Scrape wikipedia-science: 1437 new, 2630 updated, 4175 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact-0.md

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+---
+title: "3-2-1 Contact"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:43.926113+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+3-2-1 Contact is an American science educational television show produced by the Children's Television Workshop (CTW, now known as Sesame Workshop). It aired on PBS from 1980 to 1988 and later ran on Noggin (a joint venture between the CTW and Nickelodeon) from 1999 to 2003. The show teaches scientific principles and their applications. Edward G. Atkins, who was responsible for much of the scientific content of the show, felt that the TV program would not replace a classroom but would encourage viewers to ask questions about the scientific purpose of things.
+
+== History ==
+
+=== Initial conception ===
+3-2-1 Contact was the brainchild of Samuel Y. Gibbon Jr., who had been the executive producer of the original The Electric Company for the CTW from 1971 to 1977. (Gibbon had left the CTW before Contact's production officially began, though he was still credited as "Senior Consultant".) The show was based on the original concept of The Curiosity Show, an Australian science-based children's educational TV show that had been running since 1972. That program was hosted by Australian scientists Rob Morrison and Deane Hutton, who were consultants to The Children's Television Workshop in the early planning stages of what became 3-2-1 Contact. CTW wanted to make a version using American scientists as presenters, but PBS did not think that middle-aged scientists would engage a young audience (despite the popularity of the format in Australia) and insisted that any science show be hosted/presented by young people. CTW eventually reworked the concept into 3-2-1 Contact.
+
+=== Seasons production ===
+The first season of 65 programs began airing January 14, 1980, on selected PBS member stations; it featured a cast of three college students who socialized and discussed science in an on-campus room known as "the workshop". The show also used brief segments at the beginning of the show featuring a celebrity and/or famous character making a brief scientific statement. Some of the celebrities and/or characters who appeared were Robert Guillaume for "Food/Fuel" week; Sarah Jessica Parker, then performing in the Broadway musical Annie for "Hot/Cold" week; cast members of Eight is Enough for "Crowded/Uncrowded" week; Donny Most and Ron Palillo for "Fast/Slow" week; Billy Barty and Carl Weathers for "Big/Small" week; Tim O'Connor and Felix Silla (and the voice of by Mel Blanc) from Buck Rogers in the 25th Century for "Near/Far" week; Gene Wilder for "Communication" week, Arte Johnson, reprising a character from Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In for "Growth/Decay" week; Sha Na Na members Jon 'Bowzer' Bauman and Screamin' Scott Simon for "Noisy/Quiet" week; Rita Moreno (who was part of The Electric Company cast for its entire run) for "Forces" week; the Harlem Globetrotters' Meadowlark Lemon and the cast of The White Shadow for "Order/Disorder" week; and Larry Wilcox of CHiPs for "Surfaces" week. The segment ended with a brief visual film similar to the Scanimate animations used on The Electric Company showcasing the big words of the week and their role in science. This season came to an end on April 11, 1980, and continued in reruns (or removed entirely from scheduling on some stations) for the following three years, as funding for additional episodes was not yet sufficient.
+When production finally resumed for the second season, which premiered on October 17, 1983, the show presented a more realistic appearance, as the new cast convened in a suburban basement (these segments were shot at Reeves Teletape, which also housed Sesame Street at the time). The celebrity segments were discontinued and the science topic was introduced by a computer cursor which typed out the week's topic and subtopic of the day, replacing the visual films used in the first season. This cast continued until October 18, 1985. Ozzie Alfonso was Contact's new director and Al Hyslop its executive producer.
+When the fifth season began on September 22, 1986, a third cast was introduced. However, unlike the previous casts, they did not meet in any specific setting; instead, they appeared in various taped and filmed segments. The show ended after seven seasons and 225 episodes on November 18, 1988, with reruns airing until September 27, 1992. Reruns resumed the next year on commercial television, with All American Television handling syndication.
+ A frequent segment of the show was The Bloodhound Gang, a series about a group of young detectives who used science to solve crimes.
+
+=== International and school versions ===
+For a time in the mid-1980s, the program was co-produced with the French television network FR3 and featured several new French cast members in addition to the American cast. From 1982 to 1983 the program was aired in Spain with dubbed-over versions of the American original broadcasts, and some local add-ons with four Spanish cast members: Sonia Martínez, Luis Bollain, Fernando Rueda, and Marifé Rodríguez. Another Spanish version of the broadcast was aired from 1990 to 1992.
+It was reported in 1984 that 3-2-1 Contact had an audience of over 7 million viewers and was broadcast in 26 countries including West Germany, France, Italy, and Spain making their own dubbed-over versions.
+From September 1, 1991, to May 1, 1992, an edited version titled 3-2-1 Classroom Contact was produced, specifically for in-school viewing. It was hosted by either Stephanie Yu, Z. Wright, or both and used previously aired segments from the past series.
+Broadcasters wanted children and schools to record and replay the episodes without being afraid of infringement of copyright violations.
+
+== Hosts ==
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+=== 3-2-1 Contact Extra ===
+I Have AIDS: A Teenager's Story (April 8, 1989)
+The Rotten Truth (January 15, 1990)
+You Can't Grow Home Again (September 2, 1990)
+Down the Drain (January 14, 1991)
+Bottom of the Barrel (February 18, 1991)
+Secrets of the Code (August 3, 1991)
+A Popular Little Planet (April 22, 1992)
+Get Busy: How Kids Can Save the Planet (April 22, 1992)
+What Kids Want to Know...About Sex and Growing Up (May 13, 1992)
+Brainstorm: The Truth About Your Brain on Drugs (December 14, 1992)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact-1.md

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+---
+title: "3-2-1 Contact"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:43.926113+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Magazine ==
+Three months before the show premiered, a print magazine of the same name that also focused on science was released. In 1985, the magazine absorbed some of the content of sibling publication Enter (which went out of print that same year), including reader submissions of computer programs written in the BASIC computer language as well as reviews of popular computer programs. The Enter section also contained a new feature called "The Slipped Disk Show", in which a fictional disc jockey answered computer-related questions submitted by readers.
+In 1987, the magazine began featuring content from another CTW production, Square One Television. Such content frequently took the form of a two-page comic strip, often parodying a popular show or movie of the time, with a math-related question at the end.
+The Bloodhound Gang mysteries also made the leap to the magazine, but they were subsequently replaced with a series entitled The Time Team in September 1990. These stories found teenage characters Sean Nolan and Jenny Lopez traveling to different time periods in the past and future. Their surroundings and personal encounters were described with great detail, educating readers as to the customs of various cultures throughout history, and – on trips to the future – often pushing present day hot-button issues. For example, a 1993 story saw the duo traveling to what appeared to be a prehistoric forest, but near the end, they found a Brazil flag, a newspaper clipping from 1995, and a bulldozer at work: this was in fact a Brazilian rainforest being levelled.
+In 1996, The Time Team was replaced by a comic serial, Cosmic Crew, which focused on the adventures of a group of teenagers and their robot butler in space. Their first story arc (which ran for more than a year) had them trying to figure out a series of riddles relating to places in the Solar System in order to claim a treasure (which turned out to be a scholarship fund). Another story arc had a delinquent (who had been a villain in the first arc) join them in order to chase down a gang of other delinquents. Despite being effectively replaced, a few Time Team stories were run whenever there were gaps between installments of Cosmic Crew.
+Many of the magazine's cover stories involved current events, such as 1990s oil fires in the Middle East. In addition, the magazine offered a games section in which most of the games were related to the stories in the issue.
+In 1996, CTW presumably concluded that faithful readers from the late 1980s and early 1990s had long since moved on, and the magazine began to reprint non-time-sensitive stories from years past. For example, a 1991 article on the geography of the Galápagos Islands – a subject relatively unchanging due to the islands' well-enforced ecologically protected status – could very well re-appear in an identical format a half a decade later.
+Under Children's Television Workshop (now known as Sesame Workshop), the magazine later became Contact Kids, removing the original reference to the television show. Production of the magazine was suspended indefinitely in 2001.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 2015-06-07)
+3-2-1 Contact at IMDb
+Archived magazine issues: Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/365_Days_of_Astronomy-0.md

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+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:03.318515+00:00"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Glorious_Accident-0.md

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+---
+title: "A Glorious Accident"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Glorious_Accident"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:43.120767+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Een schitterend ongeluk (translated "A Glorious Accident" in English) was a 1993 documentary series featuring six prominent scientists and philosophers. Hosted by Wim Kayzer, a Dutch television producer, and filmed in seven parts, A Glorious Accident included interviews with Daniel Dennett, Freeman Dyson, Stephen Jay Gould, Oliver Sacks, Rupert Sheldrake, and Stephen Toulmin.
+During six individual interviews with each guest and a final round table, the attendees discussed their vision of their work and the world with the central themes introduced by Kayzer: "How far did you come in your understanding of our thoughts and actions? What did science really bring us at the end of the 20th century: knowledge or also understanding?" "What is consciousness?" "What is memory?" 
+The roundtable discussion was filmed in the Netherlands. The film was released by VPRO and produced by Nellie Kamer and Wim Kayzer. The film broke viewing records in the Netherlands in 1993.
+In the United States, A Glorious Accident was broadcast twice in June 1994 on PBS member station WNET. In September 1996, PBS member station  KCET in Los Angeles also broadcast the series. The film was over 15 hours in length. The title phrase "glorious accident" is attributed to Stephen Jay Gould who referred to the asteroid-induced extinction of the dinosaurs which preceded the development of humanity.
+
+
+== Book ==
+Together with the series, a book with the same title containing the text from the interviews was also published in the Netherlands in 1993. It was a number one bestseller in the Netherlands for several months. The publisher summary reads: 
+
+Transcripts of six interviews and a group discussion [...] with six leading contemporary scientists from various disciplines on the possibilities and limitations of (scientific) intelligence.In 1997, a book titled A Glorious Accident: Understanding Our Place in the Cosmic Puzzle was also published in English.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+summary on VPRO website
+IMDB page
+A Glorious Accident, YouTube playlist of the complete series from VPRO.
+A Glorious Accident, videos on the Internet Archive
+Pages about the book on LibraryThing and Internet Archive
+A Glorious Accident DVD box set on Internet Archive, courtesy VPRO (out of print).
+A Glorious Accident VHS box set on Internet Archive, courtesy Films For The Humanities & Sciences (scans only, out of print).
+Van de Schoonheid en de troost (Of Beauty and Consolation) DVD box set on Internet Archive, courtesy VPRO (out of print).

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(TV_series)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Adventure (TV series)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:45.181709+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Adventure is a documentary television series that aired on CBS beginning in 1953.  The series was produced in collaboration with the American Museum of Natural History and hosted by Charles Collingwood.  The program consisted of interviews with scientists and academicians and films of anthropological expeditions.
+Individuals appearing in interviews included historian Bernard DeVoto, biologist Alexander Fleming, and adventurer Sasha Siemel.
+Marcel LaFollette has written, "Production approaches that are now standard practice on NOVA and the Discovery Channel derive, in fact, from experimentation by television pioneers like Lynn Poole and Don Herbert and such programs as Adventure, Zoo Parade, Science in Action, and the Bell Telephone System's science specials. These early efforts were also influenced by television's love of the dramatic, refined during its first decade and continuing to shape news and public affairs programming, as well as fiction and fantasy, today." LaFollette included the program in her 2008 overview of early broadcasting devoted to science popularization.
+
+
+== Broadcast history ==
+The show began its run on May 10, 1953 and was broadcast on late Sunday afternoon. It switched to early Sunday evening (6:00 pm to 7:00 pm) on June 28, 1953.  In October 1953, it returned to Sunday afternoon and remained there through July 1956.
+
+
+== Critical response ==
+A review in the trade publication Billboard said that  Adventure "has done an exemplary job of applying TV showmanship to informational material", although the reviewer felt that a segment featuring frolicking teddy bears in a recent episode diminished the show's overall quality. Other segments received more favorable comments. A 1956 review in Billboard found an episode about South American headhunting tribes' habits and activities to be "fascinating".
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Adventure at IMDb

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmphibiaWeb-0.md

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+---
+title: "AmphibiaWeb"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmphibiaWeb"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:14.502374+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+AmphibiaWeb is an American non-profit website that provides information about amphibians. It is run by a group of universities working with the California Academy of Sciences: San Francisco State University, the University of California at Berkeley, University of Florida at Gainesville, and University of Texas at Austin.
+AmphibiaWeb's goal is to provide a single page for every species of amphibian in the world so research scientists, citizen scientists and conservationists can collaborate.  It added its 7000th animal in 2012, a glass frog from Peru.  As of 2022, it hosted more than 8,400 species located worldwide.
+
+
+== Origins ==
+Scientist David Wake founded AmphibiaWeb in 2000.  Wake had been inspired by the decline of amphibian populations across the world.  He founded it at the Digital Library Project at the University of California at Berkeley in 2000.  Wake came to consider AmphibiaWeb part of his legacy.
+
+
+== Uses ==
+AmphibiaWeb provides information to the IUCN, CalPhotos, Encyclopedia of Life and iNaturalist, and the database is cited in scientific publications.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Astronomer-0.md

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+---
+title: "An Astronomer"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Astronomer"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:04.657120+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+An Astronomer is an oil-on-canvas painting created in 1652 by Dutch artist Ferdinand Bol. He served as an apprentice to Rembrandt and earlier to Jacob Cuyp. The painting is held in the National Gallery, in London, to which it was donated by E.A. Bennett in 1862.
+
+
+== Description ==
+The painting shows an astronomer at a table, on which are terrestrial and celestial globes. The work also draws on the themes of Melencolia I, an engraving by Albrecht Dürer.
+The depicted man, who is peering into an open book with a frowning expression, can easily be identified as an astronomer due to the presence of a world map and a celestial sphere on the table. The painting perhaps belongs to the trend dating back to Dürer, in which scientists were depicted in the melancholy generated by the awareness of the futility of their research in face of the prospect of death.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdata.org-0.md

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+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:15.761355+00:00"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronarium-0.md

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+---
+title: "Astronarium"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronarium"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:46.450090+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Astronarium is a Polish documentary and popular science television series about astronomy and space research. The program is produced by the Polish Television and Polish Astronomical Society, with support from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The series premiered on March 2, 2015 on the TVP Regionalna channel (now the name of this channel is TVP 3). It has been broadcast on various channels in Poland and abroad, including TVP 1, TVP 3, TVP Polonia. The episodes are also available on the internet as a VOD, some of them with English subtitles. The cumulative audience in Poland during the first week of emission of an episode is on the level of 500,000 viewers (RCH parameter).
+The first season of 8 episodes was first broadcast from March to April 2015, the second season of 13 episodes from September 2015 to March 2016, the third season of 13 episodes started in April 2016.
+Format of the series is about visiting science institutes and astronomical observatories, where scientists involved in research are explaining various topics about astronomy and space research. The series uses also CGI renderings, video footage, photographs. Each episode is about a particular topic.
+Astronarium is also available at YouTube where it reached 100,000 subscribers on 23 October 2020, and the most popular episode reached 1 million views on 18 October 2020.
+On January 15, 2018, Astronarium was a winner in "Media" category of the "Popularyzator Nauki 2017" contest organized by the Polish Press Agency and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Astronarium received Silver YouTube Creator Award in 2020.
+
+
+== Season 1 ==
+List of episodes:
+
+
+== Season 2 ==
+List of episodes:
+
+
+== Season 3 ==
+List of episodes:
+
+
+== Season 4 ==
+List of episodes:
+
+
+== Season 5 ==
+List of episodes:
+
+
+== Season 6 ==
+List of episodes
+
+
+== Season 7 ==
+List of episodes
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Episodes available on-line
+Episodes with English subtitles
+Astronarium channel at YouTube with archive of episodes

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-0.md

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+---
+title: "Astronomical survey"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:14.632339+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+An astronomical survey is a general map or image of a region of the sky (or of the whole sky) that lacks a specific observational target.  Alternatively, an astronomical survey may comprise a set of images, spectra, or other observations of objects that share a common type or feature. Surveys are often restricted to one band of the electromagnetic spectrum due to instrumental limitations, although multiwavelength surveys can be made by using multiple detectors, each sensitive to a different bandwidth.
+Surveys have generally been performed as part of the production of an astronomical catalog. They may also search for transient astronomical events. They often use wide-field astrographs.
+
+== Scientific value ==
+Sky surveys, unlike targeted observation of a specific object, allow astronomers to catalog celestial objects and perform statistical analyses on them without complex corrections for selection effects.  In some cases, an astronomer interested in a particular object will find that survey images are sufficient to make new telescope time entirely unnecessary.
+Surveys also help astronomers choose targets for closer study using larger, more powerful telescopes. If previous observations support a hypothesis, a telescope scheduling committee is more likely to approve new, more detailed observations to test it.
+The wide scope of surveys makes them ideal for finding foreground objects that move, such as asteroids and comets. An astronomer can compare existing survey images to current observations to identify changes; this task can even be performed automatically using image analysis software. 
+Besides science, these surveys also detect potentially hazardous objects, providing a service to Spaceguard. For example, the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) system surveys the entire night sky every night and, like NEOSTEL, is intended to detect objects as they approach. Broader surveys include the Uppsala–DLR Asteroid Survey and the 20th-century U.K. Schmidt–Caltech Asteroid Survey. Old surveys can be reviewed to find precovery images.
+Similarly, images of the same object taken by different surveys can be compared to detect transient astronomical events such as variable stars.
+
+== List of sky surveys ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-1.md

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+---
+title: "Astronomical survey"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:14.632339+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Optical
+Hipparchus - created the first known star catalogue with more than 850 stars.  The data was incorporated into the Almagest along with the first list of stellar magnitudes and was the primary astronomical reference until modern times, 190-120 BC.
+Bonner Durchmusterung - whole-sky astrometric star catalog, 1859–1903
+Astrographic Catalogue - international astronomical survey of the entire sky. The survey was performed by  18 observatories using over 22,000 photographic plates. The results have been the basis of comparison for all subsequent surveys, 1887–1975.
+Henry Draper Catalogue - spectral classifications based on photographic plates, 1918–1924, extension 1925–1936
+Catalina Sky Survey - an astronomical survey to discover comets and asteroids.
+Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey
+National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (NGS–POSS) – survey of the northern sky on photographic plates, 1948–1958
+CfA Redshift Survey –  A program from Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.  It began in 1977 to 1982 then from 1985 to 1995.
+Digitized Sky Survey – optical all-sky survey created from digitized photographic plates, 1994
+2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dfGRS) – redshift survey conducted by the Anglo-Australian Observatory between 1997 and 2002
+Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) – an optical and spectroscopic survey, 2000–2006 (first pass)
+Photopic Sky Survey – a survey with 37,440 individual exposures, 2010–2011.
+DEEP2 Redshift Survey (DEEP2) – Used Keck Telescopes to measure redshift of 50,000 galaxies
+VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey (VVDS) – Franco-Italian study using the Very Large Telescope at Paranal Observatory
+Palomar Distant Solar System Survey (PDSSS)
+WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey (2006–2011) used the Australian Astronomical Observatory
+Dark Energy Survey (DES) is a survey about one-tenth of the sky to find clues to the characteristics of dark energy.-
+Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area Survey (CALIFA) – a spectroscopic survey of galaxies
+SAGES Legacy Unifying Globulars and GalaxieS (SAGES Legacy Unifying Globulars and GalaxieS Survey (SLUGGS) survey – a near-infrared spectro-photometric survey of 25 nearby early-type galaxies (2014)
+Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) – an extra-galactic and stellar spectroscopic survey
+IPHAS and VPHAS+ – surveys of the Galactic bulge and inner disk using the Isaac Newton Telescope (north) and VLT Survey Telescope (south) in u, g, r, Hα, and i bands, 2003–present
+Pan-STARRS – a large-field survey system to look for transient and variable sources. 2010–present
+Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) – large-scale variability sky survey (in I and V bands), 1992–present
+DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (Legacy Surveys) - large imaging survey of the extragalactic sky, in three bands and covering one third of the sky, 2013–present
+GSNST - Global Supernovae Search Team - an all sky survey launched in August 2018 to look for Astronomical Transients
+Gaia catalogues of over a billion parallax distances
+Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) - a wide-field sky astronomical survey of the northern transient sky, 2018–present
+Euclid_(spacecraft) - An optical and IR survey of 15,000 square degrees in the sky from space, 2023-present.
+Vera C. Rubin Observatory
+Infrared 
+Infrared Astronomical Satellite did an all sky survey at 12, 25, 60, and 100 μm, 1983
+The 2-micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS), a ground-based all sky survey at J, H, and Ks bands (1.25, 1.65, and 2.17 μm) 1997–2001
+Akari (Astro-F) a Japanese mid and far infrared all-sky survey satellite, 2006–2008
+Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) was launched in December 2009 to begin a survey of 99% of the sky at wavelengths of 3.3, 4.7, 12, and 23 μm.  The telescope is over a thousand times as sensitive as previous infrared surveys.  The initial survey, consisting of each sky position imaged at least eight times, was completed by July 2010.
+UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) – a collection of ground based northern hemisphere surveys (GPS, GCS, LAS, DXS, UDS) using the WFCAM camera on UKIRT, some wide and some very deep, in Z, Y, J, H, & K bands 2005–
+VISTA public surveys – a collection of ground based southern hemisphere surveys (VVV, VMC, VHS, VIKING, VIDEO, UltraVISTA), of various areas and depths, in Z, Y, J, H, & Ks bands, 2009–present
+SCUBA-2 All Sky Survey
+Euclid_(spacecraft) - An optical and IR survey of 15,000 square degrees in the sky from space, 2023-present.
+Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope to be launched in 2027
+Radio
+Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources ("3C") - Survey at 159 and 178 MHz published in 1959
+HIPASS – Radio survey, the first blind HI survey to cover the entire southern sky.   1997–2002
+B2 — Bologna Sky Survey at 408 MHz (9929 radio sources) performed with the Northern Cross Radio Telescope
+B3 — The New Bologna Sky Survey at 408 MHz (13354 radio sources) performed with the Northern Cross Radio Telescope
+Ohio Sky Survey – Over 19,000 radio sources at 1415 MHz. 1965–1973.
+NVSS – Survey at 1.4 GHz mapping the sky north of −40 deg
+FIRST – Survey to look for faint radio sources at twenty cms.
+SUMSS - Survey at 843 MHz, mapping the sky south of -30 deg with similar sensitivity and resolution to the northern NVSS 
+PALFA Survey – A 1.4 GHz survey for radio pulsars which used the Arecibo Observatory.
+GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey GASS designed to measure the neutral hydrogen content of a representative sample of ~1000 massive, galaxies
+C-BASS – On-going 5 GHz all sky survey to aid in the subtraction of galactic foregrounds from maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background
+EMU – A large radio continuum survey covering 3/4 of the sky, expected to discover about 70 million galaxies
+GMRT - The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope's TGSS ADR  mapped the sky at 150 MHz.
+HTRU – A pulsar and radio transients survey of the northern and southern sky using the Parkes Radio Telescope and the Effelsberg telescope.
+Gamma-ray
+Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, formerly referred to as the "Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST)." 2008–present; the goal for the telescope's lifetime is 10 years.
+Multi-wavelength surveys
+GAMA – the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey combines data from a number of ground- and space-based observatories together with a large redshift survey, performed at the Anglo-Australian Telescope.  The resulting dataset aims to be a comprehensive resource for studying the physics of the galaxy population and underlying mass structures in the recent universe.
+GOODS – The Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey.
+COSMOS – The Cosmic Evolution Survey
+CANDELS - The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey
+(The latter three surveys are joining observations obtained from space with the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the XMM-Newton satellite, with a large set of observations obtained with ground-based telescopes).
+Atlas 3d Survey – sample of 260 galaxies for the Astrophysics project.
+Planned
+Vera C. Rubin Observatory – a proposed very large telescope designed to repeatedly survey the whole sky that is visible from its location
+Widefield ASKAP L-Band Legacy All-Sky Blind Survey (WALLABY)
+NEO Surveyor - mid-infrared survey focused on near-Earth objects, with other objects also surveyed
+Deep Synoptic Array - an under-construction survey telescope intended to survey the northern sky between 0.7 and 2 GHz.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-2.md

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+---
+title: "Astronomical survey"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:14.632339+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Surveys of the Magellanic Clouds ===
+Catalogues of H-α emission stars and nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds - published 1956 (Astrophys. J. Suppl., 2, 315)
+MCELS (Magellanic Cloud Emission-line Survey)
+The Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey – UBVI (optical)
+Deep Near Infrared Survey (DENIS) – near-IR
+
+== See also ==
+
+See astronomical catalogue for a more detailed description of astronomical surveys and the production of astronomical catalogues
+Redshift surveys are astronomical surveys devoted to mapping the cosmos in three dimensions
+Category:astronomical catalogues—List of astronomical catalogues on Wikipedia
+Astrograph for a type of instrument used in Astronomical surveys.
+Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_Cast-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_Cast"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:41:04.204851+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:05.969007+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Science-0.md

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+---
+title: "Backyard Science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:47.685060+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Backyard Science is an Australian educational children's television show based on the Dorling Kindersley book of the same name that aired from 28 August 2003 until 2007. The series was originally commissioned by Super RTL and TVOntario, and had 78 episodes produced in three seasons. Some airings split this into 156 15-minute episodes.
+In this series, children experiment with everyday items in order to make something fun and practical and also provide scientific insights in a child's world.
+
+
+== International distribution ==
+The show is broadcast in overseas markets including:
+
+Serbia (Nauka iz dvorišta) Ultra
+Canada (TVOKids)
+Croatia (Mali znanstvenici) RTL Kockica
+Czech Republic (Věda je zábava)
+Germany (WOW – Die Entdeckerzone)
+Hungary (Da Vinci Learning)
+Indonesia (Spacetoon)
+India (Disney India, Hungama TV and National Geographic Channel)
+Israel (LOGI Channel, Titled as "Mitahat La'af" – מתחת לאף)
+Italy (K2)
+Latin America (Boomerang)
+Malaysia (Astro TVIQ)
+Pakistan (PTV)
+Poland (Da Vinci Learning)
+Romania (Da Vinci Learning)
+Russia (Da Vinci Learning)
+Turkey (Da Vinci Learning and Yumurcak TV)
+UAE (e-Junior)
+UK (Toonami and POP!) have carried the English-language episodes; a Scots Gàidhlig version, Saidheans Sporsail, hosted by Allen MacDonald and Kerry Anne MacLeod, airs on BBC Alba.
+USA (Discovery Kids, under the title Crash! Bang! Splat!)
+
+
+== Personalities ==
+The program featured Australian actress Sophie Lowe, Daniela Marie and her brother John, comedian Genevieve Fricker, and twins Lucas Hejtmanek and Priscilla Hejtmanek.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+abc.net.au Program Outline
+Backyard Science's channel on YouTube
+Backyard Science at IMDb

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory-0.md

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+---
+title: "Bang Goes the Theory"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:48.991278+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Bang Goes the Theory or Bang is a British television science magazine series, co-produced by the BBC and the Open University, that began on 27 July 2009 and ended on 5 May 2014 on BBC One. Originally presented by Liz Bonnin, Jem Stansfield, Dallas Campbell and Yan Wong, the show employed a hands-on approach to test scientific theory and demonstrate how science shapes our world. From series seven, Maggie Philbin replaced Dallas Campbell as a main presenter and Yan Wong no longer appeared and the programme was subsequently cancelled after just two more seasons.
+
+== Production ==
+
+=== Creation ===
+The co-production between the BBC and the Open University was announced in June 2009 and was commissioned by Jay Hunt, controller of BBC One, for ten 30 minute episodes. It promises to "put scientific theory to the test" and examine "how science shapes the world around us". During the announcement, Hunt stated that the series "brings popular science back to the very heart of BBC One", referring to the long-running BBC series Tomorrow's World, which ran from 1965 to 2003 and was cancelled following falling ratings. Comparing Bang Goes the Theory to Tomorrow's World, series editor Dermot Caulfield said,
+
+Rather than simply be a reporting vehicle on what's new in the world of science, we want to roll up our sleeves, stick our hands in the dirty gubbins of the engine and find out why, what, or where science is happening.
+Dr. Stephen Serjeant (Reader in Cosmology at the OU), and Dr Ian Johnston (Lecturer in Engineering for the OU) were the two academic team leaders for the production, covering disciplines including geology, astrophysics, neuropsychology and zoology. The studio elements of the series were initially recorded in a building that housed the supersonic wind tunnel fans at RAE Bedford in Bedfordshire and was also the testing facility for the first prototype Harrier jump jet V/STOL aircraft. They were later recorded in the old linear accelerator building on the University of Sussex campus near Brighton, where Jem Stansfield has his workshop. As of Series 6 (from March 2012) no studio was used and linking sections were filmed on location.
+To "inspire the audience to get hands on with science", the series was supported by a number of free events across the country organised by BBC Learning.
+Over time, the programme moved from being an educational entertainment format in which short films were interspersed with "street science" demonstrations (mainly presented by Yan Wong) and stunts (mainly presented by Jem Stansfield), to a current affairs-style format. Distinct changes occurred in series 6, when each episode explored a single theme, the studio setting was dropped, several guest presenters appeared over the course of the series (one of whom, Maggie Philbin, subsequently joined the show as a regular presenter), and Jem Stansfield's stunts were phased out, with his attempt to build a pedal-powered flying machine (featured across two episodes) being the last such item to appear.
+
+=== Presenters ===
+
+Bang Goes the Theory was originally presented by Dallas Campbell (series 1–6); Liz Bonnin, a biochemist with a Masters in wild animal conservation; Jem Stansfield, an aeronautical engineer, inventor and designer of museum exhibits; and Yan Wong (co-author of The Ancestor's Tale), an Oxford-educated evolutionary biologist. Both Campbell and Wong left after series 6, and were replaced by Maggie Philbin, a science television presenter. From series 6 onwards, some segments were also fronted by one-off guest presenters. Maggie Philbin initially appeared as a guest presenter in series 6 before becoming a regular.
+
+=== Live trailer ===
+Ahead of the start of the series, BBC One aired a live three-minute trailer on 14 July 2009 before EastEnders. Described as a television first and emulating the Honda television advert Cog, it featured a continuing chain of scientific experiments, with one triggering the next and so on. The sequence included Bonnin using a bicycle to power a Van de Graaff generator and Stansfield then using the 250,000 volts generated to, among other things,
+
+light a Bunsen burner,
+inflate a large inflatable bunny,
+trigger a thermal switch,
+repel Wong away from Campbell along a track (using electromagnets attached to both presenters), and
+power a robotic hand
+The sequence did not quite complete as expected: the bunny did not fully inflate and manual intervention was required to break an infrared beam to allow the experiment to continue; the rest of the experiment was executed without problems. Prior to the broadcast, over 10,000 people voted online for Wong to be propelled using magnetic forces. The live BBC 1 trailer was directed by John Rooney.
+
+=== BBC One ident ===
+From 27 July 2009 until 5 May 2014, Bang Goes The Theory was the only programme on BBC One to have its own ident. It depicted a group of people using bicycles to generate electricity to illuminate a ring of lights, into the centre of which the BBC One logo was superimposed.
+
+== Live tour and roadshow ==
+In 2010, a Bang roadshow happened, and in 2011 a Bang Live toured the UK with an exclusive live show and interactive tent.
+
+=== Symphony of Bang Goes The Theory ===
+Musician John Boswell created a song using clips from the Bang Goes The Theory shows and website. It features distortion of the presenters' words using pitch-correction software, over the top of original music, in the same vein as Boswell's Symphony of Science series. Although conceived originally as a web piece, the song is also used at the end of the Bang LIVE roadshows.
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+=== Series 1 ===
+The first series consisted of ten episodes. At the end of the last episode, it was announced that the programme would return in March 2010. And also with the slogan "Putting science to the test" until Series 3.
+
+=== Series 2 ===
+The second series consisted of eight episodes, plus another hour-long special, starting on 15 March 2010. It was also broadcast on BBC HD.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory-1.md

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+---
+title: "Bang Goes the Theory"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:48.991278+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Series 3 ===
+The third series consisted of six episodes, starting on 8 September 2010. It was also broadcast on BBC HD.
+
+=== Series 4 ===
+The fourth series commenced with an hour-long special, starting on 10 March 2011. It was also broadcast on BBC HD, and also with the slogan "Revealing your world with a bang" until Series 5. The slogan "Revealing your world through science" was used on Japan Earthquake special episode.
+
+=== Series 5 ===
+The fifth series began airing on 15 August 2011 on BBC One and in HD on BBC One HD.
+
+=== Series 6 ===
+The sixth series began airing on 12 March 2012 on BBC One and in HD on BBC One HD, in England and Scotland. It is shown a day later, on BBC Two in Northern Ireland and Wales.
+
+=== Series 7 ===
+The seventh series began airing on 4 March 2013 on BBC One and in HD on BBC One HD, in England, at the same time but on BBC Two in Scotland, and a day later on BBC Two in Northern Ireland and Wales.
+
+=== Series 8 ===
+The eighth and final series began airing on 10 March 2014 on BBC One and in HD on BBC One HD, in England and Scotland. Jem Stansfield did not appear in episodes 4, 6, 7 and 8 but was still credited as "Engineering consultant", and replaced by Sir Terry Wogan, Charlie Dimmock, and Dr. Chris van Tulleken as guest host.
+
+== Controversy ==
+
+=== Episode on nuclear power found 'misleading' by BBC Trust ===
+The 8th episode of series 5 looking at nuclear power was found to be 'not accurate' and 'misleading' by the Ethical Standards Committee of the BBC Trust. The review of the episode was prompted by a complaint registered by 50 co-signatories, which included MPs and nuclear experts.
+
+=== Jem Stansfield wins damages against the BBC ===
+On 1 October 2021, ex-presenter Jem Stansfield won £1.6m in damages for suffering and loss of earnings as a result of injuries he sustained while acting as a "human crash-test" dummy in 2013. The judge commented "I must say that I find it astonishing that anyone thought that this exercise was a sensible idea. On his own account to camera, the claimant was simulating a road traffic collision of the sort that commonly causes injury. It might be thought that someone of his intelligence and scientific background might have appreciated the risk."
+
+== DVD releases ==
+A DVD set containing the first two series of Bang Goes the Theory was issued in 2010. A second DVD set containing Series 3 and 4 of Bang Goes the Theory was issued in November 2011. None of the subsequent series has been issued on DVD.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Bang Goes the Theory at BBC Online 
+Bang Goes the Theory at IMDb
+Bang Goes the Theory Archived 16 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine at OpenLearn

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World-0.md

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+---
+title: "Beakman's World"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:50.252424+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Beakman's World is an American educational children's television program. The program is based on the Universal Press Syndicate syndicated comic strip You Can with Beakman and Jax created by Jok Church. The series premiered on Wednesday, September 16, 1992, on TLC, and three days later on September 19, began a concurrent run in weekly syndication on 220 television stations across the United States through an agreement with Columbia Pictures Television Distribution (whose indirect successor, Sony Pictures Television, currently maintains domestic and international distribution rights to the series).
+On September 18, 1993, it moved from national syndication to CBS's Saturday morning children's lineup. At the peak of its popularity, it was seen in nearly ninety countries around the world. The series was canceled in 1997. Reruns returned to national syndication in September 2006, after which it was transferred to local stations such as KICU. The program's host, Paul Zaloom, still performs as Beakman in live appearances around the globe.
+
+== Summary ==
+The program starred Paul Zaloom as Beakman, an eccentric scientist who performed comical experiments and demonstrations in response to viewer mail to illustrate various scientific concepts from density to electricity to flatulence. When his experiments were successful, he would often exclaim "Zaloom!" in a nod to his last name.
+Over the years, Beakman was aided in his experiments by a female assistant/co-host just as in the comic strip on which it was based. The assistant changed throughout the show's run; for season 1, it was Josie (played by Alanna Ubach); for seasons 2 and 3, it was Liza (played by Eliza Schneider); and for season 4, it was Phoebe (played by Senta Moses). Beakman was also assisted by his fake lab rat Lester. In the pilot episode, Lester was a puppet, but in every subsequent episode he was simply a clueless, crude man (Mark Ritts) in a tattered rat suit. In a running joke, it was sometimes implied that his character was actually supposed to be a rat, particularly in moments where he would appear to be in pain because someone was standing on his tail, because he was being tickled, something was on his prosthetic nose, etc. Just as frequently, however, he was specifically identified by himself and others as a guy in a rat suit, or as a serious actor with a bad agent. Frequently unwilling to help with challenges or other segments, Lester was often persuaded by Beakman with the promise of food.
+Another occasional cast member is the unseen cameraman "Ray", who is played by prop-master Ron Jancula's hands. Ray assists Beakman by handing him various items, such as the "boguscope". It is suggested throughout the program that Ray has a crush on the show's unnamed make-up lady. Actress Jean Stapleton also appeared on the show as Beakman's mother, "Beakmom". In some of the skits during the show the character Professor I. M. Boring (also played by Paul Zaloom, in a dual role) makes appearances and talks about various science topics in the episodes.
+
+Zaloom also appeared as various "guest scientists" and historic figures, such as Thomas A. Edison, Henry Ford, Robert H. Goddard and Philo T. Farnsworth. When Senta Moses was added to the show's cast, the producers began to use a majority of the sound effects from the NBC game show Scrabble.One segment of the show was the famed "Beakman Challenge". During this segment, Beakman would challenge Lester to do a stunt that illustrated a basic scientific feat. During the first season, virtually every challenge related to either air pressure or Bernoulli's principle. The show addressed this during the second season, by having Lester exclaim to Beakman (as he was explaining the science behind a trick) "AIR PRESSURE! IT'S ALWAYS AIR PRESSURE!" In later episodes, the rest of the cast would sometimes have their turn to perform a "Beakman Challenge" under their own name (e.g. "The Lester Challenge" or "The Liza Challenge", etc.) and challenge Beakman to accomplish the feat. When Eliza Schneider joined the cast for season 2, she would get her own segment in the middle of each show called "Those Disgusting Animals" where Liza would showcase small animals such as slugs or mosquitoes.
+Before an experiment, the following verbal warning was given: "Any experiment performed at home should be done with adult supervision and all appropriate safety precautions should be taken. All directions should be followed exactly and no substitutions should be used." The same warning was given during the end credits.
+At the beginning and end of the show, as well as before or after commercial breaks, the show featured short scenes portraying puppet penguins, Don (voiced by Bert Berdis) and Herb (voiced by Alan Barzman), at the South Pole watching Beakman's World on television. The penguins were named after Don Herbert, who starred as Mr. Wizard in Mr. Wizard's World. Mark Ritts (Lester) was also one of the puppeteers operating the penguins.
+The show's theme song and incidental music was composed by Devo frontman Mark Mothersbaugh and Denis M. Hannigan. The Beakman's World theme is an amalgam of Zydeco and Synthpop, uses an accordion for its main riff and prominently features a wide array of wacky sound effects. (Mothersbaugh and the show's production designer, Wayne White, had previously worked in the same roles on Pee-wee's Playhouse which also aired on CBS.)
+
+== Cast ==
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+=== Series overview ===
+
+=== Season 1 (1992–1993) ===
+
+=== Season 2 (1993–1994) ===
+
+=== Season 3 (1995) ===
+
+=== Season 4 (1996–1997) ===

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World-1.md

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+---
+title: "Beakman's World"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:50.252424+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Home media ==
+On September 7, 2004, a DVD entitled The Best of Beakman's World was released. This DVD is a direct transfer of the VHS tape of the same name, and features only experiments and segments taken from The Beakman Challenge. There have yet to be any full-episode releases on DVD.
+All 4 seasons were available on Netflix with the exception of the following five episodes: 9 (1-9), 24 (1-24), 31 (2-5), 51 (2-25) and 66 (4-1), as noted in the chart above. Their streaming license ended on September 30, 2014, and the content was removed from their site. Beakman's World returned to television on MeTV beginning on October 2, 2016, showing two episodes every Sunday.
+
+== Awards ==
+Beakman's World was nominated for and won numerous awards:
+
+Excellence in Media's Silver Angel Award (1993)
+International Monitor Award for Outstanding Audio Post Production (1993)
+Television Critics Association nomination for Outstanding Children's Program (1993)
+Ollie Award - American Center for Children's Television (1993)
+Parent's Choice Award for Outstanding Accomplishment in Children's Programming (1993)
+Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Live and Tape Sound Mixing and Sound Effects (1993–1994)
+CableACE Award for Best Children's Programming 7+ older (1994)
+International Monitor Awards for Best Achievement in Children's Programming and Best Audio Post *Production in Children's Programming (1994)
+Nominated for Seven Daytime Emmy Awards including Outstanding Children's Series (1995)
+Daytime Emmy Awards (2) for Outstanding Achievement in Live and Tape Sound and Sound Effects (1994–1995).
+
+== Exhibit ==
+In 1998, the Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal opened an interactive exhibit called Beakman's World On Tour, based on the television show. The 4,000-square-foot (370 m2) exhibits toured dozens of cities in the United States.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Beakman's World at IMDb
+Beakman's World official site at the Wayback Machine (archived January 17, 1999)
+Beakman's World official site at the Wayback Machine (archived December 19, 1996) - CBS
+Church, Jok (June 20, 2006). "Comics: Meet the Artist". The Washington Post. - Interview

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Beyond Tomorrow (TV series)"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:51.584798+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Beyond Tomorrow is an Australian science and technology television series produced by Beyond Television Productions. It began airing in 1981 as Towards 2000, then in 1985 was renamed Beyond 2000, a name the show kept until its cancellation in 1999. It then started airing again in 2005 with the name Beyond Tomorrow.
+
+== Towards 2000 and Beyond 2000 ==
+Towards 2000 debuted on the ABC in 1981 as a half-hour show dedicated to showcasing developments and inventions in science and technology. Original presenters were Jeffrey Watson, Sonia Humphrey and David Flatman. There were four series of the program (1981, 82, 83 and 84) and it was a popular and high rating success on the national broadcaster. After production finished on the 4th series, the ABC decided not to continue with Towards 2000, and instead started up a new science program, named Quantum, under the newly appointed Dick Gilling from BBCTV.
+The Towards 2000 reporters then spoke with Ted Thomas, General Manager of ATN 7, who agreed that his network could start a new hour long production and name it Beyond 2000, airing until 1993 when it was picked up by Network Ten, airing until 1999. Beyond 2000 was also broadcast internationally, airing on the Discovery Channel in the United States and Canada, on RTÉ in the Republic of Ireland, and on the satellite channel Sky News in Europe and on TVNZ in New Zealand. An American-produced version of the show also aired on the Discovery Channel in 1992, with an American presenter (Henry Tenenbaum, presently an anchor/reporter for television station KRON San Francisco) used for the studio segments. An American version entitled Beyond Tomorrow was hosted by newsman Dave Marash and aired in the early years of the Fox television network.
+Fourteen series of Towards/Beyond 2000 were produced, with the last being made in 1999 as a one-off, after a production break of about four years. At this point, the rising cost of producing the series, coupled with increased competition from other science and technology shows forced the cancellation of the show.
+A Beyond 2000 website was published by the same company between 1999 and 2003. This provided science and technology news, as well as video clips from the old TV shows. The website was eliminated in a round of company-wide budget cuts that reflected a general downturn in the Australian media industry at the time.
+
+=== Presenters ===
+Sonia Humphrey
+Iain Finlay
+Jeff Watson
+David Flatman
+Carmel Travers
+Chris Ardill-Guinness
+Simon Reeve
+Amanda Keller
+Andrew Carroll
+Maxine Gray
+Anthony Griffis
+Dr Caroline West
+Dr John D'Arcy
+Simon Nasht
+Sharon Nash
+Bryan Smith
+Tracey Curro
+Andrew Waterworth
+American versions were presented by Henry Tenenbaum, Dave Marash and Susan Hunt.
+
+== Beyond Tomorrow ==
+In 2005, Beyond 2000 returned to the Seven Network under the new name of Beyond Tomorrow, with the first episode airing on 1 June 2005. Picking up where its predecessor left off, Beyond Tomorrow delved even deeper into the world of technological innovations and scientific breakthroughs in all areas of life including the environment, medicine, sport, computers, space, agriculture, transport, architecture, leisure and adventure. Topics ranged from how probes planted in the brain could be used to battle Parkinson's disease and obsessive compulsive disorder, to how the grumpiness of North Sea oil workers had led to a cure being found for snoring.
+Segments from MythBusters, another Beyond Television production, also aired as part of the program, which was criticised by Australian viewers because Beyond Productions had also sold Mythbusters to SBS. Both shows aired at almost at the same time, with the Beyond Tomorrow version redubbing the American narrator with host Matt Shirvington in Beyond 2000 by calling them "Beyond Tomorrow's Mythbusters", leaving some viewers feeling the company was insulting their intelligence by doing this double dip into the Australian market. The series had also been criticised by some fans of the earlier Beyond 2000 for featuring "futuristic" technologies that were obsolete or have been in common use for several years at the time. The theme music was also criticised for not being on par with Beyond 2000's, with some calling it lazy, generic and bland.
+Beyond Tomorrow also aired in the US on The Science Channel and on Discovery Channel Canada. Production of the show ended in 2006 after 50 episodes, however reruns still continue to air on The Science Channel.
+
+=== Presenters ===
+Matt Shirvington
+Graham Phillips
+Hayden Turner
+Anna Choy
+Dr Caroline West
+Sara Groen
+Grant Denyer
+Kim Watkins (February 2006 – July 2006)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+title: "Beyond Tomorrow (TV series)"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:51.584798+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== International ==
+In the United States, episodes of the series aired on the Fox network, under the Beyond Tomorrow name, from 1988 until 1990. The show was produced by Beyond International Group. From 1992 until its cancellation, the Discovery Channel aired Beyond 2000 with all of the episodes and segment introductions (along with new material) hosted by KRON-TV news anchor Henry Tenenbaum.
+In Sweden, a version called Bortom 2000 was hosted by nature photographer Bo Landin on TV4 in the early 1990s. (The series was short lived, however.)
+In Finland, a version called 2000 Nyt! was presented in 1994 on the MTV3 channel.
+In Italy, Beyond 2000 aired from 1988 to the early '90s on syndication network Odeon TV.
+In Malaysia, Beyond 2000 previously aired in the late 1980s through the early 1990s on RTM 1 (Later RTM TV1). Beyond Tomorrow would not be aired on the channel, but was eventually aired on the Discovery Channel (Southeast Asia) in the mid-2000s.
+In Indonesia, Beyond 2000 was aired on RCTI every Saturday morning in the early 1990s.
+In South Africa, Beyond 2000 was screened on SABC, M-Net and Bop TV.
+In Ireland, Beyond 2000 aired on RTÉ being shown on both networks One and Two.
+In Saudi Arabia, Beyond 2000 was shown on the English speaking television network Saudi 2.
+In New Zealand, Beyond 2000 was aired on TVNZ.
+In Jordan, Beyond 2000 was broadcast on the English, Arabic and French language television channel Channel 2 in English.
+In Kuwait, Beyond 2000 has been shown on KTV2, the country's governmental television channel dedicated for the English-speaking public.
+In Namibia, Beyond 2000 began airing on SWABC (when the country was originally known as South West Africa at the time) in 1989 and then on NBC in March 1990 (several days after the country had changed its name to Namibia).
+In Thailand, Beyond 2000 was aired on Channel 7 in 1990.
+In Poland, several episodes of Beyond 2000 were aired in the late 1980's. It was a part of collaboration between team of Beyond 2000 and creators of popular Polish science and technology TV series SONDA which started back in 1987. It was a first time when Australian show made this type of cooperation with TV show from the Eastern Block country.
+
+== Board game ==
+Beyond 2000: The Game was released in 1986 by Crown and Andrews. In the game, players have to proceed through three stages, collect cards of famous scientists and inventors and match them with their inventions, and  take control of vital technology sectors. A copy of the game is held in the collection of the Powerhouse Museum.
+
+== External links ==
+Beyond Tomorrow at Science Channel
+Beyond Tomorrow at IMDb
+Beyond 2000 at IMDb
+Beyond 2000 – Towards 2000 at the National Film and Sound Archive
+
+== References ==

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+---
+title: "Bill Nye Saves the World"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_Saves_the_World"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:53.963499+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Bill Nye Saves the World is an American television show streaming on Netflix hosted and created by Bill Nye. It is both a sequel and a revival of sorts of Bill Nye the Science Guy, which is also created by Nye. The show's byline was, "Emmy-winning host Bill Nye brings experts and famous guests to his lab for a talk show exploring scientific issues that touch our lives",  with the series' focus placed on science and its relationship with politics, pop culture, and society. Unlike Nye's previous show Bill Nye the Science Guy (which is revived in this show) which was intended for children, Bill Nye Saves the World is intended for adults (especially those adults who watched Bill Nye the Science Guy when they were children during its original run in the 1990s). As such, some episodes have Nye discuss topics that would be considered inappropriate to mention to minors.
+Though the show was hosted by Nye, five correspondents assist in the presentation of the show. These include fashion model Karlie Kloss, science YouTuber and educator Derek Muller, comedian Nazeem Hussain, comedian and writer Joanna Hausmann, and the TV host and producer Emily Calandrelli. The show's theme song was produced by Tyler, the Creator. The thirteen-episode first season premiered on April 21, 2017. A six-episode second season premiered on December 29, 2017, and a six-episode third season was released on May 11, 2018. Reception to the series has been mixed, with the first season being reviewed more positively by critics than audiences.
+
+
+== Release history ==
+The thirteen-episode first season premiered on April 21, 2017. It explores topics such as climate change, alternative medicine, and video games from a scientific point of view, while also refuting myths and anti-scientific claims.
+On June 15, 2017, Nye announced on his Facebook page that the series had been renewed for a six-episode second season, which premiered on December 29, 2017.
+On April 9, 2018, Netflix announced the show had been renewed for a six-episode third season, released on May 11, 2018.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+=== Series overview ===
+
+
+=== Season 1 (2017) ===
+
+
+=== Season 2 (2017) ===
+
+
+=== Season 3 (2018) ===
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Bill Nye Saves the World received mixed reviews from critics. The first season has an aggregate rating of 63 out of 100 based on 5 reviews from Metacritic and a Rotten Tomatoes score of 73% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The performance segments of the show have been the focus of criticism. In particular, Rachel Bloom's performance in episode 9 has been described as "strange", "out of place", and a "painful couple of minutes". Conversely, NPR's Fresh Air said the show is "fun to watch," working well with Nye's "consistent reliance on scientific and provable facts." Vox praised Nye's unapologetic talking style, though worried this may alienate some viewers.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Bill Nye Saves the World on Netflix 
+Bill Nye Saves the World at IMDb

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+---
+title: "Bill Nye the Science Guy"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:55.230353+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Bill Nye the Science Guy is an American science education television program created by Bill Nye, James McKenna, and Erren Gottlieb, with Nye starring as a fictionalized version of himself. It was produced by Seattle public television station KCTS and McKenna/Gottlieb Producers, and distributed by Buena Vista Television with substantial financing from the National Science Foundation.
+The show aired in syndication from September 10, 1993, to February 5, 1999, producing a total of six seasons and 100 episodes; beginning with its second season, a concurrent run of the series began airing on PBS from October 10, 1994, and ran until September 3, 1999, as it continued to be distributed in commercial first-run syndication. After the show's first run was completed, Nye continued to portray the Science Guy character for a number of short interstitial segments for the Noggin cable channel that aired during reruns of the show. A video game based on the series was released in 1996, and a subsequent television show aimed at adults, Bill Nye Saves the World, ran from 2017 to 2018 on Netflix.
+Known for its quirky humor and rapid-fire MTV-style pacing, the show was critically acclaimed and was nominated for 23 Emmy Awards, winning 19. Studies also found that people that viewed Bill Nye regularly were better able to generate explanations and extensions of scientific ideas than non-viewers.
+
+== Format ==
+Nye portrays a hyper-kinetic, tall, and slender scientist wearing a blue lab coat and a bow-tie. He combines the serious science of everyday things with fast-paced action and humor.  
+Each half-hour show begins with a cold open, where Nye introduces the episode's theme, which leads into an opening credit sequence, and featuring Nye in a computer-animated scientific world, along with his head spinning, radio frequencies, and plastic toy dinosaurs flying. In later seasons, the theme song was cut short by a static screen. After the opening credits (in most episodes), announcer Pat Cashman says "Brought to you by...", in which a product name is related to the episode's theme. 
+Nye walks onto the set, which is called "Nye Laboratories", filled with scientific visuals including many "of science" contraptions announced dramatically, relevant to the theme of the episode. Science-related TV and movie parodies configure the facts of the episode's theme, along with parodies of TV commercials. 
+The show has featured many guest appearances. Each episode features Nye visiting many places relating to the episode's theme, showing interviews of people talking about their work and other contributions. At the end of each episode, Nye thanks the viewers for watching, before explaining in a clever description of a theme's activity. The closing credits roll over bloopers from the episode.
+
+=== Segments ===
+
+Way Cool Scientist: An expert discusses the fact of the episode's theme.
+Consider the Following: Nye discusses a certain aspect of the episode's theme.
+Nifty Home Experiment: A viewer demonstrates a simple home experiment.
+Try This: A viewer presents a simple demonstration.
+Hey! Look at This: An expert gives a closer look into the episode's theme.
+Check it Out: A viewer affects their environmental issues.
+Clever Science Trick: A viewer demonstrates a simple science trick.
+The Jackie Smazz Show: Pat Cashman performs an act as a talk show host named Jackie Smazz.
+Great Moments in Science: Cashman narrates a historical event in science.
+Great Moments in Communication: Cashman narrates a historical event in communication.
+Pet Rock Theater: Animated pet rocks perform an act.
+Better Eating Through Kitchen Chemistry: Ian G. Saunders portrays Vivian Cupcake demonstrating scientific recipes.
+Richie, Eat Your Crust: Nye and the Family Crust perform an act themed around telling the title boy to "eat your crust".
+Did You Know That...: A factoid is presented.
+Luna Van Dyke, Private Eye: Michaela Leslie-Rule portrays private investigator Luna Van Dyke, who focuses on a story.
+Mind Your Manners with Billy Quan: A martial arts film parody related to the episode's theme, whose title character, portrayed by cameraman Darrell Suto, is based on Bruce Lee. These segments were originally featured on the sketch comedy TV series Almost Live!.
+Soundtrack of Science: A science-themed song parody.
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+== History ==
+
+=== Origins and creation ===

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+---
+title: "Bill Nye the Science Guy"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:55.230353+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Bill Nye was originally an engineer for the 747 airliner at Boeing, having moved to Seattle in 1977 after he was accepted for the position. Nye began to perform stand-up comedy in his spare time after he entered and won a Steve Martin lookalike contest at a comedy club, which led to him meeting fellow comedians Ross Shafer and John Keister. Nye eventually left Boeing in 1985 to join Shafer and Keister in writing and performing for Almost Live!, a then-fledgling sketch comedy television show produced by local NBC affiliate KING-TV. During his tenure on the show, Nye began cultivating a science-explaining TV persona; the first instance of the persona occurred in 1985 when Nye called Shafer on-air to correct his pronunciation of the word "gigawatt", to which Shafer retorted, "Who do you think you are – Bill Nye the Science Guy?" As a result, Nye was subsequently asked to give scientific answers to the show's call-in questions. His persona's first on-air appearance, as it is contemporarily known, occurred on January 8, 1987, by circumstance when the primary guest for that night's performance of Almost Live! called in to cancel their appearance; with no backup guest planned to fill the resulting empty time, the show's writers elected to have Nye demonstrate the household uses of liquid nitrogen. During the demonstration, Nye submerged an onion in liquid nitrogen and proceeded to shatter it, receiving acclaim from the studio audience.
+As Nye produced more demonstrations for Almost Live!, he began to develop the idea of a show featuring his "Science Guy" persona; KING-TV declined his proposal, though he eventually received assistance from station alumni James McKenna and Erren Gottlieb. Together, the group pitched the show as Watch Mr. Wizard meets Pee-wee's Playhouse, though the latter part was later replaced with MTV after the arrest of actor Paul Reubens for indecent exposure in 1991. Their pitch lasted for four years, being declined by Fox and other networks over various concerns, until they convinced Elizabeth Brock of local PBS member station KCTS-TV to take a chance on the idea. KCTS-TV commissioned a pilot for Bill Nye the Science Guy, which aired on April 14, 1993, on the station itself before airing on PBS stations nationwide for the rest of the month. Nye successfully obtained underwriting from the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy. Nye's program became part of a package of syndicated series that local stations could schedule to fulfill Children's Television Act requirements; because of this, Bill Nye the Science Guy became the first program to run concurrently on both public and commercial stations.
+
+=== Theme song ===
+The Bill Nye the Science Guy theme song was written by songwriter and former math teacher Mike Greene, who also sang the "Bill Nye the Science Guy" refrain and the distorted voice saying "Bill Nye the Science Guy". The word "Bill" is repeated throughout as a percussive shout. 
+In developing the theme, Greene first came up with the melody, which he stated was inspired by Danny Elfman and his work with Oingo Boingo. When Greene was enlisted to write the theme song, the show's producers requested that the song "not sound like a kid's show"; the final result was accordingly uncommon for the time. Greene initially sent the theme's producers a demo with Greene singing the theme. Greene then sent two alternate versions with professional singers. The producers ultimately chose to keep Greene's voice as they found it funnier.
+Set to a house beat, Greene enlisted rappers to repeat the word "Bill!" as a percussive shout, deliberately imitating the shouting featured in House of Pain's 1992 song "Jump Around". "I can't name them, because it was against their contract to do outside things without permission from their record company," Greene noted. "It was kinda funny, because they were in my studio one day to record a song. I was working on the Nye theme as they walked in and I told them, 'Hey, do me a favor and go in the booth and chant 'Bill, Bill, Bill' over and over again.' They had no idea what it was for, but they're cool, so they did. It sounded great, so that's the version we kept. The show didn't air until a year later, so it wasn't until then that they understood what this was really for." In a comment that Greene posted on Reddit in 2018, Greene mentioned that he believed that the rappers were from several groups in his studio on the day of recording, but the only rapper he could specifically recall was Bronz of A.L.T. & The Lost Civilization. The spoken female vocals were provided by Leslie Kyle-Wilson.

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+---
+title: "Bill Nye the Science Guy"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:55.230353+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Production ===
+The show was created in 1992 by Bill Nye, James McKenna and Erren Gottlieb, produced by McKenna/Gottlieb Producers, Inc, in partnership with KCTS in Seattle. The following year, the production companies entered a distribution agreement with Buena Vista Television, a subsidiary of Disney. As part of the agreement, the profits of the show were split between Disney and the production team, with Disney owning full distribution rights across linear television, home video, and digital streaming. McKenna and Gottlieb all met while McKenna was a producer on Almost Live!, a Seattle-based comedy show.
+The announcer for the program was Pat Cashman, whom Nye knew from his time on Almost Live!. Before his show launched, Nye had previously worked alongside Christopher Lloyd in Back to the Future: The Animated Series, where he played Doc Brown's assistant and demonstrated several experiments.
+The show has been likened to the next-generation version of Watch Mr. Wizard. The show ran about the same time as and covered similar topics to Beakman's World, in fact sharing one crew member, editor/writer/director Michael Gross.
+The show was primarily funded by the National Science Foundation, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the annual financial support from the viewers/stations of the PBS network. Other funding sponsors included Ore Ida, The Boeing Company (which Nye worked for until 1986, Boeing was also based in Seattle until 2001 when it relocated its corporate headquarters to Chicago, Illinois and later Washington, D.C.), and Intel. The syndicated airings were credited as being "Produced in Association with the National Science Foundation", while the PBS airings changed it to being "Produced in Association with Walt Disney Television".
+The show began with a 26-episode order for the 1993–1994 television season. After its initial success, it was renewed for a second 26-episode order for the 1994–1995 season, followed by 13 additional episodes for the 1995–1996 season. In February 1996, it was renewed for two more years, bringing the final episode total to 100. The final episode aired in 1999, well after production ended in 1997.
+Despite Disney's association and ownership with the show, it has never aired on any network owned by Walt Disney Television in the United States (such as Disney Channel and ABC, the latter of which Disney would acquire in 1996, three years after the show premiered.)
+
+=== Noggin shorts ===
+
+In September 1999, Bill Nye signed a multi-year deal to develop and star in original programs for Noggin, a cable channel co-owned by MTV Networks and the Children's Television Workshop (now known as Sesame Workshop). In addition to producing the new content, Noggin acquired all 100 episodes of Bill Nye the Science Guy; this made it the first-ever program acquisition by the channel. Noggin and Nye chose not to develop new episodes of the show, and instead created original shorts featuring Nye, in character and costume from Bill Nye the Science Guy. In the shorts, Nye's "Science Guy" persona worked as the "head sparkologist" of Noggin, and he tried to find out what topics sparked viewers' imaginations. Bill Nye told Multichannel News that he was interested in creating multiple original shows for Noggin, including a math-based series and one "showing kids how to exercise good judgment."
+Bill Nye also hosted "Noggin's What Sparks You? Special," a half-hour special that aired on April 7, 2000.
+
+== Impact ==
+
+In conjunction with the production of Bill Nye the Science Guy, KCTS-TV conducted several research studies that evaluated how effective the program was as an educational tool. In one study, it was found that viewers of the program made more observations and sophisticated classifications than non-viewers. In surveys of elementary students who watched the program, most children concluded that Nye made "kids like science more". When surveyed whether Nye was a scientist or actor and comedian, most students asserted he was a scientist, though many said both. Students also described Nye almost equally as both "funny" and "smart", and believed he was a "source of good information."
+
+== Awards ==
+
+During its run, Bill Nye the Science Guy was nominated for 23 Emmy Awards, winning nineteen.
+
+== Home media ==
+Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment has released every episode individually on DVD, but never released a full series set. Instead, each episode was released separately on its own DVD, for a total of 100 DVDs costing a combined $1,500. In the United Kingdom, it was distributed on VHS by ViewTech, Bristol. In 1994 and 1995, Walt Disney Home Video released five volumes of Bill Nye the Science Guy, such as "The Human Body: The Inside Scoop", "Powerful Forces: All Pumped Up", "Dinosaurs: Those Big Boneheads", "Reptiles & Insects: Leapin' Lizards", and "Outer Space: Way Out There". All five volumes were released on VHS, containing two episodes. As of May 2017, the 1996 episode "Probability" is edited from its original airing, with a segment removed featuring a cast member saying there are only two genders. Netflix denied allegations they edited it (their new series Bill Nye Saves the World features Nye stating gender is on a spectrum) saying "It was delivered to us that way by Buena Vista TV."
+A set of 31 episodes is also available for purchase on the iTunes Store, though they have been split into two separate volumes; one containing 14 episodes and the other containing 17 episodes.
+Despite Disney's involvement in the series, the series has not been available on Disney+ due to a dispute with Nye over revenue sharing.
+
+== Video game ==
+A computer game based on the series, titled Bill Nye: The Science Guy - Stop the Rock!, was released in 1996 for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh by Pacific Interactive.
+
+== See also ==
+Stuff Happens
+The Eyes of Nye
+Carl Sagan
+Universe of Energy – an attraction at Walt Disney World's Epcot starring Bill Nye
+Dinosaur – another Walt Disney World attraction, located in Disney's Animal Kingdom; it features Nye in the queue area via voiceover
+Bill Nye–Ken Ham debate
+
+== Notes ==
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+Bill Nye, The Science Lab Official Site
+Bill Nye, the Science Guy at IMDb
+Episode Review "The Sun", Deep Yellow's "My Favorite Star".
+Video (02:47) – Epic Rap Battles of History: Sir Isaac Newton vs Bill Nye.
+Bill Nye the Science Guy at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television results.
+Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

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+---
+title: "Biology in fiction"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:18.569232+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Biology appears in fiction, especially but not only in science fiction, both in the shape of real aspects of the science, used as themes or plot devices, and in the form of fictional elements, whether fictional extensions or applications of biological theory, or through the invention of fictional organisms. Major aspects of biology found in fiction include evolution, disease, genetics, physiology, parasitism and symbiosis (mutualism), ethology, and ecology.
+Speculative evolution enables authors with sufficient skill to create what the critic Helen N. Parker calls biological parables, illuminating the human condition from an alien viewpoint. Fictional alien animals and plants, especially humanoids, have frequently been created simply to provide entertaining monsters. Zoologists such as Sam Levin have argued that, driven by natural selection on other planets, aliens might indeed tend to resemble humans to some extent.
+Major themes of science fiction include messages of optimism or pessimism; Helen N. Parker has noted that in biological fiction, pessimism is by far the dominant outlook. Early works such as H. G. Wells's novels explored the grim consequences of Darwinian evolution, ruthless competition, and the dark side of human nature; Aldous Huxley's Brave New World was similarly gloomy about the effects of genetic engineering.
+Fictional biology, too, has enabled major science fiction authors like Stanley Weinbaum, Isaac Asimov, John Brunner, and Ursula Le Guin to create what Parker called biological parables, with convincing portrayals of alien worlds able to support deep analogies with Earth and humanity.
+
+== Aspects of biology ==
+Aspects of biology found in fiction include evolution, disease, ecology, ethology, genetics, physiology, parasitism, and mutualism (symbiosis).
+
+=== Evolution ===
+
+Evolution, including speculative evolution, has been an important theme in fiction since the late 19th century. It began, however, before Charles Darwin's time, and reflects progressionist and Lamarckist views (as in Camille Flammarion's 1887 Lumen) as well as Darwin's. Darwinian evolution is pervasive in literature, whether taken optimistically in terms of how humanity may evolve towards perfection, or pessimistically in terms of the dire consequences of the interaction of human nature and the struggle for survival. Other themes include the replacement of humanity, either by other species or by intelligent machines.
+
+=== Disease ===
+
+Diseases, both real and fictional, play a significant role in both literary and science fiction, some like Huntington's disease and tuberculosis appearing in many books and films. Pandemic plagues threatening all human life, such as The Andromeda Strain, are among the many fictional diseases described in literature and film. Science fiction takes an interest, too, in imagined advances in medicine. The Economist suggests that the abundance of apocalyptic fiction describing the "near annihilation or total extinction of the human race" by threats including deadly viruses rises when general "fear and unease", as measured by the Doomsday Clock, increase.
+Disease in science fiction is often an allegory for societal issues, highlighting the phenomena of othering. Plague metaphors allow authors to consider the role of "us versus them" mentalities and break down dichotomies between humans and "others." Disease is also used as a metaphor for fear of globalization, highlighting the impulse to separate and surveil in order to define borders and control the "contamination" of intermingling.
+Tuberculosis was a common disease in the 19th century. In Russian literature, it appeared in several major works. Fyodor Dostoevsky used the theme of the consumptive nihilist repeatedly, with Katerina Ivanovna in Crime and Punishment; Kirillov in The Possessed, and both Ippolit and Marie in The Idiot. Turgenev did the same with Bazarov in Father and Sons. In English literature of the Victorian era, major tuberculosis novels include Charles Dickens's 1848 Dombey and Son, Elizabeth Gaskell's 1855 North and South, and Mrs. Humphry Ward's 1900 Eleanor.
+
+=== Genetics ===
+
+Aspects of genetics including mutation or hybridisation,  cloning (as in Brave New World), genetic engineering, and eugenics have appeared in fiction since the 19th century. Genetics is a young science, having started in 1900 with the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's study on the inheritance of traits in pea plants. During the 20th century it developed to create new sciences and technologies including molecular biology, DNA sequencing, cloning, and genetic engineering. The ethical implications of modifying humans (and all their descendants) were brought into focus with the eugenics movement. Since then, many science fiction novels and films have used aspects of genetics as plot devices, often taking one of two routes: a genetic accident with disastrous consequences; or, the feasibility and desirability of a planned genetic alteration. The treatment of science in these stories has been uneven and often unrealistic. The 1997 film Gattaca attempted to portray science accurately but was criticised by scientists. Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park portrayed the cloning of whole dinosaur genomes from fossil remains of species extinct for millions of years, and their use to recreate living animals, using what was then known of genetics and molecular biology to create an "entertaining" and "thought-provoking" story.
+
+The lack of scientific understanding of genetics in the 19th century did not prevent science fiction works such as Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus and H. G. Wells's  1896 The Island of Dr Moreau from exploring themes of biological experiment, mutation, and hybridisation, with their disastrous consequences, asking serious questions about the nature of humanity and responsibility for science.

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+---
+title: "Biology in fiction"
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+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:18.569232+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Physiology ===
+The creation scene in James Whale's 1931 film Frankenstein makes use of electricity to bring the monster to life. Shelley's idea of reanimation through electric shock was based on the physiology experiments of Luigi Galvani, who noted that a shock made the leg of a dead frog twitch. Electric shock is now routinely used in pacemakers, maintaining heart rhythm, and defibrillators, restoring heart rhythm.
+The ability to produce electricity is central to Naomi Alderman's 2016 science fiction novel
+The Power. In the book, women develop the ability to release electrical jolts from their fingers, powerful enough to stun or kill. Fish such as the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus, create powerful electric fields with modified muscles, stacked end-to-end as cells in a battery in their electric organs, and the novel indeed references such fish and the electricity generated in striated muscle.
+
+=== Parasitism ===
+
+Parasites appear frequently in fiction, from ancient times onwards as seen in mythical figures like the blood-drinking Lilith, with a flowering in the nineteenth century. These include intentionally disgusting alien monsters in science fiction films, though these are sometimes less "horrible" than real examples in nature. Authors and scriptwriters have to some extent exploited parasite biology: lifestyles including parasitoid, behaviour-altering parasite, brood parasite, parasitic castrator, and many forms of vampire are found in books and films.
+Some fictional parasites, like the deadly parasitoid Xenomorphs in Alien, have become well known in their own right. Terrifying monsters are clearly alluring: writer Matt Kaplan notes that they induce signs of stress including raised heart rate and sweating, but people continue indulging in such works. Kaplan compares this to the "masochism" of liking very hot spicy foods, which induce mouth burns, sweating, and tears. The psychologist Paul Rozin suggests that there is a pleasure in seeing one's own body react as if to stress while knowing that no real harm will result. Some parasitic organisms in fictional works often have a Hive mind that they associate with. An example of this would be The Flood, from the Halo franchise. 
+
+=== Symbiosis ===
+
+Symbiosis (mutualism) appears in fiction, especially science fiction, as a plot device. It is distinguished from parasitism in fiction, a similar theme, by the mutual benefit to the organisms involved, whereas the parasite inflicts harm on its host. Fictional symbionts often confer special powers on their hosts. After the Second World War, science fiction moved towards more mutualistic relationships, as in Ted White's 1970 By Furies Possessed, which viewed aliens positively. In The Phantom Menace, Qui-Gon Jinn says microscopic lifeforms called midi-chlorians, inside all living cells, allow characters with enough of these symbionts in their cells to feel and use the Force.
+
+=== Ethology ===
+
+Ethology, the study of animal behaviour, appears in the wildlife scientist Delia Owens's 2018 novel Where the Crawdads Sing. The protagonist, Kya, is abandoned by her parents at age six, and grows up alone in a North Carolina swamp, learning camouflage and how to hunt from the animals there. The local townspeople call her "the marsh girl". She reads about ethology including an article entitled "Sneaky Fuckers", using her knowledge to navigate the tricks and dating rituals of the local boys; and she compares herself to a female firefly, who uses her coded flashing light signal to lure a male of another species to his death, or a female mantis, who starts eating her mate's head and thorax while his abdomen is still copulating with her. "Female insects, Kya thought, know how to deal with their lovers."
+
+=== Ecology ===
+
+Ecology, the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment, appears in fiction in novels such as Frank Herbert's 1965 Dune, Kim Stanley Robinson's 1992 Red Mars, and Margaret Atwood's 2013 MaddAddam. Dune brought ecology centre stage, with a whole planet struggling with its environment. Its lifeforms included giant sandworms for whom water is fatal and mouse-like animals able to survive in the planet's desert conditions. The book was influential on the environmental movement of the time.
+In the 1970s, the impact of human activity on the environment stimulated a new kind of writing, ecofiction. It has two branches: stories about human impact on nature; and stories about nature (rather than humans). It encompasses books written in styles from modernism to magical realism, and in genres from mainstream to romance and speculative fiction. A 1978 anthology of ecofiction includes 19th and 20th century works by authors as diverse as Ray Bradbury, John Steinbeck, Edgar Allan Poe, Daphne du Maurier, E. B. White, Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Frank Herbert, H. H. Munro, J. G. Ballard, and Isaac Asimov.
+
+=== Fictional organisms ===
+
+Fiction, especially science fiction, has created large numbers of fictional species, both alien and terrestrial. One branch of fiction, speculative evolution or speculative biology, consists specifically of the design of imaginary organisms in particular scenarios; this is sometimes informed by precise science.
+
+== Functions ==
+Fictional biology serves a variety of function in film and literature, including the supply of suitably terrifying monsters, the communication of an author's worldview, and the creation of aliens for  biological parables to illuminate what it is to be human. Real biology, such as of infectious diseases, equally provides a variety of contexts, from personal to highly dystopian, that can be exploited in fiction.
+
+=== Monsters and aliens ===

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+---
+title: "Biology in fiction"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:18.569232+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A common use of fictional biology in science fiction is to provide plausible alien species, sometimes simply as terrifying subjects, but sometimes for more reflective purposes. Alien species include H. G. Wells's Martians in his 1898 novel The War of the Worlds, the bug-eyed monsters of early 20th century science fiction, fearsome parasitoids, and a variety of giant insects, especially in early 20th century big bug movies.
+Humanoid (roughly human-shaped) aliens are common in science fiction. One reason is that authors use the only example of intelligent life that they know: humans. The zoologist Sam Levin points out that aliens might indeed tend to resemble humans, driven by natural selection. Luis Villazon points out that animals that move necessarily have a front and a back; as with bilaterian animals on Earth, sense organs tend to gather at the front as they encounter stimuli there, forming a head. Legs reduce friction, and with legs, bilateral symmetry makes coordination easier. Sentient organisms will, Villazon argues, likely use tools, in which case they need hands and at least two other limbs to stand on. In short, a generally humanoid shape is likely, though octopus- or starfish-like bodies are also possible.
+Many fictional plants were created in the 20th century, including John Wyndham's venomous, walking, carnivorous triffids. in his 1951 novel The Day of the Triffids, The idea of plants that could attack an incautious traveller began in the late 19th century; the potatoes in Samuel Butler's Erewhon had "low cunning". Early tales included Phil Robinson's 1881 The Man-Eating Tree with its gigantic flytraps, Frank Aubrey's 1897 The Devil Tree of El Dorado, and Fred White's 1899 Purple Terror. Algernon Blackwood's 1907 story "The Willows" powerfully tells of malevolent trees that manipulate people's minds.
+
+=== Optimism and pessimism ===
+
+A major theme of science fiction and of speculative biology is to convey a message of optimism or pessimism according to the author's worldview. Whereas optimistic visions of technological progress are common enough in hard science fiction, pessimistic views of the future of humanity are far more usual in fiction based on biology.
+A rare optimistic note is struck by the evolutionary biologist J. B. S. Haldane in his tale, The Last Judgement, in the 1927 collection Possible Worlds. Both Arthur C. Clarke's 1953 Childhood's End and Brian Aldiss's 1959 Galaxies Like Grains of Sand, too, optimistically imagine that humans will evolve godlike mental capacities.
+The grim possibilities of Darwinian evolution with its ruthless "survival of the fittest" has been explored repeatedly from the beginnings of science fiction, as in H. G. Wells's novels The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Dr Moreau (1896), and The War of the Worlds (1898); these all pessimistically explore the possible dire consequences of the darker sides of human nature in the struggle for survival. Aldous Huxley's 1931 novel Brave New World is similarly gloomy about the oppressive consequences of advances in genetic engineering applied to human reproduction.
+
+=== Biological parables ===
+
+The literary critic Helen N. Parker suggested in 1977 that speculative biology could serve as biological parables which throw light on the human condition. Such a parable brings aliens and humans into contact, allowing the author to view humanity from an alien perspective. She noted that the difficulty of doing this at length meant that only a few major authors had attempted it, naming Stanley Weinbaum, Isaac Asimov, John Brunner, and Ursula Le Guin. In her view, all four had impressively full characterizations of alien beings. Weinbaum had created a "bizarre assortment" of intelligent beings, unlike Brunner's crablike but extinct Draconians.  What united all four writers, she argued, was that the novels centred on the interactions between aliens and humans, creating deep analogies between the two kinds of life and from there commenting on humanity now and in the future. Weinbaum's 1934 A Martian Odyssey explored the question of how aliens and humans could communicate, given that their thought processes were utterly different.
+Asimov's 1972 The Gods Themselves both makes the aliens major characters, and explores parallel universes.
+Brunner's 1974 Total Eclipse creates a whole alien world, extrapolated from terrestrial threats.
+In her 1969 The Left Hand of Darkness, Le Guin presents her vision of a universe of planets all inhabited by "men", descendants from the planet Hain. In the book, the ambassador Genly Ai from the civilised Ekumen worlds visits the "backward- and inward-looking" people of Gethen, only to end up in danger, from which he escapes by crossing the polar ice cap on a desperate but well-planned expedition with an exiled Gethenian Lord Chancellor, Estraven. They are ambisexual with no fixed gender, and go through periods of oestrus, called "kemmer", at which point an individual comes temporarily to function as either a male or a female, depending on whether they first encounter a male- or female-functioning partner during their period of kemmer. The invented biology reflects and exemplifies, according to Parker, the opposing but united dualities of Taoism such as light and darkness, maleness and femaleness, yin and yang. So too do the opposed characters of Genly Ai with his carefully objective reports, and of Estraven with his or her highly personal diary, as the story unfolds, illuminating humanity through adventure and science fiction strangeness.
+
+=== Structure and themes ===
+
+Modern novels sometimes make use of biology to provide structure and themes. Thomas Mann's 1912 Death in Venice relates the feelings of the protagonist to the progress of an epidemic of cholera, which eventually kills him.
+Richard Flanagan's 2001 novel Gould's Book of Fish makes use of the illustrations from artist and convict William Buelow Gould's book of 26 paintings of fish for chapter headings and as the inspiration for the various characters in the novel.
+
+== Realism ==
+The geneticist Dan Koboldt observes that the science in science fiction is often oversimplified, reinforcing popular myths to the point of "pure fiction". In his own field, he gives as examples the idea that first-degree relatives have the same hair, eyes and nose as each other, and that a person's future is predicted by their genetic code, as (he states) in Gattaca. Koboldt points out that eye colour changes as children grow up: adults with green or brown eyes often had blue eyes as babies; that brown-eyed parents can have children with blue eyes, "and vice versa"; and that the brown pigment melanin is controlled by around 10 different genes, so inheritance is along a spectrum rather than being a blue/brown switch. Other authors in his edited collection Putting the Science in Fiction point out a wide variety of errors in the portrayal of other biological sciences.
+
+== References ==
+
+== Sources ==
+Koboldt, Dan, ed. (16 October 2018). Putting the Science in Fiction. Writer's Digest Books. ISBN 978-1-4403-5338-3.
+Parker, Helen N. (1977). Biological Themes in Modern Science Fiction. UMI Research Press. ISBN 978-0835715775.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung-0.md

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+---
+title: "Blitzortung"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:17.052106+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Blitzortung (German for "lightning direction-finding", German pronunciation: [ˈblɪtsˌɔʁtʊŋ]) is an informal, non-commercial group of citizen scientists supported by professional scientists. Active since 2005, station operators manage a worldwide network of ~1800 active VLF radio wave receiver stations in 83 countries. When lightning strikes, it generates electromagnetic waves called whistlers, which the receiver/detector stations use to determine the location of lightning strikes based on time-of-flight detector measurements. The only compensation that station operators receive is free access to the raw data of all stations. The data is processed by various websites using geoinformatics methods and made available on the Internet as a map display.
+
+
+== Targets ==
+The goal of Blitzortung.org is worldwide lightning detection with many inexpensive receiving stations. According to the website, such a station costs a maximum of $355 to build yourself.
+According to its own presentation, the interest group is "primarily aimed at private individuals with an interest in meteorology and expertise in the field of electrical and computer technology." There is no formal organisation behind it, there are no contracts and no fees or contributions are charged. The work is for personal edification only and is purely a hobby.
+
+
+== Structure of the measuring stations ==
+
+The measuring stations exist in various stages of expansion and development (see table below). Jointly developed receiver electronics serve as the basis for the construction of a separate station. The system is modular and can be equipped according to individual needs and possibilities. There is a choice between a rod antenna, which detects the electric field, and/or a magnetic antenna, which detects the H-field. The electric antenna does not provide any directional information, while the magnetic antenna consists of two or three orthogonal coils or ferrite rod antenna, which provide information about the orientation of the magnetic field. The stations can also be equipped with digital filters for better interference suppression. According to the antenna supplier, the standard construction is with a 200 mm ferrite rod (12 mm diameter) , wrapped with about 23 m of 0.355 mm and 0.04 mm diameter copper wire.
+
+
+== Detection method ==
+
+The stations continuously digitise the low-frequency signals from the antennas in the range from 3000 to 30000 Hz with a sampling rate of over 500 kHz. In this frequency range, the flashes generate particularly clear signal deflections, which lead to atmospheric interference in radio traffic and can generally also be perceived as crackling noises with a conventional AM radio in long and medium wave broadcasting.At the same time, a GPS signal is received and analysed. This is used to determine the exact location of the respective receiving station and at the same time provides a highly precise, common time base.
+The Blitzortung method is based on the time of arrival (ToA) principle.
+If a lightning signal is detected, it is sent to a central server for evaluation. If at least three lightning signals from different stations arrive at the server within a short time window, the server can determine the distance to the respective receiver from the arrival times of the signals. Figuratively speaking, the server draws a hyperbola line around two of the receivers, which can be calculated from the propagation time of the signals around each station. The signal from the third receiver is used as a time reference for the calculation. The point of impact is where the hyperbolas intersect. This method is generally referred to in surveying technology as multilateration, whereby the hyperlocation used here represents a special case of this, in which the points of equal time difference lie on hyperbola lines in the plane. Usually, significantly more than three receivers are involved, which improves the accuracy.
+Due to the long range of the signals, which occur at altitudes of a few kilometres - up to 100 kilometres in the case of so-called sprites - a large coverage can be achieved with a relatively thin station network. The closer the stations are to the impact site and the more stations pick up the signal, the more precise and accurate the resulting location.
+
+
+== Media reception ==
+The findings, data and maps from Blitzortung.org repeatedly attract attention in the German and international media. In March 2015, the programme alle wetter! ("all about weather") on Hessischer Rundfunk reported on the network and its background.
+According to the website, such a station costs a maximum of $355 to build yourself. According to its own description, the interest group is "primarily aimed at private individuals with an interest in meteorology and expertise in the field of electrical and computer technology." There is no formal organisation behind it, there are no contracts and no fees or contributions are charged. The work is for personal edification only and is purely a hobby.
+The network's data bisects 2020 in a search for the starting locations of the Gospers Mountain bushfire and mega-blazes in New South Wales in Australia.
+
+
+== Other lightning detection networks ==
+There are several other lightning detection networks, most of which are commercially operated:
+
+ALDIS  Austrian Lightning Detection & Information System 
+BLIDS from Siemens AG
+EUCLID  European Cooperation for Lightning Detection 
+NALDN  North American Lightning Detection Network 
+Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (satellite-based)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ 
+Project website Blitzortung.org
+Dynamic map with live visualisation (worldwide) map.blitzortung.org

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boffins_(TV_series)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Boffins (TV series)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boffins_(TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:56.472619+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Boffins (also referred to as The Boffins) is an Australian children's television programme produced by Film Australia in 1993. It was created by John Patterson and Ian Munro, who also co-created Johnson and Friends. The series was never broadcast or picked up by a network within Australia. The ABC initially wanted to show it as part of their schools programming, but this never happened for unknown reasons. The series did air internationally and was translated into several languages, and within Australia, it was later released on home video by the ABC in 1995.
+
+
+== Plot ==
+Boffins follows the adventures of four tiny furry alien-like creatures known as Boffins, who spend their days in kitchen cupboards and surrounding areas, trying to discover the science behind how the world works, Madame Curie and Aristotle are very close to some of the answers, but Newton and Echo, the young boffins from the house next door are only interested in having fun!
+The series was designed to introduce primary school children to some of the basic laws of science. Each episode explores a different concept; the transmission of sound, levers, pulleys, magnetism, gravity, siphons, evaporation, reflection and dispersion of light, friction, and requirements for growth.
+
+
+== Characters ==
+Aristotle: Appropriately named after the Greek philosopher, Aristotle loves science, but is quite lazy, conceited and bossy. However, he has a good heart and a great sense of humour. Aristotle despises Galileo, as he is jealous of his inventions. He lives in the kitchen cupboard with Madame Curie.
+Madame Curie: Madame Curie lives in the kitchen cupboard with Aristotle. Despite being strict at times, she is quite caring and acts as a motherly figure to Newton and Echo. She is named after Polish physicist Marie Curie.
+Newton: Newton is a teenage boffin from the house next door, he has a dislike for science, matching the stereotype of people his age. He wears a red flat cap, and a yellow shirt featuring a peace symbol. Despite disliking science, he still visits the kitchen with Echo. He is, rather ironically, named after British physicist Sir Isaac Newton.
+Echo: Echo lives in the house next door with Newton. Compared to Newton, Echo is curious about science as opposed to directly disliking it. She wears a green shirt, with various symbols stitched onto it, and a skirt. She is named after the effect caused by the reflection of sound.
+Galileo: Galileo is Madame Curie's cousin, he lives in a kitchen cupboard in a house on the other side of town. He has invented various gadgets and machines which Aristotle is jealous of and he often sends them to Madame Curie, which infuriates Aristotle. Despite never physically appearing, he is frequently mentioned in various episodes. He is named after Italian physicist Galileo Galilei.
+Doris: Doris is Madame Curie's sister, who lives on the other side of town. She was only mentioned in the episode Wrong Number, in which she sends a letter to Madame Curie, prompting her to get a telephone. According to the letter, she lives with Galileo.
+
+
+== Cast ==
+
+The costumes were built and designed by Studio Kite.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+== International broadcasts ==
+Despite being relatively obscure and never airing in Australia, Boffins was broadcast in various countries around the world - including Singapore, Malaysia, Israel, Brunei, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Canada, The Middle East, Africa and possibly elsewhere. It was also translated and dubbed into Hebrew, Malay and Portuguese, among other languages.
+The series was also released in the United States and Canada as a set of educational videos, which were only available to schools and universities.
+
+
+== Video releases ==
+Three VHS tapes were released by ABC Video in 1995.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+[1] - Boffins at the National Film and Sound Archive.
+[2] - Boffins VHS tapes for educational use.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Games_(2011_TV_series)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Brain Games (2011 TV series)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Games_(2011_TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:57.706514+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Brain Games is an American popular science television series that explores cognitive science by focusing on illusions, psychological experiments, and counterintuitive thinking. The series debuted on National Geographic in 2011 as a special. Its return as an original series in 2013 set a record for the highest premiere rating for any National Geographic original series with 1.5 million viewers.
+Neil Patrick Harris was the unseen narrator in the first season, replaced by Jason Silva for the remainder of the series as its host and presenter; in addition, sleight-of-hand artist Apollo Robbins has been a frequent consultant and illusionist guest on the show. As time passed, Magician Eric Leclerc took over this role in seasons 4 and 5. The show is interactive, encouraging television viewers, often along with a handful of live volunteers, to engage in visual, auditory, and other cognitive experiments, or "brain games", that emphasize the main points presented in each episode. Experts like Sri Sarma also explain why humans react in a certain way because of the brain.
+The series is deemed acceptable for use toward E/I credits, and Litton Entertainment added repurposed reruns of the show to its syndicated Go Time block in fall 2016, and The CW's One Magnificent Morning block in fall 2017.
+In December 2019, it was announced that a new format of this series, hosted by Keegan-Michael Key, would premiere on January 20, 2020; neuroscientist Daniel Levitin was brought in as a script consultant for the season to ensure accuracy. Its sneak peek was played on December 29, 2019. On January 17, 2020, a ninth season was announced, but production was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The ninth season was branded as "Brain Games: On the Road", and was hosted by Chuck Nice and was released on both National Geographic and Disney+.
+
+
+== Cast ==
+
+
+=== Main ===
+Neil Patrick Harris – Narrator (season 1)
+Jason Silva – host (season 2–7)
+Keegan-Michael Key – host (season 8)
+Chuck Nice – host (season 9)
+Apollo Robbins – sleight-of-hand artist, "deception specialist" (season 1)
+Eric Leclerc – illusionist
+Max Darwin – illusionist
+Ben Bailey – comedian
+Jay Painter – comedian (season 2 episode 5, "Power of Persuasion")
+Andrei Jikh – cardist (season 4 episode 9, "Patterns")
+Shara Ashley Zeiger – improviser
+Bill Hobbs – author
+Jordan Hirsch – improviser
+Amanda Hirsch – improviser
+Lior Suchard – mentalist (season 8)
+
+
+=== Featured ===
+Art Shapiro – American University
+Amy Bastian
+Alex Todorov – Princeton University
+Brady Barr
+Brian Scholl – Yale University
+Coren Apicella – psychologist, University of Pennsylvania
+Chess Stetson – Caltech
+Dan Simons
+Daniel Goldstein – Microsoft Research
+Frans de Waal – Emory University
+Forrest Griffin – UFC fighter (season 3 episode 8, "Mind Your Body")
+Helen Fisher –  anthropologist, Rutgers University
+Jim Coan – psychologist, University of Virginia
+Jonah Berger – University of Pennsylvania
+Joshua Ackerman – MIT
+Kamran Fallahpour – Brain Resource Center
+Karen Wynn
+Laurie R. Santos – Yale University
+Mark Changizi – theoretical neurobiologist
+Michael Bisping – UFC fighter (season 3 episode 8, "Mind Your Body)
+Rhoda Boone – Food artist (season 4 episode 7, "Food")
+Shankar Vedantam – NPR science correspondent
+Steve Schirripa (season 2 episode 12, "Liar, Liar")
+Susan Carnell – Johns Hopkins University
+Suzanne Dikker – New York University
+Sri Sarma – Asst. Professor, Johns Hopkins University
+Scott Barry Kaufman
+Sara Mednick – University of California
+Harrison Greenbaum – Debunker of Physic Phenomenon (season 4 episode 6, "Superstition")
+Dave Goelz – Dr. Bunsen Honeydew
+David Rudman – Beaker
+Daniel Levitin – Professor, McGill University
+
+
+== Production ==
+National Geographic announced that the show would return as a 2-hour live event in the fall of 2018, but as of April 2020 no live event has been broadcast.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+=== Series overview ===
+
+
+=== Season 1 (2011) ===
+Season 1 consists of three one-hour pilot episodes.
+
+
+=== Season 2 (2013) ===
+Jason Silva takes over as the new host. 
+
+
+=== Season 3 (2013–14) ===
+Often games are less intense than season 2 and experiments with random people on the street are done.
+
+
+=== Season 4 (2014) ===
+Graphics get an update. The show introduces new experts and illusionists/magicians. 
+
+
+=== Season 5 (2015) ===
+Shocking fails, moments, and confusion show how the brain can be easily deterred from its goal. The show abandons the studio in favor of more real-life application. 
+
+
+=== Season 6 (2015) ===
+How the brain acts and thinks is explored. The show continues to abandon the transparent studio for real-life experiences.
+
+
+=== Season 7 (2016) ===
+Episodes are now one hour. The show is told from a real-world perspective with Jason Silva outside in the world with real people. Small games the audience can play along with are shown as well.
+
+
+=== Season 8 (2020) ===
+
+
+=== Season 9: On the Road (2022) ===
+The show is now a competition and takes place outside. Teams of 4 compete in challenges. This show is separate from the seasons before it and is a spin-off series.
+
+
+== Awards ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Brain Games at IMDb

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Giants_(TV_series)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+---
+title: "Building Giants (TV series)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Giants_(TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:01.374584+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Building Giants is a British documentary television series covering the design and construction of large structures, including stadiums, tunnels, bridges, cruise ships, and other giant engineering feats that premiered in early 2018.
+
+
+== Broadcast History ==
+The show first aired on the Science Channel in the U.S. on January 4, 2018 with the "World's Greatest Stadium" episode that shows the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta. Discovery Networks reported that along with Mega Machines, the series pushed Thursday ratings up 32% over January 2017. The series premiered on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom (the show's production country), starting on April 16, 2018 beginning with the "World's Strongest Wall" episode that features the MOSE in Venice, Italy.
+On August 5, 2019, it was announced that the second season will premiere on August 7, 2019.
+On May 4, 2020, it was announced that the third season will premiere on May 6, 2020.
+The first season of the series is currently available for streaming online on ITV Studios' YouTube channel Blueprint, as well as Amazon Prime Video, FilmRise (who holds the AVOD streaming rights to ITV Studios shows that Shout! Studios does not distribute in North America), The Roku Channel and Tubi, while the second, third and fourth seasons of the show are currently available on Discovery+.
+
+
+== Episode list ==
+
+
+=== Season 1 ===
+January 4	"World's Greatest Stadium"	Mercedes-Benz Stadium	in Atlanta, Georgia, United States
+January 11	"Monster Cruise Ship"	MSC Meraviglia	in Saint-Nazaire, Loire-Atlantique, France
+January 18	"Super Skyscraper NYC"	53W53 (MoMA Tower)	in New York, New York, United States
+January 25	"Arctic Mega Bridge"	Hålogaland Bridge	in Narvik, Nordland, Norway
+February 1	"World's Strongest Wall"	MOSE Project 	around Venice, Veneto, Italy
+February 8	"Monster Tunnel"	Copenhagen–Ringsted Line	on Zealand, Denmark
+February 15	"World's Tallest Church"	Sagrada Familia	in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
+February 22	"World's Toughest Skyscraper"	CITIC Tower (China Zun) 	in Beijing, China
+The first episode was re-aired as "episode 9" (titled "Big Game Stadium") at the end of January 2019, just before the stadium hosted Super Bowl LIII.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Building Giants at IMDb
+Windfall Films Ltd. page
+TV Guide program page

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C'est_pas_sorcier-0.md

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+---
+title: "C'est pas sorcier"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C'est_pas_sorcier"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:02.534113+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+C'est pas sorcier (literally It's Not Sorcery, French for "it's not rocket science") is a popular French live-action, science education television program that originally aired from September 19, 1993, to February 1, 2014. In total, 559 episodes were produced. This program was popular culture, with an audience share of over 30% in France. The episodes continued to be rebroadcast, until at least 2021.
+Dubbed or subtitled, the program is or has been broadcast in many countries, in Europe (Italy, Finland, Greece via Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi, Poland via Da Vinci Learning, and Portugal), in Asia (Cambodia, China, South Korea, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, Mongolia, Turkey, and Vietnam), in Africa (Morocco on the channel 2M, Tunisia via Tunisian television 2, Algeria via Canal Algérie and Berbère Télévision, and Mauritius by the national broadcaster), and in the United States on the streaming service France Channel (under the name The Whizz Report).
+In 2015, a new show, l'Esprit Sorcier hosted by Frédéric Courant began airing online, presenting itself as a successor to C'est pas sorcier.
+
+
+== The presenters ==
+In the show, "Sabine" (Sabine Quindou) and "Fred" (Frédéric Courant) work together in the field. They travel around the world, interviewing specialists, and asking questions to "Jamy" (Jamy Gourmaud) who, in his laboratory in the trailer of a truck driven by "Marcel", would answer them using his iconic models and mock-ups. After 2011, he travels to symbolic locations relevant to the topic with a mobile laboratory equipped with touch screens, computer graphics and the models which originally garnered the show much success.
+The show is narrated by La petite voix ("The Little Voice", played by Valérie Guerlain) who does not appear physically in the show, but offers off-screen commentary and narration.
+
+
+== Topic ==
+The programs can be classified into six categories:
+
+La Terre et l'Univers - (The earth and universe) (71 programmes)  including:  l'Espace et l'astronomie (space and astronomy) (18), la géologie (geology) (21), la géographie (geography), les découvertes (discovery) (32)
+La biodiversité, l'agronomie et l'environnement (biodiversity, agronomy and environment) (138) including la faune (fauna) (67), la botanique (botany) (14), l'alimentation  et l'agronomie (food and agriculture) (25), l'écologie et le climat (ecology and climate) (32)
+Le sport et la santé (sport and health) (72) including le corps humain (human body) (26), la médecine (medicine) (27), le sport (sport) (19)
+Les technologies, la physique et la chimie (communication technology, physics and chemistry) (142) including physique et chimie (physics and chemistry) (13), énergie  (energy) (16), les technologies et l'industrie  (technology and industry) (23), les transports  (transport) (44), la Défense (defence) (10), les grands travaux et l'architecture (big works and architecture) (14), la communication (communications) (23)
+L'histoire, la culture et la société (history, culture and society) (89) including l'histoire et l'archéologie (history and archeology) (44), Arts et spectacles (arts and shows) (18), économie et société (economy and society) (27)
+Les émissions spéciales (14) (special editions)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official Website Archived 2014-02-08 at the Wayback Machine on France 3 (in French)
+Official Website Archived 2013-05-17 at the Wayback Machine on TV5 (in French)
+C'est pas sorcier's channel on YouTube (in French) official channel with full episodes.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+---
+title: "Celestial cartography"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:07.144413+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Celestial cartography, uranography,
+astrography or star cartography is the aspect of astronomy and branch of cartography concerned with mapping stars, galaxies, and other astronomical objects on the celestial sphere. Measuring the position and light of charted objects requires a variety of instruments and techniques. These techniques have developed from angle measurements with quadrants and the unaided eye, through sextants combined with lenses for light magnification, up to current methods which include computer-automated space telescopes. Uranographers have historically produced planetary position tables, star tables, and star maps for use by both amateur and professional astronomers. More recently, computerized star maps have been compiled, and automated positioning of telescopes uses databases of stars and of other astronomical objects.
+
+== Etymology ==
+The word "uranography" derived from the Greek "ουρανογραφια" (Koine Greek ουρανος "sky, heaven" + γραφειν "to write") through the Latin "uranographia". In Renaissance times, Uranographia was used as the book title of various celestial atlases. During the 19th century, "uranography" was defined as the "description of the heavens". Elijah H. Burritt re-defined it as the "geography of the heavens". The German word for uranography is "Uranographie", the French is "uranographie" and the Italian is "uranografia".
+
+== Astrometry ==
+
+Astrometry, the science of spherical astronomy, is concerned with precise measurements of the location of celestial bodies in the celestial sphere and their kinematics relative to a reference frame on the celestial sphere. In principle, astrometry can involve such measurements of planets, stars, black holes and galaxies to any celestial body. 
+Throughout human history, astrometry played a significant role in shaping our understanding of the structure of the visible sky, which accompanies the location of bodies in it, hence making it a fundamental tool to celestial cartography.
+
+== Star catalogues ==
+
+A determining fact source for drawing star charts is naturally a star table. This is apparent when comparing the imaginative "star maps" of Poeticon Astronomicon – illustrations beside a narrative text from the antiquity – to the star maps of Johann Bayer, based on precise star-position measurements from the Rudolphine Tables by Tycho Brahe.
+
+=== Important historical star tables ===
+c:AD 150, Almagest – contains the last known star table from antiquity, prepared by Ptolemy, 1,028 stars.
+c.964, Book of the Fixed Stars, Arabic version of the Almagest by al-Sufi.
+1627, Rudolphine Tables – contains the first West Enlightenment star table, based on measurements of Tycho Brahe, 1,005 stars.
+1690, Prodromus Astronomiae – by Johannes Hevelius for his Firmamentum Sobiescanum, 1,564 stars.
+1729, Britannic Catalogue – by John Flamsteed for his Atlas Coelestis, position of more than 3,000 stars by accuracy of 10".
+1903, Bonner Durchmusterung – by Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander and collaborators, circa 460,000 stars.
+
+== Star atlases ==
+
+=== Naked-eye ===
+15th century BC – The ceiling of the tomb TT71 for the Egyptian architect and minister Senenmut, who served Queen Hatshepsut, is adorned with a large and extensive star chart.
+c. 1 CE ? Poeticon astronomicon, allegedly by Gaius Julius Hyginus
+1092 – Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao (新儀 象法要), by Su Song, a horological treatise which had the earliest existent star maps in printed form. Su Song's star maps also featured the corrected position of the pole star which had been deciphered due to the efforts of astronomical observations by Su's peer, the polymath scientist Shen Kuo.
+1515 – First European printed star charts published in Nuremberg, Germany, engraved by Albrecht Dürer.
+1603 – Uranometria, by Johann Bayer, the first western modern star map based on Tycho Brahe's and Johannes Kepler's Tabulae Rudolphinae
+1627 – Julius Schiller published the star atlas Coelum Stellatum Christianum, which replaced pagan constellations with biblical and early Christian figures.
+1660 – Jan Janssonius' 11th volume of Atlas Major (not to be confused with the similarly named and scoped Atlas Maior) featured the Harmonia Macrocosmica by Andreas Cellarius
+1693 – Firmamentum Sobiescanum sive Uranometria, by Johannes Hevelius, a star map updated with many new star positions based on Hevelius's Prodromus Astronomiae (1690) – 1564 stars.
+
+=== Telescopic ===
+1729 Atlas Coelestis by John Flamsteed
+1801 Uranographia by Johann Elert Bode
+1843 Uranometria Nova by Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander
+
+=== Photographic ===
+1914 Franklin-Adams Charts, by John Franklin-Adams, a very early photographic atlas.
+The Falkau Atlas (Hans Vehrenberg). Stars to magnitude 13.
+Atlas Stellarum (Hans Vehrenberg). Stars to magnitude 14.
+True Visual Magnitude Photographic Star Atlas (Christos Papadopoulos). Stars to magnitude 13.5.
+The Cambridge Photographic Star Atlas, Axel Mellinger and Ronald Stoyan, 2011. Stars to magnitude 14, natural color, 1°/cm.

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+---
+title: "Celestial cartography"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:07.144413+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Modern ===
+Bright Star Atlas – Wil Tirion (stars to magnitude 6.5)
+Cambridge Star Atlas – Wil Tirion (Stars to magnitude 6.5)
+Norton's Star Atlas and Reference Handbook – Ed. Ian Ridpath (stars to magnitude 6.5)
+Stars & Planets Guide – Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (stars to magnitude 6.0)
+Cambridge Double Star Atlas – James Mullaney and Wil Tirion (stars to magnitude 7.5)
+Cambridge Atlas of Herschel Objects – James Mullaney and Wil Tirion (stars to magnitude 7.5)
+Pocket Sky Atlas – Roger Sinnott (stars to magnitude 7.5)
+Deep Sky Reiseatlas – Michael Feiler, Philip Noack (Telrad Finder Charts – stars to magnitude 7.5)
+Atlas Coeli Skalnate Pleso (Atlas of the Heavens) 1950.0 – Antonín Bečvář (stars to magnitude 7.75 and about 12,000 clusters, galaxies and nebulae)
+SkyAtlas 2000.0, second edition – Wil Tirion & Roger Sinnott (stars to magnitude 8.5)
+1987, Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas – Wil Tirion, Barry Rappaport, Will Remaklus (stars to magnitude 9.7; 11.5 in selected close-ups)
+Herald-Bobroff AstroAtlas – David Herald & Peter Bobroff (stars to magnitude 9 in main charts, 14 in selected sections)
+Millennium Star Atlas – Roger Sinnott, Michael Perryman (stars to magnitude 11)
+Field Guide to the Stars and Planets – Jay M. Pasachoff, Wil Tirion charts (stars to magnitude 7.5)
+SkyGX (still in preparation) – Christopher Watson (stars to magnitude 12)
+The Great Atlas of the Sky – Piotr Brych (2,400,000 stars to magnitude 12, galaxies to magnitude 18).
+Interstellarum Deep Sky Atlas (2014) – Ronald Stoyan and Stephan Schurig (stars to magnitude 9.5)
+
+=== Computerized ===
+100,000 Stars
+Cartes du Ciel
+Celestia
+Stars and Planets for Android
+Stars and Planets for iOS
+CyberSky
+GoSkyWatch Planetarium
+Google Sky
+KStars
+Stellarium
+SKY-MAP.ORG
+SkyMap Online
+WorldWide Telescope
+XEphem, for Unix-like systems
+Stellarmap.com – online map of the stars
+Star Walk and Kepler Explorer OpenLab: 2 celestial cartography apps for smartphones
+SpaceEngine
+
+=== Free and printable from files ===
+The TriAtlas Project
+DeepSky Hunter Star Atlas
+Andrew Johnson mag 7
+
+== See also ==
+Star chart
+Astrometry
+Cosmography
+Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido
+History of cartography
+Planetarium
+PP3
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Star Maps from Ian Ridpath's Star Tales website.
+The Mag-7 Star Atlas Project Archived 2014-07-02 at the Wayback Machine
+Historical Celestial Atlases on the Web
+Felice Stoppa's ATLAS COELESTIS, an extensive collection of 51 star maps and other astronomy related books stored as a multitude of images.
+Monthly star maps for every location on Earth Archived 2007-09-13 at the Wayback Machine
+Easy to use monthly star maps for northern and southern hemispheres. Helpful target lists for naked eye, binocular, or telescope viewing.
+Collection of rare star atlases, charts, and maps Archived 2018-03-25 at the Wayback Machine available in full digital facsimile at Linda Hall Library.
+Navigable online map of the stars Archived 2020-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, Stellarmap.com.
+The Digital Collections of the Linda Hall Library include:
+"Astronomy: Star Atlases, Charts, and Maps" Archived 2020-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, a collection of more than 60 star atlas volumes.
+"Astronomy: Selected Images Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, a collection of high-resolution star map images.
+"History of Cosmology: Views of the Stars" Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine, high-resolution scans of prints relating to the study of the structure of the cosmos.

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+---
+title: "Cells at Work!"
+chunk: 1/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:03.855473+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cells at Work! (Japanese: はたらく細胞, Hepburn: Hataraku Saibō) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Akane Shimizu. It features the anthropomorphized cells of a human body, with the two main protagonists being a red blood cell and a white blood cell she frequently encounters. It was serialized in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Sirius from January 2015 to January 2021. It is licensed in North America by Kodansha USA.
+The series has been adapted into an anime television series by David Production, with two seasons broadcast from July 2018 to February 2021, totaling 21 episodes. A theatrical anime titled "Hataraku Saibō!!" Saikyō no Teki, Futatabi. Karada no Naka wa "Chō" Ōsawagi! premiered in September 2020. The series has also spawned several spin-off manga series, including Cells at Work! Code Black, published from 2018 to 2021 and adapted into an anime television series.
+
+== Plot ==
+The story takes place inside the body of an adult human, where trillions of anthropomorphic cells each do their job to keep the body healthy. The series largely focuses on two such cells; a rookie red blood cell, AE3803, who often gets lost during deliveries, and a relentless white blood cell, U-1146, who fights against any germs that invade the body.

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+---
+title: "Cells at Work!"
+chunk: 2/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:03.855473+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Characters ==
+Erythrocyte / Red Blood Cell (AE3803) (赤血球, Sekkekkyū)
+Voiced by: Kana Hanazawa (Japanese); Cherami Leigh (English)
+Portrayed by: Mei Nagano
+A red blood cell who has just started her job, delivering oxygen, carbon dioxide and different nutrients all over the body. She meets Neutrophil when he saves her from an attacking pneumococcus bacterium. She is clumsy and gets lost often, but is determined to perform to the best of her ability. It is later revealed that she had encountered Neutrophil when they were younger, after he saved her from a bacterium. Neutrophil (好中球, Kōchūkyū) / White Blood Cell (U-1146) (白血球, Hakkekkyū)
+Voiced by: Tomoaki Maeno (Japanese); Billy Kametz (English)
+Portrayed by: Takeru Satoh
+A type of white blood cell, whose job is to kill pathogens infecting the body. Despite his violent and ruthless occupation, he is quite soft-spoken and gentle. When he was still in school as a young cell, he saved AE3803 from a bacterium after she got lost in a training exercise. Killer T Cell (キラーT細胞, Kirā Tī Saibō)
+Voiced by: Daisuke Ono (Japanese); Robbie Daymond (English)
+Portrayed by: Koji Yamamoto
+A type of white blood cell that recognizes and kills various foreign matter and unhealthy cells. He is aggressive, cocky and rowdy, brutally taking pleasure in slaughtering pathogens and unhealthy cells. He especially looks down on white blood cells forming relationships with non-white blood cells, like Neutrophil's close friendship with Red Blood Cell. He is the sergeant of the Killer T Cells and is a harsh teacher to his students, the Naive T Cells. He has negative relationships with Helper T Cell and NK Cell, the former being his superior in the Killer T Division. In his youth, he was considered to be weak like the rest of the young T Cells, being only able to survive and complete training through the help of Helper T Cell, which at least made him stronger. Macrophage (マクロファージ, Makurofāji) / Monocyte (単球, Tankyū)
+Voiced by: Kikuko Inoue (Japanese); Laura Post (English)
+Portrayed by: Wakana Matsumoto
+A type of white blood cell. She and her kind appear as lovely maids in big dresses, armed with a variety of large weapons to fight various invasive pathogens, and are often shown smiling cheerfully even in the middle of combat. While inside blood vessels, she and her kind take on the role of monocytes, and wear hazmat suits over their dresses. Platelet (血小板, Kesshōban)
+Voiced by: Maria Naganawa (Japanese); Xanthe Huynh (English)
+Portrayed by: Maika Pugh
+A type of cell responsible for reconstructing the body after various injuries. They are depicted as children, due to their small cell size, and act as construction and repair crew within the body. One platelet who carries a whistle on her neck serves as their leader and she is most prominently featured in the show, while a secondary yet shy platelet known as "Backward Cap" because she wears her cap backwards, also appears in the story. Helper T Cell (ヘルパーT細胞, Herupā Tī Saibō)
+Voiced by: Takahiro Sakurai (Japanese); Ray Chase (English)
+Portrayed by: Shota Sometani
+A type of T Cell that determines strategy and courses of action for dealing with foreign invaders. He is the main commander of the Killer T Division and has an intellectual and smooth disposition, putting him at big odds with the rough and tough Killer T Cell, despite having undergone T Cell training together with him. Regulatory T Cell (制御性T細胞, Seigyosei Tī Saibō)
+Voiced by: Saori Hayami (Japanese); Erica Mendez (English)
+A type of T Cell that mediates and regulates the correct function and magnitude of immunological responses. She usually acts as Helper T Cell's secretary, though she is capable of fighting when necessary. She went through T Cell training alongside Killer T Cell and Helper T Cell. Naive T Cell (ナイーブT細胞, Naību T Saibō)
+Voiced by: Mutsumi Tamura (Japanese); Laura Stahl (English)
+A rookie T Cell who is too frightened to fight invasive microorganisms, until Dendritic Cell helps him transform into Effector T Cell. He and his kind are the students of Killer T Cell, from whom they receive harsh treatment and austere training. Effector T Cell (エフェクターT細胞, Efekutā T Saibō)
+Voiced by: Kenji Nomura (Japanese); Chris Tergliaferra (English)
+A Naive T Cell transformed into a large, muscular and powerful T Cell. Eosinophil (好酸球, Kōsankyū)
+Voiced by: M.A.O (Japanese); Kayli Mills (English)
+A type of white blood cell who is acquainted with White Blood Cell since they grew up in the same bone marrow. She feels inferior to the other immune cells because of her inability to fight off bacteria and viruses, but she shows her true worth by killing a parasitic Anisakis when the other cells could not. She handles a bident as her weapon of choice. Dendritic Cell (樹状細胞, Jujō Saibō)
+Voiced by: Nobuhiko Okamoto (Japanese); Griffin Burns (English)
+Depicted as a messenger dressed in green stationed inside a call center resembling a tree. He can stimulate Naive T Cells and transform them into Effector T Cells. He owns a camera which he always uses to take pictures of events he deems important and stores them in picture albums, some of which are sources of shame and humiliation for the other cells. Memory Cell (記憶細胞, Kioku Saibō)
+Voiced by: Yuichi Nakamura (Japanese); David Vincent (English)
+A paranoid and neurotic cell whose job is to remember past infections and allergies so that the immunity system can be ready for them. However, he is scatterbrained and it is difficult for him to sort out his memories, often panicking and screaming whenever disaster strikes. Mast Cell (マスト細胞, Masuto Saibō)
+Voiced by: Ayako Kawasumi (Japanese); Maureen Price (English)
+A cell whose job is to monitor and release histamines in response to allergic and inflammatory reactions. She always follows the instructions in her book no matter the situations and is unpopular due to her lack of consideration of what her actions do to the other cells. Also known as "Fat Cell", she gets irked whenever she is referred to with that name. Senior Red Blood Cell (AA5100) (先輩赤血球, Senpai Sekkekkyū)
+Voiced by: Aya Endō (Japanese); Kira Buckland (English)
+An older red blood cell who sometimes guides and teaches AE3803 on how to properly perform her occupation. Junior Red Blood Cell (NT4201) (後輩赤血球, Kōhai Sekkekkyū)
+Voiced by: Yui Ishikawa (Japanese); Jeannie Tirado (English)
+A young but overly serious red blood cell who becomes AE3803's student. B Cell (B細胞, Bī Saibō)
+Voiced by: Shōya Chiba (Japanese); Erik Scott Kimerer (English)
+A white blood cell who carries a weapon that shoots antibodies. He is often annoyed and jealous about not receiving as much credit as the Killer T Cells do. He also has an antagonistic relationship with Mast Cell, as their combined functions only cause grave disasters for the other cells. Basophil (好塩基球, Kōenkikyū)
+Voiced by: Tomokazu Sugita (Japanese); D. C. Douglas (English)
+A mysterious and poetic character whose real occupation is unknown, appearing during a food-borne infection to make cryptic commentaries on the disastrous events unfolding. NK Cell (NK細胞, NK Saibō)
+Voiced by: Toa Yukinari (Japanese); Morgan Berry (English)
+Portrayed by: Riisa Naka
+She patrols the whole body for viruses, bacteria and abnormal cells, with her weapon of choice being a machete.

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+---
+title: "Cells at Work!"
+chunk: 3/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:03.855473+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+She has a smug demeanor, is somewhat condescending towards other cells and her relationship with Killer T Cell is akin to that of an intense sibling rivalry. Cancer Cell (がん細胞, Gan Saibō)
+Voiced by: Akira Ishida (Japanese); Khoi Dao (English)
+Portrayed by: Fukase
+An antagonistic cell bent on creating a world where cells no longer have to kill each other, even if it means risking the life of the body. Normal Cell / Cell Boy (正常細胞, Seijō Saibō)
+Voiced by: Yūsuke Kobayashi (Japanese); Bryce Papenbrook (English)
+Normal Cell is a minor character who plays a major role in season 2. Normal Cell is a soft-hearted troublemaker. He finds his job of copying himself boring hence he began to venture outside of his apartment to explore or mess around. Despite not being able to do anything, he has a strong will to protect someone that is precious to him (Lactic Acid Bacteria). According to AE3803, he lives by the pharynx, which happens to be an area that contains lymph nodes.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-3.md

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+---
+title: "Cells at Work!"
+chunk: 4/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:03.855473+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Media ==
+
+=== Manga ===
+
+Written and illustrated by Akane Shimizu, Cells at Work! was serialized in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Sirius from January 26, 2015, to January 26, 2021. Kodansha collected its chapters in six tankōbon volumes, released from July 9, 2015, to February 9, 2021.
+Kodansha USA announced that it had licensed Cells at Work! in North America on March 21, 2016.
+
+==== Spin-offs ====
+The series has spawned several spin-offs published across various Kodansha's manga magazines and digital platforms:
+
+Cells at Work!: Bacteria! (はたらく細菌) by Haruyuki Yoshida. The series follows the lives of good and bad bacteria in the intestines. It was serialized in the shōjo manga magazine Nakayoshi from April 3, 2017, to July 3, 2020. It was followed by Cells at Work! Neo Bacteria (はたらく細菌Neo), serialized in Nakayoshi and on the Palcy manga app from December 28, 2020, to February 22, 2021, with a single volume released on the latter date.
+Cells NOT at Work! (はたらかない細胞) by Moe Sugimoto. It follows immature red blood cells (erythroblasts) that do not want to work. It was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius from July 26, 2017, to November 26, 2021.
+Cells at Work! Code Black (はたらく細胞BLACK), written by Shigemitsu Harada and illustrated by Issei Hatsuyoshi. It is set in a "black" environment of a human body suffering an unhealthy lifestyle. It was serialized in the seinen manga magazine Morning from June 7, 2018, to January 21, 2021.
+Cells at Work and Friends! (はたらく細胞フレンド), written by Kanna Kurono and illustrated by Mio Izumi. It centers around a Killer T Cell who is normally strict with himself and others, but wants to have fun during his free time. He also wants to make friends but does not want to ruin his reputation. It was serialized in the shōjo manga magazine Bessatsu Friend from January 12, 2019, to April 13, 2021.
+Cells at Work!: Platelets! (はたらく血小板ちゃん, Platelets at Work), written by Kanna Kurono and illustrated by Mio Izumi. It focuses on platelet characters. It was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius from May 25, 2019, to April 26, 2021.
+Cells at Work!: Baby! (はたらく細胞BABY) by Yasuhiro Fukuda. It follows a group of cells inside a baby's body, 40 weeks after conception and close to delivery, with the cells unaware of anything. It was serialized in Morning from October 17, 2019, to October 7, 2021.
+Cells at Work!: Lady! (はたらく細胞LADY), written by Harada and illustrated by Akari Otokawa. It is focused on cells in the body of an adult woman. It started in Morning Two on January 22, 2020. The magazine ceased print publication and moved to a digital starting on August 4, 2022. The series finished on September 26, 2022.
+Cells at Work!: White Brigade (はたらく細胞WHITE) by Tetsuji Kanie. It is focused on white blood cells. It was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius from October 26, 2020, to July 26, 2022.
+Cells at Work!: Illegal (はたらく細胞イリーガル) by Kae Hashimoto. It is focused on the cells of a person taking illegal substances. It was serialized on the YanMaga Web digital manga platform from February 1, 2022, to July 18, 2023.
+Cells at Work! Muscle (はたらく細胞マッスル) by Yū Maeda. It is focused on muscles in the human body. It started on the Morning Two manga website from February 16, 2023, to February 20, 2025.
+Cells at Work! Cat (はたらく細胞 猫), written by Choco Aozora and illustrated by Meku Kaire. It is centered around cells in the body of a cat. It was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius from May 25, 2023, to March 26, 2026.
+Cells at Work!: Medicine (はたらく細胞 おくすり), written by Koma Warita and illustrated by Ryō Kuji. It is centered around medicine. It was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius from May 25, 2023, to May 26, 2025.
+Kodansha USA has licensed Cells at Work!: Bacteria!, Cells NOT at Work!, Cells at Work! Code Black, Cells at Work and Friends!, Cells at Work!: Platelets!, Cells at Work!: Baby!, Cells at Work!: Lady!, Cells at Work! Neo Bacteria, Cells at Work! White Brigade, and Cells at Work! Cat.
+
+=== Anime ===

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+---
+title: "Cells at Work!"
+chunk: 5/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:03.855473+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+An anime television series adaptation was announced in January 2018. It is directed by Kenichi Suzuki and animated by David Production, with scripts written by Suzuki and Yūko Kakihara, and character designs by Takahiko Yoshida. The series' music is composed by Kenichiro Suehiro and Mayuko. The anime series premiered on July 8, 2018, on Tokyo MX and other channels. The series ran for 13 episodes. Aniplex of America licensed the series in North America and simulcast it on Crunchyroll. Madman Entertainment simulcasted Australia and New Zealand on AnimeLab, while Muse Communication licensed the series in Southeast Asia and South Asia, and simulcasted it on Animax Asia. MVM Entertainment acquired the series for distribution in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The opening theme is "Mission! Health Comes First" (ミッション！ 健・康・第・イチ, Mission! Ken - Kō - Dai - Ichi) by Red Blood Cell (Kana Hanazawa / Cherami Leigh), White Blood Cell (Tomoaki Maeno / Billy Kametz), Killer T Cell (Daisuke Ono / Robbie Daymond), and Macrophage (Kikuko Inoue / Laura Post), while the ending theme is "CheerS" by ClariS. A special episode premiered on December 27, 2018. Aniplex of America released the English dub on August 27, 2019.
+On March 23, 2019, the series' official Twitter account announced that it would receive a second season. The second season aired from January 9 to February 27, 2021. The main staff at David Production is returning for producing the second season, with the exception of director Kenichi Suzuki being replaced by director Hirofumi Ogura.  The opening theme is "Go! Go! Saibō Festa!" by the main cast members, while the ending theme is "Fight!!" by ClariS.
+A theatrical anime titled "Hataraku Saibō!!" Saikyō no Teki, Futatabi. Karada no Naka wa "Chō" Ōsawagi! was announced on July 4, 2020, as an advanced screening of episodes 4–8 later aired in the second season. Also shown with a short animation "Kesshouban: Eigakan e Iku". The main staff at David Production returned for producing the film, with the exception of director Kenichi Suzuki being replaced by director Hirofumi Ogura. It premiered on September 5, 2020.
+
+=== Light novel ===
+A light novel adaptation of the manga titled as Shōsetsu Hataraku Saibō (小説　はたらく細胞) was published on July 12, 2018, by Kodansha. It is written by Yui Tokiumi and illustrated by Akane Shimizu and has three volumes.
+
+=== Stage play ===
+A stage play adaptation titled Tainai Katsugeki Hataraku Saibō (体内活劇「はたらく細胞」) was announced in the August issue of Kodansha's Monthly Shōnen Sirius magazine. The play was held at Tokyo's Theatre 1010 from November 16 to 25, 2018. The play which was directed by Tsuyoshi Kida, starred Masanari Wada as U-1146 and Kanon Nanaki as AE3803, while Keita Kawajiri wrote the script for the play. The last performance was also distributed live.
+
+=== Mobile app ===
+A tower-defense game for iOS and Android mobile devices titled Always Cells at Work (いつでも はたらく細胞, Itsudemo Hataraku Saibō) was announced in November 2018. The game service shut down on January 31, 2020.
+
+=== Live-action film ===
+A live-action film adaptation was announced by Kodansha and Flag Pictures on March 20, 2023. It was directed by Hideki Takeuchi and the script written by Yuichi Tokunaga, starring Mei Nagano and Takeru Satoh as AE3803 and U-1146, respectively. The film was released on December 13, 2024, by Warner Bros. Pictures.
+
+== Reception ==
+Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network highlighted the educational aspect of the manga despite flaws in presentation of information, and ultimately found the manga entertaining with likable characters. Sean Gaffney of A Case Suitable for Treatment called it a "very fun shonen action manga", complimenting the manga's ridiculousness and humor. Ian Wolf of Anime UK News gave the British Blu-ray release of the anime a score of 9 out of 10, and described the show as the most bloody on television, because so many of the characters are blood cells and thus means it contains more blood than shows depicting much violence.
+The 2016 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! guidebook listed the manga as the seventh top manga for male readers. Paul Gravett included the manga in his list of "Top 22 Comics, Graphic Novels & Manga" for October 2016. By July 2017, the manga had over 1.3 million copies in print; it had over 1.5 million copies in print by January 2018.
+Dr. Satoru Otsuka, postdoctoral fellow in the molecular neuro-oncology department of Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia, praised the series' depiction of cancer cells during the series' seventh episode. Biology teachers at a high school affiliated with China's Southwest University were so impressed with the accuracy of the series that they assigned it as homework for their students.
+
+== See also ==
+Osmosis Jones, a 2001 American live-action/animated action comedy film and its spin-off television series, Ozzy & Drix, both of which feature a similar premise
+Once Upon a Time... Life, a 1987 French animated series with a similar premise
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Official manga website (in Japanese)
+Official anime website (1st season) (in Japanese)
+Official anime website (2nd season) (in Japanese)
+Official anime site (in English)
+Cells at Work! (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!_Code_Black-0.md

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+---
+title: "Cells at Work! Code Black"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!_Code_Black"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:05.032535+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cells at Work! Code Black (Japanese: はたらく細胞BLACK, Hepburn: Hataraku Saibō Burakku) is a Japanese manga series spin-off to Cells at Work! by Akane Shimizu. The manga was written by Shigemitsu Harada and illustrated by Issei Hatsuyoshiya. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Morning from June 2018 to January 2021, and was licensed in North America by Kodansha USA. An anime television series adaptation produced by Liden Films aired from January 10 to March 21, 2021.
+
+
+== Plot ==
+In contrast to the main series, which is set in a generally healthy human body, Cells at Work! Code Black is set in a "black" environment of an adult man suffering an unhealthy lifestyle. The story follows the anthropomorphic cells struggling to maintain the body against threats such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and sexually transmitted infections.
+
+
+== Characters ==
+
+Erythrocyte / Red Blood Cell (AA2153) (赤血球, Sekkekkyū)
+Voiced by: Junya Enoki (Japanese); Kyle McCarley (English)
+Portrayed by: Rihito Itagaki
+AA2153 is one of the two protagonists. He is a rookie erythrocyte that had started working inside a poorly maintained body, and thus an abusive work environment. As a rookie, AA2153 was initially excited for his task of going to the lungs, only to find LDLs, Carbon Monoxide, and Pneumococcus along the way. He is dedicated to doing his part in helping the body, but is strongly disheartened by the awful work conditions and failure of the body to improve. He develops a friendship with U-1196, a neutrophil who frequently rescues him and serves as a source of encouragement, as well as AC1677, a fellow Red Blood Cell with whom he frequently works side-by-side.
+Neutrophil (好中球, Kōchūkyū) / White Blood Cell (U-1196) (白血球, Hakkekkyū)
+Voiced by: Yoko Hikasa (Japanese); Allegra Clark (English)
+U-1196 is one of the two protagonists. She is a neutrophil in a poorly maintained body, and thus an abusive work environment. She is very set on her mission and never complains about the hardships of her work environment or the poor treatment she receives, but still appreciates support and shows respect to other cells. She is described as a "heroic elder sister" who works hard for the sake of her mission. Though overall a calm and caring cell, she has the tendency to be critical of herself and overwork. She is good friends with two playful but unnamed neutrophil soldiers, and with AA2153.
+Erythrocyte / Red Blood Cell (AC1677) (赤血球, Sekkekkyū)
+Voiced by: KENN (Japanese); Jon Allen (English)
+AC1677 is a rookie erythrocyte and a close friend of AA2153 who is also working inside a poorly maintained body, and thus an abusive work environment. He is a chicken-hearted individual who often tries to escape whenever hardships happen, believing he will be putting himself in danger unnecessarily, but sticks to his work because of AA2153's commitment. He is ultimately very loyal to his friends and eventually sacrifices himself for AA2153 when he was about to fall into the stomach acid.
+Neutrophil (好中球, Kōchūkyū) / White Blood Cell (J-1178) (白血球, Hakkekkyū)
+J-1178 is highly experienced and somewhat jaded. She loathes her job and views it as pointless given how terrible the body's conditions are, but her sense of integrity pushes her to give her work her all anyway. When she encounters AA2153 after the transfusion, she's initially dismissive of him, but becomes flustered when he calls her "White Blood Cell-chan" due to her diminutive stature. Upon meeting U-1196, J-1178 at first believes her to be a lone wolf who is unsympathetic to how overworked the other neutrophils are, but soon realizes that U-1196 is only trying to be proactive against problems that have the potential to grow into extremely dire threats to the body. She comes to regard U-1196 as a mentor and partner, and calls her "big sister" out of respect. The two band together in what is hailed as "the strongest partnership", and prove to be a formidable duo in battle. After U-1196 is badly injured during the neutrophils' failed attack on the periodontitis bacteria swarm, J-1178 is devastated. She becomes withdrawn and scared of resuming her work, even after U-1196 recovers, but is given a motivational talk by an erythrocyte and then comes to the timely rescue of AA2153 and U-1196, fully recommitted to the job.
+Neutrophil (好中球, Kōchūkyū) / White Blood Cell (U-1212) (白血球, Hakkekkyū)
+Voiced by: Yumi Uchiyama (Japanese); Tiana Camacho (English)
+One of the Neutrophils working in the same poorly maintained body, working alongside U-1196 and U-8787.
+Neutrophil (好中球, Kōchūkyū) / White Blood Cell (U-8787) (白血球, Hakkekkyū)
+Voiced by: Lynn (Japanese); Lizzie Freeman (English)
+Another of the Neutrophils working in the same poorly maintained body, working alongside U-1196 and U-1212.
+Hepatocyte (肝細胞, Kan Saibō)
+Voiced by: Sarah Emi Bridcutt (Japanese); Lauren Landa (English)
+Portrayed by: Kyoko Fukada
+Hepatocyte is a cell who mainly functions in the liver. She appears as hostess to serve the Red Blood Cells with ADH, an enzyme that breaks down alcohol and converts it into acetaldehyde.
+Gastric chief cell (胃主細胞, I shu Saibō)
+Voiced by: Takashi Narumi (Japanese); John E. Bentley (English)
+Gastric Chief Cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a cell that works in the stomach. He used to have a tough, but kind-hearted attitude to visiting blood cells, but when the body started to break down, he turned to a harsh, serious, and strict attitude towards other cells.
+
+
+== Media ==
+
+
+=== Manga ===
+The manga is written by Shigemitsu Harada, with illustrations by Issei Hatsuyoshiya and supervision by Shimizu. It ran in Weekly Morning from June 7, 2018, to January 21, 2021, and collected eight tankōbon volumes.
+
+
+=== Anime ===
+
+In April 2020, the 20th issue of Morning magazine revealed that an anime adaptation of Cells at Work! Code Black was in production. The series aired from January 10 to March 21, 2021. The series is directed by Hideyo Yamamoto with series composition by Hayashi Mori. Yugo Kanno is composing the music, Eiji Akibo is designing the characters for animation, and Liden Films is producing the series. Aniplex of America licensed the series and streamed it on Funimation starting on January 7, 2021, two days before the Japanese broadcast. Crunchyroll also streamed the series a month later. Muse Communication licensed the series in Southeast Asia and will stream it on iQIYI and Bilibili. The opening theme is "Hashire! with Yamasaki Seiya (Kyūso Nekokami)", while the ending theme is "Ue o Mukaite Hakobō with Sekkekkyū/Hakkekkyū", both performed by Polysics. On March 10, 2021, Funimation and Aniplex of America announced the series would be dubbed by Bang Zoom! Entertainment, with the first episode premiering the next day.
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website (in Japanese)
+Official anime website (in Japanese)
+Cells at Work! Code Black (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_(TV_program)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Checkpoint (TV program)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_(TV_program)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:06.590676+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Checkpoint was a Dutch children's TV show broadcast by the Evangelische Omroep on Zapp. It can be described as a jumble between Brainiac, Jackass and Fear Factor for youth. The show is presented by Klaas van Kruistum.
+In this show tests are carried out which can be sent in by the viewers. However, most tests are not based upon scientific methods. It is rather a show in which stunts are performed.
+The ninth season of Checkpoint aired in September 2014.
+
+
+== Structure and development ==
+Since 2009, when the show aired for the first time, its structure has chanced a couple of times.
+During the first two seasons of Checkpoint, every episode consisted of three tests. The second one always was Boys vs Girls. In these tests the differences between boys and girls are scrutinized and it focussed on whether men or women are better in performing a certain task or function. The other two tests changed every episode and these focused on products being pinpointed.
+Since the third season, which was broadcast in Spring 2010, the structure changed, the number of items went up from three to about four. Also: recurring items were introduced, of which one featured a contest. Apart from the contest now being moved to the closing credits and just a couple of exceptions this structure has still been maintained.
+
+
+== Recurring items ==
+
+
+=== Boys vs girls ===
+This section is featured since the start of the show and nearly every episode contains a new edition. In these tests the differences between boys and girls are scrutinized and it focussed on whether men or women are better in performing a certain task or function. In the season finales a compilation of these tests is shown, which also features the final rankings of the past season (since season 3).
+
+
+=== Other recurring items ===
+In season 3 more recurring items are introduced. An overview:
+
+1 Minuutje (1 Minute). Tasks which can/cannot be done within one minute.
+De Achtbaan (The Roller Coaster). Tasks which can/cannot be done during a roller coaster ride.
+De Auto Van Je Vader (The Car Of Your Father). What can be done with a car standing still.
+Cartoon Check. Which events from cartoons can/cannot occur in real life.
+Feestdagen (Holidays). Tips to raise the celebrations.
+Film Check (Movie Check). Which events from movies can/cannot occur in real life.
+Gevaar In Huis (Danger At Home). Dangers in and around home are scrutinized.
+De Glijbaan (The Slide). Tasks which can/cannot be done while going off a water slide.
+Handleidingen (Instruction Manuals). Instruction manuals from devices are scrutinized.
+High Speed Camera. Simple things displayed in slow-motion.
+Jong vs Oud (Young vs Old). Tasks which can be done better by either young or old people.
+Kat vs. Hond (Cat vs. Dog). Tasks which can be done better by either cats of dogs.
+De Klapper Van De Week (The Banger Of The Week). A search for the loudest bangs (explosions and stuff).
+De Kracht Van Veel (Strength In Numbers). What can be done when many of a little are merged to a big one.
+Net als in de film (Just Like In The Movies). Shows how different stunts and other events in movies are performed.
+Nederland vs ... (Netherlands vs ...) Traditional tasks performed by youth from a certain country compared to youth from the Netherlands.
+Onbreekbaar? (Unbreakable?) Certain objects classified as unbreakable are tested.
+Ondersteboven (Upside Down). Tasks which can/cannot be done while hanging upside down.
+De Oven (The Oven). Objects placed into an oven to see what happens.
+Poep en Plas (Poo and Pee). Uses for feces.
+Psychotest. Psychological tests.
+Recycle. Reuse of certain objects.
+Schimmelgevaar (Dangers Of Mold). Food placed into a container to test the shelf life.
+Spreekwoorden (Proverbs). Certain proverbs and sayings are tested if they are still correct these days.
+Top Secret. Tests which are ill-suited for parents.
+Vuurwerk (Fireworks). Dangers of firework are shown.
+De Windtunnel (The Wind Tunnel). Tasks which can/cannot be done in strong winds.
+
+
+==== Recurring items a season ====
+
+
+== Success ==
+Checkpoint is very popular and in the period the show runs, the ratings from the broadcastings raised to high values. It became one of the flagship shows of Zapp and also belongs to the best viewed shows on Nederland 3 on Saturday. Checkpoint even got his own events, like the vader/zoon-dag (father/son day), which are successful as well and heavily visited.
+The show was also awarded several awards. In 2011 Checkpoint won the Cinekid Kinderkast Publieksprijs (Cinekid Kinderkastaudience award) in the category non-fiction. The next year it was nominated for the prestigious Prix Jeunesse international and eventually archived the Children's Jury Award. The same year they got a nomination for the Gouden Stuiver (Golden Nickle), which was however eventually won by Het Klokhuis. Just a week later they revenged by winning the Cinekid Kinderkast Publieksprijs for the second successive year. In 2013 they were once again nominated for the Gouden Stuiver, but Het Sinterklaasjournaal was the final winner this time. In 2014 Checkpoint won the TV-BEELDEN award for best children's show.
+
+
+== Spin-off ==
+Early July 2014 the show gets a spin-off, called Checkpoint top 5. In this show the five best testing moments from a particular theme are shown. Examples are: the five best car crashes, the five dirtiest moments and the five best explosions.
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website (in Dutch)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-0.md

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+---
+title: "Chu Silk Manuscript"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:08.345210+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Chu Silk Manuscript (traditional Chinese: 楚帛書; simplified Chinese: 楚帛书; pinyin: Chǔ Bóshū; Wade–Giles: Ch'u Po-shu), also known as the Chu Silk Manuscript from Zidanku in Changsha (traditional Chinese: 長沙子彈庫楚帛書; simplified Chinese: 长沙子弹库楚帛书; pinyin: Chángshā Zǐdànkù Chǔ Bóshū; Wade–Giles: Ch'ang-sha Tzu-tan-k'u Ch'u Po-shu), is a Chinese astrological and astronomical text. It was discovered in a (c. 300 BCE) Warring States period tomb from the southern Chinese state of Chu.
+
+== History ==
+The provenance of the Chu Silk Manuscript is uncertain, like many illicit antiquities. Sometime between 1934 and 1942, grave robbers discovered it in a tomb near Zidanku (literally "bullet storehouse"), east of Changsha, Hunan. Archaeologists later found the original tomb and dated it to around 300 BCE.
+In 1946, the art collector Cai Jixiang (蔡季襄) owned the manuscript.  John Hadley Cox then transported it to the United States. How John Hadley Cox acquired the manuscript from Cai Jixiang remains a controversy: Cai claimed that Cox had been asked to help scan the manuscript only; Cai's efforts to have the manuscript returned had persisted till the late 1970s but failed. The philanthropist Arthur M. Sackler purchased the ancient manuscript in 1965, and it is preserved in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Washington, D.C. Papers related to the manuscript can be found at the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives.
+Recent excavations of Chu-period tombs have discovered historically comparable manuscripts written on fragile bamboo slips and silk – the Chinese word zhubo (竹帛; 'bamboo and silk') means "bamboo slips and silk (for writing); ancient books". The Chu Silk Manuscript was roughly contemporaneous with the (c. 305 BCE) Tsinghua Bamboo Slips and (c. 300 BCE) Guodian Chu Slips, and it preceded the (168 BCE) Mawangdui Silk Texts. Its subject matter predates the (c. 168 BCE) Han Dynasty silk Divination by Astrological and Meteorological Phenomena.
+
+== Content ==
+The Chu Silk Manuscript is 47 centimetres (19 in) long and 38 centimetres (15 in) wide, with worn edges and folds. Exposure to light has made some portions dark and unreadable, but infrared photography helped to decipher some illegible portions.
+This silken document contains 926 ancient characters in three sections, each of which involves some aspect of the lunisolar Chinese calendar. Li and Cook call them the "Year (Inner Long Text)", "Seasons (Inner Short Text)", and "Months (Surrounding Text)".
+The Inner Long and Short Text are alternate blocks, respectively with thirteen lines of text upright and with eight lines inverted (cf. Greek Boustrophedon). Jao Tsung-I proposes the former section is written right side up because it discusses the creation myths of the Chu people, and the latter is upside down because it describes events when heaven is in disarray.
+The Surrounding Text in the four margins pictures a color-symbolic tree in each corner plus twelve masked zoomorphic figures with short descriptions. Scholars associate the twelve pictures with the Chu gods for the months and the four trees with the mythic pillars holding up the heavens. The Inner Short Text describes Gong Gong knocking down one heavenly pillar and causing the earth to tilt. Although these twelve figures have no certain interpretation, Loewe reasons, "it seems likely that they may represent twelve guardian gods or holy spirits, severally invested with powers of action for each of the twelve months. Alternatively they may represent twelve shamans or intermediaries, wearing masks and capable of communicating with such deities." Li Xueqin  identified these twelve gods with the ancient names for the months given in the Erya (8/15, Chu 陬, Ru 如, Bing 寎, ...). The manuscript's sides represent the four directions and seasons. In traditional Chinese terms, the Four Symbols are the Azure Dragon of the East (青龍), Vermillion Bird of the South (朱雀), White Tiger of the West (白虎), and Black Tortoise of the North (玄武). Each direction is divided into seven sectors, constituting the Twenty-Eight Mansions (二十八宿) of the lunar month.
+The Chu Silk Manuscript concerns Chinese astronomy and Chinese astrology, describes the creation myths of Fuxi and Nuwa, and reveals ancient religious perspectives and cosmogony. Li and Cook conclude that, "Generally, the writer of the manuscript was concerned that the calendar be used with proper respect and knowledge. Otherwise, the text threatens, cosmic collapse and evil catastrophic events would occur." Li and Cook identify the design with the shitu (式圖; "cosmic model diagram").
+
+The Chu Silk Manuscript consists of both illustrations and texts; it is designed to resemble a divination board (shi; also sometimes called a diviner's board or cosmograph), which is itself a model of the cosmos. This type of instrument, of which several have been found in Han tombs, consists of a round board symbolizing heaven that can rotate on a pivot on top of a square board representing the earth. 
+This shi (式; 'model', 'standard', 'form', 'pattern') or shipan (式盤) was the precursor for the luopan (羅盤; "feng shui compass").
+
+== Translations ==
+Interpreting the Chu Silk Manuscript's brush-written Chinese characters is especially difficult. Some of these ancient logograms are illegible and some are missing in lacuna. Others are what Barnard  calls "descendantless graphs" unidentified with standard characters, which "may reflect something of the Ch'u (written) "dialect" rather than more general characteristics of pre-Han character structures."
+Barnard (1973) provided the first English translation of the manuscript, followed by Li & Cook (1999). To illustrate the subject matter, the translated beginning of each section is quoted below. Note that the ellipsis "[...]" marks obliterated or untranslatable characters.
+"Year (Inner Long Text)" has three subsections; warning about unnatural events if the months are improperly calibrated, stressing the importance of a proper calendar for an auspicious year from the gods, and cautioning people to respectfully sacrifice to the gods.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-1.md

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+---
+title: "Chu Silk Manuscript"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:08.345210+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+If [...] and the length of the lunar months becomes too long or too short, then they will not fit the proper degree and spring, summer, autumn, and winter will [not] be [...] regular; the sun, moon, and planets will erratically overstep their paths. When (the months) are too long, too short, contrary, or chaotic, (the growth of) the grasses and trees have no regularity. This is [called] yao, "demonic" (influences or omens). When heaven and earth create calamities, the Heaven's Cudgel (Tianpou) star creates (sweeping) destruction, sending (the destruction) down through all four regions (of the earth). Mountains collapse, springs gush forth geysers. This is called "contravention." If you contravene the years (and) the months, then upon entering the seventh or eighth day of the month there will be fog, frost, and clouds of dust, and you will not be able to function according (to heaven's plan).
+"Seasons (Inner Short Text)" also has three subsections; describing how the gods separated heaven and earth and determined the four seasons, Yandi and Zhu Rong supported the heavens with five pillars of different colors, and Gong Gong divided time into periods, days, months, and years.
+
+Long, long ago, Bao Xi of [...] came from [...] and lived in [...]. His [...] was [...] and [...] woman. It was confusing and dark, without [...], [...] water [...] wind and rain were thus obstructed. He then married Zuwei [...]'s granddaughter, named Nü Tian. She gave birth to four [... (children)] who then helped put things in motion making the transformations arrive according (to Heaven's plan). Relinquishing (this) duty, they then rested and acted (in turn) controlling the sidewalls (of the calendrical plan); they helped calculate time by steps. The separated (heaven) above and (earth) below. Since the mountains were out of order, they then named the mountains, rivers, and Four Seas. They arranged (themselves) by [...] hot and cold qi. In order to cross mountains, rivers and streams (of various types) when there was as yet no sun or moon (for a guide), when the people traveled across mountains and rivers, the four gods stepped in succession to indicate the year; these are the four seasons.
+This "stepped" refers to ritual Yubu (禹步; "Steps of Yu", later known as 步罡; bugang; "walking the guideline"). Yu was the legendary founder of the Xia dynasty who controlled the Great Flood's waters and regulated the four seasons.
+"Months (Surrounding Text)" in the margins has twelve subsections that picture the monthly gods and list their calendrical rules. 
+
+[The first month is called] Qu. (During this month) Yi will come. Do not [...] kill (living beings). Renzi and bingzi are inauspicious (days). If you make [...] and attack to the north, the general will come to evil, [...]. [The month's complete title is] Quyuxia, "Pick from Below".
+[The second month is called] Ru. (During this month) you can send out an army and build a city, but you cannot marry off a daughter or take in slaves. Don't regret if you cannot accomplish both. [The month's complete title is] Ruciwu, "Such is Military." 
+[The third month is called Bing.] (During this month) [...] marry, raise domestic animals, [...]. [The month's complete title is] Bingsichun, "Bing Controls Spring."
+
+In this context, Yi (夷) refers to Dongyi "eastern barbarians", while renzi (壬子) and bingzi (丙子) are names in the sexagenary cycle based on ten Heavenly Stems and twelve Earthly Branches (see the Chinese calendar correspondence table).
+
+== Textual genre ==
+Several Chinese classics are comparable with the Chu Silk Manuscript. For instance, Major says it "anticipates later ritual and astrological calendars, such as the "Yueling" [月令 "Monthly Commands"] of the Lüshi chunqiu, in emphasizing the importance of performing certain actions and refraining from others in each month of the year in order to ensure safety and good fortune for the community as a whole."
+In addition, Jao compares the manuscript with both the Tianguan shu (天官書; "Essay on Astronomy") in the Records of the Grand Historian and the bamboo Rishu (日書; "Almanacs") from the Chu burials at Yunmeng and the Qin burials at Tianshui.
+Within traditional terms for Chinese schools of thought, Li Ling classifies the manuscript as the oldest example of shushu (數術; "numerals and skills").  "Shushu not only includes astronomy and the calendrical and mathematical sciences, but also the various related areas in divination (based on deduction) and physiognomy (based on observation)." Shushu contrasted with fangji (方技; "prescriptions and techniques"), which included traditional Chinese medicine, neidan, daoyin, etc., and both specialties were associated with fangshi "diviners; magicians". "Shushu is primarily related to the universal order (hence, the cosmos), while fangji is primarily related to the human order (hence, the human body)." Li concludes the Chu Silk Manuscript's cosmic model was based on liuren (六壬) or Da Liu Ren (大六壬) calendrical astrology.
+
+== See also ==
+Guodian Chu Slips
+Mawangdui Silk Texts
+Rishu
+Shuanggudui
+
+== References ==
+
+=== Citations ===

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-2.md

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+---
+title: "Chu Silk Manuscript"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:08.345210+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Sources ===
+Andersen, Poul (1989). "The Practice of Bugang". Cahiers d'Extrême- Asie. 5 (5): 15–53. doi:10.3406/asie.1989.942.
+Barnard, Noel (1958). "A Preliminary Study of the Ch'u Silk Manuscript – A New Reconstruction of the Text". Monumenta Serica. 17: 1–11. doi:10.1080/02549948.1958.11730971.
+Barnard, Noel (1972). Studies on the Ch'u Silk Manuscript. Monographs on Far Eastern History. Vol. 4. Australian National University.
+Barnard, Noel (1973). The Ch'u Silk Manuscript. Translation and Commentary. Australian National University Press.
+Barnard, Noel (1981). "The nature of the Ch'in "Reform of the Script" as reflected in archaeological documents excavated under conditions of control". In Needham, Joseph (ed.). Science in Traditional China: a Comparative Perspective. The Chinese University Press. pp. 181–214. ISBN 978-0-674-79439-9.
+Cook, Constance A.; Major, John S., eds. (1999). Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. Hawaii University Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2905-6.
+Jao Tsung-I (1985). Chu boshu 楚帛書 (in Chinese). Zhonghua shuju.
+Jao Tsung-I (1987). "The Calligraphic Art of the Chu Silk Manuscript". Orientations. 18 (9): 79–84.
+Lawton, Thomas, ed. (1991). New Perspectives on Chu Culture during the Eastern Zhou Period. Princeton University Press.
+Li Ling (1985). Changsha Zidanku Zhanguo Chu boshu yanjiu 長沙子彈庫戰國楚帛書研究 (in Chinese). Zhonghua shuju.
+Li, Ling; Cook, Constance A. (1999). "Translation of the Chu Silk Manuscript". In Cook, Constance A.; Major, John S. (eds.). Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. Hawaii University Press. pp. 171–176. ISBN 978-0-8248-2905-6.
+Li Xueqin (1987). "Zai lun boshu shi'er shen" 再論帛書十二神. Hunan Kaogu Jikan 湖南考古季刊 (in Chinese). 4: 110–114.
+Loewe, Michael (1978). "Man and Beast: The Hybrid in Early Chinese Art and Literature". Numen. 25 (2): 97–117.
+Major, John S. (1999). "Characteristics of Late Chu Religion". In Cook, Constance A.; Major, John S. (eds.). Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. Hawaii University Press. pp. 121–144. ISBN 978-0-8248-2905-6.
+
+== External links ==
+Chu Silk Manuscript, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
+John Hadley Cox Archaeological Study collection, Smithsonian Institution Libraries
+Translation and Commentary of the Ch'u Silk Manuscript, Noel Barnard
+"Archaeology: Treasure from a Chinese Tomb", Time September 1, 1967.

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+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:24.153872+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Case_Files-0.md

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+---
+title: "Cold Case Files"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Case_Files"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:25.436038+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cold Case Files is a reality legal show/documentary on the cable channel A&E Network and a rebooted series. It is  hosted by Bill Kurtis and the original series produced by Tom Golden. The show documents the investigation of many long-unsolved murders (referred to as "cold cases" in detectives' parlance) through the use of modern forensic science (especially recent advances in DNA techniques), and criminal psychology, in addition to recent breakthroughs in the case(s) involving previously silent witnesses.
+On January 19, 2017, Blumhouse Television, AMPLE Entertainment and A&E revived the series for a ten-episode run. The well received reboot features highly cinematic recreations and music. The new episodes first began airing on February 27, 2017. Actor Danny Glover took over for Kurtis as narrator for this new 10-episode series. Kurtis later returned. On August 20, 2021, after a four-year hiatus, the series returned with a new season on A&E, again with Kurtis as the host.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+According to A&E, the show has been widely praised by law enforcement agencies, and its investigative reports are commonly used in the training of detectives. Cold Case Files first aired as a sub-series of another A&E crime documentary program, Investigative Reports, also hosted by Bill Kurtis, which ran from 1991 to 2011. Reruns of the original 1997 series currently air on broadcast syndication in the United States, usually in lower-profile time slots, and on many RTV stations.
+The Blumhouse Television, AMPLE Entertainment reboot aired its first episode on A&E on February 27, 2017. The complete first season was streamed on Hulu on January 1, 2018, and later on Netflix on September 15, 2019. Some episodes of the series have now been adapted into a podcast of the same name, Cold Case Files, hosted by Brooke Gittings and featuring the voice of the original Cold Case Files host, Bill Kurtis. The podcast is part of the PodcastOne podcast network in conjunction with A&E.
+
+
+== Episode list ==
+
+
+=== Season 1 (1999) ===
+
+
+=== Season 2 (2000) ===
+
+
+=== Season 3 (2001) ===
+
+
+=== Season 4 (2002) ===
+
+
+=== Season 5 (2005–06) ===
+
+
+=== Season 6 (2017) ===
+
+
+=== Season 7 (2021) ===
+
+
+=== Season 8 (2022) ===
+
+
+=== Season 9 (2024–2025) ===
+The first ten episodes were made available to stream on Hulu on January 11, 2024. The episodes were later broadcast on A&E beginning with "Money Moguls and Murder" on November 15, 2024.
+
+
+== Specials ==
+
+
+=== Cold Case Files: The Rifkin Murders (2023) ===
+
+
+=== Cold Case Files: The Grim Sleeper (2024) ===
+
+
+== Spin-off series ==
+
+
+=== Cold Case Files: DNA Speaks (2023) ===
+
+
+=== Cold Case Files: Murder in the Bayou (2025) ===
+The spin-off series is narrated by Keith David.
+
+
+=== Cold Case Files: Dead West (2025) ===
+The spin-off series is narrated by Dude Walker.
+
+
+== Accolades ==
+Emmy Award:
+
+Outstanding Nonfiction Series (2005) nomination: Michael Harvey (executive producer), Laura Fleury (executive producer), Tania Lindsay (supervising producer), Michael West (supervising producer), Mary Frances O'Conner (producer), Bill Kurtis (host)
+Outstanding Nonfiction Series (2004) nomination: Laura Fleury (executive producer), Michael Harvey (supervising producer), Mike West (producer), Bill Kurtis (host)
+Online Film & Television Association Awards:
+
+Best Informational Program (2007) – nomination
+
+
+== See also ==
+Solved, USA / ID, 2008 (true cases)
+Cold Justice, USA / TNT, 2013 (true cases)
+To Catch a Killer, CAN / OWN, 2014 (true cases)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Cold Case Files at IMDb
+Cold Case Files at epguides.com

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service-0.md

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+---
+title: "Community Research and Development Information Service"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:18.327790+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS) is the European Commission's primary source for the results of projects funded by the EU's framework programmes for research and innovation, from FP1 to Horizon Europe.
+The CORDIS website include all public information held by the commission (project fact-sheets, publishable reports, links to publications and deliverables), editorial content  (including videos and a podcast) to support dissemination and exploitation, and comprehensive links to external sources such as open access publications and websites.
+It is organised in 6 sections: 
+
+Thematic Packs (Different multilingual collections of up-to-date articles about specific research themes. Projects Info Packs are about projects in their early stages, Results Packs are about finished or nearly finished projects, and focus mainly on the specific fields of application of the research results, Synergy Packs bundle projects focusing on the synergies between Horizon Europe and other EU funding programmes)
+Project & Results
+Videos & Podcasts
+News
+Datalab (Different resources to access CORDIS data: Querying  CORDIS Linked Open Data through SPARQL and API, interactive maps, visualisation widgets, ...)
+Search interface
+It is also possible to browse all CORDIS content by domain of application: these domains regroup articles and projects focusing on how they can be applied in everyday life or industry.
+
+== Services and activities ==
+CORDIS offers access to a broad range of information and services on EU research, including
+
+A comprehensive  public repository containing all project information held by the European Commission, including factsheets, participants, reports, deliverables, and links to open-access publications.
+A variety of articles and publications  to explore relevant research results.
+A wide range of features and tools to stay updated with the latest research and innovation projects in Europe. 
+A newsletter
+The CORDIS website is available in six languages (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and Polish), although much of the scientific content is only in English.
+CORDIS content dates back to the origin of the service in 1990 and the website has been online since 1994, as the first website of the European institutions.
+CORDIS content is also available as open data on the European Data Portal
+
+== Organisation and legal basis ==
+CORDIS is managed by the Publications Office of the European Union, on behalf of the European Commission's Research and Innovation Directorates-General, Executive Agencies and Joint Undertakings, with support from specialised contractors for editorial, data and technical services.
+CORDIS was created in 1990 following a Communication of the commission for the implementation of an RTD information service (SEC(1988)1831).
+The legal basis and financing of CORDIS derive from the work programmes of Horizon Europe Framework Programme for Research and Innovation.
+
+== EuroSciVoc ==
+CORDIS created the taxonomy of fields of science "EuroSciVoc" (the European Scientific Vocabulary) to organise the information on EU-funded research projects.
+It uses Natural Language Processing, semantic technologies and Machine Learning, and it is based on the OECD's Fields of Research and Development (FoRD) classification and the Frascati Manual.
+EuroSciVoc is multilingual. At the moment is available in German, English, Spanish, French, Italian and Polish, but translations into all European official languages are planned.
+EuroSciVoc is fully integrated into the CORDIS website . Its fields of science can be used as a filter to search for research projects and, from a project factsheet, to browse other projects belonging to the same fields of science.
+The taxonomy can be downloaded in SKOS format on the EU Vocabularies Website.
+
+== History ==
+The creation of CORDIS was a DG XIII initiative - the Commission decision SEC(88)1831 allowed the service to be first established in 1988. In 1989 the launch of the VALUE Programme provided a convenient vehicle to carry the development of the budding CORDIS  service.
+The first three databases were established and first published on the ESPRIT Day in November 1990. Users could review R&D Programmes, R&D Projects and R&D Publications using the Common Command Language (CCL) on the ECHO (European Commission Host Organisation) server. This meant that only trained experts could use the service, but nevertheless some 500 user sessions were registered during the first month.
+In 2025 CORDIS surpassed the 150 000 projects, and registered more than 13 million visits. 
+
+=== Early 90s ===
+By the end of the first year in late 1991 three new databases had been added (R&D Acronyms, R&D Results and R&D-related COMdocuments). These six databases could be accessed via a "videotex"-style menu.
+The total number of database records had swelled to around 70 000. Some 800 people had registered as CORDIS users and up to 1,000 user sessions were taking place each month. However, CORDIS was still a specialist tool used mainly by librarians and a few other experts who could use the service.
+In April 1992, the Council decision for more centralised action under the VALUE2 Programme confirmed the need for CORDIS and gave a boost to its development. The development of a Common Production System (CPS) was initiated to facilitate quality management of all information.
+In 1993, three more databases were added (R&D Contacts, R&D Partners and R&D News). The first full release of the CPS was completed, and a CD-ROM of all nine databases was made available. By this time the combined databases contained some 90,000 records, The number of registered users had more than doubled at 2,000 and some 6,000 user sessions per month were being experienced.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+---
+title: "Community Research and Development Information Service"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:18.327790+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1994-1996 ===
+1994 was an important year for CORDIS. The launch of the 4th R&D Framework Programme (1994-1998), and within it the Innovation Programme, gave a further explicit mandate to CORDIS.
+Strong interest prompted the addition of German and French to the R&D News database, marking the first language addition to an English language environment. Migration onto a new open systems architecture (UNIX-like system, FULCRUM databases, Web and FTP servers) facilitated the introduction of a number of new features - a WWW service, and a user-friendly Windows interface, WatchCORDIS. These measures boosted the system's attractiveness to users. By the end of the year, CORDIS offered some 130 000 database records which encouraged 11 000 registered users to perform nearly 15 000 user sessions per month.
+1995-96 was a period of further consolidation and development. The CORDIS databases and web services were fully integrated as the migration into the new Information Dissemination environment (IDS) was completed. On-line host access was integrated into Watch-CORDIS and added to the CD-ROM service, allowing users to work both on-line and off-line coherently. The R&D News service was enriched by adding Italian and Spanish, bringing the offer to five languages. The CORDIS-Focus publication was launched, providing readers with a paper edition of key R&D News articles in three languages - EN, FR & DE.
+The first move to cover national R&D information was initiated by Ireland with the start of the EU presidency service. By the end of 1996, CORDIS had 24,000 registered users eager to browse through 152 000 database records and accessing the web pages some 300,000 times per month. A period of rapid growth in numbers of users had been initiated by the move onto the WWW.
+
+=== Late 90s ===
+In 1997, Italian and Spanish editions brought the CORDIS focus offer up to five languages. Ireland was succeeded by The Netherlands and Luxembourg as presidency countries and both published their presidency services on CORDIS. A new information monitoring service was launched - 'RAPIDUS - RAPId Delivery of Updates on Search-profiles'.
+A pilot project was launched to offer CORDIS as a host for national and regional web services. By the end of the year, user registration no longer seemed so relevant as some 53,000 identified users accessed over 800,000 Web pages per month and downloaded nearly 40,000 documents. It had become clear that CORDIS was no longer a tool reserved for specialists, the spectacular growth in use initiated in 1996 had continued.
+In 1998–99, the development of CORDIS continued at a brisk pace. A tenth database was added - the R&D Document Library. The four successive EU presidency countries - UK, Austria, Germany and Finland - published their EU presidency services on CORDIS.
+The new fifth R&D Framework Programme was officially launched in February 1999 and confirmed the role of CORDIS as the principal and official common information service for all EU R&D activities.
+The Innovation/SMEs programme confirmed the financing of the CORDIS service and also enlarged its scope to cover innovation activities in general and innovation support services in particular. During 1999 there were 130 000 identified users, 300,000 document downloads and some 2.5 million user visits.
+
+=== Early 2000s ===
+2000: Portuguese and French Presidencies, PAXIS service, redesigned FP5 service, RTD beyond 2002 service
+2001: Swedish and Belgium Presidencies, Business incubators service, first Innobarometer report and innovation scoreboard, SME    Techweb and SME/innovation studies, candidate countries service, FP6 launch
+2002: Spanish and Danish Presidencies, My CORDIS, CORDIS Express, FP6 & EoI service, official FP6 service and FP6 calls, redesigned CORDIS technology marketplace, CORDIS Wire, Stats: 5 million pages accesses per month, 56 million ‘hits’, 40,000 web pages, 230,000 users per month, 260,000 DB records
+2003: Greek and Italian Presidencies, redesigned ERA service, FP6 glossary, new ICA search prototype, Science and Society service, IST Results integration, start of introduction of Integrated CORDIS Architecture
+2004: Irish and Dutch Presidencies, new incubators service, redesigned nanotechnology service. IP and NoE guidance service, Technology platforms,
+2005: Luxembourg and UK presidencies, New 34 Mbit/s line/ Géant link-up, Polish news service
+
+== Status since 2005 ==
+CORDIS's principal aims are stated as:
+
+To facilitate participation in Community research activities.
+To improve exploitation of research results, whilst focusing on sectors essential to Europe's competitiveness.
+To promote the sharing of know-how in order to boost companies’ innovation capacities, in particular by publishing the results of EU-financed research conducted under successive framework programmes, and the espousal of new technologies by society.
+CORDIS offers access to a wide range of information on EU research. 
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+CORDIS - Official site
+CORDIS in the Past
+EuroSciVoc
+CORDIS Channel on You Tube
+Research*eu Magazine Archive
+CORDIS Brings You the Results of EU Research and Innovation
+How to approach CORDIS
+How to use CORDIS
+CORDIS-EU research projects under HORIZON EUROPA - open datasets
+RAISE selected as CORDIS "Project of the Month"

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Test_Danny-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+title: "Crash Test Danny"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Test_Danny"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:07.830733+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Crash Test Danny was a series of 13 educational science sketch television shows for the Discovery Kids channel in the UK.
+Danny, played by Ben Langley, is a crash test dummy who goes the extra mile to put the fizz into physics. He is both motivated and hindered by the Professor, played by Gary Carpenter (who also co-wrote the program).
+The shows were directed by Justin Rhodes, narrated by Jon Holmes, and series produced by Mark Robson at Initial Television.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Cro (TV series)"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:09.232372+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cro is an American animated television series produced by the Children's Television Workshop (now known as Sesame Workshop) and Film Roman. It was partially funded by the National Science Foundation. Every episode has an educational theme, introducing basic concepts of physics, mechanical engineering, and technology. The show's narrator is an orange woolly mammoth named Phil who was found frozen in ice by a scientist named Dr. C and her assistant Mike. After they defrost him, Phil tells both of them about life in the Ice Age, including stories about his friend Cro, a Cro-Magnon boy.
+The show debuted on September 18, 1993, on ABC. ABC canceled the series in 1994, which caused the Children's Television Workshop to plan its own TV channel so that it would not have to rely on other companies to air its shows. The new channel, Noggin, debuted in 1999 and aired Cro reruns from its launch date until 2004. From 2000 to 2002, Cro also aired on Nickelodeon during the "Noggin on Nick" block.
+The series' story editors were Sindy McKay and Mark Zaslove, who was also the developer of the show. The premise of using woolly mammoths as a teaching tool for the principles of technology was inspired by The Way Things Work, a book by David Macaulay. Cro was created with the help of a developmental psychologist, Dr. Susan Mendelsohn, and its educational content was heavily researched. According to the Children's Television Workshop, testing of over 2,600 viewers aged 6–12 found that they were absorbing basic science concepts through the show.
+
+== Premise ==
+A scientist named Dr. C and her assistant Mike travel to the Arctic to study artifacts and find a frozen woolly mammoth named Phil. They thaw him out and are surprised to find that he can speak. Whenever a situation in modern times involves physics principles, Phil remembers when a similar event occurred long ago in the prehistoric valley of Woollyville with his fellow mammoths and his Cro-Magnon friend Cro who lived with a family of Neanderthals. Each episode features Phil narrating how a problem was resolved through simple engineering.
+The show's (and lead character's) name is an Occitan word for "cave"; it alludes to Cro-Magnon, the location in France where the earliest anatomically modern humans were first discovered.
+
+== Characters ==
+
+=== Cavepeople ===
+Cro (voiced by Max Casella) is an 11-year-old Cro-Magnon boy who was adopted by a tribe of Neanderthals. He is a somewhat scrawny and yet still rather muscular young Cro-Magnon boy with long, shaggy, red hair and wears a yellow armband on one arm. Most of the Neanderthals that he lives with are jealous of his intelligence. Unlike the rest of the tribe, Cro speaks in complete sentences.
+Nandy (voiced by Ruth Buzzi) is the matriarch of the Neanderthal tribe who is noted for her urban legends. Some of her legends include the legend of "Big Thing" and a monster called "Big Skinny Thing with Many, Many Legs." She gets into arguments with Ogg and usually wins as she is fully aware of Ogg's own fears. Nandy is very overprotective of Cro and motherly around everyone else.
+Ogg (voiced by Jim Cummings) is the selfish, bossy leader of Cro's adoptive Neanderthal tribe. He is difficult to get along with but easily frightened by danger.
+Gogg (voiced by Frank Welker) is a tall but sensitive Neanderthal who sticks up for Bobb and mostly translates for him, even though Nandy and Ogg do occasionally.
+Bobb (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) is another adopted member of the Neanderthal tribe and the least evolved of the tribe, resembling a homo habilis. He does not speak like the rest of the Neanderthals, but makes gorilla-like noises which Gogg usually translates. When Bobb was younger, he was in a different tribe made up of similar homo habilis. The tribe took a nap and Bobb woke up to find the whole tribe had vanished without a trace, creating a fear of loneliness until the Neanderthals found him.
+Sooli (voiced by Cree Summer) is another Cro-Magnon who got separated from her tribe and Cro and Pakka help her find her favorite horse. Sooli only appeared in the episode "The Legend of Big Thing".
+
+=== Woolly mammoths ===
+Ivanna (voiced by Laurie O'Brien) is a southern belle woolly mammoth with yellow fur and brown skin with a mole who is Phil's love interest. She is the second oldest female mammoth in Phil's herd next to Esmeralda. She usually uses Phil for her experiments.
+Pakka (voiced by Candi Milo) is a young woolly mammoth with light orange fur and yellow skin and a close friend of Cro's. She and Cro meet after Cro confronts Selene the Smilodon. She is the third oldest female mammoth next to Ivanna and Esmeralda. She sometimes tells Cro interesting facts about mammoths.
+Steamer (voiced by Charlie Adler) is the youngest woolly mammoth in Phil's herd with maroon fur and light purple skin, whose hyperactivity and love of making mischief often land him in hot water.
+Esmeralda (voiced by Tress MacNeille) is the oldest female woolly mammoth and matriarch of Phil's herd with light yellow fur and gray skin. She makes sure that everything goes to order and that those who have wronged the mammoth society be punished. She has strongly mixed feelings about the presence of Cro's tribe in Woollyville.
+Earle (voiced by Frank Welker) is an elderly woolly mammoth with gray fur with dark gray-blue skin and a bald spot due to not having longer fur on his head. He hates humans and prefer traditions over new ways of life.
+Mojo (voiced by Charlie Adler) is a woolly mammoth who is Earle's younger brother with gray fur and light gray skin. Like Earle, Mojo hates humans and prefer traditions over new ways of life.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+---
+title: "Cro (TV series)"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:09.232372+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Modern-day characters ===
+Phil (voiced by Jim Cummings) is a smart but goofy woolly mammoth with orange and reddish fur who is kind to humans and mammoths alike. During the end of the Ice Age, Phil fell into a glacier while saving Cro from Selene and was thawed out by Mike and Dr. C 45,000 years later. He narrates stories of his life in Woollyville in every episode.
+Dr. Cecilia (voiced by April Ortiz) is an eccentric female scientist. She and Mike thawed out Phil, so he tells them his stories. Dr. C speaks with a distinct Hispanic accent and speaks a few Spanish words in some episodes. She bears a resemblance to Cro and may in fact be his descendant.
+Mike (voiced by Jussie Smollett) is a young friend of Dr. C who wears big glasses. He likes to play basketball and lives with Dr. C for reasons not specified. He and Dr. C were the two people that thawed out Phil and therefore, he tells them his stories.
+
+=== Villains ===
+Big Red (voiced by Charlie Adler) is the conniving leader of a menacing pack of bumbling dire wolves. He uses threats to scare his minions into doing a good job. The wolves are one of two antagonists on the show as they would often try to eat Cro's tribe or the younger woolly mammoths.
+Murray (voiced by Jim Cummings) is the minions of Big Red. Because he threatens them, the dire wolves fear him. Murray thinks stupid things, which Big Red doesn't like, as shown in "Things That Eat Mung in the Night".
+Selene (voiced by Jane Singer) is a villainous, purple, yellow-eyed Smilodon. She first appears in "Lever in a Million Years" and has a monstrous appetite for anything that moves including the cavepeople. It was also revealed that Selene ate her mother when asked by Cro if she hated her mother. According to the show's opening theme song, she and Phil were fighting on a cliff and fell when part of the cliff gave way. She landed on a lower cliff while Phil fell into a glacier and was frozen in suspended animation for thousands of years.
+
+== Episodes ==
+According to Sesame Workshop's website, 21 episodes were made for the series.
+
+=== Season 1 (1993) ===
+
+=== Season 2 (1994) ===
+
+== Broadcast ==
+Cro debuted on September 18, 1993, on ABC. Even though the show received high ratings and drew the largest audience in its time slot, ABC cancelled the series after two seasons. The last episode premiered on December 3, 1994. In response to the cancellation, the Children's Television Workshop started planning its own TV channel where it could air Cro as well as other shows from its library. The CTW's senior Vice President, Gary Knell, said that "the lesson for us was that we can't rely entirely on other channels to put on programs which are educational as well as entertaining." The new channel was eventually named Noggin, and it launched as a joint venture with MTV Networks (the owners of Nickelodeon) in February 1999. Reruns of Cro were a mainstay on Noggin's schedule.
+From 1999 until April 2002, Cro aired during the daytime on Noggin. From April 2002 until January 2004, the show only aired during Noggin's early-morning hours, during time slots reserved for Cable in the Classroom. Nickelodeon itself also aired Cro during a block called "Noggin on Nick" from 2000 to 2002.
+
+== Home media ==
+Three VHS tapes were released by Republic Pictures Home Video in the United States:
+
+Have Mammoths, Will Travel – Episodes: "No Way Up" and "Escape from Mung Island"
+Adventures in Woollyville – Episodes: "Pulley to You" and "A Bridge Too Short"
+It's a Woolly, Woolly World – Episodes: "Lever in a Million Years" and "Play It Again, Cro...NOT!"
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+Cro at IMDb
+Cro on Noggin.com (archive)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+title: "Cyberchase"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:11.660164+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cyberchase is an animated science fantasy children's television series that airs on PBS Kids. The series centers around three children from Earth: Jackie, Matt and Inez, who are brought into Cyberspace, a digital universe, in order to protect it from the villainous Hacker (Christopher Lloyd). They are able to foil Hacker's schemes by means of problem-solving skills in conjunction with basic mathematics, environmental science and wellness. In Cyberspace, they meet Digit (Gilbert Gottfried for the first thirteen seasons, later Ron Pardo as of the fourteenth), a "cybird" who helps them on their missions.
+Cyberchase was created by Sandra Sheppard, developed for children ages 8 to 11, and premiered on PBS Kids on January 21, 2002. In 2010, after season 8, Cyberchase went on hiatus, but it returned in 2013 for a ninth season, focusing more on environmental science. Cyberchase is the sixth longest-running animated series in the United States, behind The Simpsons, South Park, Family Guy, SpongeBob SquarePants, and Arthur. It also is the second longest-running animated PBS Kids series, behind Arthur.
+
+== Plot ==
+Motherboard is the "brain of the giant computer system that oversees all of Cyberspace". Her technician computer scientist, Doctor Marbles, kept her functioning properly until his assistant, The Hacker, turned against them. Marbles drained Hacker's battery and banished him to the Northern Frontier, where he formulated a plan to launch a computer virus that would attack Motherboard.
+When Jackie, Matt and Inez interact with a library map in the real world, they accidentally allow Hacker access to Motherboard and she becomes infected with the virus. The kids are brought into Cyberspace and join forces with Digit, a creation of the Hacker who escaped his control. Together they protect the world from the Hacker and his clumsy, accident-prone assistants, Buzz and Delete, until they can recover the Encryptor Chip, a device stolen by Hacker that can nullify the virus and bring Motherboard back to full strength.
+Cyberspace consists of planet-like bodies called Cybersites, with each site having a theme such as Ancient Egypt, the American frontier, Greek mythology and amusement parks. These sites represent the diversity of websites on the Internet and reflect the many ecosystems and neighborhoods of Earth. The Cybersquad travels to many of these locations in order to protect them from Hacker and each inhabited Cybersite has a unique type of Cybercitizen they interact with.
+
+== Characters ==
+
+=== CyberSquad ===
+Jackie (voiced by Novie Edwards) is a Jamaican-American girl who loves to keep things neat and organized in order to figure things out. Jackie's biggest pet peeve is slimy and icky stuff like bugs and many other "gross" things. Like Inez, she was very fond of Slider. In a running gag in Seasons 1 & 4, Jackie freaked out when in crisis, pacing for 2 or 5 seconds while trying to figure out a solution, saying "Make room, I gotta pace!"
+Matt (voiced by Jacqueline Pillon) is an Irish-American boy who likes skateboards and collecting things. He is impulsive, impatient, tells jokes and has a great interest in sports. He has a pig named Sherman on his family's farm. Matt's backpack contains his many yo-yos, which he is very good at using and often plays with one whenever he is thinking hard about something. He frequently calls Inez by the nickname "Nezzie", much to her annoyance. It is also shown he can be quite protective of her at times.
+Inez (voiced by Annick Obonsawin) is a Hispanic American girl who has an excellent vocabulary for which the others often tease her. Despite being the youngest human member of the gang, she is the smartest one. Whenever she is thinking up a solution, Inez has a habit of doing headstands to help her concentrate.
+Digit, nicknamed Didge by various people and Didgey by Delete (voiced by Gilbert Gottfried in seasons 1–13 and Ron Pardo in seasons 14–present), is a "cybird" (portmanteau of "cyborg" and bird), who works for Motherboard and is the kids' best friend. He and the kids protect Cyberspace and Motherboard from Hacker. Digit was originally created by Hacker and worked for him along with Buzz and Delete, but escaped after learning of Hacker's true intentions. He became one of Motherboard's helpers, serving as Dr. Marbles' assistant. Digit can fly by spinning his tail feathers in a helicopter-fashion or flapping his wings. However, he has a fear of heights and prefers to walk. He is a cook and wrote his popular cookbooks The Cyber Chef and Cookin' with the Didge. He carries many objects in his chest, including his miniature doppelgänger, Widget. He can turn his beak into just about anything and bends it on occasion. He also can disguise his voice very well.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-1.md

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+---
+title: "Cyberchase"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:11.660164+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Villains ===
+Hacker, also known as The Hacker (voiced by Christopher Lloyd), is a self-centered mad scientist bent on conquering or creating ultimate chaos for Cyberspace, but he is almost always thwarted by the CyberSquad. Hacker was originally created by Doctor Marbles to assist Motherboard, but he rebelled and was exiled to Northern Frontier. Nevertheless, he does have the potential to become good again, as shown in a pair of episodes where he became a peaceful artist and when he helped the CyberSquad protect the trees in the Northern Frontier. He has a pair of cyborg lackeys, Buzz and Delete, whose reliability is quite variable; sometimes, he gets very peeved when he has to do things himself as Buzz and Delete cannot.
+Buzz, nicknamed "Buzzy" (voiced by Len Carlson in seasons 1–5, Philip Williams in seasons 6–15, and Peter Cugno in season 16 onward), is one of Hacker's henchmen. Buzz is a small spherical cyborg with a large mouth and scrawny limbs. Buzz seems to think he is a big tough guy; however, he can be kind at times and loves doughnuts. In later seasons, he and Delete have been on friendlier terms with the CyberSquad, occasionally joining their team to solve problems.
+Delete, nicknamed "DeeDee" (voiced by Robert Tinkler), is one of Hacker's henchmen. Delete is skinnier and taller than Buzz. Delete is loyal to Hacker for the most part but has occasionally helped the CyberSquad. Unlike Buzz, who is rougher around the edges, Delete is softer and more vulnerable to trickery and deceit. He cares deeply for three things; Buzz, whom he has a brotherly friendship with, his desired pet bunny George, and Zanko, his fairy borg father. In later seasons, he and Buzz have been on friendlier terms with the CyberSquad, occasionally joining their team to solve problems.
+
+=== "Cyberchase for Real" ===
+Bianca DeGroat (played by herself) is a character in the "For Real" segment of the series. She often uses the original plot to solve everyday real world problems. As a character, she is rather absent-minded, arrogant, self-centered and does not think before she acts. She is seen to get carried away very easily.
+Harry Wilson (played by Matthew A. Wilson) is a character in the "For Real" segment. He often dresses in a nerdish style and wears horn-rimmed glasses and Converse shoes. In many of the segments, he is easily determined and free spirited yet rather careless, which usually costs him his current job. He is also very creative and thought out when he encounters a problem.
+Jaden Michael (played by himself)
+Courtney Chu (played by herself)
+Alex (played by Violet Tinnirello)
+Booker Jones (played by Carter Jones)
+Kimmie (played by Charlotte MacLeod)
+
+=== Team Motherboard ===
+Motherboard (voiced by Kristina Nicoll) is the benevolent ruler of Cyberspace and mentor to the CyberSquad. She was weakened by a virus sent by Hacker, which was partially blocked by her firewall. The CyberSquad tries to recover the Encryptor Chip and keep Motherboard safe from Hacker.
+Dr. Marbles (voiced by Richard Binsley) is a smart and brilliant mechanic who serves Motherboard. He previously created Hacker to help and defend Motherboard, although Hacker would later rebel against Motherboard and try to destroy her. A guilty Marbles downgraded Hacker's power and banished him to the Northern Frontier for his misdeeds, right after Hacker vowed to return to finish Motherboard and Marbles off before conquering Cyberspace.
+Widget (voiced by Gilbert Gottfried) is a miniature doppelgänger of Digit who is stored in his chest. His hat, tail feathers and bow tie are not screwed on properly.
+Teeny Weeny "TW" Parallini (voiced by Isabel de Carteret) is a young parallelogram who is not scared of Hacker. Despite her mother forbidding her from helping the CyberSquad, she helps them find her uncle Diamond Joe.
+Fluff (voiced by Austin Dilulio) is a penguin who plays ice hockey. He is logical and does not buy into advertisements. Fluff is determined to follow in his father's footsteps and make his family proud.
+Creech (voiced by Sugar Lyn Beard) is the young ruler of the Cybersite, Tikiville. She became the apparent Big Kahuna after competing in a race with other Tikiville-inhabitants as well as Hacker. Creech is in some ways similar to Inez, helping the two to become friends easily. Both have a fairly similar outlook: optimistic until something goes completely wrong and they both have a large vocabulary. She also is the person in charge of Tikiville's Egg of Benedicta.
+Jules (voiced by Miklos Perlus) was first seen as a cave guard in the episode, "Crystal Clear" and is a good friend of the Cybersquad, but is often timid. He appears again in the episode "Jimaya Jam", where Hacker tricks him into pressing the nose of the Jam Master, causing Matt, Jackie, Creech and himself to get sucked into the chamber of Jimaya. He is often trying to find a job, but Hacker continuously tries to ruin it for him.
+Slider (voiced by Tim Hamaguchi) is a serious and James Dean-style 13-year-old skateboarder in Radopolis who builds and repairs skateboards and bikes. Since season 3, he has been a recurring character in the series. According to Slider, his father Coop had abandoned him when he was younger because Hacker had hunted Coop for many years. In the episode "Measure for Measure", he learns that his father abandoned him to protect him and to make sure Hacker does not get an interface card that would allow Hacker to transform into whatever he wishes. If such were to happen, Hacker could cause immense chaos and even rule Cyberspace.
+
+== Episodes ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-2.md

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+---
+title: "Cyberchase"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:11.660164+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Cyberchase For Real ===
+Each Cyberchase episode is followed by "Cyberchase For Real", a live-action educational supplement linking concepts learned in the show to real life experiences. The actors Bianca DeGroat and Matthew A. Wilson (known as Harry Wilson on the show) are in their 30s, but amusingly act in a manner similar to the age of the target audience. "For Real" is produced by WNET in and around New York City after production is completed on the animated segments. These "For Real" segments are broadcast exclusively on PBS in the United States where the program runs longer and fills the time gap where there might be breaks for "commercials". Some "For Real" segments can also be viewed online. In 2012, "Oh Noah", shorts that teach kids to speak Spanish, aired in place of the "For Real" segments on select episodes. Beginning with Season 11, DeGroat and Wilson were joined by Courtney Chu, who plays Harry's niece, and Jaden Michael, who plays Bianca's nephew. In later seasons, they assume the role of host for the live-action segments, along with other children, including Violet Tinnirello as Alex.
+
+== Development ==
+
+=== Conception ===
+Cyberchase was conceived in 1999 as an educational show that aims to show kids that math is everywhere and everyone can be good at it. The series encourages viewers to see, think, and do mathematics in their world. The show and supporting activities have been designed to support math education and reflect the curriculum standards of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. The show's philosophy is to foster enthusiasm for math, to model mathematic reasoning, to help children improve their problem-solving skills and to inspire all children to approach math with confidence and a "can-do" attitude. 
+Later seasons place less emphasis on mathematics and more on science-related content. Science education concepts covered on the show include environmentalism, wellness, habitat fragmentation, marine ecology, and indoor air quality.
+
+=== Production and broadcast ===
+Originally, Thirteen produced the show in partnership with Ontario-based Nelvana Limited for PBS Kids. It aired on PBS Kids since 2002, and aired part of PBS Kids Go! from 2004 to 2013, and on V-me (dubbed in Spanish). Cyberchase has been animated by PiP Animation Services Inc. since season six; Right Path Pictures did post-production, and Curious Pictures did the original character design. 
+Twelfth Root Music produces the sound track for Cyberchase. 
+Thirteen/WNET New York and Nelvana Limited produced the first five seasons, while Thirteen, in association with Title Entertainment and WNET.ORG, produced seasons six to nine. Since the tenth season, Thirteen has solely handled production to the present day.
+
+=== Brand extension ===
+There are two apps that Cyberchase has released to date:
+
+Cyberchase 3D Builder
+Cyberchase Shape Quest
+
+== Reception ==
+
+=== Critical response ===
+On the site Common Sense Media, the show was rated four out of five stars. The reviewer, Joly Herman, commented that "the adventures aren't scary, violent, or sexually inappropriate" but "require fortitude and brain power". Proposed discussion points sprouting from the series include "Can your child take the skills learned in each episode and figure out how to apply it to everyday life?" Herman noted that the only downside was that the adventures did not take place in the "real world" but added that the "For Real" segments solved this problem.
+Carey Bryson of About.com gave the show a rating of four out of five stars. Bryson noted that the series' explanations of "simple mathematical idea[s]" are "usually explained well and woven throughout the story in a fun and interesting way". The review commended the series for its accessibility: "Children can easily learn from the example in the cartoon story" and praised the "Cyberchase For Real segment that follows each episode". Citing an example from the series using codes, Bryson explained how the show could be used to expand upon the curriculum: "Not only did [her five-year-old] learn about codes, but she also got in a ton of spelling practice". Bryson commended the series: "Educationally, Cyberchase delivers".
+
+=== Awards ===
+Cyberchase has been nominated for five Daytime Emmys and won in 2007 in the Outstanding Broadband Program category. Cyberchase also won a CINE Golden Eagle in 2006.
+
+^2007 Outstanding Broadband Program nominees: Frances Nankin, Sandra Sheppard, Ellen Doherty, Jill Peters, Bob Morris, Suzanne Rose, Michelle Chen, Elizabeth Hummer, Arash Hoda, Anthony Chapman, David Hirmes, Bianca DeGroat, Matthew A. Wilson, George Arthur Bloom 
+^2008 Outstanding New Approaches nominees: Sandra Sheppard, Frances Nankin, Ellen Doherty, Jill Peters, David Hirmes, Kelly Lafferty, Michelle Chen, Tanner Vea, Bob Morris, Matthew A. Wilson
+^2009 Outstanding New Approaches nominees: Sandra Sheppard, Frances Nankin, Ellen Doherty, David Hirmes, Tanner Vea, Denyse Ouellette, Gilbert Gottfried, Phil Williams, Robert Tinkler
+^2012 Outstanding New Approaches nominees: Frances Nankin, Sandra Sheppard, Jill Peters, Marj Kleinman, Ellen Doherty, Kristin DiQuollo, Michelle Chen
+
+== See also ==
+Cyberspace, the technological concept
+
+== Notes ==
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Cyberchase at IMDb
+PBS Kids: Cyberchase Official Site
+Cyberchase Parents and Teacher Website—lessons, video, and tools to teach math.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrations_in_Physics-0.md

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+---
+title: "Demonstrations in Physics"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrations_in_Physics"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:12.882385+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Demonstrations in Physics was an educational science series produced in Australia by ABC Television in 1969. The series was hosted by American scientist Julius Sumner Miller, who demonstrated experiments involving various disciplines in the world of physics. The series was also released in the United States under the title Science Demonstrations.
+This program was a series of 45 shows (approximately 15 minutes each) on various topics in physics, organized into 3 units: Mechanics; Heat and Temperature / Toys; and Waves and Sound / Electricity and Magnetism.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+Following is a listing of episode titles, as given by the index on one set of the videos (the titles as introduced by Professor Miller during the episode are often different).
+
+
+=== Unit 1 - Mechanics ===
+Episode 1. The Idea of the Center of Gravity
+Episode 2. Newton's First Law of Motion
+Episode 3. Newton's Second Law of Motion
+Episode 4. Newton's Third Law of Motion
+Episode 5. Energy and Momentum
+Episode 6. Concerning Falling Bodies and Projectiles
+Episode 7. The Simple Pendulum, Oscillating Things
+Episode 8. Adventures with Bernoulli
+Episode 9. Soap Bubbles and Soap Films
+Episode 10. Atmospheric Pressure - Properties of Gases
+Episode 11. Centrifugal Force and Other Strange Matters
+Episode 12. The Strange Behavior of Rolling Things
+Episode 13. Archimedes' Principle
+Episode 14. Pascal's Principle - The Properties of Liquids
+Episode 15. Levers, Inclined Planes, Geared Wheels and Other Machines
+
+
+=== Unit 2, Part I - Heat and Temperature ===
+Episode 16. The Ideas of Heat and Temperature
+Episode 17. Thermometric Properties and Processes
+Episode 18. How to Produce Heat Energy
+Episode 19. Thermal Expansion of Stuff - Solids
+Episode 20. Thermal Expansion of Stuff - Gases, Liquids
+Episode 21. The Strange Thermal Behavior of Ice, Water
+Episode 22. Heat Energy Transfer by Conduction
+Episode 23. Heat Energy Transfer by Convection
+Episode 24. Heat Energy Transfer by Radiation
+Episode 25. Some Extraordinary Adventures (Evaporation, Boiling, Freezing)
+Episode 26. Some Miscellaneous and Wondrous Adventures in the Subject of Heat
+Episode 27. Extraordinarily Cold Stuff
+
+
+=== Unit 2, Part II - The Physics of Toys ===
+Episode 28. The Physics of Toys: Mechanical
+Episode 29. The Physics of Toys: Acoustic and Thermal
+Episode 30. The Physics of Toys: Electrostatic, Magnetic and Miscellaneous
+
+
+=== Unit 3, Part I - Waves and Sound ===
+Episode 31. Waves: Kinds and Properties
+Episode 32. Sound Waves - Sources of Sound
+Frequency, pitch, how they relate to each other and correspond to musical notes.
+Vibrating systems cause sound, sound requires a medium to travel.
+Flexing different metal plates to produce different pitches.
+Rotating plate with drilled holes and air blown through them – difference in sound between symmetrically drilled ones (music) and asymmetrically drilled ones (noise).
+Vibrating a meter stick at different frequencies when different lengths stick out past a table.
+Varying frequencies rubbing a thumbnail across the milled edge of a coin, when tearing various pieces of cloth, using different files on wood, or riffling a deck of cards.
+Human hearing range (16 Hz to 16 kHz)
+Nodes in vibrating bars and tuning forks.
+Notched stick with a spinning propeller.
+Turing an orchestra – why they don't use a piano.
+Episode 33. Vibrating Bars and Strings
+Bar mounted on a resonating chamber, mounted at 2 important places.
+Second, "identical" bar, beats between two bars that are 1 Hz out of tune.
+Beats between two tuning forks, one with rubber bands around the end of a prong to reduce its frequency.
+Vibrations of a metal bar, shown on screen with a long pipe.
+If a vibrating bar is grasped at the nodes it will keep vibrating, anywhere else it will stop.
+Nodes on a vibrating bar are 0.224 of the bar length from each end.
+Tuning forks on resonant boxes – transferring vibration from one to another (didn't work).
+Musical sticks.
+Forming standing waves on a string, changing the number of nodes and antinodes at constant frequency and length by changing the tension.
+Transferring vibrations from one vibrating bar to another through resonance.
+Episode 34. Resonance - Forced Vibrations
+Episode 35. Sounding Pipes
+Episode 36. Vibrating Rods and Plates
+Episode 37. Miscellaneous Adventures in Sound
+
+
+=== Unit 3, Part II - Electricity and Magnetism ===
+Episode 38. Electrostatic Phenomena
+Episode 39. Adventures with Electric Charges
+Episode 40. Adventures in Magnetism
+Episode 41. Ways to "Produce" Electricity
+Episode 42. Properties and Effects of Electric Currents
+Episode 43. Adventures in Electromagnetism
+Episode 44. Further Adventures in Electromagnetism
+Episode 45. Miscellaneous and Wondrous Things in Electricity & Magnetism
+
+
+== External links ==
+The Internet Movie Database (IMDB) entry for Demonstrations in Physics

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Knoff-Hoff-Show-0.md

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+---
+title: "Die Knoff-Hoff-Show"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Knoff-Hoff-Show"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:50.124408+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Die Knoff-Hoff-Show was a comedy science TV show on the German public broadcaster ZDF. The original series was broadcast between 1986 and 1999; it returned as Die große Knoff-Hoff-Show in 2002–04. The name is a joke German pronunciation of the English expression know-how.
+
+
+== Concept ==
+The concept of the show was developed in the mid-1980s by Joachim Bublath, a TV presenter trained as a physicist. He was a presenter in all episodes. His co-presenters were Ramona Leiß, Babette Einstmann, Monica Lierhaus and Kim Fisher.
+The show explained scientific concepts by means of simple experiments that anyone could replicate. In addition, hobbyists were given the opportunity to present their inventions; these included a pretzel-cutting machine and a foam-throwing machine. Each week, the show included some "crazy" experiments by Knoff-Hoff Professor Charlie (played by Egon Keresztes); these were so absurd, they frequently went wrong.
+The Veterinary Street Jazz Band played the theme tune, an interpretation of the 1927 song "Ain’t She Sweet", first recorded by Lou Gold & His Orchestra, at the start and end of the program, and also brief musical interludes between segments.
+Die Knoff-Hoff-Show rapidly became one of the most successful science shows on German television. It was dubbed in nine languages and shown on other continents.
+
+
+== History ==
+The show aired for the first time on 16 February 1986 and ended with Episode 79 on 21 March 1999. Beginning in 2002 ZDF broadcast a second series, titled Die große Knoff-Hoff-Show (The Big Knoff-Hoff Show); this ended in December 2004. According to Bublath, it was canceled because it proved impossible to keep up the pace of experiments ("a new experiment every minute").
+There were also two special broadcasts in summer 2005 under the title Der Sommer mit Knoff-Hoff (Summer with Knoff-Hoff).
+
+
+== See also ==
+Bill Nye the Science Guy, an American show
+Brainiac: Science Abuse, a British show
+clever! – Die Show, die Wissen schafft, another German show
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Die Knoff-Hoff-Show at IMDb

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoveries_(TV_series)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Discoveries (TV series)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoveries_(TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:15.346546+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Discoveries is a Canadian youth science television series which aired on CBC Television in 1957.
+
+
+== Premise ==
+This Winnipeg-produced science show was geared towards youth ages 12 to 14. Some episodes featured Manitoba Museum curator Dick Sutton presenting segments on nature and its history. In March 1957, the series featured Manitoba Telephone System executive R. P. Coats who demonstrated principles of telecommunications by presenting basic, easily  constructed devices. University of Manitoba greenhouse operator Stan Westaway taught about plants, trees and vegetables during the May 1957 broadcasts. Rod Mackenzie, a Winnipeg secondary school teacher, hosted the final three episodes of Discoveries on the topic of electricity.
+This series is distinct from an Ann Arbor, Michigan-produced Discoveries science series which was presented by Mary Lela Grimes and broadcast on CBC Television from July to September 1959.
+
+
+== Scheduling ==
+This 15-minute series was broadcast on Fridays at 5:00 p.m. (Eastern) from 8 February to 28 June 1957.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Allan, Blaine (1996). "Discoveries". Queen's University. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2010.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovering_Psychology-0.md

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+---
+title: "Discovering Psychology"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovering_Psychology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:17.148068+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Discovering Psychology is a PBS documentary on psychology presented by Philip Zimbardo, for which he received the Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science. The series was released in 1990, with an updated edition comprising three additional episodes in 2001.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+Sensation and Perception
+Understanding Research
+Remembering and Forgetting
+Cognitive Processes
+Judgment and Decision Making
+Motivation and Emotion
+The Mind Awake and Asleep
+The Mind Hidden and Divided
+The Self
+Testing and Intelligence
+Sex and Gender
+Maturing and Aging
+The Power of the Situation
+Constructing Social Reality
+Psychopathology
+Psychotherapy
+Health, Mind, and Behavior
+Applying Psychology in Life
+Cognitive Neuroscience
+Cultural Psychology
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Discovering Psychology companion website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_DaVinci-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+title: "Doing DaVinci"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_DaVinci"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:18.396654+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Doing DaVinci is a popular science television program originally aired on the Discovery Channel in which the hosts attempted to create many of Leonardo da Vinci's inventions. The show aired on a weekly schedule with the first episode broadcast on April 13, 2009.
+
+
+== Team ==
+The inventions are created by a team of six members:
+
+Valek Sykes, a special effects expert and mechanical designer, actor, owner of Tech Works Studios and Exit Biohazard and Crime Scene Cleanup
+Bill Duggan, a carpenter and the host of Curb Appeal
+Flash Hopkins, an artist, builder, and long time Burning Man personality
+Jurgen Heimann, a designer and puppeteer
+Alan Bovinett, an entrepreneur and mechanical engineer.
+Terry Sandin, a mechanical and animatronics engineer and a host of Prototype This!
+The team consults with da Vinci researcher Jonathan Pevsner to understand the inventions and decide on materials for their construction.
+
+
+== Construction ==
+The team first consults with Jonathan Pevsner to decide on materials and map out the basics of the design. The invention is then reconstructed in Autodesk Inventor and Autodesk's Digital Prototyping solutions. Then the team heads to a workshop to begin construction. After the invention is completed it is tested to determine whether or not the build was a success.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+== Notes ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_Ask_Me_(TV_programme)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Don't Ask Me (TV programme)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_Ask_Me_(TV_programme)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:19.556974+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Don't Ask Me is a popular British television science show made by Yorkshire Television for the ITV network and ran from 1974 to 1978. It attempted to answer science-based questions and contributors included Magnus Pyke (natural sciences), Rob Buckman (medicine), David Bellamy (biology), Miriam Stoppard (medicine), and Derek Griffiths. Those behind the scenes included Adam Hart-Davis, who later became a well-known science presenter in his own right. The theme music was "House of the King" by the contemporary Dutch progressive rock band Focus.
+The series was rebroadcast on TVOntario in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
+A follow-up called Don't Just Sit There ran for 19 episodes from 1979 to 1980. It was also produced by Yorkshire TV and featured the same panel.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Don't Ask Me at IMDb
+Carl Gardner, Robert M. Young. "Science on TV: a Critique". The Human Nature Review.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonflyTV-0.md

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+---
+title: "DragonflyTV"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonflyTV"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:20.797676+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+DragonflyTV (subtitled GPS: Going Places in Science for seasons 5–6, and Nano for season 7) is an American science education television series produced by Twin Cities Public Television. The show aired on PBS Kids from January 19, 2002, to December 20, 2008. It was aimed at ages 9–12. Seasons 1–4 were co-hosted by Michael Brandon Battle and Mariko Nakasone. Seasons 5–7 were hosted by Eric Artell and were produced in partnership with science museums. DragonflyTV was created in collaboration with Project Dragonfly at Miami University, which founded Dragonfly magazine, the first national magazine to feature children's investigations, experiments, and discoveries. DragonflyTV pioneered a "real kids, real science" approach to children's science television and led to the development of the SciGirls television series. DragonflyTV and SciGirls were funded in part by the National Science Foundation to provide a national forum for children's scientific investigations. Reruns of DragonflyTV aired on select PBS stations until 2019, and later in off-network syndication to allow commercial stations to meet federal E/I mandates.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+=== Season 1 (2002) ===
+
+
+=== Season 2 (2003) ===
+Teams of DFTV's kid scientists demonstrate different approaches to investigations – experimental, engineering, and observational.
+
+
+=== Season 3 (2004) ===
+
+
+=== Season 4 (2005) ===
+
+
+=== Season 5 (2006) ===
+
+
+=== Season 6 (2007) ===
+
+
+=== Season 7 (2008) ===
+
+
+== Telco-syndicated series ==
+In 2009, after DragonflyTV ended, the series was sold to off-network syndication and the rights were handed over to Telco Broadcasting. 62 of the 72 episodes were re-packaged, while 10 episodes have their own original versions intact. Edits included replacing licensed music with generic music, resulting in a new theme song (which replaced the original hip-hop theme with a new generic tune with kids chanting the show's name).
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Project Dragonfly
+DragonflyTV at pbskidsgo.org (archived from the original)
+DragonflyTV.com
+DragonflyTV at IMDb
+Twin Cities Public Television

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude,_What_Would_Happen-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+---
+title: "Dude, What Would Happen"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude,_What_Would_Happen"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:22.123528+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Dude, What Would Happen is an American live-action reality series that aired on Cartoon Network originally as part of its CN Real block, which aired a line of live-action reality shows promoted in the summer of 2009. The show premiered on August 19, 2009, preceded by another CN Real series Bobb'e Says. The show is hosted by three male teenagers (C.J. Manigo, Jackson Rogow, and Ali Sepasyar) who wondered what would happen if some wild event, scheme or experiment were to occur. The three teens attempt to create the event themselves and consult experts ("The Lab Dudes") when needed.
+The series went on to have three seasons aired throughout a span of two years, in which the series eventually ended in September 2011, as the series was not announced for a renewal by Cartoon Network.
+Dude, What Would Happen was one of only two CN Real shows (the other being Destroy Build Destroy) to have been renewed for additional seasons, as the other CN Real shows had already been cancelled earlier due to critically negative reception.
+
+
+== Cast ==
+C.J. Manigo
+Jackson Rogow
+Ali Sepasyar
+
+
+== Production ==
+In the "Dudes Make It Happen" weekend special, it was revealed that new episodes were coming. These episodes ranked #1 in their time slot among boys  6–11 on all television.
+The show was listed as returning for Cartoon Network's 2010–2011 season. The next season began airing on October 6, 2010.
+In February 2011, Vincent Cariati renewed his contract to serve an additional four seasons as the series' showrunner, co-creator and co-executive producer. The show had three seasons aired, but was not announced as a returning series, automatically cancelling the series altogether.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+=== Series overview ===
+
+
+=== Season 1 (2009–10) ===
+Deep Freezing/Sling Shots/Identical Items Crash Each Other
+
+
+=== Season 2 (2010) ===
+
+
+=== Season 3 (2011) ===
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Dude, What Would Happen received negative reviews, being with the show is a kid-oriented version of MythBusters.
+Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the show three stars out of five, describing it as "teens' wacky experiments are fun for curious tweens."
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Dude, What Would Happen at IMDb
+Dude, What Would Happen at TV Guide

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynaMo-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+title: "DynaMo"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynaMo"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:23.288610+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+DynaMo was a British children's educational programme created in 1998. It was broadcast by the BBC on the BBC Learning Zone. The programme was hosted by the eponymous cartoon dog DynaMo with his friend SlowMo to teach children aged 5–9 about English, maths, science and history. The programme was broadcast on BBC television from 3 October 1998 to 24 September 2001.
+
+
+== Programme ==
+The concept came about from a BBC survey of 2,800 parents, teachers and children. The survey showed that parents were unwilling to assist children with homework due to not wanting to impose on them or risk upsetting teachers. DynaMo was created as a result. The programme designed for an eight week run on the BBC Learning Zone. It was created by the BBC to be a way for children to enjoy learning by involving cartoon characters and using educational clips from other BBC Education programmes. The programme was designed to follow the British National Curriculum. Hosted by the titular cartoon dog DynaMo and his friend SloMo, the two investigate a certain educational topic each episode. It was designed so that it could be watched by children alone or with their parents.
+The programme whilst part of Learning Zone would be two hours long. Segments of the programme were also broadcast on the BBC Knowledge programme "K Club". During the winter and summer of 2001, segments of DynaMo would be broadcast on BBC Two during BBC Schools.
+
+
+== Web content ==
+DynaMo was also used as the face of the BBC's parental assistance website. This was created for parents to assist children with homework. There was also a section called "DynaMo's Den" which included educational games for children. The website was activated on 2 October 1998.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+DynaMo at Broadcast for Schools

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO/ST-ECF_Science_Archive_Facility-0.md

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+---
+title: "ESO/ST-ECF Science Archive Facility"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO/ST-ECF_Science_Archive_Facility"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:09.578413+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The ESO/ST-ECF Science Archive Facility is an electronic archive for astronomical data. It currently contains more than 40.0 Terabytes of scientific data obtained with the ESA/NASA Hubble Space Telescope (HST), with the ESO New Technology Telescope (NTT) and Very Large Telescope (VLT) and with the Wide Field Imager on the ESO/MPI 2.2m Telescope.
+
+
+== External links ==
+The ESO/ST-ECF Science Archive Facility
+The European Southern Observatory
+The Space Telescope-European Coordinating Facility

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle-i-0.md

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+---
+title: "Eagle-i"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle-i"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:19.677273+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The eagle-i network (or just eagle-i) was a tool developed by a set of institutions from the United States that enables users to locate scientific resources around their country. It was retired November 4, 2021 after more than a decade in service. It used an ontology to map the resources (such as scientific equipment) to their location, facilitating reuse and collaboration. The eagle-i team has produced ontologies that take care of different kinds of resources, such as the Reagent Application Ontology.
+
+
+== External links ==
+[https://open.catalyst.harvard.edu/products/eagle-i/ eagle-i info page
+https://www.eagle-i.net/ - former web site
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Wonders_Why-0.md

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+---
+title: "Elinor Wonders Why"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Wonders_Why"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:25.727302+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Elinor Wonders Why is an animated television series created by Jorge Cham and Daniel Whiteson. The series premiered on September 7, 2020 from PBS Kids.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+The exploration-themed show encourages children to follow their curiosity, ask questions when they don't understand, and find answers using science inquiry skills. The main character, Elinor, is the most observant and curious bunny rabbit in Animal Town just north of Natural Forest, California. She introduces children ages 3–6 to science, nature, and communities through adventures with her friends Olive and Ari. Each episode includes two 11-minute animated stories, plus interstitial content, where Elinor and her classmates enjoy either Señor Tapir singing about famous nature explorers or Ms. Mole reading stories.
+
+
+== Characters ==
+
+
+=== Main ===
+Elinor Rabbit (voiced by Markeda McKay) – A white bunny girl with an inquisitive nature and a sweet personality.
+Ari Bat (voiced by Wyatt White in season 1, and Athan Giazitzidis in season 2) – A funny, imaginative light brown bat boy who lives in a hollow boulder, and is one of Elinor's best friends.
+Olive Elephant (voiced by Maria Nash in season 1, and Lizette Chambers in season 2) – An elephant calf girl who is one of Elinor's best friends. She often makes charts for whatever questions are being asked.
+Ranger Rabbit (voiced by Lisette St. Louis) – Elinor's mom, who works as a park ranger.
+Mr. Rabbit (voiced by Colin Doyle) – Elinor's dad.
+Ms. Mole (voiced by Shoshana Sperling) – A brown mole who is Elinor, Ari and Olive's teacher. She wears glasses.
+
+
+=== Recurring ===
+Ms. Elephant (voiced by Ana Sani) Olive's mom.
+Señor Tapir (voiced by Juan Chioran) – A Spanish-accented tapir that sings about famous explorers and inventors during interstitials.
+Mr. Raccoon (voiced by Dan Darin-Zanco) – A raccoon who runs a bakery.
+Rollie Armadillo (voiced by Eric Khou) – An armadillo who is one of Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates.
+Ms. Llama (voiced by Nicole Stamp) – A llama who owns a fruit cart.
+Mr. Dog (voiced by Paul Bates) – A dog who loves to bury his things into the ground.
+Tito Mouse (voiced by Leo Orgil in season 1, and River Morales in season 2) – A mouse who is one of Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates.
+Mr. Bat (voiced by Raoul Bhaneja) – Ari's dad.
+Mr. Lion (voiced by Kevin Dennis) – A lion who likes to paint pictures.
+Koa (voiced by Ian Ho) – A brown wombat who is one of Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates.
+Camilla Dromedary (voiced by Norah Adams) – A camel who is a friend of Elinor, Ari, and Olive.
+Sally Beaver (voiced by Royal Goodfellow) – A beaver who is one of Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates.
+Mary and Lizzie Goat (voiced by Abigail and Grace Oliver) – Twin goat girls who are Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates.
+Alejandro Possum (voiced by Sergio Di Zio) – A possum whose name is never mentioned in the series.
+Silas Cheetah (voiced by Callum Shoniker in season 1, and Dax Catre in season 2) – A cheetah who is one of Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates.
+Baba and Bibi (voiced by George Buza and Linda Kash respectively) – Elinor's paternal grandparents who live in Desert Town.
+Deputy Mouse (voiced by Ron Pardo)
+Ms. Beaver (voiced by Diane Saleme)
+Farmer Bear (voiced by Ellen Dublin)
+Ms. Bat (voiced by Shoshana Sperling) – Ari's mom.
+Mr. Hamster (voiced by Cliff Saunders) – A hamster who is a substitute teacher in Elinor’s class.
+Sigmund "Siggy" Squirrel (voiced by Simon Pirso in season 1, and Luke Dietz in season 2) – A squirrel.
+Lola (voiced by Elana Dunkelman) – Koa's big sister.
+Mr. Beaver (voiced by Mike Petersen)
+Mr. Hippo (voiced by Derek McGrath)
+Mr. Antelope (voiced by Eddie Glen)
+Hazel Lion (voiced by Svea Ham) – Mr. Lion's daughter.
+Mehdi Fox (voiced by Malik Hassan) – A fennec fox who is one of Elinor, Ari and Olive's classmates.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+== Development and production ==
+Development of the show began in 2017, when Cham and Whiteson were approached by PBS. PBS found Cham's comic, Piled Higher and Deeper, online and asked if he was interested in pitching to them. "I reached out to Daniel, and what inspires us beyond science is our children," Cham recalled. "They are curious, and it motivated us to create the show." Cham cites Pogo and Calvin and Hobbes as inspiration for the show's visual design, which he described as "something that felt natural and calming, as opposed to overloaded or frenetic."
+The character of Elinor was inspired by Cham's own daughter, Elinor. Cham said "She was about 4, which is just at that perfect age where she really does wonder why, all the time. Any answer you give her, she’ll (have) a follow-up question, another why." Cham and Whiteson went with animals as the show's characters to make them "appealing but also relatable at the same time", and to "highlight their range of skills and abilities".
+A second season of the series is currently in development with funding from a National Science Foundation grant.
+
+
+== Broadcast ==
+The series premiered on PBS Kids in the United States on September 7, 2020, as a sneak peek by showing the first 2 episodes, before regularly airing new episodes on September 8. Some episodes are available on Amazon Prime Video in the United States.
+PBS International has licensed the series to Canada, Latin America, Finland, Israel, Sweden and the United Arab Emirates via Knowledge Network, Discovery Kids, Yle, Hop!, SVT and E-Junior, respectively. The series airs on Australia on the PBS Kids channel, which was started as a venture with Foxtel in July 2021.
+
+
+== Home media ==
+In early 2021, the series began to release its episodes on PBS Kids compilation DVDs.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Starr Rhett Rocque of Fast Company wrote, "This clever series...encourages curiosity."
+
+
+=== Awards and nominations ===
+
+
+== Graphic novel series ==
+Elinor Wonders Why: Hiding in Plain Sight, described as one of two launch titles for a graphic novel series based on the show, was announced in February 2022. Two titles, Hiding in Plain Sight and Forest Giants, released on September 6, 2022.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Elinor Wonders Why at IMDb

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily's_Wonder_Lab-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+title: "Emily's Wonder Lab"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily's_Wonder_Lab"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:26.970449+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Emily's Wonder Lab is an educational television series starring Mason Wells, Sky Alexis, Zaela Rae, Kennedi Butler and Makenzie Lee-Foster, with Emily Calandrelli as host. It premiered on August 25, 2020 on Netflix. On July 13, 2021, the series was canceled after just one season.
+
+
+== Cast ==
+Emily Calandrelli
+Mason Wells
+Sky Alexis
+Kennedi Butler
+Makenzie Lee-Foster
+Arya Darbahani
+Zaela Rae
+Alex Jayne Go
+Tenz McCall
+Olivia Coates
+Christopher Farrar
+Jayden Langarica
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+== Release ==
+Emily's Wonder Lab was released on August 25, 2020, on Netflix.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Emily's Wonder Lab on Netflix 
+Emily's Wonder Lab at IMDb

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_(British_TV_series)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+---
+title: "Eureka (British TV series)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_(British_TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:28.195776+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Eureka (sometimes referred to as Eureka!) is a British educational television series about science and inventiveness which was originally produced and broadcast by the BBC from 1982 to 1986, and repeated until 1987. Devised and written by Clive Doig and Jeremy Beadle, the series told the stories behind the inventions of commonplace objects.
+
+
+== Cast ==
+Presented by Jeremy Beadle (series 1, 1982), then Sarah Greene (series 2, 1983), Paul McDowell (series 2 and 3, 1983 and 1985) and Wilf Lunn (series 4, 1986), the show featured an ensemble cast who re-enacted the moments of invention or performed humorous sketches to deliver key facts and information. Notable cast members included Sylvester McCoy, Simon Gipps-Kent, Bernard Holley, Madeline Smith, Mike Savage, Julia Binsted, Philip Fox and Jackie Clarke.
+Each show also featured a segment showcasing a madcap and not always reliable invention by Wilf Lunn often to the bemusement of McCoy or another of the regular cast. In the fourth and final series, the format changed slightly and Lunn became the presenter, playing the Doctor of Alternative Invention at the Eureka Museum of Invention.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/classic/titles/eureka.shtml The show's title sequence
+Eureka at IMDb
+https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDzadukw-u4 'The Digital Watch Sketch'
+http://www.myspace.com/video/brian/animation/54536638

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_TV-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+---
+title: "Eureka TV"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_TV"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:29.378614+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Eureka TV is a British children's television series about science that ran from 2001 to 2005 on the children's TV channel CBBC.
+
+
+== Presenters ==
+Fearne Cotton (series 1–2) 2001-2003
+Kate Heavenor (series 1–3) 2001-2005
+Mohini Sule (series 3) 2004-2005
+
+
+== Features ==
+High Tech Eureka
+
+The latest technology.
+Micro Eureka
+
+Showed an everyday object, magnified hundreds of times.
+Little Eureka
+
+A science experiment using everyday objects.
+Wild Eureka
+
+About animals.
+Big Eureka
+
+Mysteries from the world of science.
+Paper Eureka
+
+Things to do with an A4 sheet of paper.
+
+
+== Eureka Mondays ==
+Presenters
+
+Mohini Sule – main morning presenter
+Sophie McDonell – helper morning presenter/morning continuity presenter
+Kate Heavenor – main afternoon presenter
+Angellica Bell – afternoon continuity presenter
+Andrew Hayden-Smith – helper afternoon presenter/afternoon continuity
+Holly Willoughby – relief presenter for all areas
+
+
+== Series ==
+
+
+=== Series 1 (2001-2002) ===
+The first series aired on 24 September 2001 and ended on 17 December 2001. The series was presented by Kate Heavenor and Fearne Cotton. This series had all of the features above except for Paper and Micro Eureka.
+
+
+=== Series 2 (2003) ===
+The series was the second which aired midway through 2003, it was put off an extra few months than intended because of the new science show X-perimental which was presented by Ortis Deley and Holly Willoughby. In the series there was the addition of Paper and Micro Eureka.
+
+
+=== Series 3 (2004-2005) ===
+This was the final series, which was presented by Mohini Sule and Kate Heavoner. Eureka Mondays was added, on BBC One and BBC Two, presented by Monhini Sule and Sophie McDonnell in the morning and Kate Heavoner along with Angellica Bell and Andrew Hayden Smith in the afternoons. All the same features remained in this series as in the series before.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibit_A_(TV_series)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+title: "Exhibit A (TV series)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibit_A_(TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:26.651271+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Exhibit A is a four-part English-language documentary TV-series that premiered on Netflix on June 28, 2019 created and directed by Kelly Loudenberg. It explores how forensic techniques, tools and evidence such as blood spatter, touch DNA, cadaver dogs and CCTV footage can be misinterpreted and manipulated to have potentially innocent people convicted.
+
+
+== Release ==
+It was released on August 2, 2019 on Netflix streaming.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Exhibit A on Netflix 
+Exhibit A at IMDb
+Exhibit A at Rotten Tomatoes

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploring_(TV_series)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: "Exploring (TV series)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploring_(TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:30.578544+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Exploring is a Saturday morning children's educational series in color that appeared on NBC television on Saturday afternoons from October 13, 1962 to April 9, 1966. The NBC News series, which was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1964 and won a Peabody Award in 1963, featured segments about science and the arts. The series was hosted by Dr. Albert Hibbs, a scientist and educator.
+Mary Ritts and Paul Ritts were puppeteers on the show; Paul performed Albert, Calvin and Sir Geoffrey, while Mary played Magnolia.
+Besides the Ritts puppets, the series also featured short films, animated versions of famous legends (by John David Wilson), and music Millard Research Associates produced a printed copy of their survey results which found over 600,000 Exploring Teachers Guides were requested for teachers in major school districts all across the country (they were free).  A Millard survey found 86% of the teachers requesting the Guides were assigning the Saturday morning program for family viewing.  This was the first instance of proving you could change ratings with Teachers Guides.  This was done again on CBS with the Teachers Guides to the 21st Century (Young and Rubicon researched this) and later on PBS.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Exploring at IMDb

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_(British_TV_series)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+---
+title: "Eyewitness (British TV series)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_(British_TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:33.123507+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Eyewitness is a nature and science television series based on the bestselling Eyewitness Books series by Dorling Kindersley. It was produced by the BBC, DK Vision (the video production arm of Dorling Kindersley) and Oregon Public Broadcasting. Guy Michelmore composed the series' opening and ending themes, as well as the score for each individual episode of Season 1, with Guy Dagul writing the score for each individual episode of seasons 2 and 3, respectively. Dagul's scores for season 3 also incorporated stock music tracks and cues by Dick DeBenedictis. The series aired from 1995 to 1998 (seasons 1–3) on PBS in the United States and from 1995 to 1996 (seasons 1–2) on Disney Channel in the United Kingdom.
+
+
+== Premise ==
+Eyewitness is a documentary series. Each half-hour episode focuses on a single subject in the field of natural science, such as the Solar System or the various functions of the human body, similar in form to the book series on which it was based, with most being based, in part or in whole, off of existing book titles at the time, with few exceptions (though some titles, such as "Planets" and "Natural Disaster" started off as episodes and were made into books years later).
+
+
+== Format ==
+The series takes place in the fictional "Eyewitness Museum", a CGI science museum made to replicate, enhance, and expand upon the much-imitated white and empty signature visual style of the books that made them so successful in the first place. Combining fact with fiction, various galleries within the museum are always featured and change constantly with each season and episode and stock footage, which is usually seen through large windows or other depressions in the walls of the museum is also shown regularly. The original book series is known for its striking visual style involving objects specially photographed against a plain white background, and the accompanying TV series brings this to life through video and audio. In addition, almost every episode features a "Hero". The Hero is an animal, character, or object which drives the action of the episode and is continually referred back to throughout. These include the rooster-shaped weathervane from "Weather", Legs the claymation Tyrannosaurus from "Dinosaur", the shape-shifting paper boat from "Pond and River", the hyena from "Monster", the salmon from "Fish", the crab from "Seashore", the cockroach from "Prehistoric Life", the robotic human mime artist from "Human Machine", Smedley the living human skeleton from "Skeleton", Connell from "Dog", and the husky and king penguin from "Arctic and Antarctic".
+The original British version of the series was narrated by the late Andrew Sachs for its entire run, while the American dub had Martin Sheen narrating for the first two seasons. However, Sachs took over narrating both versions (with his voice dubbed into American English for that region) for the third and final season. The series producer was Bill Butt for the first season, Briget Sneyd and sometimes Richard Thomson whenever Sneyd had to serve as editor for the second season, and Martin Mortimore for the third season.
+In the US, the series aired in primetime on PBS nationwide. When the series was released onto VHS following the original run of each season, the US version of episodes from the first two seasons featured brief behind-the-scenes "making of" clips, each lasting five minutes after the main program, with the UK version having this feature for episodes of the third and final season. In 2003, eight episodes of the series were released onto interactive DVDs that featured interactive links to brief clips from other episodes of the series during the main program. The UK narration was kept in the American releases of these interactive DVDs, which were distributed by the Library Video Company through its Schlessinger Media division. A few years later, continuing well into the early 2010s, a larger number of episodes were released onto DVD in the US. The US narration was included on these releases, as well as the first special as a bonus feature.
+There are also four Eyewitness Virtual Reality software titles based on the series: "Cat", "Bird", "Dinosaur Hunter", and "Earth Quest". One of these, "Shark", although seen on the elevator console, was never made.
+Eyewitness has also been dubbed into other languages for broadcast internationally, including Spanish, Italian, French, German, Dutch, Russian, Indonesian, and Finnish, among others.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+Episodes from the first two seasons aired in the UK on Disney Channel, sometimes earlier than their American counterparts. According to former DK executive Christopher Davis, the BBC "relegated [the series] to some obscure kiss-of-death time slot".
+
+
+=== Season 1 (1995) ===
+
+
+=== Season 2 (1996–1997) ===
+
+
+=== Season 3 (1998) ===
+
+
+=== "Making of" features ===
+A short "making of" segment was included with each episode on some VHS releases. "The Making of Eyewitness" compiled some of these along with original material. Similar compilations for season 2 ("The Making of Eyewitness 2: Living Earth") and season 3 ("The Making of Eyewitness 3: Worlds") were briefly available on the now-defunct official Eyewitness YouTube channel.
+
+
+=== Notes ===
+
+
+== Home media ==
+All three seasons were released on VHS by DK Vision and BBC Worldwide in both the US and the UK; season 1 was also released in the UK on VCD.
+Most episodes have been released on DVD in the US and UK by DK Vision. Some episodes were also released – in their UK dubs – for the US library market by Schlessinger Media. Twelve DVDs were released in the UK as giveaways with the Daily Mirror in 2007.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+The series has won several awards:
+
+1994 Parents' Choice Award (for "Jungle")
+1996 NEA Award
+1996 1997 and 1998 Golden Gate Awards
+Chicago International Children's Film Festival Excellence in Children's Media
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Eyewitness at IMDb

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1000_(publisher)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+---
+title: "F1000 (publisher)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1000_(publisher)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:22.933277+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+F1000 (formerly "Faculty of 1000") is an open research publisher for scientists, scholars, and clinical researchers. F1000 offers a different research evaluation service from standard academic journals by offering peer-review after, rather than before, publishing a research article. Initially, F1000 was named after the 1,000 faculty members who performed peer-reviews, but over time F1000 expanded to more than 8,000 members. When F1000 was acquired by Taylor & Francis Group in January 2020, it kept the publishing services. F1000Prime (AKA Faculty Opinions) and F1000 Workspace (AKA Sciwheel) were acquired by different brands.
+
+
+== History ==
+Faculty of 1000 was founded in 2000 by publishing entrepreneur Vitek Tracz in London. Initially, it was named after the 1,000 experts it had reviewing academic works, but over time F1000 expanded to more than 8,000 members. In 2002, it introduced F1000Prime (later known as Faculty Opinions), which recommended scientific articles selected by its experts. At first, F1000 was focused on biology, but later expanded to additional scientific fields over time, including a focus on medicine beginning in 2006.
+The company was part of the Science Navigation Group until its acquisition by Taylor & Francis in January 2020. As part of the deal, founder Vitek Tracz remained the owner of Prime and Workspace, leaving the new F1000 (and F1000Research) owned by Taylor & Francis. Faculty Opinions (F1000Prime) was later acquired by a tech company called H1 in February 2022. F1000 now only provides publishing and related services.
+
+
+== Services ==
+F1000 is an open research publisher for academic works. Its model focuses on publishing findings quickly using a post-publication peer-review system. Authors submit an article and all of its underlying data. F1000 does a prepublication check and publishes the article, usually within a couple weeks. After the article is published, an expert is assigned to conduct a peer-review of the work. The peer-review is done publicly, online, and on an ongoing basis. The expert conducting the peer review discloses their name and any vested interests, abandoning the double-blind, anonymous peer-review system that is typical in academic publishing. Additionally, other organizations like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (platform Gates Open Research) and the European Commission (platform Open Research Europe) contract out the development and support of their own open-access publishing systems to F1000.
+It publishes articles and "collections" of other research content such as presentations. Users can filter articles to see only those that have passed peer review. In January 2020, the publisher Taylor & Francis bought F1000Research.
+
+
+=== Previous services ===
+F1000 used to operate Faculty Opinions, formerly known as F1000Prime, until F1000 was acquired by Taylor & Francis in 2020. The founder of F1000 remained the owner of Prime, which he subsequently sold to tech company H1 in February 2022. Faculty Opinions drew attention to scientific works that are well-rated by F1000's experts. The Faculty Opinions ranking system further provided an alternative article highlighting system from the use of article impact metrics like total citation count. Faculty Opinions experts nominated primary research papers they felt were important or interesting, wrote a description of the work's significance, then linked to where the work was originally published. This helped pinpoint papers.
+No new expert articles recommendations have been added to H1Connect. Previous evaluations are listed as archived (see H1). It appears the evaluation and recommendation service has been discontinued. 
+Sciwheel, formerly F1000Workspace, was a citation manager platform previously operated by F1000. SciWheel also offered article recommendations based on a user's existing reference library. After the acquisition, it was owned by F1000 founder Vitek Tracz, before being acquired by SAGE Publishing in 2022.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Open peer review
+Taylor & Francis
+Open access
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_Kitchen-0.md

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+---
+title: "Fermat Kitchen"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_Kitchen"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:53.173405+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Fermat Kitchen (Japanese: フェルマーの料理, Hepburn: Ferumā no Ryōri; 'Fermat's Cuisine') is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yūgo Kobayashi. It has been serialized in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Magazine since September 2018. A television drama adaptation aired from October to December 2023. An anime television series adaptation produced by Domerica aired from July to September 2025.
+
+
+== Characters ==
+Gaku Kitada (北田 岳, Kitada Gaku)
+Voiced by: Ryōsuke Tomita
+Portrayed by: Fumiya Takahashi
+A math genius who was recruited by Kai to work as a chef at Restaurant K. Gaku applies his mathematical talents into molecular gastronomy to learn more about cooking and develop his own recipes.
+Kai Asakura (朝倉 海, Asakura Kai)
+Voiced by: Taito Ban
+Portrayed by: Jun Shison
+A culinary prodigy serving as the charismatic, enigmatic owner of Restaurant K. Kai becomes Gaku's mentor after witnessing his unique potential in cooking.
+Ranna Akamatsu (赤松 蘭菜, Akamatsu Ranna)
+Voiced by: Natsu Yorita
+Portrayed by: Fuka Koshiba
+The only female chef at Restaurant K who has a straightforward and cool personality.
+Magoroku Inui (乾 孫六, Inui Magoroku)
+Voiced by: Tatsumaru Tachibana
+Portrayed by: Rihito Itagaki
+A chef at Restaurant K who becomes close friends with Gaku.
+Katsuya Hotei (布袋 勝也, Hotei Katsuya)
+Voiced by: Daichi Endō
+Portrayed by: Yoshihiko Hosoda
+A sous-chef at Restaurant K and Kai's right-hand man.
+Ayu Uomi (魚見 亜由, Uomi Ayu)
+Voiced by: Anna Nagase
+Portrayed by: Sei Shiraishi
+Gaku's best friend and former classmate who is an aspiring swimmer.
+Nene Fukuda (福田 寧々, Fukuda Nene)
+Voiced by: Haruna Ikezawa
+Portrayed by: Emma Miyazawa
+A female waiter at Restaurant K and Kai's personal maid.
+Katsuhiro Shibuya (渋谷 克洋, Shibuya Katsuhiro)
+Portrayed by: Tōru Nakamura
+Kai's mentor, who is a legendary chef in the culinary world.
+Kagekatsu Saimon (西門 景勝, Saimon Kagekatsu)
+Portrayed by: Mitsuhiro Oikawa
+The ruthless chairman of Wels Academy.
+Isao Kitada (北田 勲, Kitada Isao)
+Portrayed by: Takashi Ukaji
+Gaku's father, who runs a bicycle shop.
+Kagura Musashi (武蔵 神楽, Musashi Kagura)
+Voiced by: Shion Wakayama
+Portrayed by: Sayu Kubota
+Gaku's childhood friend and former classmate.
+Ichitarō Hirose (広瀬 一太郎, Hirose Ichitarō)
+Voiced by: Makoto Furukawa
+Portrayed by: Kanata Hosoda
+Gaku's former classmate.
+Milo Vivia (ウィヴィア・ミロ, Vivia Miro)
+Voiced by: Takuma Nagatsuka
+
+
+== Media ==
+
+
+=== Manga ===
+Written and illustrated by Yūgo Kobayashi, Fermat Kitchen started in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Magazine on September 6, 2018. Kodansha has collected its chapters into individual tankōbon volumes. The first volume was released on June 28, 2019. As of January 16, 2026, seven volumes have been released.
+
+
+==== Volumes ====
+
+
+=== Drama ===
+In August 2023, it was announced that the manga would receive a television drama adaptation titled in English as Fermat's Cuisine, which was broadcast on TBS from October 20 to December 22 of the same year. The theme song is "Re Houteishiki" (Re方程式) by 10-Feet.
+
+
+=== Anime ===
+In January 2025, it was announced that the manga will receive an anime television series adaptation. It is produced and written by Domerica and directed by Kazuya Ichikawa, with Takeshi Okamoto and Satsuki Kashiwagi designing the characters, and Satoshi Igarashi composing the music. The series aired from July 5 to September 27, 2025, on TV Asahi's IMAnimation programming block. The opening theme song is "Maillard" (メイラード, Meirādo), performed by Oshikikeigo, while the ending theme song is "Change Over", performed by DXTeen.
+Remow licensed the series in North America for streaming on its "It's Anime" channel via Samsung TV Plus and YouTube. Medialink licensed the series in Asia-Pacific (except Australia and New Zealand) for streaming on Ani-One Asia's YouTube channel.
+
+
+==== Episodes ====
+
+
+== Reception ==
+By December 2023, the manga had over 500,000 copies in circulation.
+The series was nominated for the 49th Kodansha Manga Award in the shōnen category in 2025.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Aoashi, another manga series by the same author
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+数学×料理で神の領域へ!? 数学的思考で絶品ナポリタン爆誕！ まさに飯テロな新しい料理マンガ. Da Vinci (in Japanese). Kadokawa Corporation. August 31, 2019. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official manga website at Monthly Shōnen Magazine (in Japanese)
+Official drama website at TBS (in Japanese)
+Official anime website (in Japanese)
+Fermat Kitchen (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-0.md

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+---
+title: "Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman"
+chunk: 1/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:34.319880+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman (sometimes shortened as Fetch!) is an American live-action/animated television series that aired on PBS Kids Go! and is largely targeted toward children ages 6–10. It is a reality competition hosted by Ruff Ruffman, an animated anthropomorphic dog who dispenses challenges to the show's real-life contestants. The series aired from May 29, 2006, to November 4, 2010, on PBS across five seasons and 100 episodes, and featured 30 contestants. Although a sixth season was planned, with auditions taking place in January 2010, WGBH announced on June 14, 2010, that the series would end due to lack of funding. In June 2008, the series received its first Emmy for Best Original Song for its theme.
+
+== Premise ==
+
+Fetch! is a reality-based game show where young contestants (ages 10–14) face various challenges to gain points.  During these challenges, they must complete various tasks assigned to them ahead of time and on the fly by Ruff and surrogates, depending on the situation. There is also an educational component, as contestants often must learn something, such as astronomy, puzzles, carpentry, engineering, food science, biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics, to complete the task. Unlike most reality competition shows, there were no eliminations except for the season finale, and the standings for the show were determined by a points system that awarded points based on challenge performance in each episode. In the season finale, a final points tally was tabulated and a series of elimination challenges in the studio occurred to determine the winner for the season.
+Not all contestants leave the studio each episode to complete tasks. According to Ruff, "As determined by the Fetch 3000", the contestants in the studio participate in the "Half-Time Quiz Show", in which he asks them up to ten questions, with limited time based on the activities of the contestants out on challenges. While participating in challenges, contestants will have the potential to earn up to 100 points. The contestants in the studio can earn a maximum of 50 points in the "Half-Time Quiz Show". The show has a Fetch Fairness Guarantee; that every contestant will "compete for the same number of points" across thirteen challenges and six "Half-time Quiz Shows" before the final episode. Additionally, Ruff assigns "Bone-us" points, usually 5 or 10, but sometimes 15 or 20, to stand-out contestants. On rare occasions, there is the possibility to earn more than 100 points outside of bonuses. The record for most points earned in one episode was 125, by Brian, Noah, and Khalil in episode 5, season 1, "Ye Olde Colonial Episode". In Season 4, contestants can have 1/2 points, such as 5151⁄2 points. At the end of the season, the final points tally is tabulated and a series of elimination challenges occur in the studio to determine the winner of the season. The winner won the "Grand Prize" (which varied in each season) and got a poster on the Fetch Wall of Fame.
+Prizes are not always desirable, and sometimes the prize holder winds up with a "booby prize"; for example, in "Good Dancing and Bad Breath", Anna and Brian had to dance a waltz in the studio. During the first season, the contestant had the choice of either keeping the prize or giving it to a fellow contestant. During the remaining four seasons, there are two unknown prizes which the winner chooses between. The chosen prize may be "mailed" to the mailbox in Studio G, although occasionally large prizes are hidden elsewhere on the set. In season 2, episode 7, "I'm OK, You're Okra", Rosario gave his prize to Nina. In season 4, episode 15, "Ruff Needs His Herring Checked", Sterling returned his prize to the mailbox.
+
+=== Cultural references and guest stars ===

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-1.md

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+---
+title: "Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman"
+chunk: 2/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:34.319880+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman contains many cultural references, which make up most of its comedic style. In the season 2 premiere, when Nina does a sloppy job at making chocolate candy, Ruff remarks that it is "Jackson Pollock candy." In the following episode, he mentions that he likes REO Speedwagon. In season 2, episode 4, when Rosario voiced Ruff for the first time, Ruff remarked: "Is that Ruff Ruffman or Marge Simpson?" In season 2, episode 15, when the scuba instructors arrived at the beach, Ruff claimed that they were "faster than Batman" and that he "hoped [Batman] was watching the show". In season 3, episode 13, when Sam and Harsha throw sacks in a pail, Ruff states, "I feel like Shaq in the free throw line", referencing Shaquille O' Neal.
+In season 4, episode 14, when Talia finds a horseshoe crab while working on a shrimp boat, Ruff states that it "Looks like Darth Vader's face with a billion legs coming out of it!" In season 4, episode 16, when Ruff calls Isaac, who is dressed as an old lady, he accidentally calls him Mrs. Doubtfire before correcting himself and calling him Mrs. Issacson. In season 4, episode 17, Talia gets to hold Roger Federer's tennis racket. In season 5, episode 14, when Rubye and Marc learn skydiving signs, Ruff remarked that one of the signs resembled "one of Beyoncé's dance moves." In season 5, episode 18, when Joe explains to the FETCHers and Michelle about the book she read, Michelle states: "I believe that was Green Eggs and Ham."
+The show also had several guest stars. In season 1, episode 6, Aaron Carter and the contestants appear in his new music video. In season 1, episode 10, Anna and Noah earn quick cash by building a lemonade stand with the help of Norm Abram. In season 2, episode 2, Ruff sends Madi and Willie to meet the Blue Man Group. In season 2, episode 4, Bridget and Rosario met puppeteer John Kennedy posing as Bernie the Pig. In season 3, episode 4, Sam meets Senator Ted Kennedy. In season 4, episode 2, the host of Design Squad Nathan Ball, appeared in a pole vault challenge. In season 4, episode 17, Gary Sohmers, an appraiser for 13 seasons of Antiques Roadshow, appears to challenge two of the contestants to explore the Brimfield Antique Show in Brimfield, Massachusetts. In season 5, episode 3, Rubye meets magicians Penn & Teller in Las Vegas. In season 5, episode 4, Crush the sea turtle from the movie Finding Nemo appears via Ruff's Fetch 3000, with Andrew Stanton reprising his role.
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+== Cast members ==
+
+== Characters ==
+
+=== Main ===
+
+Ruff Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is the host and main character of the show.  He does not like cats and thinks dogs are superior to them, but his boss, Blossom, is an exception to this.
+Blossom, whose full name is Princess Blossom Pepperdoodle Von Yum Yum, is a mute black cat. At the beginning of Season 2, she is Ruff's intern, but is later promoted to being his supervisor in Season 3. Ruff did not enjoy Blossom's company at first, but forms a close bond with her in later seasons.
+Chet, a brown mouse who is Ruff's intern. He first appears in Season 3's second episode "When Home is a House of Cards", where he replaces Blossom when she is promoted to supervisor. He is also mute and does not seem to have any eyes or limbs. He is capable of doing feats that would normally be considered impossible, such as completing an obstacle course in seconds and building a jet engine that runs on expired liver and pineapple biscuit shakes.
+Henry is Ruff's boss, who is never seen but occasionally calls Ruff on the "Henry Hotline". Henry provides Ruff with the show's budget and oversees his spending.
+Murray is one of Ruff's cousins, who runs the behind-the-scenes technical work and is constantly blamed for minor problems on the show. Unlike other animated animals, Murray is portrayed by a real basset hound and sometimes appears in challenges. He stopped appearing at the start of Season 4.
+Tank is a bulldog who replaces Murray in Season Four, and wears a FETCH! shirt and earmuffs. Despite initially not seeming to be one, Tank has proven to be a reliable worker.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-2.md

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+---
+title: "Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman"
+chunk: 3/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:34.319880+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Supporting ===
+Grandma Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff and Scruff's grandmother, who speaks with a Long Island accent. She loves Ruff, but can be very critical at times. Like her son and daughter-in-law, Wink and Dinah Ruffman, she was a game show host/spy in her youth.
+Scruff Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff's identical evil twin brother, who is distinguished from him by a five-o'clock shadow. Throughout the show's run, Scruff becomes less evil and seeks to redeem himself and his family name. This likely stems from his girlfriend Petunia Fidolopolus framing Grandma Ruffman for trying to break Scruff out of prison. In season 5, he is paroled and is currently living under Grandma Ruffman's custody.
+Ruffael Ruffmanowitz (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff's great-great-great-great-great-great grandfather, who was an inventor.
+Great Uncle McRuffmantosh (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff's great-uncle who has a beard and has an exaggerated Scottish accent. He is a scholar with a Ph.D., and usually appears on the show for historical challenges.
+Spot Spotnik is Ruff's rival, who is tan with brown spots. Ruff sometimes sees him as his old friend, but he is shown to be devious and will do anything to come out on top. He tricks Ruff into thinking that Fetch! is canceled so he can be Charlene's date to a dance, and is responsible for traumatizing Ruff by ruining a ballet he starred in.
+Charlene is the poodle next door and love interest of both Ruff and Spot, who do not reciprocate their feelings.
+Helga von Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff's cousin, a fashion designer from Germany.
+Glen Ruffman  (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff and Scruff's nephew. He wears dental braces and is obsessed with magic and fantasy. He is also Ruff's resident technical genius, and usually fixes the Fetch 3000 in exchange for the Fetchers completing his challenges.
+Gerry Geranium (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Grandma Ruffman's pet parrot, who Ruff sometimes looks after.  In seasons 4 and 5, he explains to Ruff that his parents are alive and aids him in finding them.
+Blackmuzzle Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is the most feared canine pirate of the seven seas. He appears at the end of "Arrgh – All Me Eggs Are Cracked!" for pledging the show with his own loot. He also appears in "Season Four is Canceled" to attack Ruff's doghouse boat because he was bored and Ruff refused to give him Gerry to replace a frog on his shoulder. He tells Ruff that he recently acquired the internet so he does not have to shout from his ship; in response, Ruff told him to visit his website, allowing Ruff, Blossom, and Chet to lose him. Later on, he tells Ruff in a voicemail to be an oceanographer and helps him navigate the sea.
+Bluff Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff's wealthy cousin, who is an expert at Go Fish and often asks him for favors, such as looking after wild animals. He is also a conman, as he once tricked Ruff into promoting his beef jerky by claiming he had an Egyptian curse.
+Roxy Ruffman is Ruff's sister. She is mentioned in "Feeling Sheepish Ruff?", in which Ruff looks after her sheep. It is implied that she is Glen's mother.
+Harriet Hackensack (voiced by Jim Conroy) is the Australian owner of Ruff's network company, which has recently bought at the start of Season 4. She dislikes Murray for stealing her valuable sled Rosebud.
+Wink and Dinah Ruffman (both voiced by Jim Conroy) are Ruff's "long-lost" parents, who give the FETCHers instructions on how to get off Game Show Island. The series finale reveals they are spies.
+Tom and Trixie (both voiced by Jim Conroy) are Ruff's rivals and the hosts of Go Get It!, a ripoff of FETCH!. They are actually Ruff's parents, who were working undercover.
+
+== Production ==
+Fetch! (an acronym for "Fabulously Entertaining TV with a Canine Host") was produced at WGBH Studios in Boston. Seasons were filmed about a year before they aired. Season 4 was the first season to be filmed in High Definition (HD) in 2009.
+The challenges were filmed mostly in Boston (as well as other areas in the US state of Massachusetts) and various other parts of the USA, depending on the challenges, during summertime when the children are out of school. The challenges, which were out on the field, are cut documentary-style, very similar to network reality TV shows.
+After the FETCHers finished filming the challenges, contestants acted in-studio, with the voice of Ruff. Jim Conroy traveled to Boston from New York for the two weeks they spent shooting in the studio. The fourth camera simply captured Conroy doing his lines as Ruff in the audio booth. The kids heard him in the studio and he heard their reactions in his headphones. Ruff's lines were the only lines that were scripted out, though he would sometimes ad-lib an answer to a question or comment from a FETCHer. Once the lines were recorded, the show went into editing, where the challenges were sorted into the show order.
+Then they were sent to Jim Conroy in New York City, to voice the dialog for Ruff's animation. Once that was complete, it was sent back to WGBH where editors placed audio clips of the animated characters. Once all of this was done, the episode was sent to Global Mechanic to animate the show. One out of the four editors had an off-set four-week system in place where one of them was ready to send a cut of a new episode to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada every Friday. It took about six months to complete one season of the show.
+Due to a lack of funding, WGBH announced that Fetch! would be canceled at the end of its fifth season even though casting had been completed for a sixth.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-3.md

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+---
+title: "Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman"
+chunk: 4/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:34.319880+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Studio G set ===
+Studio G is the studio for Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman. Three segments of the show take place in the studio – the intro, half-time quiz show, and "Triumph Tally". In season 1, the contestants recognized that Studio G looked like a garage and asked Ruff why. This really annoyed Ruff, who told them it was not a garage but "Studio G". Throughout the show's five seasons, the studio changed. For seasons 1 and 2, the studio remained relatively unaltered, but sizable changes were made to the studio for season 3. The television through which the contestants communicate with Ruff was changed to a more current flat-screen TV, and Ruff's owner parked her car, a dusty Volkswagen Karmann Ghia, in the studio. A flamingo and trees as well as a "Studio G" sign and a "wall of fame" displaying past Fetch! contestant season winners were added to the studio in season 2. In season 4, a new remote control mailbox was placed on the TV Screen, which popped out when a challenge was in the mailbox. Season 5's major renovation occurred during the season finale – it became the Go Get It! studio (Studio P), and was a remodeled version of the Studio G set with new carpeting and pink chairs.
+
+=== Auditions ===
+To audition for the program, potential contestants were required to be between the ages of 10 and 14 by the first day of shooting, and be able to live in the greater Boston area over the summer, during school vacations, and a few weekends during the school year. FETCHers needed to be filmed without missing school. Auditions were handled by Maura Tighe Casting.
+
+=== Cancellation ===
+The show had auditions for its sixth season in January 2010, but on June 14, 2010, due to lack of funding, WGBH Boston announced that Season 5 will be the final season. On June 27, 2010, Jim Conroy (the voice of Ruff) made the official announcement at the Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony. On his Facebook page, he said, "It's such an impossible task going up against Sesame Street, Cyberchase, and The Electric Company. So you have to consider the nomination as a win. Can't complain. PBS gave us 100 episodes and 5 seasons. Many good shows never saw that kind of time."  Fetch! aired its fifth and final season in October 2010, with the final episode date being November 4, 2010. After the series ended, reruns aired on selected PBS stations until August 31, 2014. A few years later, the PBS Kids channel launched, and reruns returned to broadcast on January 16, 2017 through November 20, 2018.
+
+== Spinoffs ==
+
+=== Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius ===
+In May 2014, a new spin-off was announced, called Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius. This spin-off debuted in Fall 2014 and features short animations of Ruff Ruffman and Blossom, focusing on internet safety.
+Episodes:
+
+"Texting and You!" (November 2014)
+"Photos and You!" (November 2014)
+"Searching and You!" (November 2014)
+"Technology and You!" (November 2014)
+"Technology and You! Bonus Video: Chicken Island" (January 2015)
+"Hang Up and Drive!" (July 2015)
+"Hang Up and Drive! Bonus Video: Just Drive!" (July 2015)
+"Privacy and You!" (January 2016)
+"Privacy and You!: Deleted Scene" (January 2016)
+"The Internet and Chet" (March 2016)
+"Say! Cheese?" (May 2016)
+"Getting the Most From the Internet" (June 2016)
+"An Orange Dog Goes Green" (January 2017)
+A new season of Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius centered on the utility of artificial intelligence was released by PBS Kids on March 1, 2024. In this season of shorts, Ruff has a new cat assistant named Lupine.
+Episodes:
+
+"Ruff Amuck"
+"Robot Helper"
+"Algorithms"
+"Poetry"
+"Meet Halley"
+"Spooky Movie Night"
+"Too Good to Be True"
+"Ruff's First Livestream"
+
+=== The Ruff Ruffman Show ===
+
+On July 30, 2017, PBS Kids and WGBH announced that Ruff Ruffman along with his two assistants Blossom and Chet will be making a comeback in a new digital series called The Ruff Ruffman Show, where they answer questions from real kids, take on challenges and learns the value of perseverance—all while modeling science inquiry skills. The digital series premiered on September 28, 2017.
+
+=== Team Hamster! ===
+On December 15, 2020, a web series called Team Hamster! premiered. It is a spin-off focusing on Ruff Ruffman's hamsters - Sadie, Mateo, and Tasha. The series also ties-in with games on the PBS KIDS website. In the series, Ruff is the janitor at the school the hamsters live in.
+
+=== Cancelled spinoff: Spyhounds ===
+WGBH and Global Mechanic had announced plans to produce a spin-off of Fetch! based on the online game Spyhounds. It would feature Ruff, Blossom, and Chet having a new career as super-spies, and Ruff is in way over his head. Luckily, he has much help: five clever kids, a purple poodle named Trixie, and millions of kids online. The spinoff plans were announced but were later canceled.
+
+=== Fetchtok ===
+On July 21, 2022, WGBH and Jim Conroy released FetchTok, a TikTok-based challenge where Ruff (voiced again by Conroy) asks viewers to record themselves performing his challenges and posting them on the app. Former FETCHer Liza Giangrande participates in three of the four challenges.
+
+=== Content Creator ===
+As of October 27, 2025, WGBH has created "Content Creator" where Ruff interviews people such as Blair Imani and former Fetcher Shreya Viswanathan to discuss the opportunities and challenges of the digital world and with remote work.
+
+== Reception ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-4.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+---
+title: "Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman"
+chunk: 5/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:34.319880+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Critical response ===
+The show was an instant hit with audiences and received critical acclaim. The New York Times praised the series, writing "The show’s creators have written in all the sarcasm and amazingness of a more sophisticated and harder-edged show, but not in a way that condones such behavior. There’s a kind of genius to the setup." Larisa Wiseman of Common Sense Media gave the series four out of five stars, saying this entertaining PBS series combines the comedy of a cartoon, the challenge of a game show, and the best of reality TV.
+
+=== Awards and accolades ===
+Fetch! has received numerous awards over the years.
+
+APEX 2009: Grand Award for The Ruff Guide to Science
+U.S. International Film and Video Festival 2009: "Certificate for Creative Excellence" in the Children's Programming category
+2009 Daytime Emmy Nominations: Outstanding Children's Series, Outstanding Writing in a Children's Series, Outstanding Achievement in Main Title and Graphic Design
+iParenting Media Award 2009: Winner – Television "2009 Best Products"
+Parents' Choice Awards 2009: Silver Honor Winner: TV show
+WorldFest Houston 2009: Gold Remi Award "TV Series – Family/Children"
+WorldFest Houston 2009: Platinum Remi Award "TV Series – Family/Children"
+MITX Award 2008: Winner – Best Kids, 'Tweens and Teens site
+2008 Daytime Emmy Award: Outstanding Original Song – Children's And Animation – Fetch! Theme Song
+2008 Daytime Emmy Nominations: Outstanding Writing in a Children's Series, Outstanding Original Song – Children's And Animation – Fetch! Theme Song, Outstanding Achievement in Single Camera Editing
+U.S. International Film and Video Festival 2008: First Place "Gold Camera Award" in the Children's Programming category
+Clarion Award 2008 Competition: Winner – Television Special Audience Program
+Parents' Choice Awards 2008: Silver Honor Winner: Web site, Recommended Award Winner: TV show
+WorldFest Houston: Gold Remi Award for "TV Series – Family/Children"
+iParenting Media Award 2008: Winner – Television "2008 Best Products"
+PRIX JEUNESSE 2008 Festival: Runner-Up Fourth Place – Ages 7–11 Non-Fiction
+New York Festival International 2008: Bronze World Medal in Youth programs
+2007 Daytime Emmy Nominations: Performer in an Animated Series, Original Song – Fetch! Theme Song
+U.S. International Film and Video Festival 2007: Second Place "Silver Screen Award" in the Children's Programming category
+Clarion Award 2007 Competition: Winner – Television Special Audience Program
+Parents' Choice Awards: 2007 Gold Award Winner
+WorldFest Houston: Bronze Remi Award for "TV Series – Family/Children"
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman at IMDb

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Theory_(novel)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Final Theory (novel)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Theory_(novel)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:39.682368+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Final Theory is a 2008 techno-thriller novel written by Scientific American contributing editor Mark Alpert and published by Touchstone Books. The novel fictitiously posits that Albert Einstein actually achieved his life's ambition of discovering a unified field theory. If he had been successful in developing this theory, it would have large consequences for the world, including the development of a weapon of mass destruction. Final Theory is  Alpert's debut novel.
+
+
+== Plot ==
+The narrative begins with a brutal attack on the aged theoretical physicist Hans Walther Kleinman. Kleinman is rushed to the hospital and summons his former student David Swift, now a professor at Columbia University. Just before dying, Kleinman pulls Swift close and wheezes two words in German: "Einheitliche Feldtheorie" and a sequence of numbers. It is revealed that the German phrase refers to the unified field theory developed by Einstein during his later years. Swift is intimidated by Lucille Parker, a sixtyish FBI Agent who is also after the theory.
+Swift meets with his old friend Monique Reynolds, a string theorist at Princeton University. Swift learns of the deaths of two close students of Einstein. The sequence of numbers points to The Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University where another close student of Einstein, Amil Gupta, worked.
+At CMU they meet Gupta. Knowing that the FBI has been following them, they head for a hunting cabin in West Virginia, where Kleinman spent some time a few years ago. They are followed by FBI Agent Brock and by Simon, the assassin who killed Kleinman. Simon soon arrives and takes the weak Gupta and Brock. It is revealed that Simon is in fact working for Gupta.
+Swift's company escapes and meets with Gupta's daughter, Elizabeth Gupta. She tells them that Kleinman worked for a while at Fort Benning. At Fort Benning, they search for the theory in a combat training simulation called Warfighter. They escape into the mountains nearby, with the theory saved to a flash drive.
+In reading the contents of the flash drive, Swift and Reynolds discover why Einstein concealed his discovery: the theory, if put into practice, can trigger a violent warping of the local spacetime, leading to release of huge amounts of energy which can be used as a weapon. They destroy the flash drive before discovering that Gupta's son Michael, who has autism, has memorized the whole theory. The FBI soon arrives and they escape. Monique is caught by Gupta and Simon and they are all taken to Fermilab, where Gupta plans to use the Tevatron to create a particle beam and put the theory into action. Brock is left with David, Monique, Karen and Jonah. In a fight between David and Brock, Brock falls into burning mineral oil and dies.
+It is revealed that Simon's wife and children were murdered by the US troops and he intends to use the technology against the United States as revenge. He locks Gupta in a room and takes control of the experiment. David shuts down the Tevatron by smashing the beam pipe and in the process kills Simon. Gupta becomes hysterical and kills people near him with an Uzi. The FBI agents kill Gupta. Michael is left to the custody of Monique, who gets engaged to David.
+
+
+== Characters ==
+David Swift : A professor of the History of Science at Columbia University.
+Monique Reynolds: A string theorist at Princeton University and friend of Swift.
+Amil Gupta/Henry Cobb: A close student of Einstein and chief antagonist of the story.
+Hans Kleinman: A close student of Einstein and Swift's former mentor.
+Michael: Gupta's autistic grandson.
+Simon: The assassin and shtarker employed by Gupta.
+Elizabeth Gupta: Gupta's daughter.
+Karen: ex-wife of Swift.
+Jonah: son of Swift.
+Agent Brock: FBI Agent who also works for Gupta.
+Lucille Parker: FBI Agent in charge.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+The novel received mixed reviews. Janet Maslin of The New York Times criticized the novel by saying "Though its dialogue sometimes name-drops quarks and geons, nobody in "Final Theory" sounds so smart once the running begins ... And the book's scientific expertise is eventually neutralized by that blunt, overall style". The Sunday Times spoke of the book as "an entertaining, if fairly predictable, chase, laced with murder and mayhem...a lightspeed read with not too much mass". Douglas Preston described the book as "One of the finest science-based thrillers to appear in a long time".
+
+
+== See also ==
+Theory of everything
+Grand Unified Theory
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Homepage of the author

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_and_Spirit_(painting)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Flesh and Spirit (painting)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_and_Spirit_(painting)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:19.723409+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Flesh and Spirit is a painting created by American artist Jean-Michel Basquiat c. 1982–83. The multi-panel painting, which is one of the largest ever made by Basquiat, sold for $30.7 million at Sotheby's in May 2018.
+
+
+== History ==
+Flesh and Spirit is made up of two horizontal panels hinged to create four quadrants, measuring a combined 12 by 12 feet. The title is a reference to Robert Farris Thompson’s 1983 book Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Philosophy, which Basquiat said was "probably the best book I ever read on African art. It's one of the best." The artwork features elements of a skeleton, a brain and a disembodied hand, along with texts like "SPIRIT," "POTATO," and "FLESH." Basquiat had a fascination with the human anatomy since he was a child. A major reference source used throughout his career was the book Gray's Anatomy. After he was hit by a car, his mother had given him the book while he was in the hospital recovering from a broken arm and various internal injuries.
+Flesh and Spirit was acquired by art collector and patron of the arts Dolores Neumann, who was also an art dealer for graffiti artists. She represented artists such as Crash, Daze, Lady Pink, Rammellzee, and Toxic, who was Basquiat's studio assistant. She purchased the painting for $15,000 shortly after it was completed, and before it was exhibited at the Champions show at Tony Shafrazi Gallery in January 1983. Before the show, Neumann had heard Basquiat painted a new piece and she went to see it at the gallery. After only seeing the arm on the lower left side of the painting, she decided she was going to ask her parents for money to purchase the artwork. It remained in the Neumann Family Collection until it was auctioned in 2018. Two weeks prior to the auction, Hubert Neumann sued to block the sale of the painting, claiming the sale violated an agreement he had with Sotheby's that gave him the right to approve "all matters" concerning the marketing of works from the "Family Collection." The case was dismissed because Dolores Neumann was the sole owner of the painting.
+In May 2018, Flesh and Spirit sold for $30.7 million at Sotheby's New York Contemporary Art Evening Auction. After the sale, Belinda Neumann-Donnelly, representing her mother's estate, filed a $100 million lawsuit against her father. She claimed his attempt to block the sale deterred potential buyers and greatly depressed the value of the painting. She noted that Basquiat's Flexible (1984) sold for $45.3 by Phillips auction house the next day. Dolores Neumann died in 2016, and the lawsuit revealed that in her will she explicitly disinherited her estranged husband.
+
+
+== Exhibitions ==
+Flesh and Spirit has been exhibited at the following art institutions:
+
+Champions at Tony Shafrazi Gallery in New York, January–February 1983.
+La Scuola di Atene: Il Sistema Dell'Arte at Palazzo di Città in Acireale; Regione Lazio Centro Culturale Cembalo Borghese, Palazzo Borghese in Rome; Gallerie Civiche d'Arte Moderna, Palazzo dei Diamanti in Ferrara; Museo laboratorio Casablanca in Malo, December 1983–April 1984.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of paintings by Jean-Michel Basquiat
+1982 in art
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Factor-0.md

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+---
+title: "Forensic Factor"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Factor"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:29.870580+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Forensic Factor is a Canadian true crime docuseries, which airs on Discovery Channel Canada, Sun TV, and the True Crime Network  The series, which uses an anthology format, features forensic techniques and their application in crime-solving by examining notable cases.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+=== Season 1 (2003) ===
+
+
+=== Season 2 (2004) ===
+
+
+=== Season 3 (2005) ===
+
+
+=== Season 4 (2007) ===
+
+
+=== Season 5 (2008–09) ===
+
+
+=== Season 6 (2010) ===
+
+
+== Forensic Factor: A New Era ==
+In 2023, Discovery Channel rebooted the series. The first season aired with 6 episodes.
+
+
+=== Season 1 (2023) ===
+
+
+=== Season 2 (2025) ===
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_&_Feather-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+---
+title: "Fur & Feather"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_&_Feather"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:36.833289+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Fur & Feather is a Canadian children's television series about animals which aired on CBC Television from 1955 to 1956. It was hosted by Ian McTaggart-Cowan who headed the Zoology Department at the University of British Columbia.
+
+
+== Scheduling ==
+The Vancouver-produced series aired on Wednesdays at 5:00 p.m. from 6 July 1955 to 21 September 1955, then aired Mondays at 4:30 p.m. from 26 September 1955 until 25 June 1956.
+The debut episode featured penguins. McTaggart-Cowan was joined by David Maxwell on some episodes.
+
+
+== Selected episodes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Fur & Feather at University of Victoria Libraries, selected episodes

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Fantastic-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+---
+title: "Future Fantastic"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Fantastic"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:37.982117+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Future Fantastic was a British documentary television series which premiered in 1996. This show looked at the how science and science fiction complement each other, and how ideas and technologies from the past are helping to shape our future. The series was narrated by Gillian Anderson and co-produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation, The Learning Channel and Pro Sieben.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+=== "Alien" ===
+Alien: Discusses the possibility of encountering intelligent life on other planets.
+Interviewed Story Musgrave (astronaught), Seth Shostak (astronomer), Frank Drake (astronomer), Jill Tarter (astronomer), Arthur C. Clarke (author), Richard F. Haines (scientist), Robert Sheaffer (UFO investigator), Jack Cohen (biologist), John Clute (author), David Bischoff (author), Glenn Campbell (Area 51 Investigator), Bob Lazar (engineer)
+This episode was first broadcast on 21 June 1996.
+
+
+=== "I, Robot" ===
+I, Robot: Discusses the evolving and growing role of artificial intelligence, computers, and robots in our everyday life.
+Interviewed Joe Engelberger (roboticist), Red Whittaker (roboticist), Marvin Minsky (cognitive scientist), Hans Moravec (computer scientist), Takeo Kanade (roboticist), Kevin Warwick (roboticist), Rodney Brooks (roboticist)
+This episode was first broadcast on 28 June 1996.
+
+
+=== "Starman" ===
+Starman: Looks at how we might eventually reach the stars.
+Interviewed Nick Argento (historian), Arthur C. Clarke (author), Frederik Pohl (author), Yoji Kondo (author), Alan Bond (rocket engineer), Gerald A. Smith (scientist), Jack Williamson (author), Robert L. Forward (author), Michio Kaku (physicist), Patrick Moore (astronomer), Ron Miller (artist)
+This episode was first broadcast on 5 July 1996.
+
+
+=== "Incredible Shrinking Planet" ===
+Incredible Shrinking Planet: Looks at the future of transport, including teleportation and time travel.
+Interviewed John Clute (author), Paul Moller (engineer), James R. Powers (Designer), Dennis Bushnell (NASA scientist), Brian Motts (inventor), Robert L. Forward (author), Leik Myrabo (engineer), John C. Mankins (NASA scientist), John Anderson (NASA scientist), Larry Niven (author), Marc Levoy (head of the 3D Fax Project), Anton Zeilinger (physicist)
+This episode was first broadcast on 12 July 1996.
+
+
+=== "Brave New Body" ===
+Brave New Body: Looks into how body modification will shape our lives in the future.
+Interviewed Joseph M. Rosen (plastic surgeon), Charles Vacanti (biologist), Mark Pauline (roboticist), Martin Caidin (writer), Donald Humphrey (surgeon), Max More (futurist), Natasha Vita-More (author), Dr Eugene Dejuan (eye surgeon), Bruce Sterling (author), Greg Bear (author), Walter Gehring (biologist), Dr. Richard Ellenbogen (plastic surgeon)
+This episode was first broadcast on 19 July 1996.
+
+
+=== "Weird Science" ===
+Weird Science: Shows how we have come close to defying gravity, and achieving invisibility and perpetual energy.
+Interviewed John Clute (author), Michael Burns (physicist and military systems designer), Richard A. Hull (inventor), Peter Graneau (inventor), Jim Greggs (inventor), Franklin Mead (Senior. Scientist at the Advanced Concepts Office), Frank Close (physicist), Edwin May (nuclear physicist), Richard Wiseman (psychologist)
+This episode was first broadcast on 9 August 1996.
+
+
+=== "Brainstorm" ===
+Brainstorm: Looks at technology being put into and onto people's heads to create artificial experiences.
+Interviewed John Clute (author), Jonathan Walden (virtual reality engineer), Neal Stephenson (science fiction author), Richard Johnston (Human Interface Technology Lab), Andrew Junker (founder of Brainfingers), Grant McMillan (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base), Christopher Gallen (neurologist), Pat Cadigan (science fiction author), Richard A. Normann (bioengineer), Theodore Berger (bioengineer)
+This episode was first broadcast on 16 August 1996.
+
+
+=== "Underneath a purple sky" ===
+Underneath a purple sky: Looks at the future of space tourism.
+Interviewed Ray Bradbury (author), John Clute (author), Wendell Mendell (Planetary Scientist), Patrick Collins (professor of economics at Azabu University in Japan), Story Musgrave (astronaut), Greg Bennett (writer), Marshall Savage (author), Christopher McKay (planetary scientist), Kim Stanley Robinson (author), Jane Poynter (author), Taber MacCallum (Chief Technology Officer)
+This episode was first broadcast on 23 August 1996.
+
+
+=== "Immortal" ===
+Immortal: Questions whether we may ever achieve immortality.
+Interviewed Marvin Minsky (cognitive scientist), Max More (futurist), Natasha Vita-More (author), Rima Greenhill, Malcolm Greenhill, Michael R. Rose (evolutionary biologist), Siegfried Hekimi (biologist), François Schächter (biologist), Robert Ettinger (academic), Steve Bridge (President of Alcor), Michael Taylor (cryobiologist), Ralph C. Merkle (nanotechnologist), Brian Stableford (author), John Clute (author), Frank Tipler (mathematical physicist), Gregory Benford (author)
+This episode was first broadcast on 30 August 1996.
+
+
+== Theme music ==
+The theme music to Future Fantastic was by HAL who later collaborated with Gillian Anderson on the track "Extremis" which was released by Virgin Records in 1997.
+
+
+== Broadcast ==
+Future Fantastic was broadcast in the United States on the Learning Channel in 1997.
+
+
+== References ==
+Stephen Jones & Jo Fletcher. "The British Report". Science Fiction Chronicle. Volume 18, Number 2. Issue 191. April–May 1997. ISSN 0195-5365. pp 56 & 58.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Future Fantastic at IMDb

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Kid_Takara-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+title: "Future Kid Takara"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Kid_Takara"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:39.279940+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Future Kid Takara is a Japanese original anime television series produced by NHK Enterprises and Beyond C. and animated by Studio 4°C. The series is directed by Yuta Sano, produced by Shun Hasegawa, and written by Shinji Obara, with original character designs handled by Shinji Kimura. The 11-episode short-form series originally premiered at the Osaka World Expo on September 25, 2025, and it aired between November 8 and 9 of the same year on NHK Educational TV. The theme song is "Chikyu no Namida" (地球のなみだ) performed by Yuki Kaji and Honoka Yoshida.
+
+
+== Characters ==
+Takara (タカラ)
+Voiced by: Yuki Kaji
+Sara (サラ)
+Voiced by: Honoka Yoshida
+Sugar (シュガー, Shugā)
+Voiced by: Keiko Toda
+Dr. Amory (エイモリー博士, Eimorī Hakase)
+Voiced by: Yūki Kaji
+Naomi (ナオミ)
+Voiced by: Keiko Toda
+Genji (源じぃ)
+Voiced by: Yūki Kaji
+Announcer (アナウンサー, Anaunsā)
+Voiced by: Keiko Toda
+Ranfo (ランフォ)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Anime official website (in Japanese)
+Future Kid Takara (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+---
+title: "Genius (American TV series)"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:40.696442+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Genius is an American biographical anthology drama series developed by Noah Pink and Kenneth Biller which premiered on National Geographic. The first season, which aired between April and June 2017, followed the life of Albert Einstein, from his early years, through his time as a patent clerk, and into his later years as a physicist who developed the theory of relativity; the season is based on the 2007 book Einstein: His Life and Universe by Walter Isaacson. The second season, which aired between April and June 2018, followed the life and artistry of Pablo Picasso.
+In April 2018, National Geographic renewed the series for a third season. The season was originally supposed to focus on Mary Shelley, but this was changed during development to instead focus on Aretha Franklin. It aired in March 2021. In December 2020, the series was renewed for a fourth season to be released on National Geographic and Disney+. The fourth season follows the lives of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X and premiered on February 1, 2024.
+
+Throughout the years the series received several nominations and accolades, including two Primetime Emmy Awards and an NAACP Image Awards. 
+
+== Synopsis ==
+The first season chronicles two periods in the life of Albert Einstein: the first as a patent clerk struggling to gain a teaching position and doctorate, the second as a scientist respected for his development of the theory of relativity.
+The second season chronicles two periods in the life of Pablo Picasso: the first as a young man discovering his talent, the second as a celebrated artist struggling with the rise of fascism and the price of fame.
+The third season chronicles two periods in the life of Aretha Franklin: the first as a young gospel singer impregnated at the age of twelve, the second as a rising star.
+The fourth season chronicles the lives of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X.
+
+== Cast and characters ==
+
+=== Season 1 ===
+
+==== Main ====
+
+==== Recurring ====
+
+=== Season 2 ===
+
+==== Main ====
+
+==== Recurring ====
+
+=== Season 3 ===
+
+==== Main ====
+
+==== Recurring ====
+
+=== Season 4 ===
+
+==== Main ====
+
+==== Recurring ====
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+=== Season 1: Einstein (2017) ===
+
+=== Season 2: Picasso (2018) ===
+
+=== Season 3: Aretha (2021) ===
+
+=== Season 4: MLK/X (2024) ===
+
+== Production ==
+
+=== Development ===
+On April 28, 2016, it was announced that National Geographic had given the production a straight-to-series order, its first ever scripted series. The series was set to be based on the biography Einstein: His Life and Universe by Walter Isaacson and adapted by Noah Pink, who was also expected to co-executive produce. Executive producers were announced to include Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Francie Calfo, Gigi Pritzker, Rachel Shane, Sam Sokolow, and Jeffrey Cooney. Anna Culp was set to co-produce alongside Melissa Rucker. Ron Howard was expected to direct the first episode of the series. Production companies involved with the series were set to include Imagine TV, Fox 21 TV Studios, OddLot Entertainment and EUE/Sokolow.
+On April 19, 2017, National Geographic renewed the series for a second season. The subject of the second season was to have been announced during the finale of the first season, but was instead revealed to be Pablo Picasso the day after the finale, when the network and producers did not want to divert attention away from the season finale. The second season premiered on April 24, 2018.
+On April 18, 2018, National Geographic renewed the series for a third season. The season was initially set to follow the life of writer Mary Shelley. Ken Biller is expected to return as showrunner, executive producer and writer. Also returning are executive producers Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Francie Calfo, Jeff Cooney, Sam Sokolow, Gigi Pritzker, and Rachel Shane. Anna Culp will return as producer. Returning production companies include Imagine TV, MWM Studios, and EUE/Sokolow. On February 10, 2019, it was announced that the subject of the third season would instead be American singer Aretha Franklin, known as "The Queen of Soul". The third season was slated to premiere on May 25, 2020, and air over four consecutive nights, but was delayed due to the coronavirus pandemic and began airing on March 21, 2021.
+On December 10, 2020, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which focused on the lives of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X.
+
+=== Casting ===
+
+==== Season 1 ====
+In August 2016, it was announced that Geoffrey Rush and Johnny Flynn would star in the series as Albert Einstein both as an old man and as a young adult, respectively. Additionally, it was reported that Emily Watson would also star in the series and that Michael McElhatton, Seth Gabel, Samantha Colley, Richard Topol, and Vincent Kartheiser had joined the cast. In November 2016, it was announced that Shannon Tarbet, Claire Rushbrook, and Robert Lindsay had been cast in recurring roles. On February 2, 2017, it was reported that T. R. Knight had been cast in the recurring role of J. Edgar Hoover.
+
+==== Season 2 ====
+On September 6, 2017, it was announced that Antonio Banderas would star in the second season as Pablo Picasso. On November 2, 2017, it was reported that Alex Rich would co-star in the series sharing the lead role of Picasso. It was further reported that Clémence Poésy, Robert Sheehan, Poppy Delevingne, Aisling Franciosi, and Sebastian Roché also joined the cast and that Samantha Colley, T. R. Knight, Seth Gabel, and Johnny Flynn were returning from season one in new roles.
+
+==== Season 3 ====
+On October 3, 2019, Cynthia Erivo was cast to play Aretha Franklin.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+---
+title: "Genius (American TV series)"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:40.696442+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+==== Season 4 ====
+In September 2022, the cast was announced, with Kelvin Harrison Jr. and Aaron Pierre set to star as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X respectively, while Weruche Opia was cast as Coretta Scott King and Jayme Lawson as Betty Shabazz. In November, Ron Cephas Jones, Gary Carr and Hubert Point-Du Jour were added to the main cast for the season, with Lennie James, LisaGay Hamilton, Ashley Romans, Donal Logue and Griffin Matthews joining in recurring roles. Jalyn Hall was cast as a younger Martin Luther King Jr. in December.
+
+=== Filming ===
+Principal photography for season one took place in mid-2016 in Prague. Filming for season two began in November 2017 in Málaga and was expected to take place for over five months in various cities around the world, including Barcelona, Paris, and Budapest. Filming for the third season was set to commence in November 2019, for an early-2020 release. In March 2020, the production was shelved due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The series resumed production on October 1, 2020.
+
+=== Music ===
+Most of Franklin's music in season three was recorded by Erivo. However, the producers were unable to obtain the rights to use Franklin's biggest songs, "Respect" and "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman".
+
+== Reception ==
+
+=== Critical reception ===
+
+==== Season 1 ====
+The first season received mostly positive reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 84%, based on 31 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Buoyed by a superb performance from Geoffrey Rush, Genius is a compelling origin story of one of history's most renowned scientists." On Metacritic, the season had a score of 65 out of 100, based on 20 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
+Science columnist Dennis Overbye of The New York Times described the series as a "tense binge-worthy psychological thriller full of political and romantic melodrama." Overbye further noted that Einstein himself, writing to his sister, wrote, "If everybody lived a life like mine, there would be no need for novels." According to Hillary Busis of Vanity Fair, the film shows, "... Einstein at work ... peers into the über-genius's tumultuous love life (monogamy, he believes, is "not natural") ... his fraught emigration to the United States ...". Busis quotes producer Ron Howard: "When you move past his scientific contributions, Albert's life story—what his youth was like, who his friends were, who his enemies were, his tumultuous love life—is a story people don't know ... I think audiences are going to be riveted as we tell this ambitious and revealing human story behind Einstein's scientific brilliance."
+
+==== Season 2 ====
+The second season received mixed reviews, but garnered praise for its star, Antonio Banderas. Rotten Tomatoes gave an approval rating of 57%, based on 23 reviews. Its critical consensus reads: "An impressive performance from Antonio Banderas rescues Genius: Picasso from condensed melodrama." On Metacritic, the season had a score of 52 out of 100, based on 10 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
+
+==== Season 3 ====
+The third season received mainly positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave an approval rating of 71% based on 34 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "Cynthia Erivo captures the spirit of the singular singer with poise and passion - if only Aretha's writing were as strong as her performance." On Metacritic, the season had a score of 67 out of 100, based on 10 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
+
+===== Reaction from Franklin's family =====
+Despite positive reception of season 3, Aretha Franklin's family never reacted kindly to the season, claiming they "weren't consulted in any part of the production, despite the crew's insistence that they worked with Franklin's estate".
+
+==== Season 4 ====
+The fourth season received mainly positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave an approval rating of 75% based on 12 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "Sporting a good pair of starring performances, Genius'  fourth season can't quite capture the legacies of its two civil rights icons but delivers a sturdy recreation of their personal lives."
+
+=== Accolades ===
+
+== See also ==
+
+== Notes ==
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Genius on Disney+ 
+Genius – official website 
+Genius at IMDb
+Works by Albert Einstein at Project Gutenberg
+Works by Pablo Picasso at Google Images
+Video (33:06): Picasso – Understanding "Cubism" on YouTube

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_by_Stephen_Hawking-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+---
+title: "Genius by Stephen Hawking"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_by_Stephen_Hawking"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:41.880518+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Genius by Stephen Hawking is a television series aired on PBS hosted by Stephen Hawking. It premiered on May 18, 2016, and ended on June 1, 2016, with only one season being produced before Hawking's death in 2018.
+
+
+== Premise ==
+Genius by Stephen Hawking is a series that first aired on PBS on Wednesdays, from May 18 to June 1, 2016. Professor Stephen Hawking challenges volunteers to think like geniuses and solve some of humanity's most enduring questions. What, Why, Where, are We (as in humanity) are covered, as well as Are We Alone and Can We Time Travel. Generally three volunteers with these questions are followed as they try to find the answers to their questions. The idea is to teach the volunteers and watchers how to think like a genius. All are G-rated TV hour episodes originally aired in pairs.
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Genius by Stephen Hawking PBS https://www.pbs.org/show/genius-stephen-hawking/
+http://www.metacritic.com/tv/genius-by-stephen-hawking

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernevask-0.md

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+---
+title: "Hjernevask"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernevask"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:44.839481+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Hjernevask ("Brainwash") is a Norwegian documentary miniseries about science that aired on NRK1 in 2010. The series, consisting of seven episodes, was created for NRK and presented by the comedian and sociologist Harald Eia.
+The series contrasted cultural determinist models of human behavior (also referred to as the Standard social science model) with nature-nurture interactionist perspectives. In support of the cultural determinist perspective it interviewed mainly Norwegian humanities scholars, in particular literary theorist Jørgen Lorentzen at the Centre for Gender Research. Experts interviewed for the series in support of a nature-nurture interactionist perspective included Simon Baron-Cohen, Steven Pinker, Simon LeVay, David Buss, Glenn Wilson, Robert Plomin and Anne Campbell. This ignited a wide public discussion on the subject of the nature versus nurture debate, and especially focused on the views expressed by Lorentzen. The entire series has since been released online.
+
+
+== Objectives and awards ==
+Eia and coproducer Ole Martin Ihle have named Steven Pinker's book The Blank Slate as an inspiration for the documentary series. The series was a huge success, and Eia was awarded the Fritt Ord Award for "having precipitated one of the most heated debates on research in recent times".
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+The producers have made the series available online. Episodes linked in the external links have English subtitles available.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+
+Hjernevask led to extensive public debate, largely focused on the views expressed in the program by literary scholar Jørgen Lorentzen at the Centre for Gender Research. Lorentzen's description of the research of psychologists Simon Baron-Cohen, Anne Campbell and Richard Lippa as "weak science" was strongly criticized by many commentators; biologist Trond Amundsen pointed out that Lorentzen's work was cited less than 30 times in academic literature and responded that "the characteristic 'weak science' would be rude and uncollegial if Lorentzen was a leading international expert and the three researchers were in fact not so meritorious. But all three are meritorious international researchers [...] against this background, the statement is just embarrassing."
+Lorentzen accused his critics including "Ottar Brox, Øyvind Østerud, Stig Frøland, Kristian Gundersen, Tor K. Larsen and others" of being "cowardly hyenas" who have shown "neither insight into nor interest in gender research." Lorentzen also accused series creator Eia of being motivated by a midlife crisis. Eia pointed out that Lorentzen has a very limited scholarly impact with few international publications and a very low number of citations, and said that he wouldn't have interviewed Lorentzen for the series if he had known at the time that Lorentzen was "such a low-level researcher." Jon Hustad accused Lorentzen of being "blinded by ideology." In response to claims by Lorentzen that NRK had portrayed him unfairly and misrepresented his comments, NRK made all the raw footage available. Lorentzen complained to the Norwegian Press Complaints Commission (PFU). In June 2010 PFU concluded that NRK had not violated press ethics or portrayed Lorentzen in an unfair manner; the chairman of PFU described Hjernevask as a "solid work" of investigative journalism. Eia received the 2010 Fritt Ord Honorary Award for the series.
+Several years after Hjernevask aired, it was reported that it has been used in Eastern Europe to promote false claims that all gender studies research in Norway has been closed down in its aftermath; Harald Eia commented that he did not make Hjernevask for a Hungarian audience, and that he wanted to showcase the arrogance he felt Lorentzen displayed towards other research fields for a Norwegian audience.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+IMDb
+Internet Archive playlist
+DailyMotion playlist
+YouTube playlist
+Harald Eia's Vimeo playlist

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dog_(TV_series)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Hot Dog (TV series)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dog_(TV_series)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:46.040213+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Hot Dog was a Saturday morning documentary series for children, seen on NBC from September 12, 1970 to September 4, 1971. Created by Frank Buxton and co-produced by Buxton and Lee Mendelson, the program was notable for its hosts – comedienne Jo Anne Worley, comedian Jonathan Winters and writer and actor Woody Allen. The pilot, televised on March 28, 1970, starred Worley, Allen and Tom Smothers, who was replaced with Winters when the show became a series.
+Based on Buxton's travels as a comedian (and later, as host of the ABC series Discovery), which took him on tours to various factories, Hot Dog explained, in a humorous manner, how we do things (such as snore) and how things were made (such as the eponymous hot dogs and their buns, plus condiments like mustard).
+Seventy topics were covered during the course of this series, which lasted 13 episodes and was rerun the rest of the season. NBC won a Peabody Award for the series in 1970.
+Some of the music in this series was performed by The Youngbloods.
+
+
+== Syndication and alternate versions ==
+Reruns of Hot Dog were syndicated during the 1977–1978 television season, at a time when Allen had firmly established himself as a motion picture star, director, and writer. Portions of Hot Dog were also seen on a local KNBC children's program in Los Angeles, That's Cat, which debuted in 1976.
+In 1971, the Individual topic segments were sold to schools on 16mm film.
+
+
+== Topics ==
+(listed alphabetically)
+
+"How does a frog jump?"
+"How does a letter get through the mail?"
+"How do they get toothpaste in the tube?"
+"How do they make a baseball glove?"
+"How do they make a hot dog roll?"
+"How do they make a surfboard?"
+"How do they make baseballs?"
+“How do they make bicycles?”
+"How do they make bowling balls?"
+"How do they make bubblegum?"
+"How do they make cartoons?"
+"How do they make chocolate?"
+"How do they make playing cards?"
+"How do they make pennies?"
+"How do they make plywood"
+"How do they make spaghetti?"
+"How do they make tennis shoes?"
+"How do they make toothbrushes?"
+"How do they make T-shirts?"
+"How money is made"
+"Is that really lead in a lead pencil?"
+"What makes popcorn pop?"
+"What's a compass?"
+"Where does honey come from?"
+"Where does lumber come from?"
+"Where do felt tip pens come from?"
+"Who invented the hot dog?"
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Hot Dog at IMDb
+List of productions, including Hot Dog episodes. produced by Lee Mendelson – Frank Buxton Joint Film Productions
+Frank Buxton's web page on the series Hot Dog

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFLScience-0.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFLScience"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:53:56.077964+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:27.849797+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Believe_in_Science-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+title: "I Believe in Science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Believe_in_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:25.985792+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+I Believe in Science (Arabic: أنا أصدق العلم, romanized: ʾana ʾuṣaddiqu l-ʿilm) is an Arabic-language website dedicated to publishing translations of science articles and research, with the aim of keeping the Arabic speaking world up-to-date with the latest scientific discoveries and accomplishments.  The project has amassed more than 2000 volunteers who managed to produce around 15000 scientific articles. Issam Fawaz is the CEO.
+
+
+== History ==
+The project started in 2011 by Ahmed Al-Rayes, an Iraqi geologist living in Lebanon, across social media platforms, the website was established in 2013. They paid tribute to a few of the women who volunteer translating research in March 2015 for International Women's Day. In 2016, the idea became an official NGO registered in both Lebanon and the European Union.
+In 2012, the project adopted the slogan: I Believe in Science because it’s the only methodology that actually works
+The project goals are:
+
+Removing and breaking the linguistic barriers that once prevented the Arabic speaking world from reaching true scientific knowledge, by creating a free uninfluenced platform to exchange knowledge and expertise
+Creating and encouraging an environment for the Arab speaking population, that belongs to a hostile culture towards scientific truth, to read and seek scientific knowledge
+Showing the efficiency of the scientific methodology in explaining the biggest phenomena's surrounding us by focusing on objectivity, refutability and applicability of natural sciences and their discoveries
+Physicist Lawrence Krauss is among the scientists who have commented favorably on the project.
+
+I think it’s very important that in the Arabic speaking world, what’s going to determine the difference between the countries that are living and the countries that aren’t are the skilled workforce that can appreciate the revolutions taking place in science, not just the abstract areas but also the applied areas, it’s important that people in the Arab world are exposed to such knowledge, and this project is essential for that to happen.
+Similarly, biologist Robert Weinberg has said: 
+
+I think that this project is a fantastic thing to have, especially that it’s so popular in the Arab world, and this is the beginning of a new scientific revolution in the Arab world.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+IBelieveinSci.com (website)
+I Believe in Science on Facebook

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Software_for_Imagers_and_Spectrometers-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+title: "Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Software_for_Imagers_and_Spectrometers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:10.880847+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (Isis) is a specialized software package developed by the USGS to process images and spectra collected by current and past NASA planetary missions sent to Earth's Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and other solar system bodies.
+
+
+== History ==
+The history of ISIS began in 1971 at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in Flagstaff, Arizona.
+Isis was developed in 1989, primarily to support the Galileo NIMS instrument.
+It contains standard image processing capabilities (such as image algebra, filters, statistics) for both 2D images and 3D data cubes, as well as mission-specific data processing capabilities and cartographic rendering functions.
+
+
+== Raster data format name ==
+Family of related formats that are used by the USGS Planetary Cartography group to store and distribute planetary imagery data. 
+
+PDS, Planetary Data System
+ISIS2, USGS Astrogeology Isis cube (Version 2)
+ISIS3, USGS Astrogeology ISIS Cube (Version 3)
+
+
+== See also ==
+Ames Stereo Pipeline
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_Tests_Online-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+title: "Lab Tests Online"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_Tests_Online"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:29.160025+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Lab Tests Online is a family of peer-reviewed non-profit web resources about clinical laboratory testing.   The site provides information on clinical laboratory tests as well as conditions that are managed or diagnosed by lab tests.  Lab Tests Online also provides summaries of recommendations by age, feature articles on lab-related topics, and news items of patient interest. All contents are reviewed and approved by an Editorial Review Board composed of laboratory professionals before being posted to the site.
+
+
+== History and development ==
+The first site was launched in 2001 by the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the scientific society for clinical laboratory science. This led to a collaboration with professional societies in 17 other countries representing the laboratory medicine community. Each site is separately managed to allow both appropriate languages and information that matches local needs.
+
+
+=== USA ===
+In January 2021, AACC’s Lab Tests Online (labtestsonline.org) was acquired by OneCare Media. In November 2021, LabTestsOnline.org was rebranded to Testing.com.
+
+
+=== UK ===
+The UK site is provided by the Association for Laboratory Medicine. It provides contextual hyperlinks from individual reports to the appropriate support information on the site. This is in routine use from one of the major suppliers of clinical informations systems in primary care and from the English NHS app.
+
+
+=== Australia ===
+The Australian site is now known as Pathology Tests Explained.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+https://www.testing.com
+https://labtestsonline.org.uk
+https://www.pathologytestsexplained.org.au