== External links == +Historical List of the Board of Directors \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9e696a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +title: "List of probability distributions" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:36.046814+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Many probability distributions that are important in theory or applications have been given specific names. + +== Discrete distributions == + +=== With finite support === +The Bernoulli distribution, which takes value 1 with probability p and value 0 with probability q = 1 − p. +The Rademacher distribution, which takes value 1 with probability 1/2 and value −1 with probability 1/2. +The binomial distribution, which describes the number of successes in a series of independent Yes/No experiments all with the same probability of success. +The beta-binomial distribution, which describes the number of successes in a series of independent Yes/No experiments with heterogeneity in the success probability. +The degenerate distribution at x0, where X is certain to take the value x0. This does not look random, but it satisfies the definition of random variable. This is useful because it puts deterministic variables and random variables in the same formalism. +The discrete uniform distribution, where all elements of a finite set are equally likely. This is the theoretical distribution model for a balanced coin, an unbiased die, a casino roulette, or the first card of a well-shuffled deck. +The hypergeometric distribution, which describes the number of successes in the first m of a series of n consecutive Yes/No experiments, if the total number of successes is known. This distribution arises when there is no replacement. +The negative hypergeometric distribution, a distribution which describes the number of attempts needed to get the nth success in a series of Yes/No experiments without replacement. +The Poisson binomial distribution, which describes the number of successes in a series of independent Yes/No experiments with different success probabilities. +Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution +Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution +Benford's law, which describes the frequency of the first digit of many naturally occurring data. +The ideal and robust soliton distributions. +Zipf's law or the Zipf distribution. A discrete power-law distribution, the most famous example of which is the description of the frequency of words in the English language. +The Zipf–Mandelbrot law is a discrete power law distribution which is a generalization of the Zipf distribution. + +=== With infinite support === +The beta negative binomial distribution +The Boltzmann distribution, a discrete distribution important in statistical physics which describes the probabilities of the various discrete energy levels of a system in thermal equilibrium. It has a continuous analogue. +The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is a special case. +The Borel distribution +The discrete phase-type distribution, a generalization of the geometric distribution which describes the first hit time of the absorbing state of a finite terminating Markov chain. +The extended negative binomial distribution +The generalized log-series distribution +The Gauss–Kuzmin distribution +The geometric distribution, a discrete distribution which describes the number of attempts needed to get the first success in a series of independent Bernoulli trials, or alternatively only the number of losses before the first success (i.e. one less). +The Hermite distribution +The logarithmic (series) distribution +The mixed Poisson distribution +The negative binomial distribution or Pascal distribution, a generalization of the geometric distribution to the nth success. +The discrete compound Poisson distribution +The parabolic fractal distribution +The Poisson distribution, which describes a very large number of individually unlikely events that happen in a certain time interval. Related to this distribution are a number of other distributions: the displaced Poisson, the hyper-Poisson, the general Poisson binomial and the Poisson type distributions. +The Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution, a two-parameter extension of the Poisson distribution with an adjustable rate of decay. +The zero-truncated Poisson distribution, for processes in which zero counts are not observed +The Polya–Eggenberger distribution +The Skellam distribution, the distribution of the difference between two independent Poisson-distributed random variables. +The skew elliptical distribution +The Yule–Simon distribution +The zeta distribution has uses in applied statistics and statistical mechanics, and perhaps may be of interest to number theorists. It is the Zipf distribution for an infinite number of elements. +The Hardy distribution, which describes the probabilities of the hole scores for a given golf player. + +== Absolutely continuous distributions == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b658962d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +--- +title: "List of probability distributions" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:36.046814+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Supported on a bounded interval === +The Beta distribution on [0,1], a family of two-parameter distributions with one mode, of which the uniform distribution is a special case, and which is useful in estimating success probabilities. +The four-parameter Beta distribution, a straight-forward generalization of the Beta distribution to arbitrary bounded intervals + + + + [ + a + , + b + ] + + + {\displaystyle [a,b]} + +. +The arcsine distribution on [a,b], which is a special case of the Beta distribution if α = β = 1/2, a = 0, and b = 1. +The PERT distribution is a special case of the four-parameter beta distribution. +The uniform distribution or rectangular distribution on [a,b], where all points in a finite interval are equally likely, is a special case of the four-parameter Beta distribution. +The Irwin–Hall distribution is the distribution of the sum of n independent random variables, each of which having the uniform distribution on [0,1]. +The Bates distribution is the distribution of the mean of n independent random variables, each of which having the uniform distribution on [0,1]. +The logit-normal distribution on (0,1). +The Dirac delta function, although not strictly a probability distribution, is a limiting form of many continuous probability functions. It represents a discrete probability distribution concentrated at 0 — a degenerate distribution — it is a Distribution (mathematics) in the generalized function sense; but the notation treats it as if it were a continuous distribution. +The Kent distribution on the two-dimensional sphere. +The Kumaraswamy distribution is as versatile as the Beta distribution but has simple closed forms for both the cdf and the pdf. +The logit metalog distribution, which is highly shape-flexible, has simple closed forms, and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares. +The Marchenko–Pastur distribution is important in the theory of random matrices. +The bounded quantile-parameterized distributions, which are highly shape-flexible and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares (see Quantile-parameterized distribution#Transformations) +The raised cosine distribution on [ + + + + μ + − + s + , + μ + + + s + + + {\displaystyle \mu -s,\mu +s} + +] +The reciprocal distribution +The triangular distribution on [a, b], a special case of which is the distribution of the sum of two independent uniformly distributed random variables (the convolution of two uniform distributions). +The trapezoidal distribution +The truncated normal distribution on [a, b]. +The U-quadratic distribution on [a, b]. +The von Mises–Fisher distribution on the N-dimensional sphere has the von Mises distribution as a special case. +The Bingham distribution on the N-dimensional sphere. +The Wigner semicircle distribution is important in the theory of random matrices. +The continuous Bernoulli distribution is a one-parameter exponential family that provides a probabilistic counterpart to the binary cross-entropy loss. + +==== Supported on intervals of length 2π – directional distributions ==== +The Henyey–Greenstein phase function +The Mie phase function +The von Mises distribution +The wrapped normal distribution +The wrapped exponential distribution +The wrapped Lévy distribution +The wrapped Cauchy distribution +The wrapped Laplace distribution +The wrapped asymmetric Laplace distribution +The Dirac comb of period 2π, although not strictly a function, is a limiting form of many directional distributions. It is essentially a wrapped Dirac delta function. It represents a discrete probability distribution concentrated at 2πn — a degenerate distribution — but the notation treats it as if it were a continuous distribution. + +=== Supported on semi-infinite intervals, usually [0,∞) === +The Beta prime distribution +The Birnbaum–Saunders distribution, also known as the fatigue life distribution, is a probability distribution used extensively in reliability applications to model failure times. +The chi distribution +The noncentral chi distribution +The chi-squared distribution, which is the sum of the squares of n independent Gaussian random variables. It is a special case of the Gamma distribution, and it is used in goodness-of-fit tests in statistics. +The inverse-chi-squared distribution +The noncentral chi-squared distribution +The scaled inverse chi-squared distribution +The Dagum distribution +The exponential distribution, which describes the time between consecutive rare random events in a process with no memory. +The exponential-logarithmic distribution +The F-distribution, which is the distribution of the ratio of two (normalized) chi-squared-distributed random variables, used in the analysis of variance. It is referred to as the beta prime distribution when it is the ratio of two chi-squared variates which are not normalized by dividing them by their numbers of degrees of freedom. +The noncentral F-distribution +The folded normal distribution +The Fréchet distribution +The Gamma distribution, which describes the time until n consecutive rare random events occur in a process with no memory. +The Erlang distribution, which is a special case of the gamma distribution with integral shape parameter, developed to predict waiting times in queuing systems +The inverse-gamma distribution +The generalized gamma distribution +The generalized Pareto distribution +The Gamma/Gompertz distribution +The Gompertz distribution +The half-normal distribution +The Hartman–Watson distribution +Hotelling's T-squared distribution +The inverse Gaussian distribution, also known as the Wald distribution +The Lévy distribution +The log-Cauchy distribution +The log-Laplace distribution +The log-logistic distribution +The log-metalog distribution, which is highly shape-flexile, has simple closed forms, can be parameterized with data using linear least squares, and subsumes the log-logistic distribution as a special case. +The log-normal distribution, describing variables which can be modelled as the product of many small independent positive variables. +The Lomax distribution +The Mittag-Leffler distribution +The Nakagami distribution +The Pareto distribution, or "power law" distribution, used in the analysis of financial data and critical behavior. +The Pearson Type III distribution +The phase-type distribution, used in queueing theory +The phased bi-exponential distribution is commonly used in pharmacokinetics +The phased bi-Weibull distribution +The semi-bounded quantile-parameterized distributions, which are highly shape-flexible and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares (see Quantile-parameterized distribution § Transformations +The Rayleigh distribution +The Rayleigh mixture distribution +The Rice distribution +The shifted Gompertz distribution +The type-2 Gumbel distribution +The Weibull distribution or Rosin Rammler distribution, of which the exponential distribution is a special case, is used to model the lifetime of technical devices and is used to describe the particle size distribution of particles generated by grinding, milling and crushing operations. +The modified half-normal distribution. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de9e5e9d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +--- +title: "List of probability distributions" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_distributions" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:36.046814+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Supported on the whole real line === +The Behrens–Fisher distribution, which arises in the Behrens–Fisher problem. +The Cauchy distribution, an example of a distribution which does not have an expected value or a variance. In physics it is usually called a Lorentzian profile, and is associated with many processes, including resonance energy distribution, impact and natural spectral line broadening and quadratic stark line broadening. +The centralized inverse-Fano distribution, which is the distribution representing the ratio of independent normal and gamma-difference random variables. +Chernoff's distribution +The exponentially modified Gaussian distribution, a convolution of a normal distribution with an exponential distribution, and the Gaussian minus exponential distribution, a convolution of a normal distribution with the negative of an exponential distribution. +The expectile distribution, which nests the Gaussian distribution in the symmetric case. +The Fisher–Tippett, extreme value, or log-Weibull distribution +Fisher's z-distribution +The skewed generalized t distribution +The gamma-difference distribution, which is the distribution of the difference of independent gamma random variables. +The generalized logistic distribution +The generalized normal distribution +The geometric stable distribution +The Gumbel distribution +The Holtsmark distribution, an example of a distribution that has a finite expected value but infinite variance. +The hyperbolic distribution +The hyperbolic secant distribution +The Johnson SU distribution +The Landau distribution +The Laplace distribution +The Lévy skew alpha-stable distribution or stable distribution is a family of distributions often used to characterize financial data and critical behavior; the Cauchy distribution, Holtsmark distribution, Landau distribution, Lévy distribution and normal distribution are special cases. +The Linnik distribution +The logistic distribution +The map-Airy distribution +The metalog distribution, which is highly shape-flexible, has simple closed forms, and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares. +The normal distribution, also called the Gaussian or the bell curve. It is ubiquitous in nature and statistics due to the central limit theorem: every variable that can be modelled as a sum of many small independent, identically distributed variables with finite mean and variance is approximately normal. +The normal-exponential-gamma distribution +The normal-inverse Gaussian distribution +The Pearson Type IV distribution (see Pearson distributions) +The Quantile-parameterized distributions, which are highly shape-flexible and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares. +The skew normal distribution +Student's t-distribution, useful for estimating unknown means of Gaussian populations. +The noncentral t-distribution +The skew t distribution +The Champernowne distribution +The type-1 Gumbel distribution +The Tracy–Widom distribution +The Voigt distribution, or Voigt profile, is the convolution of a normal distribution and a Cauchy distribution. It is found in spectroscopy when spectral line profiles are broadened by a mixture of Lorentzian and Doppler broadening mechanisms. +The Chen distribution. + +=== With variable support === +The generalized extreme value distribution has a finite upper bound or a finite lower bound depending on what range the value of one of the parameters of the distribution is in (or is supported on the whole real line for one special value of the parameter +The generalized Pareto distribution has a support which is either bounded below only, or bounded both above and below +The metalog distribution, which provides flexibility for unbounded, bounded, and semi-bounded support, is highly shape-flexible, has simple closed forms, and can be fit to data using linear least squares. +The Tukey lambda distribution is either supported on the whole real line, or on a bounded interval, depending on what range the value of one of the parameters of the distribution is in. +The Wakeby distribution + +== Mixed discrete/continuous distributions == +The rectified Gaussian distribution replaces negative values from a normal distribution with a discrete component at zero. +The compound poisson-gamma or Tweedie distribution is continuous over the strictly positive real numbers, with a mass at zero. + +== Joint distributions == +For any set of independent random variables the probability density function of their joint distribution is the product of their individual density functions. + +=== Two or more random variables on the same sample space === +The Dirichlet distribution, a generalization of the beta distribution. +The Ewens's sampling formula is a probability distribution on the set of all partitions of an integer n, arising in population genetics. +The Balding–Nichols model +The multinomial distribution, a generalization of the binomial distribution. +The multivariate normal distribution, a generalization of the normal distribution. +The multivariate t-distribution, a generalization of the Student's t-distribution. +The negative multinomial distribution, a generalization of the negative binomial distribution. +The Dirichlet negative multinomial distribution, a generalization of the beta negative binomial distribution. +The generalized multivariate log-gamma distribution +The Marshall–Olkin exponential distribution +The continuous-categorical distribution, an exponential family supported on the simplex that generalizes the continuous Bernoulli distribution. + +=== Distributions of matrix-valued random variables === +The Wishart distribution +The inverse-Wishart distribution +The Lewandowski-Kurowicka-Joe distribution +The matrix normal distribution +The matrix t-distribution +The Matrix Langevin distribution +The matrix variate beta distribution +The Uniform distribution on a Stiefel manifold + +== Non-numeric distributions == +The categorical distribution + +== Miscellaneous distributions == +The Cantor distribution +The generalized logistic distribution family +The metalog distribution family +The Pearson distribution family +The phase-type distribution + +== See also == +Mixture distribution +Relationships among probability distributions +ProbOnto + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_journals-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_journals-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39a857020 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_journals-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "List of probability journals" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_journals" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:21.783649+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of peer-reviewed scientific journals published in the field of probability. + +Advances in Applied Probability +ALEA - Latin American Journal of Probability and Mathematical Statistics +Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré +Annals of Applied Probability +Annals of Probability +Bernoulli +Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics +Combinatorics, Probability and Computing +Communications on Stochastic Analysis +Electronic Communications in Probability +Electronic Journal of Probability +ESAIM: Probability and Statistics +Finance and Stochastics +Journal of Applied Probability +Journal of Theoretical Probability +Markov Processes and Related Fields +Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability +Modern Stochastics: Theory and Applications +Probability and Mathematical Statistics +Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences +Probability Surveys +Probability Theory and Related Fields +Queueing Systems +Random Matrices: Theory and Applications +Random Operators and Stochastic Equations +Random Structures & Algorithms +Stochastics: An International Journal of Probability and Stochastic Processes +Statistics & Probability Letters +Stochastic Analysis and Applications +Stochastics and Dynamics +Stochastic Models +Stochastic Processes and their Applications +Stochastic Systems +Theory of Probability and Its Applications +Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics +Theory of Stochastic Processes + + +== See also == +List of scientific journals +List of statistics journals +List of mathematics journals \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_topics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_topics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..950d2eff7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_topics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,412 @@ +--- +title: "List of probability topics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability_topics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:33.632091+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of probability topics. +It overlaps with the (alphabetical) list of statistical topics. There are also the outline of probability and catalog of articles in probability theory. For distributions, see List of probability distributions. For journals, see list of probability journals. For contributors to the field, see list of mathematical probabilists and list of statisticians. + + +== General aspects == +Probability +Randomness, Pseudorandomness, Quasirandomness +Randomization, hardware random number generator +Random number generation +Random sequence +Uncertainty +Statistical dispersion +Observational error +Equiprobable +Equipossible +Average +Probability interpretations +Markovian +Statistical regularity +Central tendency +Bean machine +Relative frequency +Frequency probability +Maximum likelihood +Bayesian probability +Principle of indifference +Credal set +Cox's theorem +Principle of maximum entropy +Information entropy +Urn problems +Extractor +Free probability +Exotic probability +Schrödinger method +Empirical measure +Glivenko–Cantelli theorem +Zero–one law +Kolmogorov's zero–one law +Hewitt–Savage zero–one law +Law of truly large numbers +Littlewood's law +Infinite monkey theorem +Littlewood–Offord problem +Inclusion–exclusion principle +Impossible event +Information geometry +Talagrand's concentration inequality + + +== Foundations of probability theory == +Probability theory +Probability space +Sample space +Standard probability space +Random element +Random compact set +Dynkin system +Probability axioms +Normalizing constant +Event (probability theory) +Complementary event +Elementary event +Mutually exclusive +Boole's inequality +Probability density function +Cumulative distribution function +Law of total cumulance +Law of total expectation +Law of total probability +Law of total variance +Almost surely +Cox's theorem +Bayesianism +Prior probability +Posterior probability +Borel's paradox +Bertrand's paradox +Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy) +Dutch book +Algebra of random variables +Belief propagation +Transferable belief model +Dempster–Shafer theory +Possibility theory + + +== Random variables == +Discrete random variable +Probability mass function +Constant random variable +Expected value +Jensen's inequality +Variance +Standard deviation +Geometric standard deviation +Multivariate random variable +Joint probability distribution +Marginal distribution +Kirkwood approximation +Independent identically-distributed random variables +Independent and identically-distributed random variables +Statistical independence +Conditional independence +Pairwise independence +Covariance +Covariance matrix +De Finetti's theorem +Correlation +Uncorrelated +Correlation function +Canonical correlation +Convergence of random variables +Weak convergence of measures +Helly–Bray theorem +Slutsky's theorem +Skorokhod's representation theorem +Lévy's continuity theorem +Uniform integrability +Markov's inequality +Chebyshev's inequality = Chernoff bound +Chernoff's inequality +Bernstein inequalities (probability theory) +Hoeffding's inequality +Kolmogorov's inequality +Etemadi's inequality +Chung–Erdős inequality +Khintchine inequality +Paley–Zygmund inequality +Laws of large numbers +Asymptotic equipartition property +Typical set +Law of large numbers +Kolmogorov's two-series theorem +Random field +Conditional random field +Borel–Cantelli lemma +Wick product + + +== Conditional probability == +Conditioning (probability) +Conditional expectation +Conditional probability distribution +Regular conditional probability +Disintegration theorem +Bayes' theorem +de Finetti's theorem +Exchangeable random variables +Rule of succession +Conditional independence +Conditional event algebra +Goodman–Nguyen–van Fraassen algebra + + +== Theory of probability distributions == +Probability distribution +Probability distribution function +Probability density function +Probability mass function +Cumulative distribution function +Quantile +Moment (mathematics) +Moment about the mean +Standardized moment +Skewness +Kurtosis +Locality +Cumulant +Factorial moment +Expected value +Law of the unconscious statistician +Second moment method +Variance +Coefficient of variation +Variance-to-mean ratio +Covariance function +An inequality on location and scale parameters +Taylor expansions for the moments of functions of random variables +Moment problem +Hamburger moment problem +Carleman's condition +Hausdorff moment problem +Trigonometric moment problem +Stieltjes moment problem +Prior probability distribution +Total variation distance +Hellinger distance +Wasserstein metric +Lévy–Prokhorov metric +Lévy metric +Continuity correction +Heavy-tailed distribution +Truncated distribution +Infinite divisibility +Stability (probability) +Indecomposable distribution +Power law +Anderson's theorem +Probability bounds analysis +Probability box + + +== Properties of probability distributions == +Central limit theorem +Illustration of the central limit theorem +Concrete illustration of the central limit theorem +Berry–Esséen theorem +Berry–Esséen theorem +De Moivre–Laplace theorem +Lyapunov's central limit theorem +Misconceptions about the normal distribution +Martingale central limit theorem +Infinite divisibility (probability) +Method of moments (probability theory) +Stability (probability) +Stein's lemma +Characteristic function (probability theory) +Lévy continuity theorem +Darmois–Skitovich theorem +Edgeworth series +Helly–Bray theorem +Kac–Bernstein theorem +Location parameter +Maxwell's theorem +Moment-generating function +Factorial moment generating function +Negative probability +Probability-generating function +Vysochanskiï–Petunin inequality +Mutual information +Kullback–Leibler divergence +Le Cam's theorem +Large deviations theory +Contraction principle (large deviations theory) +Varadhan's lemma +Tilted large deviation principle +Rate function +Laplace principle (large deviations theory) +Exponentially equivalent measures +Cramér's theorem (second part) + + +== Applied probability == +Empirical findings +Benford's law +Pareto principle +Zipf's law +Boy or Girl paradox + + +== Stochastic processes == +Adapted process +Basic affine jump diffusion +Bernoulli process +Bernoulli scheme +Branching process +Point process +Chapman–Kolmogorov equation +Chinese restaurant process +Coupling (probability) +Ergodic theory +Maximal ergodic theorem +Ergodic (adjective) +Galton–Watson process +Gauss–Markov process +Gaussian process +Gaussian random field +Gaussian isoperimetric inequality +Large deviations of Gaussian random functions +Girsanov's theorem +Hawkes process +Increasing process +Itô's lemma +Jump diffusion +Law of the iterated logarithm +Lévy flight +Lévy process +Loop-erased random walk +Markov chain +Examples of Markov chains +Detailed balance +Markov property +Hidden Markov model +Maximum-entropy Markov model +Markov chain mixing time +Markov partition +Markov process +Continuous-time Markov process +Piecewise-deterministic Markov process +Martingale +Doob martingale +Optional stopping theorem +Martingale representation theorem +Azuma's inequality +Wald's equation +Poisson process +Poisson random measure +Population process +Process with independent increments +Progressively measurable process +Queueing theory +Erlang unit +Random walk +Random walk Monte Carlo +Renewal theory +Skorokhod's embedding theorem +Stationary process +Stochastic calculus +Itô calculus +Malliavin calculus +Stratonovich integral +Time series analysis +Autoregressive model +Moving average model +Autoregressive moving average model +Autoregressive integrated moving average model +Anomaly time series +Voter model +Wiener process +Brownian motion +Geometric Brownian motion +Donsker's theorem +Empirical process +Wiener equation +Wiener sausage + + +== Geometric probability == +Buffon's needle +Integral geometry +Hadwiger's theorem +Wendel's theorem + + +== Gambling == +Luck +Game of chance +Odds +Gambler's fallacy +Inverse gambler's fallacy +Parrondo's paradox +Pascal's wager +Gambler's ruin +Poker probability +Poker probability (Omaha) +Poker probability (Texas hold 'em) +Pot odds +Roulette +Martingale (betting system) +The man who broke the bank at Monte Carlo +Lottery +Lottery machine +Pachinko +Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy) +Coupon collector's problem + + +== Coincidence == +Birthday paradox +Birthday problem +Index of coincidence +Bible code +Spurious relationship +Monty Hall problem + + +== Algorithmics == +Probable prime +Probabilistic algorithm = Randomised algorithm +Monte Carlo method +Las Vegas algorithm +Probabilistic Turing machine +Stochastic programming +Probabilistically checkable proof +Box–Muller transform +Metropolis algorithm +Gibbs sampling +Inverse transform sampling method +Walk-on-spheres method + + +== Financial mathematics == +Risk +Value at risk +Market risk +Risk-neutral measure +Volatility +SWOT analysis (Marketing) +Kelly criterion + + +== Genetics == +Punnett square +Hardy–Weinberg principle +Ewens's sampling formula +Population genetics + + +== Historical == +History of probability +The Doctrine of Chances \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4419eee95 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychiatric medications" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:11.884007+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is an alphabetical list of psychiatric medications used by psychiatrists and other physicians to treat mental illness or distress. + +The list is not exhaustive. +All mentioned drugs here are generic names. +Not all drugs listed are used regularly in all countries. + + +== A == +Acamprosate, Alprazolam, Alpidem, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Aripiprazole, Atomoxetine, Azacyclonol + + +== B == +Benperidol, Biperiden, Bromazepam, Bupropion, Buprenorphine/naloxone, Buspirone + + +== C == +Calcium carbimide, Carbamazepine, Chloralhydrate, Chlordiazepoxide, Clomethiazole, Clorgiline, Chlorpromazine, Citalopram, Clomipramine, Clonazepam, Clonidine, Clorazepate, Clozapine + + +== D == +Daridorexant, Desvenlafaxine, Dextroamphetamine, Diazepam, Disulfiram, Divaplon, Doxepin, Duloxetine + + +== E == +Escitalopram, Eszopiclone + + +== F == +Fasiplon, Fluoxetine, Fluphenazine, Flurazepam, Fluvoxamine + + +== G == +Gabapentin, Guanfacine + + +== H == +Haloperidol + + +== I == +Imipramine, Indalpine, Indiplon, Itopride + + +== L == +Lamotrigine, Lemborexant, Levoamphetamine, Levomepromazine, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Lorazepam, Lorediplon, Loxapine, Lumateperone, Lurasidone + + +== M == +Maprotiline, Melperone, Meprobamate, Mesoridazine, Methamphetamine, Methaqualone, Methylphenidate, Mianserin, Mirtazapine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Moclobemide, Modafinil + + +== N == +Nalmefene, Naltrexone, Necopidem, Nitrazepam, Nortriptyline + + +== O == +Ocinaplon, Olanzapine, Oxazepam, Oxcarbazepine + + +== P == +Pagoclone, Paliperidone, Panadiplon, Pargyline, Paroxetine, Pazinaclone, Perphenazine, Phenelzine, Phenytoin, Pipamperone, Pimavanserin, Pimozide, Pipotiazine, Pramipexole, Pregabalin, Primidone, Prochlorperazine, Promethazine, Propranolol, Prothipendyl, Protriptyline + + +== Q == +Quetiapine + + +== R == +Ramelteon, Reboxetine, Risperidone, Ropinirole, Rozerem, Rubidium chloride + + +== S == +Saripidem, Scopolamine, Secobarbital, Selegiline, Sertraline, Sodium Thiopental, Sulfonmethane, Sulpiride, Suriclone, Suvorexant + + +== T == +Taniplon, Temazepam, Thioridazine, Thiothixene, Topiramate, Tranylcypromine, Trazodone, Triazolam, Trifluoperazine, Trimipramine + + +== V == +Valbenazine, Valproate, Venlafaxine + + +== Z == +Zaleplon, Zimelidine, Ziprasidone, Zolpidem, Zopiclone, Zotepine, Zuclopenthixol + + +== See also == +List of psychiatric drugs by condition treated \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications_by_condition_treated-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications_by_condition_treated-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..829d757c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications_by_condition_treated-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychiatric medications by condition treated" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications_by_condition_treated" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:10.696775+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of psychiatric medications used by psychiatrists and other physicians to treat mental illness or distress. +The list is ordered alphabetically according to the condition or conditions, then by the generic name of each medication. The list is not exhaustive and not all drugs are used regularly in all countries. Some medications treat multiple conditions and appear multiple times. + + +== Drug Dependence Therapy == + + +=== Used in the treatment of alcoholism and opioid dependence === + + +=== Used for smoking cessation === + + +== Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder == + + +=== Stimulants === + + +=== Non-Stimulant Medications === + + +== Anxiety Disorders == + + +=== Benzodiazepines === + + +=== Non-Benzodiazepine Anxiolytics === + + +=== Antidepressants === + + +== Autism == + + +=== Atypical antipsychotics === + + +== Bipolar Disorder == + + +=== Mood Stabilizers === + + +=== Atypical Antipsychotics === + + +== Depressive Disorders == + + +== Insomnia == + + +=== Benzodiazepines === + + +=== Z-Drugs === + + +=== Melatonergic Agents === + + +=== Barbiturates === + + +=== Sedating Antidepressants === + + +=== Antihistamines === + + +=== Others === + + +== Psychotic Disorders == + + +=== Typical antipsychotics === + + +==== Low potency ==== + + +==== Medium potency ==== + + +==== High potency ==== + + +=== Atypical Antipsychotics === + + +=== Adjuncts === + + +== See also == +List of psychiatric medications + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Children and Medication - a multimodal presentation +Psychiatric Treatments and Medications \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatrists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatrists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51f708298 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatrists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychiatrists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatrists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:27.874436+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of notable psychiatrists. +Additional lists of psychiatrists can be found in the articles Fictional psychiatrists and List of physicians. +Medical doctors who are psychiatrists appear in those lists and are also included below. Some psychiatrists also in the list of neurologists and the list of neuroscientists. + + +== See also == +Psychiatry +American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology +American Psychiatric Association +Royal College of Psychiatrists +Lists +List of cognitive scientists +List of physicians +List of psychologists +List of fictional psychiatrists + + +== References == + + +== External links == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychoactive_drugs_used_by_militaries-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychoactive_drugs_used_by_militaries-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1232ac06 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychoactive_drugs_used_by_militaries-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychoactive drugs used by militaries" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychoactive_drugs_used_by_militaries" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:14.300522+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Militaries worldwide have used or are using various psychoactive drugs to improve performance of soldiers by suppressing hunger, increasing the ability to sustain effort without food, increasing and lengthening wakefulness and concentration, suppressing fear, reducing empathy, and improving reflexes and memory-recall, amongst other things. + + +== Contemporary == + +For drugs that recently were or currently are being used by militaries.Administration tends to include strict medical supervision and prior briefing of the medical risks. +Caffeine, diet pills, painkillers, nicotine, and alcohol are not included on the list. Non-administrated, illegally used drugs are also not included. + + +== Historic == + +Alcohol has a long association of military use, and has been called "liquid courage" for its role in preparing troops for battle, anaesthetize injured soldiers, and celebrate military victories. It has also served as a coping mechanism for combat stress reactions and a means of decompression from combat to everyday life. However, this reliance on alcohol can have negative consequences for physical and mental health. Military and veteran populations face significant challenges in addressing the co-occurrence of PTSD and alcohol use disorder. +Benzedrine was claimed to have been administered by Allied forces during WWII, esp. by the US +Germany and Japan used methamphetamine. +Fenethylline (trade name Captagon) has played a role in the Syrian civil war. The production and sale of fenethylline generates large revenues which are likely used to fund the purchase of weapons, and fenethylline is used as a stimulant by combatants. Poverty and international sanctions that limit legal exports are contributing factors. Since the fall of the Assad regime the new Syrian transitional government has ordered the cessation of the drug trade, and production has reportedly been reduced by 90%. +Methamphetamine ("Panzerschokolade", "Pervitin") during WWII by Nazi Germany Panzerschokolade was the eponymous name that the Luftwaffe are claimed to have used. +D-IX was a combination of Methamphetamine, Oxycodone, and Cocaine that was produced in 1944 but could not be mass produced before the war ended. It was part of a future generation of "pep pills" for the German military and was tested on concentration camp prisoners. + + +== See also == +Academy of Military Medical Sciences +History and culture of substituted amphetamines § Military use +MKUltra +Chemical warfare +Chemical weapon +List of chemical warfare agents +List of highly toxic gases +Psychochemical warfare +Military medicine +Neuroenhancement +Nootropic +Supersoldier +Use of drugs in warfare + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Sample, Ian (7 November 2016). "US military successfully tests electrical brain stimulation to enhance staff skills". The Guardian. +Saletan, William (29 May 2013). "The War on Sleep". Slate. +Glain, Stephen J. (28 September 1998). "Israeli Biotech Firm Develops DrugThat May Limit Effects of Nerve Gas". Wall Street Journal. +Presentation of the "Night Eagle" drug on China Central Television \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_effects-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_effects-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18e63d818 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_effects-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychological effects" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_effects" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:58.165871+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Psychological effects refer to phenomenons of thinking that are influenced by external factors. They are similar to cognitive biases. This article contains a list of 'effects' that have been noticed in the field of psychology. + + +== See also == +List of cognitive biases +List of fallacies +False memory +Uncanny valley \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_laboratories-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_laboratories-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffd765bb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_laboratories-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychological laboratories" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_laboratories" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:04.326360+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list presents the establishment of psychological laboratories from 1879 to 1948. +The list is primarily based on the list from "Historical and Conceptual Issues in Psychology" (Brysbaert, M. & Rastle, K. (2013)). This current list considered only the establishment of laboratories. Any psychology courses, seminars or lectures were excluded. However, due to inconsistent listings from some of the sources and different definitions of what comprises a laboratory, there is a possibility that a course instead of the establishment of a laboratory is listed. In the case of difference in the year from the sources, the earliest date was taken. + + +== References == + +Shiraev, E. (2014). A history of psychology: A global perspective. Sage Publications. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c6cf4e35 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychological research methods" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:37.146437+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A wide range of research methods are used in psychology. These methods vary by the sources from which information is obtained, how that information is sampled, and the types of instruments that are used in data collection. Methods also vary by whether they collect qualitative data, quantitative data or both. +Qualitative psychological research findings are not arrived at by statistical or other quantitative procedures. Quantitative psychological research findings result from mathematical modeling and statistical estimation or statistical inference. The two types of research differ in the methods employed, rather than the topics they focus on. +There are three main types of psychological research: + +Correlational research +Descriptive research +Experimental research + + +== Common methods == +Common research designs and data collection methods include: + +Archival research +Case study uses different research methods (e.g. interview, observation, self-report questionnaire) with a single case or small number of cases. +Clustered randomized controlled trial +Computer simulation (modeling) +Ethnography +Event sampling methodology, also referred to as experience sampling methodology, diary study, or ecological momentary assessment +Experiment, often with separate treatment and control groups (see scientific control and design of experiments). See Experimental psychology for many details. +Field experiment +Focus group +Interview, can be structured or unstructured. +Meta-analysis +Neuroimaging and other psychophysiological methods +Observational study, can be naturalistic (see natural experiment), participant or controlled. +Program evaluation +Quasi-experiment +Randomized control trial +Self-report inventory +Survey, often with a random sample (see survey sampling) +Twin study +Research designs vary according to the period(s) of time over which data are collected: + +Retrospective cohort study: Participants are chosen, then data are collected about their past experiences. +Prospective cohort study: Participants are recruited prior to the proposed independent effects being administered or occurring. +Cross-sectional study: A population is sampled on all proposed measures at one point in time. +Longitudinal study: Participants are studied at multiple time points. May address the cohort effect and help to indicate causal directions of effects. +Cross-sequential study: Groups of different ages are studied at multiple time points; combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs +Research in psychology has been conducted with both animals and human subjects: + +Animal study +Human subject research + + +== References == +Stangor, C. (2007). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. +Weathington, B.L., Cunningham, C.J.L., & Pittenger, D.P. (2010). Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfa307548 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychological schools" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:42.474952+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The psychological schools are the great classical theories of psychology. Each has been highly influential; however, most psychologists hold eclectic viewpoints that combine aspects of each school. + + +== Most influential == +The most influential ones and their main founders are:: + +Behaviorism: John B. Watson +Cognitivism: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis +Functionalism: William James +Humanistic/Gestalt: Max Wertheimer +Psychoanalytic school: Sigmund Freud +Systems psychology: Gregory Bateson, Felix Guattari + + +== Complete list == +The list below includes these, and other, influential schools of thought in psychology: + +Activity-oriented approach +Analytical psychology +Anomalistic psychology +Anti-psychiatry +Associationism +Behaviorism (see also radical behaviorism) +Behavioural genetics +Bioenergetics +Biological psychology +Biopsychosocial model +Cognitivism +Constructivism +Cultural-historical psychology +Depth psychology +Descriptive psychology +Developmental psychology +Ecological psychology +Ecological systems theory +Ecopsychology +Ego psychology +Environmental psychology +Evolutionary psychology +Existential psychology +Experimental analysis of behavior - the school descended from B.F. Skinner's work +Functionalism +Gestalt psychology +Gestalt therapy +Humanistic psychology +Individual psychology +Industrial psychology +Liberation psychology +Logotherapy +Organismic psychology +Organizational psychology +Phenomenological psychology +Process psychology +Psychoanalysis +Psychohistory +Psychology of self +Radical behaviorism - often considered a school of philosophy, not psychology +Social psychology (sociocultural psychology) +Strength-based practice +Structuralism +Systems psychology +Transactional analysis +Transpersonal psychology + + +== See also == +History of psychology \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_tests_by_gender_difference-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_tests_by_gender_difference-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f77b3cc14 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_tests_by_gender_difference-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychological tests by gender difference" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_tests_by_gender_difference" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:46.227272+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of specific psychological tests by the effect size for gender as reported in the most recent meta-analysis or norm. Only some psychological tests have been the subject of such research. +The standard guidelines for interpreting effect size state that + +0.2 is a small difference; +0.5 is medium difference, one that would be noticeable to a casual observer; +0.8 is large difference, one that would be obvious to a casual observer. + + +== Self-report scales == + + +== Objective tests == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d647a7597 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:31.836242+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list includes notable psychologists and contributors to psychology, some of whom may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline. +Specialized lists of psychologists can be found at the articles on comparative psychology, list of clinical psychologists, list of developmental psychologists, list of educational psychologists, list of evolutionary psychologists, list of social psychologists, and list of cognitive scientists. Many psychologists included in those lists are also listed below: + + +== A == + + +== B == + + +== C == + + +== D == + + +== E == + + +== F == + + +== G == + + +== H == + + +== I == +Bärbel Inhelder + + +== J == + + +== K == + + +== L == + + +== M == + + +== N == +Albert Nalchajyan +Ulric Neisser +Erich Neumann +Richard Nisbett +Donald Norman +Kent Norman + + +== O == +Charles E. Osgood +Joy Osofsky +J. Buzz Von Ornsteiner +Lise Østergaard + + +== P == + + +== R == + + +== S == + + +== T == + + +== U == +Dimitri Uznadze + + +== V == +Douglas Vakoch +Alfons Vansteenwegen +Magdalen Dorothea Vernon +Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga +Hedwig von Restorff +Lev Vygotsky, (cultural-historical psychology) +Stuart Vyse + + +== W == + + +== X == +Fei Xu, Developmental Psychology and Cognitive Science + + +== Y == +Rivka Yahav, psychotherapist +Irvin D. Yalom, (Existential psychiatrist) +Robert Yerkes + + +== Z == +Robert J. Zajonc +Oliver Zangwill +René Zazzo +Bluma Zeigarnik, (Zeigarnik effect) +Philip Zimbardo + + +== See also == +List of clinical psychologists +List of cognitive psychologists +List of cognitive scientists +List of developmental psychologists +List of educational psychologists +List of psychiatrists +List of social psychologists + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Eminent psychologists of the 20th century \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27bd0587c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychologists on postage stamps" +chunk: 1/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of psychologists and contributors to the field of psychology who have been commemorated on worldwide postage stamps. It is adapted from two philatelic listings published by psychologists Dr. Gary Brucato and Dr. John D. Hogan in 1999, and psychology historian Dr. Ludy T. Benjamin in 2003. The following index provides the name of each honoree, a brief description of his or her contributions, and the nation and year in which the stamp was issued: + +== A == +Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Eminent Greek philosopher, often regarded as the father of "pre-science" psychology. His book De Anima (On the Soul) was among the first to address the interplay between psychological and physiological processes, as well as the concept of human intellect. He departed from the philosophical principles of his teacher Plato, emphasizing the importance of empirical observation, and postulating that the body and the mind exist as facets of the same being, with the mind being simply one of the body's functions. +Stamps issued: Greece (1956); Greece (1978); Cyprus (1978); Mali (1978); Mexico (1978); Spain (1992); Uruguay (1996); Chad (2000); Gibraltar (2009); Greece (2016); Bosnia and Herzegovina (2018) + +St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). Italian theologian and Roman Catholic priest of the Dominican Order who adopted Aristotle's empirical approach to nature, maintaining that human beings possess an innate capacity to know many things without special, divine revelation. He also supported the unity of the body and soul, but, in accord with his Roman Catholic faith, believed that the latter was an immortal entity, and not simply a function of the body itself. Walter J. Freeman, the biologist and neuroscientist who pioneered research into the way the brain generates and processes meaning, considers Aquinas' work on the "directedness of the mind" a precursor to the modern neurocognitive concept of intentionality. +Stamps issued: Belgium (1932); Colombia (1938); Colombia (1959); Nicaragua (1968); Germany (1974); Italy (1974); Vatican City (1974); Colombia (1982); Sierra Leone (1992); Uganda (1996); Antigua and Barbuda (2000); Italy (2001) [2 distinct issues]; Italy (2006) + +Avicenna, a.k.a. Ibn Sina (980-1037). Persian philosopher, physician, physicist and astronomer. An early pioneer of neuropsychiatry, he was apparently the first medical practitioner to describe hallucinations, phobias, insomnia, mania, nightmares, melancholia, dementia, epilepsy, paralysis, stroke, vertigo, and tremors. He also made important contributions with regard to psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine, recognizing and treating the relationship between emotional states and physical symptoms among his patients. In order to address physiological symptoms he felt were linked to psychic turmoil, Avicenna developed a word association task which pre-dated the work of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung by nearly a millennium. +Stamps issued: Lebanon (1948); Iran (1950); Afghanistan (1951); German Democratic Republic (1952); Iran (1962); Syria (1965); Yemen Arab Republic (1966); Kuwait (1969); Iran (1980); Poland (1952); Pakistan (1966); Egypt (1968); Jordan (1971); Qatar (1971); Iran (1974); Algeria (1980); Comoros Islands (1980); Dubai (1980); Kuwait (1980); Libya (1980); Mali (1980); Soviet Union (1980); Tunisia (1980); Turkey (1980); Syria (1981); Iran (1983); Hungary (1987); Iran (1989); Iran (1992); Somalia (2003); Iran (2004); France (2005); Tajikistan (2005) + +== B == + +Vladimir Bekhterev (1857-1927). Russian neurophysiologist and psychiatrist who founded of the field of psychoreflexology, adapting the research on classical conditioning his competitor Ivan Pavlov had conducted with dogs for experimentation with human beings. He is also remembered for establishing the first laboratory of experimental psychology in Russia in 1886, an important classification of mental illnesses in 1891, and the first Russian journal on nervous diseases in 1896. Moreover, Bekhterev made a variety of significant contributions to neuroanatomy, including the elucidation of the role of the hippocampus in memory; the discovery of the superior vestibular nucleus and 13 distinct reflex arcs; and the identification of the spinal malady Bekhterev’s Disease. +Stamps issued: Soviet Union (1952); Russia (2007) + +Georg von Békésy (1899-1972). Hungarian biophysicist who made a key contribution to the field of biological psychology by demonstrating that sounds of different frequencies create traveling waves which peak at different locations within the cochlea of the mammalian hearing organ. This work earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1961. +Stamps issued: Hungary (1961); Sweden (1984) + +George Berkeley (1685-1753). Anglo-Irish bishop and empiricist philosopher of the early modern era who made notable contributions to the field of perceptual psychology. He is remembered for advancing the theory of immaterialism, later known as subjective idealism, which posited that individuals can only directly know sensations and ideas of objects, not abstractions such as "matter," so that it is impossible for something to exist without being perceived. +Stamps issued: Ireland (1985) + +Claude Bernard (1813-1878). French physiologist who, in addition to his celebrated work on homeostasis and the dangers of poisons such as carbon monoxide, discovered the vasodilator and vasoconstrictor functions of the "vegetative" nervous system, later known as the autonomic nervous system. +Stamps issued: France (1939); Argentina (1959); France (1978); Mozambique (2002) + +== C == +Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893). French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology at Paris' Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital. He established neurology as a firm discipline, identifying and/or elucidating the natures of myriad neurological disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy, poliomyelitis, neurosyphilis, strokes, Charcot–Wilbrand syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and nuiliary aneurysms. He is also remembered for his ideas on the subjects of hypnosis and hysteria, which influenced the later work of several of his students, including Alfred Binet, Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud. +Stamps issued: France (1960) + +Auguste Comte (1798-1857). French philosopher who was an important proponent of the school of positivism, maintaining that any method for acquiring knowledge should be limited to natural, physical, and material approaches. The concept would greatly influence the Behaviorist school of the twentieth century, as well the field of modern quantitative statistical analysis. Comte was also one of the founders of Sociology and is believed to have coined the term "altruism." +Stamps issued: Brazil (1957); France (1957); Romania (1957) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8697b5e31 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychologists on postage stamps" +chunk: 2/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== D == +Charles Darwin (1809-1882). English naturalist who presented compelling evidence that all living creatures evolved over time from common ancestors through a process he called natural selection. He published three books in which he explored how human mental qualities and emotional states could be understood as the results of evolution; specifically, The Descent of Man in 1871, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1872 and Biographical Sketch of an Infant in 1877. Darwin's work had far-reaching impacts on the theory and practice of psychology. Its emphasis on the individual's adaptation to the environment helped to establish the "functional" view of the mind and of human behavior later developed by such thinkers as John Dewey and James Rowland Angell, and influenced the work of George Romanes, the father of comparative psychology. Moreover, the concept of natural selection led to greater interests in variation and individual differences among members of the same species. +Stamps issued: Ecuador (1935); Ecuador (1936); East Germany (1958); Czechoslovakia (1959); Poland (1959); Romania (1959: Soviet Union (1959); Turalu (1977); Cocos Islands (1981); St. Helena (1981); Antigua (1982); Australia (1982); Ecuador (1982); Falkland Islands (1982); Great Britain (1982); India (1983); Mauritius (1982); St. Thomas and Prince Islands (1982); Sierra Leone (1982); Ecuador (1983); Turks and Caicos (1984); Australia (1986); Cocos Islands (1986); Grenada (1991); Cambodia (1992); Great Britain (1999); North Korea (1999); Palau (2000); Vietnam (2000); Mongolia (2002); Mozambique (2002); Sao Tome & Principe (2003); Great Britain (2005); Ascension Island (2006); Congo (2006); Great Britain (2006); Kiribati (2006); St. Helena (2006); Guinea-Bissau (2007); Sap Tome & Principe (2008); Ascension Island (2009); Bulgaria (2009); Comoros (2009); Djibouti (2009); Gibraltar (2009); Great Britain (2009) [3 distinct sets]; Guernsey (2009); Guinea (2009); Ireland (2009); Italy (2009); Micronesia (2009); Mozambique (2009); Nevis (2009); Palau (2009); Portugal (2009); Rwanda (2009); Vanuatu (2009); Gabon (2010): Togo (2010); Mali (2017) + +Allison Davis (1902-1983). African-American educator, anthropologist, author and scholar who was the first Black to hold a full faculty position at a major White university when he joined the staff of the University of Chicago in 1942. He is remembered for his pioneering research on intelligence quotients, as well as his studies of southern race and class during the 1930s. Moreover, Davis' support of "compensatory education" contributed to the establishment of the federal educational program Head Start. +Stamps issued: United States (1994) + +Jean-Ovide Decroly (1871-1932). Belgian educator and psychologist whose educational model emphasized a child-centered approach recognizing the importance of an optimal learning environment, challenges for the child that were age-appropriate, and an emphasis on creativity. +Stamps issued: Belgium (1981), (2001) + +René Descartes (1596-1650). French philosopher and mathematician whose concepts provided early and significant contributions to the field of psychology. His controversial writings, including Discourse on Method in 1637, Meditations on First Philosophy in 1642 and Principles of Philosophy in 1644, postulated a radical mind-body dualism, stating that the two are separate entities interconnected at the pineal gland, and that mental perceptions, passing through the flawed machinery of the body, are not necessarily accurate. His rationalistic ideas greatly influenced the Age of Enlightenment and proved the dominant system of philosophy until the work of David Hume and Immanuel Kant. While many of Descartes's individual arguments have since been discredited, his overall view of the dualism between mind and body has exerted a powerful influence on subsequent generations of philosophers and psychologists. +Stamps issued: France (1937); Albania (1996); France (1996); Monaco (1996); Grenada (2000); Sierra Leone (2000); Guinea (2010), Ivory Coast (2017) + +John Dewey (1859-1952). American psychologist, philosopher and progressive educator who is considered one of the founders of the school of pragmatism. He was also a key figure in American functional psychology, publishing an article on the reflex arc in 1896 which is now considered a cornerstone of that field. Dewey helped to found the American Psychological Association and was elected its President in 1899. +Stamps issued: United States (1968) + +Dorothea Dix (1802-1887). American social reformer who was an early advocate for the humane treatment of mentally ill persons, lobbying state legislatures and the U.S. Congress leading to the construction of numerous mental asylums. +Stamps issued: United States (1983) + +== E == +John Eccles (1903-1997). An Australian neurophysiologist whose research on neural synapses won him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963. Much of his work addressed the long-standing mind-brain problem central to the science of psychology. +Stamps issued: Sweden (1984) + +Christian von Ehrenfels (1859-19320. Ehrenfels was a philosopher born in Rodaun, Austria, a small village near Vienna. He is considered an important precursor of Gestalt psychology principally because of his publication in 1890 of On the Qualities of Form. This work emphasized that entities, such as a melody, were more than a mere sum of their parts (notes, in this case). In other words, there was a quality that could not be defined solely by the collection of notes. The familiar version of this premise in Gestalt psychology is that "the whole is different than the sum of its parts." +Stamps issued: Austria (1984) + +== F == +Auguste Forel (1848-1931). Forel was a Swiss psychiatrist. His book, The Sexual Question (1906), is considered to be one of the founding works on the science of human sexual behavior. +Stamps: Switzerland (1971) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81fa130d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychologists on postage stamps" +chunk: 3/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis, which was a theory of the normal mind and the neuroses as well as both a method for investigating the unconscious and a method of psychotherapeutic treatment. His influence was principally on the fields of personality and clinical psychology but he influenced psychology more broadly as well, for example, recognizing the role of unconscious processes, emphasizing the importance of early experiences in shaping later behaviors, noting that psychological disorders could result from psychic causes as well as somatic ones, positing a number of defense mechanisms that individuals use to cope with anxiety, and emphasizing the importance of sexual behavior. +Stamps issued: Grenada (1973), Liberia (1973), Austria (1981), Great Britain (1986), Cuba (1993), Marshall Islands (1997), Guyana (1999), Palau (2000), St. Vincent & Grenadines (2000), Belgium (2001), Congo (2001), Austria (2006), Czech Republic (2006) + +== G == +Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972). Gilbreth's doctoral dissertation was on the psychology of management. In 1904 she married Frank Gilbert. Together they would become pioneers in the Scientific Management movement started by Frederick Winslow Taylor. The Gilbreths were especially well known for their time and motion studies, researching the "one best way" to perform a variety of manufacturing tasks. The Gilbreths would have 12 children leading to the book and motion picture entitled "Cheaper By the Dozen." When Frank died in 1924, Lillian continued running their engineering and management consulting company for nearly 40 years. Because of her work in engineering (e.g., product design, kitchen design, workplace efficiency, workplace lighting), Lillian Gilbreth is actually better known in the engineering fields than within psychology. She was credited as "the First Lady of Engineering," and was the first woman admitted to the prestigious National Academy of Engineering. In 1983 the United States Postal Service proposed the issuance of a commemorative stamp for Gilbreth. The mock-up of the stamp featured her portrait and the caption "America's First Lady of Engineering." However, the American Psychological Association objected to the caption and argued for inclusion of the fact that she was a psychologist. When the 40-cent stamp appeared in 1984 as part of the Great Americans series it bore no wording except her name. +Stamps issued: United States (1984) + +Ragnar Granit (1900-1991). Granit was a Finnish neurophysiologist. In 1919 he began his college studies in scientific psychology, interested in the processes of vision. Eventually he shifted his interests to physiology and earned his medical degree in 1927. His career was dedicated to understanding the neurophysiology and neurochemistry of vision. He developed innovative techniques that allowed him to study the activity of a single visual receptor. His work has influenced many psychologists working in the field of human vision, especially regarding the perception of color. For his visual work, Granit received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967. +Stamps issued: Sweden (1996) + +== H == +Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894). Helmholtz was a German scientist who saw very few boundaries in his pursuits. His formal training was in medicine but he contributed to many fields, especially physics, physiology, and psychology, but also to philosophy and astronomy. He held professorships at several important German universities especially Heidelberg University and Humboldt University in Berlin. It was at Heidelberg where Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of the science of psychology, would serve as a research assistant to Helmholtz for more than six years. Helmholtz's many contributions to psychology include the first studies to measure the speed of conduction in the nerves, a theory of color vision, and a theory of auditory pitch perception. Prior to the work of Helmholtz, nerves were thought to conduct impulses instantaneously, thus at a speed that was immeasurable. Helmholtz proved that wrong and that conduction speeds were quite measurable. This discovery made possible the many studies of reaction time that defined much of the early work in the new science of psychology. +Stamps issued: East Germany (1950), West Germany (1971), Germany (1994) + +David Hubel (1926-2013). Hubel was born in Canada to American parents and raised in Montreal. His training was in medicine, however he spent his long research career studying vision particular the processing of information in the visual cortex. He is best known for a collaboration with Swedish neurophysiologist Torsten Wiesel when the two of them worked at Johns Hopkins University. Their work resulted in both receiving the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981. Studying the visual cortex in cats they discovered that there were specific cell arrangements which they labeled simple and complex cells, that were responsible for the detection of edges, motion, and color. This work was key to understanding how the brain processed information from the rods and cones. +Stamps issued: Sweden (1984) + +== J == +Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961). Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist, initially drawn to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. Freud felt that Jung would be the heir apparent to his work, but after seven years as Freud's disciple, their friendship came to an acrimonious end when Jung dared to reject some of Freud's tenets. Jung would name his psychology analytical psychology to distinguish it from Freudian psychoanalysis. Jung divided the unconscious into two parts: personal and collective. The former was similar to Freud's views in which the unconscious was the wellspring of repressed wishes and motives. The collective unconscious represented the individual's racial memories in which experiences of ancestral generations were embedded deep in the unconscious. At the core of the collective unconscious were what Jung called archetypes that predisposed individuals to behave in certain ways. His most enduring impact on scientific psychology has been his delineation of the concepts of introversion and extraversion, concepts important in the study of personality and in treatments of behavioral change. +Stamps issued: Grenada (1973), Switzerland (1978), Congo (2001) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07801e8a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychologists on postage stamps" +chunk: 4/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== K == +Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Kant was a German philosopher, recognized as perhaps the most significant voice of the Age of Enlightenment. His best known work was A Critique of Pure Reason published in 1781. It influenced many scholarly fields, including psychology by its treatment of cognitive processes such as thinking and perception. +Stamps issued: Germany (1927), West Germany (1961), (1974) + +== L == +Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). A German mathematician and philosopher, Leibniz is seen, like Immanuel Kant, as a major influence on the psychology of Wilhelm Wundt who founded psychology's first research laboratory in 1879. Leibniz wrote on attention, consciousness, association, memory, and perception, all of which were and are central concepts in scientific psychology, and his writing found fuller expression in Wundt's early books on psychology. +Stamps issued: Germany (1926), 1950), (1966), Romania (1966), West Germany (1980), Germany (1996), Chad (2015) + +== M == +Egaz Moniz (1874-1955). Moniz, a Portuguese physician, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949. It is perhaps the only Nobel Prize that the Swedish Academy should take back. Moniz won the prize for his surgical technique which he touted as a cure for certain kinds of mental illness, particularly schizophrenia and depression. He argued that many mental illnesses were caused by abnormal neural connections in the frontal lobes of the brain. And so he developed a surgical procedure to remove some of those connections by cutting into the frontal lobes, a procedure known as prefrontal leucotomy (renamed lobotomy in the United States). Hundreds of thousands of these operations were performed worldwide with often tragic results leading some countries to outlaw their use as early as 1950. Lobotomies largely disappeared by the 1970s. The United States never invoked a ban but psychotropic medications and more precise psychosurgeries have replaced the lobotomy as a treatment for mental illness. +Stamps issued: Portugal (1966), (1974), (1983), (1999) + +Maria Montessori (1870-1952). Montessori was an Italian physician and educator who began her career studying mentally challenged children, especially children who might be described as developmentally delayed. Her work led her to develop a laboratory school offering science-based practices to meet the needs of these children and an academy (the Orthophrenic School) to train teachers in the use of her methods. Montessori believed that children were intrinsically motivated to learn and that educational practices should recognize and reward that. Her methods emphasized the development of creativity by allowing children to direct much of their learning. "Montessori Schools" can be found worldwide today. According to the American Montessori Society there are approximately 22,000 Montessori schools today in at least 110 countries. +Stamps issued: India (1970), Italy (1970), Pakistan (1970), Italy (2007) + +== P == +Bertha Pappenheim (1859-1936). Very few psychologists would recognize the name Bertha Pappenheim, but many would recognize her pseudonym, Anna O. Anna O. is the most famous clinical case in psychoanalytic history. At about age 21 she sought psychiatric help, presenting with a wide range of symptoms, including headaches, partial paralyses, periods of overexcitement, and loss of sensation. Her therapist was the distinguished Austrian physician, Josef Breuer. Breuer shared his treatment of Anna O. with Sigmund Freud, and Freud was fascinated by the case and by the means that Breuer had used to cure her (variously referred to as the "talking cure" or "cathartic cure"). In 1895, when Breuer and Freud published a book of psychological case studies, the case of Anna O. was the opening chapter. Her case was also the subject of Freud's opening lecture in 1909 when he made his only visit to the United States. The identity of Anna O. remained unknown until Ernest Jones, a Freud biographer, revealed her true identity in the 1950s. Pappenheim, Austrian by birth, was a pioneering social worker and feminist activist. Her German stamp appeared in a postal series labeled "Benefactors of Mankind." +Stamps issued: Germany, 1954 + +Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the physiology of digestion, including innovative research on salivation. He was the first Russian to win a Nobel Prize. However, he is known in psychology for his studies of learning in dogs, particularly classical conditioning, which is also called Pavlovian conditioning. This research proved especially important for the rise of behaviorism as a dominant school in American psychology. His work elucidated the parameters of such psychological constructs as extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, conditioned inhibitions, and many others. His conditioning research was so important that he was nominated four more times in the 1920s for the Nobel Prize, although he did not win a second prize. +Stamps issued: Soviet Union (1949), Romania (1952), Argentina (1959), Sweden (1964), Soviet Union (1969), Hungary (1989), Soviet Union (1991), Cuba (1993), Chad (1997), St. Vincent & the Grenadines (2001), Guinea-Bissau (2005), Sao Tome & Principe (2008), Chad (2010) + +Wilder Graves Penfield (1891-1976). Born in Spokane, Washington, Penfield's career as a neurosurgeon began in the United States, however his most significant years were spent in Canada at McGill University where he was co-founder of the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital. There he developed surgical procedures that allowed him to study brain function in patients who were conscious and under only local anesthesia. The work was designed to eliminate the symptoms of epilepsy but it provided a detailed map of brain functions, identifying brain areas responsible for various sensory and motor functions. His brain maps showing cortical localization, published in the 1950s, are still in use today. +Stamps issued: Canada (1991) + +Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827). Pestalozzi was a Swiss philosopher and educator. His educational philosophy and instructional methods significantly influenced educational practices in many countries and the field of psychology as well, especially educational psychology. He recognized the reality of individual differences and believed that teaching should be tailored to such, including grouping children by ability rather than age. He promoted teacher training. He encouraged active learning, student-generated learning, enriched sensory experiences, and field trips. +Stamps issued: Switzerland (1927), (1946) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a27a8d7a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychologists on postage stamps" +chunk: 5/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Jean Piaget (1896-1980). Piaget was a Swiss psychologist known especially for his stage-theory of children's cognitive development. His doctoral degree was actually in zoology, but his early employment was with a distinguished array of psychologists including Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, and Édouard Claparède. He used methods of investigation that were quite unconventional, including studying his own children. And he emphasized that in-depth questioning of children about their cognitions allowed a fuller understanding of the mental processes involved. His stage theory of cognitive development dominated psychology through much of the 20th century, however more recent work has challenged his views and his research methods. +Stamps issued: Switzerland (1996) + +Philippe Pinel (1745-1826). Pinel was a French physician and social reformer who was in charge of two mental asylums in Paris shortly after the French Revolution, first the Biĉetre and later the Salpêtrière. He was distressed by the treatment of mentally ill patients and argued for more humane measures. He recognized that they were treated more as inmates than patients and that their treatment often involved beatings, isolation for long periods of time, and being kept in chains. As superintendent of these asylums he sought to eliminate such practices and trained his hospital staff in his philosophy of treatment which he called moral therapy. Today a large statue of Pinel stands at the entrance to the grounds of the Salpêtriére. +Stamps issued: France (1958) + +Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787-1869). This Czech anatomist and physiologist is better known among North American and German psychologists as Jan Purkinje. In the 1820s he published two volumes on the physiology of the senses, particularly vision, which would greatly influence the study of perception in psychology. One phenomenon described in this work is now known as the Purkinje Effect or Purkinje Shift, which states that as light intensity decreases (for example in the evening when the sun is setting), red objects are seen to fade faster than blue objects when both are actually at the same brightness. +Stamps issued: Czechoslovakia (1937), (1987) + +== R == +Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1842-1934). A Spanish neuroscientist, Ramon y Cajal's importance for psychology was his synaptic theory of memory, which posited that the growth of new neuron connections in the brain was the basis of the formation of memories. As such, neurons served as information processing sites. His work established what was to be called the neuron doctrine, explaining the link between neurons and synapses in nervous transmission. For this and other contributions to neurophysiology and anatonmy he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906. +Stamps issued: Spain (1934), (1952), Sweden (1966), Cuba (1993) + +Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922). Rorschach is known, of course, for the eponymous inkblots that he published in 1921. Rorschach intended the ambiguous blots to be used in the diagnosis of schizophrenia, but he died of peritonitis the following year at age 37 and his blots found new uses with other clinicians. His inkblots would grow in popularity and usage becoming a major assessment tool for personality studies and for the diagnosis of psychoses. The Rorschach Test is based on the Freudian notion of projection, that is, that the individual, when describing what he/she sees in the blots, will project onto them repressed anxieties and fears that are revealing of the unconscious. The test enjoyed considerable use as a tool of clinical psychology from the 1930s through the 1960s. Yet, research in the 1970s and later would questions its reliability and validity. It is still in use today but a host of other, more objective, methods dominate the assessment field of the 21st century. +Stamps issued: Micronesia (2000) + +== S == +Hans Selye (1907-1982). Selye was an Austrian-Canadian physician known for his work on stress. His General Adaptation Syndrome is described in virtually every introductory psychology textbook. The syndrome is a three-stage process that begins with an alarm phase, followed by a stage of resistance, and, if that is not effective in sufficiently reducing the stress, then the third stage exhaustion and possibly death, will occur. For his work on stress, He was nominated many years for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, but he did not win the Prize. +Stamps issued: Canada (2000) + +Roger Wolcott Sperry (1913-1994). Roger Sperry is often identified as a psychologist. Indeed neuropsychologist is the label that fits him best. His master's degree was in psychology but his doctoral degree was in zoology. However, he did postdoctoral work with psychologist Karl Lashley that importantly shaped his views about brain function. Sperry's most significant work, and certainly his most important work for psychology, was his split brain studies, research that began in 1959. Working with cats, monkeys, and humans, Sperry severed the corpus callosum, the major commissure connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. In humans, these brain surgeries were done to control epilepsy. The effects of the separation of the two halves of the brain should have been catastrophic, but, amazingly, the behavioral changes were often minor and difficult to observe except when using special investigative techniques. Sperry developed these techniques which showed that the two halves of the brain did have some different functions and were not mere duplicates of each other. For this work he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981. +Stamps issued: Sweden (1984) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c95ffba45 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychologists on postage stamps" +chunk: 6/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== W == +Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913). Wallace was a British naturalist who independently arrived at an explanation of evolution by natural selection. Because he knew of Darwin's work on this subject, in 1858 Wallace sent Darwin by mail a brief manuscript of his theory which Darwin recognized as a bare bones statement of his own ideas. Darwin was devastated. He had worked largely in secret on this theory for almost 20 years and now he was about to lose all credit for that work. The full story of this situation is beyond the scope of this entry but many scholarly accounts describe its history and resolution. Wallace would enjoy a career of considerable scientific accomplishment. But he is listed here for his theory of evolution that has greatly impacted psychology as it has so many of the other sciences. +Stamps issued: Sao Tome & Principe (2009), Great Britain (2010) + +Torsten Wiesel (1924 - ). Wiesel is a Swedish neurophysiologist whose collaboration with David Hubel on the cellular structure and function of the visual cortex won them both the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981 (see the earlier entry on David Hubel). +Stamps issued: Sweden (1984) + +== See also == +List of people on stamps of Ireland + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_awards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_awards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a519e7ee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_awards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychology awards" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_awards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:41.751836+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list of psychology awards is an index to articles about notable awards given for work in the fields of psychology, cognitive sciences and psychiatry. + + +== List == + + +== See also == +Lists of awards +Lists of science and technology awards +List of medicine awards + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_journals-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_journals-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c53161bb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_journals-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,246 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychology journals" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_journals" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:01.724824+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list presents a selection of journals in the field of psychology and its branches. + + +== A == +Acta Psychologica +Adaptive Behavior +Adultspan Journal +Aggressive Behavior +Aging and Mental Health +American Behavioral Scientist +American Journal of Psychology +American Psychologist +Annual Review of Clinical Psychology +Annual Review of Psychology +Applied Psychological Measurement +Archives of Scientific Psychology +Archives of Sexual Behavior +Archives of Suicide Research +Asian Journal of Social Psychology +Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology + + +== B == +Basic and Applied Social Psychology +Behavior Therapy +Behavioral and Brain Functions +Behavioral and Brain Sciences +Behavioral Science & Policy +British Journal of Clinical Psychology +British Journal of Developmental Psychology +British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology +British Journal of Psychology +British Journal of Social Psychology + + +== C == +Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science +Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology +Canadian Journal of School Psychology +Canadian Psychology +Cerebral Cortex +Clinical Psychological Science +The Coaching Psychologist +Cognition +Cognitive Development +Cognitive Neuropsychology +Consciousness and Cognition +Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research +Couple and Family Psychology +Cultic Studies Review +Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology +Current Directions in Psychological Science +Clinical Psychology Review + + +== D == +Developmental Psychology +Developmental Science + + +== E == +Ecopsychology +Emotion +Emotion Review +European Journal of Personality +European Journal of Psychology of Education +European Journal of Psychology Open +European Journal of Social Psychology +European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology +European Psychologist +European Review of Social Psychology +Evolution and Human Behavior +Evolutionary Psychology +Experimental Psychology + + +== F == +Families, Systems and Health + + +== G == +Group Processes and Intergroup Relations + + +== H == +Health Psychology + + +== I == +Intellectica +Intelligence +The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion +The International Journal of Aviation Psychology +The International Journal of Psychoanalysis +International Journal of Psychology +International Journal of Stress Management +International Journal of Transgender Health +International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation +International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology + + +== J == +Japanese Psychological Research +Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology +Journal of Abnormal Psychology +Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association +Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis +Journal of Applied Psychology +Journal of Applied Social Psychology +Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience +Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology +Journal of Consciousness Studies +Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology +Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science +Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research +Journal of European Psychology Students +Journal of Economic Psychology +Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior +Journal of Experimental Psychology: General +Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance +Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition +Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition +Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied +Journal of Environmental Psychology +Journal of Experimental Psychopathology +Journal of Happiness Studies +Journal of Health Psychology +Journal of Homosexuality +Journal of Humanistic Psychology +The Journal of Individual Psychology +Journal of Mind and Behavior +Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease +Journal of Neuropsychology +Journal of Nonverbal Behavior +Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology +Journal of Occupational Health Psychology +Journal of Personality and Social Psychology +The Journal of Positive Psychology +The Journal of Psychology +Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology +Journal of Research in Personality +Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy +Journal of Sex Research +Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology +Journal of Vision +Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology + + +== L == +L'Année Psychologique + + +== M == +Mind & Language +Mindfulness +Music Perception + + +== N == +New Ideas in Psychology + + +== P == +Perception +Perceptual and Motor Skills +Personal Relationships +Personality and Individual Differences +Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin +Personality and Social Psychology Review +Perspectives on Psychological Science +Philosophical Psychology +Professional Psychology: Research and Practice +Psyche +Psychological Assessment +Psychological Bulletin +Psychological Inquiry +Psychological Medicine +Psychological Methods +Psychological Reports +Psychological Review +Psychological Science +Psychological Science in the Public Interest +Psychological Studies +Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy +Psychology & Developing Societies +Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice +Psychology in Russia +Psychology of Addictive Behaviors +Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts +Psychology of Men and Masculinity +Psychology of Music +Psychology of Religion and Spirituality +Psychology of Women Quarterly +Psychology, Public Policy, and Law +Psychometrika + + +== Q == +Quality & Quantity +Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology + + +== R == +Review of General Psychology +Review of Philosophy and Psychology + + +== S == +Sex Roles +Social Cognition +Social Psychological and Personality Science +Social Psychology +Social Psychology Quarterly +Spirituality in Clinical Practice +Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology +Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior +Swiss Journal of Psychology + + +== T == +Teaching of Psychology +Theory & Psychology +Trends in Cognitive Sciences + + +== U == +Universitas Psychologica + + +== W == +Work & Stress + + +== External links == +Electronic journals and periodicals in psychology and related fields +The DOAJ list of psychology open access journals \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e086b76e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychology organizations" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:24.134395+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of organizations and societies in psychology. + + +== A == +Academy for Eating Disorders +Academy of Counseling Psychology +Aelation Lifelong Learning Research Council +American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry +American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology +American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law +American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry +American Association of Community Psychiatrists +American Association of Geriatric Psychiatry +American Group Psychotherapy Association +American Psychiatric Association +American Psychiatric Nurses Association +American Psychoanalytic Association +American Psychological Association +Archives of the History of American Psychology +ASC Healthcare +Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy +Association for Behavior Analysis International +Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health +Association for College Psychiatry +Association for Contextual Behavioral Science +Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness +Association for Psychological Science +Association for Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy +Association for Transpersonal Psychology +Association of Black Psychologists +Anxiety and Depression Association of America +Australian Psychological Society +Australian Association of Psychologists Inc +Australian Psychology Accreditation Council + + +== B == +Beat (formerly Eating Disorders Association) +The Behavior Analyst Certification Board +Behavior Genetics Association +Belgian Psychological Association +B. F. Skinner Foundation +British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies +British Psychoanalytical Society +British Psychological Society +Buenos Aires Psychoanalytic Association + + +== C == +Canadian Psychological Association +Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies + + +== D == + + +== E == +Environmental Design Research Association +European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology +European Association of Counselling Psychology +European Federation of Psychologists' Associations (EFPA) +European Federation of Psychology Students' Associations (EFPSA) +European Federation of Psychology Teachers' Associations +European Health Psychology Society +Experimental Psychology Society + + +== F == +FABBS Foundation +Federation of Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences +Finnish Psychological Society + + +== G == +German Psychological Association +Goy Psychological Center + + +== H == +Human Factors and Ergonomics Society +Houston Psychological Association +Hong Kong Association of Doctors in Clinical Psychology (HKADCP) +Hong Kong Psychological Society + + +== I == +Institute of Professional Psychologists +International Association for Analytical Psychology +International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology +International Association for Jungian Studies +International Association of Applied Psychology +International Council of Psychologists +International Early Psychosis Association +International Literature and Psychology Conference +International Psychoanalytic Association +International School Psychology Association +International Society for Comparative Psychology +International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development +International Society for the Study of Individual Differences +International Society for Intelligence Research +International Society for Research on Aggression +International Society of Political Psychology +International Society of the Rorschach and Projective Methods +International Society on Infant Studies +International Transpersonal Association +International Union of Psychological Science +International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health + + +== J == +Jungian Society for Scholarly Studies + + +== K == + + +== L == +LivingWorks, a suicide prevention organization + + +== M == +Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy +Minnesota Association For Children's Mental Health + + +== N == +National Association of School Psychologists +Nigerian Association of Clinical Psychologists +Nigerian Psychological Association +North American Society of Adlerian Psychology + + +== O == +OPIFER, Organizzazione di Psicoanalisti Italiani Federazione e Registro +OUPS, Open University Psychological Society + + +== P == +Plega: Sport Psychology +Psi Chi, National Honor Society in Psychology +Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) +Psychonomic Society +Psychological Society of Ireland +Psychologist's Federation of Venezuela + + +== Q == + + +== R == +Romanian Association for Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies + + +== S == +Singapore Psychological Society +Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy (Division 29 of the American Psychological Association) +Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) +Society for Industrial and Organisational Psychology Australia +Society for Occupational Health Psychology +Society for Personality Assessment +Society for Research in Child Development +Society for Research on Adolescence +Society of Analytical Psychology +Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology +Swedish Psychological Society +Society for Media Psychology and Technology + + +== T == + + +== U == + + +== V == + + +== W == +World Federation for Mental Health + + +== X == + + +== Y == + + +== Z == + + +== See also == +List of schools of psychoanalysis + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f27c9d369 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,307 @@ +--- +title: "List of psychotherapies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:35.862086+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is an alphabetical list of psychotherapies. +This list contains some approaches that may not call themselves a psychotherapy but have a similar aim of improving mental health and well-being through talk and other means of communication. +In the 20th century, a great number of psychotherapies were created. All of these face continuous change in popularity, methods, and effectiveness. Sometimes they are self-administered, either individually, in pairs, small groups or larger groups. However, a professional practitioner will usually use a combination of therapies and approaches, often in a team treatment process that involves reading/talking/reporting to other professional practitioners. +The older established therapies usually have a code of ethics, professional associations, training programs, and so on. The newer and innovative therapies may not yet have established these structures or may not wish to. +This list is a mixture of psychotherapy articles that cover topics at various levels of abstraction, such as theoretical frameworks, specific therapy packages, and individual techniques. + + +== A == +Abreaction therapy +Accelerated experiential dynamic psychotherapy (AEDP) +Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) +Adlerian therapy +Adventure therapy +Analytical psychology +Animal-assisted therapy +Art therapy +Association splitting +Attack therapy +Attachment-based psychotherapy +Attachment-based therapy (children) +Attachment therapy +Autogenic training +Aversion therapy + + +== B == +Behavioral activation +Behavior modification +Behavior therapy +Bibliotherapy +Biodynamic psychotherapy +Bioenergetic analysis +Biofeedback +Body psychotherapy +Bonding psychotherapy +Brainspotting +Brief psychotherapy + + +== C == +Classical Adlerian psychotherapy +Chess therapy +Child psychotherapy +Christian counseling +Clean language +Client-centered psychotherapy +Co-counselling +Cognitive analytic therapy +Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy +Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) +Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) +Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) +Cognitive therapy +Coherence therapy +Collaborative therapy +Compassion-focused therapy (CFT) +Concentrative movement therapy +Contemplative psychotherapy +Contextual therapy +Conversational model +Conversion therapy (pseudoscientific) +Counting method +Couples therapy +Creative music therapy +Cultural family therapy + + +== D == +Dance therapy or dance movement therapy (DMT) +Daseinsanalysis +Decoupling for body-focused repetitive behaviors +Depth psychology +Developmental eclecticism +Developmental needs meeting strategy (DNMS) +Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) +Dignity therapy +Drama therapy +Dreamwork +Dyadic developmental psychotherapy (DDP) +Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy + + +== E == +Eastern Orthodox psychotherapy +Eclectic psychotherapy +Ecological counseling +Ego-state therapy +Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) +Emotional Freedom Techniques, a pseudoscientific therapy +Encounter groups +Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) +Existential therapy +Exposure and response prevention +Exposure therapy +Expressive therapies + + +== F == +Family Constellations +Family therapy +Feminist therapy +Focusing (psychotherapy) +Forensic psychotherapy +Freudian psychotherapy +Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP) +Future-oriented therapy + + +== G == +Gay affirmative psychotherapy +Gestalt therapy +Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy +Grief counseling +Group analysis +Group therapy +Guided affective imagery + + +== H == +Habit reversal training +Hagiotherapy +Hakomi +Heimler method of human social functioning +Hip hop therapy +Holotropic breathwork +Holding therapy +Humanistic psychology +Human givens +Hypnotherapy + + +== I == +Imago therapy +Immersion therapy +Inner Relationship Focusing +Insight-oriented psychotherapy +Institutional psychotherapy +Integral psychotherapy +Integrative body psychotherapy +Integrative psychotherapy +Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy +Internal Family Systems Model +Interpersonal psychoanalysis +Interpersonal psychotherapy +Interpersonal reconstructive therapy +Individual psychotherapy + + +== J == +Journal therapy +Jungian psychotherapy + + +== L == +Logic-based therapy +Logotherapy + + +== M == +Marriage counseling +MDMA-assisted psychotherapy +Milieu therapy +Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy +Mindfulness-based stress reduction +Mentalization-based treatment +Metacognitive therapy +Metacognitive training +Metaphor therapy +Method of levels (MOL) +Mode deactivation therapy (MDT) +Morita therapy +Motivational enhancement therapy +Motivational interviewing +Multimodal therapy +Multiple impact therapy +Multisystemic therapy +Multitheoretical psychotherapy +Music therapy + + +== N == +Narrative exposure therapy +Narrative therapy +Nonviolent Communication +Nordoff–Robbins music therapy +Nouthetic counseling +Nude psychotherapy + + +== O == +Object relations psychotherapy +Online counseling +Orthodox psychotherapy + + +== P == +Parent–child interaction therapy +Parent-infant psychotherapy +Parent management training +Pastoral counseling +Person-centered therapy +Play therapy +Poetry therapy +Positive psychology +Positive psychotherapy +Post-rationalist cognitive therapy +Postural Integration +Primal therapy +Primal Integration +Process oriented psychology +Process psychology +Progressive counting (PC) +Prolonged exposure therapy +Provocative therapy +Psychedelic therapy +Psychoanalysis +Psychodrama +Psychodynamic psychotherapy +Psychosynthesis +Psychotherapy and social action model +Pulsing (bodywork) + + +== R == +Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) +Rational living therapy (RLT) +Reality therapy +Rebirthing-breathwork +Recovered-memory therapy +Re-evaluation counseling +Regulation-focused psychotherapy for children +Reichian therapy +Relationship counseling +Relational-cultural therapy +Reminiscence therapy +Remote therapy +Rogerian psychotherapy +Rolfing + + +== S == +Sandplay therapy +Satitherapy +Schema therapy +School-based family counseling +Sensory integration therapy +Sex therapy +Sexual identity therapy +Sexual trauma therapy +Social therapy +Solution-focused brief therapy +Somatic experiencing +Somatic psychology +Spiritual self-schema therapy +Status dynamic psychotherapy +Strategic family therapy +Structural family therapy +Superhero therapy +Supportive psychotherapy +Systematic desensitization +Systemic therapy + + +== T == +T-groups +Therapeutic community +Thought Field Therapy +Transactional analysis +Transference focused psychotherapy +Transpersonal psychology +Transtheoretical model (TTM or "stages of change") +Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy +Trauma-informed feminist therapy +Trauma systems therapy +Twelve-step programs + + +== V == +Vegetotherapy + + +== W == +Wilderness therapy +Writing therapy + + +== Y == +Yoga for therapeutic purposes + + +== See also == +Clinical behavior analysis +List of cognitive–behavioral therapies +List of counseling topics +List of therapies +Services for mental disorders +Treatment of mental disorders \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry-0.md index f506d77db..d39f69c5b 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:59:58.574449+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:04.357044+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git 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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:59:58.574449+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:04.357044+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science-0.md index fe4a31dfc..691629b11 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:50.751972+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:05.674243+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science-1.md index ed43fe5e6..d073be88b 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:50.751972+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:05.674243+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43e8d1d94 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +--- +title: "List of publications in economics" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:08.133620+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of important publications in economics, organized by field. +Some basic reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important: + +Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic +Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly +Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of economics. + +== Political economy and economics == + +=== The Wealth of Nations === +Adam Smith +An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776. +Read it on Wikisource +Description: The book is usually considered to be the beginning of modern economics. It begins with a discussion of the Industrial Revolution. Later it critiques the mercantilism and a synthesis of the emerging economic thinking of his time. It is best known for the idea of the invisible hand, although this idea is only mentioned once in the book. Smith was critical of the "vile maxim" of the "masters of mankind", all for themselves and nothing for other people. The Butcher, the Baker, and the Brewer provide goods and services to each other out of self-interest; the unplanned result of this division of labor is a better standard of living for all three. +Importance: Topic creator, Breakthrough, Influence, Introduction + +=== Principles of Political Economy and Taxation === +David Ricardo +On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817. +Description: Elaborates, clarifies and corrects previous theories, and adds important new concepts +Importance: Breakthrough, influence (esp on Marx), broadened scientific foundations of economics + +=== Das Kapital === +Karl Marx +Das Kapital, 1867 +Das Kapital on Wikisource +Annotations, Explanations and Clarifications to Capital. +Description: A political-economic treatise by Karl Marx. Marx wrote this critical analysis of capitalism and of the political economy from the perspective of historical materialism, the view that history can be understood as a sequence of modes of production in which exploiting classes extract an economic surplus from exploited classes. +Importance: Breakthrough, Influence + +=== Progress and Poverty === +Henry George +Progress and Poverty, 1879. +Progress and Poverty on Wikisource +Description: Describes how poverty in the midst of plenty results from unequal rights to use natural resources, and declining wages in the face of increasing labor productivity results from the Law of Rent. Advocated Georgism, specifically a land value tax. +Importance: Influence, Breakthrough... + +=== Principles of Economics (Menger) === +Carl Menger, 1871. Principles of Economics, trans. from German, 1981. +Link to German version +Influence: Credited with co-founding of marginal utility analysis and the Austrian School of economics. + +=== Principles of Economics (Marshall) === +Alfred Marshall, 1890. Principles of Economics, 8th ed., 1920. +Influence: Standard text for generations of economics students. + +=== Economics === +Paul A. Samuelson, 1948. Economics: An Introductory Analysis +_____ and William D. Nordhaus Economics, 19th ed. McGraw-Hill. +Importance:: Influential multi-level, best-selling principles textbook that popularized neoclassical synthesis of Keynesian economics and neoclassical economics. + +== Microeconomics == + +=== Value and Capital === +John R. Hicks +Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1939, 1946, 2nd ed. +Description: See Importance. +Importance: The book built on ordinal utility and mainstreamed the now-standard distinction between the substitution effect and the income effect for an individual in demand theory in the 2-good case. It generalized analysis to the case of one good and all other goods, that is, the composite good. It aggregated individuals and businesses through demand and supply across the economy. It anticipated the aggregation problem, most acutely for the stock of capital goods. It introduced general equilibrium theory to an English-speaking audience, refined the theory, and for the first time attempted a rigorous statement of stability conditions for general equilibrium. + +== Macroeconomics == +Among the most important list of publication in macroeconomics are: + +=== General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money === +John Maynard Keynes, General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936 +Description: In this book, Keynes put forward a theory based upon the notion of aggregate demand to explain variations in the overall level of economic activity, such as were observed in the Great Depression. The total income in a society is defined by the sum of consumption and investment; and in a state of unemployment and unused production capacity, one can only enhance employment and total income by first increasing expenditures for either consumption or investment. +Importance: Topic creator, Breakthrough, Influence + +=== A Monetary History of the United States === +Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1963 +Description: Friedman and Schwartz used changes in monetary aggregates to explain business cycle fluctuations in the United States economy. +Importance: Influence + +== Game theory == + +=== Theory of Games and Economic Behavior === +John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern +Princeton University Press, 1944 +Description: The book by the mathematician John von Neumann and economist Oskar Morgenstern. It contained a mathematical theory of economic and social organization, based on a theory of games of strategy. +This is now a classic work, upon which modern-day game theory is based. Game theory has since been widely used to analyze real-world phenomena from arms races to optimal policy choices of presidential candidates, from vaccination policy to major league baseball salary negotiations. It is today established, both throughout the social sciences and in a wide range of other sciences. +Importance: Topic creator, Influence + +== Mathematical economics == + +=== Foundations of Economic Analysis === +Paul A. Samuelson +Harvard University Press (1947, Enlarged ed. 1983) +The book showed how operationally meaningful theorems can be described with a small number of analogous methods, thus providing "a general theory of economic theories." It moved mathematics out of the appendices (as in John R. Hicks's Value and Capital) and helped change how standard economic analysis across subjects could be done with the same mathematical methods. +Importance and Influence: Accelerated change in standard methods + +== Econometrics == + +=== A New Framework for Testing Rationality and Measuring Aggregate Shocks Using Panel Data === +Davies, A. and Lahiri, K. +Journal of Econometrics 68: 205–227, 1995. +Description: +Importance: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab0361711 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +--- +title: "List of publications in economics" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:08.133620+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing === +Granger, Clive William James and Engle, R. F. +Econometrica, 55(2), March, pp. 251–276, 1987. +Description: +Importance: + +=== Handbook of Econometrics === +Griliches, Zvi and Intrigilator, M. D. (eds.) +Handbook of Econometrics, Five volumes (Amsterdam: North-Holland), 1984. +Description: +Importance : + +=== Analysis of Panel Data === +Hsiao, C. +Econometric Society Monograph, 1986. +Description: +Importance: + +=== Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root === +Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A +Journal of the American Statistical Association 74: 427–431, 1979. +Description: Describes the Dickey–Fuller test. +Importance: + +=== The Standard Error of Regressions === +Deirdre McCloskey and Stephen T. Ziliak +Journal of Economic Literature 34: 97–114, 1996. +Description: Emphasizes the difference between statistical significance and economic significance, and shows that the understanding is not clear in a review of papers from The American Economic Review. +Importance: Raised the caution against "asterisk economics" in econometrics to another level. See McCloskey critique. + +=== Policy Evaluation: A Critique === +Lucas, Robert E. Junior +in Brunner, K. and Meltzer, A. H. (eds.) The Phillips Curve and Labour Markets, Journal of Monetary Economics (Supplement), 1(xx), xx, pp. 19–46, 1976. +Description: +Importance: + +== Labor Economics == + +=== Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education === +Gary S. Becker +Chicago (IL), University of Chicago Press, 1964. +Description: Extensive study about the theoretical inclusion and empirical importance of education in production. +Importance: Classic study of how investment in an individual's education and training is similar to business investments. + +=== Schooling, Experience, and Earnings === +Jacob Mincer +Human Behavior & Social Institutions No. 2, ERIC, 1974. +Description: Empirical investigation of the labor market returns to education. +Importance: Popularizing the empirical research in that subfield. Coining the so-called "Mincer equation". + +== Behavioral economics == + +=== Advances in Behavioral Economics === +Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G., and M. Rabin. +Princeton (NJ), Princeton University Press, 2003 +Description: Definitive one-volume resource on the field. +Importance: Introduction + +=== Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases === +Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. +Science 185: 1124–31, 1974 +Description: +Importance: + +=== Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk === +Kahneman, D., and A. Tversky. +Econometrica 47: 263–91, 1979. +Description: In this article, Prospect theory, a descriptive theory of choices under uncertainty, is introduced, bringing together ideas from psychology (framing and probability weighting) and economics (expected utility). +Importance: Topic creator, Breakthrough + +=== Irrational Behavior and Economic Theory === + Becker, G. +Journal of Political Economy 70: 1-13, 1962. +Description: In this paper, Becker demonstrates that neoclassical economic demand curves follow simply from the fact that compensated price changes in the goods available to consumers with fixed budget sets cause corresponding shifts in the consumption opportunity sets of those consumers and thus do not require any assumptions about the rationality of market participants to justify their use. +Importance: Potentially debunks any economic policy or market level analysis implications of the field of behavioral economics. + +== Experimental economics == + +=== Experimental Economics: Rethinking the Rules === +Nicholas Bardsley, Robin Cubitt, Graham Loomes, Peter Moffatt, Chris Starmer & Robert Sugden +Princeton (NJ), Princeton University Press, 2005. +Description: A first structured and methodical survey of economic methods, with a focus on methodology. +Importance: Consolidation of the field, methodological issues. + +=== Behavioral Game Theory === +Camerer, C.F. +Princeton (NJ), Princeton University Press, 2003. +Description: A handbook for advanced experimental and behavioral economics students. +Importance: Introduction + +=== The Handbook of Experimental Economics === +Kagel, J. H. and Roth, A. E. (eds.) +Princeton (NJ), Princeton University Press, 1995. +Description: The most influential experimental economics handbook. +Importance: Introduction, Influence + +== Finance == + +=== Portfolio Theory === +Harry Markowitz +"Portfolio Selection", Journal of Finance, 7 (1), 1952, 77–91. +Description: Development of the utility framework which shows an optimum can be reached using a portfolio of investments. In effect the first real proof that you should not put all your eggs in one basket. +Importance: Precursor to most modern portfolio theory work in finance. + +=== Capital asset pricing model === +William F. Sharpe +"Capital asset prices: A theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk", Journal of Finance, 19 (3), 1964, 425–442 +Description: Development of the capital asset pricing model used to determine appropriate prices for assets. +Importance: Topic creator, Influence + +=== The pricing of options and corporate liabilities === +Fischer Black and Myron Scholes +"The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities" Journal of Political Economy 81, 1973, 637–654. +Description: It developed the Black–Scholes model for determining the price of options, in particular stock options. The use of the Black–Scholes formula has become pervasive in financial markets, and has been extended by numerous refinements. +Importance: Breakthrough, Influence + +== Socioeconomics == + +== Ecological economics == +The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971, Harvard University Press) by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. +Steady-State Economics (2nd edition, 1991, Island Press) by Herman Daly +Natural Capitalism, Paul Hawken +Small Is Beautiful, E.F. Schumacher + +== Consumer theory == +Economics and Consumer Behavior, Deaton & Muellbauer, Cambridge. + +== Production theory == + +== Industrial organization == + +=== The theory of Industrial Organisation === +Tirole, Jean +Description: +Importance: + +=== Sunk costs and industry structure === +Sutton +Description: +Importance: + +== Managerial economics == +Png, Ivan (2002), Managerial Economics, 2nd edition, Malden, MA: Blackwell. +Png, Ivan (2005), Managerial Economics, Asia-Pacific edition, Singapore: Pearson Education Asia. + +== Development economics == +The Theory of Economic Growth (1955) Arthur Lewis +Description: First modern development economics textbook +Importance: Introduction + +Development microeconomics (1999) Pranab Bardhan and Christopher Udry, Oxford +Description: Widely used textbook. +Importance: Introduction + +Development macroeconomics – Pierre-Richard Agénor and Peter J. Montiel. +Description: Widely used textbook. +Importance: Introduction + +Development Economics through the Decades: A Critical Look at 30 Years of the World Development Report (2009) – Shahid Yusuf. +Description: examines the last 30 years of development economics, viewed through the World Bank's World Development Reports. + +The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for our time (2005) Jeffrey Sachs + +== Welfare economics == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51aaf1896 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +title: "List of publications in economics" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:08.133620+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== The Economics of Welfare === +Arthur Cecil Pigou +The Economics of Welfare, 4th ed. 1932 +Description: Pigou was one of the most influential economists that dealt with Welfare economics. He developed the idea of Pigovian tax. +Importance: Topic creator, breakthrough, influence + +=== Collective Choice and Social Welfare === +Amartya Sen +Collective Choice and Social Welfare, 1970 +Description: Inspired renewed interest in basic welfare issues, mentioned in Sen's Nobel citation +Importance: Influence + +== Health economics == + +=== Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care === +Kenneth Arrow +American Economic Review 53(5): 941–973, 1963 +Description: Explores the "specific differentia of medical care as the object of normative economics", demonstrating that the consideration of uncertainty is key to understanding markets in health care. +Importance: Generally considered a seminal work of enduring significance; key to the foundation of health economics as a field of study. + +=== The Economics of Health and Health Care === +Folland S., Goodman AC. and Stano M. +(4th edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. +Description: The standard health economics textbook in most leading universities. It assumes some background knowledge in economics. +Importance: Introduction. + +=== Handbook of Health Economics === +Culyer AJ. and Newhouse JP. (Eds) Volumes 1A and 1B. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2000. +Culyer AJ., McGuire TG. and Barros PP. (Eds) Volume 2. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2011. +Description: The most comprehensive available collection of essays on contemporary health economics. Advanced readers will appreciate its mathematical rigor. Those who are seeking research or dissertation topics should find this two-volume set to be an invaluable resource. + +== Institutional economics == + +Veblen, Thorstein (1994) [1899]. The Theory of the Leisure Class. Penguin twentieth-century classics. Introduction by Robert Lekachman. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-018795-3. OCLC 31212002. +— (1978) [1904]. The Theory of Business Enterprise. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books. ISBN 0-87855-699-0. +Berle, Adolf A.; Means, Gardiner C. (1991) [1932]. The modern corporation and private property. With a new introduction by Murray L. Weidenbaum and Mark Jensen (4th print ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88738-887-3. +Galbraith, John Kenneth (1998) [1958]. The Affluent Society (40th anniversary ed.). Boston, Mass: A Mariner Book. ISBN 978-0-395-92500-3. +Galbraith, John Kenneth (2007) [1967]. The New Industrial State. With a new foreword by James K. Galbraith (1st Princeton ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13141-2. + +== Law and economics == + +Posner, Richard A. "Economic Analysis of Law." (1973) + +== References == + +== External links == +UTS working paper series +Some essays in economics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-0.md index f235c93a2..a0ec63bc9 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/10 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:32.440767+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:10.821694+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-1.md index ea94fc112..38c7c74fe 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/10 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:32.440767+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:10.821694+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-2.md index 571ea42fb..4b852c7a1 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/10 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:32.440767+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:10.821694+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git 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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:32.440767+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:10.821694+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-5.md index 439f57d66..59e4e630a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-5.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-5.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 6/10 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:32.440767+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:10.821694+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-6.md index c41582c22..b0466ed58 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-6.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-6.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 7/10 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:32.440767+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:10.821694+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-7.md index 9a20e5b90..ee6a87809 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-7.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-7.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 8/10 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:32.440767+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:10.821694+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-8.md index 593f2604e..3bfb08443 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-8.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-8.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 9/10 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:32.440767+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:10.821694+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-9.md index acb512e2d..2f6c8e85f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-9.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-9.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 10/10 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:32.440767+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:10.821694+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_medicine-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_medicine-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a11c8069 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_medicine-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +--- +title: "List of publications in medicine" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:12.091496+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list of publications in medicine, is organized by field. +Some reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important: + +Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic +Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly +Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of medicine. +The definitive bibliographic source of books and articles demonstrating the history of medicine and identifying the first publications in the field is "Garrison and Morton". (Morton, Leslie T. (Leslie Thomas), Morton's medical bibliography : an annotated check-list of texts illustrating the history of medicine (Garrison and Morton). -- 5th ed. / edited by Jeremy M. Norman. -- Aldershot, Hants, England ; Brookfield, Vt., USA : Scolar Press, Gower, c1991. xxiv, 1243 p. ISBN 978-0-85967-897-1.) It is also available electronically, for a fee. + + +== Foundations == +De Materia Medica + +Author: Pedanius Dioscorides +Publication data: De Materia Medica, 50–70 +Online version: Online version of first volume +Description: This five-volume work was a precursor to all modern pharmacopeias. In fact, it remained in use until the 16th century, though with some additional commentary and additions from Arabian and Indian sources. +Importance: Topic creator, Breakthrough, Impact +The Canon of Medicine + +Author: Avicenna (Ibn Sina) +Publication data: The Canon of Medicine, 1025 +Description: This fourteen-volume medical encyclopedia was the first of its kind and remained the most popular medical textbook in both Europe and the Islamic world up until the 17th century and continued to be in use as late as the 19th century. Among other things, the book is known for the discovery of contagious diseases, and the introduction of experimental medicine, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, efficacy tests, and clinical pharmacology. The work is considered one of the most famous books in the history of medicine. +Importance: Topic creator, Breakthrough, Impact +Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus + +Author: William Harvey +Publication data: 1628 +Description: The work in which Harvey explained the circulation of the blood. +Importance: Breakthrough, Impact +The Principles and Practice of Medicine: Designed for the Use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine + +Author: William Osler +Publication data: +Online version: +Description: First published in 1892 while Osler was Professor of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University, this textbook was, in its time, translated into French, German, Russian, Portuguese, Spanish and Chinese. It became the most significant medical textbook of the next 40 years. +Importance: Impact + + +== Recent studies == +Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observation on male British doctors + +Authors: R. Doll, R. Peto, J. Boreham, I. Sutherland +Publication data: BMJ 2004;328:1519–33. +Description: This is the British doctors study. A prospective cohort study which ran from 1951 to 2001, and in 1956 provided convincing statistical evidence that tobacco smoking increases the risk of lung cancer. +Importance: Impact +Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study + +Authors: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. +Publication data: Lancet 1994;344:1383–1389 +Description: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (also known under the abbreviation 4S) is a multicenter clinical trial that was performed in the 1990s in Scandinavia. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of a cholesterol-lowering drug called simvastatin on mortality and morbidity in group of 4444 patients with coronary heart disease, aged between 35 and 70 years. The patients presented with moderate hypercholesterolemia between 5.5 and 8.0 mmol/L. The results of the trial showed that simvastatin had a lowering effect on mortality and morbidity of patients with coronary heart disease. +Importance: Impact +Heart Protection Study + +Authors: Medical Research Council +Online version: Research site +Description: The Heart Protection Study is a large randomized controlled trial by the Medical Research Council (MRC) in the United Kingdom. It studies the use of statin (simvastatin 40 mg) medication and vitamin supplementation (vitamin E, vitamin C and beta carotene) in patients that are at risk for cardiovascular disease. +Importance: Impact + + +== Publications in medicine by field == + + +=== Cardiology === +Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction + +Authors: Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. +Publication data: N Engl J Med. 2002 Mar 21;346(12):877-83. Epub 2002 Mar 19. (MADIT 2) +Description: This study shows that anyone with coronary heart disease and decreased ejection fraction should receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. +Importance: Impact + + +=== Endocrinology === +Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus + +Author: Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campbell WR, Fletcher AA +Publication data: Canadian Medical Association Journal 1922;12:141-146. +Online version: Online version +Description: Banting and Best proved the existence of the hypothetical pancreatic substance termed "insulin" by Sharpey-Schafer. +Importance: Topic creator, Breakthrough, Impact +Diabetes mellitus: its differentiation into insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types. + +Author: Himsworth HP +Publication data: Lancet 1936;i:127-130. +Online version: +Description: Himsworth noted that there are two main types of diabetes, the insulin-depleted (type 1) and the insulin-resistant form (type 2). Insulin resistance is a term and concept of his coinage. +Importance: Breakthrough, Impact + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_physics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_physics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c2f21031 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_physics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "List of publications in physics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_physics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:14.698215+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of publications in physics, organized by type. + + +== General audience == +List of books on popular physics concepts + + +== Textbooks == +List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics +List of textbooks in electromagnetism +List of textbooks on relativity +List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics + + +== Bibliographies by author == +Max Born +Albert Einstein +John von Neumann +Emmy Noether + + +== Journals == +List of physics journals +List of fluid mechanics journals +List of materials science journals +List of mathematical physics journals \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-0.md index 6ffd5a2a1..5641f1f9e 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:17:17.689706+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:38.489811+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-1.md index d3dba5c59..62c9313fe 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:17:17.689706+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:38.489811+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-2.md index db608e2e8..b1011bb82 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_statistics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:17:17.689706+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:38.489811+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quantum-mechanical_systems_with_analytical_solutions-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quantum-mechanical_systems_with_analytical_solutions-0.md index e8b3c00f8..c7ac2bde7 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quantum-mechanical_systems_with_analytical_solutions-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quantum-mechanical_systems_with_analytical_solutions-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quantum-mechanical_systems_with_analytical_solutions" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:10:27.984435+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:13.558981+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85e1ca0d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "List of quasiparticles" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:14.869296+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of quasiparticles and collective excitations used in condensed matter physics. + + +== List == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_refractive_indices-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_refractive_indices-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..135cc6516 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_refractive_indices-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "List of refractive indices" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_refractive_indices" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:16.149064+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Most of the materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices often depend strongly upon the frequency of light, causing optical dispersion. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at the "yellow doublet" sodium D line, with a wavelength (λ) of 589 nanometers. +There are also weaker dependencies on temperature, pressure/stress, etc., as well on precise material compositions (presence of dopants, etc.); for many materials and typical conditions, however, these variations are at the percent level or less. Thus, it's especially important to cite the source for an index measurement if precision is required. +In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with both a real and imaginary part, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength—thus, the imaginary part is sometimes called the extinction coefficient + + + + k + + + {\displaystyle k} + +. Such losses become particularly significant, for example, in metals at short (e.g. visible) wavelengths, and must be included in any description of the refractive index. + + +== List == + + +== See also == +Sellmeier equation +Corrective lens#Ophthalmic material property tables +Optical properties of water and ice + + +== References == + + +== External links == +International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam +Ioffe institute, Russian Federation +Crystran, United Kingdom +Jena University, Germany +Hyperphysics list of refractive indices +Luxpop: Index of refraction values and photonics calculations +Kaye and Laby Online Provided by the National Physical Laboratory, UK +List of Refractive Indices of Solvents \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f9c662f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "List of research stations in the Arctic" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:25.954162+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A number of governments maintain permanent research stations in the Arctic. Also known as Arctic bases, polar stations or ice stations, these bases are widely distributed across the northern polar region of Earth. +Historically few research stations have been permanent. Most of them were temporary, being abandoned after the completion of the project or owing to lack of funding to continue the research. Some of these were military or listening posts created as a result of the proximity of the U.S. and Soviet Union to each other's landmass across the polar region. +Ice stations are constructed on land or on ice that rests on land, while others are drifting ice stations built on the sea ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean. + + +== Research stations == + + +=== Drifting ice stations === + + +== In fiction == +Ice Station Zebra (novel), by Alistair MacLean +Ice Station Zebra (1968 film) +Ice Station Zebra a song by Jack White on Boarding House Reach +Ice Station, by Matthew Reilly +Ice Station -- Impossible!, an episode of The Venture Bros. +Ice Station Santa, an episode of Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space + + +== Gallery == + + +== See also == +List of Arctic research programs +Research stations in Antarctica +List of northernmost settlements +Winter-over syndrome +Barneo, one-month tourist ice camp annual since 2002 + + +== References == + + +== External links == + + Media related to Scientific stations in the Arctic at Wikimedia Commons +A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution +Centre d'études nordiques (CEN) +Russian Arctic Weather Stations - Julie Stephenson \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scattering_experiments-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scattering_experiments-0.md index b459c0dac..2d540350d 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scattering_experiments-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scattering_experiments-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scattering_experiments" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:00:07.070283+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:17.333764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scholarly_publishing_stings-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scholarly_publishing_stings-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4de66b165 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scholarly_publishing_stings-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "List of scholarly publishing stings" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scholarly_publishing_stings" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:18.817224+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of scholarly publishing "sting operations" such as the Sokal affair. These are nonsense papers that were accepted by an academic journal or academic conference; the list does not include cases of scientific misconduct. The intent of such publications is typically to expose shortcomings in a journal's peer review process or to criticize the standards of pay-to-publish journals. The ethics of academic stings are disputed, with some arguing that it is morally equivalent to other forms of fraud. + + +== Notable examples == + + +== Financial stings == +The definition of a 'sting' can also include a researcher failing to pay publication fees. + + +== See also == +List of animals with fraudulent diplomas +List of hoaxes +List of religious hoaxes +List of scientific misconduct incidents +Predatory open-access publishing +Parody science + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_for_quantitative_psychology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_for_quantitative_psychology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a2bfc22a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_for_quantitative_psychology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "List of schools for quantitative psychology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_for_quantitative_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:39.635041+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a nonexhaustive list of schools that offer degrees in quantitative psychology or related fields such as psychometrics or research methodology. Programs are typically offered in departments of psychology, educational psychology, or human development. Various organizations, including the American Psychological Association's Division 5, the Canadian Psychological Association, the National Council for Measurement in Education, and the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology have compiled lists of programs. + + +== Graduate degree programs == + + +=== Structure === +Records are listed alphabetically by university in descending order. Within a given university, records are sorted by degree (doctorate, then master's). Inclusion criteria are described on the talk page. + +University section +University – The university listed is the primary institution/organization which grants the degree. The link provided links to the Wikipedia page for the university. +Department – The department listed is the primary department which grants the degree. The link provided links to the department's website. +Program section +Terminal degree – This is the final degree granted to the student within that degree track. Many doctoral programs in the US have joint MA/Ph.D programs. Those degrees are listed within the same record under the final degree granted (e.g., Doctorate of Philosophy). The link provided directs to the description of the degree. +Program – This is the name of the degree program. The link typically directs to the degree requirements. Many times the Terminal Degree page and the Program page are the same. +Specialty – This subsection identifies various tracks within a degree program. Not all programs have this level of specialty. If applicable, the link directs to the primary page detailing the specialization requirements. +Faculty – This section lists the tenured/tenure-track faculty currently listed on the program's website with a primary appointment. Emeritus professors are excluded from this list. +Source – The source lists the academic organization which identified the program as a quantitative program. Multiple organizations can be listed. See the talk page for more details. + + +=== List of formal degrees === + + +=== Select minors and certificates in quantitative methods === +Ball State University +University of California, Riverside +Kent State University +Michigan State University +New York University +Ohio State University +Washington State University +Texas Christian University +Virginia Tech + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd4c30082 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +--- +title: "List of schools of psychoanalysis" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:41.159388+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of schools of psychoanalysis. + + +== International schools and organizations == +International Federation of Psychoanalytic Societies (IFPS) +École Européenne de Psychanalyse (EEP) (Europe) +International Psychoanalytical Association (founded 1910) +La Nueva Escuela Lacaniana (NEL) (Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia and Miami) +World Association of Psychoanalysis (founded 1992) +School of Psychoanalysis of the Forums of the Lacanian Field (IF-EPFCL) +Federation of the European Schools of Psychoanalysis (FESP) +International Association for Relational Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy + + +== Argentina == +Fundación Descartes +Escuela de la Orientación Lacaniana +Asociación de Psicoanálisis de La Plata (La Plata) +Foro Analítico del Río de la Plata (Buenos Aires) + + +== Belgium == +New Lacanian School (NLS) (Brussels) + + +== Brazil == +Escola Brasileira de Psicanalise (EBP) +Escola de Psicanálise dos Fóruns do Campo Lacaniano (EPFCL) +Sociedade Brasileira de Psicanálise Integrativa (SBPI) +Associação Brasileira de Psicanálise Insight +Sociedade Paulista de Psicanálise +Instituto Paulista de Psicanálise +Escola Letra Freudiana (ELF) +Associação Brasileira de Filosofia e Psicanálise (ABRAFP) +Escola Freudiana de Formação em Psicanalítica (EFFP) +Escola Lacaniana de Formação Psicanalítica (ELFP) +Sociedade Brasileira de Psicanálise Lacaniana (SBPL) + + +== Canada == +Institute for the Advancement of Self Psychology (IASP) +Toronto Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis (TICP) +Toronto Psychoanalytic Society and Institute (TPS) +The Western Branch Canadian Psychoanalytic Society (WBCPS) + + +== Chile == +Sociedad Chilena de Psicoanálisis-ICHPA + + +== England == +The Institute of Psychoanalysis +Tavistock Society of Psychotherapists + + +== France == +Association Psychanalytique de France +École Freudienne de Paris (1964–1980) +École de la Cause Freudienne (ECF) (Paris) +École Lacanienne de Psychanalyse +Société psychanalytique de Paris +Société psychanalytique de recherche et de formation (SPRF) + + +== Iran == +Hamava Institute (Tehran) + + +== Italy == +Scuola Lacaniana di Psicoanalisi del Campo Freudiano (Rome) +Scuola di psicoanalisi dei Forums del Campo lacaniano + + +== Lebanon == +Lebanese Association for the Development of Psychoanalysis (ALDeP) + + +== Mexico == +École Lacanienne de Psychanalyse + + +== Norway == +Institutt for Psykoterapi +Norsk Psykoanalytisk Institutt + + +== Peru == +Nueva Escuela Lacaniana del Campo Freudiano (NEL) (Lima) + + +== Portugal == +Portuguese Psychoanalytical Society + + +== Spain == +Escuela Lacaniana de Psicoanálisis del Campo Freudiano (Barcelona) +Escuela de Psicoanálisis de los Foros del Campo lacaniano + + +== Sweden == +Svenska psykoanalytiska institutet (Stockholm) + + +== Switzerland == +Institut International de Psychanalyse et de Psychothérapie Charles Baudouin (Geneva) + + +== United States == + +Academy of Clinical and Applied Psychoanalysis +American Institute for Psychoanalysis +Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis (founded 1973) +Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute (founded 1931) +California Graduate Institute (founded 1968) +Center for Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis of New Jersey https://cppnj.org +Center for Modern Psychoanalytic Studies +Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis (founded 1932) +Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research +Chicago Center for Psychoanalysis (founded 1984) https://www.ccpsa.org/ +Denver Institute for Psychoanalysis (founded 1969) +Emory University Emory University Psychoanalytic Institute +International Psychotherapy Institute +Institute for Contemporary Psychotherapy, New York, NY (founded 1971)[1] +Institute for the Psychoanalytic Study of Subjectivity +Institute of Contemporary Psychoanalysis, Los Angeles +Institute of Contemporary Psychotherapy + Psychoanalysis, Washington, DC +Massachusetts Institute for Psychoanalysis (founded 1987) +Menninger Foundation (founded 1919) +National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis (founded 1948) +New Center for Psychoanalysis in Los Angeles, founded 2005 from merger of the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society and Institute (LAPSI, founded 1946) and the Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute and Society (SCPIS, founded 1950) +New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute (founded 1911) +New York University Postdoctoral Program in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis +Newport Psychoanalytic Institute +Psychoanalytic Center of Philadelphia (PCOP) +Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Study Center, New York, NY +San Diego Psychoanalytic Center (SDPC), founded in 1973 as the San Diego Psychoanalytic Society and Institute +San Francisco Psychoanalytic Society and Institute (founded 1942) +St. Louis Psychoanalytic Institute +Western New England Institute for Psychoanalysis (founded 1952) +William Alanson White Institute (founded 1946) + + +== Turkey == +Institute of the Istanbul Psychoanalytical Association. IPA Component Society +Institute of the PSIKE Istanbul Psychoanalytical Assoc.for Training R&D. IPA Component Society +Forum du Champ lacanien de Turquie. EPFCL Member + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb1e3d968 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +--- +title: "List of scientific journals" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:20.146790+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a partial list of scientific journals. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past. The list given here is far from exhaustive, only containing some of the most influential, currently publishing journals in each field. As a rule of thumb, each field should be represented by fewer than ten positions, chosen by their impact factors and other ratings. +Note: there are many science magazines that are not scientific journals, including Scientific American, New Scientist, Australasian Science and others. They are not listed here. +For periodicals in the social sciences and humanities, see list of social science journals. + + +== General and multidisciplinary science == + + +== Basic and physical sciences == + + +=== Archaeology === + + +=== Astronomy and astrophysics === + + +=== Chemistry === + + +=== Earth and atmospheric sciences === + + +=== Materials science === + + +=== Mechanics === + +Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics +Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis + + +=== Physics === + + +== Life sciences == + + +=== Biology in general === + + +=== Agriculture === + + +=== Bioinformatics === +See List of bioinformatics journals + + +=== Biophysics and biochemistry === + + +=== Botany === + + +=== Chronobiology === +Chronobiology International + + +=== Development === + + +=== Ecology === + + +=== Forestry === + + +=== Genetics === + + +=== Husbandry === +Rangifer + + +=== Immunology === + + +=== Neuroscience === + + +=== Veterinary medicine === + + +=== Zoology === + + +== Engineering == + + +=== Environmental engineering === + + +=== Mechanical engineering === + + +=== Computer science === + + +=== Robotics and automation === + + +== Mathematics == + + +=== General mathematics === + + +=== Statistics === + + +== Medicine and health care == + + +=== Public health === + + +=== Nursing === + + +=== Nutrition and food science === + + +=== Psychiatry === + + +== Other fields == + + +=== Energy === + + +=== Forensic science === + + +=== Physical education === +African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance + + +=== Social science === + + +== See also == +List of academic databases and search engines +List of academic journals +List of science magazines of popular and non peer-reviewed kind +List of open access journals +Lists of academic journals \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..622e71300 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:18.603189+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Albert Einstein (1879–1955) was a renowned theoretical physicist of the 20th century, best known for his special and general theories of relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially by his treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made seminal contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon. +Einstein's writings, including his scientific publications, have been digitized and released on the Internet with English translations by a consortium of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Princeton University Press, and the California Institute of Technology, called the Einstein Papers Project. +Einstein's scientific publications are listed below in four tables: journal articles, book chapters, books and authorized translations. Each publication is indexed in the first column by its number in Schilpp's bibliography in the book Albert Einstein: Philosopher–Scientist (pp. 694–730), which Schilpp edited, and by its article number in Einstein's Collected Papers. Complete references for these two bibliographies may be found below in the Bibliography section. The Schilpp numbers are used for cross-referencing in the Notes (the final column of each table), since they cover a greater time period of Einstein's life at present. The English translations of titles are generally taken from the published volumes of the Collected Papers. For some publications, however, such official translations are not available; unofficial translations are indicated with a § superscript. Collaborative works by Einstein are highlighted in lavender, with the co-authors provided in the final column of the table. +There were also five volumes of Einstein's Collected Papers (volumes 1, 5, 8–10) that are devoted to his correspondence, much of which is concerned with scientific questions, but were never prepared for publication. + +== Chronology and major themes == + +The following chronology of Einstein's scientific discoveries provides a context for the publications listed below, and clarifies the major themes running through his work. Einstein's scientific career can be broadly divided into two periods. During the first period (from 1901 to 1933), Einstein published mainly in German-language journals, notably the Annalen der Physik, and, after becoming a professional physicist, worked at various German-speaking institutions in Europe, including the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. Following his permanent relocation to the United States in 1933, Einstein spent most of his time at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, where he remained till his death in 1955. During the second period, Einstein submitted his papers in English to North American journals, such as the Physical Review. +Einstein first gained fame among physicists for the papers he submitted in 1905, his annus mirabilis or miraculous year in physics. His epochal contributions during this phase of his career stemmed from a single problem, the fluctuations of a delicately suspended mirror inside a radiation cavity. It led him to examine the nature of light, the statistical mechanics of fluctuations, and the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Many of Einstein's breakthroughs were made possible in part by his willingness to cross the borderlines of the disciplines of physics. More generally, one of Einstein's key motivations during his entire career was the search for a unified foundation for physics and the resolutions of inconsistencies. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b26c86174 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +--- +title: "List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:18.603189+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== The first period (1901–1933) === +From 1901 to 1904, Einstein submitted his first scientific papers, dealing with problems in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. His first few papers convinced him of the limitations of a purely thermodynamic approach, whereupon he turned to statistical mechanics as a path towards a deeper understanding of thermodynamics, and established for himself a number of key results such as the canonical distribution, the equipartition of energy, and the statistical interpretations of entropy and temperature. He was only somewhat cognizant of the Lectures on Gas Theory by Ludwig Boltzmann and completely unaware of the Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics by Josiah Willard Gibbs. In 1905, Einstein proposed that the existence of light quanta—dubbed photons by chemist Gilbert Lewis in 1926—could explain the photoelectric effect. He treated electromagnetic radiation as a gas and applied thermodynamic reasoning in his "heuristic" treatment, arguing that the energy + + + + E + + + {\displaystyle E} + + of a photon is given by Planck's relation, + + + + E + = + h + ν + + + {\displaystyle E=h\nu } + +, where + + + + h + + + {\displaystyle h} + + is a new constant of nature (the Planck constant), and + + + + ν + + + {\displaystyle \nu } + + (nu) is the frequency of the photon. Whereas Max Planck had introduced the quantum hypothesis as merely a mathematical trick to obtain the correct description of blackbody radiation (Planck's law), Einstein considered it to be an aspect of physical reality. Robert Millikan set out to disprove the existence of quanta by experiment, but, to his surprise, found himself vindicating Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect using the quantum hypothesis, earning them both Nobel Prizes in Physics. In one of his 1905 calculations, Einstein also used, but did not justify or explain, the equation + + + + E + = + p + c + + + {\displaystyle E=pc} + +, where + + + + p + + + {\displaystyle p} + + is the momentum of the photon and + + + + c + + + {\displaystyle c} + + is the speed of light in vacuum. In 1909, Einstein employed his expertise in statistical mechanics to argue that the photon carries momentum as well as energy and that electromagnetic radiation must have both particle-like and wave-like properties if Planck's law of blackbody radiation holds; this was a forerunner of the principle of wave–particle duality. In a 1914 paper, Einstein showed that Planck's law of black-body radiation could be obtained by treating photons as if they were gas molecules. In 1905, to avoid getting into a dispute with his supervisor, Alfred Kleiner, Einstein selected a fairly conventional problem to tackle for his doctoral dissertation, namely, the determination of molecular dimensions using classical hydrodynamics. Such calculations had already been done using gases. But Einstein was the first to successfully solve the problem using liquids. Einstein obtained a respectable estimate for the Avogadro constant, after incorporating better experimental data. Einstein received his doctorate in January 1906 from the University of Zurich. Einstein's doctoral dissertation remains one of his most cited papers ever, with applications in various engineering disciplines, such as concrete mixing and dairy production. In 1905, in the month following his dissertation, Einstein published his theory of Brownian motion, named after botanist Robert Brown, in terms of fluctuations in the number of molecular collisions with an object. He realized that while it was impossible to measure the mean velocity of a Brownian particle, he could make progress by focusing on the displacement. He showed that the mean displacement a grain of pollen suspended in a liquid traveled from its starting point was proportional to the square root of the time elapsed and determined Avogadro's number in a new way, whence followed Boltzmann's constant. Einstein's work showed that Brownian motion, a kind of random walk, was related to the phenomenon of diffusion. A few weeks earlier, he had derived the Einstein relation for diffusion, which was the first example of the general fluctuation–dissipation theorem and gave an estimate of Avogadro's constant. Within months, Einstein's description of Brownian motion was experimentally verified by Henry Siedentopf. The strikingly visual nature of Einstein work assured scientists of the reality of atoms, and was a victory for statistical mechanics. Jean Perrin and his collaborators used Einstein's theoretical work on Brownian motion to experimentally determine Avogadro's number with greater accuracy. In 1905, Einstein developed his special theory of relativity, which resolved the inconsistency between Galilean relativity of motion and the observed constancy of the speed of light (a paradox of 19th-century physics), which, like the existence of light quanta, was another point of contention between Newtonian mechanics and Maxwellian electrodynamics. Special relativity is now considered a foundation of modern physics. Its counterintuitive predictions that moving clocks run more slowly, that moving objects are shortened in their direction of motion, and that the order of events is not absolute have been confirmed experimentally. With special relativity, Einstein rendered the notion of the luminiferous ether obsolete, the same conclusion as the Michelson–Morley experiment of 1887. In 1905, Einstein concluded that "The mass of a body is a measure of its energy content." In modern form, the equation he wrote down was + + + + E + = + m + + c + + 2 + + + + + {\displaystyle E=mc^{2}} + +, where + + + + E + + + {\displaystyle E} + + is the energy of an object, + + + + m + + + {\displaystyle m} + + is the mass of that object, and + + + + c + + + {\displaystyle c} + + is the speed of light in vacuum. He suggested that "bodies whose energy contents is variable to a high degree, e.g. salts of radium" be used to test his new equation. Einstein's mass–energy equivalence was later verified by studying mass defect in atomic nuclei. The energy released in nuclear reactions—which is essential for nuclear power and nuclear weapons—can be estimated from such mass defects. Einstein subsequently gave many other derivations of this relation, fearing that he had not been rigorous enough. In 1907 and again in 1911, Einstein developed the first quantum theory of specific heats of a solid by generalizing Planck's relation. His theory resolved a paradox of 19th-century physics that specific heats were often smaller than could be explained by the equipartition of energy. His work was also the first to show that Planck's relation, + + + + E + = + h + ν + + + {\displaystyle E=h\nu } + +, was a fundamental law of physics, and not merely special to blackbody radiation. Experiments carried out to verify the predictions of Einstein's model of solids led to the development of new refrigeration technologies, low-temperature physics, and the discovery of the third law of thermodynamics by Walther Nernst. Einstein's formula for specific heats worked well at higher temperatures, reproducing the rule of Dulong and Petit, but faltered at extremely low temperatures. Einstein himself realized that this was he had assumed that all atoms on a solid vibrated at the same frequency. Peter Debye relaxed this assumption in his model, as did Max Born and Theodore von Kármán in their periodic boundary condition, and were able to produce results that agreed better with experiments at low temperatures. Between 1907 and 1916, Einstein developed the general theory of relativity, a classical field theory of gravitation that provides the cornerstone for modern astrophysics and cosmology. He began with the recognition of the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass as something truly fundamental. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..358e23c1b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:18.603189+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +He concluded that gravity is due to the curvature of spacetime and reasoned that because all massive objects fall under the influence of gravity at the same acceleration, known since the time of Galileo Galilei, such paths must be the shortest paths or geodesics in spacetime. Spacetime is thus a four-dimensional manifold. Einstein's collaborator during the early development of general relativity was his friend and former classmate at what is now the ETH Zurich, Marcel Grossmann, who taught Einstein the absolute differential geometry developed by Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro and Tullio Levi-Civita for expressing the equations of physics in a manner independent of coordinate choice. Armed with the new gravitational field equations, Einstein correctly calculated the perihelion of Mercury, not accounted for by Newton's law of universal gravitation, and was able to address the issue of momentum and energy conservation in a special case of the 1918 theorem proven by Emmy Noether, linking symmetries with conserved quantities. Einstein outpaced his competitor David Hilbert in deriving the final field equations, which Hilbert acknowledged to be Einstein's. General relativity makes a number of surprising predictions, such as the bending of light by gravity, that matter affects the flow of time, the stretching or redshift of light due to gravity, and frame dragging. Einstein briefly returned to the topic of "cosmic lenses" in 1936 and showed that gravitating bodies could magnify the incoming light from distant objects. The principle of equivalence and these predictions have stood up to empirical tests. On the other hand, while Einstein was highly skeptical that black holes could exist, publishing a paper in 1939 explaining his view, evidence accumulated since the 1960s thanks to advances in observational astronomy, such as radio telescopes, suggests that they do. Einstein's successful scientific application of the absolute differential calculus, which he renamed tensor analysis in 1916, stimulated further interest in the subject, previously studied only by a small number of mathematicians. Between 1914 and 1915, Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas published a series papers on their experiments showing that a change in the magnetic moment of a free body caused this body to rotate. The Einstein-de Haas effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum and is a demonstration of quantum spin, not yet understood at the time. Einstein and de Haas argued that their results supported the hypothesis by André-Marie Ampère that "molecular currents" were responsible for the field of a magnet, essentially suggesting the existence of the electron. In 1916, Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves. However, this paper was full of errors and misconceptions. He corrected most of these in another paper published in 1918, but his formula for the energy flux radiated by a slow-moving source was still off by a factor of two. Arthur Stanley Eddington later noticed and corrected the error. Einstein returned to the problem in 1936 with his assistant, Nathan Rosen, arguing that gravitational waves did not exist. An anonymous reviewer commented that they had misunderstood the nature of the coordinates they were using. Einstein and Rosen resolved his issue and reached the opposite conclusion, exhibiting an exact solution to the Einstein field equations, the Einstein–Rosen metric, describing cylindrical gravitational waves. Gravitational waves have been detected by observing the Hulse–Taylor pulsar and directly by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO). Further analyses of gravitational waves have eliminated a number of alternatives to general relativity. In 1917, Einstein presented the semi-classical Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method for computing the eigenvalues of a quantum-mechanical system. An improvement of the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization condition, it allows for the solution of a variety of problems. The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom is a simple example, but the EBK method also gives accurate predictions for more complicated systems, such as the dinuclear cations H2+ and HeH2+. Einstein's invariant quantization condition led Louis de Broglie to his discovery of matter waves and Erwin Schrödinger to his differential equation. In 1917, Einstein began the scientific study of cosmology. In order to ensure that his field equations predict a static universe, as was commonly thought at the time, Einstein introduced the cosmological constant + + + + Λ + + + {\displaystyle \Lambda } + + (capital lambda). In the early 1930s, upon learning of Edwin Hubble's confirmation of the expansion of the universe, Einstein retracted + + + + Λ + + + {\displaystyle \Lambda } + +. The current understanding is that + + + + Λ + + + {\displaystyle \Lambda } + + is non-zero. As Steven Weinberg explained, "it was not easy to just drop the cosmological constant, because anything that contributes to the energy density of the vacuum acts just like a cosmological constant." +In 1918, Einstein developed a general theory of the process by which atoms emit and absorb electromagnetic radiation (the Einstein coefficients), which is the basis of lasers (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) and shaped the development of modern quantum electrodynamics, the best-validated physical theory at present. In 1924, Einstein read a paper from Satyendra Nath Bose deriving Planck's law using a new statistical method for photons. He developed the idea further into the Bose–Einstein statistics and applied it to ensembles of particles with mass, such as atoms, and predicted the Bose–Einstein condensates, a new state of matter. The Bose–Einstein condensation was first achieved in 1995 by Carl Edwin Wieman and Eric Allin Cornell using rubidium-87. Since then, the Bose–Einstein condensation has also been achieved using other materials, such as liquid helium-4, which becomes a superfluid at temperatures below 2.17 K. Bose and Einstein's papers are seminal contributions to quantum statistical mechanics, which form the basis for superfluidity, superconductivity, and other phenomena. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26527a3b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:18.603189+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== The second period (1933–1955) === +In 1935, together with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, Einstein put forward what is now known as the EPR paradox. Einstein and his colleagues argued that the quantum-mechanical wave function must be an incomplete description of the physical world, and that there could be "hidden variables" not accounted for in standard quantum mechanics. This paper describes the phenomenon of quantum entanglement, a term coined by Erwin Schrödinger in a paper published in the same year in which Schrödinger states his cat paradox. It is Einstein's most controversial paper, and the most important one he published after migrating to the U.S. In 1951, David Bohm reformulated the original thought experiment in terms of spin and in 1964, John Stewart Bell proposed experiments to test the inequalities he derived. A variety of experiments conducted since the 1970s with ever improving reliability have demonstrated the reality of quantum entanglement and disproven Einstein's notion of local realism. +In 1935, Einstein and Rosen proposed the Einstein–Rosen bridge, a hypothetical tunnel connecting different regions of the same universe, in order to resolve the difficulties associated with singularities, such as the ones in the Schwarzschild solution, the central singularity and the one on the surface of the black hole (the event horizon). However, subsequent research demonstrated that the event horizon was a coordinate singularity, not a physical one. (It can be removed by the Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates or the Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates.) Moreover, John Archibald Wheeler and Robert Works Fuller showed in 1962 that this hypothetical structure, also known as a wormhole, was unstable and would collapse before even photons could pass through. Today, the wormhole remains a plot device in science fiction for space and time travel, and a tool for teaching general relativity. +In the final thirty years of his life, Einstein explored whether various classical unified field theories could account for both electromagnetism and gravitation and, possibly, quantum mechanics using increasingly sophisticated mathematics, such as distant parallelism. He was joined by a handful of researchers, notably Hermann Weyl, Wolfgang Pauli, Theodor Kaluza, and Oskar Klein. However, their efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, since those theories did not match experimental results. All other attempts to modify or generalize Riemannian geometry in order construct a framework encompassing both electromagnetic and gravitational interactions have also failed. One topic Einstein briefly pursued was the Kaluza–Klein theory. However, he and his colleagues later abandoned it because it was in sharp disagreement with empirical data. It predicted the wrong mass for the electron by a factor of 1018. Nor has evidence for higher spatial dimensions ever been found. + +== Journal articles == +Most of Einstein's original scientific work appeared as journal articles. Articles on which Einstein collaborated with other scientists are highlighted in lavender, with the co-authors listed in the "Classification and notes" column. These are the total of 272 scientific articles. + +== Book chapters == +With the exception of publication #288, the following book chapters were written by Einstein; he had no co-authors. Given that most of the chapters are already in English, the English translations are not given their own columns, but are provided in parentheses after the original title; this helps the table to fit within the margins of the page. These are the total of 31. + +== Books == +The following books were written by Einstein. With the exception of publication #278, he had no co-authors. These are the total of 16 books. + +== Authorized translations == +The following translations of his work were authorized by Einstein. + +== See also == + +Albert Einstein Archives +Einstein Papers Project +History of special relativity +History of general relativity +History of the Big Bang theory +History of quantum mechanics +History of thermodynamics +Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity + +== Footnotes == + +== References == +Many of the following references are drawn from Abraham Pais' biography of Albert Einstein, Subtle is the Lord; see the Bibliography for a complete reference. + +== Bibliography == + +== External links == + +(in German) List of Scientific Publications of Albert Einstein from 1901–1922 Archived May 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine from the Einstein website +Einstein Papers Project at the California Institute of Technology +Einstein Archives Online at Hebrew University +Einstein's publications on BibNetWiki +Einstein in all formats, essay by Eric Crahan at Princeton University Press, March 12, 2026. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f31f9690e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ +--- +title: "List of social psychologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:43.767652+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of academicians, both past and present, who are widely renowned for their groundbreaking contributions to the field of social psychology. + + +== A == +Dominic Abrams +Lauren Alloy +Icek Ajzen +Floyd Allport +Gordon Allport +Irwin Altman +Craig A. Anderson +Norman H. Anderson +Michael Argyle +Elliot Aronson +Solomon Asch +Berit Ås + + +== B == +Anna Costanza Baldry +Mahzarin Banaji +Albert Bandura - Canadian psychologist known for social learning theory (or social cognitive theory) and self efficacy +John Bargh - known for having several priming experiments that failed subsequent attempts at direct replication +Robert A. Baron +Daniel Batson +Martin Bauer +Roy Baumeister +Howard Becker +Daryl Bem - proposed self-perception theory of attitude change, competitor to Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory +Ellen S. Berscheid +Michael Billig +Hart Blanton +Marilynn Brewer +Roger Brown +Brad Bushman + + +== C == +John Cacioppo +Donald T. Campbell +Tijuana L. Canders +Merrill Carlsmith +Nicholas Christenfeld +Robert Cialdini - known for his research on influence processes +Ronald L. Cohen +Peter T. Coleman +Terri Conley +Stuart W. Cook +Charles Horton Cooley +Nora Cortiñas +William Crano + + +== D == +James M. Dabbs, Jr. +John M. Darley +Shai Davidai +Edward L. Deci - co-founder of Self-Determination Theory +Morton Deutsch +Ed Diener +Carol Dweck + + +== E == +Phoebe C. Ellsworth +Jennifer Eberhardt + + +== F == +Steven Fein +Leon Festinger - originator of cognitive dissonance theory and social comparison theory +Susan Fiske +Erich Fromm + + +== G == +Stanley O. Gaines +Laszlo Garai - developed theory of social identity as mediating factor +George Gaskell +Bertram Gawronski +Kenneth Gergen +Daniel Gilbert +Thomas Gilovich - psychologist and key figure in behavioral economics +Erving Goffman +Mirta González Suárez +John Gottman - researcher known for his work in identifying relationship behaviors that predict relationships' future quality and stability +Anthony Greenwald - creator of the Implicit Association Test +Jaber F. Gubrium - everyday life; narrative ethnography; organizational embeddedness + + +== H == +Jonathan Haidt +Rom Harré +Elaine Hatfield +Fritz Heider +Miles Hewstone +E. Tory Higgins - motivation, regulatory focus theory, regulatory engagement theory, regulatory mode +Hilde Himmelweit +Geert Hofstede +Michael Hogg - social identity theory +Carl Hovland + + +== I == + + +== J == +Irving Janis - known for his landmark research on the concept of "groupthink" +Edward E. Jones - co-authored the first paper on what was later called fundamental attribution error; known for researching actor-observer bias +Sandra Jovchelovitch +Charles Hubbard Judd + + +== K == +Daniel Kahneman +Tim Kasser +Saul Kassin +Harold Kelley +George Kelly +Herbert Kelman +Arie Kruglanski +Ziva Kunda + + +== L == +Bibb Latané - initiated research on bystander intervention in emergencies (with John Darley), social loafing (with Kip Williams), and Dynamic Social Impact Theory (with Andrzej Nowak) +Mark Leary +Gustave Le Bon +Mark Lepper +Becca Levy +Kurt Lewin - often called "the father of social psychology"; one of the first researchers to study group dynamics and organizational development + + +== M == +Eleanor Maccoby +Ivana Markova +Hazel Rose Markus +Everett Dean Martin +Francis T. McAndrew +David McClelland +Joseph E. McGrath - group dynamics researcher +George Herbert Mead - American philosopher (pragmatist), sociologist, and psychologist; a founder of social psychology; founder of symbolic interactionism +Stanley Milgram - performed famous experiment that demonstrated people's excessive willingness to obey authority figures +Walter Mischel - among the first to promote a situationist view of personality +Abraham Moles - one of the first to establish and analyze links between aesthetics and information theory +Serge Moscovici +Gordon Moskowitz +David Myers (psychologist) + + +== N == +David Nadler +Theodore Newcomb +Richard Nisbett +Mary Louise Northway +Andrzej Nowak + + +== O == +Richard Ofshe +Tom Ostrom + + +== P == +Ian Parker +James W. Pennebaker +Richard E. Petty +Anthony Pratkanis +Tom Pyszczynski +Ivan Pavlov + + +== R == +Wilhelm Reich - mass psychology +Steve Reicher +Harry Reis +Max Ringelmann +Robert Rosenthal - Pygmalion effect +Lee Ross - performed pioneering research on the fundamental attribution error +Zick Rubin - author of the first empirical measurement of love +Richard M. Ryan - co-founder of Self-Determination Theory +Richard M. Ryckman + + +== S == +Stanley Schachter +Gunter Schmidt +Norbert Schwarz - known for his work on metacognitive experiences and survey methodology +David P. Schmitt +Martin Seligman +Claire Selltiz +Muzafer Sherif +Boris Sidis - groundbreaking work on the psychology of suggestion, dissociative identity disorder, psychopathology, and genius +Volkmar Sigusch +Linda Skitka +Diederik Stapel - founder of the Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research, later suspended from Tilburg University for fabricating and manipulating data +Claude Steele - known for his groundbreaking work on stereotype threat and for introducing self-affirmation theory +William Swann - known for developing self-verification theory + + +== T == +Henri Tajfel +Jeffrey S. Tanaka +Gabriel Tarde +Carol Tavris +Shelley Taylor +John Thibaut - first editor of JESP, known for Interdependence Theory from "The Social Psychology of Groups" +Norman Triplett - widely credited with the first published study in the field of social psychology, with his work on social facilitation +Bruce Tuckman +John C. Turner +Amos Tversky + + +== W == +Daniel Wegner +Karl Weick +Kipling Williams +Glenn D Wilson +Timothy Wilson +Robert S. Wyer - social cognition and information processing +Wendy Wood + + +== Z == +Robert Zajonc - first academic to study the mere exposure effect +Mark Zanna +Philip Zimbardo - known for conducting the Stanford prison experiment + + +== See also == +List of psychologists +List of sociologists + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychology_theories-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychology_theories-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..701706216 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychology_theories-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "List of social psychology theories" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychology_theories" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:44.988117+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Social psychology utilizes a wide range of specific theories for various kinds of social and cognitive phenomena. Here is a sampling of some of the more influential theories that can be found in this branch of psychology. + +Attribution theory – is concerned with the ways in which people explain (or attribute) the behaviour of others. The theory divides the way people attribute causes to events into two types. External or "situational" attributions assign causality to an outside factor, such as the weather. Internal or "dispositional" attributions assign causality to factors within the person, such as ability or personality. +Cognitive dissonance – was originally based on the concept of cognitive consistency, but is now more related to self-concept theory. When people do something that violates their view of themselves, this causes an uncomfortable state of dissonance that motivates a change in either attitudes or behaviour (Festinger, 1957). +Drive theory – posits that the presence of an audience causes arousal which creates dominant or typical responses in the context of the situation. +Elaboration likelihood model – maintains that information processing, often in the case of a persuasion attempt can be divided into two separate processes based on the "likelihood of cognitive elaborations," that is, whether people think critically about the content of a message, or respond to superficial aspects of the message and other immediate cues. +Motivation crowding theory – suggests that extrinsic motivators such as monetary incentives or punishments can undermine (or, under different conditions, strengthen) intrinsic motivation. +Observational learning (social learning) – suggests that behaviour can be acquired by observation and imitation of others, unlike traditional learning theories which require reinforcement or punishment for learning to occur. +Positioning theory – focuses on the moral orders that occur in conversations as a result of the interplay between the speech-acts uttered, the positions taken and the developing story-line. +Schemata theory – focuses on "schemas" which are cognitive structures that organize knowledge and guide information processing. They take the form of generalized beliefs that can operate automatically and lead to biases in perception and memory. +Self-determination theory – is an organismic theory of behavior and personality development that is particularly concerned with how social-contextual factors support or thwart people's intrinsic motivation, social integration, and well-being through the respective satisfaction or deprivation of posited basic psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness +Self-perception theory – emphasizes that we observe ourselves in the same manner that we observe others, and draw conclusions about our likes and dislikes. Extrinsic self perceptions can lead to the over-justification effect. +Self-verification theory – focuses on people’s desire to be known and understood by others. The key assumption is that once people develop firmly held beliefs about themselves, they come to prefer that others see them as they see themselves. +Social comparison theory – suggests that humans gain information about themselves, and make inferences that are relevant to self-esteem, by comparison to relevant others. +Social exchange theory – is an economic social theory that assumes human relationships are based on rational choice and cost-benefit analyses. If one partner's costs begin to outweigh his or her benefits, that person may leave the relationship, especially if there are good alternatives available. +Social identity theory – was developed by Henri Tajfel and examines how categorizing people (including oneself) into ingroups or outgroups affects perceptions, attitudes, and behavior. +Social representation theory - was developed by Serge Moscovici and concerns the character of the shared beliefs and practices that typify any collective. +Social penetration theory – proposes that, as relationships develop, interpersonal communication moves from relatively shallow, non-intimate levels to deeper, more intimate ones. The theory was formulated by psychologists Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor in 1973 to provide an understanding of the closeness between two individuals. +Socioemotional selectivity theory – posits that as people age and their perceived time left in life decreases, they shift from focusing on information seeking goals to focusing on emotional goals. +System justification theory – proposes that people have a motivation to defend and bolster the status quo, in order to continue believing that their social, political, and economic systems are legitimate and just. +Terror management theory – suggests that human mortality causes existential dread and terror, and that much of human behavior exists as a buffer against this dread (e.g., self-esteem and worldviews). +Triangular theory of love – by Sternberg, characterizes love in an interpersonal relationship on three different scales: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Different stages and types of love can be categorized by different combinations of these three elements. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soil_scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soil_scientists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c660fe1d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soil_scientists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of soil scientists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soil_scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:32.769451+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A soil scientist is a contributor to soil science. Soil scientists include agronomists, pedologists and soil classifiers. +The following is a list of notable soil scientists. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_associations-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_associations-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dc66183d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_associations-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +--- +title: "List of state soil science associations" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_associations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:35.374032+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a comprehensive list of state-level professional soil science associations in the United States. There is a US Consortium of Soil Science Associations that strives to increase work, communication and corporation between these associations and other soil scientist associations.lun + + +== Associations == + + +=== A === +Alabama - Professional Soil Classifiers Association of Alabama +Alaska/Yukon Society of Professional Soil Scientists +Arizona +Arkansas Association of Professional Soil Classifiers + + +=== C === +California - Professional Soil Scientists Association of California +Colorado +Connecticut - Society of Soil Scientists of Southern New England + + +=== D === +Delaware + + +=== F === +Florida Association of Environmental Soil Scientists + + +=== G === +Georgia - Soil Science Society of Georgia + + +=== H === +Hawaii + + +=== I === +Idaho Soil Scientists Association +Illinois Soil Classifiers Association +Indiana Association of Professional Soil Classifiers +Iowa Association of Professional Soil Classifiers + + +=== K === +Kansas Association of Professional Soil Classifiers +Kentucky Association of Soil Classifiers + + +=== L === +Louisiana + + +=== M === +Maine Maine Association of Professional Soil Scientists +Maryland Maryland Association of Professional Soil Scientists +Massachusetts - Society of Soil Scientists of Southern New England +Michigan - Soil Classifiers Association of Michigan +Minnesota Association of Professional Soil Scientists +Mississippi - Professional Soil Classifiers Association of Mississippi +Missouri Association of Professional Soil Scientists +Montana - none found + + +=== N === +Nebraska Association of Professional Soil Scientists +Nevada +New Hampshire Association of Natural Resource Scientists +New Jersey +New Mexico Association of Professional Soil Scientists +New York - Empire State (New York) Pedologists +North Carolina - Soil Science Society of North Carolina +North Dakota - Professional Soil Classifiers Association of North Dakota + + +=== O === +Ohio - Association of Ohio Pedologists +Oklahoma Professional Soil Science Association of Oklahoma +Oregon Soil Science Society + + +=== P === +Pennsylvania Association of Professional Soil Scientists + + +=== R === +Rhode Island - Society of Soil Scientists of Southern New England + + +=== S === +South Carolina Professional Soil Classifiers +South Dakota Professional Soil Scientists Association of South Dakota + + +=== T === +Tennessee- Soil Scientists' Association of Tennessee +Texas Professional Soil Scientists of Texas Association + + +=== U === +Utah Society of Soil Scientists + + +=== V === +Vermont +Virginia Virginia Association of Professional Soil Scientists + + +=== W === +Washington Society of Professional Soil Scientists +West Virginia Association of Professional Soil Scientists +Wisconsin Society of Professional Soil Scientists +Wyoming + + +== See also == +National Cooperative Soil Survey + + +== References == +United States Consortium of Soil Science Associations \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_licensing_boards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_licensing_boards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b92d0dc5b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_licensing_boards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "List of state soil science licensing boards" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_licensing_boards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:36.639134+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a complete list of soil science licensing boards in the United States. State licensing in this context refers to any state regulatory program which limits the professional practice of soil science within state jurisdiction to individuals qualified by the state. +Registration and certification of professional soil scientists required by law is treated as licensure in the context of this list even when the term licensing is not utilized provided that the state uses that registration or certification to restrict professional practice of soil science. + + +== State Licensing Programs == +Alabama Board of Registration for Professional Soil Classifiers +Arkansas Board of Registration for Professional Soil Classifiers +Delaware +Georgia Licensing Board for Professional Soil Scientists +Indiana Indiana Registry of Soil Scientists +Maine Board Of Certification For Geologists and Soil Scientists +Minnesota Board of AELSLAGID +Mississippi Bureau of Plant Industry Performs functions similar to a state licensing board. +New Hampshire Board of Certification for Natural Scientists +North Carolina Board for Licensing Soil Scientists +North Dakota Board of Registration for Professional Soil Scientists +South Carolina Soil Classifiers Advisory Council Performs functions similar to a state licensing board. +Tennessee +Texas Board of Professional Geoscientists +Virginia Board for Professional Soil Scientists and Wetland Professionals +Wisconsin Soil Science Section, Joint Board of Professional Geologists, Hydrologists and Soil Scientists + + +== See also == +Soil Science Society of America + + +== External links == +Steps to Achieving Licensing in Your State (pdf) +United States Consortium of Soil Science Associations Soil Science Licensing Questionnaire (MSWord) and Survey Results 2002 +National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists Article: Requirements for Licensed Soil Scientists: State-by-State Comparisons 2004 + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..990220180 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "List of states of matter" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:21.027768+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Matter organizes into various phases or states of matter depending on its constituents and external factors like pressure and temperature. Except at extreme temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Complex molecules can also form various mesophases such as liquid crystals, which are intermediate between the liquid and solid phases. At high temperatures or strong electromagnetic fields, atoms become ionized, forming plasma. +At low temperatures, the electrons of solid materials can also organize into various electronic phases of matter, such as the superconducting state, with vanishing resistivity. Magnetic states such as ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism can also be regarded as phases of matter in which the electronic and nuclear spins organize into different patterns. Such states of matter are studied in condensed matter physics. +In extreme conditions found in some stars and in the early universe, atoms break into their constituents and matter exists as some form of degenerate matter or quark matter. Such states of matter are studied in high-energy physics. +In the 20th century, increased understanding of the properties of matter resulted in the identification of many states of matter. This list includes some notable examples. + +== Low-energy states == + +=== Classical states === +Solid: A solid holds a definite shape and volume without the need of a container. The particles are held very close to each other. +Amorphous solid: A solid in which there is no far-range order of the positions of the atoms. +Crystalline solid: A solid in which atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in regular order. +Quasicrystal: A solid in which the positions of the atoms have long-range order, but this is not in a repeating pattern. +Semicrystalline: A solid state in complex organic chemistry where molecules are packed in a regular order but have substantial local disorder. +Different structural phases of polymorphic materials are considered to be different states of matter in the Landau theory. For an example, see Ice § Phases. +Liquid: A mostly non-compressible fluid. Able to conform to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. +Gas: A compressible fluid. Not only will a gas take the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container. +Mesomorphic states: States of matter intermediate between solid and liquid. +Plastic crystal: A molecular solid with long-range positional order but with constituent molecules retaining rotational freedom. +Liquid crystal: Properties intermediate between liquids and crystals. Generally, able to flow like a liquid but exhibiting long-range orientational order. +Supercritical fluid: A fluid with properties intermediate of liquids and gases. At sufficiently high temperatures and pressures, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears, resulting in supercritical fluids. +Plasma: Unlike gases, which are composed of neutral atoms, plasma contains a significant number of free electrons and ionized atoms. It may self-generate magnetic fields and electric currents and responds strongly and collectively to electromagnetic forces. + +=== Condensates, superfluids and superconductors === +Bose–Einstein condensate: A phase in which a large number of bosons all inhabit the same quantum state, in effect becoming one single wave/particle. This is a low-energy phase that can only be formed in laboratory conditions and at very low temperatures. It must be close to absolute zero. Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein predicted the existence of such a state in the 1920s, but it was not observed until 1995 by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman. +Fermionic condensate: Similar to the Bose-Einstein condensate but composed of fermions, also known as Fermi-Dirac condensate. The Pauli exclusion principle prevents fermions from entering the same quantum state, but a pair of fermions can be bound to each other and behave like a boson, and two or more such pairs can occupy quantum states of a given total momentum without restriction. +Superconductor: Material produced from a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain substances when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. Superconductivity is the ground state of many elemental metals. Superconductors come in multiple varieties: +Conventional superconductor: A superconductor described by the BCS theory with a singlet order parameter. +Unconventional superconductor: A superconductor which breaks additional symmetries. For example, d-wave or triplet superconductor, or a Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov superconductor. +Ferromagnetic superconductor: Materials that display intrinsic coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity. +Charge-4e superconductor: A proposed state in which electrons are not bound as Cooper pairs but as quadruplets of electrons. +Superfluid: A phase achieved by a few cryogenic liquids at extreme temperature at which they become able to flow without friction. A superfluid can flow up the side of an open container and down the outside. Placing a superfluid in a spinning container will result in quantized vortices. +Supersolid: similar to a superfluid, a supersolid can move without friction but retains a rigid shape. +Superglass: amorphous supersolid. + +=== Magnetic states === +Ferromagnetism: A state of matter with spontaneous magnetization. +Antiferromagnetism: A state of matter in which the neighboring spin are antiparallel with each other, and there is no net magnetization. +Ferrimagnetism: A state in which local moments partially cancel. +Altermagnetism: A state with zero net magnetization and spin-split electronic bands. +Spin-density wave: An ordered state in which spin density is periodically modulated. +Helimagnetism: A state with spatially rotating magnetic order. +Spin glass: A magnetic state characterized by randomness. +Quantum spin liquid: A disordered state in a system of interacting quantum spins which preserves its disorder to very low temperatures, unlike other disordered states. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4748cf3d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +--- +title: "List of states of matter" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:21.027768+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Electronically ordered states === +Ferroelectricity: A state of matter with spontaneous electric polarization. +Antiferroelectricity: A state of matter in which the adjacent electric dipoles point in opposite directions. +Charge ordering: Charge ordering is a (first- or second-order) phase transition occurring mostly in strongly correlated materials such as transition metal oxides or organic conductors. Due to the strong interaction between electrons, charges are localized on different sites leading to a disproportionation and an ordered superlattice. It appears in different patterns ranging from vertical to horizontal stripes to a checkerboard–like pattern [1][2], and it is not limited to the two-dimensional case. The charge order transition is accompanied by symmetry breaking and may lead to ferroelectricity. It is often found in close proximity to superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. +Charge density wave: An ordered state in which charge density is periodically modulated. + +=== Topological states of matter === +Quantum Hall state: A topological state of matter with quantized Hall resistance. +Fractional quantum Hall state: A state with fractionally charged quasiparticles. Hall resistance is quantized to fractional multiples of resistance quantum. +Quantum spin Hall state: a theoretical phase that may pave the way for the development of electronic devices that dissipate less energy and generate less heat. This is a derivative of the quantum Hall state of matter. +Quantum anomalous Hall state: A state which has a quantized Hall resistance even in the absence of external magnetic field. +Topological insulator: a material whose interior behaves as an electrical insulator while its surface behaves as an electrical conductor. +Fractional Chern insulator: A generalization of fractional quantum Hall state to electrons on a lattice. +Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless state: A 2D state with unbound vortex-antivortex pairs. +String-net liquid: Atoms in this state have unstable arrangements, like a liquid, but are still consistent in the overall pattern, like a solid. +Topological semimetals: +Weyl semimetal +Dirac semimetal +Topological superconductor + +=== Classification by conductivity === +Metallic and insulating states of materials can be considered as several different quantum phases of matter connected by a metal-insulator transition. Materials can be classified by the structure of their Fermi surface and zero-temperature dc conductivity as follows: + +Metal: +Fermi liquid: a metal with well-defined quasiparticle states at the Fermi surface. +Non-Fermi liquid: Various metallic states with unconventional properties. +Insulator +Band insulator: A material that is insulating due to a band gap in its electronic spectrum +Mott insulator: A material that is insulating due to interactions between electrons. +Anderson insulator: A material that is insulating due to disorder-induced interference effects. +Charge-transfer insulators + +=== Miscellaneous states === +Time crystals: A state of matter where an object can have movement even at its lowest energy state. +Hidden states of matter: Phases that are unattainable or do not exist in thermal equilibrium, but can be induced e.g. by photoexcitation. +Microphase separation: Constituent units forming diverse phases while also keeping united. +Chain-melted state: Metals, such as potassium, at high temperature and pressure, present properties of both a solid and liquid. +Wigner crystal: a crystalline phase of low-density electrons. +Hexatic state, a state of matter that is between the solid and the isotropic liquid phases in two dimensional systems of particles. +Ferroics +Ferroelastic state, a phenomenon in which a material may exhibit a spontaneous strain. +Photon molecule: Photons which are connected with each other, attracted by apparent mass while mediating energy transfer. + +== High-energy states == +Degenerate matter: Matter under very high pressure, supported by the Pauli exclusion principle. +Electron-degenerate matter: Found inside white dwarf stars. Electrons remain bound to atoms but can transfer to adjacent atoms. +Neutron-degenerate matter: Found in neutron stars. Vast gravitational pressure compresses atoms so strongly that the electrons are forced to combine with protons via inverse beta decay, resulting in a super dense conglomeration of neutrons. (Normally free neutrons outside an atomic nucleus will decay with a half-life of just under fifteen minutes, but in a neutron star, as in the nucleus of an atom, other effects stabilize the neutrons.) +Strange matter: A type of quark matter that may exist inside some neutron stars close to the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (approximately 2–3 solar masses). May be stable at lower energy states once formed. +Quark matter: Hypothetical phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons +Color-glass condensate +Color superconductivity +Quark–gluon plasma: A phase in which quarks become free and able to move independently (rather than being perpetually bound into particles, or bound to each other in a quantum lock where exerting force adds energy and eventually solidifies into another quark) in an ocean of gluons (subatomic particles that transmit the strong force that binds quarks together). May be briefly attainable in particle accelerators, or possibly inside neutron stars. +For up to 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang, the energy density of the universe was so high that the four forces of nature – strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational – are thought to have been unified into one single force. The state of matter at this time is unknown. As the universe expanded, the temperature and density dropped and the gravitational force separated, a process called symmetry breaking. + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cfbb4211 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +--- +title: "List of statistical software" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:42.042794+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of statistical software. + +== Open-source == + +ADaMSoft – a generalized statistical software with data mining algorithms and methods for data management +ADMB – a software suite for non-linear statistical modeling based on C++ which uses automatic differentiation +Chronux – for neurobiological time series data +DAP – free replacement for SAS +Environment for DeveLoping KDD-Applications Supported by Index-Structures (ELKI) a software framework for developing data mining algorithms in Java +Epi Info – statistical software for epidemiology developed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Apache 2 licensed +Fityk – nonlinear regression software (GUI and command line) +GNU Octave – programming language very similar to MATLAB with statistical features +gretl – gnu regression, econometrics and time-series library +intrinsic Noise Analyzer (iNA) – For analyzing intrinsic fluctuations in biochemical systems +jamovi – A free GUI and library for R +JASP – A free software alternative to IBM SPSS Statistics with additional option for Bayesian methods +JMulTi – For econometric analysis, specialised in univariate and multivariate time series analysis +Just another Gibbs sampler (JAGS) – a program for analyzing Bayesian hierarchical models using Markov chain Monte Carlo developed by Martyn Plummer. It is similar to WinBUGS +KNIME – An open source analytics platform built with Java and Eclipse using modular data pipeline workflows +LabPlot – A free and open-source, cross-platform computer program for interactive scientific plotting, curve fitting, nonlinear regression, data processing and data analysis +LIBSVM – C++ support vector machine libraries +mlpack – open-source library for machine learning, exploits C++ language features to provide maximum performance and flexibility while providing a simple and consistent application programming interface (API) +Mondrian – data analysis tool using interactive statistical graphics with a link to R +Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox – Matlab toolbox for data-mining of neurophysiological biomarkers +OpenBUGS +OpenEpi – A web-based, open-source, operating-independent series of programs for use in epidemiology and statistics based on JavaScript and HTML +OpenMx – A package for structural equation modeling running in R (programming language) +OpenNN – A software library written in the programming language C++ which implements neural networks, a main area of deep learning research +Orange, a data mining, machine learning, and bioinformatics software +Pandas – High-performance computing (HPC) data structures and data analysis tools for Python in Python and Cython (statsmodels, scikit-learn) +Perl Data Language – Scientific computing with Perl +Ploticus – software for generating a variety of graphs from raw data +PSPP – A free software alternative to IBM SPSS Statistics +R – free implementation of the S (programming language) +Programming with Big Data in R (pbdR) – a series of R packages enhanced by SPMD parallelism for big data analysis +R Commander – GUI interface for R +Rattle GUI – GUI interface for R +Revolution Analytics – production-grade software for the enterprise big data analytics +RStudio – GUI interface and development environment for R +ROOT – an open-source C++ system for data storage, processing and analysis, developed by CERN and used to find the Higgs boson +Salstat – menu-driven statistics software +Scilab – uses GPL-compatible CeCILL license +SciPy – Python library for scientific computing that contains the stats sub-package which is partly based on the venerable |STAT (a.k.a. PipeStat, formerly UNIX|STAT) software +scikit-learn – extends SciPy with a host of machine learning models (classification, clustering, regression, etc.) +Shogun (toolbox) – open-source, large-scale machine learning toolbox that provides several SVM (Support Vector Machine) implementations (like libSVM, SVMlight) under a common framework and interfaces to Octave, MATLAB, Python, R +Simfit – simulation, curve fitting, statistics, and plotting +SOCR +SOFA Statistics – desktop GUI program focused on ease of use, learn as you go, and beautiful output +Stan (software) – open-source package for obtaining Bayesian inference using the No-U-Turn sampler, a variant of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. It is somewhat like BUGS, but with a different language for expressing models and a different sampler for sampling from their posteriors +Statistical Lab – R-based and focusing on educational purposes +TOPCAT (software) – interactive graphical analysis and manipulation package for astronomers that understands FITS, VOTable and CDF formats. +Torch (machine learning) – a deep learning software library written in Lua (programming language) +Weka (machine learning) – a suite of machine learning software written at the University of Waikato + +== Public domain == +CSPro (core is public domain but without publicly available source code; the web UI has been open sourced under Apache version 2 and the help system under GPL version 3) +Dataplot (NIST) +X-13ARIMA-SEATS (public domain in the United States only; outside of the United States is under US government copyright) + +== Freeware == +BV4.1 +GeoDA +MINUIT +WinBUGS – Bayesian analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods +Winpepi – package of statistical programs for epidemiologists \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47dae2fd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +--- +title: "List of statistical software" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:42.042794+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Proprietary == +Alteryx – analytics platform with drag and drop statistical models; R and Python integration +Analytica – visual analytics and statistics package +Angoss – products KnowledgeSEEKER and KnowledgeSTUDIO incorporate several data mining algorithms +ASReml – for restricted maximum likelihood analyses +BMDP – general statistics package +DataGraph – online statistical software +DB Lytix – 800+ in-database models +EViews – for econometric analysis +FAME (database) – a system for managing time-series databases +GAUSS – programming language for statistics +Genedata – software for integration and interpretation of experimental data in the life science R&D +GenStat – general statistics package +GLIM – early package for fitting generalized linear models +GraphPad InStat – very simple with much guidance and explanations +GraphPad Prism – biostatistics and nonlinear regression with clear explanations +Igor Pro - programming language with statistical features and numerical analysis +IMSL Numerical Libraries – software library with statistical algorithms +JMP – visual analysis and statistics package +LIMDEP – comprehensive statistics and econometrics package +LISREL – statistics package used in structural equation modeling +Maple – programming language with statistical features +Mathematica – a software package with statistical particularly ŋ features +MATLAB – programming language with statistical features +MedCalc – for biomedical sciences +Microfit – econometrics package, time series +Minitab – general statistics package +MLwiN – multilevel models (free to UK academics) +NAG Numerical Library – comprehensive math and statistics library +NCSS – general statistics package +Neural Designer – commercial deep learning package +NLOGIT – comprehensive statistics and econometrics package +nQuery Sample Size Software – Sample Size and Power Analysis Software +O-Matrix – programming language +OriginPro – statistics and graphing, programming access to NAG library +PASS Sample Size Software (PASS) – power and sample size software from NCSS +Plotly – plotting library and styling interface for analyzing data and creating browser-based graphs. Available for R, Python, MATLAB, Julia, and Perl +Primer-E Primer – environmental and ecological specific +PV-WAVE – programming language comprehensive data analysis and visualization with IMSL statistical package +Qlucore Omics Explorer – interactive and visual data analysis software +RapidMiner – machine learning toolbox +Regression Analysis of Time Series (RATS) – comprehensive econometric analysis package +S-PLUS – general statistics package +SAS (software) – comprehensive statistical package +SHAZAM (Econometrics and Statistics Software) – comprehensive econometrics and statistics package +SigmaStat – package for group analysis +SIMUL – econometric tool for multidimensional (multi-sectoral, multi-regional) modeling +SmartPLS – statistics package used in partial least squares path modeling (PLS) and PLS-based structural equation modeling +SOCR – online tools for teaching statistics and probability theory +Speakeasy (computational environment) – numerical computational environment and programming language with many statistical and econometric analysis features +SPSS Modeler – comprehensive data mining and text analytics workbench +SPSS Statistics – comprehensive statistics package +Stata – comprehensive statistics package +StatCrunch – comprehensive statistics package, originally designed for college statistics courses +Statgraphics – general statistics package +Statistica – comprehensive statistics package +StatsDirect – statistics package designed for biomedical, public health and general health science uses +StatXact – package for exact nonparametric and parametric statistics +SuperCROSS – comprehensive statistics package with ad-hoc, cross tabulation analysis +Systat – general statistics package +The Unscrambler – free-to-try commercial multivariate analysis software for Windows +WarpPLS – statistics package used in structural equation modeling +Wolfram Language – the computer language that evolved from the program Mathematica. It has similar statistical capabilities as Mathematica. +World Programming System (WPS) – statistical package that supports the use of Python, R and SAS languages within a single user program. +XploRe + +=== Add-ons === +Analyse-it – add-on to Microsoft Excel for statistical analysis +Statgraphics Sigma Express – add-on to Microsoft Excel for Six Sigma statistical analysis +SUDAAN – add-on to SAS and SPSS for statistical surveys +XLfit add-on to Microsoft Excel for curve fitting and statistical analysis + +== See also == +Comparison of statistical packages +List of computer algebra systems +List of information graphics software +List of numerical libraries +List of numerical-analysis software +Mathematical software +Psychometric software +Statistics Online Computational Resource — open-source educational resource for statistics + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_tests-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_tests-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..548e2a88b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_tests-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "List of statistical tests" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_tests" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:25.381553+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Statistical tests are used to test the fit between a hypothesis and the data. Choosing the right statistical test is not a trivial task. The choice of the test depends on many properties of the research question. The vast majority of studies can be addressed by 30 of the 100 or so statistical tests in use. + + +== Explanation of properties == +Scaling of data: One of the properties of the tests is the scale of the data, which can be interval-based, ordinal or nominal. Nominal scale is also known as categorical. Interval scale is also known as numerical. When categorical data has only two possibilities, it is called binary or dichotomous. +Assumptions, parametric and non-parametric: There are two groups of statistical tests, parametric and non-parametric. The choice between these two groups needs to be justified. Parametric tests assume that the data follow a particular distribution, typically a normal distribution, while non-parametric tests make no assumptions about the distribution. Non-parametric tests have the advantage of being more resistant to misbehaviour of the data, such as outliers. They also have the disadvantage of being less certain in the statistical estimate. +Type of data: Statistical tests use different types of data. Some tests perform univariate analysis on a single sample with a single variable. Others compare two or more paired or unpaired samples. Unpaired samples are also called independent samples. Paired samples are also called dependent. Finally, there are some statistical tests that perform analysis of relationship between multiple variables like regression. +Number of samples: The number of samples of data. +Exactness: A test can be exact or be asymptotic delivering approximate results. + + +== List of statistical tests == + + +== See also == +List of probability distributions + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2453b40f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ +--- +title: "List of statisticians" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:44.303512+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list of statisticians lists people who have made notable contributions to the theories or application of statistics, or to the related fields of probability or machine learning. It includes the founders of statistics and others. It includes some 17th- and 18th-century mathematicians and polymaths whose work is regarded as influential in shaping the later discipline of statistics. Also included are various actuaries, economists, and demographers known for providing leadership in applying statistics to their fields. + +== A == +Aalen, Odd Olai +Abbey, Helen (1915–2001) +Abbott, Edith (1876–1957) +Abelson, Robert P. (1928–2005) +Abramovitz, Moses (1912–2000) +Achenwall, Gottfried (1719–1772) +Adelstein, Abraham Manie (1916–1992) +Adkins, Dorothy (1912–1975) +Ahsan, Riaz (1951–2008) +Ahtime, Laura +Aitchison, Beatrice (1908–1997) +Aitchison, John (1926–2016) +Aitken, Alexander (1895–1967) +Akaike, Hirotsugu (1927–2009) +Aliaga, Martha (1937–2011) +Allan, Betty (1905–1952) +Allen, R. G. D. (1906–1983) +Allison, David B. +Altman, Doug (1948–2018) +Altman, Naomi +Amemiya, Takeshi (1935–2026) +Anderson, Oskar (1887–1960) +Anderson, Theodore Wilbur +Anderson-Cook, Christine (1966–) +de Andrade, Mariza +Anscombe, Francis (1918–2001) +Anselin, Luc +Antonovska, Svetlana (1952–2016) +Armitage, Peter (1924–2024) +Armstrong, Margaret +Arrow, Kenneth +Ash, Arlene +Ashby, Deborah (1959–) +Asher, Jana +Ashley-Cooper, Anthony +Austin, Oscar Phelps +Ayres, Leonard Porter + +== B == +Backer, Julie E. (1890–1977) +Bahadur, Raghu Raj (1924–1997) +Bahn, Anita K. (1920–1980) +Bailar, Barbara A. +Bailey, Rosemary A. (1947–) +Bailey-Wilson, Joan (1953–) +Baker, Rose +Balding, David +Bandeen-Roche, Karen +Barber, Rina Foygel +Barnard, George Alfred (1915–2002) +Barnard, Mildred (1908–2000) +Barnett, William A. +Bartels, Julius +Bartlett, M. S. (1910–2002) +Bascand, Geoff +Basford, Kaye +Basu, Debabrata (1924–2001) +Bates, Nancy +Batcher, Mary +Baxter, Laurence (1954–1996) +Bayarri, M. J. (1956–2014) +Bayes, Thomas (1702–1761) +Beale, Calvin +Becker, Betsy +Bediako, Grace +Behm, Ernst +Benjamin, Bernard +Benzécri, Jean-Paul (1932–2019) +Berger, James +Berkson, Joseph (1899–1982) +Bernardo, José-Miguel +Bernoulli, Jacob (1655–1705) +Berry, Don +Best, Alfred M. (1876–1958) +Best, Nicky +Betensky, Rebecca +Beveridge, William +Bhat, B. R. +Bhat, P. N. Mari +Bhat, U. Narayan (1934–2021) +Bienaymé, Irénée-Jules +Bienias, Julia +Billiard, Lynne (1943–) +Bingham, Christopher +Bird, Sheila (1952–) +Birnbaum, Allan (1923–1976) +Bishop, Yvonne (–2015) +Bisika, Thomas John +Bixby, Lenore E. (1914–1994) +Blackwell, David (1919–2010) +Blankenship, Erin +Bliss, Chester Ittner (1899–1979) +Block, Maurice +Bloom, David E. +Blumberg, Carol Joyce +Bock, Mary Ellen +Boente, Graciela +Bodio, Luigi +Bodmer, Walter +Bonferroni, Carlo Emilio (1892–1960) +Booth, Charles +Boreham, John +Borror, Connie M. (1966–2016) +Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus (1868–1931) +Bose, R. C. (1901–1987) +Boscovich, Roger Joseph (Ruđer Josip Bošković; Rogerius (Iosephus) Boscovicius (1711–1787) +Botha, Roelof +Bottou, Léon +Bowley, Arthur Lyon (1869–1957) +Bowman, Kimiko O. (1927–2019) +Box, George E. P. (1919–2010) +Boyle, Phelim +Brad, Ion Ionescu de la (1818–1891) +Brady, Dorothy (1903–1977) +Brassey, Thomas +Braverman, Amy +Breiman, Leo +Breslow, Norman (1941–2015) +Brogan, Donna (1939–) +Brooks, Steve +Brown, Jennifer +Brown, Lawrence D. (1940–2018) +Broze, Laurence (1960–) +Buck, Caitlin E. (1964–) +Bunea, Florentina (1966–) +Burgess, Warren Randolph +Burns, Arthur F. (1904–1987) +Butler, Margaret K. (1924–2013) +Butucea, Cristina +Buzek, Józef +Bycroft, Christine + +== C == +Cai, T. Tony +Caird, James +Calder, Kate +Caldwell, John +Cam, Lucien Le (1924–2000) +Campion, Harry +Candès, Emmanuel +Cannon, Ann R. +Carriquiry, Alicia L. +Carroll, Mavis B. (1917–2009) +Carson, Carol S. +Cartwright, Ann (1925–) +Carver, Harry C. +Castles, Ian +Cattaneo, Matias D. +Çetinkaya-Rundel, Mine +Chakrabarti, M. C. +Chalmers, George (1742–1825) +Chaloner, Kathryn (1954–2014) +Chambers, John M. +Champernowne, D. G. (1912–2000) +Chand, Rattan (1955–) +Chao, Anne +Charles, Enid (1894–1972) +Charlier, Carl (1862–1934) +Chebyshev, Pafnuty (1821–1894) +Chen, Louis Hsiao Yun +Chen, Cathy Woan-Shu +Chen, Jie +Chernoff, Herman (1923–) +Chervonenkis, Alexey (1938–2014) +Chetwynd, Amanda +Chiaromonte, Francesca +Chow, Yuan-Shih (1924–2022) +Chuang-Stein, Christy +Chuprov, Alexander Alexandrovich (1874–1926) +Chuprov, Alexander Ivanovich (1841–1908) +Ciol, Marcia +Citro, Constance F. (1942–) +Claeskens, Gerda +Claghorn, Kate (1864–1938) +Clark, Colin (1905–1989) +Clark, Cynthia (1942–) +Clarke, Richard W. B. (1910–1975) +Clayton, David (1944–) +Clyde, Merlise A. +Coale, Ansley J. +Coats, Robert H. (1874–1960) +Cochran, William Gemmell (1909–1980) +Cockfield, Arthur +Coghlan, Timothy Augustine (1856–1926) +Cohen, Jacob +Cohen, Joel E. +Coifman, Ronald +Coleman, David +Collet, Clara (1860–1948) +Coman, Katharine (1857–1915) +Cook, Dianne +Cook, Len (1949–) +Cordeiro, Gauss Moutinho (1952–) +Cornfield, Jerome (1912–1979) +Cournot, Antoine Augustin (1801–1877) +Courtney, Leonard +Cover, Thomas M. +Cowan, Cathy A. +Cox, David (1924–2022) +Cox, Gertrude Mary (1900–1978) +Cox, Richard Threlkeld (1898–1991) +Cramér, Harald (1893–1985) +Crome, August Friedrich Wilhelm +Crosby, James +Cudmore, Sedley +Cunliffe, Stella (1917–2012) +Cutler, Adele +Czado, Claudia +Czekanowski, Jan +Czitrom, Veronica + +== D == +Dabrowska, Dorota +Dagum, Estelle Bee +Dale, Angela (1945–) +Daniels, Henry (1912–2000) +Dantzig, David van (1900–1959) +Dantzig, George (1914–2005) +Darby, Sarah +Darwin, John (1923–2008) +Dasgupta, Nairanjana +Datta, Susmita +David, Florence Nightingale (1909–1993) +David, Herbert A. (1925–2014) +Davidian, Marie +Davies, Griffith (1788–1855) +Davis, Kingsley (1908–1997) +Dawid, Philip (1946–) +Day, Besse (1889–1986) +Daykin, Christopher (1948–) +Dean, Angela +Dean, Charmaine (1958–) +Deane, Charlotte (1975–) +DeGroot, Morris H. (1931–1989) +Delaigle, Aurore +DeLong, Elizabeth +Deming, W. Edwards (1900–1993) +Dempster, Arthur P. +Desrosières, Alain +Dewey, Davis Rich +Diaconis, Persi (1945–) +Díaz, María del Pilar +Diener-West, Marie +Dietz, E. Jacquelin +Dilke, Sir Charles +Ditlevsen, Susanne +Dixon, Wilfrid (1915–2008) +Do, Kim-Anh +Dobson, Annette (1945–) +Dodge, Harold F. +Dodson, James +Doerge, Rebecca +Doll, Sir Richard (1912–2005) +Dominici, Francesca +Donnelly, Christl +Donnelly, Peter +Donoho, David +Doob, Joseph Leo +Dublin, Louis Israel +Duckworth, Frank +Dudley, Richard M. +Dudoit, Sandrine +Dukic, Vanja +Duncan, David F. +Duncan, Otis Dudley +Dunn, Halbert L. +Dunn, Olive Jean (1915–2008) +Dunnell, Karen (1946–) +Dunnett, Charles +Dupuis, Debbie +Dupuis, Josée +Durbin, James +Dvoretzky, Aryeh + +== E == +Easton, Brian +Ebbinghaus, Hermann (1850–1909) +Eberly, Lynn +Eckler, A. Ross (1901–1991) +Eckler, A. Ross Jr. (1927–2016) +Eeden, Constance van (1927–2021) +Eden, Sir Frederick (1766–1809) +Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro (1845–1926) +Edwards, A. W. F. (1935–) +Efron, Bradley (1938–) +Eisenhart, Churchill (1913–1994) +Elashoff, Janet D. +Elderton, Ethel M. (1878–1954) +Elderton, William Palin +Eldridge, Marie D. (1926–2009) +Ellenberg, Jonas H. +Ellenberg, Susan S. +Elliot, Jane (1966–) +Elston, Robert C. +Engel, Ernst (1821–1896) +Engle, Robert F. +Ensor, Kathy +Erlang, A. K. (1878–1929) +Erritt, John +Esterby, Sylvia +Etheridge, Alison (1964–) +Ezekiel, Mordecai \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddcdc7fb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +--- +title: "List of statisticians" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:44.303512+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== F == +Fabri, Johann Ernst +Fallati, Johannes +Fan, Jianqing +Farr, William (1807–1883) +Farrer, Thomas +Fechner, Gustav (1801–1887) +Federer, Walter T. (1915-2008) +Fellegi, Ivan (1935–) +Feller, William +Fernique, Xavier +Fienberg, Stephen +Finetti, Bruno de (1906–1985) +Finlaison, John +Finney, D. J. (1917–2018) +Fisher, Irving (1867–1947) +Fisher, Sir Ronald A. (1890–1962) +Fitz-Gibbon, Carol (1938–2017) +Fix, Evelyn (1904–1965) +Fleetwood, William (1656–1723) +Fleiss, Joseph L. (1937–2003) +Flournoy, Nancy (1947–) +Flux, A. William +Foot, David +Fowler, Henry +Fox, John (1945–) +Frankel, Lester +Franscini, Stefano +Freedman, David A. +Freedman, Ronald +Friedman, Milton +Frigessi, Arnoldo di Rattalma (1959–) +Frühwirth-Schnatter, Sylvia (1959–) +Fu, Rongwei +Fuentes, Montserrat +Furlong, Cathy + +== G == +Gage, Linda +Gain, Anil Kumar (1919–1978) +Gallant, A. Ronald +Gallup, George (1901–1984) +Galton, Francis (1822–1911) +Gantert, Nina +Gardner, Martha M. +Garfield, Joan +Gauquelin, Michel +Gauss, Johann Carl Friedrich (1777–1855) +Geary, Roy C. +Geer, Sara van de (1958–) +Geiringer, Hilda (1893–1973) +Geisser, Seymour (1929–2004) +Gel, Yulia +Geller, Nancy (1944–) +Gelman, Andrew (1965–) +Geman, Donald (1943–) +Genest, Christian (1957–) +Geppert, Maria-Pia (1907–1997) +Ghazzali, Nadia (1961–) +Ghosh, Jayanta Kumar +Ghysels, Eric +Gibbons, Jean D. (1938–) +Giblin, Lyndhurst (1872–1951) +Giffen, Robert (1837–1910) +Gijbels, Irène +Gilbert, Ethel +Gile, Krista +Gilford, Dorothy M. (1919–2014) +Gill, Richard D. (1951–) +Gini, Corrado (1884–1965) +Girolami, Mark (1963–) +Glass, David +Glass, Gene V. (1940–) +Golbeck, Amanda L. +Goldberg, Lisa +Goldin, Rebecca +Goldman, Samuel +Goldschmidt, Christina +Goldsmith, Selma Fine (1912–1962) +Goldstein, Harvey +Gompertz, Benjamin (1779–1865) +Good, I. J. (1916–2009) +Good, Phillip (1937–) +Goodnight, James +Gordon, Nancy +Goschen, George +Gosset, William Sealy (known as "Student") (1876–1937) +Gotway Crawford, Carol A. +Goulden, Cyril (1897–1981) +Granger, Clive +Graunt, John (1620–1674) +Gray, Mary W. (1938–) +Grebenik, Eugene +Green, Peter +Greenland, Sander +Greenwood, Cindy +Greenwood, Major (1880–1949) +Griffiths, Robert +Griliches, Zvi +Grimmett, Geoffrey (1950–) +Guerry, André-Michel +Gumbel, Emil Julius (1891–1966) +Guttman, Louis +Guo, Ying +Guy, William (1810–1885) +Gy, Pierre (1924–2015) + +== H == +Haberman, Steven (1951–) +Hagood, Margaret Jarman (1907–1963) +Hahn, Marjorie +Haines, Linda M. +Hájek, Jaroslav (1926–1974) +Hajnal, John (1924–2008) +Halabi, Susan +Hald, Anders (1913–2007) +Hastie, Trevor +Hall, Peter Gavin (1951–2016) +Halley, Edmond (1656–1742) +Halloran, Betz +Halmos, Paul (1916–2006) +Hamaker, Ellen (1974–) +Hamilton, Lord George (1845–1927) +Hampe, Asta +Hand, David (1950–) +Harch, Bronwyn +Harcourt, Alison +Hardin, Garrett (1915–2003) +Hardin, Jo +Harris, Ted (1919–2006) +Harter, Rachel M. +Hartley, Herman Otto (1912–1980) +Hayek, Lee-Ann C. +Hayter, Henry Heylyn (1821–1895) +He, Xuming +Healy, Michael (1923–2016) +Hearron, Martha S. (1943–2014) +Heckman, Nancy E. +Hedges, Larry V. +Hein, Jotun (1956–) +Helmert, Friedrich Robert (1843–1917) +Henderson, Charles Roy (1911–1989) +Henningsen, Inge (1941–2024) +Herring, Amy H. +Herzberg, Agnes M. +Hertzberg, Vicki +Hess, Irene +Heyde, Chris (1939–2008) +Hibbert, Sir Jack (1932–2005) +Hickman, James C. (1927–2006) +Hilbe, Joseph (1944–2017) +Hill, Austin Bradford (1897–1991) +Hill, Joseph Adna (1860–1938) +Hinkley, David V. +Hjort, Nils Lid (1953–) +Ho, Weang Kee +Hoeffding, Wassily (1914–1991) +Hoem, Jan (1939–2017) +Hoeting, Jennifer A. +Hofmann, Heike (1972–) +Hollander, Myles (1941–) +Hollerith, Herman (1860–1929) +Holmes, Chris +Holmes, Susan P. +Holran, Virginia Thompson +Holt, Tim (1943–) +Holtsmark, Gabriel Gabrielsen +Hogben, Lancelot (1895–1975) +Hooker, Reginald Hawthorn (1867–1944) +Horn, Susan +Hotelling, Harold (1895–1973) +Hsiung, Chao Agnes +Hsu, Pao-Lu +Hu, Joan +Hubert, Mia +Huff, Darrell (1913–2001) +Hughes-Oliver, Jacqueline +Hunter, John Stuart +Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1840–1900) +Hunter, William (1937–1986) +Hurwitz, Shelley +Hušková, Marie (1942–) +Hutchinson, Col +Hutton, Jane +Huzurbazar, Aparna V. +Huzurbazar, Snehalata V. +Huzurbazar, V. S. +Hyndman, Rob J + +== I == +Ihaka, Ross (1954–) +Iman, Ronald L. +Inoue, Lurdes +Irony, Telba +Irwin, Joseph Oscar (1898–1982) +Isham, Valerie (1947–) +Ishikawa, Kaoru (1915–1989) +Isserlis, Leon (1881–1966) +Ivy, Julie + +== J == +Jacoby, Oswald (1902–1984) +Jaffrey, Thomas (1861–1953) +James, Bill (1949–) +Jaynes, Edwin Thompson (1922–1998) +Jefferys, William H. (1940–) +Jeffreys, Harold (1891–1989) +Jellinek, E. Morton (1890–1963) +Jenkins, Gwilym (1933–1982) +Jevons, William Stanley (1835–1882) +Jobson, Alexander (1875–1933) +Johnson, George (1837–1911) +Johnson, Norman Lloyd (1917–2004) +Johnston, Robert Mackenzie +Jones, Edward +Jones-Loyd, Samuel +Jordan, Michael I. +Jöreskog, Karl Gustav +Jouffret, Esprit +Juran, Joseph M. (1904–2008) +Jurin, James (1684–1750) + +== K == +Kac, Mark +Kempthorne, Oscar +Kendall, David George (1918–2007) +Kendall, Sir Maurice (1907–1983) +Kennedy, Joseph C. G. +Khattree, Ravindra +Khmaladze, Estate V. +Kiefer, Jack +Kiær, Anders Nicolai +King, Gregory +King, Willford I. +Kingman, John (1939–) +Kish, Leslie (1910–2000) +Knibbs, George Handley +Kočović, Bogoljub +Kolmogorov, Andrey Nikolaevich (1903–1987) +Koopman, Bernard +Kott, Phillip +Krewski, Dan +Krumbein, William C. +Kruskal, Joseph (1929–2010) +Kruskal, William (1919–2005) +Krüger, André +Kuczynski, Robert René +Kulischer, Eugene M. +Kullback, Solomon (1907–1994) +Kulldorff, Gunnar (1927–2015) +Künsch, Hans-Rudolf +Kurnow, Ernest +Kuzmicich, Steve +Kuznets, Simon + +== L == +Lachenbruch, Peter A. (1937–2021) +Lah, Ivo +Laird, Nan +Laplace, Pierre-Simon (1749–1827) +Laslett, Peter +Laspeyres, Étienne (1834–1913) +Lathrop, Mark +Law, John (1671–1729) +Lawler, Gregory Francis +Lawrence, Charles +Legendre, Adrien-Marie (1752–1833) +Lehmann, Erich Leo +Lemon, Charles +Leontief, Wassily +Lewis, Tony +Lexis, Wilhelm (1837–1914) +Li, C. C. +Li, David X. +Likert, Rensis +Lilliefors, Hubert (c. 1928–2008) +Lindeberg, Jarl Waldemar (1876–1932) +Lindley, Dennis V. (1923–2013) +Lindstedt, Anders +Lindstrom, Frederick B. +Linnik, Yuri (1915–1972) +Liu, Jun +Longman, Phillip +Lord, Frederic M. +Lorenz, Max O. +Lotka, Alfred J. (1880–1949) +Loève, Michel +Lubbock, John +Lundberg, Filip (1876–1965) + +== M == +MacGregor, John F. +Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra (1893–1972) +Manwar, Khandakar Hossain (1930–1999) +Mallet, Bernard +Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834) +Mannheimer, Renato +Mantel, Nathan (1919–2002) +Mardia, Kantilal +Marpsat, Maryse +Marquardt, Donald (1929–1997) +Marquis, Frederick +Marschak, Jacob +Marshall, Herbert +Martin, Sir Richard +Martin, Margaret E. (1912–2012) +Martin, Margaret P. (1915–2012) +Massey, Frank J. (1919–1995) +Massey, Kenneth +Masuyama, Motosaburo (1912–2005) +Mauchly, John +Mayer, Tobias (1723–1762) +McClintock, Emory +McCrossan, Paul +McCullagh, Peter +McEvedy, Colin +McKendrick, Anderson Gray (1876–1943) +McLennan, Bill +McNemar, Quinn (1900–1986) +McVean, Gilean +Meeker, Royal +Meier, Paul, (1924–2011) +Meng, Xiao-Li (1963–) +Mercado, Joseph +Mihoc, Gheorghe +Milliken, George A. +Milliman, Wendell +Mills, Frederick C. (1892–1964) +Milne, Joshua +Milnes, Richard Monckton +Mitchell, Wesley Clair +Mitofsky, Warren +Mohn, Jakob +Moivre, Abraham de +Molina, Edward C. +Mood, Alexander M. (1913–2009) +Moore, Henry Ludwell +Moran, Pat +Mores, Edward Rowe +Morgan, William +Morris, Carl +Morrison, Winifred J. +Moser, Claus (1922–2015) +Mosteller, Frederick (1916–2006) +Mouat, Frederic J. +Moyal, José Enrique +Murphy, Susan \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e9d9a44c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,281 @@ +--- +title: "List of statisticians" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statisticians" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:44.303512+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== N == +Nair, Vijayan N. +Nason, Guy +Neill, Charles P. +Nelder, John (1924–2010) +Nesbitt, Cecil J. +Newmarch, William (1820–1882) +Neyman, Jerzy (1894–1981) +Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910) +Niyogi, Partha (1967–2010) +Noether, Gottfried E. +Nordling, Carl O. +Norwood, Janet L. (1923–2015) +Notestein, Frank W. + +== O == +Ogburn, William Fielding +Olshansky, S. Jay +Onicescu, Octav +Onslow, William +Orshansky, Mollie + +== P == +Paine, George +Pakington, John +Panaretos, John +Parzen, Emanuel (1929–2016) +Pearl, Raymond +Pearson, Egon (1895–1980) +Pearson, Karl (1857–1936) +Peirce, Charles Sanders +Pereira, Basilio de Bragança +Pena, Daniel +Peto, Julian +Peto, Richard +Petty, William (1623–1687) +Petty-Fitzmaurice, Henry +Piekałkiewicz, Jan +Pillai, K. C. Sreedharan +Pillai, Vijayan K +Pink, Brian +Pitman, E. J. G. (1897–1993) +Plackett, Robin +Playfair, William (1759–1823) +Pleszczyńska, Elżbieta +Pocock, Stuart +Poisson, Siméon Denis (1781–1840) +Pollak, Henry O. +Polson, Nicholas +Preston, Samuel H. +Price, Richard +Priestley, Maurice +Princet, Maurice +Proschan, Frank (1921–2003) +Punnett, Reginald +Pólya, George (1887–1985) +Puri, Madan Lal (1929–) + +== Q == +Quetelet, Adolphe (1796–1874) +Qazi Motahar Hossain (1897–1981) + +== R == +Chand Rattan (1955–) +Raftery, Adrian +Raghavarao, D. +Raiffa, Howard +Ralescu, Stefan (1952–) +Rao, C.R. (1920–2023) +Rasch, Georg (1901–1980) +Redington, Frank +Reid, Nancy +Reiersøl, Olav (1908–2001) +Rhodes, E. C. +Rice, Thomas Spring +Richardson, Sylvia +Rickman, John +Ripley, Brian Daniel (1952–) +Robbins, Herbert (1922–2001) +Robbins, Naomi (1937–) +Roberts, Gareth O. +Roberts, Harry V. +Robertson, Stuart A. +Robine, Jean-Marie +Robins, James +Robinson, Claude E. +Rosenthal, Jeff +Rousseeuw, Peter J. +Roy, Bimal Kumar +Roy, S. N. (1906–1966) +Rubin, Donald +Rubinow, I. M. +Rubinstein, Reuven +Ruggles, Steven +Russell, John +Ryder, Dudley + +== S == +Sagarin, Jeff +Saha, Jahar +Saint-Maur, Nicolas-François Dupré de +Salsburg, David +Samuel, Herbert +Samworth, Richard +Sanders, William +Savage, I. Richard (1925–2004) +Savage, Leonard Jimmie (1917–1971) +Sawilowsky, Shlomo (1954–2021) +Scheffé, Henry (1907–1977) +Schlaifer, Robert (1915–1994) +Schultz, Henry +Schuster, Arthur (1851–1934) +Schweder, Tore (1943–2024) +Scott, Elizabeth (1917–1988) +Scurfield, Hugh Hedley +Searle, Shayle R. (1928–2013) +Sebastiani, Paola +Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, Pyotr (1827–1914) +Shah, B. V. +Shapiro, Samuel (1930–2023) +Swamy, Subramanium +Shapley, Lloyd (1923–2016) +Shaw-Lefevre, George +Shephard, Neil +Shepp, Lawrence +Sheppard, William Fleetwood (1863–1936) +Shewhart, Walter A. (1891–1967) +Shrikhande, S. S. (1917–2020) +Sichel, Herbert (1915–1995) +Siegel, Sidney +Siegmund, David +Silver, Nate +Silvers, Abraham (1934–2021) +Silverman, Bernard +Simiand, François +Simon, Leslie Earl +Simpson, Thomas (1710–1761) +Sinclair, Sir John (1754–1835) +Sirkeci, Ibrahim +Slutsky, Eugen (1880–1948) +Smith, A.F.M +Smith, Cedric (1917–2002) +Smith, Walter L. (1926–2023) +Snedecor, George W. (1881–1974) +Snyder, Carl (1869–1946) +Sokal, Robert R. +Spearman, Charles (1863–1945) +Speed, Terry +Spengler, Joseph J. +Spiegelhalter, David (1953–) +Srivastava, J. N. +Stamp, Josiah (1880–1941) +Stanley, Julian C. Jr. +Stanley, Edward +Steele, J. Michael +Steffensen, Johan Frederik (1873–1961) +Stein, Charles +Stephens, Matthew +Hal S. Stern +Stigler, Stephen (1941–) +Stoffer, David S. +Stone, Richard +Stouffer, Samuel A. +Stoyan, Dietrich (1940–) +Sun, Jiayang +Süssmilch, Johann Peter +Sykes, William Henry +Sylvester, James Joseph +Sztrem, Edward Szturm de +Shyamaprasad Mukherjee (1939–) + +== T == +Taguchi, Genichi (1924–2012) +Teitelbaum, Michael +Telser, Lester G. +Thiele, Thorvald N. (1838–1910) +Thorndike, Robert L. +Thornton, John Wingate +Thorp, Willard +Thurstone, Louis Leon +Tibshirani, Robert +Tippett, Leonard Henry Caleb +Tobin, James +Todd, Emmanuel +Tong, Howell +Trewin, Dennis +Trybuła, Stanisław +Tufte, Edward +Tukey, John (1915–2000) + +== U == +Utts, Jessica +Uyanto, Stanislaus S. + +== V == +Vaart, Aad van der (1959–) +Vapnik, Vladimir (1936–) +Vaupel, James +Villani, Giovanni +Visman, Jan + +== W == +Wahba, Grace +Wakefield, Edward (1774–1854) +Wald, Abraham (1902–1950) +Walker, Francis Amasa +Walker, Gilbert +Walker, Helen M. (1891–1983) +Wallace, Chris (1933–2004) +Wallis, W. Allen +Wanless, Derek +Watson, Geoffrey +Wedderburn, Robert +Wegman, Edward +Weibull, Waloddi (1887–1979) +Weinstock, Arnold (1924–2002) +Weldon, Walter Frank Raphael +Welton, Thomas A. +Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, Charles +Westergaard, Harald Ludvig (1853–1936) +Wheeler, Donald J. +Whittle, Peter (1927–2021) +Wickens, Aryness Joy (1901–1991) +Wickham, Hadley +Wilcoxon, Frank (1892–1965) +Wilk, Martin (1922–2013) +Wilkinson, Leland +Wilks, Samuel S. (1906–1964) +Willcox, Walter Francis +Wilson, Edwin Bidwell (1879–1964) +Wilson, Harold +Wishart, John (1898–1956) +Wold, Herman (1908–1992) +Wolfowitz, Jacob (1910–1981) +Wood, George Henry +Woodroofe, Michael (1940–2022) +Woolhouse, Wesley S. B. +Working, Holbrook +Wright, Carroll D. +Wright, Elizur +Wright, Sewall +Wrigley, E. A. +Wu, Jeff C. F. + +== Y == +Yates, Frank (1902–1994) +Young, Allyn Abbott +Young, Arthur (1741–1820) +Young, Hilton +Yule, G. Udny (1871–1951) + +== Z == +Zaltzman, Andy +Zaman, Arif +Zarnowitz, Victor +Zellner, Arnold (1927–2010) +Zhaohuan, Zhang (1925–2005) +Žiberna, Aleš +Zipf, George Kingsley (1902–1950) + +== See also == + +List of actuaries +List of mathematical probabilists +List of mathematicians +Founders of statistics + +== External links == +"Statisticians in History". American Statistical Association. 30 November 2016. +"Life and Work of Statisticians". Department of Mathematics, University of York. +John Aldrich. "Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics". University of Southampton. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistics_articles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistics_articles-0.md index aaf1b26b3..5652edd54 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistics_articles-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistics_articles-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistics_articles" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:17:16.414516+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:59.541835+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistics_journals-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistics_journals-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a851aa7cf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistics_journals-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +--- +title: "List of statistics journals" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistics_journals" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:23.003486+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of scientific journals published in the field of statistics. + + +== Introductory and outreach == +The American Statistician +Significance + + +== General theory and methodology == +Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics +Annals of Statistics +AStA Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv +Biometrika +The Canadian Journal of Statistics +Communications in Statistics +International Statistical Review +Journal of the American Statistical Association +Journal of Multivariate Analysis +Journal of the Royal Statistical Society +Probability and Mathematical Statistics +Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics +Scandinavian Journal of Statistics +Statistica Neerlandica +Statistica Sinica +Statistical Science +Stochastic Processes and their Applications + + +== Applications == +The Annals of Applied Statistics +Journal of Applied Statistics +The Journal of Risk Model Validation +Journal of Statistical Software +Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C: Applied Statistics +Statistical Modelling +Statistics and its Interface +The R Journal +Stata Journal + + +== Statistics education == +Journal of Statistics and Data Science Education + + +== Specialized journals in various areas of statistics == + + +=== Biostatistics === +Biometrical Journal +Biometrics +Biometrika +Biostatistics +The International Journal of Biostatistics +Pharmaceutical Statistics +Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology +Statistical Methods in Medical Research +Statistics in Medicine (journal) + + +=== Computational statistics === +Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation +Computational Statistics +Computational Statistics & Data Analysis +Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics +Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation +Statistics and Computing + + +=== Econometrics === +Applied Econometrics and International Development +Econometric Reviews +Econometric Theory +Econometrica +Journal of Applied Econometrics +Journal of Business & Economic Statistics +Journal of Econometrics +The Review of Economics and Statistics + + +=== Environmental and ecological sciences === +Atmospheric Environment +Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics + + +=== Physical sciences, technology, and quality === +Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems +Journal of Chemometrics +Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment +Journal of Statistical Physics +Physica A: Statistical mechanics and its applications +Technometrics + + +=== Social sciences === +British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology +Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics +Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A: Statistics in Society +Multivariate Behavioral Research +Psychological Methods +Psychometrika +Structural Equation Modeling + + +=== Time-series analysis === +International Journal of Forecasting +Journal of Time Series Analysis + + +== Open access statistics journals == +The following journals are considered open access: + +Bayesian Analysis +Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics +Chilean Journal of Statistics +Electronic Journal of Statistics +Journal of Official Statistics +Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods +Journal of Statistical Software +Journal of Statistics Education +Revista Colombiana de Estadistica (Colombian Journal of Statistics) +REVSTAT +SORT +Statistics Surveys +Survey Methodology/Techniques d'enquête +The R Journal + + +== See also == +List of scientific journals +List of probability journals +List of mathematics journals \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stochastic_processes_topics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stochastic_processes_topics-0.md index 550637730..c34887c37 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stochastic_processes_topics-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stochastic_processes_topics-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stochastic_processes_topics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:15:43.740008+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:45.551061+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_string_theory_topics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_string_theory_topics-0.md index bb549294f..180dc4a79 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_string_theory_topics-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_string_theory_topics-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_string_theory_topics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:17:20.266586+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:23.468285+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21b18bdb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,268 @@ +--- +title: "List of symbols" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:51.720779+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Many (but not all) graphemes that are part of a writing system that encodes a full spoken language are included in the Unicode standard, which also includes graphical symbols. See: + +Language code +List of Unicode characters +List of writing systems +Punctuation +List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks +The remainder of this list focuses on graphemes not part of spoken language-encoding systems. + +== Basic communication == + ⃠ — No symbol +Character +Circled dot +Emoji +☺ — Smiley +✓ — checkmark (UK: tick) +Harvey balls – Graphic symbols used to compare quality +☆ — Star (polygon) +I - signal +0 - lack of signal, hence: [I]/[0] + +== Scientific and engineering symbols == +Alchemical symbols +Astronomical symbols +Planet symbols +Chemical symbols +Electronic symbol (for circuit diagrams, etc.) +Engineering drawing symbols +Energy Systems Language +Hazard symbols +List of mathematical constants (typically letters and compound symbols) +Glossary of mathematical symbols +List of physical constants (typically letters and compound symbols) +List of common physics notations (typically letters used as variable names in equations) +Rod of Asclepius / Caduceus as a symbol of medicine + +== Consumer symbols == + +Various currency signs (sublist) + +=== Navigational symbols === +Traffic signs, including warning signs contain many specialized symbols (see article for list) +DOT pictograms +ISO 7001 +Exit sign, a.k.a. "running man" +Gender symbols for public toilets +Map symbol +Japanese map symbols +International Breastfeeding Symbol +International Symbol of Access +National Library Symbol (United States) +Barber's pole + +=== Food === +EC identification and health marks, for animal products +Food safe symbol marking food contact materials in the European Union +British Egg Industry Council lion +Kosher symbols + +Star-K Kosher Certification +OK Kosher Certification +EarthKosher Kosher Certification + +=== General consumer products === + +Recycling symbol +Recycling codes +Japanese recycling symbols +Green Dot (symbol) +Laundry symbol +Period-after-opening symbol (on cosmetics as 6M, 12M, 18M, etc.) +U+2602 ☂ UMBRELLA - keep dry +U+2614 ☔ UMBRELLA WITH RAIN DROPS - keep dry +Japanese postal mark +℮, the European estimated sign U+212E +Inventory tracking symbols +Barcode such as a Universal Product Code +QR code +Printing registration marks intended for the manufacturer of the packaging, to ensure different colors are aligned when printed +Various certification marks (see article for list) signifying conformance with a government or private organization's requirements +Shipping symbols from ISO standard 780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods" or ASTM D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods" which depict shipping boxes as squares with rounded corners: +"Fragile": the silhouette of a broken wine glass +"This end up": a horizontal line with two arrows pointing up +"Do not stack": a filled-in box, under a crossed-out outlined box +"Maximum stack height": three boxes stacked vertically; the bottom one is filled in, the middle one is an outline with a number inside (the number of boxes to safely stack on top of this one), and the top one is an outline and crossed out +"Maximum stack weight": from the bottom upward: a box, a horizontal line, a wide arrow pointing down, and a number followed by "kg max" +"Keep dry": an umbrella with rain falling on it +"Protect from sunlight": a circle with rays coming out of it, with a box protected by a chevron +"Protect from radiation": the radiation symbol, separated from a box by a chevron +"Center of gravity": crosshairs pointing to the center of a dashed circle +"Do not roll": a box with a curved arrow above, and a cross-out line coming up from the box at an angle +"Do not use hand hooks" +"Do not use hand truck" +"Do not use forklift" +"Clamp as indicated": a filled-in box with a vertical line and inward-pointing arrow on the right and left +"Do not clamp": the same as "clamp as indicated", crossed out +"Sling here": the silhouette of a chain +A thermometer with a diagonal slash, indicating the maximum and minimum temperature + +=== Property and pricing === +U+2122 ™ TRADE MARK SIGN +U+2120 ℠ SERVICE MARK +U+00AE ® REGISTERED SIGN +U+2117 ℗ SOUND RECORDING COPYRIGHT +U+24CDⓍ, U+24E8 Ⓨ - Japanese typographic symbols used under Japan's resale price maintenance system +Various logos +Various trademarks + +== Technology symbols == +Media control symbols +Power symbol +Unicode symbols +Various computer icons + +== Naval == +Jolly Roger - "this ship is controlled by pirates" +International Code of Signals +International maritime signal flags + +== Religious and mystical symbols == + +A subset has been used as United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers. + +=== A === +Adinkra symbols +Alchemical symbols +الله Allah +Angel Moroni +Ankh +Armenian eternity sign +Astrological sign +Astrological symbols +Astrology and alchemy +ॐ Aum/Om syllable (sound symbol) + +=== B === +Ba guahi +Bahá'í symbols +Bhavacakra +Bindi +Bindu +Borjgali + +=== C === +☤ Caduceus, a symbol of commerce, often erroneously used as a symbol of medicine. +Camunian rose +Celtic cross +חַי Chai +ΧΡ Chi Rho +Christian symbolism +Christian cross / Christian cross variants +Conch shell +Coptic cross +☽ Crescent +Cross +Cross and Crown +Cross and flame +Cross of Sacrifice +Cross of St. Peter +Crucifix +Crux Gemmata + +=== D === +Dharmacakra +Dhvaja +Divided line of + Plato +Dragon +Dragon's Eye + +=== E === +Eight auspicious symbols of Tibetan Buddhism +ੴ Ek Onkar +Endless knot +Enneagram +⊙ Eye of God +Eye of Horus +Eye of Providence + +=== F === +Flaming chalice +Fleur-de-lis + +=== G === +Gankyil +Globus cruciger +Golden spiral +Goetic seals +Geometry symbols + +=== H === +Hamsa +Hands of God +Happy Human +Heart +High cross +Holy Grail +Holy Bible + +=== I === +Ichthys +Infinity +Inuksuk +Information +Illuminati +Irminsul + +=== K === +Kagome crest +Khamsa/Hamesh Hand/Hand of Fatima +Khachkar +Khanda + +=== L === +Labarum +Cantabrian labarum +Labrys +Lauburu +Life +Lingam +Lotus +Looped square + +=== M === +Maltese Cross +Mandala +Medicine wheel +Menorah +Merkaba +Math +Mjölnir + +=== N === +Ner tamid +Nataraj +Nishan Sahib + +=== O === +O1G +Occult symbols +Ouroboros + +=== P === +Papal cross +Patriarchal cross +Pearl +Pentacle +Pentagram + +=== Q === +Quincunx + +=== R === +Raven banner +Red Cross +Red Rose of Lancaster +Rod of Asclepius +Rub el Hizb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee672d835 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +--- +title: "List of symbols" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:51.720779+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== S === +Sacred Chao +Sacred Heart +Saint symbolism +Scientology symbols +Shield of the Trinity +Sigil +Sigillum Dei +Sigil of Baphomet +Sigils of demons +Skull and crossbones, Jolly Roger +Solar symbols +Radiate crown +Sunburst +Sun of May +Vergina Sun +Winged sun +Soyombo symbol +Star +Star and crescent +Star of David +Starburst +Star polygon +Five-pointed star +Arabic star +Sun cross +Swastika +Square and Compasses + +=== T === +Taiji +Taegeuk +Taijitu +Tanit symbol +Tarot iconography +Tattva symbols +Tetractys +Thor's Hammer +Tilaka +Tomoe +Torii +Three hares +Tree of Life +Tree of Peace +Trefoil +Trimurti +Triple Goddess +Triple spiral +Triquetra +Triratna/Three Jewels +Triskelion +Tudor Rose +Tursaansydän +Turtle + +=== U === +Unicursal hexagram +Urantia symbols + +=== V === +Vajra +Valknut +Vande matram +Vesica piscis + +=== W === +White buffalo +White Rose of York +White stag +Wreath + +=== Y === +Yantra +Yin-yang +Yoni + +== Heraldic symbols == + +Charge (heraldry) +Coat of arms +List of coats of arms +Mon (emblem) +Mullet +Monogram +Flag +Vexillology / Glossary of vexillology +Maritime flag +Insignia + +== Historical == +Gediminid +House mark +Pūloʻuloʻu +Rurikid +Tamga + +== Sports and games == +Chess symbols in Unicode +Olympic symbols +Paralympic symbols + +== Political symbols == + +Anarchist symbolism +Communist symbolism +Fascist symbolism +Flash and circle +Francoist Symbol +Meander +Nazi symbolism +Black Sun +National symbol / Lists of national symbols +Cockade +Religion in national symbols +Religious symbolism in the United States military +Roundel +Military aircraft insignia +Other +Sun of the Alps +Yiddish symbols +Z + +== Other == +Color / Color symbolism +St. Patrick's blue +Cigar store Indian +Currency symbol +Esperanto symbols +Hexafoil +LGBT symbols +Lucky symbols +Mascot +Musical symbols +Overlapping circles grid +Plant symbolism +Hanakotoba +Maple leaf +Rose +Sub rosa +Shamrock +Status symbol +Badge of shame + +== See also == + +Cultural icon +Iconography +Aureola +Halo +Speech scroll +International common standards +Logo +Motif +Notation +Ornament +Pictogram +Sign +Typography + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols_designated_by_the_ADL_as_hate_symbols-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols_designated_by_the_ADL_as_hate_symbols-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8fec2eed --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols_designated_by_the_ADL_as_hate_symbols-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "List of symbols designated by the ADL as hate symbols" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols_designated_by_the_ADL_as_hate_symbols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:21.308857+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of hate symbols, including acronyms, numbers, phrases, logos, flags, gestures and other miscellaneous symbols used for hateful purposes, according to the Anti-Defamation League in their "Hate on Display" database. Some of these items have been appropriated by hate groups and may have other, non-hate-group-related meanings, including anti-racist meanings. + + +== Acronyms == + + +== Numerical == + + +== Phrases == + + +== Hate group logos == + + +== Flags == + + +== Gestures == + + +== Miscellaneous symbols == + + +== See also == +Armanen runes +Cross burning +Far-right subcultures +Fascist symbolism +List of fascist movements +List of Ku Klux Klan organizations +List of neo-Nazi organizations +List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups +List of white nationalist organizations +Nazi symbolism +The modern Federal Republic of Germany's Strafgesetzbuch section 86a + + +== References == +Informational notes + +a.^^^^This symbol, while sometimes used as a hate symbol, is also used as a religious symbol for many pagans, and should not be assumed to be a hate symbol in all contexts. +Citations \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols_of_states_and_territories_of_Australia-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols_of_states_and_territories_of_Australia-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fef2060a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols_of_states_and_territories_of_Australia-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "List of symbols of states and territories of Australia" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbols_of_states_and_territories_of_Australia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:57.640457+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of the symbols of the states and territories of Australia. Each state and territory has a unique set of official symbols, as well as the national symbols of Australia. + + +== States == + + +== See also == + +Australian state colours +National colours of Australia +National symbols of Australia +List of Australian bird emblems +List of Australian mammal emblems +States and territories of Australia + + +== Notes == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_synchrotron_radiation_facilities-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_synchrotron_radiation_facilities-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a92d4f443 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_synchrotron_radiation_facilities-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "List of synchrotron radiation facilities" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_synchrotron_radiation_facilities" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:24.667200+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a table of synchrotrons and storage rings used as synchrotron radiation sources, and free electron lasers. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +List from lightsources.org (includes links to individual light sources' websites) +BioSync – a structural biologist's resource for high energy data collection facilities (includes links and instrument information for biological beamlines) +FELs of Europe +IR/THz FELs Worldwide - A table containing infrared and terahertz free electron lasers compiled by HZDR +Light Source Facilities - List of light source facilities from LSU CAMD website (outdated) +X-ray Data Booklet \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a32a1c89 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +--- +title: "List of technical standard organizations" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:42.596402+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of technical standardization organizations. + +== International standards organizations == +3GPP – 3rd Generation Partnership Project +3GPP2 – 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 +ABYC – The American Boat & Yacht Council (ABYC is an international organization, despite its name) +Accellera – Accellera Organization +A4L – Access for Learning Community (formerly known as the Schools Interoperability Framework) +AES – Audio Engineering Society +AHRI – Air-conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute +ASAM – Association for Automation and Measuring Systems +ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE is an international organization, despite its name) +ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers +ASTM International – American Society for Testing and Materials +ATIS – Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions +AUTOSAR – AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture +BIPM, CGPM, and CIPM – Bureau International des Poids et Mesures and the related organizations established under the Metre Convention of 1875 +CableLabs – Cable Television Laboratories +CCC – Car Connectivity Consortium +CCSDS – Consultative Committee for Space Data Sciences +CIE – International Commission on Illumination +CISPR – International Special Committee on Radio Interference +CFA – Compact flash association +DCMI – Dublin Core Metadata Initiative +DDEX – Digital Data Exchange +DMSC – Digital Metrology Standards Consortium +DMTF – Distributed Management Task Force +Ecma International – Ecma International (previously called ECMA) +EKOenergy – EKOenergy Network managed by environmental NGOs +FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations +FAI – Fédération Aéronautique Internationale +GS1 – Global supply chain standards (identification numbers, barcodes, electronic commerce transactions, RFID) +HGI – Home Gateway Initiative +HFSB – Hedge Fund Standards Board +HROpen – Human Resource (HR) data exchange standards body +IABTL – IAB Tech Lab (Advertising Technology Standards) +IATA – International Air Transport Association +ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization +IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission +IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers +IEEE-SA – IEEE Standards Association +IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force +IFOAM – International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements +IFSWF – International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds +IMO – International Maritime Organization +IMS – IMS Global Learning Consortium +ISO – International Organization for Standardization +ISSN -International Standard Serial Number centre +IPTC – International Press Telecommunications Council +ITU – The International Telecommunication Union +ITU-R – ITU Radiocommunications Sector (formerly known as CCIR) +ITU-T – ITU Telecommunications Sector (formerly known as CCITT) +ITU-D – ITU Telecom Development (formerly known as BDT) +IUPAC – International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry +Khronos Group – Khronos Group +Liberty Alliance – Liberty Alliance +Media Grid – Media Grid Standards Organization +NACE International – Formerly known as National Association of Corrosion Engineers +NEMA – National Electrical Manufacturers Association +OASIS – Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards +OCF – Open Connectivity Foundation +OGC – Open Geospatial Consortium +OHICC – Organization of Hotel Industry Classification & Certification +OIF – Optical Internetworking Forum +OMA – Open Mobile Alliance +OMG – Object Management Group +OGF – Open Grid Forum (merger of Global Grid Forum (GGF) and Enterprise Grid Alliance (EGA)) +OpenTravel Alliance – OpenTravel Alliance (previously known as OTA) +OSGi – OSGi Alliance +PESC – P20 Education Standards Council +SAE – SAE International, formerly named the Society of Automotive Engineers +SAI – Social Accountability International +SDA – Secure Digital Association +SNIA – Storage Networking Industry Association +SMPTE – Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers +SSDA – Solid State Drive Alliance +The Open Group – The Open Group +TIA – Telecommunications Industry Association +TM Forum – Telemanagement Forum +UIC – International Union of Railways +UL – Underwriters Laboratories +Unicode Consortium – Unicode Consortium +UPU – Universal Postal Union +WMO – World Meteorological Organization +W3C – World Wide Web Consortium +WSA – Website Standards Association +WHO biological standards – Mostly developed by NIBSC +XSF – The XMPP Standards Foundation + +== Regional standards organizations == + +=== Africa === +ARSO – African Organization for Standardisation +SADCSTAN – Southern African Development Community (SADC) Cooperation in Standardization +SON – Standard Organization of Nigeria + +=== Americas === +COPANT – Pan American Standards Commission +AMN – MERCOSUR Standardization Association +CROSQ – CARICOM Regional Organization for Standards and Quality +AAQG – America's Aerospace Quality Group + +=== Asia Pacific === +PASC – Pacific Area Standards Congress +ACCSQ – ASEAN Consultative Committee for Standards and Quality + +=== Europe === +CEN – European Committee for Standardization +CENELEC – European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization +ECSS – European Cooperation for Space Standardization +EIGA – European Industrial Gases Association +ETSI – European Telecommunications Standards Institute +EURAMET – European Association of National Metrology Institutes +IRMM – Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (European Union) +EASC – Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification +RoyalCert International Registrars +WELMEC – European Cooperation in Legal Metrology + +=== Middle East === +AIDMO – Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization +IAU* – International Arabic Union + +== Nationally-based standards organizations == +This list is not limited to ISO members. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66213d764 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +--- +title: "List of technical standard organizations" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:42.596402+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Afghanistan – ANSA – Afghan National Standard Authority +Algeria – IANOR – Institut algérien de normalisation +Argentina – IRAM – Instituto Argentino de Normalización +Armenia – SARM – National Institute of Standards and Quality +Australia – SA – Standards Australia +Austria – ASI – Austrian Standards International +Bahrain – BSMD +Bangladesh – BSTI – Bangladesh Standards and Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution +Barbados – BNSI – Barbados National Standards Institution +Belarus – BELST – Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of Belarus +Belgium – NBN – Bureau voor Normalisatie/Bureau de Normalisation (formerly: IBN/BIN) +Belgium – BEC / CEB – The Belgian Electrotechnical Committee – Belgisch Elektrotechnisch Comité – Comité Electrotechnique Belge +Bolivia – IBNORCA – Instituto Boliviano de Normalización y Calidad +Botswana – BOBS – Botswana Bureau of Standards +Bosnia and Herzegovina – BASMP – Institute for Standards, Metrology and Intellectual Property of Bosnia and Herzegovina +Brazil – ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas +Brunei Darussalam – CPRU – Construction Planning and Research Unit, Ministry of Development +Bulgaria – BDS – Bulgarian Institute for Standardization +Canada +SCC – Standards Council of Canada +CSA – Canadian Standards Association +Centre for Study of Insurance Operations +Chile – INN – Instituto Nacional de Normalizacion +China – SAC – Standardization Administration of China +China – CSSN – China Standards Information Center +Colombia – ICONTEC – Instituto Colombiano de Normas Tecnicas y Certificación +Costa Rica – INTECO – Instituto de Normas Técnicas de Costa Rica +Croatia – DZNM – State Office for Standardization and Metrology +Cuba – NC – Oficina Nacional de Normalización +Czech Republic – CSNI – Czech Standards Institute +Denmark – DS – Dansk Standard +Ecuador – INEN – Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización +Egypt – EO – Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control +El Salvador – CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología +Estonia – EVS – Eesti Standardikeskus +Ethiopia – QSAE – Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia +Finland – SFS – Finnish Standards Association +France – AFNOR – Association française de normalisation +Germany +DIN – Deutsches Institut für Normung +DKE – Deutsche Kommission für Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik in DIN und VDE +Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik +Georgia – GEOSTM – Georgian National Agency for Standards, Technical Regulations and Metrology +Ghana GSA- Ghana Standards Authority +Greece – ELOT – Hellenic Organization for Standardization +Grenada – GDBS – Grenada Bureau of Standards +Guatemala – COGUANOR – Comisión Guatemalteca de Normas +Guyana – GNBS – Guyana National Bureau of Standards +Hong Kong – ITCHKSAR – Innovation and Technology Commission +Hungary – MSZT – Magyar Szabványügyi Testület +Iceland – IST – Icelandic Council for Standardization +India – BIS – Bureau of Indian Standards +Indonesia – BSN – Badan Standardisasi Nasional +Iran – INSO – Iran National Standards Organization +Ireland – NSAI – National Standards Authority of Ireland +Israel – SII – The Standards Institution of Israel +Italy – UNI – Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione +Jamaica – BSJ – Bureau of Standards, Jamaica +Japan – JISC – Japan Industrial Standards Committee +Jordan – JISM – Jordan Institution for Standards and Metrology +Kazakhstan – KAZMEMST – Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification +Kenya – KEBS – Kenya Bureau of Standards +Republic of Korea – KATS – Korean Agency for Technology and Standards +Kuwait – KOWSMD – Public Authority for Industry, Standards and Industrial Services Affairs +Kyrgyzstan – KYRGYZST – State Inspection for Standardization and Metrology +Latvia – LVS – Latvian Standard +Lebanon – LIBNOR – Lebanese Standards Institution +Lithuania – LST – Lithuanian Standards Board +Luxembourg – SEE – Service de l'Energie de l'Etat, Organisme Luxembourgeois de Normalisation +Malaysia – DSM – Department of Standards Malaysia +Malta – MSA – Malta Standards Authority +Mauritius – MSB – Mauritius Standards Bureau +Mexico – DGN – Dirección General de Normas +Moldova – MOLDST – Department of Standardization and Metrology +Morocco – SNIMA – Service de Normalisation Industrielle Marocaine +Nepal – NBSM— Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology +Netherlands – NEN – Nederlandse Norm, maintained by the Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut (NNI) +New Zealand – SNZ – Standards New Zealand +Nicaragua – DTNM – Dirección de Tecnología, Normalización y Metrología +Nigeria – SON – Standards Organisation of Nigeria +Norway – SN – Standards Norway (Standard Norge) +Oman – DGSM – Directorate General for Specifications and Measurements +Pakistan – PSQCA – Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority +Palestine – PSI – Palestine Standards Institution +Panama – COPANIT – Comisión Panameña de Normas Industriales y Técnicas +Papua New Guinea – NISIT – National Institute of Standards and Industrial Technology +Paraguay – INTN – Instituto Nacional de Tecnología, Normalización +Peru – INDECOPI – Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intellectual +Philippines – BPS – Bureau of Product Standards +Poland – PKN – Polish Committee for Standardization +Portugal – IPQ – Instituto Português da Qualidade +Romania – ASRO – Asociatia de Standardizare din România +Russian Federation – Rosstandart – Federal Technical Regulation and Metrology Agency +Saint Lucia – SLBS – Saint Lucia Bureau of Standards +Saudi Arabia – SASO & SABER Certificate – Saudi Arabian Standards Organization +Serbia and Montenegro – ISSM -Institution for Standardization of Serbia and Montenegro +Seychelles – SBS – Seychelles Bureau of Standards +Singapore – SPRING SG – Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board +Slovakia – SUTN – Slovak Standards Institute +Slovenia – SIST – Slovenian Institute for Standardization +Somalia – SOBS – Somali Bureau of Standards +South Africa – SABS – South African Bureau of Standards +Spain – UNE— Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación (AENOR) +Sri Lanka – SLSI – Sri Lanka Standards Institution +Suriname – SSB – Suriname Standards Bureau +Sweden – SIS – Swedish Standards Institute +Switzerland – SNV – Swiss Association for Standardization +Syrian Arab Republic – SASMO – The Syrian Arab Organization for Standardization and Metrology +Taiwan (Republic of China) – BSMI – The Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection +Tanzania – TBS – Tanzania Bureau of Standards +Thailand – TISI – Thai Industrial Standards Institute +Trinidad and Tobago – TTBS – Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards +Turkey – TSE – Türk Standardlari Enstitüsü +Uganda – UNBS – Uganda National Bureau of Standards +Ukraine – DSSU – State Committee for Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy of Ukraine +United Arab Emirates – ESMA – Emirates Standardization and Metrology Association +United Kingdom +BSI – British Standards Institution aka BSI Group +DStan – UK Defence Standardization +United States of America +ANSI – American National Standards Institute +ACI – American Concrete Institute +NISO – National Information Standards Organization +NIST – National Institute of Standards and Technology +Uruguay – UNIT – Instituto Uruguayo de Normas Técnicas +Venezuela – FONDONORMA – Fondo para la Normalización y Certificación de la Calidad +Vietnam – TCVN – Directorate for Standards and Quality + +== See also == +Standards organization +Technical Standard + +== References == + +== External links == +Open Standards Organizations \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_physics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_physics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efde73684 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_physics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "List of textbooks in physics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_physics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:25.926946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +List of textbooks in physics: + +Category:Physics textbooks +List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics +List of textbooks in electromagnetism +List of textbooks on relativity +List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_thermodynamics_and_statistical_mechanics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_thermodynamics_and_statistical_mechanics-0.md index 6be8213b4..56813b341 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_thermodynamics_and_statistical_mechanics-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_thermodynamics_and_statistical_mechanics-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_thermodynamics_and_statistical_mechanics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:17:02.992953+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:47.896132+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb431bb3a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +--- +title: "List of textbooks on relativity" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:17.326456+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Textbooks on the theory of relativity have been published by several notable physicists and mathematicians: + + +== Special relativity == + The primary sources section of the latter article in particular contains many additional (early) publications of importance in the field. +Lorentz, Hendrik (1892). "De relatieve beweging van de aarde en den aether". Zittingsverlag Akad. (in Dutch). 5 (1): 74–79. + :For a translation see: s:Translation:The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Aether. Hendrik Lorentz was a major influence on Einstein's theory of special relativity. Lorentz laid the fundamentals for the work by Einstein and the theory was originally called the Lorentz-Einstein theory. After 1905 Lorentz wrote several papers on what he called "Einstein's principle of relativity". + +Einstein, Albert (1905-06-30). "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper" [On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies]. Annalen der Physik (in German). 17 (10): 891–921. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..891E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053221004. +"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". Translation by George Barker Jeffery and Wilfrid Perrett in The Principle of Relativity, London: Methuen and Company, Ltd. (1923) +"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". Translation by Megh Nad Saha in The Principle of Relativity: Original Papers by A. Einstein and H. Minkowski, University of Calcutta, 1920, pp. 1–34: + :Introduced the special theory of relativity. Reconciled Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light. One of the Annus Mirabilis papers. + +Einstein, Albert (1905). "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?" (PDF). Annalen der Physik. 18 (13): 639–641. Bibcode:1905AnP...323..639E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053231314. Retrieved 2008-02-18. + :English translations: "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?". Translation by George Barker Jeffery and Wilfrid Perrett in The Principle of Relativity, London: Methuen and Company, Ltd. (1923). + :Used the newly formulated theory of special relativity to introduce the mass energy formula. One of the Annus Mirabilis papers. + +Henri Poincaré (1906) "On the Dynamics of the Electron", Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo +Minkowski, Hermann (1915) [1907]. "Das Relativitätsprinzip" [The Relativity Principle]. Annalen der Physik (in German). 352 (15): 927–938. Bibcode:1915AnP...352..927M. doi:10.1002/andp.19153521505. + * —— (21 December 1907). "Die Grundgleichungen für die elektromagnetischen Vorgänge in bewegten Körpern" . Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse: 53–111. + **English translation: The Fundamental Equations for Electromagnetic Processes in Moving Bodies. In: The Principle of Relativity (1920), Calcutta: University Press, 1-69 + +—— (21 September 1908). "Raum und Zeit" . Physikalische Zeitschrift. 10: 75–88. + ** Translation by Meghnad Saha, "Space and Time" (1920): Wikisource link. + : Introduced the four-vector notation and the notion of Minkowski space, which was later adopted by Einstein and others. + +E. T. Whittaker (1910) A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity +Wilson, Edwin B.; Lewis, Gilbert N. (1912). "The Space-time Manifold of Relativity. The Non-Euclidean Geometry of Mechanics and Electromagnetics". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 48 (11): 387–507. doi:10.2307/20022840. JSTOR 20022840. +Varićak, V. (1912), "Über die nichteuklidische Interpretation der Relativtheorie" , Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, 21: 103–127, Wikisource translation: On the Non-Euclidean Interpretation of the Theory of Relativity +Henri Poincaré (1913) "The New Mechanics", The Monist Vol. XXIII, "The Relativity of Space", The Monist, Vol. XXIII. +Émile Borel (1914) Introduction Géométrique à quelques Théories Physiques, Gauthier-Villars +Silberstein, Ludwik (1914). The Theory of Relativity. Cambridge University Press. Used concepts developed in the then-current textbooks (e.g., vector analysis and non-Euclidean geometry) to provide entry into mathematical physics with a vector-based introduction to quaternions and a primer on matrix notation for linear transformations of 4-vectors. The ten chapters are composed of 4 on kinematics, 3 on quaternion methods, and 3 on electromagnetism. Silberstein used biquaternions to develop Minkowski space and Lorentz transformations. +Arthur W. Conway (1915) Relativity via Internet Archive +Ebenezer Cunningham (1914) The Principle of Relativity and (1915) Relativity and the Electron Theory +Alfred North Whitehead (1919) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge, (1922) The Principle of Relativity with Applications to Physical Science +Frank Morley (1936), "When and Where", The Criterion, edited by Thomas Stearns Eliot, volume 15, pages 200-209. +Vladimir Karapetoff (1944) "The special theory of relativity in hyperbolic functions", Reviews of Modern Physics 16:33–52, Abstract & link to pdf +Lanczos, Cornelius (1949), The Variational Principles of Mechanics, University of Toronto Press, pp. 304–312 Also used biquaternions. +French, Anthony (1968). Special Relativity. W. W. Norton & Company. Google Books preview +Qadir, Asghar (1989). Relativity: An Introduction to the Special Theory. Singapore: World Scientific Publications. Bibcode:1989rist.book.....Q. ISBN 978-9971-5-0612-4. +Taylor, Edwin F.; Wheeler, John Archibald (1992). Spacetime Physics: Introduction to Special Relativity (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-2327-1. +N. David Mermin (2005) It's About Time: Understanding Einstein's Relativity, Princeton University Press ISBN 978-0-691-12201-4 + + +== General relativity == + +Einstein, Albert (1916). "Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" [The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity] (PDF). Annalen der Physik (in German). 354 (7): 769–822. Bibcode:1916AnP...354..769E. doi:10.1002/andp.19163540702. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-23. + : This publication is the first complete account of a general relativistic theory. + +Hermann Weyl (1918) Raum, Zeit, Materie. 5 edns. to 1922 ed. with notes by Jūrgen Ehlers, 1980. trans. 4th edn. Henry Brose, 1922 Space Time Matter, Methuen, rept. 1952 Dover. ISBN 0-486-60267-2. +Max Born (1920) Die Relativitätstheorie Einsteins und ihre physikalischen Grundlagen (in German). Berlin: Springer. 1920. – Based on Born's lectures at the University of Frankfurt am Main. +Available in English under the title Einstein's theory of relativity. New York: Dutton. 1922.. +Ebenezer Cunningham (1921) Relativity, Electron Theory and Gravitation, second edition +Alfred North Whitehead (1922) The Principle of Relativity with applications to Physical Science +Eddington, Arthur Stanley (1923). The Mathematical Theory of Relativity. Cambridge University Press. Einstein considered this the finest description of the theory of relativity in any language. +Charles Steinmetz (1923) Four Lectures on Relativity and Space +Ludwik Silberstein (1924) The Theory of Relativity, 2nd edition, enlarged @ Internet Archive +G. D. Birkhoff (1926) Relativity and Modern Physics, Google Books snippets +Wolfgang Pauli (1926) Relativitätstheorie, Klein's encyclopedia V.19 via Internet Archive +Bridgman, Percy Williams (1962). A Sophisticate's Primer of Relativity. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press. OCLC 530615. +Richard C. Tolman (1934) Relativity, Thermodynamics and Cosmology +Wolfgang Rindler (1969) Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological, second edition 2001 +Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip S.; Wheeler, John Archibald (1973). Gravitation. 24th printing. New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-0344-0. (1200 pages) +Paul Dirac (1975) General Theory of Relativity, 69 pages, summarises Einstein's general theory of relativity. +Robert Wald (1984) General Relativity +Carroll, Sean M. (2003). Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-8053-8732-2. Reprinted 2019 by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-108-48839-6. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theoretical_physicists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theoretical_physicists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a55ad8b0e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theoretical_physicists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ +--- +title: "List of theoretical physicists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theoretical_physicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:29.723887+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a partial list of notable theoretical physicists. Arranged by century of birth, then century of death, then year of birth, then year of death, then alphabetically by surname. For explanation of symbols, see Notes at end of this article. + + +== Ancient times == +Kaṇāda (6th century BCE or 2nd century BCE) +Thales (c. 624 – c. 546 BCE) +Pythagoras^* (c. 570 – c. 495 BCE) +Democritus° (c. 460 – c. 370 BCE) +Aristotle‡ (384–322 BCE) +Archimedesº* (c. 287 – c. 212 BCE) +Ptolemy (c. 100 – c. 170 AD) +Hypatia^ªº (c. 350–370; died 415 AD) + + +== Middle Ages == +Al Farabi (c.872–c.950) +Ibn al-Haytham (c.965–c.1040) +Al Beruni (c.973–c.1048) +Omar Khayyám (c.1048–c.1131) +Bhaskara II (c.1114–c.1185) +Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi (c.1200–c.1266) +Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201–1274) +Jean Buridan (1301–c.1359/62) +Nicole Oresme (c.1320/1325–1382) +Jamshid al-Kashi (1380–1429) +Sigismondo Polcastro (1384–1473) +Ulugh Beg (1394–1449) + + +== 15th–16th century == +Giovanni Bianchini (1410–1469) +Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) +Nicolaus Copernicusº (1473–1543) + + +== 16th century and 16th–17th centuries == +Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576) +Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) +Giordano Bruno (1548–1600) +Galileo Galileiº* (1564–1642) +Johannes Keplerº (1571–1630) +Benedetto Castelli (1578–1643) +René Descartes‡^ (1596–1650) +Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598–1647) + + +== 17th century == +Pierre de Fermat (1607–1665) +Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647) +Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679) +Jeremiah Horrocks (1618–1641) +Francesco Maria Grimaldi (1618–1663) +Jacques Rohault (1618–1672) +Blaise Pascal^ (1623–1662) +Erhard Weigel (1625–1699) +Christiaan Huygens^ (1629–1695) +Ignace-Gaston Pardies (1636–1673) + + +== 17th–18th centuries == +Vincenzo Viviani (1622–1703) +Christopher Wren (1632–1723) +Robert Hooke (1635–1703) +Isaac Newton^*º (1642–1727) +Gottfried Leibniz^ (1646–1716) +John Flamsteed (1646–1719) +Edmond Pourchot (1651–1734) +Jacob Bernoulli (1655–1705) +Edmond Halley (1656–1742) +Luigi Guido Grandi (1671–1742) +Jakob Hermann (1678–1733) +Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan (1678–1771) +Nicolaus II Bernoulli (1695–1726) +Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759) +Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) + + +== 18th century == +Leonhard Euler^ (1707–1783) +Vincenzo Riccati (1707–1785) +Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) +Laura Bassiª* (1711–1778) +Roger Joseph Boscovich (1711–1787) +Johann Samuel König (1712–1757) +Alexis Clairaut (1713–1765) +Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783) + + +== 18th–19th centuries == +Franz Aepinus (1724–1802) +Henry Cavendish (1731–1810) +Charles Coulomb (1736–1806) +Joseph Lagrange^º (1736–1813) +Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827) +Jurij Vega (1754–1802) +John Dalton^ (1766–1844) +Joseph Fourier^ (1768–1830) +Thomas Young‡* (1773–1829) +Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774–1862) +Étienne-Louis Malus (1775–1812) +André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) +Sophie Germain (1776–1831) +Carl Friedrich Gauss^ (1777–1855) +Louis Poinsot (1777–1859) +Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840) +Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana (1781–1864) +Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784–1846) +Claude-Louis Navier (1785–1836) +François Arago (1786–1853) +Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827) +Georg Ohm (1789–1854) +Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789–1857) +Félix Savart (1791–1841) +Ottaviano-Fabrizio Mossotti (1791–1863) +Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis (1792–1843) +George Green^ (1793–1841) +Michel Chasles (1793–1880) +Gabrio Piola (1794–1850) +Gabriel Lamé (1795–1870) +Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796–1832) +Nikolai Brashman (1796–1866) +Andreas von Ettingshausen (1796–1878) +Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (1797–1869) +Jean-Marie Duhamel (1797–1872) +Franz Ernst Neumann (1798–1895) +Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron (1799–1864) + + +== 19th century == +Mikhail Ostrogradsky (1801–1862) +Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (1804–1851) +Viktor Bunyakovsky (1804–1889) +William Hamilton^º (1805–1865) +Samuel Earnshaw (1805–1888) +Julius Weisbach (1806–1871) +Athanase Dupré (1808–1869) +Joseph Liouville (1809–1882) +Auguste Bravais (1811–1863) +Osip Ivanovich Somov (1815–1876) +Charles-Eugène Delaunay (1816–1872) +Jonathan Homer Lane (1819–1880) +William John Macquorn Rankine (1820–1872) +Pafnuty Chebyshev (1821–1894) +Hermann von Helmholtz‡† (1821–1894) +Johann Josef Loschmidt (1821–1895) +August Krönig (1822–1879) +Rudolf Clausius (1822–1888) +August Davidov (1823–1885) +Gustav Kirchhoff (1824–1887) +Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866) +Ludvig Lorenz (1829–1891) +James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) +Johann Bauschinger (1834–1893) +Josef Stefan (1835–1893) +Eugen von Lommel (1837–1899) +Carlo Alberto Castigliano (1847–1884) +Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891) +Pierre Henri Hugoniot (1851–1887) +Heinrich Hertz* (1857–1894) + + +== 19th–20th centuries == + + +== 20th century == + + +== 20th–21st century == + + +== Fictional theoretical physicists == + +Gordon Freeman +Eli Vance +Isaac Kleiner +Rodney McKay +Samantha Carterª +Larry Fleinhardt +Leonardo Vetra +Quinn Mallory +Maximillian Arturo +Nicholas Rush +Daniel Faraday +Catherine Elizabeth Halsey +Milo Rambaldi +Reed Richards +Victor Von Doom +Radek Zelenka +Sheldon Cooper +Rosalind and Robert Lutece +Rick Sanchez + + +== See also == +List of scientists +List of physicists + + +== Notes == +* Experimentalist also +º Astronomer, astrophysicist or cosmologist also +^ Developed new mathematics +† Contributed to chemistry +‡ Contributed to biology +ª Women in theoretical physics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermodynamic_properties-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermodynamic_properties-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abdf9636d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermodynamic_properties-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "List of thermodynamic properties" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermodynamic_properties" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:33.386469+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In thermodynamics, a physical property is any property that is measurable, and whose value describes a state of a physical system. Thermodynamic properties are defined as characteristic features of a system, capable of specifying the system's state. Some constants, such as the ideal gas constant, R, do not describe the state of a system, and so are not properties. On the other hand, some constants, such as Kf (the freezing point depression constant, or cryoscopic constant), depend on the identity of a substance, and so may be considered to describe the state of a system, and therefore may be considered physical properties. +"Specific" properties are expressed on a per mass basis. If the units were changed from per mass to, for example, per mole, the property would remain as it was (i.e., intensive or extensive). + + +== Regarding work and heat == +Work and heat are not thermodynamic properties, but rather process quantities: flows of energy across a system boundary. Systems do not contain work, but can perform work, and likewise, in formal thermodynamics, systems do not contain heat, but can transfer heat. Informally, however, a difference in the energy of a system that occurs solely because of a difference in its temperature is commonly called heat, and the energy that flows across a boundary as a result of a temperature difference is "heat". +Altitude (or elevation) is usually not a thermodynamic property. Altitude can help specify the location of a system, but that does not describe the state of the system. An exception would be if the effect of gravity need to be considered in order to describe a state, in which case altitude could indeed be a thermodynamic property. + + +== See also == +Conjugate variables +Dimensionless numbers +Intensive and extensive properties +Thermodynamic databases for pure substances +Thermodynamic variable + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thread_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thread_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26c6015e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thread_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "List of thread standards" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thread_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:55.503096+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A screw thread, often shortened to thread, is a helical structure used to convert between rotational and linear movement or force. A screw thread is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix, with the former being called a straight thread and the latter called a tapered thread. More screw threads are produced each year than any other machine element. +Threads are generally produced according to one of the many standards of thread systems. Standards Development Organizations such as the American National Standards Institute, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, SAE International, International Organization for Standardization, Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization), British Association and others produce these standards for manufacturers to follow when producing threaded components. + + +== Currently used thread standards == + + +== Obsolete thread standards == + + +== See also == +ISO metric screw thread +"History of standardization" section of the screw thread article +National pipe thread + + +== Notes == + + +== References == +Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d166867f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "List of unsolved problems in physics" +chunk: 1/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:34.737005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of notable unsolved problems grouped into broad areas of physics. +Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning that existing theories are currently unable to explain certain observed phenomena or experimental results. Others are experimental, involving challenges in creating experiments to test proposed theories or to investigate specific phenomena in greater detail. +A number of important questions remain open in the area of physics beyond the Standard Model, such as the strong CP problem, determining the absolute mass of neutrinos, understanding matter–antimatter asymmetry, and identifying the nature of dark matter and dark energy. +Another significant problem lies within the mathematical framework of the Standard Model itself, which remains inconsistent with general relativity. This incompatibility causes both theories to break down under extreme conditions, such as within known spacetime gravitational singularities like those at the Big Bang and at the centers of black holes beyond their event horizons. + +== Historical problems and lists == +Isaac Newton in his book Opticks (first edition 1704), published a list of 31 queries about light. +In 1900, Lord Kelvin in a speech identified two main issues in classical physics that represented "two clouds" for the physics of 20th century: the lack of evidence for the existence of the luminiferous aether and the failures of the equipartition theorem in predicting the heat capacity of solids. Both problems were solved within a decade with the development of special relativity and quantum mechanics respectively. +In 1984, mathematical physicist Barry Simon proposed a list of 15 open problems on quantum operators (about 5 already solved in 2000). A second list of 15 Simon problems was released in 2000 (at least 3 problems solved). +Nobel laureate Vitaly Ginzburg is known for having compiled from 1971 to 2005, a list of open problems in physics on "the verge of the 21st century", the final list includes 30 problems. Ginzburg also included three "great problems": the problem of the arrow of time, the interpretations of quantum mechanics and life arising from physics alone. +During the Strings 2000 conference a list of 10 millenium problems in theoretical physics was proposed by its members, none has been conclusively solved as of 2025. + +=== Mathematical lists === +Some mathematical physics problems are included in notable lists of unsolved problems in mathematics, these include: + +The sixth problem of 1900 Hilbert's problems about the axiomatization of physics, the problem is either ill-defined or partially solved. +The Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness and the Yang–Mills existence and mass gap problems of the Millennium Prize Problems, both remain unsolved. + +== General physics == +Theory of everything: Is there a singular, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all physical aspects of the universe? +Dimensionless physical constants: At the present time, the values of various dimensionless physical constants cannot be calculated; they can be determined only by physical measurement. What is the minimum number of dimensionless physical constants from which all other dimensionless physical constants can be derived? Are dimensional physical constants necessary at all? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0636595b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "List of unsolved problems in physics" +chunk: 2/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:34.737005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Quantum gravity == +Quantum gravity: Can quantum mechanics and general relativity be realized as a fully consistent theory (perhaps as a quantum field theory)? Is spacetime fundamentally continuous or discrete? Would a consistent theory involve a force mediated by a hypothetical graviton, or be a product of a discrete structure of spacetime itself (as in loop quantum gravity)? Are there deviations from the predictions of general relativity at very small or very large scales or in other extreme circumstances that flow from a quantum gravity mechanism? +Black holes, black hole information paradox, and black hole radiation: Do black holes produce thermal radiation, as expected on theoretical grounds? Does this radiation contain information about their inner structure, as suggested by gauge–gravity duality, or not, as implied by Hawking's original calculation? If not, and black holes can evaporate away, what happens to the information stored in them (since quantum mechanics does not provide for the destruction of information)? Or does the radiation stop at some point, leaving black hole remnants? Is there another way to probe their internal structure somehow, if such a structure even exists? +The cosmic censorship hypothesis and the chronology protection conjecture: Can singularities not hidden behind an event horizon, known as "naked singularities", arise from realistic initial conditions, or is it possible to prove some version of the "cosmic censorship hypothesis" of Roger Penrose which proposes that this is impossible? Similarly, will the closed timelike curves which arise in some solutions to the equations of general relativity (and which imply the possibility of backwards time travel) be ruled out by a theory of quantum gravity which unites general relativity with quantum mechanics, as suggested by the "chronology protection conjecture" of Stephen Hawking? +Holographic principle: Is it true that quantum gravity admits a lower-dimensional description that does not contain gravity? A well-understood example of holography is the AdS/CFT correspondence in string theory. Similarly, can quantum gravity in a de Sitter space be understood using dS/CFT correspondence? Can the AdS/CFT correspondence be vastly generalized to the gauge–gravity duality for arbitrary asymptotic spacetime backgrounds? Are there other theories of quantum gravity other than string theory that admit a holographic description? +Quantum spacetime or the emergence of spacetime: Is the nature of spacetime at the Planck scale very different from the continuous classical dynamical spacetime that exists in general relativity? In loop quantum gravity, the spacetime is postulated to be discrete from the beginning. In string theory, although originally spacetime was considered just like in general relativity (with the only difference being supersymmetry), recent research building upon the Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture has taught that spacetime in string theory is emergent by using quantum information theoretic concepts such as entanglement entropy in the AdS/CFT correspondence. However, how exactly the familiar classical spacetime emerges within string theory or the AdS/CFT correspondence is still not well understood. +Problem of time: In quantum mechanics, time is a classical background parameter, and the flow of time is universal and absolute. In general relativity, time is one component of four-dimensional spacetime, and the flow of time changes depending on the curvature of spacetime and the spacetime trajectory of the observer. How can these two concepts of time be reconciled? + +== Quantum physics == +Yang–Mills theory: Given an arbitrary compact gauge group, does a non-trivial quantum Yang–Mills theory with a finite mass gap exist? (This problem is also listed as one of the Millennium Prize Problems in mathematics.) +Quantum field theory (this is a generalization of the previous problem): Is it possible to construct, in a mathematically rigorous way, a quantum field theory in 4-dimensional spacetime that includes interactions and does not resort to perturbative methods? + +== Cosmology and general relativity == +Cosmic inflation: Is the theory of cosmic inflation in the very early universe correct, and, if so, what are the details of this epoch? What is the hypothetical inflaton scalar field that gave rise to this cosmic inflation? If inflation happened at one point, is it self-sustaining through inflation of quantum-mechanical fluctuations, and thus ongoing in some extremely distant place? +Horizon problem: Why is the distant universe so homogeneous when the Big Bang theory seems to predict larger measurable anisotropies of the night sky than those observed? Cosmological inflation is generally accepted as the solution, but are other possible explanations such as a variable speed of light more appropriate? +Origin and future of the universe: How did the conditions for anything to exist arise? Is the universe heading towards a Big Freeze, a Big Rip, a Big Crunch, or a Big Bounce? +Size of universe: The diameter of the observable universe is about 93 billion light-years (or equivalently a radius of about 14 Gpc), but what is the size of the whole universe? Is the universe infinite? +Matter–antimatter asymmetry Theoretical models suggest that the early universe should have produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter. However, observations indicate no significant primordial antimatter. Understanding the mechanisms that led to this asymmetry is a major unsolved problem in physics. +Cosmological principle: Is the universe homogeneous and isotropic at large enough scales, as claimed by the cosmological principle and assumed by all models that use the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, including the current version of the ΛCDM model, or is the universe inhomogeneous or anisotropic? Is the CMB dipole purely kinematic, or does it signal anisotropy of the universe, resulting in the breakdown of the FLRW metric and the cosmological principle? Is the Hubble tension evidence that the cosmological principle is false? Even if the cosmological principle is correct, is the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric the right metric to use for our universe? Are the observations usually interpreted as the accelerating expansion of the universe rightly interpreted, or are they instead evidence that the cosmological principle is false? +Cosmological constant problem: Why does the zero-point energy of the vacuum not cause a large cosmological constant? What cancels it out? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..914b81044 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "List of unsolved problems in physics" +chunk: 3/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:34.737005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Dark matter: What is the identity of dark matter? Is it a particle? If so, is it a WIMP, axion, the lightest superpartner (LSP), or some other particle? Or, are the phenomena attributed to dark matter the result of an alternate theory of gravity separate from general relativity altogether? Despite extensive research, the exact composition of dark matter remains unknown. It is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, radiation, and the universe's large-scale structure. Understanding its properties is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the universe. +Dark energy: What is the cause of the observed accelerating expansion of the universe (the de Sitter phase)? Are the observations rightly interpreted as the accelerating expansion of the universe, or are they evidence that the cosmological principle is false? Why is the energy density of the dark energy component of the same magnitude as the density of matter at present when the two evolve quite differently over time; could it be simply that we are observing at exactly the right time? Is dark energy a pure cosmological constant or are models of quintessence such as phantom energy applicable? +Dark flow: Is a non-spherically-symmetric gravitational pull from outside the observable universe responsible for some of the observed motion of large objects such as galactic clusters in the universe? +Shape of the universe: What is the 3-manifold of comoving space, i.e., of a comoving spatial section of the universe, informally called the "shape" of the universe? Neither the curvature nor the topology is presently known, though the curvature is known to be "close" to zero on observable scales. Is the shape unmeasurable; the Poincaré space; or another 3-manifold? +Extra dimensions: Does nature have more than four spacetime dimensions? If so, what is their size? Are dimensions a fundamental property of the universe or an emergent result of other physical laws? Can we experimentally observe evidence of higher spatial dimensions? +Hubble tension: The value of H0, which encodes the current expansion rate of the universe, has two values: one from near-universe measurements and one from cosmic microwave background measurements combined with the Lambda-CDM model. These two values disagree to a high degree of statistical confidence (5.7σ). Are there systematic measurement errors? A problem in the otherwise widely successful model? + +== High-energy/particle physics == + +Hierarchy problem:The ratio between the strong force and gravity is on the order of 10−20. Why is gravity so much weaker than the strong force? +Magnetic monopoles: Did particles that carry "magnetic charge" exist in some past, higher-energy epoch? If so, do any remain today? (Paul Dirac showed the existence of some types of magnetic monopoles would explain charge quantization.) +Neutron lifetime puzzle: While the neutron lifetime has been studied for decades, there currently exists a lack of consilience on its exact value, due to different results from two experimental methods ("bottle" versus "beam"). +Proton decay and spin crisis: Is the proton fundamentally stable? Or does it decay with a finite lifetime as predicted by some extensions to the standard model? How do the quarks and gluons carry the spin of protons? +Grand Unification: Are the electromagnetic and nuclear forces different aspects of a Grand Unified Theory? If so, what symmetry governs this force and its behaviours? +Supersymmetry: Is spacetime supersymmetry realized at TeV scale? If so, what is the mechanism of supersymmetry breaking? Does supersymmetry stabilize the electroweak scale, preventing high quantum corrections? Does the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) comprise dark matter? +Color confinement: The quantum chromodynamics (QCD) color confinement conjecture is that color-charged particles (such as quarks and gluons) cannot be separated from their parent hadron without producing new hadrons. Is it possible to provide an analytic proof of color confinement in any non-abelian gauge theory? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e001f133a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "List of unsolved problems in physics" +chunk: 4/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:34.737005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The QCD vacuum: Many of the equations in non-perturbative QCD are currently unsolved. These energies are the energies sufficient for the formation and description of atomic nuclei. How thus does low energy /non-pertubative QCD give rise to the formation of complex nuclei and nuclear constituents? +Generations of matter: Why are there three generations of quarks and leptons? Is there a theory that can explain the masses of particular quarks and leptons in particular generations from first principles (a theory of Yukawa couplings)? +Neutrino mass: What is the absolute mass of neutrinos? Are they Dirac or Majorana fermions? Is the mass hierarchy normal or inverted? Is the CP violating phase equal to 0? +Reactor antineutrino anomaly: There is an anomaly in the existing body of data regarding the antineutrino flux from nuclear reactors around the world. Measured values of this flux appears to be only 94% of the value expected from theory. It is unknown whether this is due to unknown physics (such as sterile neutrinos), experimental error in the measurements, or errors in the theoretical flux calculations. +Strong CP problem and axions: Why is the strong nuclear interaction invariant to parity and charge conjugation? Is Peccei–Quinn theory the solution to this problem? Could axions be the main component of dark matter? +Anomalous magnetic dipole moment: Why is the experimentally measured value of the muon's anomalous magnetic dipole moment ("muon g − 2") significantly different from the theoretically predicted value of that physical constant? +Pentaquarks and other exotic hadrons: What combinations of quarks are possible? Are they a tightly bound system of five elementary particles, or a more weakly-bound pairing of a baryon and a meson? +Mu problem: A problem in supersymmetric theories, concerned with understanding the reasons for parameter values of the theory. +Koide formula: An aspect of the problem of particle generations. The sum of the masses of the three charged leptons, divided by the square of the sum of the roots of these masses, to within one standard deviation of observations, is Q = 2⁄3. It is unknown how such a simple value comes about, and why it is the exact arithmetic average of the possible extreme values of ⁠1/3⁠ (equal masses) and 1 (one mass dominates). +Strange matter: Does strange matter exist? Is it stable? Can they form Strange stars? Is strange matter stable at 0 pressure (i.e. in the vacuum)? +Glueballs: Do they exist in nature? +Gallium anomaly: The measurements of the charged-current capture rate of neutrinos on Ga from strong radioactive sources have yielded results below those expected, based on the known strength of the principal transition supplemented by theory. + +== Astronomy and astrophysics == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e210e81c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "List of unsolved problems in physics" +chunk: 5/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:34.737005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Solar cycle: How does the Sun generate its periodically reversing large-scale magnetic field? How do other solar-like stars generate their magnetic fields, and what are the similarities and differences between stellar activity cycles and that of the Sun? What caused the Maunder Minimum and other grand minima, and how does the solar cycle recover from a minima state? +Coronal heating problem: Why is the Sun's corona (atmosphere layer) so much hotter than the Sun's surface? Why is the magnetic reconnection effect many orders of magnitude faster than predicted by standard models? +Astrophysical jet: Why do only certain accretion discs surrounding certain astronomical objects emit relativistic jets along their polar axes? Why are there quasi-periodic oscillations in many accretion discs? Why does the period of these oscillations scale as the inverse of the mass of the central object? Why are there sometimes overtones, and why do these appear at different frequency ratios in different objects? +Diffuse interstellar bands: What is responsible for the numerous interstellar absorption lines detected in astronomical spectra? Are they molecular in origin, and if so which molecules are responsible for them? How do they form? +Supermassive black holes: What is the origin of the M–sigma relation between supermassive black hole mass and galaxy velocity dispersion? How did the most distant quasars grow their supermassive black holes up to 1010 solar masses so early in the history of the universe? +Kuiper cliff: Why does the number of objects in the Solar System's Kuiper belt fall off rapidly and unexpectedly beyond a radius of 50 astronomical units? +Flyby anomaly: Why is the observed energy of satellites flying by planetary bodies sometimes different by a minute amount from the value predicted by theory? +Galaxy rotation problem: Is dark matter responsible for differences in observed and theoretical speed of stars revolving around the centre of galaxies, or is it something else? +Supernovae: What is the exact mechanism by which an implosion of a dying star becomes an explosion? +p-nuclei: What astrophysical process is responsible for the nucleogenesis of these rare isotopes? +Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray: Why is it that some cosmic rays appear to possess energies that are impossibly high, given that there are no sufficiently energetic cosmic ray sources near the Earth? Why is it that (apparently) some cosmic rays emitted by distant sources have energies above the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit? +Rotation rate of Saturn: Why does the magnetosphere of Saturn exhibit a (slowly changing) periodicity close to that at which the planet's clouds rotate? What is the true rotation rate of Saturn's deep interior? +Origin of magnetar magnetic field: What is the origin of magnetar magnetic fields? +Large-scale anisotropy: Is the universe at very large scales anisotropic, making the cosmological principle an invalid assumption? The number count and intensity dipole anisotropy in radio, NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) catalogue is inconsistent with the local motion as derived from cosmic microwave background and indicate an intrinsic dipole anisotropy. The same NVSS radio data also shows an intrinsic dipole in polarization density and degree of polarization in the same direction as in number count and intensity. There are several other observations revealing large-scale anisotropy. The optical polarization from quasars shows polarization alignment over a very large scale of Gpc. The cosmic-microwave-background data shows several features of anisotropy, which are not consistent with the Big Bang model. +Age–metallicity relation in the Galactic disk: Is there a universal age–metallicity relation (AMR) in the Galactic disk (both "thin" and "thick" parts of the disk)? Although in the local (primarily thin) disk of the Milky Way there is no evidence of a strong AMR, a sample of 229 nearby "thick" disk stars has been used to investigate the existence of an age–metallicity relation in the Galactic thick disk, and indicate that there is an age–metallicity relation present in the thick disk. Stellar ages from asteroseismology confirm the lack of any strong age–metallicity relation in the Galactic disc. +The lithium problem: Why is there a discrepancy between the amount of lithium-7 predicted to be produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the amount observed in very old stars? +Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs): What powers X-ray sources that are not associated with active galactic nuclei but exceed the Eddington limit of a neutron star or stellar black hole? Are they due to intermediate-mass black holes? Some ULXs are periodic, suggesting non-isotropic emission from a neutron star. Does this apply to all ULXs? How could such a system form and remain stable? +Fast radio bursts (FRBs): What causes these transient radio pulses from distant galaxies, lasting only a few milliseconds each? Why do some FRBs repeat at unpredictable intervals, but most do not? Dozens of models have been proposed, but none have been widely accepted. +Origin of cosmic magnetic fields: Observations reveal that magnetic fields are present throughout the universe, from galaxies to galaxy clusters. However, the mechanisms that generated these large-scale cosmic magnetic fields remain unclear. Understanding their origin is a significant unsolved problem in astrophysics. + +== Nuclear physics == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23602b567 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "List of unsolved problems in physics" +chunk: 6/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:34.737005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Quantum chromodynamics: What are the phases of strongly interacting matter, and what roles do they play in the evolution of the cosmos? What is the detailed partonic structure of the nucleons? What does QCD predict for the properties of strongly interacting matter? What determines the key features of QCD, and what is their relation to the nature of gravity and spacetime? Does QCD truly lack CP violations? +Quark–gluon plasma: Where is the onset of deconfinement: 1) as a function of temperature and chemical potentials? 2) as a function of relativistic heavy-ion collision energy and system size? What is the mechanism of energy and baryon-number stopping leading to creation of quark-gluon plasma in relativistic heavy-ion collisions? Why is sudden hadronization and the statistical-hadronization model a near-to-perfect description of hadron production from quark–gluon plasma? Is quark flavor conserved in quark–gluon plasma? Are strangeness and charm in chemical equilibrium in quark–gluon plasma? Does strangeness in quark–gluon plasma flow at the same speed as up and down quark flavours? Why does deconfined matter show ideal flow? +Specific models of quark–gluon plasma formation: Do gluons saturate when their occupation number is large? Do gluons form a dense system called colour glass condensate? What are the signatures and evidences for the Balitsky–Fadin–Kuarev–Lipatov (BFKL), Balitsky–Kovchegov (BK), Catani–Ciafaloni–Fiorani–Marchesini (CCFM) evolution equations? +Nuclei and nuclear astrophysics: What is the nature of the nuclear force that binds protons and neutrons into stable nuclei and rare isotopes? What is the explanation for the EMC effect? What is the nature of exotic excitations in nuclei at the frontiers of stability and their role in stellar processes? What is the nature of neutron stars and dense nuclear matter? What is the origin of the elements in the cosmos? What are the nuclear reactions that drive stars and stellar explosions? What is the heaviest possible chemical element? + +== Fluid dynamics == +Under what conditions do smooth solutions exist for the Navier–Stokes equations, which are the equations that describe the flow of a viscous fluid? This problem, for an incompressible fluid in three dimensions, is also one of the Millennium Prize Problems in mathematics. +Turbulent flow: Is it possible to make a theoretical model to describe the statistics of a turbulent flow (in particular, its internal structures)? +Granular convection: why does a granular material subjected to shaking or vibration exhibit circulation patterns similar to types of fluid convection? Why do the largest particles end up on the surface of a granular material containing a mixture of variously sized objects when subjected to a vibration/shaking? + +== Condensed matter physics == + +High-temperature superconductivity: What is the mechanism that causes certain materials to exhibit superconductivity at temperatures much higher than around 25 kelvins? Is it possible to make a material that is a superconductor at room temperature and atmospheric pressure? +Amorphous solids: What is the nature of the glass transition between a fluid or regular solid and a glassy phase? What are the physical processes giving rise to the general properties of glasses and the glass transition? +Universality of low-temperature amorphous solids: why is the small dimensionless ratio of the phonon wavelength to its mean free path nearly the same for a very large family of disordered solids? This small ratio is observed for very large range of phonon frequencies. +Cryogenic electron emission: Why does the electron emission in the absence of light increase as the temperature of a photomultiplier is decreased? +Sonoluminescence: What causes the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound? +Topological order: Is topological order stable at non-zero temperature? Equivalently, is it possible to have three-dimensional self-correcting quantum memory? +Gauge block wringing: What mechanism allows gauge blocks to be wrung together? + +Fractional Hall effect: What mechanism explains the existence of the u = 5/2 state in the fractional quantum Hall effect? Does it describe quasiparticles with non-Abelian fractional statistics? +Liquid crystals: Can the nematic to smectic (A) phase transition in liquid crystal states be characterized as a universal phase transition? +Semiconductor nanocrystals: What is the cause of the nonparabolicity of the energy-size dependence for the lowest optical absorption transition of quantum dots? +Metal whiskering: In electrical devices, some metallic surfaces may spontaneously grow fine metallic whiskers, which can lead to equipment failures. While compressive mechanical stress is known to encourage whisker formation, the growth mechanism has yet to be determined. +Superfluid transition in helium-4: Explain the discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical determinations of the heat capacity critical exponent α. +Scharnhorst effect: Can light signals travel slightly faster than c between two closely spaced conducting plates, exploiting the Casimir effect? + +== Quantum computing and quantum information == +Threshold problem: Can we go beyond the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era? Can quantum computers reach fault tolerance? Is it possible to have enough qubit scalability to implement quantum error correction? What are the most promising candidate platforms to physically implement qubits? +Topological qubits: Topological quantum computers are promising but can they be built? Can we demonstrate Majorana zero modes conclusively? +Temperature: Can quantum computing be performed at non-cryogenic temperatures? Can we build room temperature quantum computers? +Complexity classes problems: What is the relation between BQP and BPP? What is the relation between BQP and NP? Can computation in plausible physical theories (quantum algorithms) go beyond BQP? +Post-quantum cryptography: Can we prove that some cryptographic protocols are safe against quantum computers? +Quantum capacity: The capacity of a quantum channel is in general not known. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f3f35650 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "List of unsolved problems in physics" +chunk: 7/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:34.737005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Plasma physics == +Plasma physics and fusion power: Fusion energy may potentially provide power from an abundant resource (e.g. hydrogen) without the type of radioactive waste that fission energy currently produces. However, can ionized gases (plasma) be confined long enough and at a high enough temperature to create fusion power? What is the physical origin of H-mode? +The injection problem: Fermi acceleration is thought to be the primary mechanism that accelerates astrophysical particles to high energy. However, it is unclear what mechanism causes those particles to initially have energies high enough for Fermi acceleration to work on them. +Alfvénic turbulence: In the solar wind and the turbulence in solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and magnetospheric substorms are major unsolved problems in space plasma physics. +Ball lightning: the exact physical nature of this mystery in atmospheric electricity. + +== Biophysics == +Abiogenesis: can life be created from physical processes alone? +Stochasticity and robustness to noise in gene expression: How do genes govern our body, withstanding different external pressures and internal stochasticity? Certain models exist for genetic processes, but we are far from understanding the whole picture, in particular in development where gene expression must be tightly regulated. +Quantitative study of the immune system: What are the quantitative properties of immune responses? What are the basic building blocks of immune system networks? +Homochirality: What is the origin of the preponderance of specific enantiomers in biochemical systems? +Magnetoreception: How do animals (e.g. migratory birds) sense the Earth's magnetic field? +Protein structure prediction: How is the three-dimensional structure of proteins determined by the one-dimensional amino acid sequence? How can proteins fold on microsecond to second timescales when the number of possible conformations is astronomical and conformational transitions occur on the picosecond to microsecond timescale? Can algorithms be written to predict a protein's three-dimensional structure from its sequence? Do the native structures of most naturally occurring proteins coincide with the global minimum of the free energy in conformational space? Or are most native conformations thermodynamically unstable, but kinetically trapped in metastable states? What keeps the high density of proteins present inside cells from precipitating? +Quantum biology: Can coherence be maintained in biological systems at timeframes long enough to be functionally important? Are there non-trivial aspects of biology or biochemistry that can only be explained by the persistence of coherence as a mechanism? + +== Foundations of physics == +Interpretation of quantum mechanics: How does the quantum description of reality, which includes elements such as the superposition of states and wavefunction collapse or quantum decoherence, give rise to the reality we perceive? Another way of stating this question regards the measurement problem: What constitutes a "measurement" which apparently causes the wave function to collapse into a definite state? Unlike classical physical processes, some quantum mechanical processes (such as quantum teleportation arising from quantum entanglement) cannot be simultaneously "local", "causal", and "real", but it is not obvious which of these properties must be sacrificed, or if an attempt to describe quantum mechanical processes in these senses is a category error such that a proper understanding of quantum mechanics would render the question meaningless. +Arrow of time (e.g. entropy's arrow of time): Why does time have a direction? Why did the universe have such low entropy in the past, and time correlates with the universal (but not local) increase in entropy, from the past and to the future, according to the second law of thermodynamics? Why are CP violations observed in certain weak force decays, but not elsewhere? Are CP violations somehow a product of the second law of thermodynamics, or are they a separate arrow of time? Are there exceptions to the principle of causality? Is there a single possible past? Is the present moment physically distinct from the past and future, or is it merely an emergent property of consciousness? What links the quantum arrow of time to the thermodynamic arrow? +Locality: Are there non-local phenomena in quantum physics? If they exist, are non-local phenomena limited to the entanglement revealed in the violations of the Bell inequalities, or can information and conserved quantities also move in a non-local way? Under what circumstances are non-local phenomena observed? What does the existence or absence of non-local phenomena imply about the fundamental structure of spacetime? How does this elucidate the proper interpretation of the fundamental nature of quantum physics? +Quantum mind: Do quantum mechanical phenomena, such as entanglement and superposition, play an important part in the brain's function and can it explain critical aspects of consciousness? + +== Problems solved in the past 30 years == + +=== General physics/quantum physics === +Perform a loophole-free Bell test experiment (1970–2015): In October 2015, scientists from the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience reported that the failure of the local hidden-variable hypothesis is supported at the 96% confidence level based on a "loophole-free Bell test" study. These results were confirmed by two studies with statistical significance over 5 standard deviations which were published in December 2015. + +=== Cosmology and general relativity === +Existence of gravitational waves (1916–2016): On 11 February 2016, the Advanced LIGO team announced that they had directly detected gravitational waves from a pair of black holes merging, which was also the first detection of a stellar binary black hole. +Numerical solution for binary black hole (1960s–2005): The numerical solution of the two body problem in general relativity was achieved after four decades of research. Three groups devised the breakthrough techniques in 2005 (annus mirabilis of numerical relativity). +Cosmic age problem (1920s–1990s): The estimated age of the universe was around 3 to 8 billion years younger than estimates of the ages of the oldest stars in the Milky Way. Better estimates for the distances to the stars, and the recognition of the accelerating expansion of the universe, reconciled the age estimates. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a29a715eb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "List of unsolved problems in physics" +chunk: 8/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:34.737005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== High-energy physics/particle physics === +Existence of pentaquarks (1964–2015): In July 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN identified pentaquarks in the Λ0b→J/ψK−p channel, which represents the decay of the bottom lambda baryon (Λ0b) into a J/ψ meson (J/ψ), a kaon (K−) and a proton (p). The results showed that sometimes, instead of decaying directly into mesons and baryons, the Λ0b decayed via intermediate pentaquark states. The two states, named P+c(4380) and P+c(4450), had individual statistical significances of 9 σ and 12 σ, respectively, and a combined significance of 15 σ—enough to claim a formal discovery. The two pentaquark states were both observed decaying strongly to J/ψp, hence must have a valence quark content of two up quarks, a down quark, a charm quark, and an anti-charm quark (uudcc), making them charmonium-pentaquarks. +Existence of quark-gluon plasma, a new phase of matter was discovered and confirmed in experiments at CERN-SPS (2000), BNL-RHIC (2005) and CERN-LHC (2010). +Higgs boson and electroweak symmetry breaking (1963–2012): The mechanism responsible for breaking the electroweak gauge symmetry, giving mass to the W and Z bosons, was solved with the discovery of the Higgs boson of the Standard Model, with the expected couplings to the weak bosons. No evidence of a strong dynamics solution, as proposed by technicolor, has been observed. +Origin of mass of most elementary particles: Solved with the discovery of the Higgs boson, which implies the existence of the Higgs field giving mass to these particles. +Proton radius puzzle: A 2010 measurement of the charge radius for the proton found a significantly smaller value than past measurements. Measurements since 2019 supported the smaller value of 0.8409(4) fm. A 2022 reanalysis of old data with a revised theoretical model also supported the smaller value. + +=== Astronomy and astrophysics === +Origin of short gamma-ray burst (1993–2017): From binary neutron stars merger, produce a kilonova explosion and short gamma-ray burst GRB 170817A was detected in both electromagnetic waves and gravitational wave GW170817. +Missing baryon problem (1998–2017): proclaimed solved in October 2017, with the missing baryons located in hot intergalactic gas. +Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (1993–2003): Long-duration bursts are associated with the deaths of massive stars in a specific kind of supernova-like event commonly referred to as a collapsar. However, there are also long-duration GRBs that show evidence against an associated supernova, such as the Swift event GRB 060614. +Solar neutrino problem (1968–2001): Solved by a new understanding of neutrino physics, requiring a modification of the Standard Model of particle physics—specifically, neutrino oscillation. +Saturn's core spin was determined from its gravitational field. + +=== Rapidly solved problems === +Existence of time crystals (2012–2016): The idea of a quantized time crystal was first theorized in 2012 by Frank Wilczek. In 2016, Khemani et al. and Else et al. independently of each other suggested that periodically driven quantum spin systems could show similar behaviour. Also in 2016, Norman Yao at Berkeley and colleagues proposed a different way to create discrete time crystals in spin systems. This was then used by two teams, a group led by Christopher Monroe at the University of Maryland and a group led by Mikhail Lukin at Harvard University, who were both able to show evidence for time crystals in the laboratory setting, showing that for short times the systems exhibited the dynamics similar to the predicted one. +Photon underproduction crisis (2014–2015): This problem was resolved by Khaire and Srianand. They show that a factor 2 to 5 times large metagalactic photoionization rate can be easily obtained using updated quasar and galaxy observations. Recent observations of quasars indicate that the quasar contribution to ultraviolet photons is a factor of 2 larger than previous estimates. The revised galaxy contribution is a factor of 3 larger. These together solve the crisis. +Hipparcos anomaly (1997–2012): The High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite (Hipparcos) measured the parallax of the Pleiades and determined a distance of 385 light years. This was significantly different from other measurements made by means of actual to apparent brightness measurement or absolute magnitude. The anomaly was due to the use of a weighted mean when there is a correlation between distances and distance errors for stars in clusters. It is resolved by using an unweighted mean. There is no systematic bias in the Hipparcos data when it comes to star clusters. +Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly (2011–2012): In 2011, the OPERA experiment mistakenly observed neutrinos appearing to travel faster than light. On 12 July 2012 OPERA updated their paper after discovering an error in their previous flight time measurement. They found agreement of neutrino speed with the speed of light. +Pioneer anomaly (1980–2012): There was a deviation in the predicted accelerations of the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft as they left the Solar System. It is believed that this is a result of previously unaccounted-for thermal recoil force. + +== See also == + +Lists of unsolved problems +Physical paradox +List of unsolved problems in mathematics +List of unsolved problems in neuroscience + +== References == + +== External links == +What problems of physics and astrophysics seem now to be especially important and interesting (thirty years later, already on the verge of XXI century)? V. L. Ginzburg, Physics-Uspekhi 42 (4) 353–373, 1999 +What don't we know? Science journal special project for its 125th anniversary: top 25 questions and 100 more. +List of links to unsolved problems in physics, prizes and research. +A list of open problems in quantum information theory maintained by the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) in Vienna. +Ideas Based On What We'd Like to Achieve Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine +2004 SLAC Summer Institute: Nature's Greatest Puzzles Archived 30 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine +Dual Personality of Glass Explained at Last +What we do and don't know Review on current state of physics by Steven Weinberg, November 2013 +The crisis of big science Steven Weinberg, May 2012 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_statistics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_statistics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c9fc4002 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_statistics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "List of unsolved problems in statistics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_statistics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:50.257907+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +There are many longstanding unsolved problems in mathematics for which a solution has still not yet been found. The notable unsolved problems in statistics are generally of a different flavor; according to John Tukey, "difficulties in identifying problems have delayed statistics far more than difficulties in solving problems." A list of "one or two open problems" (in fact 22 of them) was given by David Cox. + + +== Inference and testing == +How to detect and correct for systematic errors, especially in sciences where random errors are large (a situation Tukey termed uncomfortable science). +The Graybill–Deal estimator is often used to estimate the common mean of two normal populations with unknown and possibly unequal variances. Though this estimator is generally unbiased, its admissibility remains to be shown. +Meta-analysis: Though independent p-values can be combined using Fisher's method, techniques are still being developed to handle the case of dependent p-values. +Behrens–Fisher problem: Yuri Linnik showed in 1966 that there is no uniformly most powerful test for the difference of two means when the variances are unknown and possibly unequal. That is, there is no exact test (meaning that, if the means are in fact equal, one that rejects the null hypothesis with probability exactly α) that is also the most powerful for all values of the variances (which are thus nuisance parameters). Though there are many approximate solutions (such as Welch's t-test), the problem continues to attract attention as one of the classic problems in statistics. +Multiple comparisons: There are various ways to adjust p-values to compensate for the simultaneous or sequential testing of hypotheses. Of particular interest is how to simultaneously control the overall error rate, preserve statistical power, and incorporate the dependence between tests into the adjustment. These issues are especially relevant when the number of simultaneous tests can be very large, as is increasingly the case in the analysis of data from DNA microarrays. +Bayesian statistics: A list of open problems in Bayesian statistics has been proposed. + + +== Experimental design == +As the theory of Latin squares is a cornerstone in the design of experiments, solving the problems in Latin squares could have immediate applicability to experimental design. + + +== Problems of a more philosophical nature == +Sampling of species problem: How is a probability updated when there is unanticipated new data? +Doomsday argument: How valid is the probabilistic argument that claims to predict the future lifetime of the human race given only an estimate of the total number of humans born so far? + + +== Notes == + + +== References == +Linnik, Yurii (1968). Statistical Problems with Nuisance Parameters. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-1570-9. +Sawilowsky, Shlomo S. (2002). "Fermat, Schubert, Einstein, and Behrens–Fisher: The Probable Difference Between Two Means When σ1 ≠ σ2". Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods. 1 (2). doi:10.22237/jmasm/1036109940. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-0.md index b179bfafb..77d2a89ee 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:16:31.491418+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:40.626247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-1.md index 5310cd5d8..ce43f2321 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:16:31.491418+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:40.626247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_welding_codes-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_welding_codes-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44710023a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_welding_codes-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +--- +title: "List of welding codes" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_welding_codes" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:56.733523+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This page lists published welding codes, procedures, and specifications. + + +== American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Codes == +The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) covers all aspects of design and manufacture of boilers and pressure vessels. All sections contain welding specifications, however most relevant information is contained in the following: + + +== American Welding Society (AWS) Standards == +The American Welding Society (AWS) publishes over 240 AWS-developed codes, recommended practices and guides which are written in accordance with American National Standards Institute (ANSI) practices. The following is a partial list of the more common publications: + + +== American Petroleum Institute (API) Standards == +The American Petroleum Institute (API) oldest and most successful programs is in the development of API standards which started with its first standard in 1924. API maintains over 500 standards covering the oil and gas field. The following is a partial list specific to welding: + + +== Australian / New Zealand (AS/NZS) Standards == +Standards Australia is the body responsible for the development, maintenance and publication of Australian Standards. The following is a partial list specific to welding: + + +== Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Standards == +The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) is responsible for the development, maintenance and publication of CSA standards. The following is a partial list specific to welding: + + +== British Standards (BS) == +British Standards are developed, maintained and published by BSI Standards which is UK's National Standards Body. The following is a partial list of standards specific to welding: + + +== International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards == +International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed over 18500 standards and over 1100 new standards are published every year. The following is a partial list of the standards specific to welding: + + +== European Union (CEN) standards == +The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) had issued numerous standards covering welding processes, which unified and replaced former national standards. Of the former national standards, those issued by BSI and DIN were widely used outside their countries of origin. After the Vienna Agreement with ISO, CEN has replaced most of them with equivalent ISO standards (EN ISO series). + +Additional requirements for welding exist in CEN codes and standards for specific products, like EN 12952, EN 12953, EN 13445, EN 13480, etc. + + +== German Standards (DIN and others) == +NA 092 is the Standards Committee for welding and allied processes (NAS) at DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. The following is a partial list of DIN welding standards: + + +== Japanese Standards (JIS and others) == + + +=== Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) === + +Japanese Industrial Standards are the standards used for industrial activities in Japan, coordinated by the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and published by the Japanese Standards Association (JSA). + +JIS Z 3001-1　Welding and allied processes-Vocabulary-Part 1: General +JIS Z 3001-2　Welding and allied processes-Vocabulary-Part 2: Welding processes +JIS Z 3001-3　Welding and allied processes-Vocabulary-Part 3: Soldering and brazing +JIS Z 3001-4　Welding and allied processes-Vocabulary-Part 4: Imperfections in welding +JIS Z 3001-5　Welding and allied processes-Vocabulary-Part 5: Laser welding +JIS Z 3001-6　Welding and allied processes-Vocabulary-Part 6: Resistance welding +JIS Z 3001-7　Welding and allied processes-Vocabulary-Part 7: Arc welding +JIS Z 3011　　Welding positions defined by means of angles of slope and rotation +JIS Z 3021　　Welding and allied processes -- Symbolic representation + + +=== Japan Welding Society Standard (WES) === + +As a WES standard, it is defined in the following classification. + +Fundamentals +Tests, inspections and their equipment +Base material +welding material +Welding and cutting equipment and accessories +Welding design and construction +Welding-related certifications and certifications +Safety, health and environment + + +== See also == +Welding +List of welding processes +Welder certification +Welding Procedure Specification +Welder + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== Further reading and external links == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf8246bef --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "List of wireless network protocols" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:51.604989+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A wide variety of different wireless data technologies exist, some in direct competition with one another, others designed for specific applications. Wireless technologies can be evaluated by a variety of different metrics of which some are described in this entry. +Standards can be grouped as follows in increasing range order: +Personal area network (PAN) systems are intended for short range communication between devices typically controlled by a single person. Some examples include wireless headsets for mobile phones or wireless heart rate sensors communicating with a wrist watch. Some of these technologies include standards such as ANT UWB, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and Wireless USB. +Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN / WSAN) are, generically, networks of low-power, low-cost devices that interconnect wirelessly to collect, exchange, and sometimes act-on data collected from their physical environments - "sensor networks". Nodes typically connect in a star or mesh topology. While most individual nodes in a WSAN are expected to have limited range (Bluetooth, Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, etc.), particular nodes may be capable of more expansive communications (Wi-Fi, Cellular networks, etc.) and any individual WSAN can span a wide geographical range. An example of a WSAN would be a collection of sensors arranged throughout an agricultural facility to monitor soil moisture levels, report the data back to a computer in the main office for analysis and trend modeling, and maybe turn on automatic watering spigots if the level is too low. +For wider area communications, wireless local area network (WLAN) is used. WLANs are often known by their commercial product name Wi-Fi. These systems are used to provide wireless access to other systems on the local network such as other computers, shared printers, and other such devices or even the internet. Typically a WLAN offers much better speeds and delays within the local network than an average consumer's Internet access. Older systems that provide WLAN functionality include DECT and HIPERLAN. These however are no longer in widespread use. One typical characteristic of WLANs is that they are mostly very local, without the capability of seamless movement from one network to another. +Cellular networks or WAN are designed for citywide/national/global coverage areas and seamless mobility from one access point (often defined as a base station) to another allowing seamless coverage for very wide areas. Cellular network technologies are often split into 2nd generation 2G, 3G and 4G networks. Originally 2G networks were voice centric or even voice only digital cellular systems (as opposed to the analog 1G networks). Typical 2G standards include GSM and IS-95 with extensions via GPRS, EDGE and 1xRTT, providing Internet access to users of originally voice centric 2G networks. Both EDGE and 1xRTT are 3G standards, as defined by the ITU, but are usually marketed as 2.9G due to their comparatively low speeds and high delays when compared to true 3G technologies. +True 3G systems such as EV-DO, W-CDMA (including HSPA and HSPA+) provide combined circuit switched and packet switched data and voice services from the outset, usually at far better data rates than 2G networks with their extensions. All of these services can be used to provide combined mobile voice access and Internet access at remote locations. +4G networks provide even higher bitrates and many architectural improvements, which are not necessarily visible to the consumer. The current 4G systems that are deployed widely are WIMAX and LTE. The two are pure packet based networks without traditional voice circuit capabilities. These networks provide voice services via VoIP or VoLTE. +Some systems are designed for point-to-point line-of-sight communications, once two such nodes get too far apart they can no longer communicate. Other systems are designed to form a wireless mesh network using one of a variety of routing protocols. In a mesh network, when nodes get too far apart to communicate directly, they can still communicate indirectly through intermediate nodes. + +== Standards == +The following standards are included in this comparison. + +=== Wireless wide area network (WWAN) === +EDGE +EV-DO x1 Rev 0, Rev A, Rev B and x3 standards. +Flash-OFDM: FLASH (Fast Low-latency Access with Seamless Handoff)-OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) +GPRS +HSPA D and U standards. +Lorawan +LTE +RTT +UMTS over W-CDMA +UMTS-TDD +WiMAX: 802.16 standard +Narrowband IoT +NR + +=== Wireless local area network (WLAN) === +Wi-Fi: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ax standards. 580- 771-8271 + +=== Wireless personal area network (WPAN) and most wireless sensor actor networks (WSAN) === +6LoWPAN +Bluetooth V4.0 with standard protocol and with low energy protocol +IEEE 802.15.4-2006 (low-level protocol definitions corresponding to the OSI model physical and link layers. Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, etc. build upward in the protocol stack and correspond to the network and transport layers.) +Thread (network protocol) +UWB +Wireless USB +Zigbee +ANT+ +MiraOS a wireless mesh network from LumenRadio + +== Overview == + +Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. +For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db5bc49fa --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "List of wireless network protocols" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:51.604989+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Peak bit rate and throughput == +When discussing throughput, there is often a distinction between the peak data rate of the physical layer, the theoretical maximum data throughput and typical throughput. +The peak bit rate of the standard is the net bit rate provided by the physical layer in the fastest transmission mode (using the fastest modulation scheme and error code), excluding forward error correction coding and other physical layer overhead. +The theoretical maximum throughput for end user is clearly lower than the peak data rate due to higher layer overheads. Even this is never possible to achieve unless the test is done under perfect laboratory conditions. +The typical throughput is what users have experienced most of the time when well within the usable range to the base station. The typical throughput is hard to measure, and depends on many protocol issues such as transmission schemes (slower schemes are used at longer distance from the access point due to better redundancy), packet retransmissions and packet size. The typical throughput is often even lower because of other traffic sharing the same network or cell, interference or even the fixed line capacity from the base station onwards being limited. +Note that these figures cannot be used to predict the performance of any given standard in any given environment, but rather as benchmarks against which actual experience might be compared. + +Downlink is the throughput from the base station to the user handset or computer. +Uplink is the throughput from the user handset or computer to the base station. +Range is the maximum range possible to receive data at 25% of the typical rate. + +== Typical spectral use == + +=== Frequency === + +== See also == +Comparison of mobile phone standards +List of computer standards +List of interface bit rates +OFDM system comparison table +Spectral efficiency comparison table +Near-field communication (NFC) +Radio-frequency identification (RFID) +Consumer IR (CIR) + +== References == + +== External links == +Mobile WiMAX - Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation +Mobile WiMAX – Part II: A Comparative Analysis +A Comparison of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 +WLAN Trainer at different speeds +IEEE 802.11 Standard Overview \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_psychologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_psychologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc2bbb8a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_psychologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +--- +title: "List of women psychologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_psychologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:55.947070+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of women psychologists. + + +== A == + + +== B == + + +== C == + + +== D == + + +== E == + + +== F == + + +== G == + + +== H == + + +== I == + + +== J == + + +== K == + + +== L == + + +== M == + + +== N == + + +== O == + + +== P == + + +== Q–R == + + +== S == + + +== T == + + +== U == + + +== V == + + +== W == + + +== X–Z == + + +== Notes == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_publications_in_science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_publications_in_science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ba600483 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_publications_in_science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Lists of publications in science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_publications_in_science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:57.699944+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Lists of publications in science cover publications in various fields of science that have introduced a major new topic, made a significant advance in knowledge or have significantly influenced the world. + +List of publications in biology +List of publications in chemistry +List of publications in data science +List of publications in economics +List of publications in mathematics +List of publications in medicine +List of publications in philosophy +List of publications in physics +List of publications in statistics +List of humor research publications +Bibliography of sociology \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_statistics_topics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_statistics_topics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19ca4e89d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_statistics_topics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +--- +title: "Lists of statistics topics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_statistics_topics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:00.728408+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article itemizes the various lists of statistics topics. + + +== Statistics == +Outline of statistics +Outline of regression analysis +Index of statistics articles +List of scientific method topics +List of analyses of categorical data +List of fields of application of statistics +List of graphical methods +List of statistical software +Comparison of statistical packages +List of graphing software +Comparison of Gaussian process software +List of statistical tests +Test statistic +List of stochastic processes topics +List of matrices used in statistics +Timeline of probability and statistics +List of unsolved problems in statistics + + +== Probability == +Topic outline of probability +List of probability topics +Catalog of articles in probability theory +List of probability distributions +List of convolutions of probability distributions + + +== Glossaries and notations == +Glossary of experimental design +Glossary of probability and statistics +Notation in probability and statistics + + +== People == +List of actuaries +List of statisticians +List of mathematical probabilists +Founders of statistics + + +== Publications == +List of publications in statistics +List of probability journals +List of statistics journals + + +== Organizations == +List of academic statistical associations +List of national and international statistical services + + +== See also == +Lists of mathematics topics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukacs_Distinguished_Professor-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukacs_Distinguished_Professor-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b151132e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukacs_Distinguished_Professor-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Lukacs Distinguished Professor" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukacs_Distinguished_Professor" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:26.498685+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Lukacs Distinguished Professor chair was established in 1989 by the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Bowling Green State University in honor of Eugene Lukacs, who came to Bowling Green with his colleagues Radha Laha and Vijay Rohatgi in 1972 to establish the doctoral program in statistics. Eugene Lukacs was Bowling Green's first Distinguished University Professor. +Each year an outstanding senior researcher in probability or statistics is invited to serve as the Eugene Lukacs Distinguished Visiting Professor during the academic year or a semester. The Lukacs Professors are invited based on their distinguished record of research in the application or theory of probability or statistics. The Lukacs professor typically collaborates with current faculty on research, participates in seminars and colloquia, and typically gives a graduate course or presents a series of related seminars. Lukacs Professors have organized Lukacs Symposia on a variety of topics in probability and statistics. + + +== Lukacs Distinguished Visiting Professors == + + +== See also == +List of statisticians +History of statistics + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Statistics for the 21st Century, 1998 Lukacs Symposium, organized by C. R. Rao. +Frontiers of Environmental and Ecological Statistics for the 21st Century: Synergistic Challenges, Opportunities and Directions for Statistics, Ecology, Environment, and Society 1999 Lukacs Symposium convened by G. P. Patil. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic_link_system-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic_link_system-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..024768262 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic_link_system-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Mnemonic link system" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic_link_system" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:15.547046+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A mnemonic link system, sometimes also known as a chain method, is a method of remembering lists that is based on creating an association between the elements of that list. For example, when memorizing the list (dog, envelope, thirteen, yarn, window), one could create a story about a "dog stuck in an envelope, mailed to an unlucky thirteen black cat playing with yarn by the window". It is argued that the story would be easier to remember than the list itself. +Another method is to actually link each element of the list with a mental picture of an image that includes two elements in the list that are next to each other. This would form an open doubly linked list which could be traversed at will, backwards or forwards. For example, in the last list one could imagine their dog inside of a giant envelope, then a black cat eating an envelope. The same logic would be used with the rest of the items. The observation that absurd images are easier to remember is known as the Von Restorff effect, although the success of this effect was refuted by several studies (Hock et al. 1978; Einstein 1987), which found that the established connection between the two words is more important than the image's absurdity. +In order to access a certain element of the list, one needs to recite the list step by step, much in the same vein as a linked list, in order to get the element from the system. +There are three limitations to the link system. The first is that there is no numerical order imposed when memorizing, hence the practitioner cannot immediately determine the numerical position of an item; this can be solved by bundling numerical markers at set points in the chain or using the peg system instead. The second is that if any of the items is forgotten, the entire list may be in jeopardy. The third is the potential for confusing repeated segments of the list, a common problem when memorizing binary digits. This limitation can be resolved either through bundling or by using either the peg system or the method of loci. + + +== See also == +Memory sport +Art of Memory +Method of loci +Goroawase System +Major system +Dominic system + + +== Notes == + + +== References == +Bremer, Rod. The Manual - A guide to the Ultimate Study Method (USM) (Amazon Digital Services) +Einstein, G. and McDaniel, M. (1987). Distinctiveness and the Mnemonic Benefits of Bizarre Imagery in Imagery and Related Mnemonic Processes: Theories, Individual Differences, and Applications, ed McDaniel, M.A. and Pressley, M. (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987). 79-102. +Hock, H.S., Romanski, L., Galie, A., Williams, C.S. (1978). Real-World Schemata and Scene Recognition in Adults and Children. Memory and Cognition, 6, 423–31. +Kozarenko, Vladimir Giordano Memorization System 2005 +Ziganov, M. A. and Kozarenko, Vladimir Mnemonics - All Secrets of Super Memory 2000 +Ziganov, M. A. and Kozarenko, Vladimir Foreign Language Memorization Technique 2001 + + +== External links == +University of Amsterdam - Human memory +Memory Improvement and Learning Information +Feats of memory anyone can do +Collection of Mnemonic Devices \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dba8ac99e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- +title: "NASA Clean Air Study" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:31.452890+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The NASA Clean Air Study was a project led by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in association with the Associated Landscape Contractors of America (ALCA) in 1989, to research ways to clean the air in sealed environments such as space stations. Its results suggested that, in addition to absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through photosynthesis, certain common indoor plants may also provide a natural way of removing volatile organic pollutants (benzene, formaldehyde, and trichloroethylene were tested). +These results are not applicable to typical buildings, where outdoor-to-indoor air exchange already removes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a rate that could only be matched by the placement of 10–1000 plants/m2 of a building's floor space. +The results also failed to replicate in future studies, with a 2014 review stating that: + +While the plant's ability to take up VOCs is well documented in laboratory studies, the effect of plants on indoor air in complex environments like offices requires further investigations to clarify the full capacity of plants in real-life settings. + + +== List of plants studied == +The following plants were tested during the initial 1989 study: + +Variegated snake plant / mother-in-law's tongue (Sansevieria trifasciata laurentii) +English ivy (Hedera helix) +Peace lily (Spathiphyllum 'Mauna Loa') +Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema modestum) +Bamboo palm (Chamaedorea seifrizii) +Red-edged dracaena, marginata (Dracaena marginata) +Cornstalk dracaena, mass cane/corn cane (Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana') +Weeping fig (Ficus benjamina) +Barberton daisy, gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii) +Florist's chrysanthemum, pot mum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) +Dracaena deremensis 'Janet Craig' +Dracaena deremensis 'Warneckei' + + +== Additional research == +Since the release of the initial 1989 study, titled A study of interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement: An Interim Report, further research has been done including a 1993 paper and 1996 book by B. C. Wolverton, the primary researcher on the original NASA study, that listed additional plants and focused on the removal of specific chemicals. A different study in 2004 has also shown that the micro-organisms in the soil of a potted plant remove benzene from the air, and that some plant species themselves also contribute to removing benzene. + + +=== Other studies === +Plants studied in various similar studies on air filtration: + + +== See also == +Dracaena reflexa +Green wall +Indoor air quality +Phytoremediation +Rain garden +Sick building syndrome + + +== References == + + +== External links == +'Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution' Archived 2018-11-01 at the Wayback Machine +How to Grow Your Own Fresh Air – TED 2009. An extension of the TED Talk. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7639ba4f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of autism" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:40.515086+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to autism: +Autism or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) – a condition characterized by differences or difficulties in social communication and interaction, a need or strong preference for predictability and routine, sensory processing differences, focused interests, or repetitive behaviors. + +== Descriptions of autism == + +Autism can be described as all of the following: + +Disability – may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental or some combination of these. +Developmental disability – a term used in the United States and Canada to describe certain lifelong disabilities attributable to mental or physical impairments, manifested prior to adulthood. +Disorder – +Developmental disorder – occur at some stage in a child's development, often slowing the development. +Neurodevelopmental disorder – or disorder of neural development, is an impairment of the growth and development of the brain or central nervous system. +Spectrum disorder +A form of neurodiversity + +== Autistic traits == +Signs of autism are highly variable, and different individuals will have a different mix of traits. Some more common traits include: + +Avoidance of eye contact – preference to avoid eye contact and feelings of fear or being overwhelmed when looking into someone's eyes +Developmental delay – slower acquisition of life skills +Emotional dysregulation – mood swings, including outbursts when overwhelmed +Executive dysfunction – difficulty staying organized, initiating tasks, and/or controlling impulses +Picture thinking – visual thinking +Routines – need for routine and fear of unexpected change +Sensory processing disorder – over- or under-responsiveness to sensory input +Sincerity – tendency to tell the truth +Special interests – narrow and passionate areas of interest +Stimming – repetitive movements or sounds that stimulate the senses and regulate emotion and sensory processing + +== Research areas == + +=== Assessment tools === +A peer reviewed article in 2025 suggests that a strengths based (neuroaffirmative approach) "Strengths-based neuropsychology assessments, grounded in a neurodiversity-positive framework, were acceptable for adult inpatient participants recently diagnosed with Autism." + +Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – an instrument for diagnosing and assessing Autism. +Autism Diagnostic Interview +Autism-spectrum quotient – AQ, is a questionnaire published in 2001 by Simon Baron-Cohen and his colleagues at the Autism Research Centre in Cambridge, UK. +Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist +Checklist for Autism in Toddlers +Childhood Autism Rating Scale +Childhood Autism Spectrum Test +Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale +Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers +Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale + +=== Research areas and subjects === +Double empathy problem – a theory suggesting that the communication difficulties present in autistic individuals are due to a reciprocal lack of understanding and bidirectional differences in communication style among other factors rather than an inherent deficiency. +Epidemiology of autism – the study of factors affecting autism spectrum disorder (ASD). +Epigenetics of autism – the study of epigenetic effects in ASD. +Mirror neuron – a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. +Spindle neuron – also called von Economo neurons (VENs), are a specific class of neurons that are characterized by a large spindle-shaped soma, gradually tapering into a single apical axon in one direction, with only a single dendrite facing opposite. +Weak central coherence theory (WCC) – also called the central coherence theory (CC), suggests that a specific perceptual-cognitive style, loosely described as a limited ability to understand context or to "see the big picture", is the central characteristic of autism. + +== History == + +== Controversies == + +Applied behavior analysis (ABA) – an operant-conditioning system most commonly used to modify the behavior of autistic people, which some (including many autistic people who have undergone it) have argued is abusive, traumatizing, dehumanizing, pseudoscientific and not genuinely collaborative or supportive. It was popularized by UCLA psychologist Ole Ivar Lovaas, who at times used electric shocks and other physical punishments on his child test subjects and once stated autistic people were human in physical form only and needed to be psychologically constructed. Lovaas was also influential in the formal development of conversion therapy, which utilized many of the same operant-conditioning methods (including physical punishment) as ABA. +Autism's False Prophets – written by vaccine expert Paul Offit. +Autism Speaks – the world's largest autism advocacy organization that sponsors autism research and conducts awareness and outreach activities aimed at families, governments, and the public. It is controversial (among other reasons) due to its previous focus on searching for a cure (and continuing investment in genetic research), previous support for the debunked belief that vaccines make children autistic, previous portrayals of autistic people as diseased and broken, failure to include a significant number of autistic people in leadership, support of applied behavior analysis, spending very little of the money it raises to provide tangible support to the autistic community and tendency to ignore, antagonize or speak over autistic people with differing views. +Gluten-free, casein-free diet – diet that eliminates dietary intake of gluten and casein. +Mother Warriors – written by actor and anti-vaccine activist Jenny McCarthy. +Refrigerator mother – an accusing label for mothers of children diagnosed with autism or schizophrenia, now widely understood to be a myth. +Barber National Institute – a pro-ABA non-profit organization that is prominent in the state of Pennsylvania. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a50755969 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of autism" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:40.515086+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Pseudoscience and disproven treatments === +Autistic enterocolitis – other studies have explicitly refuted its existence. +Craniosacral therapy – (also called CST, also spelled Cranial Sacral bodywork or therapy) is an alternative medicine therapy used by physiotherapists, osteopaths, massage therapists, naturopaths, and chiropractors. +Chelation therapy – the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body. Not effective in autism. +Facilitated communication – a debunked technique which purports to allow non-verbal autistics to communicate. +Hyperbaric oxygen therapy – the medical use of oxygen at a level higher than atmospheric pressure. +Secretin – a hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum, and also separately, water homeostasis throughout the body. Ineffective in autism. +Vaccines and autism – the thoroughly debunked claim that vaccines cause autism. +MMR vaccine and autism – was a case of scientific misconduct which triggered a health scare. +Thiomersal and vaccines – describing discredited claims that vaccines containing the mercury-based preservative thiomersal contribute to the development of autism and other developmental disorders. + +== Notable autistic people == + +Susan Boyle (b. 1961) was first seen on Britain's Got Talent when she sang "I Dreamed a Dream" from Les Misérables. She has since become a successful singer and has mentioned how alive it makes her feel. She has also stated that her autism diagnosis came as a "relief" to her. +Michelle Dawson (b. 1961) is a Canadian autism researcher. +Temple Grandin (b. 1947) is an American doctor of animal science and professor at Colorado State University, bestselling author, and consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior. +Chloé Hayden (b. 1997) is an Australian actor, activist, author and internet personality. Hayden is AuDHD (autistic and ADHD). In 2022, she began co-starring as autistic character Quinni Gallagher-Jones on the Netflix TV series Heartbreak High, a role she provides input on based on her lived experience. +Anthony Hopkins (b. 1937) is a Welsh actor who is the first openly autistic actor to win an Academy Award. +Chris Packham (b. 1961) is an English naturalist, author, nature photographer and television presenter. +Bella Ramsey (b. 2003) is an English actor best known for their work on Game of Thrones and The Last of Us (the HBO TV adaptions of the popular book and video-game series, respectively). They first publicly spoke about being diagnosed autistic and exploring their autistic identity in the April 2025 edition of British Vogue. +Jim Sinclair (activist) is an autism rights activist who wrote the landmark essay "Don't Mourn For Us". +Greta Thunberg (b. 2003) is a Swedish leading climate change activist. +Donna Williams (1963–2017) was a best-selling Australian author, artist, singer-songwriter, screenwriter and sculptor diagnosed with autism after being assessed as a psychotic infant in 1965 at age two, tested multiple times for deafness and labeled disturbed throughout childhood, before treatment for gut, immune and sensory perceptual disorders in adulthood. + +=== See also === +List of autistic fictional characters – fictional characters who have been confirmed to be autistic. + +== Culture == + +Autistic art – art created by autistic artists or art which captures or conveys a variety of autistic experiences or demeanor. +Global perceptions of autism − an overview of the diagnosis, treatment, and experience of autism in developing nations. +Identity-first language − the practice of using disability-related words as regular adjectives, such as saying "autistic person" rather than "person with autism". +Neurodiversity – the standpoint that atypical neurological development is a normal human difference that should be accommodated instead of rejected. +Autism rights movement (ARM) – (a subset of the neurodiversity movement, also known as the anti-cure movement or autistic culture movement) is a social movement that encourages autistic people, their caregivers and society to adopt a position of neurodiversity, accepting autism as a variation in functioning rather than a mental disorder to be cured. +Neurotypical – (or NT) is a term that was coined in the autistic community as a label for non-autistic people who have no brain-related health conditions or disabilities: specifically, neurotypical people have neurological development and states that are consistent with what most people would perceive as normal, particularly with respect to their ability to process linguistic information and social cues. +Social model of disability – the view that disability is caused by societal failure to accommodate human diversity, rather than by a defect in the individual. +Societal and cultural aspects of autism – come into play with recognition of autism, approaches to its support services and therapies, and how autism affects how we define personhood. + +== Legislation == +Autism Act 2009 – a UK act that makes provision about the needs of autistic adults +Children's Health Act – a US act that increased research and treatment of health issues, including autism, asthma, and epilepsy, in children +Combating Autism Act – a US act that authorized funding into autism; renamed after controversy +Jonathan's Law – a New York State act meant to curtail abuse in care facilities, named in honor of Jonathan Carey, a nonverbal autistic child who was killed by a direct care worker employed at the state-run facility where he lived + +== Organizations, stakeholder groups and events == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d66470189 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of autism" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:40.515086+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Organizations === +Aspies For Freedom (AFF) – a solidarity and campaigning group which aims at raising public awareness of the autism rights movement. +Autism Awareness Campaign UK – +Autism Network International – founded and run by autistic people. +Autism Resource Centre (Singapore) – non-profit organization focused on autistic people. +Autism Society of America (ASA) – controversial, primarily parent-led advocacy group founded in 1965 by Bernard Rimland, Ruth C. Sullivan and others. +Autistic Self Advocacy Network – a nonprofit advocacy organization run by and for autistic people. +M.I.N.D. Institute – research and treatment center. +National Autistic Society (NAS) – a British charity for autistic people. +Sacar (charity) – a charity focusing on autistic people. +TreeHouse – a school in the United Kingdom that focuses on educating autistic children. +Wrong Planet – an online community designed for autistic and other neurodivergent people. There are forums and discussions to help neurodivergent people with daily life and the struggles that come with it, such as making friends, general socialization and tips for going to overwhelming places. (Sometimes referred to by its URL, WrongPlanet.net) + +=== Events === +Autism Sunday – also known as the International Day of Prayer for Autism and Asperger syndrome, is observed annually on the second Sunday of February. +Autistic Pride Day – an annual pride celebration, organized by and for autistic people, held on June 18. +Autreat – founded by members of ANI, this is a yearly gathering for autistic people along with parents and professionals to meet and share ideas in an autism-friendly environment. +World Autism Awareness Day – an internationally recognized day that aims to raise global awareness of autism, held on April 2. + +=== Other === +Children of the Stars – documentary +Sensory friendly + +== Therapies and interventions == + +Cognitive behavior therapy – a therapy to help with thought distortions. +Dialectical behavior therapy – a therapy that works on emotion regulation and social skills, originally developed for people with borderline personality disorder. +Hug machine – hug box, a squeeze machine, or a squeeze box, is a deep-pressure device designed to calm hyper-sensitive persons, usually autistic people. +Pivotal response therapy (PRT) – a form of ABA (also referred to as pivotal response treatment or pivotal response training). +Speech therapy – therapy to improve speaking skills. + +=== Medications and supplements === +Risperidone – (Risperdal, and generics) is a second-generation or atypical antipsychotic. + +=== Considerations === +Ethical challenges to autism treatment – + +== Associated and possibly associated conditions == + +=== Suspected genetic relations === +Fragile X syndrome (FXS) – (also Martin-Bell syndrome, or Escalante's syndrome), is a genetic syndrome suspected to be a genetic cause of autism in some cases +Isodicentric 15 – a genetic variation involving extra genetic material in chromosome 15. +Rett syndrome – a genetic disorder that almost exclusively affects those assigned female at birth, previously considered to be a form of autism. It was entirely removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) with the release of the DSM-5 in 2013. + +=== Comorbid conditions === + +These are conditions that autistic people may experience more often than is typical. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f233ea0d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of autism" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:40.515086+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Alexithymia – a term coined by psychotherapist Peter Sifneos in 1973 to describe a state of deficiency in understanding, processing, or describing emotions. +Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – a condition with three subtypes: hyperactive, inattentive, and combined. +Clinical depression – a mental illness involving low mood and fatigue. +Coeliac disease – spelled celiac disease in North America and often celiac sprue, is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed people of all ages from middle infancy onward. +Communication disorder – a speech and language disorder which refers to problems in communication and in related areas such as oral motor function. +Deafness – or hearing impairment, is a partial or total inability to hear where the ability would usually be expected. +Developmental coordination disorder – a disorder involving motor skill impairments. +Dyscalculia – a specific learning disability involving innate difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic. +Dysgraphia – a deficiency in the ability to write primarily in terms of handwriting, but also in terms of coherence. +Dyslexia – a very broad term defining a learning disability that impairs a person's fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read, and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, or rapid naming. +Echolalia – the automatic repetition of vocalizations made by another person. +Erotophobia – a term coined by a number of researchers in the late 1970s and early 1980s to describe one pole on a continuum of attitudes and beliefs about sexuality. +Hyperlexia – the precocious ability to read words without prior training in learning to read typically before the age of 5. +Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) – a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine. +Crohn's disease (CD) – which causes a similar disease, Johne's disease, in cattle. +Intellectual disability – a generalized disorder appearing before adulthood, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors. +Language delay – slow development of language abilities compared to the usual developmental timetable. +Learning disability – a classification including several areas of functioning in which a person has difficulty learning in a typical manner, usually caused by an unknown factor or factors. +Multiple-complex Developmental Disorder – +Multisystem Developmental Disorder – +Nonverbal learning disorder – or nonverbal learning disability (NLD or NVLD) is a condition characterized by a significant discrepancy between higher verbal and lower motor, visuo-spatial, and social skills on an IQ test. +Obsessive Compulsive Disorder – an anxiety disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsive behavior that temporarily eases anxiety. +Pyroluria – +Sensory processing disorder – a disorder characterized by a sensory integration deficit. +Sensory defensiveness – a condition defined as having "a tendency to react negatively or with alarm to sensory input which is generally considered harmless or non-irritating" to neurotypical persons. +Sensory overload – related to cognitive load in general, is a condition where one or more of the senses are strained and it becomes difficult to focus on the task at hand. +Social alienation – estrangement, division, or distancing of people from each other, or of people from what is important or meaningful to them, or of a person from their own sense of self. +Social communication disorder – a condition similar to autism that involves difficulty with written language. +Tourette syndrome – a disorder characterized by repetitive motor and vocal tics. + +=== Obsolete autism spectrum disorders === +Disorders formerly considered distinct, but now diagnosed as autism spectrum disorder, include: + +Asperger syndrome – a previously diagnosed form of autism often applied to autistic people with no communication delays or co-occurring intellectual disabilities. It was removed from the DSM in 2013 and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) in 2022. Those who previously would have been diagnosed with that label under the prior revisions of the DSM and ICD are now diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Some autistic people still unofficially use the Asperger (or "Aspie") label to refer to themselves or others because it was the label they were originally given, they do not believe they have enough in common with other autistic people to share a label with them, they feel the label is less stigmatizing or they feel the label has unique cultural value. However, it is also considered an offensive label by many autistic people due to its historically ableist and hierarchal use (e.g., portraying those with the label as more normal, capable or useful to society than other autistic people), the false perception that those with the label do not require support or accommodation and the fact that its namesake was a eugenicist and Nazi collaborator who was complicit in the deaths of autistic children. +Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) – a condition in which a child experiences developmental regression. +Classic autism - (or Kanner's syndrome) the first described form of autism written about in 1943. +Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) – as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), refers to a group of five disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. +Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified – (PDD-NOS) was a pervasive developmental disorder, and is also considered an autism spectrum disorder. It was diagnosed when deficits in social interaction and verbal/nonverbal communication or stereotyped, repetitive behaviors and interests were present but criteria was not met for a specific PDD. + +== See also == +Mechanism of autism +Causes of autism + +== References == + +== External links == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-0.md index e662fe2ed..98173c37b 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:03:57.429813+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:42.989942+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-1.md index 9f3cc3086..ebb479163 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:03:57.429813+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:42.989942+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-2.md index 230f7f2e7..640038048 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:03:57.429813+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:42.989942+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a571c7bd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of clinical research" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:27.186902+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to clinical research: +Clinical research is the aspect of biomedical research that addresses the assessment of new pharmaceutical and biological drugs, medical devices and vaccines in humans. + +== General topics == +Clinical significance – a conclusion that an intervention has an effect that is of practical meaning to patients +Drug discovery – the identification of candidates, synthesis, characterization, screening, and assays for therapeutic efficacy +Drug development – the process of taking a new chemical through the stages necessary to allow testing in clinical trials +Biotechnology – the technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms to make or modify products or processes for specific use +Biopharmaceutical – a drug produced using biotechnology +Clinical trial – an experiment with human subjects to assess safety and efficacy of drugs +Academic clinical trials – clinical trials run at academic centers (e.g., medical schools, academic hospitals, and universities) +Clinical trials unit – biomedical research units dedicated to conducting clinical trials +Epidemiology – the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations +Epidemiological methods – statistical techniques used in epidemiology +Evidence-based medicine – the assessment of the quality of evidence relevant to the risks and benefits of medical treatments +Pharmacology – the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and drugs that alter normal biochemical function +Biopharmacology – the pharmacology of biopharmaceuticals +Clinical pharmacology – the scientific discipline focused on rational drug development and utilization in therapeutics +Pharmacokinetics – the study of the fate of drugs administered to the body +Bioequivalence – the biological equivalence of two preparations of a drug +Pharmacodynamics – the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body +Pharmacometrics – the science of interpreting and describing pharmacology in a quantitative fashion +Pharmacovigilance – the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects of medicines + +== Drug terminology == +Active ingredient – the substance in a drug that is pharmaceutically active +Approved drug – a drug that has been approved for marketing by a regulatory body such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency +Excipient – an inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a drug +Medicinal product – any substance or combination of substances used for treating or preventing disease in humans +Off-label use – the practice of prescribing a drug for an indication for which the drug has not been approved +Orphan drug – a drug used to treat a rare medical condition, or orphan disease +Placebo – a sham treatment given to a control group in a clinical study +Prescription drug – a licensed medicine that can only be obtained by prescription from a doctor +Standard treatment – a currently available drug used in an active control clinical study + +== Types of study design == +Clinical study design + +Blind experiment +Case report +Case series +Case study +Case-control study +Clinical control group +Cohort study +Cross-sectional study +Crossover study +First-in-man study +Longitudinal study +Minimisation +Multicenter trial +Nested case-control study +Observational study +Open-label trial +Placebo-controlled studies +Prospective cohort study +Randomized controlled trial +Retrospective cohort study +Run-in period +Seeding trial +Vaccine trial + +== Study participant confidentiality and safety == +Human subject research + +Adverse drug reaction +Adverse event +Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences +Data confidentiality in clinical trials +Data monitoring committees +Ethics Committee (European Union) +EudraVigilance +Exclusion criteria +Great ape research ban +Inclusion criteria +Institutional review board +MedWatch +Safety monitoring +Serious adverse event +Suspected Adverse Reaction Surveillance Scheme + +== Clinical study management == +Clinical monitoring +Clinical Trial Management System +Good clinical practice + +=== Clinical research documents === +Clinical trial protocol +Informed consent +Investigator's brochure +Source document +Standing operating procedure + +=== Clinical research personnel === +Clinical investigator +Clinical research associate +Clinical research coordinator + +=== Contract research organizations === +Contract research organization + +PPD +Fortrea +Parexel +Quintiles +Westat + +== Data collection and management == +Clinical data acquisition + +Case report form +Clinical data management system +Clinical data repository +Data clarification form +Electronic data capture +Good clinical data management practice +Patient diary +Patient-reported outcome +Remote data entry + +=== Medical term coding dictionaries === +Medical classification + +Uppsala Monitoring Centre +COSTART +MedDRA +Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) +WHOART +Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events + +=== Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium === +Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium + +Study Data Tabulation Model (SDTM) +Standard for Exchange of Non-clinical Data (SEND) +JANUS clinical trial data repository + +== Data analysis == +Analysis of clinical trials + +Censoring (clinical trials) +Effect size +End point of clinical trials +Hazard ratio +Meta-analysis +Number needed to harm +Number needed to treat +Odds ratio +Intention to treat analysis +Post-hoc analysis +Relative risk +Risk–benefit analysis +Sensitivity and specificity +Subgroup analysis +Substantial equivalence +Surrogate endpoint +Systematic review +Therapeutic effect + +=== Interim analysis === +Interim analysis +Haybittle–Peto boundary +O'Brien–Fleming boundary +Pocock boundary + +== Results reporting == +Medical writing +Clinical trials publication +Common Technical Document +Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) +Electronic Common Technical Document +Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) +Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) +Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (URM) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..326ee2c27 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of clinical research" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:27.186902+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Notable clinical studies == +British Doctors Study – in 1956 provided convincing statistical proof that tobacco smoking increased the risk of lung cancer. +Framingham Heart Study – a cardiovascular study based in Framingham, Massachusetts, which began in 1948 with 5,209, and is now on its third generation of participants. +Heart Protection Study – the largest study to investigate the use of statins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. +International Studies of Infarct Survival – four randomized controlled trials of several drugs for treating suspected acute myocardial infarction. +Intersalt study – a landmark observational study that showed a strong association between dietary salt and risk of cardiovascular disease. +JUPITER trial – the first clinical trial to demonstrate that statin therapy may provide benefit to patients with low-to-normal LDL levels and no known cardiovascular disease. +Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study – a study of over 6,000 men infected with HIV that has been ongoing for over 25 years +Stateville Penitentiary Malaria Study – a controlled study of the effects of malaria on the inmates of Stateville Penitentiary near Joliet, Illinois. +Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male – a clinical study, conducted between 1932 and 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama studied the natural progression of the disease if left untreated. + +== Legislation, regulations and guidances == + +=== European Union === +Directive 2001/20/EC +Directive 2001/83/EC +Directive 2005/28/EC +Directive 65/65/EEC +Directive 93/41/EEC +Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of personal data + +=== United States === +Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) – gives authority to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics. +Kefauver Harris Amendment – requires drug manufacturers to provide proof of the effectiveness and safety of drugs before approval. +Prescription Drug User Fee Act – allows the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to collect fees from drug manufacturers to fund the new drug approval process. +Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations – the section of Federal regulations that interprets and enforces FD&C. +Title 21 CFR Part 11 – defines the criteria under which electronic records and electronic signatures are considered to be trustworthy, reliable and equivalent to paper records. +Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) – Title II of HIPAA addresses the security and privacy of health data, including data collected from subjects in clinical research. + +=== Other === +Declaration of Helsinki (United Nations) +Food and Drugs Act (Canada) +International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (European Union, Japan, and United States) + +== Government agencies == +Australian Drug Evaluation Committee +European Medicines Agency +Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use +Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (Belgium) +Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (United Kingdom) +Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan) +Norwegian Medicines Agency +State Food and Drug Administration (China) +Swedish Medical Products Agency +Therapeutic Products Directorate (Canada) +Therapeutic Goods Administration (Australia) + +=== United States Food and Drug Administration === +Food and Drug Administration + +==== Departments ==== +Commissioner of Food and Drugs – as head of the Food and Drug Administration, the commissioner reports to the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services +Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research – responsible for review and approval of biologic products, including vaccines, blood products, gene therapy and human cloning +Center for Devices and Radiological Health – responsible for review and approval of medical devices and safety of non-medical equipment that emit certain types of radiation +Center for Drug Evaluation and Research – responsible for review and approval of all drugs +Office of Regulatory Affairs – enforces FDA laws and regulations + +==== Review and approval programs ==== +Investigational Device Exemption – allows an investigational device to be used in a clinical study in order to collect safety and effectiveness data +Investigational New Drug – allows an investigational drug to be used in a clinical study in order to collect safety and effectiveness data +New Drug Application – a submission to the FDA by a pharmaceutical company for review and approval of a new drug +Abbreviated New Drug Application – a submission to the FDA review and approval of a generic drug +FDA Fast Track Development Program – a designation given to an NDA by the FDA that accelerates review and approval of new drugs + +== See also == +Glossary of clinical research +List of biotechnology articles \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience-0.md index 25d070ba1..f00fab7e3 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:57:28.802178+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:20.385497+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_probability-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_probability-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..908c7f43d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_probability-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of probability" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_probability" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:34.801336+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Probability is a measure of the likeliness that an event will occur. Probability is used to quantify an attitude of mind towards some proposition whose truth is not certain. The proposition of interest is usually of the form "A specific event will occur." The attitude of mind is of the form "How certain is it that the event will occur?" The certainty that is adopted can be described in terms of a numerical measure, and this number, between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty) is called the probability. Probability theory is used extensively in statistics, mathematics, science and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of complex systems. + + +== Introduction == +Probability and randomness. + + +== Basic probability == +(Related topics: set theory, simple theorems in the algebra of sets) + + +=== Events === +Events in probability theory +Elementary events, sample spaces, Venn diagrams +Mutual exclusivity + + +=== Elementary probability === +The axioms of probability +Boole's inequality + + +=== Meaning of probability === +Probability interpretations +Bayesian probability +Frequency probability + + +=== Calculating with probabilities === +Conditional probability +The law of total probability +Bayes' theorem + + +=== Independence === +Independence (probability theory) + + +== Probability theory == +(Related topics: measure theory) + + +=== Measure-theoretic probability === +Sample spaces, σ-algebras and probability measures +Probability space +Sample space +Standard probability space +Random element +Random compact set +Dynkin system +Probability axioms +Event (probability theory) +Complementary event +Elementary event +"Almost surely" + + +=== Independence === +Independence (probability theory) +The Borel–Cantelli lemmas and Kolmogorov's zero–one law + + +=== Conditional probability === +Conditional probability +Conditioning (probability) +Conditional expectation +Conditional probability distribution +Regular conditional probability +Disintegration theorem +Bayes' theorem +Rule of succession +Conditional independence +Conditional event algebra +Goodman–Nguyen–van Fraassen algebra + + +== Random variables == + + +=== Discrete and continuous random variables === +Discrete random variables: Probability mass functions +Continuous random variables: Probability density functions +Normalizing constants +Cumulative distribution functions +Joint, marginal and conditional distributions + + +=== Expectation === +Expectation (or mean), variance and covariance +Jensen's inequality +General moments about the mean +Correlated and uncorrelated random variables +Conditional expectation: +law of total expectation, law of total variance +Fatou's lemma and the monotone and dominated convergence theorems +Markov's inequality and Chebyshev's inequality + + +=== Independence === +Independent random variables + + +=== Some common distributions === +Discrete: +constant (see also degenerate distribution), +Bernoulli and binomial, +negative binomial, +(discrete) uniform, +geometric, +Poisson, and +hypergeometric. +Continuous: +(continuous) uniform, +exponential, +gamma, +beta, +normal (or Gaussian) and multivariate normal, +χ-squared (or chi-squared), +F-distribution, +Student's t-distribution, and +Cauchy. + + +=== Some other distributions === +Cantor +Fisher–Tippett (or Gumbel) +Pareto +Benford's law + + +=== Functions of random variables === +Sum of normally distributed random variables +Borel's paradox + + +== Generating functions == +(Related topics: integral transforms) + + +=== Common generating functions === +Probability-generating functions +Moment-generating functions +Laplace transforms and Laplace–Stieltjes transforms +Characteristic functions + + +=== Applications === +A proof of the central limit theorem + + +== Convergence of random variables == +(Related topics: convergence) + + +=== Modes of convergence === +Convergence in distribution and convergence in probability, +Convergence in mean, mean square and rth mean +Almost sure convergence +Skorokhod's representation theorem + + +=== Applications === +Central limit theorem and Laws of large numbers +Illustration of the central limit theorem and a 'concrete' illustration +Berry–Esséen theorem +Law of the iterated logarithm + + +== Stochastic processes == + + +=== Some common stochastic processes === +Random walk +Poisson process +Compound Poisson process +Wiener process +Geometric Brownian motion +Fractional Brownian motion +Brownian bridge +Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process +Gamma process + + +=== Markov processes === +Markov property +Branching process +Galton–Watson process +Markov chain +Examples of Markov chains +Population processes +Applications to queueing theory +Erlang distribution + + +=== Stochastic differential equations === +Stochastic calculus +Diffusions +Brownian motion +Wiener equation +Wiener process + + +=== Time series === +Moving-average and autoregressive processes +Correlation function and autocorrelation + + +=== Martingales === +Martingale central limit theorem +Azuma's inequality + + +== See also == +Catalog of articles in probability theory +Glossary of probability and statistics +Notation in probability and statistics +List of mathematical probabilists +List of probability distributions +List of probability topics +List of scientific journals in probability +Timeline of probability and statistics +Topic outline of statistics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bffc77ba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,237 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of psychology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:39.294583+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to psychology: +Psychology refers to the study of subconscious and conscious activities, such as emotions and thoughts. It is a field of study that bridges the scientific and social sciences and has a huge reach. Its goal is to comprehend individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. Psychology is the study of people and the reasons for their behavior. It has grown in popularity in the last few decades and is now an undergraduate course at many universities. +There are a variety of psychology branches that people specialize in, as outlined below. + + +== Branches of psychology == + + +=== Basic psychological science === +Abnormal psychology +Applied psychology +Asian psychology +Behavioral genetics +Biological psychology +Black psychology +Clinical neuropsychology +Cognitive psychology +Comparative psychology +Conservation psychology +Criminal psychology +Critical psychology +Cultural psychology +Developmental psychology +Differential psychology +Evolutionary psychology +Experimental psychology +Forensic developmental psychology +Group psychology +Health psychology +Indigenous psychology +Mathematical psychology +Medical psychology +Motivation +Music psychology +Neuropsychology +Pediatric psychology +Personality psychology +Positive psychology +Psychopharmacology +Quantitative psychology +Rehabilitation psychology +Social psychology +Transpersonal psychology +Theoretical psychology + + +=== Other areas by topic === +Behavioral economics +Child psychopathology +Feminine psychology +Indian psychology +Intelligence +Subconscious +Moral psychology +Psychometrics +Psycholinguistics +Psychology of art +Psychology of religion +Psychology of science +Psychology of self +Self +Psychopathology +Psychopharmacology and substance abuse +Psychophysics +Sex and psychology + + +=== Applied psychology === +Anomalistic psychology +Applied behavior analysis +Clinical psychology +Community psychology +Consumer psychology +Counseling psychology +Ecological psychology +Educational psychology +Environmental psychology +Forensic psychology +Health psychology +Human factors psychology +Industrial and organizational psychology +Legal psychology +Media psychology +Military psychology +Occupational psychology +Occupational health psychology +Political psychology +Psychoneuroimmunology +Psychopharmacology +School psychology +Sport psychology +Traffic psychology + + +=== Psychological schools === +Psychological schools – some examples of psychological schools follow (the most prominent schools are in bold): + +Analytical psychology +Behaviorism (see also Radical behaviourism) +Cognitivism +Cultural-historical psychology +Depth psychology +Descriptive psychology +Ecological systems theory +Ego psychology +Enactivism (psychology) +Existential psychology +Functional psychology +Gestalt psychology +Humanistic psychology +Individual differences +Individual psychology +Phenomenological psychology +Psychoanalysis +Structuralism +Transactional analysis +Transpersonal psychology + + +== History of psychology == +History of psychology + +Timeline of psychology +Timeline of psychotherapy + + +== Psychology theories == +List of social psychology theories + + +== Research methods == +List of psychological research methods + +List of neurological research methods + + +== Psychological phenomena == +Cognitive bias (list) +List of memory related cognitive biases +Emotion (list) +Perception (index) +Psychological effects +Thought (outline) +List of thought processes +List of organizational thought processes +List of decision-making processes +List of creative thought processes +List of mnemonics +Emotional intelligence + + +=== Mental disorder === + +DSM-IV codes +DSM-IV codes (alphabetical) +Causes of mental disorders +Classification of mental disorders +List of mental disorders +Anxiety disorders +Addiction +Video game addiction +List of mood disorders +List of neurological disorders +Outline of autism + + +== Psychological treatments == +List of cognitive–behavioral therapies +List of therapies +List of psychotherapies + + +=== Medicine === +Drug +Lists of drugs +List of nootropics (smart drugs) + + +== Psychology education == +List of credentials in psychology +List of schools of psychoanalysis + + +== Psychology organizations == +List of psychology organizations +Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers +List of schools of psychoanalysis + + +== Scholars of psychology (and related) == +List of psychologists +List of clinical psychologists +List of cognitive psychologists +List of comparative psychologists +List of developmental psychologists +List of educational psychologists +List of evolutionary psychologists +List of social psychologists +Related +List of cognitive scientists +List of fictional psychiatrists +List of neurologists and neurosurgeons +List of neuroscientists +List of psychiatrists +List of psychoanalytical theorists + + +== See also == +Index of psychology articles +Index of cognitive science articles +Index of neurobiology articles +Index of psychometrics articles +List of neuroscience topics +List of counseling topics +List of neuroimaging software +List of regions in the human brain +Neuro-linguistic programming (index) +Web-based experiments +List of psychology journals + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Psychology Library- Search Psychology articles by author's name, category and key word (Also Articles from the American Psychological Association) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_regression_analysis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_regression_analysis-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7f889cd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_regression_analysis-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of regression analysis" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_regression_analysis" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:40.870622+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to regression analysis: +Regression analysis – use of statistical techniques for learning about the relationship between one or more dependent variables (Y) and one or more independent variables (X). + + +== Overview articles == +Regression analysis +Linear regression + + +== Non-statistical articles related to regression == +Least squares +Linear least squares (mathematics) +Non-linear least squares +Least absolute deviations +Curve fitting +Smoothing +Cross-sectional study + + +== Basic statistical ideas related to regression == +Conditional expectation +Correlation +Correlation coefficient +Mean square error +Residual sum of squares +Explained sum of squares +Total sum of squares + + +== Visualization == +Scatterplot + + +== Linear regression based on least squares == +General linear model +Ordinary least squares +Generalized least squares +Simple linear regression +Trend estimation +Ridge regression +Polynomial regression +Segmented regression +Nonlinear regression + + +== Generalized linear models == +Generalized linear models +Logistic regression +Multinomial logit +Ordered logit +Probit model +Multinomial probit +Ordered probit +Poisson regression +Maximum likelihood +Cochrane–Orcutt estimation + + +== Computation == +Numerical methods for linear least squares + + +== Inference for regression models == +F-test +t-test +Lack-of-fit sum of squares +Confidence band +Coefficient of determination +Multiple correlation +Scheffé's method + + +== Challenges to regression modeling == +Autocorrelation +Cointegration +Multicollinearity +Homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity +Lack of fit +Non-normality of errors +Outliers + + +== Diagnostics for regression models == +Regression model validation +Studentized residual +Cook's distance +Variance inflation factor +DFFITS +Partial residual plot +Partial regression plot +Leverage +Durbin–Watson statistic +Condition number + + +== Formal aids to model selection == +Model selection +Mallows's Cp +Akaike information criterion +Bayesian information criterion +Hannan–Quinn information criterion +Cross validation + + +== Robust regression == +Robust regression + + +== Terminology == +Linear model — relates to meaning of "linear" +Dependent and independent variables +Errors and residuals in statistics +Hat matrix +Trend-stationary process +Cross-sectional data +Time series + + +== Methods for dependent data == +Mixed model +Random effects model +Hierarchical linear models + + +== Nonparametric regression == +Nonparametric regression +Isotonic regression + + +== Semiparametric regression == +Semiparametric regression +Local regression + + +== Other forms of regression == +Total least squares regression +Deming regression +Errors-in-variables model +Instrumental variables regression +Quantile regression +Generalized additive model +Autoregressive model +Moving average model +Autoregressive moving average model +Autoregressive integrated moving average +Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity + + +== See also == + +Prediction +Design of experiments +Data transformation +Box–Cox transformation +Machine learning +Analysis of variance +Causal inference \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_statistics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_statistics-0.md index 686c144a2..8f62b54a0 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_statistics-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_statistics-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_statistics" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:17:18.916400+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:01.982983+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f36c048db --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of thought" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:50.401724+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking): +Thought is the object of a mental process called thinking, in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts. A thought may be an idea, an image, a sound or even control an emotional feeling. + +== Nature of thought == +Thought (or thinking) can be described as all of the following: + +An activity taking place in a: +brain – organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals (only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain). It is the physical structure associated with the mind. +mind – abstract entity with the cognitive faculties of consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory. Having a mind is a characteristic of living creatures. Activities taking place in a mind are called mental processes or cognitive functions. +computer (see § Machine thought below) – general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations (an algorithm) can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. +An activity of intelligence – intelligence is the intellectual process of which is marked by cognition, motivation, and self-awareness. Through intelligence, living creatures possess the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, problem solve, make decisions, retaining, and use language to communicate. Intelligence enables living creatures to experience and think. +A type of mental process – something that individuals can do with their minds. Mental processes include perception, memory, thinking, volition, and emotion. Sometimes the term cognitive function is used instead. +A biological adaptation mechanism +Neural network explanation: Thoughts are created by the summation of neural outputs and connections of which vectors form. These vectors describe the magnitude and direction of the connections and action between neurons. The graphs of these vectors can represent a network of neurons whose connections fire in different ways over time as synapses fire. These large thought vectors in the brain cause other vectors of activity. For example: An input from the environment is received by the neural network. The network changes the magnitude and outputs of individual neurons. The altered network outputs the symbols needed to make sense of the input. + +== Types of thoughts == + +=== Content of thoughts === + +== Types of thought (thinking) == +Listed below are types of thought, also known as thinking processes. + +=== Animal thought === + +=== Human thought === +Human thought – Cognitive process independent of the sensesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets + +==== Classifications of thought ==== +Bloom's taxonomy – Classification system in education +Dual process theory – Psychological theory of how thought can arise in two different ways +Fluid and crystallized intelligence – Factors of general intelligence +Higher-order thinking – Concept in education and education reform +Theory of multiple intelligences – Educational model of human intelligence +Three-stratum theory – Cognitive ability theory +Williams' taxonomy + +==== Creative processes ==== + +==== Decision-making ==== + +==== Erroneous thinking ==== + +==== Emotional intelligence (emotionally based thinking) ==== +Emotional intelligence – Capability to understand one's emotions + +==== Problem solving ==== +Problem solving – Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles + +==== Reasoning ==== +Reasoning – Capacity for consciously making sense of thingsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets + +=== Machine thought === + +=== Organizational thought === +Organizational thought (thinking by organizations) + +Management information system – Information system used for organizational decision-making and coordination +Organizational communication – Field of study in communication studies +Organizational planning +Strategic planning – Organizational decision making process +Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity +Systems theory – Interdisciplinary study of systems + +== Aspects of the thinker == +Aspects of the thinker which may affect (help or hamper) his or her thinking: + +== Properties of thought == + +== Fields that study thought == + +== Thought tools and thought research == +Cognitive model – Model of cognition's operation +Design tool – Objects, media, or computer programs, which can be used to design +Diagram – Symbolic representation of information using visualization techniques +Argument map – Visual representation of the structure of an argument +Concept map – Diagram showing relationships among concepts +Mind map – Diagram to visually organize information +DSRP – Theory and method of thinking +Intelligence amplification – Use of information technology to augment human intelligence +Language – Structured system of communication +Meditation – Techniques to train attention and awareness +Six Thinking Hats – 1985 book by Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono +Synectics – Thought process for making the strange familiar and the familiar strange + +== History of thinking == +History of reasoning – Capacity for consciously making sense of thingsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets + +History of artificial intelligence +History of cognitive science – Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +History of the concept of creativity +History of ideas – Study of the history of human ideas and of intellectualsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +History of logic +History of psychometrics – Theory and technique of psychological measurementPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets + +== Nootropics (cognitive enhancers and smart drugs) == +Nootropic – Compound intended to improve cognitive function + +Substances that improve mental performance: + +=== Organizational thinking concepts === + +== Teaching methods and skills == + +== Awards related to thinking == + +=== Awards for acts of genius === +Nobel Prize – Prizes established by Alfred Nobel in 1895 +Pulitzer Prize – Awards for American journalism and arts +MacArthur Fellows Program – Annual prize by the MacArthur Foundation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..feff214c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,297 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of thought" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:50.401724+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Organizations == +Associations pertaining to thought +Association for Automated Reasoning +Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking +International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning – Conferences series on automated reasoning, automated deduction, and related fields +High IQ societies – Organization for people with a high IQ scorePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Mind Sports Organisation – Association for promoting mind sportss +World Mind Sports Games – Multi-sport event +Think tank – Organization that performs policy research and advocacy + +== Media == + +=== Publications === + +==== Books ==== +Handbook of Automated Reasoning + +==== Periodicals ==== +Journal of Automated Reasoning +Journal of Formalized Reasoning +Positive Thinking Magazine + +=== Television programs === +Thinkabout (U.S. TV series) + +== Persons associated with thinking == + +=== People notable for their extraordinary ability to think === +Geniuses +List of Nobel laureates (see also Nobel Prize) +Polymaths +Intellectual + +=== Scientists in fields that study thought === +List of cognitive scientists + +=== Scholars of thinking === + +Aaron T. Beck +Edward de Bono +Tony Buzan +Noam Chomsky +Albert Ellis +Howard Gardner +Eliyahu M. Goldratt +Douglas Hofstadter +Ray Kurzweil +Marvin Minsky +Richard W. Paul +Steven Pinker +Bertrand Russell +Baruch Spinoza +Robert Sternberg + +== Related concepts == +Cognition +Knowledge +Multiple intelligences +Strategy +Structure +System +Ideation +Fact + +=== Awareness and perception === + +=== Learning and memory === + +{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| + +Autodidacticism +Biofeedback +Cognitive dissonance +Dual-coding theory +Eidetic memory (total recall) +Emotion and memory +Empiricism +Feedback +Feedback loop +Free association +Heuristics +Hyperthymesia +Hypnosis +Hypothesis +Imitation +Inquiry +Knowledge management +Language acquisition +Memorization +Memory and aging +Memory inhibition +Memory-prediction framework +Method of loci +Mnemonics +Neurofeedback +Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) +Observation +Pattern recognition +Question +Reading +Recall +Recognition +Recollection (recall) +Scientific method +Self-perception theory +Speed reading +Study Skills +Subvocalization +Transfer of learning +Transfer of training +Visual learning +Miscellaneous + +Adaptation +Association of Ideas +Attacking Faulty Reasoning +Autistic thinking (see Glossary of psychiatry) +Backcasting +Causality +Chunking (psychology) +Cognition +Cognitive biology +Cognitive computing +Cognitive deficit +Cognitive dissonance +Cognitive linguistics +Cognitive module +Cognitive psychology +Cognitive science +Cognitive space +Cognitive style +Communicating +Comparative cognition +Concept-formation +Conceptual metaphor +Conceptual thinking +Conscience +Consciousness +Constructive criticism +Conversation +Criticism +Creativity techniques +Dereistic thinking (see Glossary of psychiatry) +Design (and re-design) +Dialectic +Dream +Discovery (observation) +Distinction (philosophy) +Distributed cognition +Decision tree +Distributed multi-agent reasoning system +Educational assessment +Emotion +Empirical knowledge +Empiricism +Epistemology +Evidential reasoning (disambiguation) +Evidential reasoning approach +Expectation (epistemic) +Experimentation +Explanation +Expert +Extension (semantics) +Facilitation (business) +Fantasy +Fideism +Figure Reasoning Test +Fuzzy logic +Fuzzy-trace theory +Generalizing +Gestalt psychology +Group cognition +Heuristics in judgment and decision making +Holism +Human multitasking +Human self-reflection +Hypervigilance +Identification (information) +Inductive reasoning aptitude +Intellect +Intellectual +Intelligence (trait) +Intentionality +Inventing +Innovation +Invention +Judging +Kinesthetic learning +Knowledge management +Knowledge representation and reasoning +Language +Linguistics +List of cognitive scientists +List of creative thought processes +List of emotional intelligence topics +List of emotions +List of organizational thought processes +List of perception-related topics +Mathematics Mechanization and Automated Reasoning Platform +Mental function +Mental model theory of reasoning +Meta-analytic thinking +Meta-ethical +Methodic doubt +Mimesis +Mind +Models of scientific inquiry +Morphological analysis (problem-solving) +Natural language processing +Nonduality +Nous +Pattern matching +Personality psychology +Persuasion +Philomath +Philosophical analysis +Philosophical method +Planning +Po (term) +Practical reason +Preconscious +Prediction +Procedural reasoning system +Pseudoscience +Pseudoskepticism +Psychological projection +Psychology of reasoning +Qualitative Reasoning Group +Rationality and Power +Reasoning Mind +Reasoning system +Recognition-primed decision +Reflective disclosure +Scientific method +Self-deception +Semantic network +Semantics +Semiotics +Sensemaking +Situated cognition +Situational awareness +Skepticism +Source criticism +Spatial cognition +Speculative reason +Spiral: The Bonds of Reasoning +Storytelling +Stream of consciousness (psychology) +Subconscious +Substitution (logic) +Suspicion (emotion) +Theories +Thinking processes (theory of constraints) +Thought disorder +Thought sonorization (see Glossary of psychiatry) +Translation +Truth +Unconscious mind +Understanding +VPEC-T +wikt:entrained thinking +wikt:synthesis +Working memory +World disclosure + +== See also == + +Artificial intelligence +Outline of artificial intelligence +Human intelligence +Outline of human intelligence +Neuroscience +Outline of neuroscience +Psychology +Gestalt psychology (theory of mind) +Outline of psychology +Miscellaneous + +Thinking + +Lists + +== References == + +== External links == + +The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts, Free Online Book \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38935ceed --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Phage monographs" +chunk: 1/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Bacteriophage (phage) are viruses of bacteria and arguably are the most numerous "organisms" on Earth. The history of phage study is captured, in part, in the books published on the topic. This is a list of over 100 monographs on or related to phages. + +== List of phage monographs (descending date order) == + +=== Books published in the 2010s === +Hyman, P., Abedon, S. T. 2018. Viruses of Microorganisms. ISBN 978-1-910190-86-9 +Abedon, S. T., García, P., Mullany, P., Aminov, R. 2017. Phage therapy: past, present and future. ISBN 978-2-88945-251-4 +Jassim, S.A.A., Limoges, R.G. 2017. Bacteriophages: Practical Applications for Nature's Biocontrol. ISBN 978-3-319-54050-4 +Dobretsov, N. T., 2018. Bacteriophages: The Enemies of Our Enemies as published as a special issue in Science First Hand consisting of nine articles. +Rakonjac, J., Das, B. Derda, R. 2017. Filamentous Bacteriophage in Bio/Nano/Technology, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Ecology. ISBN 9782889450954 +Nicastro, J., Wong, S., Khazaei, Z., Lam, P., Blay, J., Slavcev, R.A. 2016. Bacteriophage Applications - Historical Perspective and Future Potential. ISBN 978-3-319-45791-8 +Allen, H. K., Abedon, S. T. 2015. Viral Ecology and Disturbances: Impact of Environmental Disruption on the Viruses of Microorganisms. ISBN 978-2-88919-448-3 +Wei, H. 2015. Phages and Therapy as published as a special issue in Virologica Sinica consisting of four reviews, three research articles, six letters, and one insight article. +Weitz, J.S., 2015. Quantitative Viral Ecology: Dynamics of Viruses and Their Microbial Hosts. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. ISBN 978-1-40087-396-8. +Borysowski, J., Międzybrodzki, R., Górski, A., eds. 2014. Phage Therapy: Current Research and Applications. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK. ISBN 978-1-90823-040-9 +Hyman, P., Harrah, T. 2014. Bacteriophage Tail Fibers as a Basis for Structured Assemblies. Momentum Press/ASME, New York, NY. ISBN 978-0-79186-037-3 +Chanishvili, N. 2012. A Literature Review of the Practical Application of Bacteriophage Research. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 978-1-62100-851-4 +Hyman, P., Abedon, S. T., eds. 2012. Bacteriophages in Health and Disease CABI Press, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. ISBN 978-1-84593-984-7 +Abedon, S. T. 2011. Bacteriophages and Biofilms: Ecology, Phage Therapy, Plaques. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York. Partial online version is also available, constituting effectively a "first edition". ISBN 978-1-61761-588-7 +Petrenko, V., Smith, G., eds. 2011. Phage Nanobiotechnology. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK. Scheduled for a June, 2011, publication. ISBN 978-0-8540-4184-8 +Abedon, S. T., ed. 2010. The 'Nuts and Bolts' of Phage Therapy. a special issue of the journal, Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, consisting of six articles on phage therapy, plus an editorial. +Carnazza, S., Guglielmino, S. eds. 2010. Phage Display As a Tool for Synthetic Biology. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 978-1-60876-987-2 +Sabour, P. M., Griffiths, M. W., eds. 2010. Bacteriophages in the Control of Food- and Waterborne Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, D.C. ISBN 978-1-55581-502-8 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35e7e5e4d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "Phage monographs" +chunk: 2/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Books published in the 2000s === +Adams, H. T., 2009. Contemporary Trends in Bacteriophage Research. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 978-1-60692-181-4 +Chanishvili, N., Sharp, R. 2009. A Literature Review of the Practical Application of Bacteriophage Research. Copyright: Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi, Georgia. +Clokie M. R. J., Kropinski, A. M., eds. 2009. Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols.Volume 1: Isolation, Characterization, and Interactions. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. This monographs is described also as Methods in Molecular Biology, volume 501. ISBN 978-1-61737-715-0 +Clokie M. R. J., Kropinski, A. M., eds. 2009. Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols.Volume 2: Molecular and Applied Aspects. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. This monographs is described also as Methods in Molecular Biology, volume 502. ISBN 978-1-60327-565-1 +Abedon, S. T., ed. 2008. Bacteriophage Ecology: Population Growth, Evolution, and Impact of Bacterial Viruses. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. This monograph is described also as Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology, volume 15. ISBN 0-521-85845-3 +Mc Grath, S. and van Sinderen, D., eds. 2007. Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK. ISBN 1-904455-14-X +Cairns, J., G. Stent, and J. D. Watson, eds. 2007. Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology (40th anniversary edition). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. ISBN 0-87969-800-4 +Holmes, F. L., and W. C. Summers. 2006. Reconceiving the Gene: Seymour Benzer's Adventures in Phage Genetics. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. OCLC 62342731, ISBN 0-300-11078-2 +Wegrzyn, G., ed. 2006. Modern Bacteriophage Biology and Biotechnology. Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort PO, Trivandrum-695023, Kerala, India. ISBN 81-308-0033-0 +Calendar, R., and S. T. Abedon, eds. 2006. The Bacteriophages. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford. OCLC 65192869, ISBN 0-19-514850-9 +Häusler, T. 2006. Viruses vs. Superbugs: A Solution to the Antibiotic Crisis. Macmillan, London. OCLC 62804701, ISBN 1-4039-8764-5 +Birge, E. A. 2006. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics. Springer-Verlag, New York. OCLC 17838673, ISBN 0-387-23919-7 +Catalano, C. E., ed. 2005. Viral Genome Packaging Machines: Genetics, Structure, and Mechanism. Landes Bioscience/Eurekah, Georgetown, TX; Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. OCLC 57731385, ISBN 0-306-48227-4 +Kutter, E., and A. Sulakvelidze, eds. 2005. Bacteriophages: Biology and Application. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. OCLC 56880238, ISBN 0-8493-1336-8 +Sidhu, S. S. 2005. Phage Display In Biotechnology and Drug Discovery. CRC Press, OCLC 60311940, ISBN 0-8247-5466-2 +Waldor, M. K., D. Friedman, and S. Adhya, eds. 2005. Phages: Their Role in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Biotechnology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. OCLC 57557385, ISBN 1-55581-307-0 +Clackson, T., and H. B. Lowman. 2004. Phage Display: A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford. OCLC 54904081, ISBN 0-19-963874-8 +Ptashne, M. 2004. Genetic Switch: Phage Lambda Revisited. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. OCLC 54035585, ISBN 0-87969-716-4 +Häusler, T. 2003. Gesund durch Viren — Ein Ausweg aus der Antibiotika-Krise. Piper, München, Germany. [German; Healthy through Viruses - A Way Out of the Antibiotic-Resistance Crisis] OCLC 53098607 +O'Brien, P. M., and R. Aitken. 2002. Antibody Phage Display: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press, Totawa, NJ. OCLC 50175105, ISBN 0-89603-906-4 +Peyrieras, N., and M. Morange. 2002. Travaux scientifiques de François Jacob. Odile Jacob, Paris. [French; The scientific works of François Jacob] OCLC 49567654 +Burton, D. R., J. K. Scott, G. J. Silverman, and C. F. Barbas. 2001. Phage Display: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. OCLC 43903550, ISBN 0-87969-740-7 +Birge, E. A. 2000. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics. Springer-Verlag, New York. OCLC 41273243, ISBN 0-387-23919-7 +Stahl, F. W. 2000. We Can Sleep Later: Alfred D. Hershey and the Origins of Molecular Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. OCLC 43185885, ISBN 0-87969-567-6 +The following have not yet been sufficiently scrutinized to ascertain that they technically are books (e.g., are not theses), are generally available, or are sufficiently about phages to be included in the above list: + +Rasool, S. A. 2002. Bacterial Viruses: Basic and Applied Concepts. University Grants Commission, Islamabad. OCLC 62340547 +Jia, P. X. 2001. Molecular Biology of Bacteriophage. Science Press, Beijing. OCLC ??? +Kutter, E. 2001. Phage Therapy: Bacteriophage as Natural, Self-limiting Antibiotics. AstraZeneca Research Foundation India, India. OCLC ???, ISBN 81-901238-3-1 + +=== Books published in the 1990s === +Summers, W. C. 1999. Felix d'Herelle and the Origins of Molecular Biology. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. OCLC 47011823, ISBN 0-300-07127-2 +Kay, B. K., J. Winter, and J. McCafferty. 1996. Phage Display of Peptides and Proteins: A Laboratory Manual. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. OCLC 34409484, ISBN 0-12-402380-0 +Rothman-Denes, L., and R. Weisberg. 1995. Recent developments in bacteriophage virology. Academic Press, London. OCLC 34099713 +Birge, E. A. 1994. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics. Springer-Verlag, New York. OCLC 29791890, ISBN 3-540-94270-X +Jacob, F. 1995. The Statue Within: An Autobiography. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. OCLC 17353378, ISBN 0-87969-476-9 +Karam, J. D. et al. 1994. Molecular Biology of Bacteriophage T4. ASM Press, Washington, DC. OCLC 30028892, ISBN 1-55581-064-0 +Twort, A. 1993. In Focus, Out of Step: A Biography of Frederick William Twort F.R.S. 1877-1950. Sutton Publishing, Thrupp, Stroud; Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, UK. OCLC 28025779, ISBN 0-7509-0327-9 +Klaus, S., W. Krüger, and J. Meyer. 1992. Bakterienviren. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. [German; Bacterial Viruses] OCLC 26765458 +Ptashne, M. 1992. A Genetic Switch: Phage Lambda and Higher Organisms. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA. OCLC 25713934, ISBN 0-86542-209-5 +Cairns, J., G. Stent, and J. D. Watson. 1992. Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology (expanded edition). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. OCLC 25872929 +He, N.-B., Z.-T. Si, and M.-X. Yu. 1991. Bacteriophage Images [Chinese]. Science Press, Beijing. +The following have not yet been sufficiently scrutinized to ascertain that they technically are books (e.g., are not theses), are generally available, or are sufficiently about phages to be included in the above list: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fda0d41ff --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Phage monographs" +chunk: 3/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Anonymous. 1991. Practical Phage Control. International Dairy Federation, Brussels. +van Helvoort, T. 1993. Research Styles in Virus Studies in the Twentieth Century: Controversies and the Formation of Consensus. Doctoral Thesis, University of Limburg. (note that though this is a thesis, it is of sufficient general interest toward addressing issues in the history of bacteriophagy as to warrant inclusion in this list) + +=== Books published in the 1980s === +Birge, E. A. 1988. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics: An Introduction. Springer-Verlag, New York. OCLC 17838673, ISBN 0-387-96696-X +Hobom, G., and R. Rott, eds. 1988. The Molecular Biology of Bacterial Virus Systems. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Volume 136. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. OCLC 18590320, ISBN 0-387-18513-5 +Jacob, F. 1988. The Statue Within: An Autobiography. Basic Books, New York. OCLC 17353378, ISBN 0-465-08222-X +Jacob, F. La Statue intérieure [French: The Statue Within]. Editions Odile Jacob, Paris +Fischer, E. P., and C. Lipson. 1988. Thinking About Science: Max Delbrück and the Origins of Molecular Biology. W.W. Norton & Co., New York. OCLC 16277429, ISBN 0-393-02508-X +Calendar, R. 1988. The Bacteriophages. Volume I Plenum Press, New York. OCLC 18686137 +Calendar, R. 1988. The Bacteriophages. Volume II Plenum Press, New York. OCLC 17675040 +Goyal, S. M., C. P. Gerba, and G. Bitton. 1987. Phage Ecology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. OCLC 15654933, ISBN 0-471-82419-4 +Symonds, N., A. Toussaint, P. van de Putte, and W. V. Howe. 1987. Phage Mu. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. OCLC 16089280, ISBN 0-87969-306-1 +Ackermann, H.-W., and M. S. DuBow. 1987. Viruses of Prokaryotes, Volume 1, General Properties of Bacteriophages. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. OCLC 15518646, ISBN 0-8493-6056-0 +Ackermann, H.-W., and M. S. DuBow. 1987. Viruses of Prokaryotes, Volume 2, Natural Groups of Bacteriophages. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. OCLC ???, ISBN 0-8493-6056-0 +Ptashne, M. 1986. A Genetic Switch: Gene Control and Phage ?. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA. OCLC 14719427, ISBN 0-86542-315-6 +Mendzhul, M. I. 1985. Tsianofagi: Virusy Tsianobakterii. Nauk. dumka, Kiev. [Russian; Cyanophages] OCLC 16131273 +Luria, S. E. 1984. A Slot Machine, a Broken Test Tube: An Autobiography. Harper & Row, Publishers, New York. OCLC 9758798, ISBN 0-06-091213-8 (1985 paperback ISBN 0-465-07831-1) +Lin, E. C. C., R. Goldstein, and M. Syvanen. 1984. Bacteria, Plasmids, and Phages: An Introduction to Molecular Biology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA . OCLC 10182998, ISBN 0-674-58166-0 +Mathews, C. K., E. M. Kutter, G. Mosig, and P. B. Berget. 1983. Bacteriophage T4. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. OCLC 9622410, ISBN 0-914826-56-5 +Hendrix, R. W., J. W. Roberts, F. W. Stahl, and R. A. Weisberg. 1983. Lambda II. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. OCLC 9556019, ISBN 0-87969-150-6 +Birge, E. A. 1981. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics: An Introduction. Springer-Verlag, New York. OCLC 7248504, ASIN B000ICBYWI +DuBow, M. 1981. Bacteriophage Assembly: Proceedings of the Seventh Biennial Conference on Bacteriophage Assembly, Asilomar, California, September 14–17, 1980. A.R. Liss, New York. OCLC 7555738, ISBN 0-8451-0064-5 +Randall, L. L., and L. Philipson. 1980. Virus Receptors part 1 Bacterial Viruses. Chapman and Hall, London and New York. OCLC 8409813 +The following have not yet been sufficiently scrutinized to ascertain that they technically are books (e.g., are not theses), are generally available, or are sufficiently about phages to be included in the above list: + +Smith-Keary, P. F. 1988. Genetic Elements in Escherichia coli. MacMillan Education Ltd., London. OCLC ???, ISBN 0-333-44268-7 +Sorber, C. A., and S. W. Funderburg. 1983. Bacteriophages as Indicators of Human Enteric Viruses in Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment. Univ of Texas at Austin Center. OCLC ???, ISBN 99930-60-64-X +??? 1983. Cloning with Bacteriophage. ???, ??? OCLC ??? +??? 1982. Bakteriofagi: Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov. ???, ??? [language; title in English] OCLC 18836533 +Desjardins, P. R., and G. B. Olson. 1983. Viral Control of Nuisance Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae). II. Cyanophage Strains, Stability on Phages and Hosts, and Effects of Environmental Factors on Phage-Host Interactions. California Water Resource Center, University of California, Davis, CA. OCLC ??? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6eed2fd9e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +--- +title: "Phage monographs" +chunk: 4/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Books published in the 1970s === +Ratner, V. A., ed. 1979. Matematicheskie Modeli Molekuliyarno-Geneticheskikh Sistem Upravleniya. [Russian; Mathematical Models of Molecular Genetic Regulatory Systems]. Ed. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Novosibirsk, Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov, Moscow. OCLC 7733759 +Stahl, F. W. 1979. Genetic Recombination: Thinking About it in Phage and Fungi. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. OCLC 4956846, ISBN 0-7167-1037-4 +Pulverer, G., P. B. Heczko, and G. Peters. 1979. Phage-Typing of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference, Cologne, September 16–18, 1977. G. Fischer, Stuttgart. OCLC 5105577 +Denhardt, D. T., D. Dressler, and D. S. Ray. 1978. The Single-Stranded DNA Phages. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. OCLC 4491528, ISBN 0-87969-122-0 +Fraenkel-Conrat, H., and R. R. Wagner. 1977. Comprehensive Virology: Reproduction of Bacterial DNA Viruses. Plenum Press, New York. OCLC 2331482, ISBN 0-306-35147-1 +Primrose, S. B. 1976. Bacterial Transduction. Meadowfield Press Ltd., Durham, England. OCLC 3857517, ISBN 0-904095-23-1 +Winkler, U., W. Rüger, and W. Wackernagel. 1976. Bacterial, Phage and Molecular Genetics. An Experimental Course, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin. OCLC 2121428, ISBN 0-387-07602-6 +Douglas, J. 1975. Bacteriophages. p. 77-133. Chapman and Hall, London. OCLC 1176725 +Zinder, N. D. 1975. RNA Phages. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. OCLC 1582488, ISBN 0-87969-109-3 +Buczowski, Z., and H. Rische. 1974. Lysotypie und andere spezielle epidemiologische Laboratoriumsmethoden. [German & English; Phage Typing and Other Special Epidemiological Laboratory Methods]. Gustav-Fischer-Verlag, Jena, Germany. OCLC 14423391 +Gasser, F. 1974. Microbiologie générale, Volume 1. Bactéries et Bactériophages. [French; Bacteria and Bacteriophages]. Ediscience, /McGraw-Hill, Paris OCLC ??? +King, R. C. 1974. Handbook of Genetics: Bacteria, Bacteriophages, and Fungi. Plenum Press, New York. OCLC 914857, ISBN 0-306-37611-3 +Krzywy, T., and S. Slopek. 1974. Morfologia i ultrastruktura bakteriofagów Shigella i Klebsiella. Polish Medical Publishers, Warsaw. [Polish; Morphology and Ultrastructure of Shigella and Klebsiella bacteriophages] OCLC 6943982 +Champe, S. P. 1974. Phage. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, PA. OCLC 980240 +Dalton, A. J., and F. Haguenau. 1973. Ultrastructure of Animal Viruses and Bacteriophages. An Atlas. Academic Press, New York. OCLC 762216, ASIN B0006C4EEA +Poglazov, B. F. 1973. Morphogenesis of T-Even Bacteriophages. Monographs in Developmental Biology, Volume 7, ed.-in-chief A. Wolsky. S. Karger, New York. OCLC ???, ISBN 3-8055-1645-2 +Winkler, U., W. Rüger and W. Wackernagel. 1972. Bakterien-, Phagen- und Molekulargenetik. [German; Bacterial, Phage and Molecular Genetics]. Springer, Berlin +Mathews, C. K. 1971. Bacteriophage Biochemistry. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. OCLC 136326, ISBN 0-8412-0288-5 +Hershey, A. D. 1971. The Bacteriophage Lambda. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, OCLC 220264 +Snustad, D. P., and D. S. Dean. 1971. Genetics Experiments with Bacterial Viruses. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. OCLC 333991, ISBN 0-7167-0161-8 +Tomizawa, J. -I., ed. 1971. Virulent Phage (Selected Papers in Biochemistry, Volume 1). University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, and University Park Press, Baltimore, MD. OCLC 208390, ISBN 0-8391-0612-2 +Tomizawa, J.-I., ed. 1971. Bacterial Genetics and Temperate Phage (Selected Papers in Biochemistry, Volume 2). University Park Press, Baltimore, MD. OCLC 200390, ISBN 0-8391-0611-4 +Hayes, W. 1970. The Genetics of Bacteria and their Viruses: Studies in Basic Genetics and Molecular Biology. Wiley, New York. OCLC 4655740, ASIN B000H5C8WG +Juhasz, S. E., and G. Plummer. 1970. Host-Virus Relationships in Mycobacterium, Nocardia and Actinomyces. Charles C. Thomas, publisher, Springfield, Illinois. OCLC 113345, ISBN 978-0-398-00953-3 +Gabrilovitch I. 1970. Lysogeniya [Russian;Lysogeny]. Izdadelstvo Belarus, Minsk, Belarus +Tikhonenko, A. S. 1970. Ultrastructure of Bacterial Viruses. Plenum Press, New York. OCLC 14492588, ISBN 0-306-30421-X +The following have not yet been sufficiently scrutinized to ascertain that they technically are books (e.g., are not theses), are generally available, or are sufficiently about phages to be included in the above list: + +Desjardins, P. R., M. B. Barkley, S. A. Swiecki, and S. N. West. 1978. Viral Control of blue-green algae. California Water Resource Center, University of California, OCLC ??? +??? 1978. Bakteriofagi i Ikh Ispol'zovanie v Veterinarnoi Praktike. ???, ??? [Russian; Bacteriophages and Their Utilization in Veterinary Practice] OCLC 4111249 +??? 1977. Gene Expression V. 3 Plasmids and Phages. ???, ??? OCLC 13187199 +??? 1972. Saikin Faji Iden Jikkenho. ???, ??? [Japanese; Experimental Methods in Bacteriophage Genetics] OCLC 14420642 + +=== Books published in the 1960s === +Gabrilovitch IM. 1968. Bakteriophage techniques [Russian]. Izdadelstvo Vychzyshaya Shkola, Minsk, Belarus +Hayes, W. 1968. The Genetics of Bacteria and their Viruses. Wiley, New York. OCLC 5628 +Tikhonenko, A. S. 1968. Ultrastruktura Virusov Bakterii. [Russian; Ultrastructure of Bacterial Viruses]. Izdadelstvo "Nauka", Moscow. OCLC 14492588 +Raettig, H. 1967. Bakteriophagie 1957-1965 (Bacteriophagy 1957-1965). G. Fischer, Stuttgart. [German and English] OCLC 14503598 +Raiga, A. 1967. El Bacteriofago de d'Herelle. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [Spanish translation of French "Le Bacteriophage de d'Herelle", Revue Philosophique de la France et l'Etranger, 4, octobre-diciembre, 1961.] 40 pages. OCLC: 6307317 +Cairns, J., G. Stent, and J. D. Watson. 1966. Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. OCLC 712215 +Stent, G. S. 1965. Molekulyarnaya Biologiya Virusov Bakterii. [Russian; Molecular Biology of Bacterial Viruses]. Izdadelstvo "MIR", Moscow. OCLC 55892813 +Gani, J. 1965. Stochastic Models For Bacteriophage. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London. OCLC 279694 +Hayes, W., 1964. The Genetics of Bacteria and their Viruses. Wiley, New York. OCLC 559954 +Stent, G. S. 1963. Molecular Biology of Bacterial Viruses. WH Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA. OCLC 268815 +Geissler, E. 1962. Bakteriophagen, Objekte der Modernen Genetik. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. [German; Bacteriophages, Objects of the Modern Genetics] OCLC 14607452 +Pekhov, A. P. 1962. Elektronnomikroskopicheskoe issledovanie bakterii i fagov. ???, ??? [Russian; Electron Microscopic Study of Bacteria and Phage] OCLC 14607218 +Adams, M. H. and A S Kriviskiĭ. 1961. Bakteriofagi. Russian. Moskva, Izd-vo inostrannoĭ lit-ry. OCLC: 18358144 +Stent, G. S. 1960. Papers on Bacterial Viruses. Little, Brown and Co., Boston. OCLC 485853 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..346b9a25a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "Phage monographs" +chunk: 5/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Books published in the 1950s === +Adams, M. H. 1959. Bacteriophages. Interscience, New York. OCLC 326505 +Ho, N. B., Z. T. Si, and M. X. Yu. 1959. Bacteriophages from China. An Electron Microscopical Atlas. Science Press, Beijing. OCLC ??? +Hercik, F. 1959. Biophysik der Bakteriophagen. VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin. [German; Biophysics of Bacteriophages] OCLC 15258981 +Burnet, F. M., and W. M. Stanley. 1959. The Viruses: Biochemical, Biological and Biophysical Properties: Plant and Bacterial Viruses. Academic Press, New York. OCLC 326764 +Raettig, H. 1958. Bakteriophagie, 1917 bis 1956; Zugleich en Vorschlag zur Dokumentation Wissenschaftlicher Literatur. G. Fischer, Stuttgart. [German; Bacteriophagy 1917 to 1956; At the Same Time a suggestion on the Documentation of Scientific Literature] OCLC 4309311 +Terada, M. 1956. Studies on Bacterial Viruses. Naya Publishing Co., Tokyo. OCLC 1064505 +Jacob, F. 1954. Les bactéries lysogènes et la notion de provirus. Masson, Paris. [French; The Lysogenic Bacteria and the Concept of the Provirus] OCLC 5780525 +International Union of Biological Sciences. 1953. Le Bactériophage: Premier Colloque International. Institut Pasteur, Paris. [French; The Bacteriophage: First International Conference] OCLC 11662838 +Evans, E. A. 1952. Biochemical Studies of Bacterial Viruses. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. OCLC 3195879 +Hedén, C.-G. 1951. Studies of the infection of E. coli B with the bacteriophage T2. Acta. Path. Microbiol. Scand. supplement 8:1-126. OCLC 14670314 +Lederberg, J. 1951. Papers in Microbial Genetics: Bacteria and Bacterial Viruses. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. OCLC 2472829 +Zhdanov, D. A., ed. 1950. Biologicheskie Antiseptiki: Bakteriofagi, Antitela, Antibiotiki. Russian. OCLC 14672517 +The following have not yet been sufficiently scrutinized to ascertain that they technically are books (e.g., are not theses), are generally available, or are sufficiently about phages to be included in the above list: + +Sutin, I. A. 1958. Bakteriofagi i ikh primenenie v meditsinskoĭ praktike. Russian. OCLC 14614699 +Adams, M. H., J. H. jr. Comroe, and E. H. Venning. 1950. Methods of Study of Bacterial Viruses. Year Book Publishers, Chicago. OCLC 67599839 + +=== Books published in the 1940s === +Hammarström, E. 1949. Phage-Typing of Shigella sonnei. Stockholm. OCLC 5140885 +Lilleengen, K. 1948. Typing of Salmonella typhimurium by means of bacteriophage. The Bacteriological Hygienical Department of the Royal Veterinary College, Stockholm. OCLC 14665054 +Steinmann, J. 1946. Le Bactériophage: Sa Nature et son Emploi Thérapeutique. K, Bâle. [French; The Bacteriophage: Its Nature and its Therapeutic Employment] OCLC 14735726 +Flu, P. C. 1946. The Bacteriophage: A Historical and Critical Survey of 25 Years Research. Universitaire Pers Leiden, Leiden. OCLC 14744384 +d'Hérelle, F., 1946. L’étude d’une maladie: Le Choléra. French. F. Rouge & Cie S. A., Lausanne. +Pokrovskaya, M. P., Kaganova, L. S., Morozenko, M. A., et al. 1941. Bacteriophage treatment of wounds. State publishing house of medical literature "Medgiz", Moscow. Russian. +The following have not yet been sufficiently scrutinized to ascertain that they technically are books (e.g., are not theses), are generally available, or are sufficiently about phages to be included in the above list: + +Durisić, M. 1948. Ultravirusi, rikecie i bakteriofagi. Croatian. Publisher: Beograd, Naucna knjiga. OCLC 14661068 +Zaeva, S. P. 1945. Anaerobnye Bakteriofagi. Russian. OCLC 14736765 +Raiga, A. 1941. Traitement des Plaies de Guerre par le Bactériophage de d'Hérelle . Legrand & Bertrand, Paris. [French; Treatment of the wounds of war by the bacteriophage of Hérelle] OCLC 14725592 +Tsulukidze, A.P. 1941. Experience of Use of Bacteriophages in the Conditions of War Traumatism. Russian? Gruzmedgiz, Tbilisi, Georgia. + +=== Books published in the 1930s === +Northrop, J. H. 1939. Crystalline Enzymes. The Chemistry of Pepsin, Trypsin, and Bacteriophage. Columbia University Press, New York. OCLC 2387455 +d'Hérelle, F. 1938. Le Phénomène de la Guérison dans les Maladies Infectieuses. Masson et cie, Paris. [French; The Phenomenon of the Cure in the Infectious Diseases] OCLC 5784382 +d'Herelle, F. translated by G. Eliava. 1934, Bakteriofag i fenomen vyzdorovlenija, Tbilisi State University Press, Tbilisi, Georgia [Russian translation of French text published in 1938, The Phenomenon of the Cure in Infectious Diseases]. OCLC 163085972. +d'Hérelle, F. 1933. Le Bactériophage et ses Applications Thérapeutiques. Doin, Paris. [French; The Bacteriophage and its Therapeutic Applications] OCLC 14749145 +Gardner, A. D. 1931. Microbes and Ultramicrobes: An Account of Bacteria, Viruses and the Bacteriophage. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London. OCLC 3180401 +d'Hérelle, F., and G. H. Smith. 1930. The Bacteriophage and its Clinical Application. p. 165-243. Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, Illinois. OCLC 347451 +The following have not yet been sufficiently scrutinized to ascertain that they technically are books (e.g., are not theses), are generally available, or are sufficiently about phages to be included in the above list: + +d'Hérelle, F. 1935. Bacteriophage and Phenomenon of Recovery. Russian. TSU Press, Tbilisi, Georgia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53852346b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Phage monographs" +chunk: 6/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Books published in the 1920s === +d'Hérelle, F. 1929. Études sur le Choléra. Impr. A. Serafini, Alexandrie. [French; Studies on Asiatic Cholera] OCLC 15864352 +Schuurman, C. J. 1927. Der Bakteriophage, eine Ultramikrobe; das D'Herellesche Phänomen. Rohrmoser, Bonn. [German; The Bacteriophage, an Ultramicrobe: the D'Hérelle phenomenon] OCLC 14743783 +d'Hérelle, F. 1926. Le Bactériophage et son Comportement. Masson et Cie, Paris. [French; The Bacteriophage and its Behavior] OCLC 11981307 +d'Hérelle, F., and G. H. Smith. 1926. The Bacteriophage and Its Behavior. The Williams &Wilkins Co., Baltimore. OCLC 2394374 +Hauduroy, P. 1925. Le Bactériophage de d'Hérelle. Librairie Le François, Paris. [French; The Bacteriophage of d'Hérelle] OCLC 17294190 +d'Hérelle, F. 1924. Drie Voordrachten over het Verschijnsel der Bacteriophagie. J.B. Wolters, Groningen. [Dutch; Three presentations concerning the phenomenon of the bacteriophage] OCLC 17864544 +d'Hérelle, F., and G. H. Smith. 1924. Immunity in Natural Infectious Disease. Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. OCLC 586303 +d'Hérelle, F. 1922. Der Bakteriophage und seine Bedeutung für die Immunität; nach einem erweiterten und verbesserten. F. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig. [German; The Bacteriophage and its Meaning for Immunity: toward an extended and improved text of the author's translation] OCLC 36920828 +d'Hérelle, F. 1922. The Bacteriophage: Its Role in Immunity. Williams and Wilkins Co./Waverly Press, Baltimore. OCLC 14789160, ASIN B000H6G02O, B000H6EK2G +d'Hérelle, F. 1921. Le Bactériophage: Son Rôle dans l'Immunité. Masson et cie, Paris. [French; The Bacteriophage: Its Role in Immunity] OCLC 14794182 +The following have not yet been sufficiently scrutinized to ascertain that they technically are books (e.g., are not theses), are generally available, or are sufficiently about phages to be included in the above list: + +d'Hérelle, F., R. H. Malone, and M. N. Lahiri. 1930. Studies on Asiatic Cholera. Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta. OCLC 25936856 +d'Hérelle, F. 1923. Les Défenses de l'Organisme. Flammarion, Paris. [French; The Defenses of the Organism] OCLC 11127665 + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_theories_modified_by_general_relativity-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_theories_modified_by_general_relativity-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..480ac4481 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_theories_modified_by_general_relativity-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,589 @@ +--- +title: "Physical theories modified by general relativity" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_theories_modified_by_general_relativity" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:32.111460+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article will use the Einstein summation convention. +The theory of general relativity required the adaptation of existing theories of physical, electromagnetic, and quantum effects to account for non-Euclidean geometries. These physical theories modified by general relativity are described below. + + +== Classical mechanics and special relativity == +Classical mechanics and special relativity are lumped together here because special relativity is in many ways intermediate between general relativity and classical mechanics, and shares many attributes with classical mechanics. +In the following discussion, the mathematics of general relativity is used heavily. Also, under the principle of minimal coupling, the physical equations of special relativity can be turned into their general relativity counterparts by replacing the Minkowski metric (ηab) with the relevant metric of spacetime (gab) and by replacing any partial derivatives with covariant derivatives. In the discussions that follow, the change of metrics is implied. + + +=== Inertia === +Inertial motion is motion free of all forces. In Newtonian mechanics, the force F acting on a particle with mass m is given by Newton's second law, + + + + F + = + m + + + + r + ¨ + + + + + + {\displaystyle F=m{\ddot {r}}} + +, where the acceleration is given by the second derivative of position r with respect to time t . Zero force means that inertial motion is just motion with zero acceleration: + + + + + + + + + + d + + + 2 + + + r + + + + d + + + t + + 2 + + + + + + = + 0 + + + {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}r}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}=0} + + +The idea is the same in special relativity. Using Cartesian coordinates, inertial motion is described mathematically as: + + + + + + + + + + d + + + 2 + + + + x + + a + + + + + + d + + + τ + + 2 + + + + + + = + 0 + + + {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x^{a}}{\mathrm {d} \tau ^{2}}}=0} + + +where + + + + + x + + a + + + + + {\displaystyle x^{a}} + + is the position coordinate and τ is proper time. (In Newtonian mechanics, τ ≡ t, the coordinate time). +In both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity, space and then spacetime are assumed to be flat, and we can construct a global Cartesian coordinate system. In general relativity, these restrictions on the shape of spacetime and on the coordinate system to be used are lost. Therefore, a different definition of inertial motion is required. In relativity, inertial motion occurs along timelike or null geodesics as parameterized by proper time. This is expressed mathematically by the geodesic equation: + + + + + + + + + + d + + + 2 + + + + x + + a + + + + + + d + + + τ + + 2 + + + + + + + + + Γ + + b + c + + + a + + + + + + + + d + + + x + + b + + + + + + d + + τ + + + + + + + + + d + + + x + + c + + + + + + d + + τ + + + + = + 0 + + + {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x^{a}}{\mathrm {d} \tau ^{2}}}+\Gamma _{bc}^{a}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} x^{b}}{\mathrm {d} \tau }}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} x^{c}}{\mathrm {d} \tau }}=0} + + +where + + + + + Γ + + b + c + + + a + + + + + {\displaystyle \Gamma _{bc}^{a}} + + is a Christoffel symbol. Since general relativity describes four-dimensional spacetime, this represents four equations, with each one describing the second derivative of a coordinate with respect to proper time. In the case of flat space in Cartesian coordinates, we have + + + + + Γ + + b + c + + + a + + + = + 0 + + + {\displaystyle \Gamma _{bc}^{a}=0} + +, so this equation reduces to the special relativity form. + + +=== Gravitation === +For gravitation, the relationship between Newton's theory of gravity and general relativity is governed by the correspondence principle: General relativity must produce the same results as gravity does for the cases where Newtonian physics has been shown to be accurate. +Around a spherically symmetric object, the Newtonian theory of gravity predicts that objects will be physically accelerated towards the center on the object by the rule + + + + + + + + r + ¨ + + + + = + G + M + + + + r + ^ + + + + + / + + + r + + 2 + + + + + {\displaystyle \mathbf {\ddot {r}} =GM\mathbf {\hat {r}} /r^{2}} + + +where G is Newton's Gravitational constant, M is the mass of the gravitating object, r is the distance to the gravitation object, and + + + + + + + r + ^ + + + + + + {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} } + + is a unit vector identifying the direction to the massive object. +In the weak-field approximation of general relativity, an identical coordinate acceleration must exist. For the Schwarzschild solution (which is the simplest possible spacetime surrounding a massive object), the same acceleration as that which (in Newtonian physics) is created by gravity is obtained when a constant of integration is set equal to 2MG/c2). For more information, see Deriving the Schwarzschild solution. + + +=== Transition from Newtonian mechanics to general relativity === + +Some of the basic concepts of general relativity can be outlined outside the relativistic domain. In particular, the idea that mass/energy generates curvature in space and that curvature affects the motion of masses can be illustrated in a Newtonian setting. +General relativity generalizes the geodesic equation and the field equation to the relativistic realm in which trajectories in space are replaced with Fermi–Walker transport along world lines in spacetime. The equations are also generalized to more complicated curvatures. + + +=== Transition from special relativity to general relativity === + +The basic structure of general relativity, including the geodesic equation and Einstein field equation, can be obtained from special relativity by examining the kinetics and dynamics of a particle in a circular orbit about the earth. In terms of symmetry, the transition involves replacing global Lorentz covariance with local Lorentz covariance. + + +=== Conservation of energy–momentum === +In classical mechanics, conservation laws for energy and momentum are handled separately in the two principles of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum. With the advent of special relativity, these two conservation principles were united through the concept of mass-energy equivalence. +Mathematically, the general relativity statement of energy–momentum conservation is: + + + + + + + + T + + a + + + + + b + + + + + + + + ; + b + + + = + + + + T + + a + + + + + b + + + + + + + + , + b + + + + + + + + Γ + + b + + + + + c + b + + + + + + + T + + a + + + + + c + + + − + + + + Γ + + c + + + + + a + b + + + + + + + T + + c + + + + + b + + + = + 0 + + + {\displaystyle {T_{a}}^{b}{}_{;b}={T_{a}}^{b}{}_{,b}+{\Gamma ^{b}}_{cb}\,{T_{a}}^{c}-{\Gamma ^{c}}_{ab}\,{T_{c}}^{b}=0} + + +where + + + + + + + T + + a + + + + + b + + + + + {\displaystyle {T_{a}}^{b}} + + is the stress–energy tensor, the comma indicates a partial derivative and the semicolon indicates a covariant derivative. The terms involving the Christoffel symbols are absent in the special relativity statement of energy–momentum conservation. +Unlike classical mechanics and special relativity, it is not usually possible to unambiguously define the total energy and momentum in general relativity, so the tensorial conservation laws are local statements only (see ADM energy, though). This often causes confusion in time-dependent spacetimes which apparently do not conserve energy, although the local law is always satisfied. Exact formulation of energy–momentum conservation on an arbitrary geometry requires use of a non-unique stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor. + + +== Electromagnetism == + +General relativity modifies the description of electromagnetic phenomena by employing a new version of Maxwell's equations. These differ from the special relativity form in that the Christoffel symbols make their presence in the equations via the covariant derivative. +The source equations of electrodynamics in curved spacetime are (in cgs units) + + + + + + F + + + a + b + + + + + + + + ; + b + + + = + + + + 4 + π + + c + + + + + J + + + a + + + + + {\displaystyle F^{\,ab}{}_{;b}={4\pi \over c}\,J^{\,a}} + + +where Fab is the electromagnetic field tensor representing the electromagnetic field and Ja is a four-current representing the sources of the electromagnetic field. +The source-free equations are the same as their special relativity counterparts. +The effect of an electromagnetic field on a charged object is then modified to + + + + + + P + + + a + + + + + + + + + ; + τ + + + = + ( + q + + / + + m + ) + + + F + + + a + b + + + + P + + b + + + + + {\displaystyle P^{\,a}{}_{\,;\tau }=(q/m)\,F^{\,ab}P_{b}} + +, +where q is the charge on the object, m is the rest mass of the object and P a is the four-momentum of the charged object. Maxwell's equations in flat spacetime are recovered in rectangular coordinates by reverting the covariant derivatives to partial derivatives. For Maxwell's equations in flat spacetime in curvilinear coordinates see [1] +or [2] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2152bea53 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Psychoanalytic institutes and societies in the United States" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:30.600165+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Psychoanalytic institutes and societies in the United States are often linked together, though a distinction may be made between the functions of the institutes (mainly training, education, and research) and the societies (other professional activities including advocacy and networking). Some local psychoanalytic organizations have both words in their title while others have only one or the other. +Psychoanalytic institutes are organizations that train psychoanalysts and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapists, provide continuing education for psychoanalytically oriented mental health professionals, and/or carry out psychoanalytically informed research in mental health or social sciences and humanities. Psychoanalytic societies are local or regional professional associations of psychoanalysts and sometimes other psychoanalytically oriented professionals. +Psychoanalytic institutes in the United States may be affiliated with the American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA), the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA), or The National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis (NAAP). The associations differ slightly in their training guidelines over such things as length and frequency of so-called "control cases" (patients seen for psychoanalysis as part of the training of candidate) or of the candidates themselves. The organizations also historically differed in their rules for allowing different types of professionals to undergo psychoanalytic training (e.g., for many years APsaA only allowed physicians to undergo psychoanalytic training, while IPA allowed psychologists and others to become psychoanalysts). The associations historically also had different attitudes towards theoretical schools within psychoanalysis such as Kleinian or Lacanian approaches. S +Some psychoanalytic institutes have been accredited by The American Board for Accreditation in Psychoanalysis (ABAP), the only active accreditor of psychoanalytic institutes in the United States. + +== Overview == + +There are several philosophical and psychotherapeutic traditions related to Freudian psychoanalysis. Among the largest are the schools of Jungian psychoanalysis or analytic psychology, based on the works of Freud's early colleague and one-time protege Carl Gustav Jung. The International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP) is the international accrediting and regulatory body for all Jungian societies and groups of analytical psychology practitioners, trainees and affiliates. Another, particularly prominent in Europe and Latin America, is Lacanian psychoanalysis, based on the work of the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. The World Association of Psychoanalysis (WAP) was founded in 1992 and groups together a number of regional Lacanian associations. While some psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic institutes associated with APsaA or IPA may use or teach some Jungian or Lacanian concepts and techniques, in practice these have become somewhat separate traditions, with separate journals, professional societies, accreditation, and so on. Consequently, Jungian and Lacanian societies and institutes are not listed here unless they are also associated with either APsaA or IPA. +Many American psychoanalytic institutes are stand-alone, nonprofit, educational institutions of relatively small size, such as The Institute for Modern Psychoanalysis of Philadelphia (IMPP), (formerly the Philadelphia School of Psychoanalysis), and The Academy of Clinical and Applied Psychoanalysis (ACAP). A handful are affiliated with major universities: Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research; New York University's Postdoctoral Program in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis; Emory University Psychoanalytic Institute (EUPI). A small number are independently accredited graduate schools: Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis. +It is difficult to give a single "foundation date" for many of the institutes and societies. Some began as independent study groups or as sponsored affiliates of more established psychoanalytic institutes or societies in other cities. Most went through a process of accreditation by APsaA and/or IPA, which can take years to complete and which has several stages from recognized study group through provisional institute to independent institute or training institute status. Most were chartered as nonprofit organizations or accredited at the state level as educational organizations separately from their IPA/APsaA accreditation. Consequently, some foundation dates are approximate and some organizations have multiple significant dates listed. +There are also several institutions that are hard to categorize and have therefore been omitted, such as the Menninger Clinic in Houston, a prominent training program in psychiatry and clinical psychology with strong tradition of training in psychoanalytic approaches. The Menninger Clinic was previously closely connected with the Topeka Psychoanalytic Society; however, Menninger itself does not appear to be independently recognized by APsaA or IPA as a psychoanalytic institute, or to have an explicitly affiliated psychoanalytic society at present. The Wright Institute in Berkeley, California and the formerly affiliated but now independent Wright Institute Los Angeles, and the Austen Riggs Center in Massachusetts, similarly have long traditions of training psychoanalytically informed clinicians, but are not chartered as psychoanalytic institutes. +Some of the psychoanalytic institutes offer psychoanalytic licensure tracks of study, but not all. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1258e118d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Psychoanalytic institutes and societies in the United States" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:30.600165+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== List == +American Institute for Psychoanalysis (AIP) - the second oldest continuously functioning institute in New York City, and third oldest institute in the United States, based on the growth-oriented philosophy Karen Horney pioneered in psychoanalysis. Berkshire Psychoanalytic Institute (BPI) was founded in 2001 in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis was founded in 1973. Its main campus is in Brookline, Massachusetts. Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute is the third-oldest psychoanalytic institute in the United States, founded in 1932 by Franz Alexander. It is affiliated with both APsaA and IPA. Center for Modern Psychoanalytic Studies. The Center holds an absolute charter from the Board of Regents of the New York State Education Department and is recognized by New York State as a licensure-qualifying institute for those seeking license as a psychoanalyst. It is accredited by the American Board for Accreditation in Psychoanalysis and is a member institute of the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. The Institute for Modern Psychoanalysis of Philadelphia (IMPP) (Formerly Philadelphia School of Psychoanalysis (PSP) until it was renamed in 2025), formed in 1971, offers accredited, online, modern psychoanalytic programs. It is accredited by the American Board for Accreditation in Psychoanalysis (ABAP). The Academy of Clinical and Applied Psychoanalysis (ACAP), formed in 1990, offers accredited online and in-person (at their Livingston, NJ campus) psychoanalytic programs. Center for Psychoanalytic Studies in Houston, Texas, began as a study group in the Houston-Galveston area in 1964, in association with the New Orleans Psychoanalytic Institute (NOPI). In 1974, it began operating as a geographical extension of the NOPI, offering full training in psychoanalysis as the Houston-Galveston Psychoanalytic School. Provisional status with APsaA was granted in 1976 and full status in May 1979 as the Houston-Galveston Psychoanalytic Institute. It has associations with Baylor College of Medicine (Houston) and the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, as well as affiliates in Austin and in San Antonio. Center for Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis of New Jersey https://cppnj.org +Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute (formerly Institute for Psychoanalysis until it was renamed in May 2018), is the second-oldest in the United States, founded in February 1932. Cleveland Psychoanalytic Center, founded in 1967. Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research was founded in 1945. It is part of the Department of Psychiatry of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Denver Institute for Psychoanalysis and the Denver Psychoanalytic Society were begun in the 1960s, with the first class enrolled in 1968. Emory University Psychoanalytic Institute (EUPI) in Atlanta, Georgia, is a part of the Emory University School of Medicine's Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and is affiliated with the Atlanta Psychoanalytic Society. It is also an Accredited Training Institute of the American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA). The precursor of EUPI was founded around 1964 with classes beginning in 1965. Greater Kansas City and Topeka Psychoanalytic Center and Institute (GKCPI) in Kansas City, Missouri +The Hannah Perkins Center for child psychoanalysis in Cleveland, Ohio. Harlem Family Institute (HFI) was founded in New York City in 1991 with the goal of providing psychoanalytic training for candidates from diverse backgrounds, and long-term psychotherapeutic and emotional-support for struggling and at-risk youth and their parents in New York's schools in underserved neighborhoods. Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis (ICP) in Los Angeles was founded in 1990–1991 with an emphasis on contemporary approaches to psychoanalysis, particularly Self Psychology and Intersubjective approaches. Institute of Contemporary Psychotherapy + Psychoanalysis (ICP+P) was founded in Washington, DC, in 1994 by Joseph Lichtenberg and Rosemary Segalla. Institute for Psychoanalytic Training and Research (IPTAR) in New York City was founded in 1958. Institute for the Psychoanalytic Study of Subjectivity (IPSS) was founded in 1987 in New York City by George Atwood, James Fosshage, Frank Lachmann, and Robert Stolorow. Los Angeles Institute and Society for Psychoanalytic Studies (LAISPS) was founded in 1970. National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis (NPAP) was established in New York City by Theodore Reik in 1948, in response to the controversy over lay analysis and the question of the training of psychoanalysts in the States. It continues to have a Reikian orientation to psychoanalysis. New Center for Psychoanalysis (NCP) in Los Angeles was created in 2005 from the merger of two institutes: the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society and Institute (LAPSI) and the Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute and Society (SCPIS). These, in turn, were the two oldest and largest successors to the original Los Angeles Institute. The New Center is affiliated with both APsaA and IPA. Newport Center for Psychoanalytic Studies was begun in Newport Beach, California, in 1975 by psychologist Lawrence Hedges as a series of study groups and visiting lecturers. It was formally chartered as an educational institute in 1983. New Jersey Institute for Training in Psychoanalyses, founded in 1972. We are the oldest psychoanalytic institute in New Jersey. https://njinstitute.com/ +New York Psychoanalytic Society & Institute, founded in 1911 by Abraham Brill, is the oldest psychoanalytic organization in the United States. New York University Postdoctoral Program in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis was established at NYU by Bernard N. Kalinkowitz in 1961. Object Relations Institute for Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis (ORI) was founded in 1991, with curriculum based on extension of the British Object Relations psychoanalytic school, and it is chartered by NYS Board of Regents in 1993. Northern California Society for Psychoanalytic Psychology (NCSPP) is based in San Anselmo, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. Oklahoma Society for Psychoanalytic Studies was founded in 1989. Oregon Psychoanalytic Center (OPC) in Portland, Oregon +Psychoanalytic Institute of New England (PINE) +Psychoanalytic Center of California (PCC) was established in Los Angeles in the 1980s with a specific focus on the works of Melanie Klein and her associates; it joined the International Psychoanalytical Association in 1989. Psychoanalytic Center of Philadelphia(PCOP) was established in 2000 by the merger of the Philadelphia Association for Psychoanalysis and the Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Institute and Society. It is an Approved Institute of the American Psychoanalytic Association and provides training in Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy +Psychoanalytic Institute of Northern California (PINC) was founded in 1989 and became a component society of the IPA in July 2009. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Study Center (PPSC), with a Four-Year Program in Psychoanalysis, was founded in New York in 1986. It is a member institute of the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. St. Louis Psychoanalytic Institute +San Diego Psychoanalytic Center (SDPC) +San Francisco Center for Psychoanalysis was founded in 1942 as California Psychoanalytic Society and was later renamed the San Francisco Psychoanalytic Society and Institute. In 2007, it was combined with the San Francisco Foundation for Psychoanalysis that was founded in 1991. The new entity is called the San Francisco Center for Psychoanalysis. The Sacramento Psychoanalytic Society is an affiliate of the San Francisco Center for Psychoanalysis. Seattle Psychoanalytic Society & Institute (SPSI) in Seattle, Washington, began as the Seattle Psychoanalytic Training Center in 1946. In 1964, the Seattle Psychoanalytic Society & Institute (SPSI) gained independent status as an Institute of the American Psychoanalytic Association. Western New England Institute for Psychoanalysis in New Haven, Connecticut, was established provisionally in 1952 and fully recognized in 1956 by the American Psychoanalytic Association. William Alanson White Institute (WAWI) was founded in 1943 in New York City. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe67ebe9e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Psychoanalytic institutes and societies in the United States" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:30.600165+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Founding members were Erich Fromm and Clara Thompson, joined by Harry Stack Sullivan, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, David Rioch and Janet Rioch. The National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis (NAAP), founded in 1972, with the purpose to unite the various schools of psychoanalytic thought and to ensure the independence, advancement, recognition, and sustainability of the profession of psychoanalysis. The American Board for Accreditation in Psychoanalysis (ABAP), established in 1997, in order to achieve autonomy between accreditation and membership society functions. For nearly twenty-five years, ABAP has been independently fostering quality improvement, evaluating, and accrediting a diverse group of psychoanalytic training programs. Those that meet ABAP’s Standards for Accreditation are accredited members of the Assembly of Psychoanalytic Institutes. + +== See also == +List of schools of psychoanalysis + +== References == + +== Further reading == + +== External links == +Approved Training Institutes – APsaA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0132e4d8c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Soil texture" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:34.101752+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Soil texture is the identifying quality of the upper layer of earth, which is composed of sand, silt and clay.Soil texture can be determined using qualitative methods such as texture by feel, and quantitative methods such as the hydrometer method based on Stokes' law. Soil texture has agricultural applications such as determining crop suitability and to predict the response of the soil to environmental and management conditions such as drought or calcium (lime) requirements. Soil texture focuses on the particles that are less than two millimeters in diameter which include sand, silt, and clay. The USDA soil taxonomy and WRB soil classification systems use 12 textural classes whereas the UK-ADAS system uses 11. These classifications are based on the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. + +== History == +The first classification, the international system, was first proposed by Albert Atterberg in 1905 and was based on his studies in southern Sweden. Atterberg chose 20 μm for the upper limit of silt fraction because particles smaller than that size were not visible to the naked eye, the suspension could be coagulated by salts, capillary rise within 24 hours was most rapid in this fraction, and the pores between compacted particles were so small as to prevent the entry of root hairs. Commission One of the International Society of Soil Science (ISSS) recommended its use at the First International Congress of Soil Science held in Washington in 1927. Australia adopted this system, and its equal logarithmic intervals are an attractive feature worth maintaining. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) adopted its own system in 1938, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) used the USDA system in the FAO-UNESCO world soil map and recommended its use. + +== Classification == + +In the United States, twelve major soil texture classifications are defined by the United States Department of Agriculture. The twelve classifications are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. Soil textures are classified by the fractions of each soil separate (sand, silt, and clay) present in a soil. Classifications are typically named for the primary constituent particle size or a combination of the most abundant particles sizes, e.g. "sandy clay" or "silty clay". A fourth term, loam, is used to describe equal properties of sand, silt, and clay in a soil sample, and lends to the naming of even more classifications, e.g. "clay loam" or "silt loam". +Determining soil texture is often aided with the use of a soil texture triangle plot. An example of a soil triangle is found on the right side of the page. One side of the triangle represents percent sand, the second side represents percent clay, and the third side represents percent silt. If the percentages of sand, clay, and silt in the soil sample are known, then the triangle can be used to determine the soil texture classification. For example, if a soil is 70 percent sand and 10 percent clay then the soil is classified as a sandy loam. The same method can be used starting on any side of the soil triangle. If the texture by feel method was used to determine the soil type, the triangle can also provide a rough estimate on the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. +Chemical and physical properties of a soil are related to texture. Particle size and distribution will affect a soil's capacity for holding water and nutrients. Fine textured soils generally have a higher capacity for water retention, whereas sandy soils contain large pore spaces that allow leaching. + +== Soil separates == + +Soil separates are specific ranges of particle sizes. The smallest particles are clay particles and are classified as having diameters of less than 0.002 mm. Clay particles are plate-shaped instead of spherical, allowing for an increased specific surface area. The next smallest particles are silt particles and have diameters between 0.002 mm and 0.05 mm (in USDA Soil Taxonomy). The largest particles are sand particles and are larger than 0.05 mm in diameter. Furthermore, large sand particles can be described as coarse, intermediate as medium, and the smaller as fine. Other countries have their own particle size classifications. + +== Methodology == + +=== Texture by feel === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcb0d0944 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Soil texture" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:34.101752+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Hand analysis is a simple and effective means to rapidly assess and classify a soil's physical condition. Correctly executed, the procedure allows for rapid and frequent assessment of soil characteristics with little or no equipment. It is thus a useful tool for identifying spatial variation both within and between fields as well as identifying progressive changes and boundaries between soil map units (soil series). Texture by feel is a qualitative method, as it does not provide exact values of sand, silt, and clay. Although qualitative, the texture by feel flowchart can be an accurate way for a scientist or interested individual to analyze the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay. +The texture by feel method involves taking a small sample of soil and making a ribbon. A ribbon can be made by taking a ball of soil and pushing the soil between the thumb and forefinger and squeezing it upward into a ribbon. Allow the ribbon to emerge and extend over the forefinger, breaking from its own weight. Measuring the length of the ribbon can help determine the amount of clay in the sample. After making a ribbon, excessively wet a small pinch of soil in the palm of the hand and rub in with the forefinger to determine the amount of sand in the sample. Soils that have a high percentage of sand, such as sandy loam or sandy clay, have a gritty texture. Soils that have a high percentage of silt, such as silty loam or silty clay, feel smooth. Soils that have a high percentage of clay, such as clay loam, have a sticky feel. Although the texture by feel method takes practice, it is a useful way to determine soil texture, especially in the field. + +The international soil classification system World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) uses an alternative method to determine texture by feel, offering another flow chart. + +=== Sieving === +Sieving is a long-established but still widely used soil analysis technique. In sieving, a known weight of sample material passes through finer sieves. The amount collected on each sieve is weighted to determine the percentage weight in each size fraction. + +The method is used to determine the grain size distribution of soils that are greater than 75 μm in diameter, as sieving has a strong disadvantage in the lower measurement border. In fact, in case of finer fraction at high content of clay and silt (below 60 μm), the dispersion becomes challenging because of the high cohesiveness of particles, stickiness of powder to the sieve, and electrostatic charges. Moreover, in the sieving particles pass with the smallest side through the mesh opening, which means that the plate-shaped clay and silt particles might be sieved as well. In all this generally leads to a massive underestimation of the fine fraction. +In order to measure silt and clay (with a particle size below 60 μm), a second, independent sizing method (most often hydrometer or pipette technique) is used on the sample taken from the bottom sieve. Particle size distribution obtained from sieve analysis should be combined with the data from a sedimentation analysis to establish a complete particle size distribution of the sample. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a8d49804 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Soil texture" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:34.101752+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Hydrometer method === +Sedimentation analysis (e.g. pipette method, hydrometer) is commonly used in the soil industry or in geology to classify sediments.The hydrometer method was developed in 1927 and is still widely used today. +The hydrometer method of determining soil texture is a quantitative measurement providing estimates of the percent sand, clay, and silt in the soil based on Stokes' law, which expresses the relationship between the settling velocity and particle size. +According to this law the particles settle down because of the weight and gravity action. However, there are two additional forces acting in the opposite direction of particles's motion which determines the equilibrium condition at which the particle falls at a constant velocity called terminal velocity. +The hydrometer method requires the use of sodium hexametaphosphate, which acts as a dispersing agent to separate soil aggregates. The soil is mixed with the sodium hexametaphosphate solution on an orbital shaker overnight. The solution is transferred to one liter graduated cylinders and filled with water. The soil solution is mixed with a metal plunger to disperse the soil particles. The soil particles separate based on size and sink to the bottom. Sand particles sink to the bottom of the cylinder first. Silt particles sink to the bottom of the cylinder after the sand. Clay particles separate out above the silt layer. +Measurements are taken using a soil hydrometer. A soil hydrometer measures the relative density of liquids (density of a liquid compared to the density of water). The hydrometer is lowered into the cylinder containing the soil mixture at different times, forty-five seconds to measure sand content, one and a half hours to measure silt content and between six and twenty-four hours (depending on the protocol used) to measure clay. The number on the hydrometer that is visible (above the soil solution) is recorded. A blank (containing only water and the dispersing agent) is used to calibrate the hydrometer. The values recorded from the readings are used to calculate the percent clay, silt and sand. The blank is subtracted from each of the three readings. The calculations are as follows: +Percent silt = (dried mass of soil – sand hydrometer reading – blank reading) / (dried mass of soil) *100 +Percent clay = (clay hydrometer reading – blank reading) / (dried mass of soil) *100 +Percent sand = 100 – (percent clay + percent silt) +The Stokes' diameter determined via sedimentation method is the diameter of a sphere having the same settling velocity and same density as the particle. This is the reason why the sedimentation analysis applies well when assuming that particles are spherical, have similar densities, have negligible interactions and are small enough to ensure that the fluid flow stays laminar. Deviations from Stokes' equation are to be expected in case of irregularly shaped particles, such as clay particles which are mostly platy or tubular. The stable position during settling of particles with such shapes is with the maximum cross-sectional area being perpendicular to the direction of motion. For this reason, the drag resistance of particles increases and the settling velocity decreases. The particle diameter is directly proportional to the settling velocity. Therefore, with lower velocity, the calculated diameter also decreases determining an overestimation of the fine size fraction. +Sedimentation analysis shows anyways limits for particles smaller than 0.2 micron because such small particles undergo Brownian motion in the suspension and do not settle anymore as per the Stokes' law. Sedimentation analysis can be operated continuously with a high degree of accuracy and repeatability. The particle size distribution of soil containing a significant number of finer particles (silt and clay) cannot be performed by sieve analysis solely, therefore sedimentation analysis is used to determine the lower range of the particle size distribution. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..282628f1d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Soil texture" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:34.101752+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Laser Diffraction === +Laser diffraction is a measurement technique for determining the particle size distribution of samples, either dispersed in a liquid or as a dry powder. The technique is based on light waves getting bent when encountering particles in a sample. The measured equivalent spherical diameter is the diameter of a sphere having on the cross-sectional area the same diffraction pattern as the investigated particle. +The angle of diffraction depends on the particle size, hence the pattern of diffraction depends on the relative amounts of different particle sizes present in that sample. This diffraction pattern is then detected and analyzed by means of Mie and Fraunhofer diffraction models. The outcome of the measurement is a particle size distribution (PSD). +By means of laser diffraction not only the particle size distribution and the corresponding volume weighted D-values can be determined but also the percentage of particles in the main size classes used for the soil classification. +Compared to other techniques laser diffraction is a fast and cost-effective method to measure particle size and quickly analyze soil samples. A big advantage is the built-in dispersion (e.g. dispersion by air pressure or ultrasound dispersion) unit of laser diffraction instruments. Therefore, dry samples can be measured without external sample preparation steps, which are required for sieving and sedimentation analysis. Moreover, since the sample can be dispersed properly, there is no need to combine two different measurement techniques to obtain the full range of the particle size distribution, including the silt and clay content. +Both Fraunhofer and Mie laser diffraction theories assume that particles are spherically shaped. This results in a small measurement error, since small particles in soil samples, such as clay and silt in particular, are elongated and anisotropic. The particle diameter in the laser diffraction method is determined in relation to their potential volume, which is calculated on the basis of an optical diffraction image at the edges of the particle cross-section. The volume of clay particles is the diameter of the plate’s cross-section, which is treated in the calculations as the diameter of the sphere. Therefore, their dimensions are usually overestimated in comparison to those measured via sedimentation analysis. +The error associated with the assumption of the sphericity of particles depends furthermore on the degree of anisotropy. The optical properties of anisotropic particles, such as refractive index and absorption index, change according to their orientation relative to the laser beam which is also variable. Therefore, at different particles orientations different cross-sections will be measured and different diffraction patterns produced. +For clays with sizes close to the wavelength of a laser beam, Mie theory would be desirable. This requires precise knowledge of the complex refractive index of the particles’ material, including their absorption coefficient. Because these parameters are often difficult to retrieve, especially the light absorption coefficients for various particles and soil grains, Fraunhofer theory, which only takes into account the light diffraction phenomena at the edge of the particles, is often recommended for natural soils. + +=== Additional methods === +There are several additional quantitative methods to determine soil texture. Some examples of these methods are the pipette method, the X-ray sedimentation, the particulate organic matter (POM) method, the rapid method. + +==== X-ray sedimentation ==== +The X-ray sedimentation technique is a hybrid technique which combines sedimentation and X-ray absorption. The particle size is calculated from the terminal settling velocities of particles by applying Stokes' law. The adsorption of the X-radiation is used to determine the relative mass concentration for each size class by applying the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law. + +== See also == +Soil color +Texture (geology) +Hydrometer +USDA soil taxonomy + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Natural Resources Conservation Service. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2017, from [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054311 usda.gov]{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} +Prescott JA, Taylor JK, Marshall TJ (1934) "The relationship between the mechanical composition of the soil and the estimate of texture in the field." Transactions of the First Commission of the International Society of Soil Science 1, 143–153. +Rowell D (1994) Soil Science; Methods and Application, Longman Scientific & Technical (1994), 350 pages [1] +Soil Texture, by R. B. Brown, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. +Toogood JA (1958) "A simplified textural classification diagram." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 38, 54–55. +Whitney M (1911) "The use of soils east of the Great Plains region." United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Soils Bulletin No. 78. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Alberta-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Alberta-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..365fd8c9f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Alberta-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of Alberta" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Alberta" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:00.046109+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Alberta is one of Canada's provinces, and has established several official emblems that reflect the province's history, its natural and diverse landscapes, and its people. + + +== Official symbols of Alberta == + + +== De facto symbols == +While not officially adopted through legislation as emblems by the government of Alberta, these places and things are popularly associated with (hence could be considered symbols of) the province. + + +== See also == +List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols +Canadian royal symbols + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_British_Columbia-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_British_Columbia-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91c7bc18e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_British_Columbia-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of British Columbia" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_British_Columbia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:01.216813+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +British Columbia is Canada's westernmost province, and has established several provincial symbols. + + +== Official symbols == + + +== Other symbols == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Manitoba-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Manitoba-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5efb5ec2d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Manitoba-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of Manitoba" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Manitoba" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:02.508272+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +There are several symbols of Manitoba, one of the ten provinces of Canada. These symbols are designated by The Coat of Arms, Emblems and the Manitoba Tartan Act, which came into force on Feb 1, 1988. + + +== Symbols == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_New_Brunswick-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_New_Brunswick-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d659336c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_New_Brunswick-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of New Brunswick" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_New_Brunswick" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:03.700055+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +New Brunswick is one of Canada's provinces, and has established several provincial symbols. + + +== Official symbols == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc5290b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:04.844297+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Newfoundland and Labrador is one of Canada's provinces, and has established several official symbols. +Labrador, the mainland portion of the province, has its own distinct cultural identity and has established several unofficial symbols for itself. + + +== Official symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador == + + +== Unofficial symbols of Labrador == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Nova_Scotia-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Nova_Scotia-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e405c6eb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Nova_Scotia-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of Nova Scotia" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Nova_Scotia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:06.005297+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nova Scotia is one of Canada's provinces, and has established several provincial symbols. + + +== Symbols == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Ontario-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Ontario-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f7b1c606 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Ontario-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of Ontario" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Ontario" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:07.259234+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Ontario is a province of Canada that has established several official emblems and symbols to reflect the province's history, natural resources, and its people. In addition to official symbols, several other emblems and symbols exist that are commonly associated with the province. + + +== Official symbols == +Several emblems and symbols are used to officially represent the province, established through royal warrant or through the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. They include: + + +== Other symbols == +Several emblems and symbols exist that are commonly associated with province. They include: + + +=== Symbols of the lieutenant governor of Ontario === +There exists several official emblems and symbols to represent the lieutenant governor of Ontario. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Prince_Edward_Island-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Prince_Edward_Island-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21bee5102 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Prince_Edward_Island-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of Prince Edward Island" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Prince_Edward_Island" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:08.386957+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Prince Edward Island is one of Canada's provinces, and has established several provincial symbols. + + +== Symbols == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Quebec-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Quebec-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08028b868 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Quebec-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of Quebec" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Quebec" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:09.542252+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The people and province of Quebec have created and established several symbols throughout Quebec's history to represent the collective identity of its residents. Many of Quebec's symbols are related to its history, to Catholicism, to Quebec's winters and/or the flora and fauna of Quebec. The motif most commonly seen in Quebec's various symbols is the fleur de lys, which is associated with the French language and New France. + + +== Symbols == +The fleur-de-lis, one of Quebec's most common symbols, is an ancient symbol of the French monarchy and was first shown in Quebec on the shores of Gaspésie in 1534 when Jacques Cartier arrived in Quebec for the first time. Saint-Jean-Baptiste, the patron saint of Canadiens, is honoured every 24 June during Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day. The expression La belle province is still used as a nickname for the province. Finally, the Great Seal of Quebec is used to authenticate documents issued by the government of Quebec. + + +=== Coat of arms === +The coat of arms of Quebec dates back to 1868, shortly after the creation of Quebec as a province of Canada. The arms were granted by a royal warrant issued by Queen Victoria. +The arms were adopted in their current form by the government of Quebec in 1939 to reflect Quebec's political history: the French regime is symbolised by the gold fleur-de-lis on a blue background; the British regime is symbolised by a gold lion on a red background; the pre-Confederation period is symbolised by three green maple leaves on a gold background. + + +=== Flag === + +The government of Quebec adopted the Fleurdelisé flag in 1948. The cross represents the faith of the province's founders, while the fleur-de-lys and blue colour recall Quebec's French origins. +When Samuel de Champlain founded Québec City in 1608, his ship hoisted the French merchant flag, which consisted of a white cross on a blue background. Later on, at the Battle of Carillon, in 1758, the Flag of Carillon was flown. This flag inspired the first members of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society to create the Carillon Sacré-Coeur flag, which consisted of a white cross on an azur background with white fleur-de-lis in each corner and a Sacred Heart surrounded by maple leaves in the centre. The Carillon Sacré-Coeur and French merchant flag went on to be the major inspirations for Québécois when creating Quebec's current flag in 1903, called the Fleurdelisé. The Fleurdelisé replaced the Union Jack on Quebec's Parliament Building on January 21, 1948, and it has flown there ever since. + + +=== Motto === +The motto, Je me souviens ("I remember"), was devised by the architect of Quebec's Parliament Building, Eugène-Étienne Taché, in 1883. He carved it into the Parliament building in various locations. Je me souviens is an official part of the coat of arms and has been the official licence plate motto since 1978, replacing the previous one: La belle province ("the beautiful province"). + + +=== Other symbols === +Three new official symbols were adopted in the late 1900s: + +Blue flag iris, the floral emblem of Quebec since 1999. It was chosen because it blooms around the time of Quebec's Fête nationale. +The snowy owl, the avian emblem of Quebec since 1987. It was selected by the Québécois government to symbolize Quebec's winters and northern climate. +The yellow birch, the tree emblem of Quebec since 1993. It was picked to emphasize the importance Québécois give to the forests. The tree is admired for its diverse uses, its commercial value and its autumn colours. + + +== List == +Here is a non-exhaustive list of Quebec's symbols: + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Saskatchewan-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Saskatchewan-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..477850a29 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Saskatchewan-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of Saskatchewan" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Saskatchewan" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:10.719385+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Saskatchewan is one of Canada's provinces, and has established several provincial symbols. + + +== Symbols == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Yukon-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Yukon-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7c53e05 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Yukon-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of Yukon" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Yukon" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:13.027601+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Yukon is one of Canada's territories, and has established several territorial symbols. + + +== Official symbols == + + +== Great Seal == +Like Nunavut, Yukon does not have an official Great Seal. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Northwest_Territories-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Northwest_Territories-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a801f8f18 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Northwest_Territories-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Symbols of the Northwest Territories" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Northwest_Territories" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:27:11.883322+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Northwest Territories, one of Canada's territories, has established several territorial symbols. + + +== Symbols == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_coaching_psychology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_coaching_psychology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40488c7ef --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_coaching_psychology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of coaching psychology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_coaching_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:51.734825+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + + +== 1900s == +In 1926, American sports psychologist Coleman Griffith published his first book entitled The Psychology of Coaching: A Study of Coaching Methods in the Point of View of Psychology. +In 1951, John Lawther of Penn State University published Psychology of Coaching. +in 1967 Curtiss Gaylord published a book titled Modern Coaching Psychology, the first book to use "coaching psychology" in its title +In 1970, James William Moore published The Psychology of Athletic Coaching. +In 1976, Tim Gallwey publishes the book, The Inner Game of Tennis +In 1977, James O. Prochaska of the University of Rhode Island, and Carlo Di Clemente and colleagues developed the transtheoretical model. +In 1981, earliest known mention of S.M.A.R.T. goals +In the late 1980s and 1990s, the GROW model was developed in the United Kingdom and was used extensively in corporate coaching. +In 1997, Max Landsberg writes up GROW model in The tao of coaching + + +== 21st century == +In January 2000, Anthony Grant established the Coaching Psychology Unit at University of Sydney and through his doctoral studies set the stage for further research into coaching as an evidence-based discipline. +In 2003, International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education was formed +In 2005, the journal The Coaching Psychologist was founded by the British Psychological Society. +In 2006, Australian Psychological Society (APS) founded the Interest Group in Coaching Psychology (IGCP). +In 2006, British Psychological Society (BPS) formed the Special Group in Coaching Psychology (SGCP). +On December 18, 2006, the International Society for Coaching Psychology (ISCP) was founded in order to promote the international development of the field. +In 2006, The Australian Psychological Society founded the International Coaching Psychology Review (since 2006). +In 2008, The Journal Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice was formed. +In 2009, International Society of Coaching Psychology founded the journal, Coaching Psychology International +In 2009, Swedish Coaching Psychology Group was formed +2011, Society for Coaching changed name to "International Centre for Coaching Psychology Research +In 2012, The Danish Journal of Coaching Psychology was founded + + +== References == + +Additional references +Alexander, Graham (2010) [2006]. "Behavioural coaching—the GROW model". In Passmore, Jonathan (ed.). Excellence in coaching: the industry guide (2nd ed.). London; Philadelphia: Kogan Page. pp. 83–93. ISBN 9780749456672. OCLC 521754202. +Fine, Alan; Merrill, Rebecca R (2010). You already know how to be great: a simple way to remove interference and unlock your greatest potential. New York: Portfolio Penguin. ISBN 9781591843559. OCLC 555648015. +Whitmore, Sir John (2009) [1992]. Coaching for performance: GROWing human potential and purpose: the principles and practice of coaching and leadership. People skills for professionals (4th ed.). Boston: Nicholas Brealey. ISBN 9781857885354. OCLC 314840903. +Whitmore, Sir John; Kauffman, Carol; David, Susan A (2013). "GROW grows up: from winning the game to pursuing transpersonal goals". In David, Susan A; Clutterbuck, David; Megginson, David (eds.). Beyond goals: effective strategies for coaching and mentoring. Farnham, Surrey: Gower Publishing Limited. pp. 245–260. ISBN 9781409418511. OCLC 828416668. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77d7da996 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:22:19.830094+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites charts the progress of the discovery of new bodies over history. Each object is listed in chronological order of its discovery (multiple dates occur when the moments of imaging, observation, and publication differ), identified through its various designations (including temporary and permanent schemes), and the discoverer(s) listed. +Historically the naming of moons did not always match the times of their discovery. Traditionally, the discoverer enjoys the privilege of naming the new object; however, some neglected to do so (E. E. Barnard stated he would "defer any suggestions as to a name" [for Amalthea] "until a later paper" but never got around to picking one from the numerous suggestions he received) or actively declined (S. B. Nicholson stated "Many have asked what the new satellites [Lysithea and Carme] are to be named. They will be known only by the numbers X and XI, written in Roman numerals, and usually prefixed by the letter J to identify them with Jupiter."). The issue arose nearly as soon as planetary satellites were discovered: Galileo referred to the four main satellites of Jupiter using numbers while the names suggested by his rival Simon Marius gradually gained universal acceptance. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) eventually started officially approving names in the late 1970s. With the explosion of discoveries in the 21st century, new moons have once again started to be left unnamed even after their numbering, beginning with Jupiter LI and Jupiter LII in 2010. + + +== Key info == +In the following tables, planetary satellites are indicated in bold type (e.g. Moon) while planets and dwarf planets, which directly circle the Sun, are in italic type (e.g. Earth). The Sun itself is indicated in roman type. The tables are sorted by publication/announcement date. Dates are annotated with the following symbols: + +i: for date of the discovery observation. This is not always the date of first imaging (photography, etc.) – see precovery; +o: for date of first human visual observation, either through telescope or on photographic plate; +p: for date of announcement or publication. +In a few cases, the date is uncertain and is then marked "(?)". +* Note: Moons marked by an asterisk (*) had complicated discoveries, such as being lost and rediscovered. Some of them thus appear multiple times in the list to clarify the situation. + +Color legend +The Sun, the planets, dwarf planets, and their natural satellites are marked in the following colors: + +It is not known precisely how many objects in the Solar System are dwarf planets. The nine objects listed in the third column are the ones agreed on by most astronomers, corresponding to a threshold of about 900–1000 km diameter. There may be more; some of the largest objects beyond that threshold are included in the fourth column as candidates. In particular, Salacia and Varda each have a rather large moon, and current estimates for their densities still leave open the possibility that they are dwarf planets. + +Designations +Other designations are synonyms or periphrases sometimes encountered for the object. +Permanent designations (of planetary satellites) are explained here. +Temporary designations are explained here. +If a satellite is named, its name is bolded; if it is unnamed, but has a permanent designation, then its permanent designation is bolded; and if it has neither, then its temporary designation is bolded. + + +== Prehistorically discovered == + + +== 17th century == + +The numbering of Saturn's moons was adjusted with each new discovery until 1848, in order to continue reflecting their order from their parent planet. + + +== 18th century == + +The numbering of Titania and Oberon underwent some confusion, because in 1797, Herschel reported four more satellites of Uranus that turned out not to exist. Before any more Uranian moons were discovered, William Lassell sometimes adopted Herschel's numbers where Titania and Oberon are respectively Uranus II and IV, and sometimes called them respectively Uranus I and II. After he discovered Ariel and Umbriel in 1851, Lassell numbered the four real Uranian satellites then known outward from their parent planet as I (Ariel), II (Umbriel), III (Titania), and IV (Oberon), and this finally stuck. + + +== 19th century == + +The discovery of Amalthea marks the first time the Roman numerals were not adjusted with the discovery of a new satellite; from then on they reflected order of discovery rather than distance from the parent planet. + + +== 20th century == + + +=== 1901–1950 === + + +=== 1951–2000 === + + +== 21st century == + + +=== 2000s === + + +=== 2010s === + + +=== 2020s === + + +== See also == +Timeline of Solar System astronomy +Timeline of Solar System exploration +Lists of astronomical objects +Solar System + + +== References == + + +== External links == +City of Hudson's Natural Satellite Page +Scott Sheppard's Giant Planet Satellite Page +JPL Natural Satellite Discovery Data +James L. Hilton, When did the asteroids become minor planets? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_probability_and_statistics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_probability_and_statistics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..934324e20 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_probability_and_statistics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of probability and statistics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_probability_and_statistics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:26:49.098176+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a timeline of probability and statistics. + + +== Before 1600 == +8th century – Al-Khalil, an Arab mathematician studying cryptology, wrote the Book of Cryptographic Messages. The work has been lost, but based on the reports of later authors, it contained the first use of permutations and combinations to list all possible Arabic words with and without vowels. +9th century - Al-Kindi was the first to use frequency analysis to decipher encrypted messages and developed the first code breaking algorithm. He wrote a book entitled Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages, containing detailed discussions on statistics and cryptanalysis. Al-Kindi also made the earliest known use of statistical inference. +13th century – An important contribution of Ibn Adlan was on sample size for use of frequency analysis. +13th century – the first known calculation of the probability for throwing 3 dices is published in the Latin poem De vetula. +1560s (published 1663) – Cardano's Liber de ludo aleae attempts to calculate probabilities of dice throws. He demonstrates the efficacy of defining odds as the ratio of favourable to unfavourable outcomes (which implies that the probability of an event is given by the ratio of favourable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes). +1577 – Bartolomé de Medina defends probabilism, the view that in ethics one may follow a probable opinion even if the opposite is more probable + + +== 17th century == +1654 – Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat create the mathematical theory of probability, +1657 – Chistiaan Huygens's De ratiociniis in ludo aleae is the first book on mathematical probability, +1662 – John Graunt's Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality makes inferences from statistical data on deaths in London, +1666 – In Le Journal des Sçavans xxxi, 2 August 1666 (359–370(=364)) appears a review of the third edition (1665) of John Graunt's Observations on the Bills of Mortality. This review gives a summary of 'plusieurs reflexions curieuses', of which the second are Graunt's data on life expectancy. This review is used by Nicolaus Bernoulli in his De Usu Artis Conjectandi in Jure (1709). +1669 – Christiaan Huygens and his brother Lodewijk discuss between August and December that year Graunts mortality table (Graunt 1662, p. 62) in letters #1755 +1693 – Edmond Halley prepares the first mortality tables statistically relating death rate to age, + + +== 18th century == +1710 – John Arbuthnot argues that the constancy of the ratio of male to female births is a sign of divine providence, +1713 – Posthumous publication of Jacob Bernoulli's Ars Conjectandi, containing the first derivation of a law of large numbers, +1724 – Abraham de Moivre studies mortality statistics and the foundation of the theory of annuities in Annuities upon Lives, +1733 – de Moivre introduces the normal distribution to approximate the binomial distribution in probability, +1739 – David Hume's Treatise of Human Nature argues that inductive reasoning is unjustified, +1761 – Thomas Bayes proves Bayes' theorem, +1786 – William Playfair's Commercial and Political Atlas introduces graphs and bar charts of data, + + +== 19th century == +1801 – Carl Friedrich Gauss predicts the orbit of Ceres using a line of best fit +1805 – Adrien-Marie Legendre introduces the method of least squares for fitting a curve to a given set of observations, +1814 – Pierre-Simon Laplace's Essai philosophique sur les probabilités defends a definition of probabilities in terms of equally possible cases, introduces generating functions and Laplace transforms, uses conjugate priors for exponential families, proves an early version of the Bernstein–von Mises theorem on the asymptotic irrelevance of prior distributions on the limiting posterior distribution and the role of the Fisher information on asymptotically normal posterior modes. +1835 – Adolphe Quetelet's Treatise on Man introduces social science statistics and the concept of the "average man", +1866 – John Venn's Logic of Chance defends the frequency interpretation of probability. +1877–1883 – Charles Sanders Peirce outlines frequentist statistics, emphasizing the use of objective randomization in experiments and in sampling. Peirce also invented an optimally designed experiment for regression. +1880 – Thorvald N. Thiele gives a mathematical analysis of Brownian motion, introduces the likelihood function, and invents cumulants. +1888 – Francis Galton introduces the concept of correlation, +1900 – Louis Bachelier analyzes stock price movements as a stochastic process, + + +== 20th century == +1908 – Student's t-distribution for the mean of small samples published in English (following earlier derivations in German). +1913 – Michel Plancherel states fundamental results in ergodic theory. +1920 – The central limit theorem in its modern form was formally stated. +1921 – John Maynard Keynes' Treatise on Probability defends a logical interpretation of probability. Sewall Wright develops path analysis. +1928 – L. H. C. Tippett and Ronald Fisher introduce extreme value theory, +1933 – Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov publishes his book Basic notions of the calculus of probability (Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung) which contains an axiomatization of probability based on measure theory, +1935 – Fisher's Design of Experiments (1st ed), +1937 – Jerzy Neyman introduces the concept of confidence interval in statistical testing, +1941 – Due to the World War II, research on detection theory started, leading to the receiver operating characteristic +1946 – Cox's theorem derives the axioms of probability from simple logical assumptions, +1948 – Claude Shannon's Mathematical Theory of Communication defines capacity of communication channels in terms of probabilities, +1953 – Nicholas Metropolis introduces the idea of thermodynamic simulated annealing methods + + +== See also == +Founders of statistics +List of important publications in statistics +History of probability +History of statistics + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Kees Verduin (2007), A Short History of Probability and Statistics +John Aldrich (2008), Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics +John Aldrich (2008), Probability and Statistics on the Earliest Uses Pages +Michael Friendly and Daniel J. Denis (2008). "Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization: An illustrated chronology of innovations". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64478cb0c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 1/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article is a general timeline of psychology. + +== Ancient history – BCE == +c. 1550 BCE – The Ebers Papyrus mentioned depression and thought disorders. +c. 600 BCE – Many cities in Greece had temples to Asklepios that provided cures for psychosomatic illnesses. +540–475 Heraclitus +c. 500 Alcmaeon – suggested theory of humors as regulating human behavior (similar to Empedocles' elements) +500–428 Anaxagoras +490–430 Empedocles proposed a first natural, non-religious system of factors that create things around, including human characters. In his model he used four elements (water, fire, earth, air) and four seasons to derive diversity of natural systems. +490–421 Protagoras +470–399 Socrates – Socrates has been called the father of western philosophy, if only via his influence on Plato and Aristotle. Socrates made a major contribution to pedagogy via his dialectical method and to epistemology via his definition of true knowledge as true belief buttressed by some rational justification. +470–370 Democritus – Democritus distinguished between insufficient knowledge gained through the senses and legitimate knowledge gained through the intellect—an early stance on epistemology. +460 BC – 370 BCE – Hippocrates introduced principles of scientific medicine based upon naturalistic observation and logic, and denied the influence of spirits and demons in diseases. Introduced the concept of "temperamentum"("mixture", i.e. 4 temperament types based on a ratio between chemical bodily systems. Hippocrates was among the first physicians to argue that brain, and not the heart is the organ of psychic processes. +387 BCE – Plato suggested that the brain is the seat of mental processes. Plato's view of the "soul" (self) is that the body exists to serve the soul: "God created the soul before the body and gave it precedence both in time and value, and made it the dominating and controlling partner." from Timaeus +c. 350 BCE – Aristotle wrote on the psuchê (soul) in De Anima, first mentioning the tabula rasa concept of the mind. +c. 340 BCE – Praxagoras +371–288 Theophrastus +341–270 Epicurus +c. 320 Herophilus +c. 300–30 Zeno of Citium taught the philosophy of Stoicism, involving logic and ethics. In logic, he distinguished between imperfect knowledge offered by the senses and superior knowledge offered by reason. In ethics, he taught that virtue lay in reason and vice in rejection of reason. Stoicism inspired Aaron Beck to introduce cognitive behavioral therapy in the 1970s. +304–250 Erasistratus +123–43 BCE – Themison of Laodicea was a pupil of Asclepiades of Bithynia and founded a school of medical thought known as "methodism." He was criticized by Soranus for his cruel handling of mental patients. Among his prescriptions were darkness, restraint by chains, and deprivation of food and drink. Juvenal satirized him and suggested that he killed more patients than he cured. +c. 100 BCE – The Dead Sea Scrolls noted the division of human nature into two temperaments. + +== 1st–5th century CE == +c. 50 – Aulus Cornelius Celsus died, leaving De Medicina, a medical encyclopedia; Book 3 covers mental diseases. The term insania, insanity, was first used by him. The methods of treatment included bleeding, frightening the patient, emetics, enemas, total darkness, and decoctions of poppy or henbane, and pleasant ones such as music therapy, travel, sport, reading aloud, and massage. He was aware of the importance of the doctor-patient relationship. +c. 100 – Rufus of Ephesus believed that the nervous system was instrumental in voluntary movement and sensation. He discovered the optic chiasma by anatomical studies of the brain. He stressed taking a history of both physical and mental disorders. He gave a detailed account of melancholia, and was quoted by Galen. +93–138 – Soranus of Ephesus advised kind treatment in healthy and comfortable conditions, including light, warm rooms. +c. 130–200 – Galen "was schooled in all the psychological systems of the day: Platonic, Aristotelian, Stoic, and Epicurean" He advanced medicine by offering anatomic investigations and was a skilled physician. Galen developed further the theory of temperaments suggested by Hippocrates, that people's characters were determined by the balance among four bodily substances. He also distinguished sensory from motor nerves and showed that the brain controls the muscles. +c. 150–200 – Aretaeus of Cappadocia +155–220 Tertullian +205–270 Plotinus wrote Enneads a systematic account of Neoplatonist philosophy, also nature of visual perception and how memory might work. +c. 323–403 – Oribasius compiled medical writings based on the works of Aristotle, Asclepiades, and Soranus of Ephesus, and wrote on melancholia in Galenic terms. +345–399 – Evagrius Ponticus described a rigorous way of introspection within the early Christian monastic tradition. Through introspection, monks could acquire self-knowledge and control their stream of thought which signified potentially demonic influences. Ponticus developed this view in Praktikos, his guide to ascetic life. +c. 390 – Nemesius wrote De Natura Hominis (On Human Nature); large sections were incorporated in Saint John Damascene's De Fide Orthodoxia in the eighth century. Nemesius' book De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis (On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato) contains many passages concerning Galen's anatomy and physiology, believing that different cavities of the brain were responsible for different functions. +397–398 – St. Augustine of Hippo published Confessions, which anticipated Freud by near-discovery of the subconscious. Augustine's most complete account of the soul is in De Quantitate Animae (The Greatness of the Soul). The work assumes a Platonic model of the soul. +5th century – Caelius Aurelianus opposed harsh methods of handling the insane, and advocated humane treatment. +c. 423–529 – Theodosius the Cenobiarch founded a monastery at Kathismus, near Bethlehem. Three hospitals were built by the side of the monastery: one for the sick, one for the aged, and one for the insane. +c. 451 – Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople: his followers dedicated themselves to the sick and became physicians of great repute. They brought the works of Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen, and influenced the approach to physical and mental disorders in Persia and Arabia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af1668d46 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 2/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== 6th–10th century == +625–690 – Paul of Aegina suggested that hysteria should be treated by ligature of the limbs, and mania by tying the patient to a mattress placed inside a wicker basket and suspended from the ceiling. He also recommended baths, wine, special diets, and sedatives for the mentally ill. He described the following mental disorders: phrenitis, delirium, lethargus, melancholia, mania, incubus, lycanthropy, and epilepsy +c. 800 – The first bimaristan was built in Baghdad. By the 13th century, bimaristans grew into hospitals with specialized wards, including wards for mentally ill patients. +c. 850 – Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wrote a work emphasizing the need for psychotherapy. +c. 900 – Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi urged doctors to ensure that they evaluated the state of both their patients' bodies and souls, and highlighted the link between spiritual or mental health and overall health. +c. 900 – al-Razi (Rhazes) promoted psychotherapy and an understanding attitude towards those with psychological distress. + +== 11th–15th century == +1025 – In The Canon of Medicine, Avicenna described a number of conditions, including hallucination, insomnia, mania, nightmare, melancholia, dementia, epilepsy, paralysis, stroke, vertigo and tremor. +c. 1030 – Al-Biruni employed an experimental method in examining the concept of reaction time. +c. 1180 – 1245 Alexander of Hales +c. 1190 – 1249 William of Auvergne +c. 1200 – Maimonides wrote about neuropsychiatric disorders, and described rabies and belladonna intoxication. +1215–1277 Peter Juliani taught in the medical faculty of the University of Siena, and wrote on medical, philosophical and psychological topics. He was personal physician to Pope Gregory X and later became archbishop and cardinal. He was elected pope under the name John XXI in 1276. +c. 1214 – 1294 Roger Bacon advocated for empirical methods and wrote on optics, visual perception, and linguistics. +1221–1274 Bonaventure +1193–1280 Albertus Magnus +1225 – Thomas Aquinas +1240 – Bartholomeus Anglicus published De Proprietatibus Rerum, which included a dissertation on the brain, recognizing that mental disorders can have a physical or psychological cause. +1247 – Bethlehem Royal Hospital in Bishopsgate outside the wall of London, one of the most famous old psychiatric hospitals was founded as a priory of the Order of St. Mary of Bethlem to collect alms for Crusaders; after the English government secularized it, it started admitting mental patients by 1377 (c. 1403), becoming known as Bedlam Hospital; in 1547 it was acquired by the City of London, operating until 1948; it is now part of the British NHS Foundation Trust. +1266–1308 Duns Scotus +c. 1270 – Witelo wrote Perspectiva, a work on optics containing speculations on psychology, nearly discovering the subconscious. +1295 Lanfranc of Milan writes Science of Cirurgie +1317–1340 – William of Ockham, an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, is commonly known for Occam's razor, the methodological principle that the simplest explanation is to be preferred. He also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology, advancing his thoughts about intuitive and abstracted knowledge. +c. 1375 – English authorities regarded mental illness as demonic possession, treating it with exorcism and torture. +c. 1400 – Renaissance Humanism caused a reawakening of ancient knowledge of science and medicine. +1433–1499 Marsilio Ficino was a renowned figure of the Italian Renaissance, a Neoplatonist humanist, a translator of Greek philosophical writing, and the most influential exponent of Platonism in Italy in the fifteenth century. +c. 1450 – The pendulum in Europe swings, bringing witch mania, causing thousands of women to be executed for witchcraft until the late 17th century. + +== 16th century == +1590 – Scholastic philosopher Rudolph Goclenius coined the term "psychology"; though usually regarded as the origin of the term, there is evidence that it was used at least six decades earlier by Marko Marulić. + +== 17th century == +c. 1600–1625 – Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author, and pioneer of the scientific method. His writings on psychological topics included the nature of knowledge and memory. +1650 – René Descartes died, leaving Treatise of the World, containing his dualistic theory of reality, mind vs. matter. +1672 – Thomas Willis published the anatomical treatise De Anima Brutorum, describing psychology in terms of brain function. +1677 – Baruch Spinoza died, leaving Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order, Pt. 2 focusing on the human mind and body, disputing Descartes and arguing that they are one, and Pt. 3 attempting to show that moral concepts such as good and evil, virtue, and perfection have a basis in human psychology. +1689 – John Locke published An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which claims that the human mind is a Tabula Rasa at birth. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-10.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40a1780e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-10.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 11/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 1980s === +1980 – Transgender people were officially classified by the American Psychiatric Association as having "gender identity disorder." +1980 – DSM-III was published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). +1980 – George Mandler published Recognizing: The Judgment of Previous Occurrence, claiming a dual process basis of recognition, prior occurrence and identification. +1980 – Robert Zajonc published the paper "Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences", arguing that affective and cognitive systems are largely independent, and that affect is more powerful and important, reviving the study of emotion and affective processes. +1981 – Alan P. Bell, Martin S. Weinberg, and Sue Kiefer Hammersmith's Sexual Preference is published. The work later becomes one of the most frequently cited retrospective studies relating to sexual orientation. +1982 – Carol Gilligan published In a Different Voice, a work on feminist psychology. +1982 – The Caucus of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Members of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) was recognized as a representative in the APA assembly, speaking directly on matters of special concern to lesbian and gay members. +1983 – Howard Gardner published Frames of Mind, introducing his theory of multiple intelligences. +1983 – The Caucus of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Members of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) successfully petitioned the APA to create a task force on psychiatric aspects of AIDS, which ultimately led to the 1984 publication of two important APA volumes Innovations in Psychotherapy with Homosexuals and Psychiatric Implications of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. +1983 – W. David Pierce et al. published a paper about activity-based anorexia. +1984 – Jerome Kagan published The Nature of the Child, a biological and socially oriented description of the role of temperament in human development. +1984 – Peter Saville published the OPQ Pentagon questionnaire, a psychological personality inventory measuring the five factor model. +1984 – Florence Denmark, Carolyn R. Payton, and Laurie Eyde received the first American Psychological Association (APA) Committee on Women in Psychology Leadership Awards. +1985 – Daniel Stern published The Interpersonal World of the Infant, proposing an extensive mental life in early infancy. +1985 – Robert Sternberg proposed his triarchic theory of intelligence +1985 – Reuben Baron and David A. Kenny published the article The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology proposing a distinction of moderating in mediating variables in psychological research. +1985 – Simon Baron-Cohen published Does the Autistic Child Have a 'Theory of Mind'? with Uta Frith and Alan Leslie, proposing that children with autism show social and communication difficulties as a result of a delay in the development of a theory of mind. +1985 – Costa & McRae published the NEO PI_R Five-Factor Personality Inventory, a 240-question measure of the five factor model +1986 – Albert Bandura published Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. +1986 – David Rumelhart and James McClelland published Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. +1987 – Erik Erikson published The Life Cycle Completed, expanding on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. +1987 – Roger Shepard published the universal law of generalization for psychological science. +1987 – The diagnostic category of "ego-dystonic homosexuality" was removed from the American Psychiatric Association's DSM with the publication of the DSM-III-R, though it still potentially remains in the DSM-IV under the category of "sexual disorder not otherwise specified" including "persistent and marked distress about one's sexual orientation". +1988 – Michael M. Merzenich et al. showed that sensory and motor maps in the cortex can be modified with experience, a process called neural plasticity. +1988 – Claude Steele proposed the theory of self-affirmation. +1989 – Psychophysiologist Vladimir Rusalov published first activity-specific model of temperament \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-11.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-11.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..402cf1448 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-11.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 12/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 1990s === +1990 – On 17 May the World Health Organization (WHO) declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder, launching the International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia. +1990 – Leonard Berkowitz published the cognitive neoassociation model of aggressive behavior to cover the cases missed by the frustration-aggression hypothesis. +1991 – Steven Pinker proposed his theory on how children acquire language in Science, later popularized in the book The Language Instinct. +1991 – The first issue of Feminism & Psychology was published. +1991- The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) passed a resolution opposing "public or private discrimination" against homosexuals. It stopped short, however, of agreeing to open its training institutes to these individuals. +1992 – The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) extended the provisions of its 1991 resolution (see above) to training candidates at its affiliated institutes. +1992 – Jaak Panksepp coined the term affective neuroscience for the name of the field that studies neural mechanisms of emotion, and in 1998 published the book Affective Neuroscience – The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions +1992 – Sandra Scarr published Developmental Theories of the 1990s, proposing that genes control experiences, and search and create environments. +1992 – Joseph LeDoux summarized and published his research on brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning. +1992 – The American Psychological Association (APA) selected behavioral genetics as one of two themes that best represented the past, present, and future of psychology. +1994 – DSM-IV was published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). +1994 – Antonio Damasio published Descartes' Error, presenting the somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) by which emotional processes can guide (or bias) behavior, particularly decision-making. +1994 – Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray published The Bell Curve. +1994 – Michael Posner and Marcus Raichle published Images of the Mind, using positron emission tomography (PET) to localize brain cognitive functions. +1994 – Esther Thelen and Linda B. Smith published A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action, a book on the use of developmental models based on dynamic systems. +1994 – A study reports that magical thinking emerges more frequently under high-stress (e.g. immediate death anxiety) conditions. +1994 – Harvard University professor of psychiatry John E. Mack interviews dozens of experiencers of the 1994 Ariel School UFO incident, reporting the event to the world, which indicated that the event cannot be dismissed as mass hysteria, after going on television with alien abductees during the spring of 1994 +1995 – Simon Baron-Cohen coined the term mental blindness to reflect the inability of children with autism to properly represent the mental states of others. +1996 – Giacomo Rizzolatti published his discovery of mirror neurons. +1996 – Amos Tversky defined ambiguity aversion, the idea that people do not like ambiguous choices, relating it to comparative ignorance. +1997 – The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) became the first U.S. national mental health organization to support same-sex marriage. +1998 – Martin Seligman established Positive Psychology as his main theme when he became President of the American Psychological Association (APA). +1999 – George Botterill published The Philosophy of Psychology, about how modern cognitive science challenges our common sense self-image. + +== 21st century == + +=== 2000s === +2000 – Alan Baddeley updated his model of working memory from 1974 to include the episodic buffer as a third slave system alongside the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad +2000 – Max Velmans published Understanding Consciousness, arguing for reflexive monism. +2002 – Avshalom Caspi et al. presented a study that was the first to provide epidemiological evidence that a specific genotype moderates children's sensitivity to environmental insults. +2002 – Steven Pinker published The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, arguing against tabula rasa models of the social sciences. +2002 – Daniel Kahneman won Nobel Prize +2007 – George Mandler published A History of Modern Experimental Psychology \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-12.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-12.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac6283b1c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-12.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 13/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 2010s === +2010s – As research on the topic accumulates and its usage increases, scientists investigate neuroenhancement – such as nootropics – regarding psychological mechanisms underlying cognitive functions, neuroethics, effects on moral decision-making, public perception, their potential for the treatment of mental diseases, and the potential or ongoing use by professionals or self-administering civilians. +2010s – With the rise of smartphone gaming and a continued large and nearly entirely commercially-driven gaming industry and Big Tech, mobile apps and social media are made intentionally addictive using insights from psychology. Research works such as The Age of Addiction: How Bad Habits Became Big Business propose that the methods of "limbic capitalism" have become substantially more sophisticated. (see also below) +2010s – With increasing legalization of cannabis within the U.S. and worldwide, chronic effects of various types of cannabis consumption on cognition, along with comparisons of legalization impacts, become a more common focus of psychological research. +2010s – As digital content becomes more abundant and more immediately available, attention gains a higher value, with the attention economy, where attention is the capital alongside data on consumers, taking shape as part of "mental capitalism". +2010s – Neuroscience and genetics investigate neurological and heritable factors of intelligence and develop neuroimaging intelligence testing, powered by far more extensive data and sophisticated tools. +2010 – The draft of DSM-5 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) was distributed for comment and critique. +2010 – Simon LeVay published Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why, which in 2012 received the Bullough Book Award for the most distinguished book written for the professional sexological community published in a given year. +2012 – In 2009 America's professional association of endocrinologists established best practices for transgender children that included prescribing puberty-suppressing drugs to preteens followed by hormone therapy beginning at about age 16, and in 2012 the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry echoed these recommendations. +2012 – The American Psychiatric Association issued official position statements supporting the care and civil rights of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. +2013 – On 2 April U.S. President Barack Obama announced the 10-year BRAIN Initiative to map the activity of every neuron in the human brain. +2013 – DSM-5 was published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Among other things, it eliminated the term "gender identity disorder", which was considered stigmatizing, instead referring to "gender dysphoria", which focuses attention only on those who feel distressed by their gender identity. +2014 – Stanislas Dehaene, Giacomo Rizzolatti, and Trevor Robbins, were awarded the Brain Prize for their research on higher brain mechanisms underpinning literacy, numeracy, motivated behaviour, social cognition, and their disorders. +2014 – Brenda Milner, Marcus Raichle, and John O'Keefe received the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience for the discovery of specialized brain networks for memory and cognition +2014 – John O'Keefe shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser for their discoveries of cells (Place cell, Grid cell) that constitute a positioning system in the brain. +2015 – The journal Psychology Today announced that it will no longer accept ads for gay conversion therapy, and is deleting medical practitioners who list such therapy in their professional profiles. +7 August 2015 – The American Psychological Association barred psychologists from participating in national security interrogations at sites violating international law. +27 August 2015 – The Reproducibility Project, a crowdsourced collaboration of 270 contributing authors led by Brian Nosek to repeat 100 published experimental and correlational psychological studies, shows the replication crisis in psychology research, a term coined in the early 2010s when awareness of the problem was growing. According to the study published in Science, only 39 of 100 studies published in major psychology journals could be replicated. +2016 – Intensive use of psychological profiling and psychographic microtargeting, as well as voter manipulation – such as Internet manipulation, using insights from psychology and psychological data becomes a worldwide prevalent phenomenon in politics of majoritarian plain-votes-based democracies. Social media has given rise to new public opinion cues that often have weak links with real public opinion, part of social media-driven societal and ideological polarisation via "filter bubbles", which becomes an increasingly common topic of psychological research along with conspirational thinking/mentality and misinformation-proliferation. +13 June 2019 – A study concludes that "spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature [e.g. via one long or many shorter visits/week] is associated with good health and wellbeing". +June 2019 — The World Health Organization included gaming disorder, characterized by problematic or compulsive use of video games, in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. +November 2019 – Researchers report, based on an international study of 27 countries, that caring for families is the main motivator for people worldwide. + +=== 2020s === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-13.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-13.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd78e75ed --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-13.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 14/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +2020s – Researchers investigate the impacts of different forms (types or categories) of digital media uses on cognition and the impacts of digital media use(s) on different types of biological cognitive abilities. +2020s – The pandemic COVID-19 and its mitigation have a substantiall toll on mental health worldwide. +With growing awareness and impacts of climate change and other environmental issues, ecopsychology increasingly gathers public attention and becomes a more common topic of research +Studies investigate the psychological benefits of urban green spaces (UGS) in detail, with one 2021 study reporting that higher exposure to woodland urban green spaces or urban forest but not grassland is associated with improved cognitive development and risks of mental problems for urban adolescents. +August 2020 – A review concludes that "Within a generation, children's lives have largely moved indoors" and that "research indicates that direct experiences of nature in childhood contribute to care for nature across the life span." +March 2021 – A study concludes that "eco-anger", termed in the style of the recently coined "eco-anxiety" which is reported to be rising, "predicted better mental health outcomes, as well as greater engagement in pro-climate activism and personal behaviours". Anger may be "powerful in motivating people to get involved" and to overcome degrees of apathy. +2020s – Research investigates how well-being could objectively or effectively be measured for health and ecological economics. +2020s – Accumulating and substantially more sophisticated research, often using large biological datasets, investigate the links of probiotics and mental health (psychobiotics) and potential interventions, the links of nutrition and mental health (nutrition psychology) and potential recommendations or interventions, and neurobiological effects of physical exercise that affect mental health. Moreover, research increasingly begins to investigate potential interventions or modifyable factors in brain aging. +2020s – Research investigates challenges of manipulative choice architectures, false and misleading information and distracting environments and respective potential interventions. +2020s – In the new field of neuromarketing, consumers are manipulated with insights from neuroscience and psychology to lead consumer decision making and behavior. +2020 +June – Scientists reporting the discovery of Aguada Fénix put forward a theory of cognitive archaeology whereby communal work of such large projects was important in the initial development of the Maya civilization. +November – The first whole-genome comparison between chimpanzees and bonobos is published and shows genomic aspects that may underlie or have resulted from their divergence and behavioral differences, including selection for genes related to diet and hormones. +2021 +July – A study reports that adolescent loneliness in contemporary schools and depression increased substantially and consistently worldwide after 2012. +September – Psychologist and behavior geneticist Kathryn Paige Harden publishes The Genetic Lottery: Why DNA Matters for Social Equality, an argument for using genetics to create a just society – including in terms of psychology-related predispositions, similar to a bioethical argument made by Papaioannou in 2013. +October – The American Psychological Association releases guidelines for the optimal use of social media in professional psychological practice. +December – In applied behavioural science, "megastudies" as meta-analyses are proposed and demonstrated for investigating the efficacy of many different interventions designed in an interdisciplinary manner by separate teams, e.g. to inform policy. +2022 +July – A deep learning system that learns intuitive fundamental physics from visual data (of virtual 3D environments) that is based on the violation-of-expectation theory of visual cognition in infants is reported. +November – A study reports estimated contemporary prevalence and psychological associations with belief in witchcraft around the world, which (in their data) varied between 9% and 90% between nations and is still a widespread element in worldviews globally. It for example shows associations with low "innovative activity", "weak institutions", lower life expectancy, lower life satisfaction and high religiosity. +November – A study delivers a potential explanation-component for why learning is often more efficient in children beyond the higher level of neuroplasticity. +2023 +February – A study hypothesizes mental health awareness efforts (in current forms) or increasingly glamorised and romanticised mental disorders on social media (e.g. quotes about depression on aesthetically appealing backgrounds shared more widely on certain social media – especially TikTok) may contribute to the recent substantial rise in reported mental health problems by intensifying and over-diagnosing of such. Around 2023, the rapid rise of TikTok prompts extensive research into potential harmful effects of such apps such as higher levels of mental problems correlating with higher levels of usage or addictive elements of this and similar apps. +March – Bioengineers show bodily system changes can induce anxiety, in specific altered heart rate by itself in risky contexts, after earlier studies also implicated immune system elements. +April – The first review of interventions against false conspiracy beliefs is published, indicating interventions "that fostered an analytical mindset or taught critical thinking skills" are most effective and that preventive action is important. +June – A time-use study provides the first comprehensive bird's-eye view, with a "global human day" framework, of what humans currently spend their time on. + +== See also == +Timeline of psychiatry +Timeline of sociology + +== References == + +== External links == + +AllPsyc Online +Timeline of women and psychology: 1848–1950 +Timeline of women and psychology: 1950–present \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6466f9a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 3/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== 18th century == +1701 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz published the Law of Continuity, which he applied to psychology, becoming the first to postulate an unconscious mind; he also introduced the concept of threshold. +1710 – George Berkeley published Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, which claims that the outside world is composed solely of ideas. +1732 – Christian Wolff published Psychologia Empirica, followed in 1734 by Psychologia Rationalis, popularizing the term "psychology". +1739 – David Hume published A Treatise of Human Nature, claiming that all contents of mind are solely built from sense experiences. +1781 – Immanuel Kant published Critique of Pure Reason, rejecting Hume's extreme empiricism and proposing that there is more to knowledge than bare sense experience, distinguishing between "a posteriori" and "a priori" knowledge, the former being derived from perception, hence occurring after perception, and the latter being a property of thought, independent of experience and existing before experience. +1783 – Ferdinand Ueberwasser designated himself Professor of Empirical Psychology and Logic at the Old University of Münster; four years later, he published the comprehensive textbook Instructions for the regular study of empirical psychology for candidates of philosophy at the University of Münster which complemented his lectures on scientific psychology. +1798 – Immanuel Kant proposed the first dimensional model of consistent individual differences by mapping the four Hippocrates' temperament types into dimensions of emotionality and energetic arousal. These two dimensions later became an essential part of all temperament and personality models. + +== 19th century == + +=== 1800s === +c. 1800 – Franz Joseph Gall developed cranioscopy, the measurement of the skull to determine psychological characteristics, which was later renamed phrenology; it is now discredited. +1807 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel published Phenomenology of Spirit (Mind), which describes his thesis-antithesis-synthesis dialectical method, according to which knowledge pushes forwards to greater certainty, and ultimately towards knowledge of the noumenal world. +1808 – Johann Christian Reil coined the term "psychiatry". + +=== 1810s === +1812 – Benjamin Rush became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind, the first American textbook on psychiatry. + +=== 1820s === +1829 – John Stuart Mill's father James Mill published Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (2 vols.). + +=== 1840s === +1840 – Frederick Augustus Rauch (1806–1841) published Psychology, or a View of the Human Soul, including Anthropology +1843 – Forbes Benignus Winslow (1810–1874) published The Plea of Insanity in Criminal Cases, helping establish the plea of insanity in criminal cases in Britain. +1844 – Søren Kierkegaard The Concept of Anxiety, the first exposition on anxiety. +1848 – Vermont railroad worker Phineas Gage had a 3-foot rod driven through his brain and jaw in an explosives accident, permanently changing his personality, revolutionizing scientific opinion about brain functions being localizable. +1849 – Søren Kierkegaard published The Sickness Unto Death. + +=== 1850s === +1852 – Hermann Lotze published Medical Psychology or Physiology of the Soul. +1856 – Hermann Lotze began publishing his 3-volume magnum opus Mikrokosmos (1856–64), arguing that natural laws of inanimate objects apply to human minds and bodies but have the function of enabling us to aim for the values set by the deity, thus making room for aesthetics. +1859 – Pierre Briquet published Traite Clinique et Therapeutique de L'Hysterie. + +=== 1860s === +1860s – Franciscus Donders first used human reaction time to infer differences in cognitive processing. +1860 – Gustav Theodor Fechner published Elements of Psychophysics, founding the subject of psychophysics. +1861 – Paul Broca discovered an area in the left cerebral hemisphere that is important for speech production, now known as Broca's area, founding neuropsychology. +1869 – Francis Galton published Hereditary Genius, arguing for eugenics. He went on to found psychometrics, differential psychology, and the lexical hypothesis of personality. + +=== 1870s === +1872 – Douglas Spalding published his discovery of psychological imprinting. +1874 – Wilhelm Wundt published Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie (Principles of Physiological Psychology), the first textbook of experimental psychology. +1878 – G. Stanley Hall was awarded the first PhD on a psychological topic from Harvard (in philosophy). +1879 – Wilhelm Wundt opened the first experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bc4949d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 4/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 1880s === +1882 – The Society for Psychical Research was founded in England. +1883 – G. Stanley Hall opened the first American experimental psychology research laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. +1883 – Emil Kraepelin published Compendium der Psychiatrie. +1884 – Ivan Pavlov began studying the digestive secretion of animals. +1884 – Tourette's Syndrome was first described. +1885 – Hermann Ebbinghaus published Über das Gedächtnis (On Memory), a groundbreaking work based on self-experiments, first describing the learning curve, forgetting curve, and spacing effect. +1886 – John Dewey published the first American textbook on psychology, titled Psychology. +1886 – Vladimir Bekhterev established the first laboratory of experimental psychology in Russia at Kazan University. +1886 – Sigmund Freud began private practice in Vienna. +1887 – Georg Elias Müller opened the 2nd German experimental psychology research laboratory in Göttingen. +1887 – George Trumbull Ladd (Yale) published Elements of Physiological Psychology, the first American textbook to include a substantial amount of information on the new experimental form of the discipline. +1887 – James McKeen Cattell founded an experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania, the 3rd in the United States. +1887 – G. Stanley Hall founded the American Journal of Psychology with a $500 contribution supplied by Robert Pearsall Smith of the American Society for Psychical Research. +1888 – William Lowe Bryan founded the United States' 4th experimental psychology laboratory at Indiana University. +1888 – Joseph Jastrow founded the United States' 5th experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. +1888 – G. Stanley Hall left Johns Hopkins for the presidency of the newly founded Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts +1889 – James Mark Baldwin published the first volume of his Handbook of Psychology, titled "Sense and Intellect". +1889 – Edmund Sanford, a former student of G. Stanley Hall founded the United States' 6th experimental psychology laboratory at Clark University. +1889 – Edward Cowles founded the United States' 7th experimental psychology laboratory at the McLean Asylum in Waverley, Massachusetts +1889 – Harry Kirke Wolfe founded the United States' 8th experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Nebraska. + +=== 1890s === +1890 – Christian von Ehrenfels published On the Qualities of Form, founding Gestalt psychology. +1890 – William James published The Principles of Psychology. +1890 – James Hayden Tufts founded the United States' 9th experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Michigan. +1890 – G. T. W. Patrick founded the United States' 10th experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Iowa. +1890 – James McKeen Cattell left Pennsylvania for Columbia University where he founded the United States' 11th experimental psychology laboratory. +1890 – James Mark Baldwin founded the first permanent experimental psychology laboratory in the British Empire at the University of Toronto. +1891 – Frank Angell founded the United States' 12th experimental psychology laboratory at the Cornell University. +1891 – Edvard Westermarck described the Westermarck effect, where people raised early in life in close domestic proximity later become desensitized to close sexual attraction, raising theories about the incest taboo. +1892 – G. Stanley Hall et al. founded the American Psychological Association (APA). +1892 – Edward Bradford Titchener took a professorship at Cornell University, replacing Frank Angell who left for Stanford University. +1892 – Edward Wheeler Scripture founded the experimental psychology laboratory at Yale University, the 19th in United States. +1892–1893 – Charles A. Strong opened the experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Chicago, the 20th in the United States, at which James Rowland Angell conducted the first experiments of functionalism in 1896. +1894 – Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to be granted a PhD in Psychology after she studied under E. B. Titchener at Cornell University. +1894 – James McKeen Cattell and James Mark Baldwin founded the Psychological Review to compete with Hall's American Journal of Psychology. +1895 – Gustave Le Bon published The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. +1896 – John Dewey published the paper The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology, founding functionalism. +1896 – The first psychological clinic was opened at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer; although often celebrated as marking the birth of clinical psychology, it was focused primarily on educational matters. +1896 – Edward B. Titchener, student of Wilhelm Wundt and originator of the terms "structuralism" and "functionalism" published An Outline of Psychology. +1897 – Havelock Ellis published Sexual Inversion. +1898 – Boris Sidis published The Psychology of Suggestion: A Research into the Subconscious Nature of Man and Society. +1899 – On 4 November Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams (Die Traumdeutung), marking the beginning of psychoanalysis, which attempts to deal with the Oedipal complex. + +== 20th century == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a20116c78 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 5/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 1900s === +1900 – Sigmund Freud published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. +1903 – John B. Watson graduated from the University of Chicago; his dissertation on rat behavior has been described as a "classic of developmental psychobiology" by historian of psychology Donald Dewsbury. +1903 – Helen Thompson Woolley published her doctoral dissertation, The Mental Traits of Sex, for which she had conducted the first experimental test of sex differences. +1904 – Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his studies of conditioning. This was the first Prize given for research adopted by psychologists. +1904 – Charles Spearman published the article General Intelligence in the American Journal of Psychology, introducing the g factor theory of intelligence. +1905- Mary Calkins was the first woman elected president of the American Psychological Association. +1905 – Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created the Binet-Simon scale to identify students needing extra help, marking the beginning of standardized psychological testing. +1905 – Edward Thorndike published the law of effect. +1905 – Sigmund Freud published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. +1906 – The Journal of Abnormal Psychology was founded by Morton Prince, for which Boris Sidis was an associate editor and significant contributor. +1908 – Sigmund Freud published the paper On the Sexual Theories of Children, introducing the concept of penis envy; he also published the paper 'Civilized' Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness. +1908 – Wilfred Trotter published the first paper explaining the herd instinct. +1909 – Sigmund Freud lectured at Clark University, winning over the U.S. establishment. + +=== 1910s === +1910 – Sigmund Freud founded the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), with Carl Jung as the first president, and Otto Rank as the first secretary. +1910 – Grace Helen Kent and J. Rosanoff published the Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test +1910 – Boris Sidis opened the private Sidis Psychotherapeutic Institute at Maplewood Farms in Portsmouth, New Hampshire for the treatment of nervous patients using the latest scientific methods. +1911 – Alfred Adler left Freud's Psychoanalytic Group to form his own school of thought, accusing Freud of overemphasizing sexuality and basing his theory on his own childhood. +1911 – The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) was founded. +1911 – William McDougall, founder of Hormic Psychology published Body and Mind: A History and Defence of Animism, claiming that there is an animating principle in Nature and that the mind guides evolution. +1912 – Max Wertheimer published Experimental Studies of the Perception of Movement, helping found Gestalt Psychology +1913 – Carl Jung developed his own theories, which became known as Analytical Psychology. +1913 – Jacob L. Moreno pioneered group psychotherapy methods in Vienna, which emphasized spontaneity and interaction; they later became known as psychodrama and sociometry. +1913 – John B. Watson published Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, sometimes known as "The Behaviorist Manifesto". +1913 – Hugo Münsterberg published Psychology and Industrial Efficiency, considered today as the first book on Industrial and Organizational Psychology. +1914 – Boris Sidis published The Foundations of Normal and Abnormal Psychology, where he provided the scientific foundation for the field of psychology, and detailed his theory of the moment consciousness. +1917 – Sigmund Freud published Introduction to Psychoanalysis. + +=== 1920s === +1920 – John B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted the Little Albert experiment, using classical conditioning to make a young boy afraid of white rats. +1921 – Sigmund Freud published Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. +1921 – Jacob L. Moreno conducted the first large scale public psychodrama session at the Komedienhaus in Vienna; he moved to New York in 1925. +1921 – Melanie Klein began to develop her technique of analyzing children. +1922 – Karen Horney began publishing a series of 14 papers (last in 1937) questioning Freud's theories on women, founding feminist psychology. +1922 – Boris Sidis published Nervous Ills: Their Cause and a Cure, a popularization of his work concerning the subconscious and the treatment of psychopathic disease. +1923 – Sigmund Freud published The Ego and the Id. +1924 – Jacob Robert Kantor founded interbehavioral psychology based on John Dewey's psychology and Albert Einstein's relativity theory. +1924 – Otto Rank published The Trauma of Birth, coining the term "pre-Oedipal". Freud had originally praised him for such, but changed his stance and as such caused their falling out. +1926 – Otto Rank gave the lecture "The Genesis of the Object Relation", founding object relations theory. +1927 – Ivan Pavlov published Conditioned Reflexes, containing his theory of classical conditioning. +1928 – Jean Piaget published Judgment and Reasoning in the Child. +1928 – Shoma Morita published Morita Therapy: The True Nature of Shinkeishitsu (Anxiety-based Disorders), which contains his peripheral theory of consciousness, while noting Freud's theory of the unconscious. (Translation by A. Kondo, Edited by P. LeVine in 1998, SUNY Press) +1929 – Edwin Boring published A History of Experimental Psychology, pioneering the history of psychology. +1929 – Lev Vygotsky founded cultural-historical psychology. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea727e016 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 6/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 1930s === +1930 – Edwin Boring discussed the Boring figure. +1931 – Gordon Allport et al. published the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, which defines six major value types. +1932 – Journal of Personality founded as first personality psychology research periodical originally titled Character and Personality. +1933 – Pyotr Gannushkin published Manifestations of Psychopathies. +1933 – Clark L. Hull published Hypnosis and Suggestibility, proving that hypnosis is not sleep and founding the modern study of hypnosis. +1933 – Wilhelm Reich published Character Analysis and The Mass Psychology of Fascism. +1934 – Lev Vygotsky published Thought and Language (Thinking and Speech). +1934 – Ruth Winifred Howard became the first African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology. +1935 – John Ridley Stroop developed a color-word task to demonstrate the interference of attention, the Stroop effect +1935 – Helen Flanders Dunbar published Emotions and Bodily Changes: A Survey of Literature on Psychosomatic Interrelationships; in 1942 she founded the American Psychosomatic Society (American Society for Research in Psychosomatic Problems), and was the first editor of the society's journal Psychosomatic Medicine: Experimental and Clinical Studies, founded in 1939. +1935 – Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan of Harvard University published the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). +1935 – Theodore Newcomb began the Bennington College Study, which ended in 1939, documenting liberalization of women students' political beliefs, along with the effects of proximity on acquaintance and attraction. +1936 – Kurt Lewin published Principles of Topological Psychology, containing Lewin's Equation B = f (P, E), meaning that behavior is a function of a person in their environment. +1936 – Wilhelm Reich published The Sexual Revolution. +1936 – Kenneth Spence published an analysis of discrimination learning in terms of gradients of excitation and inhibition, showing that mathematical deductions from a quantitative theory could generate interesting and empirically testable predictions. +1936 – The Psychometric Society was founded by Louis Leon Thurstone, who proposed dividing general intelligence into seven primary mental abilities (PMAs). +1938 – B.F. Skinner published his first major work The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis, introducing behavior analysis. +1939 – Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley published a classic report in the journal Nature of the first recording of an action potential. +1939 – Neal E. Miller et al. published the frustration-aggression theory, which claims that aggression is the result of frustration of efforts to attain a goal. +1939 – David Wechsler developed the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. +1939 – On 1 September World War II began with the German invasion of Poland; on 20 September Adolf Hitler signed the Euthanasia Decree, written by psychologist Max de Crinis, resulting in the Aktion T4 euthanasia program; on 23 September Sigmund Freud committed physician-assisted suicide in London on the Jewish Day of Atonement; on 31 October his archrival Otto Rank died of a kidney infection in New York City after uttering the word "comical"; Wilhelm Reich fled to New York, coining the word orgone and building "orgone accumulators", which got him in trouble with the psychiatric establishment and the federal government. + +=== 1940s === +1940 – Edwin Boring discussed the moon illusion. +1941 – Erich Fromm published Escape from Freedom, founding political psychology. +1941 – B.F. Skinner and William Kaye Estes introduced the conditioned emotional response (CER)/conditioned fear response (CFR) paradigm via electric shocks given to rats. +1942 – Ludwig Binswanger founded existential therapy. +1942 – Carl Rogers published Counseling and Psychotherapy, suggesting that respect and a nonjudgmental approach to therapy is the foundation for effective treatment of mental health issues. +1943 – J. P. Guilford developed the Stanine (Standard Nine) test for the U.S. Air Force to evaluate pilots. +1943 – Clark L. Hull published Principles of Behavior, establishing animal-based learning and conditioning as the dominant learning theory. +1943 – Leo Kanner published Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact, the first systematic description of autistic children. +1943 – Abraham Maslow published the paper A Theory of Human Motivation, describing Maslow's hierarchy of needs. +1944 – Zach Andrew and Cameron Peter published Myer's Psychology Second Edition where they revolutionized the approach of learned Psychology +1945 – The Journal of Clinical Psychology was founded. +1946 – Kurt Lewin founded action research. +1946 – Stanley Smith Stevens published his levels of measurement theory. +1947 – Jerome Bruner published Value and Need as Organizing Factors in Perception, founding New Look Psychology, which challenges psychologists to study not just an organism's response to a stimulus but also its internal interpretation. +1947 – Kurt Lewin coined the term "group dynamics". +1947 Nikolai Bernstein summarized his research on the measurement of actions using his original devices that became a beginning of a new discipline of kinesiology +1948 – Alfred Kinsey of Indiana University published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. +1949 – The Boulder Conference outlined the scientist-practitioner model of clinical psychology. +1949 – Donald Hebb published The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory, in which he provided a detailed, testable theory of how the brain could support cognitive processes, revolutionizing neuropsychology and making McGill University a center of research. +1949 – David Wechsler published the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fe3e1bfd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 7/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 1950s === +1950 – Karen Horney summarized her ideas in her magnum opus Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization. +1950 – Erik Erikson published Childhood and Society, in which he introduced his theory on the stages of psycho-social development and the concept of an identity crisis. +1950 – Rollo May published The Meaning of Anxiety. +1951 – Solomon Asch published the Asch conformity experiments, demonstrating the power of conformity in groups. +1951 – Morton Deutsch published Interracial Housing: A Psychological Evaluation of a Social Experiment, producing scientific evidence of the bad effects of segregated housing, helping to end it in the U.S. +1951 – Carl Rogers published his magnum opus Client-Centered Therapy. +1951 – Lee Cronbach published his measure of reliability, now known as Cronbach's alpha. +1952 – The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), marking the beginning of modern mental illness classification; it was revised in 1968, 1980–7, 1994, 2000 and 2013. +1952 – Hans Eysenck started a debate on psychotherapy with his critical review, claiming that psychotherapy had no documented effect, and psychoanalysis had negative effects. +1953 – Alfred Kinsey published Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. +1953 – Nathaniel Kleitman of the U. of Chicago discovered rapid eye movement sleep (REM), founding modern sleep research. +1953 – David McClelland proposed need theory. +1953 – B.F. Skinner outlined behavioral therapy, lending support for behavioral psychology via research in the literature. +1953 – The Code of Ethics for Psychologists was developed by the American Psychological Association (APA). +1953 – Harry Stack Sullivan published The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry, which holds that an individual's personality is formed by relationships. +1954 – Abraham Maslow helped to found humanistic psychology, later developing Maslow's hierarchy of needs. +1954 – Paul E. Meehl published a paper claiming that mechanical (formal algorithmic) methods of data combination outperform clinical (subjective informal) methods when used to arrive at a prediction of behavior. +1954 – James Olds and Peter Milner of McGill University discovered the brain reward system, involving the brain's pleasure center. +1954 – Julian Rotter published Social Learning and Clinical Psychology, founding social learning theory. +1954 – Herman Witkin published Personality Through Perception, which claims that personality can be revealed through differences in how people perceive their environment; he went on to develop the Rod and Frame Test (RFT). +1954 – Bronisław Malinowski publishes Magic, Science and Religion on magical thinking and the psychology of religion. Earlier, he studied sets of rituals he referred to as magic, and distinguished these from purely religious rituals, with the latter's purpose being the coping with one's fundamental human crisis of apparent finiteness/mortality. +1955 – Lee Cronbach published Construct Validity in Psychological Tests, popularizing the concept of construct validity. +1955 – J. P. Guilford developed the Structure of Intellect (SOI) theory, which divides human intelligence into 150 abilities along three dimensions, operations, content, and products; it is discredited by the 1990s. +1955 – George Kelly founded personal construct psychology. +1956 – George Armitage Miller published the paper The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, in which he showed that there is a limit on the amount of information that can be memorized at one time. +1956 – Rollo May published Existence, promoting existential psychology. +1957 – Leon Festinger published his theory of cognitive dissonance. +1957 – Stanley Smith Stevens published Stevens' power law. +1957 – Eric Berne developed Transactional analysis (TA), in which psychiatry patients can be treated for emotional distresses by analyzing and altering their social transactions. +1958 – John Cohen published Humanistic Psychology, the first book on the subject. +1958 – Harry Harlow gave the speech The Nature of Love, summarizing his isolation studies on infant monkeys and rejecting behavioristic and psychoanalytic theories of attachment. +1958 – Joseph Wolpe published his theory of reciprocal inhibition, leading to his theory of systematic desensitization for anxieties and phobias. +1959 – Viktor Frankl published the first English edition of Man's Search for Meaning [with a preface by Gordon Allport], which provided an existential account of his Holocaust experience and an overview of his system of existential analysis called Logotherapy. +1959 – Noam Chomsky published his review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior, an event seen as by many as the start of the cognitive revolution. +1959 – George Mandler and William Kessen published The Language of Psychology. +1959 – Lawrence Kohlberg wrote his doctoral dissertation, outlining Kohlberg's stages of moral development. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4637251f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 8/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 1960s === +1960 – John L. Fuller and W. Robert Thompson published the seminal text Behavior Genetics. +1960 – Thomas Szasz inaugurated the anti-psychiatry movement with the publication of his book, The Myth of Mental Illness. +1961 – Albert Bandura published the Bobo doll experiment, a study of behavioral patterns of aggression. +1961 – Neal E. Miller proposed the use of biofeedback to control involuntary functions. +1962 – Wilfred Bion presented his unconventional theory of thinking. +1962 – Albert Ellis published Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy, describing the theoretical foundations of his therapeutic system known as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. +1962 – George Armitage Miller published Psychology, the Science of Mental Life, rejecting the idea that psychology should study only behavior. +1962 – Abraham Maslow published Toward a Psychology of Being, presenting his ideas of self-actualization and the hierarchy of human needs. +1962 – Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which considers emotion to be a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal; "People search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal." +1962 – Silvan Tomkins published volume one (of two) of Affect Imagery Consciousness, presenting his affect theory +1963 – Stanley Milgram published his study of obedience to authority, now known as the Milgram experiment. +1964 – Jean M. Mandler and George Mandler published Thinking: From Association to Gestalt. +1964 – Virginia Satir published Conjoint Family Therapy, the first of several books on family therapy, causing her to become known as the "Mother of Family Therapy" +1965 – Anna Freud published Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development, presenting the concept of developmental lines. +1965 – William Glasser published Reality Therapy, describing his psycho-therapeutic model and introducing his concept of control theory [later renamed to Choice Theory]. +1965 – Donald Winnicott published The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment, which became a main text in clinical psychodynamic developmental psychology. +1966 – Nancy Bayley became the first woman to receive the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award for her contribution in developmental psychology. +1966 – Konrad Lorenz published On Aggression, which discusses his hydraulic model of instinctive pressures. +1966 – Masters and Johnson published Human Sexual Response. +1966 – Julian Rotter published a paper proposing the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (I-E Scale). +1967 – Aaron Beck published a psychological model of clinical depression, suggesting that thoughts play a significant role in the development and maintenance of depression. +1967 – Edward E. Jones and Victor Harris published a paper defining fundamental attribution error, underestimating the effect of the situation in explaining social behavior. +1967 – Ulric Neisser founded cognitive psychology. +1968 – George Cotzias developed the L-Dopa treatment for Parkinson's disease. +1968 – Mary Main published her hypothesis of a fourth attachment style in children, the insecure disorganized attachment style. +1968 – Walter Mischel published the paper "Personality and Assessment", criticizing Gordon Allport's works on trait assessment with the observation that a patient's behavior is not consistent across diverse situations but dependent on situational cues. +1968 – DSM-II was published by the American Psychiatric Association. +1968 – The first Doctor of Psychology (Psy. D.) professional degree program in Clinical Psychology was established in the Department of Psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. +1969 – The California School of Professional Psychology was established as the first freestanding school of professional psychology. +1969 – The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology was founded by Abraham Maslow, Stanislav Grof, and Anthony Sutich. +1969 – John Bowlby published his attachment theory in the classic book Attachment and Loss (vol. 1 of 3). +1969 – Harry Harlow published his experiment on affection development in rhesus monkeys. +1969 – Joseph Wolpe published the Subjective Units of Distress (Disturbance) Scale (SUDS). +1969 – Elisabeth Kübler-Ross published On Death and Dying, presenting the Kübler-Ross model, commonly referred to as the five stages of grief. +1969 – The Association for Women in Psychology (AWP) was founded, with Joann Evansgardner as the first (temporary) president. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71c00cff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 9/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 1970s === +1970 – At an APA Town Hall Meeting, with the support of the Association for Women in Psychology, Phyllis Chesler and Nancy Henley prepared a statement on APA's obligations to women and demanded one million dollars in reparation for the damage psychology had perpetrated against women's minds and bodies. 1970 – APA Division 29 gives its first Distinguished Professional Award in Psychology and Psychotherapy to Eugene Gendlin. 1970 – "Critical psychology" became a psychological theoretical field. Klaus Holzkamp, who worked as a professor at the Free University of Berlin, took a central role in defining critical psychology based on the works of Karl Marx and Aleksei N. Leontiev. 1970 – Masters and Johnson published Human Sexual Inadequacy. 1971 – The Stanford prison experiment, conducted by Philip Zimbardo et al. at Stanford University, studied the human response to captivity; the experiment quickly got out of hand and was ended early. 1971 – Martin Shubik performed the dollar auction, illustrating irrational choices. 1971 – In Nov. John O'Keefe and Jonathan O. Dostrovsky announced their discovery of place cells in the hippocampus. 1971 – The Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information at the University of Trier was founded to publish the PSYNDEX database of references to psychology in the German-speaking world. 1972 – The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study commenced, a longitudinal study began, with 96% retention rate as of 2006, unprecedented for a longitudinal study, comparing to 20–40% dropout rates for other studies. 1972 – Robert E. Ornstein published The Psychology of Consciousness, about the use of biofeedback et al. to shift mood and awareness. 1972 – Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari published Anti-Oedipus, the first of two-volume work Capitalism and Schizophrenia, criticizing traditional psychoanalysis and its concepts to purpose a new set of theories which they called schizoanalysis. 1972 – Endel Tulving first made the distinction between episodic and semantic memory. 1973 – Ernest Becker published The Denial of Death, siding with Otto Rank against Sigmund Freud, claiming that knowledge of one's mortality not sexuality is the basis of character. 1973 – Morton Deutsch published The Resolution of Conflict. 1973 – Vygotsky Circle neuropsychologist Alexander Luria published The Working Brain, a detailed description with great emphasis on rehabilitation of damage. 1973 – The Vail Conference of Graduate Educators in Psychology endorsed the scholar-practitioner training model, and approved the Doctor of Psychology (Psy. D) degree. 1973 – Division 35, later the Society for the Psychology of Women of the APA, was formed, with Elizabeth Douvan as the first president. 1973 – The Committee on Women in Psychology of the APA was formed, with Martha Mednick as its first chair. 1973 – The American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder. 1973 – The Caucus of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Members of the American Psychiatric Association was officially founded to advocate to the APA on LGBT mental health issues; in 1985 it changed its name to the Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists. 1973 – Nancy Friday published My Secret Garden: Women's Sexual Fantasies +1973 – Timothy Leary published Neurologic, describing the eight-circuit model of consciousness. 1974 – Sandra Bem created the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. 1974 – Robert Hinde published Biological Bases of Human Social Behavior, a main text in etological-oriented developmental psychology. 1974 – Arnold Sameroff published Reproductive Risk and the Continuum of Caretaking Causality, introducing the transactional model of psychology, which became influential. 1974 – Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch of the Univ. of York proposed Baddeley's model of working memory. 1974 – Elizabeth Loftus began publishing papers on the malleability of human memory, the misinformation effect, and false memory syndrome and its relation to recovered memory therapy. 1974 – The APA Task Force on Sex Bias and Sex-Role Stereotyping in Psychotherapeutic Practice was appointed. 1975 – Georgia Babladelis became the first editor of the Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1975 – George Mandler published Mind and Emotion. 1975 – Mary Wright became the first chair of the new Task Force on the Status of Women in Canadian Psychology. 1975 – Robert Zajonc published the confluence model, showing how birth order and family size affect IQ. 1975 – The first APA-sponsored Psychology of Women Conference was held. 1975 – The journal Sex Roles was founded. 1975 – The first review article on the psychology of women appeared in the women's studies journal Signs, by Mary Parlee. 1975 – The first article on the psychology of women was published in the Annual Review of Psychology. 1975 – The council of representatives of the American Psychological Association (APA) declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder. 1976 – Stanislav Grof founded the International Transpersonal Association to promote his transpersonal psychology. 1976 – Julian Jaynes published The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, which coins the term bicameral mind for the brain of humans who lived before about 1,000 B.C.E., whose right side "speaks" in the name of a chieftain or god, and whose left side "listens" and takes orders. 1976 – Michael Posner published Chronometric Explorations of Mind, using the subtractive method of Franciscus Donders to study attention and memory. 1976 – The Psychology of Women Quarterly was founded. 1977 – Ernest Hilgard proposed the divided consciousness theory of hypnosis. 1977 – Albert Bandura published the book Social Learning Theory and an article on the concept of self-efficacy, A Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. 1977 – Susan Folstein and Michael Rutter published a study of 21 British twins in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry that reveals a high genetic component in autism. 1977 – Robert Plomin et al. proposed three major ways in which genes and environments act together to shape human behavior, coining the terms passive, active, and evocative gene–environment correlation. 1977 – Andrey Lichko published Psychopathies and Accentuations of Character of Teenagers. 1978 – Child psychologist Mary Ainsworth published her book Patterns of Attachment about her work on attachment theory and the Strange Situation Experiment (Protocol). 1978 – Paul Ekman published the Facial Action Coding System. 1978 – David Premack published the book Does the Chimpanzee Have a Theory of Mind?, about his research on mental abilities of monkeys, introducing the term theory of mind. 1978 – The term cognitive neuroscience was coined by Michael Gazzaniga and George Armitage Miller for the effort to understand how the brain represents mental events. 1978 – John O'Keefe and Lynn Nadel published The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. 1978 – E.O. Wilson published On Human Nature, considered the first landmark text to deal with what would become evolutionary psychology. 1978 – The first Canadian Institute on Women and Psychology pre-convention conference was hosted at the Canadian Psychological Association by IGWAP (Interest Group on Women and Psychology). 1978 – The Caucus of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Members of the American Psychiatric Association, (now known as the Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists) successfully petitioned the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to create a task force on lesbian and gay issues; it was elevated to a full standing committee in the APA in 1988. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-9.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d17912530 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-9.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychology" +chunk: 10/14 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +1979 – Alice Miller published The Drama of the Gifted Child, the first of a series of books criticizing Freud and Jung for blaming the child for the sexual abuse of the parents, which she calls the "poisonous pedagogies". 1979 – Urie Bronfenbrenner published The Ecology of Human Development, founding ecological systems theory. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a321bd5c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychotherapy" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:54.342486+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article is a compiled timeline of psychotherapy. A more general description of the development of the subject of psychology can be found in the History of psychology article. For related overviews see the Timeline of psychology and Timeline of psychiatry articles. + +== Antiquity == + +c. 1550 BCE – Ancient Egyptians codified their knowledge of psychiatry, medicine, and surgery in the Ebers Papyrus and the Edwin Smith Papyrus. The former mentioned dementia and depression, while the latter gave detailed instructions for various neurosurgical procedures. The power of magic (suggestion) was recognized as complementary to medicine. +c. 500 BCE – Siddhartha Gautama (Lumbini, Nepal) founded the psychotherapeutic practices of Buddhism on the principle that the origin of mental suffering is ignorance, that the symptoms of ignorance are attachment and craving, and that attachment and craving can be ended by following the Noble Eightfold Path. +c. 400 BCE – Hippocrates (Kos, Greece) taught that melancholia (depression) has a biological cause, namely an excess of black bile, one of the four humours. Ancient Greek therapy for disorders of mood involved adjustment of the humours, to bring them into balance. +c. 300 BCE – Composition of the Huangdi Neijing began in China. This medical work emphasized the relationship between organs and emotions, and formalized the theory of Qi (life-force) and the balancing of the primal forces of Yin and yang. +c. 170 BCE – Composition of On the Diagnosis and Cure of the Soul's Passion by Galen in Ancient Greece, containing directions on how to provide counsel to those with psychological issues to prompt them to reveal their deepest passions and secrets, and eventually cure them of their mental deficiency. + +== Middle Ages == + +=== 10th century === +c. 900 – Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (Balkh, Afghanistan) introduces the concepts of mental health or "mental hygiene". He also recognized that illnesses can have both psychological and/or physiological causes. +c. 900 – al-Razi (Rhazes) recognized the concept of "psychotherapy" and referred to it as al-‘ilaj al-nafs. + +=== 11th century === +1025 – Avicenna (Bukhara Region, Uzbekistan) described in The Canon of Medicine a number of conditions, including hallucination, insomnia, mania, nightmare, melancholia, dementia, epilepsy, paralysis, stroke, vertigo and tremor. + +=== 12th century === +c. 1150 – Ibn Zuhr, aka 'Avenzoar" (Seville, Spain), a Muslim Arab physician and surgeon, gave the first accurate descriptions on certain neurological disorders such as meningitis, intracranial thrombophlebitis, and mediastinal germ cell tumors. +c. 1150 – Averroes suggested the existence of Parkinson's disease. + +=== 13th century === +c. 1200 – Maimonides wrote about neuropsychiatric disorders and described rabies and belladonna intoxication. + +=== 15th century === +1403 – The Bethlem Royal Hospital of London, (Bedlam) (established as a hospital in 1330) admitted its first mentally ill patients. The care amounted to little more than restraint. + +=== 16th century === +1567 – Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, aka "Paracelsus" (Einsiedeln, Switzerland) is credited as providing the first clinical/scientific mention of the unconscious in his work Von den Krankheiten. He called for the humane treatment of the mentally ill (but was ignored for several centuries) as he saw them not to be possessed by evil spirits, but merely "brothers ensnared in a treatable malady." + +== 18th century == + +=== 1770s === +1770 – Johann Joseph Gassner initiated a therapeutic practice using a precursor of hypnotherapy and exorcism. +1774 – Franz Mesmer described the therapeutic properties of "animal magnetism" (hypnotherapy), and began a clinical practice. + +=== 1780s === +1785 – Marquis de Puységur founded the Société Harmonique des Amis Réunis to train specialists in Mesmerism (hypnotherapy). + +=== 1790s === +1793 – Jean-Baptiste Pussin, working with Philippe Pinel, took over France's Bicetre Hospital and began releasing incarcerated mental patients from chains and iron shackles in the first movement for the humane treatment of the mentally ill. "The Moral Treatment" included humane, non-violent, and drug-free management of mental illness. + +== 19th century == + +=== 1800s === +1801 – Philippe Pinel (France) published the first psychological approach to the treatment of the insane. The work appeared in English translation in 1806, as Treatise on Insanity. + +=== 1810s === +1813 – Abbé Faria identified the central role of suggestion in "animal magnetism" (hypnotherapy). + +=== 1820s === +1826 – Justinus Kerner began treatment of patients with a combination of "animal magnetism" (hypnotherapy) and exorcism. + +=== 1830s === +1832 – First appearance of psychotherapy in fiction ("The Haunted Man" short story by John Neal). + +=== 1870s === +1870 – Jean-Martin Charcot began clinical research into hysteria (conversion disorder) at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris. + +=== 1880s === +1884 – Jean-Martin Charcot explained demonic possession as a form of hysteria (conversion disorder), to be treated with hypnotherapy. +1885 – Pierre Janet began therapeutic practice and research in Le Havre. +1886 – Sigmund Freud began therapeutic practice and research in Vienna. + +=== 1890s === +1892 – Foundation of the American Psychological Association (APA), headed by G. Stanley Hall. +1896 – Development of the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania, marking the birth of clinical psychology. +1898 – Boris Sidis publishes The Psychology of Suggestion: A Research into the Subconscious Nature of Man and Society. + +== 20th century == + +=== 1900s === +1900 – Sigmund Freud published Interpretation of Dreams, marking the beginning of Psychoanalytic Thought. +1902 – In the autumn the Wednesday Psychological Society (Psychologische Mittwochs-Gesellschaft) started meeting in Freud's apartment in Vienna, marking the beginnings of the worldwide psychoanalytic movement. +1906 – The Journal of Abnormal Psychology founded by Morton Prince for which Boris Sidis was an associate editor and significant contributor. +1906 – The Child Guidance Movement begins in Chicago. +1906 – Carl Jung began correspondence with Freud. +1907 – Jung and his wife, Emma travelled to Vienna to meet with Freud. +1909 – Sandor Ferenczi, Freud and Jung travelled together to the United States to participate in the Clark University conference. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a72c0e7b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychotherapy" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:54.342486+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 1910s === +1910 – Freud proposes Jung as his "eldest son and heir" to his new science. +1910 – Boris Sidis opens the Sidis Psychotherapeutic Institute (a private hospital) at Maplewood Farms in Portsmouth, NH for the treatment of nervous patients using the latest scientific methods. +1911 – Alfred Adler left Freud's Psychoanalytic Group to form his own school of thought, individual psychology, accusing Freud of overemphasizing sexuality and basing his theory on his own childhood. +1912 – Publication of Jung's Psychology of the Unconscious: a study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido, (subsequently republished as Symbols of Transformation), containing his dissenting view on the libido, it represented largely a "psychoanalytical Jung". +1913 – Carl Jung departed from Freudian views, a final break ensued and he developed his own theories citing Freud's inability to acknowledge religion and spirituality and his restricted view of libido. His "new school of thought" became known as Analytical Psychology. +1913 – Jacob L. Moreno applied group psychotherapy methods in Vienna. His methods, which emphasized spontaneity and interaction, later became known as psychodrama and sociometry. +1914 – Boris Sidis publishes The Foundations of Normal and Abnormal Psychology where he provides the scientific foundation for the field of psychology, and details his theory of the moment-consciousness. +1919 – The British Psychoanalytical Society established by Ernest Jones in London. + +=== 1920s === +1921 – Jacob L. Moreno conducted the first large scale public psychodrama session at the Komoedienhaus, Vienna. He moved to New York in 1925. +1922 – Boris Sidis publishes Nervous Ills: Their Cause and a Cure, a popularization of his work concerning the subconscious and the treatment of psychopathic disease. + +=== 1930s === +1933 – Wilhelm Reich published his influential book Character Analysis giving his view that a person's entire character, not only individual symptoms, could be looked at and treated as a neurotic phenomenon. The book also introduced his theory of body armoring. +1936 – Karen Horney began her critique of Freudian psychoanalytic theory with the publication of Feminine Psychology. +1936 – Saul Rosenzweig published his article Some Implicit Common Factors in Diverse Methods of Psychotherapy, in which he argued that common factors, rather than specific ingredients, cause change in psychotherapy. + +=== 1940s === +1942 – Carl Rogers published Counseling and Psychotherapy, suggesting that respect and a non-judgmental approach to therapy is the foundation for effective treatment of mental health issues. +1943 – Albert Hofmann writes his first report about the hallucinogenic properties of LSD, which he first synthesized in 1938. LSD was practiced as a therapeutic drug throughout the 1950s and 1960s. +1945 – Society of Analytical Psychology incorporated in London +1945 – Orval Hobart Mowrer founded Integrity Groups therapy. +1945 – The Journal of Clinical Psychology was founded. +1949 – The Boulder Conference outlined the scientist-practitioner model of clinical psychology, looking at the master's degree versus PhD used by medical providers and researchers, respectively. + +=== 1950s === +1951 – Carl Rogers published his major work, Client-Centered Therapy. +1951 – The seminal work of "Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality" is published, co-authored by Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman, and Ralph Hefferline. +1951 – The Association of Psychotherapists established in London. +1952 – The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was published by The American Psychiatric Association marking the beginning of modern mental illness classification. +1953 – B.F. Skinner outlined behavioral therapy, lending support for behavioral psychology via research in the literature. +1953 – Code of Ethics for Psychologists developed by the American Psychological Association. +1954 – Abraham Maslow helped to found Humanistic psychology and later developed his famous Hierarchy of Needs. +1955 – Albert Ellis began teaching the methods of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy the first form of cognitive psychotherapy. +1959 – Viktor Frankl published the first English edition of Man's Search for Meaning [with a preface by Gordon Allport], which provided an existential account of his Holocaust experience and an overview of his system of existential analysis called Logotherapy. + +=== 1960s === +1960 – Thomas Szasz inaugurated the anti-psychiatry movement with the publication of his book, The Myth of Mental Illness. +1960 – R. D. Laing published The Divided Self which saw mental illness as an expression or communication of the individual and so represented valid descriptions of lived experience or reality rather than as symptoms of some separate or underlying disorder. +1962 – The Esalen Institute founded at Big Sur California, acting as a focus for the development of many branches of Humanistic psychology. +1965 – William Glasser published Reality Therapy, describing his psycho-therapeutic model and introducing his concept of control theory [later renamed to Choice Theory]. +1967 – Aaron Beck published a psychological model of depression, suggesting that thoughts play a significant role in the development and maintenance of depression. +1968 – DSM II published by the American Psychiatric Association. +1969 – California School of Professional Psychology established as first freestanding school of professional psychology. +1969 – Joseph Wolpe published The Practice of Behavior Therapy. + +=== 1970s === +1970 – Arthur Janov published his book The Primal Scream, which outlined his theory of the trauma-based Primal therapy. +1971 – Vladimir Bukovsky documented the psychiatric imprisonment of political prisoners in the USSR. + +=== 1980s === +1980 – DSM III is published by the American Psychiatric Association. +1987 – DSM III-R is published by the American Psychiatric Association. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..628ffe716 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of psychotherapy" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:23:54.342486+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 1990s === +1990 – Michael White and David Epston publish Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends, the first major text in what later comes to be known as narrative therapy. +1991 – The American Psychoanalytic Association passed a resolution opposing "public or private discrimination" against homosexuals. It stopped short, however, of agreeing to open its training institutes to these individuals. +1992 – The American Psychoanalytic Association extended the provisions of its 1991 resolution (see above) to training candidates at its affiliated institutes. +1994 – DSM IV (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) published by the American Psychiatric Association. +1997 – The American Psychoanalytic Association became the first national mental health organization to support same-sex marriage. + +== 21st century == + +=== 2000s === +2000 – The DSM-IV-TR, was published in May 2000 in order to correct several errors in DSM-IV, and to update and change diagnostic codes to reflect the ICD-9-CM coding system. + +=== 2010s === +2013 – The Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was released at the American Psychiatric Association's Annual Meeting in May 2013, marking the end of more than a decade's journey in revising the criteria for the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders. + +== See also == +Psychotherapy +Timeline of psychology + +== Notes == + +== References == +The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry, by Henri Ellenberger. New York: Basic Books, 1970. +AllPsyc Online \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.V._Dokuchaev_Central_Museum_of_Soil-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.V._Dokuchaev_Central_Museum_of_Soil-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3503f2338 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.V._Dokuchaev_Central_Museum_of_Soil-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "V.V. Dokuchaev Central Museum of Soil" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.V._Dokuchaev_Central_Museum_of_Soil" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:24:39.272465+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +V.V. Dokuchaev Central Museum of Soil was founded in 1902 at Saint Petersburg by Vasilli Vasil'evich Dokuchaev (1846–1903). Commonly regarded as the father of Soil science, Dokuchaev started his extensive collection of soil samples in 1880. The first museum of soil sciences in the world, V.V. Dokuchaev Central Pedological Museum, opened in 1904, a year after his death. +Some of the samples were collected as early as in 1902. Also, the soil monoliths for this collection were brought from around the world, from the Arctic to New Zealand. There are about 330 soil monoliths representing the global diversity of soils, with scientists' embarking on various expeditions to bring new monoliths every year. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + Media related to V.V. Dokuchaev Central Museum of Soil at Wikimedia Commons \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_safety_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_safety_standards-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96cccc42a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_safety_standards-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +--- +title: "Workplace safety standards" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_safety_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:58.005481+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Workplace safety standards are sets of standards developed with the goal of reducing risk from occupational hazards. + +== History == + +The Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov in 1763 first describes the dangers of mining in his book The First Foundations of Metallurgy, or Ore Affairs (Russian: Первыя основанiя Металлургiи, или Рудныхъ Делъ). +The history of human safety in the workplace began in 1802 with the Health and Morals of Apprentices Act. In 1893 in the United States, Railroad Safety Appliance Act was formed. In 1911 were introduced Coal Mines Act. +In 1947, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed and published by a collaborative group of 23 countries working to establish smooth international trade. In the United States the first Federal Safety Standards for cars become effective 1 January 1968. These new standards help protect drivers against unreasonable risk of crashes occurring as a result of the design, construction or performance of motor vehicles. In 2015 was created EFM scientist against EMF radiation. On 11 May 2015, Dr. Martin Blank in a three-minute video makes an appeal to pay attention for dangerous magnetic fields from our communication devices. + +== Human safety organizations == + United Nations International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee (INIRC) + United Nations International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) + USA Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 mandates that all nongovernment employers provide a safe and healthful workplace for their employees. +National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) + USA National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) + BUL Организация на дейността за осигуряване на Здраве и безопасност (Organization of Health and Safety Activities) + GEO შრომის უსაფრთხოების, ჯანმრთელობისა და გარემოს დაცვის ასოციაციის (OSHE Georgia) + RUS Организация пропаганды по охране труда и безопасности + EU European Agency for Safety and Health at Work + CHN China Occupational Safety and Health Association (COSHA) + IND Ministry of Labor and Health OSH India + ESP Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo + BRA Ministério Público do Trabalho + +== Standards == + + BUL БДС(Български Държавен Стандарт) (Bulgarian state standard) – ISO 45001:2018 (БДС ISO 45001:2018) Bulgaria + CHN GB/CCC – China CHN-1974-L-37879 Protection against particular hazards + FRA NF (La norme français) NF EN 358 France + GBR BS (British standard) BS EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 – United Kingdom + IND IS (India Standardization) – India – IS-5216, IS-5571, IS-6665 + POL PN (Polska Norma) – Poland – PN-93/N-01256/03 Znaki BHP w miejscu pracy + RUS ГОСТ 12.2.061-81 СИСТЕМА СТАНДАРТОВ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ТРУДА ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННОЕ + USA OSHA – United States; IAEA safety standards – nuclear, radiation waste safety standards + ESP REAL DECRETO 486/1997 + +== Classification == + +=== Standard protection from radio frequency electromagnetic fields === +Continuous exposure to high frequency or high intensity electromagnetic fields can lead to instantaneous health problems or over time to develop a variety of illnesses, such as nervous disorders and others. Low frequency fields with frequencies between 0 and 10 megahertz that are strong enough can stimulate sensory organs or nerves and cause magnetophosphenes (light flashes), vertigo, nausea or muscle twitches and pain. The standards are drawn up with a set of rules for protection from to limit human exposure to electric fields, magnetic fields and electromagnetic fields. Frequency bands of danger EMF, Zones of danger EMF, types of risks, safety and shielding equipment are categorized in the standards. + + BUL БДС EN 50664:2017 Общ стандарт за демонстриране на съответствието на устройства/съоръжения, използвани от работници при въвеждане в експлоатация или обслужване на място, с граничните стойности за облъчване от електромагнитни полета (0 Hz - 300 GHz) + CHN GB 8702-88 电磁辐射防护规定 + EU 1999/519/CE Council Recommendation of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz) + FRA NF EN 50360 Norme de produit pour la mesure de conformité des téléphones mobiles aux restrictions de base relatives à l'exposition des personnes aux champs électromagnétiques (300 MHz - 3 GHz) + GEO საქართველოს მთავრობის დადგენილება No.340 2013 წლის 17 დეკემბერი ქ. თბილისი + GER DGUV V15 Elektromagnetische Felder + ITA CEI EN 62209-1 + POL PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Ogólne wymagania dotyczące kompetencji laboratoriów badawczych i wzorcujących + RUS ГОСТ 12.4.306-2016 Система стандартов безопасности труда (ССБТ). Комплект экранирующий для защиты персонала от электромагнитных полей радиочастотного диапазона. Методы испытаний + USA ANSI/IEEE C95.1–1992 IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, +3 kHz to 300 GHz + +==== EMF medical devices ==== +A high frequency electromagnetic field can cause negative effects on the nervous system. Also, high intensity fields can cause serious damage to some organs. The health of people with implanted pacemakers and other electronic devices can be seriously harmed. Such irradiation can lead to death. + + GEO საქართველოს მთავრობის დადგენილება No.340 2013 წლის 17 დეკემბერი ქ. თბილისი + GER DGUV V15 + GBR BS EN 45502-1: 1998 Active implantable medical devices Part 1. General requirements for safety, marking and information to be provided by the manufacturer + ITA CEI EN 62209-1 + RUS ГОСТ 20790-93 МЕЖГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ СТАНДАРТ ПРИБОРЫ, АППАРАТЫ И ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ МЕДИЦИНСКИЕ + POL PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 + USA C95.1-2345-2014 IEEE Standard for Military Workplaces—Force Health Protection Regarding Personnel Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz + +=== Laser protection standard === +Laser damage can be fatal to human vision. In the standards are defined the types of the laser equipment and its application. Safe distances from the laser equipment to the visual apparatus are also categorized. + + BUL БДС EN 171:2005/Наредба No. 9 от 28 октомври 1986 + CHN GB 10320-1995 激光设备和设施的电气安全 + GEO საქართველოს ორგანული კანონი + ITA CEI 1381G + IND IS 14624 (Part 2) : 2012 + POL PN-91/T-06700 + RUS ГОСТ IEC 60825-4-2014 Безопасность лазерной аппаратуры + USA EN 60825 (IEC 825) + +=== Protection from dangerous substances and preparations === +These standards are set of rules and describe dangerous substances in machine oils, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in extender oils and other chemical materials used in workplace. The Russian standard describes the physical and chemical properties of dangerous oils. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_safety_standards-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_safety_standards-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e6a78937 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_safety_standards-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +--- +title: "Workplace safety standards" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_safety_standards" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:25:58.005481+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + + GEO საშიში ქიმიური ნივთიერებების შესახებ 1420 + EU DIRECTIVE 2005/69/EC + IND IS 1446: Classification of Dangerous Goods + POL PN-EN 589 + RUS ГОСТ 30333-95 ПАСПОРТ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ВЕЩЕСТВА (МАТЕРИАЛА) + SWI CC 813.11 Ordinance on Protection against Dangerous Substances and Preparations + +=== Welding safety === +The following standards include safety and sanitary regulations for welding, cutting, and surface machining, as well as industrial process steps and guidelines on hazardous aerosols or other airborne particulates generated in these processes. + + ARM ԳՕՍՏ ԵՆ 439-2002 Գազեր պաշտպանական աղեղային եռակցման և կտրման համար. Դասակարգում + CHN AQ 4214-2011 焊接工艺防尘防毒技术规范 + ESP NTP 494: Soldadura eléctrica al arco: normas de seguridad + FRA NF An 85-002 + GER DIN EN 1011-1 + GEO შემდუღებელი 041272 პროფესიული სტანდარტი + IND Is 818 Code of Practice for Safety and Health for Welding + POL PN-EN 1598:2004 Norma wycofana i zastąpiona przez + RUS ГОСТ 12.3.003-86 Система стандартов безопасности труда (ССБТ). Работы электросварочные. Требования безопасности + USA AWS D17.1/D17.1M:2017 + +=== Vibration safety === + ARM ԳՕՍՏ ԵՆ 792-1-2012 Ձեռքի էլեկտրական մեքենաներ. Անվտանգության պահանջներ. Մաս 1. Առանց պարուրակի մասերի ամրացման համար մեքենաներ + BUL БДС 12.1.012:1980 Охрана на труда. Вибрации. Общи изисквания за безопасност на труда + ESP NTP 839 Notas Técnicas de Prevención 839 Exposición a vibraciones mecánicas. Evaluación del riesgo + FRA NF EN ISO 13090 Vibrations et chocs mécaniques + IND IS 13276-1: Mechanical Vibration + POL 2002/44/WE Direktiwa w sprawie minimalnych wymagańw zakresie ochrony zdrowia i bezpieczeństwa dotyczącychnarażenia pracowników na ryzyko spowodowane czynnikami fizycznymi (wibracji) + RUS ГОСТ 12.1.012-78 Система стандартов безопасности труда. Вибрация. Общие требования безопасности + USA AS2670 - 2001 Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration. + USA AS ISO 5349.1-2013 Mechanical vibration - Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration - General requirements + +=== Noise safety === + IND IS 3483-1965 + USA IEEE 656-2018 - IEEE Standard for the Measurement of Audible Noise from Overhead Transmission Lines + RUS ГОСТ 12.1.003-83 ССБТ. Шум. Общие требования безопасности + POL PN-EN 352-5:2005/A1:2007 + FRA NF EN 61310-1 Sécurité des machines - Indication, marquage et manoeuvre - Partie 1 : exigences pour les signaux visuels, acoustiques et tactiles + GER DIN 4109 Normenübersicht Schallschutz (Bau- und Raumakustik) + +=== Ultrasound safety === +Working with ultrasound can damage the nervous and auditory systems. + + RUS ГОСТ 12.1.001-89 Система стандартов безопасности труда (ССБТ). Ультразвук. Общие требования безопасности + USA IEEE 790-1989 - IEEE Guide for Medical Ultrasound Field Parameter Measurements + FRA NF C74-335 + GER DIN EN 60601-2-5 + BUL БДС 12.1.001:1979 Охрана на труда. Ултразвук. Общи изисквания по безопасност на труда + +=== Air === + +These standards provide guidance on the use and maintenance of devices for determining concentrations of chemical and biological agents in the workplace air. + + BUL БДС EN 14042:2005 Въздух на работното място. Ръководство за приложение и използване на процедури за оценяване излагането на въздействие на химични и биологични агенти + GBR BS EN ISO 16017-1:2001, Indoor, ambient and workplace air + FRA NF EN ISO 16017-2 Air intérieur, air ambiant et air des lieux de travail + RUS ГОСТ 30494-2011. Здания жилые и общественные. Параметры микроклимата в помещениях + +=== Microclimatic parameters of the work environment === + BUL Наредба No. РД-07-3 от 18.07.2014 г. за минималните изисквания за микроклимата на работните места + +==== Thermal environment ==== + RUS ГОСТ Р ИСО 7243-2007 Термальная среда. Расчет тепловой нагрузки на работающего человека, основанный на показателе WBGT (температура влажного шарика психрометра) + USA ISO 7726 Ergonomics of the thermal environment – Instruments for measuring physical +quantities + + USA ISO 8896 Ergonomics of the thermal environment – Determination of metabolic rate + GER DIN EN ISO 7730 Klima am Arbeitsplatz + +=== Nanotechnology safety === + + RUS ГОСТ Р 57933-2017 Нанотехнологии. Наноматериалы. Токсиколого-гигиеническая оценка безопасности. Общие требования к проведению испытаний на лабораторных животных + USA ISO/TS 12901-1:2012(en) Nanotechnologies - Occupational risk management applied to engineered nanomaterials - Part 1: Principles and approaches + +=== Artificial light on workplace === +The use of artificial light as the sole source of light or mixing artificial and daylight might cause ill-health effects, both physical and mental, such as eye strain, headaches, or fatigue. The standards address the types of light that negatively affect vision, angles of light in different environments, illumination standards per square meter, and protection methods such as the UGR method. + + BUL БДС EN 12464 + CHN GB50034-2013 建筑照明设计标准 + RUS ГОСТ Р 55710-2013 Освещение рабочих мест внутри зданий. Нормы и методы измерений + USA EN 12464 “Lighting of indoor workplaces” + +=== Hazardous Area Classification === + GBR BS EN 60079 Hazardous Area Classification and Control of Ignition Sources + IND IS 5572-1994 Hazardous Area Classification IS 5572-1994 + RUS ГОСТ Р 51330.9-99 Классификация опасных зон + USA National Electrical Code(NEC) Article 505 + United Nations IEC 60079-10.2 Classification of areas + +== Protection devices == +EMF meter – an instrument for measuring danger EMF fields, which affects human health (EMF measurement) +Environmental meter – an instrument for measuring hazardous materials response +EMF shield protection materials + +== Supporting software == + +There are thousands of software products today which can simulate workplace hazards. + +Narda EFC-400EP – software for calculation dangerous magnetic fields +Sphera – software for Integrated Risk Management software and information services with a focus on Environmental Health & Safety (EHS) +MY Compliance Management +ALOHA Software – details can be entered about a real or potential chemical release and it will generate threat zone estimates for various types of hazards +WeldZone Simulator – simulates the effect of electromagnetic fields on welders, providing a 3D visual representation of exposure levels and highlighting the associated risks + +== Congress and Conferences for health and safety work == + +=== World Congress on Safety and Health === +The forum is organized by the International Labour Organization. The first World Congress on Safety and Health was held in Rome in 1955. + +2020 Canada XXII +2017 Singapore XXI +2014 Germany XX + +=== Workplace Safety Conference === +The forum is organized by OSHA. + +American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists + +== Workplace safety symbols == +Workplace safety symbols are classified in several categories: + +European hazard pictograms +ADR pictograms, an implementation of the UN recommended labels +GHS hazard pictograms +Green Emergency – emergency exits, escape routes, and on first aid kits ISO 7010 +Blue Mandatory – instructions to wash hands, use a safety harness, or wear safety glasses for example +Red Prohibition – instruction to not touch, not enter, no access, and even evacuation + +== Gallery == + +== See also == +Occupational safety and health + +== References == + +Alexey Alexiev Influence of electromagnetic field on the human body +Маринела Йорданова Управление на трудовите условия и производствения риск +Georgi Tsurov Analysis of Workplace safety standards TU-GO,2016 +Найден Йорданов,Божидар Кибаров,Анатоли Малев Правилник по безопасността на труда при експлоатацията на електрическите уредби и съоръжения,Държавно издателство "Техника"1986 +Edvard Csanyi Dangerous magnetic field exposure near transformer substation in the building +Marinko Stojkov,Damir Šljivac,Damir ŠljivacLajos Jozsa Electric and Magnetic Field Computation of 35 kV Voltage Level of Transformer Substation 35/10 kV Using CDEGS Software +Binay Kumar Oil and Lubricant Hazard Effects on Human Health \ No newline at end of file