diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 94c9ca813..1c26aa8c5 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..460929ea4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "3-2-1 Contact" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:43.926113+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +3-2-1 Contact is an American science educational television show produced by the Children's Television Workshop (CTW, now known as Sesame Workshop). It aired on PBS from 1980 to 1988 and later ran on Noggin (a joint venture between the CTW and Nickelodeon) from 1999 to 2003. The show teaches scientific principles and their applications. Edward G. Atkins, who was responsible for much of the scientific content of the show, felt that the TV program would not replace a classroom but would encourage viewers to ask questions about the scientific purpose of things. + +== History == + +=== Initial conception === +3-2-1 Contact was the brainchild of Samuel Y. Gibbon Jr., who had been the executive producer of the original The Electric Company for the CTW from 1971 to 1977. (Gibbon had left the CTW before Contact's production officially began, though he was still credited as "Senior Consultant".) The show was based on the original concept of The Curiosity Show, an Australian science-based children's educational TV show that had been running since 1972. That program was hosted by Australian scientists Rob Morrison and Deane Hutton, who were consultants to The Children's Television Workshop in the early planning stages of what became 3-2-1 Contact. CTW wanted to make a version using American scientists as presenters, but PBS did not think that middle-aged scientists would engage a young audience (despite the popularity of the format in Australia) and insisted that any science show be hosted/presented by young people. CTW eventually reworked the concept into 3-2-1 Contact. + +=== Seasons production === +The first season of 65 programs began airing January 14, 1980, on selected PBS member stations; it featured a cast of three college students who socialized and discussed science in an on-campus room known as "the workshop". The show also used brief segments at the beginning of the show featuring a celebrity and/or famous character making a brief scientific statement. Some of the celebrities and/or characters who appeared were Robert Guillaume for "Food/Fuel" week; Sarah Jessica Parker, then performing in the Broadway musical Annie for "Hot/Cold" week; cast members of Eight is Enough for "Crowded/Uncrowded" week; Donny Most and Ron Palillo for "Fast/Slow" week; Billy Barty and Carl Weathers for "Big/Small" week; Tim O'Connor and Felix Silla (and the voice of by Mel Blanc) from Buck Rogers in the 25th Century for "Near/Far" week; Gene Wilder for "Communication" week, Arte Johnson, reprising a character from Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In for "Growth/Decay" week; Sha Na Na members Jon 'Bowzer' Bauman and Screamin' Scott Simon for "Noisy/Quiet" week; Rita Moreno (who was part of The Electric Company cast for its entire run) for "Forces" week; the Harlem Globetrotters' Meadowlark Lemon and the cast of The White Shadow for "Order/Disorder" week; and Larry Wilcox of CHiPs for "Surfaces" week. The segment ended with a brief visual film similar to the Scanimate animations used on The Electric Company showcasing the big words of the week and their role in science. This season came to an end on April 11, 1980, and continued in reruns (or removed entirely from scheduling on some stations) for the following three years, as funding for additional episodes was not yet sufficient. +When production finally resumed for the second season, which premiered on October 17, 1983, the show presented a more realistic appearance, as the new cast convened in a suburban basement (these segments were shot at Reeves Teletape, which also housed Sesame Street at the time). The celebrity segments were discontinued and the science topic was introduced by a computer cursor which typed out the week's topic and subtopic of the day, replacing the visual films used in the first season. This cast continued until October 18, 1985. Ozzie Alfonso was Contact's new director and Al Hyslop its executive producer. +When the fifth season began on September 22, 1986, a third cast was introduced. However, unlike the previous casts, they did not meet in any specific setting; instead, they appeared in various taped and filmed segments. The show ended after seven seasons and 225 episodes on November 18, 1988, with reruns airing until September 27, 1992. Reruns resumed the next year on commercial television, with All American Television handling syndication. + A frequent segment of the show was The Bloodhound Gang, a series about a group of young detectives who used science to solve crimes. + +=== International and school versions === +For a time in the mid-1980s, the program was co-produced with the French television network FR3 and featured several new French cast members in addition to the American cast. From 1982 to 1983 the program was aired in Spain with dubbed-over versions of the American original broadcasts, and some local add-ons with four Spanish cast members: Sonia Martínez, Luis Bollain, Fernando Rueda, and Marifé Rodríguez. Another Spanish version of the broadcast was aired from 1990 to 1992. +It was reported in 1984 that 3-2-1 Contact had an audience of over 7 million viewers and was broadcast in 26 countries including West Germany, France, Italy, and Spain making their own dubbed-over versions. +From September 1, 1991, to May 1, 1992, an edited version titled 3-2-1 Classroom Contact was produced, specifically for in-school viewing. It was hosted by either Stephanie Yu, Z. Wright, or both and used previously aired segments from the past series. +Broadcasters wanted children and schools to record and replay the episodes without being afraid of infringement of copyright violations. + +== Hosts == + +== Episodes == + +=== 3-2-1 Contact Extra === +I Have AIDS: A Teenager's Story (April 8, 1989) +The Rotten Truth (January 15, 1990) +You Can't Grow Home Again (September 2, 1990) +Down the Drain (January 14, 1991) +Bottom of the Barrel (February 18, 1991) +Secrets of the Code (August 3, 1991) +A Popular Little Planet (April 22, 1992) +Get Busy: How Kids Can Save the Planet (April 22, 1992) +What Kids Want to Know...About Sex and Growing Up (May 13, 1992) +Brainstorm: The Truth About Your Brain on Drugs (December 14, 1992) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1658fe80a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "3-2-1 Contact" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Contact" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:43.926113+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Magazine == +Three months before the show premiered, a print magazine of the same name that also focused on science was released. In 1985, the magazine absorbed some of the content of sibling publication Enter (which went out of print that same year), including reader submissions of computer programs written in the BASIC computer language as well as reviews of popular computer programs. The Enter section also contained a new feature called "The Slipped Disk Show", in which a fictional disc jockey answered computer-related questions submitted by readers. +In 1987, the magazine began featuring content from another CTW production, Square One Television. Such content frequently took the form of a two-page comic strip, often parodying a popular show or movie of the time, with a math-related question at the end. +The Bloodhound Gang mysteries also made the leap to the magazine, but they were subsequently replaced with a series entitled The Time Team in September 1990. These stories found teenage characters Sean Nolan and Jenny Lopez traveling to different time periods in the past and future. Their surroundings and personal encounters were described with great detail, educating readers as to the customs of various cultures throughout history, and – on trips to the future – often pushing present day hot-button issues. For example, a 1993 story saw the duo traveling to what appeared to be a prehistoric forest, but near the end, they found a Brazil flag, a newspaper clipping from 1995, and a bulldozer at work: this was in fact a Brazilian rainforest being levelled. +In 1996, The Time Team was replaced by a comic serial, Cosmic Crew, which focused on the adventures of a group of teenagers and their robot butler in space. Their first story arc (which ran for more than a year) had them trying to figure out a series of riddles relating to places in the Solar System in order to claim a treasure (which turned out to be a scholarship fund). Another story arc had a delinquent (who had been a villain in the first arc) join them in order to chase down a gang of other delinquents. Despite being effectively replaced, a few Time Team stories were run whenever there were gaps between installments of Cosmic Crew. +Many of the magazine's cover stories involved current events, such as 1990s oil fires in the Middle East. In addition, the magazine offered a games section in which most of the games were related to the stories in the issue. +In 1996, CTW presumably concluded that faithful readers from the late 1980s and early 1990s had long since moved on, and the magazine began to reprint non-time-sensitive stories from years past. For example, a 1991 article on the geography of the Galápagos Islands – a subject relatively unchanging due to the islands' well-enforced ecologically protected status – could very well re-appear in an identical format a half a decade later. +Under Children's Television Workshop (now known as Sesame Workshop), the magazine later became Contact Kids, removing the original reference to the television show. Production of the magazine was suspended indefinitely in 2001. + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 2015-06-07) +3-2-1 Contact at IMDb +Archived magazine issues: Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/365_Days_of_Astronomy-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/365_Days_of_Astronomy-0.md index 27c68f660..e470e656f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/365_Days_of_Astronomy-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/365_Days_of_Astronomy-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/365_Days_of_Astronomy" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:41:02.849065+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:03.318515+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Glorious_Accident-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Glorious_Accident-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8628c1a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Glorious_Accident-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "A Glorious Accident" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Glorious_Accident" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:43.120767+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Een schitterend ongeluk (translated "A Glorious Accident" in English) was a 1993 documentary series featuring six prominent scientists and philosophers. Hosted by Wim Kayzer, a Dutch television producer, and filmed in seven parts, A Glorious Accident included interviews with Daniel Dennett, Freeman Dyson, Stephen Jay Gould, Oliver Sacks, Rupert Sheldrake, and Stephen Toulmin. +During six individual interviews with each guest and a final round table, the attendees discussed their vision of their work and the world with the central themes introduced by Kayzer: "How far did you come in your understanding of our thoughts and actions? What did science really bring us at the end of the 20th century: knowledge or also understanding?" "What is consciousness?" "What is memory?" +The roundtable discussion was filmed in the Netherlands. The film was released by VPRO and produced by Nellie Kamer and Wim Kayzer. The film broke viewing records in the Netherlands in 1993. +In the United States, A Glorious Accident was broadcast twice in June 1994 on PBS member station WNET. In September 1996, PBS member station KCET in Los Angeles also broadcast the series. The film was over 15 hours in length. The title phrase "glorious accident" is attributed to Stephen Jay Gould who referred to the asteroid-induced extinction of the dinosaurs which preceded the development of humanity. + + +== Book == +Together with the series, a book with the same title containing the text from the interviews was also published in the Netherlands in 1993. It was a number one bestseller in the Netherlands for several months. The publisher summary reads: + +Transcripts of six interviews and a group discussion [...] with six leading contemporary scientists from various disciplines on the possibilities and limitations of (scientific) intelligence.In 1997, a book titled A Glorious Accident: Understanding Our Place in the Cosmic Puzzle was also published in English. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +summary on VPRO website +IMDB page +A Glorious Accident, YouTube playlist of the complete series from VPRO. +A Glorious Accident, videos on the Internet Archive +Pages about the book on LibraryThing and Internet Archive +A Glorious Accident DVD box set on Internet Archive, courtesy VPRO (out of print). +A Glorious Accident VHS box set on Internet Archive, courtesy Films For The Humanities & Sciences (scans only, out of print). +Van de Schoonheid en de troost (Of Beauty and Consolation) DVD box set on Internet Archive, courtesy VPRO (out of print). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69de29bb diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b437451cd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Adventure (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:45.181709+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Adventure is a documentary television series that aired on CBS beginning in 1953. The series was produced in collaboration with the American Museum of Natural History and hosted by Charles Collingwood. The program consisted of interviews with scientists and academicians and films of anthropological expeditions. +Individuals appearing in interviews included historian Bernard DeVoto, biologist Alexander Fleming, and adventurer Sasha Siemel. +Marcel LaFollette has written, "Production approaches that are now standard practice on NOVA and the Discovery Channel derive, in fact, from experimentation by television pioneers like Lynn Poole and Don Herbert and such programs as Adventure, Zoo Parade, Science in Action, and the Bell Telephone System's science specials. These early efforts were also influenced by television's love of the dramatic, refined during its first decade and continuing to shape news and public affairs programming, as well as fiction and fantasy, today." LaFollette included the program in her 2008 overview of early broadcasting devoted to science popularization. + + +== Broadcast history == +The show began its run on May 10, 1953 and was broadcast on late Sunday afternoon. It switched to early Sunday evening (6:00 pm to 7:00 pm) on June 28, 1953. In October 1953, it returned to Sunday afternoon and remained there through July 1956. + + +== Critical response == +A review in the trade publication Billboard said that Adventure "has done an exemplary job of applying TV showmanship to informational material", although the reviewer felt that a segment featuring frolicking teddy bears in a recent episode diminished the show's overall quality. Other segments received more favorable comments. A 1956 review in Billboard found an episode about South American headhunting tribes' habits and activities to be "fascinating". + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Adventure at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmphibiaWeb-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmphibiaWeb-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2a7c4a86 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmphibiaWeb-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "AmphibiaWeb" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmphibiaWeb" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:14.502374+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +AmphibiaWeb is an American non-profit website that provides information about amphibians. It is run by a group of universities working with the California Academy of Sciences: San Francisco State University, the University of California at Berkeley, University of Florida at Gainesville, and University of Texas at Austin. +AmphibiaWeb's goal is to provide a single page for every species of amphibian in the world so research scientists, citizen scientists and conservationists can collaborate. It added its 7000th animal in 2012, a glass frog from Peru. As of 2022, it hosted more than 8,400 species located worldwide. + + +== Origins == +Scientist David Wake founded AmphibiaWeb in 2000. Wake had been inspired by the decline of amphibian populations across the world. He founded it at the Digital Library Project at the University of California at Berkeley in 2000. Wake came to consider AmphibiaWeb part of his legacy. + + +== Uses == +AmphibiaWeb provides information to the IUCN, CalPhotos, Encyclopedia of Life and iNaturalist, and the database is cited in scientific publications. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Astronomer-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Astronomer-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c980af8eb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Astronomer-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "An Astronomer" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Astronomer" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:04.657120+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An Astronomer is an oil-on-canvas painting created in 1652 by Dutch artist Ferdinand Bol. He served as an apprentice to Rembrandt and earlier to Jacob Cuyp. The painting is held in the National Gallery, in London, to which it was donated by E.A. Bennett in 1862. + + +== Description == +The painting shows an astronomer at a table, on which are terrestrial and celestial globes. The work also draws on the themes of Melencolia I, an engraving by Albrecht Dürer. +The depicted man, who is peering into an open book with a frowning expression, can easily be identified as an astronomer due to the presence of a world map and a celestial sphere on the table. The painting perhaps belongs to the trend dating back to Dürer, in which scientists were depicted in the melancholy generated by the awareness of the futility of their research in face of the prospect of death. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdata.org-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdata.org-0.md index 3e7f332fd..c0bb4be63 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdata.org-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdata.org-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdata.org" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:51:04.172576+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:15.761355+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronarium-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronarium-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0672c3e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronarium-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Astronarium" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronarium" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:46.450090+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Astronarium is a Polish documentary and popular science television series about astronomy and space research. The program is produced by the Polish Television and Polish Astronomical Society, with support from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The series premiered on March 2, 2015 on the TVP Regionalna channel (now the name of this channel is TVP 3). It has been broadcast on various channels in Poland and abroad, including TVP 1, TVP 3, TVP Polonia. The episodes are also available on the internet as a VOD, some of them with English subtitles. The cumulative audience in Poland during the first week of emission of an episode is on the level of 500,000 viewers (RCH parameter). +The first season of 8 episodes was first broadcast from March to April 2015, the second season of 13 episodes from September 2015 to March 2016, the third season of 13 episodes started in April 2016. +Format of the series is about visiting science institutes and astronomical observatories, where scientists involved in research are explaining various topics about astronomy and space research. The series uses also CGI renderings, video footage, photographs. Each episode is about a particular topic. +Astronarium is also available at YouTube where it reached 100,000 subscribers on 23 October 2020, and the most popular episode reached 1 million views on 18 October 2020. +On January 15, 2018, Astronarium was a winner in "Media" category of the "Popularyzator Nauki 2017" contest organized by the Polish Press Agency and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Astronarium received Silver YouTube Creator Award in 2020. + + +== Season 1 == +List of episodes: + + +== Season 2 == +List of episodes: + + +== Season 3 == +List of episodes: + + +== Season 4 == +List of episodes: + + +== Season 5 == +List of episodes: + + +== Season 6 == +List of episodes + + +== Season 7 == +List of episodes + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Episodes available on-line +Episodes with English subtitles +Astronarium channel at YouTube with archive of episodes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66a88243b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Astronomical survey" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:14.632339+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An astronomical survey is a general map or image of a region of the sky (or of the whole sky) that lacks a specific observational target. Alternatively, an astronomical survey may comprise a set of images, spectra, or other observations of objects that share a common type or feature. Surveys are often restricted to one band of the electromagnetic spectrum due to instrumental limitations, although multiwavelength surveys can be made by using multiple detectors, each sensitive to a different bandwidth. +Surveys have generally been performed as part of the production of an astronomical catalog. They may also search for transient astronomical events. They often use wide-field astrographs. + +== Scientific value == +Sky surveys, unlike targeted observation of a specific object, allow astronomers to catalog celestial objects and perform statistical analyses on them without complex corrections for selection effects. In some cases, an astronomer interested in a particular object will find that survey images are sufficient to make new telescope time entirely unnecessary. +Surveys also help astronomers choose targets for closer study using larger, more powerful telescopes. If previous observations support a hypothesis, a telescope scheduling committee is more likely to approve new, more detailed observations to test it. +The wide scope of surveys makes them ideal for finding foreground objects that move, such as asteroids and comets. An astronomer can compare existing survey images to current observations to identify changes; this task can even be performed automatically using image analysis software. +Besides science, these surveys also detect potentially hazardous objects, providing a service to Spaceguard. For example, the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) system surveys the entire night sky every night and, like NEOSTEL, is intended to detect objects as they approach. Broader surveys include the Uppsala–DLR Asteroid Survey and the 20th-century U.K. Schmidt–Caltech Asteroid Survey. Old surveys can be reviewed to find precovery images. +Similarly, images of the same object taken by different surveys can be compared to detect transient astronomical events such as variable stars. + +== List of sky surveys == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a762ea149 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +--- +title: "Astronomical survey" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:14.632339+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Optical +Hipparchus - created the first known star catalogue with more than 850 stars. The data was incorporated into the Almagest along with the first list of stellar magnitudes and was the primary astronomical reference until modern times, 190-120 BC. +Bonner Durchmusterung - whole-sky astrometric star catalog, 1859–1903 +Astrographic Catalogue - international astronomical survey of the entire sky. The survey was performed by 18 observatories using over 22,000 photographic plates. The results have been the basis of comparison for all subsequent surveys, 1887–1975. +Henry Draper Catalogue - spectral classifications based on photographic plates, 1918–1924, extension 1925–1936 +Catalina Sky Survey - an astronomical survey to discover comets and asteroids. +Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey +National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (NGS–POSS) – survey of the northern sky on photographic plates, 1948–1958 +CfA Redshift Survey – A program from Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. It began in 1977 to 1982 then from 1985 to 1995. +Digitized Sky Survey – optical all-sky survey created from digitized photographic plates, 1994 +2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dfGRS) – redshift survey conducted by the Anglo-Australian Observatory between 1997 and 2002 +Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) – an optical and spectroscopic survey, 2000–2006 (first pass) +Photopic Sky Survey – a survey with 37,440 individual exposures, 2010–2011. +DEEP2 Redshift Survey (DEEP2) – Used Keck Telescopes to measure redshift of 50,000 galaxies +VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey (VVDS) – Franco-Italian study using the Very Large Telescope at Paranal Observatory +Palomar Distant Solar System Survey (PDSSS) +WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey (2006–2011) used the Australian Astronomical Observatory +Dark Energy Survey (DES) is a survey about one-tenth of the sky to find clues to the characteristics of dark energy.- +Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area Survey (CALIFA) – a spectroscopic survey of galaxies +SAGES Legacy Unifying Globulars and GalaxieS (SAGES Legacy Unifying Globulars and GalaxieS Survey (SLUGGS) survey – a near-infrared spectro-photometric survey of 25 nearby early-type galaxies (2014) +Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) – an extra-galactic and stellar spectroscopic survey +IPHAS and VPHAS+ – surveys of the Galactic bulge and inner disk using the Isaac Newton Telescope (north) and VLT Survey Telescope (south) in u, g, r, Hα, and i bands, 2003–present +Pan-STARRS – a large-field survey system to look for transient and variable sources. 2010–present +Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) – large-scale variability sky survey (in I and V bands), 1992–present +DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (Legacy Surveys) - large imaging survey of the extragalactic sky, in three bands and covering one third of the sky, 2013–present +GSNST - Global Supernovae Search Team - an all sky survey launched in August 2018 to look for Astronomical Transients +Gaia catalogues of over a billion parallax distances +Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) - a wide-field sky astronomical survey of the northern transient sky, 2018–present +Euclid_(spacecraft) - An optical and IR survey of 15,000 square degrees in the sky from space, 2023-present. +Vera C. Rubin Observatory +Infrared +Infrared Astronomical Satellite did an all sky survey at 12, 25, 60, and 100 μm, 1983 +The 2-micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS), a ground-based all sky survey at J, H, and Ks bands (1.25, 1.65, and 2.17 μm) 1997–2001 +Akari (Astro-F) a Japanese mid and far infrared all-sky survey satellite, 2006–2008 +Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) was launched in December 2009 to begin a survey of 99% of the sky at wavelengths of 3.3, 4.7, 12, and 23 μm. The telescope is over a thousand times as sensitive as previous infrared surveys. The initial survey, consisting of each sky position imaged at least eight times, was completed by July 2010. +UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) – a collection of ground based northern hemisphere surveys (GPS, GCS, LAS, DXS, UDS) using the WFCAM camera on UKIRT, some wide and some very deep, in Z, Y, J, H, & K bands 2005– +VISTA public surveys – a collection of ground based southern hemisphere surveys (VVV, VMC, VHS, VIKING, VIDEO, UltraVISTA), of various areas and depths, in Z, Y, J, H, & Ks bands, 2009–present +SCUBA-2 All Sky Survey +Euclid_(spacecraft) - An optical and IR survey of 15,000 square degrees in the sky from space, 2023-present. +Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope to be launched in 2027 +Radio +Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources ("3C") - Survey at 159 and 178 MHz published in 1959 +HIPASS – Radio survey, the first blind HI survey to cover the entire southern sky. 1997–2002 +B2 — Bologna Sky Survey at 408 MHz (9929 radio sources) performed with the Northern Cross Radio Telescope +B3 — The New Bologna Sky Survey at 408 MHz (13354 radio sources) performed with the Northern Cross Radio Telescope +Ohio Sky Survey – Over 19,000 radio sources at 1415 MHz. 1965–1973. +NVSS – Survey at 1.4 GHz mapping the sky north of −40 deg +FIRST – Survey to look for faint radio sources at twenty cms. +SUMSS - Survey at 843 MHz, mapping the sky south of -30 deg with similar sensitivity and resolution to the northern NVSS +PALFA Survey – A 1.4 GHz survey for radio pulsars which used the Arecibo Observatory. +GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey GASS designed to measure the neutral hydrogen content of a representative sample of ~1000 massive, galaxies +C-BASS – On-going 5 GHz all sky survey to aid in the subtraction of galactic foregrounds from maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background +EMU – A large radio continuum survey covering 3/4 of the sky, expected to discover about 70 million galaxies +GMRT - The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope's TGSS ADR mapped the sky at 150 MHz. +HTRU – A pulsar and radio transients survey of the northern and southern sky using the Parkes Radio Telescope and the Effelsberg telescope. +Gamma-ray +Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, formerly referred to as the "Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST)." 2008–present; the goal for the telescope's lifetime is 10 years. +Multi-wavelength surveys +GAMA – the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey combines data from a number of ground- and space-based observatories together with a large redshift survey, performed at the Anglo-Australian Telescope. The resulting dataset aims to be a comprehensive resource for studying the physics of the galaxy population and underlying mass structures in the recent universe. +GOODS – The Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey. +COSMOS – The Cosmic Evolution Survey +CANDELS - The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey +(The latter three surveys are joining observations obtained from space with the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the XMM-Newton satellite, with a large set of observations obtained with ground-based telescopes). +Atlas 3d Survey – sample of 260 galaxies for the Astrophysics project. +Planned +Vera C. Rubin Observatory – a proposed very large telescope designed to repeatedly survey the whole sky that is visible from its location +Widefield ASKAP L-Band Legacy All-Sky Blind Survey (WALLABY) +NEO Surveyor - mid-infrared survey focused on near-Earth objects, with other objects also surveyed +Deep Synoptic Array - an under-construction survey telescope intended to survey the northern sky between 0.7 and 2 GHz. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8cefa5d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Astronomical survey" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:14.632339+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Surveys of the Magellanic Clouds === +Catalogues of H-α emission stars and nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds - published 1956 (Astrophys. J. Suppl., 2, 315) +MCELS (Magellanic Cloud Emission-line Survey) +The Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey – UBVI (optical) +Deep Near Infrared Survey (DENIS) – near-IR + +== See also == + +See astronomical catalogue for a more detailed description of astronomical surveys and the production of astronomical catalogues +Redshift surveys are astronomical surveys devoted to mapping the cosmos in three dimensions +Category:astronomical catalogues—List of astronomical catalogues on Wikipedia +Astrograph for a type of instrument used in Astronomical surveys. +Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_Cast-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_Cast-0.md index b28373dca..7dca74095 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_Cast-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_Cast-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_Cast" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:41:04.204851+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:05.969007+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f814d656b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Backyard Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:47.685060+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Backyard Science is an Australian educational children's television show based on the Dorling Kindersley book of the same name that aired from 28 August 2003 until 2007. The series was originally commissioned by Super RTL and TVOntario, and had 78 episodes produced in three seasons. Some airings split this into 156 15-minute episodes. +In this series, children experiment with everyday items in order to make something fun and practical and also provide scientific insights in a child's world. + + +== International distribution == +The show is broadcast in overseas markets including: + +Serbia (Nauka iz dvorišta) Ultra +Canada (TVOKids) +Croatia (Mali znanstvenici) RTL Kockica +Czech Republic (Věda je zábava) +Germany (WOW – Die Entdeckerzone) +Hungary (Da Vinci Learning) +Indonesia (Spacetoon) +India (Disney India, Hungama TV and National Geographic Channel) +Israel (LOGI Channel, Titled as "Mitahat La'af" – מתחת לאף) +Italy (K2) +Latin America (Boomerang) +Malaysia (Astro TVIQ) +Pakistan (PTV) +Poland (Da Vinci Learning) +Romania (Da Vinci Learning) +Russia (Da Vinci Learning) +Turkey (Da Vinci Learning and Yumurcak TV) +UAE (e-Junior) +UK (Toonami and POP!) have carried the English-language episodes; a Scots Gàidhlig version, Saidheans Sporsail, hosted by Allen MacDonald and Kerry Anne MacLeod, airs on BBC Alba. +USA (Discovery Kids, under the title Crash! Bang! Splat!) + + +== Personalities == +The program featured Australian actress Sophie Lowe, Daniela Marie and her brother John, comedian Genevieve Fricker, and twins Lucas Hejtmanek and Priscilla Hejtmanek. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +abc.net.au Program Outline +Backyard Science's channel on YouTube +Backyard Science at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f95c1dc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "Bang Goes the Theory" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:48.991278+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Bang Goes the Theory or Bang is a British television science magazine series, co-produced by the BBC and the Open University, that began on 27 July 2009 and ended on 5 May 2014 on BBC One. Originally presented by Liz Bonnin, Jem Stansfield, Dallas Campbell and Yan Wong, the show employed a hands-on approach to test scientific theory and demonstrate how science shapes our world. From series seven, Maggie Philbin replaced Dallas Campbell as a main presenter and Yan Wong no longer appeared and the programme was subsequently cancelled after just two more seasons. + +== Production == + +=== Creation === +The co-production between the BBC and the Open University was announced in June 2009 and was commissioned by Jay Hunt, controller of BBC One, for ten 30 minute episodes. It promises to "put scientific theory to the test" and examine "how science shapes the world around us". During the announcement, Hunt stated that the series "brings popular science back to the very heart of BBC One", referring to the long-running BBC series Tomorrow's World, which ran from 1965 to 2003 and was cancelled following falling ratings. Comparing Bang Goes the Theory to Tomorrow's World, series editor Dermot Caulfield said, + +Rather than simply be a reporting vehicle on what's new in the world of science, we want to roll up our sleeves, stick our hands in the dirty gubbins of the engine and find out why, what, or where science is happening. +Dr. Stephen Serjeant (Reader in Cosmology at the OU), and Dr Ian Johnston (Lecturer in Engineering for the OU) were the two academic team leaders for the production, covering disciplines including geology, astrophysics, neuropsychology and zoology. The studio elements of the series were initially recorded in a building that housed the supersonic wind tunnel fans at RAE Bedford in Bedfordshire and was also the testing facility for the first prototype Harrier jump jet V/STOL aircraft. They were later recorded in the old linear accelerator building on the University of Sussex campus near Brighton, where Jem Stansfield has his workshop. As of Series 6 (from March 2012) no studio was used and linking sections were filmed on location. +To "inspire the audience to get hands on with science", the series was supported by a number of free events across the country organised by BBC Learning. +Over time, the programme moved from being an educational entertainment format in which short films were interspersed with "street science" demonstrations (mainly presented by Yan Wong) and stunts (mainly presented by Jem Stansfield), to a current affairs-style format. Distinct changes occurred in series 6, when each episode explored a single theme, the studio setting was dropped, several guest presenters appeared over the course of the series (one of whom, Maggie Philbin, subsequently joined the show as a regular presenter), and Jem Stansfield's stunts were phased out, with his attempt to build a pedal-powered flying machine (featured across two episodes) being the last such item to appear. + +=== Presenters === + +Bang Goes the Theory was originally presented by Dallas Campbell (series 1–6); Liz Bonnin, a biochemist with a Masters in wild animal conservation; Jem Stansfield, an aeronautical engineer, inventor and designer of museum exhibits; and Yan Wong (co-author of The Ancestor's Tale), an Oxford-educated evolutionary biologist. Both Campbell and Wong left after series 6, and were replaced by Maggie Philbin, a science television presenter. From series 6 onwards, some segments were also fronted by one-off guest presenters. Maggie Philbin initially appeared as a guest presenter in series 6 before becoming a regular. + +=== Live trailer === +Ahead of the start of the series, BBC One aired a live three-minute trailer on 14 July 2009 before EastEnders. Described as a television first and emulating the Honda television advert Cog, it featured a continuing chain of scientific experiments, with one triggering the next and so on. The sequence included Bonnin using a bicycle to power a Van de Graaff generator and Stansfield then using the 250,000 volts generated to, among other things, + +light a Bunsen burner, +inflate a large inflatable bunny, +trigger a thermal switch, +repel Wong away from Campbell along a track (using electromagnets attached to both presenters), and +power a robotic hand +The sequence did not quite complete as expected: the bunny did not fully inflate and manual intervention was required to break an infrared beam to allow the experiment to continue; the rest of the experiment was executed without problems. Prior to the broadcast, over 10,000 people voted online for Wong to be propelled using magnetic forces. The live BBC 1 trailer was directed by John Rooney. + +=== BBC One ident === +From 27 July 2009 until 5 May 2014, Bang Goes The Theory was the only programme on BBC One to have its own ident. It depicted a group of people using bicycles to generate electricity to illuminate a ring of lights, into the centre of which the BBC One logo was superimposed. + +== Live tour and roadshow == +In 2010, a Bang roadshow happened, and in 2011 a Bang Live toured the UK with an exclusive live show and interactive tent. + +=== Symphony of Bang Goes The Theory === +Musician John Boswell created a song using clips from the Bang Goes The Theory shows and website. It features distortion of the presenters' words using pitch-correction software, over the top of original music, in the same vein as Boswell's Symphony of Science series. Although conceived originally as a web piece, the song is also used at the end of the Bang LIVE roadshows. + +== Episodes == + +=== Series 1 === +The first series consisted of ten episodes. At the end of the last episode, it was announced that the programme would return in March 2010. And also with the slogan "Putting science to the test" until Series 3. + +=== Series 2 === +The second series consisted of eight episodes, plus another hour-long special, starting on 15 March 2010. It was also broadcast on BBC HD. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b13a3437 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Bang Goes the Theory" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:48.991278+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Series 3 === +The third series consisted of six episodes, starting on 8 September 2010. It was also broadcast on BBC HD. + +=== Series 4 === +The fourth series commenced with an hour-long special, starting on 10 March 2011. It was also broadcast on BBC HD, and also with the slogan "Revealing your world with a bang" until Series 5. The slogan "Revealing your world through science" was used on Japan Earthquake special episode. + +=== Series 5 === +The fifth series began airing on 15 August 2011 on BBC One and in HD on BBC One HD. + +=== Series 6 === +The sixth series began airing on 12 March 2012 on BBC One and in HD on BBC One HD, in England and Scotland. It is shown a day later, on BBC Two in Northern Ireland and Wales. + +=== Series 7 === +The seventh series began airing on 4 March 2013 on BBC One and in HD on BBC One HD, in England, at the same time but on BBC Two in Scotland, and a day later on BBC Two in Northern Ireland and Wales. + +=== Series 8 === +The eighth and final series began airing on 10 March 2014 on BBC One and in HD on BBC One HD, in England and Scotland. Jem Stansfield did not appear in episodes 4, 6, 7 and 8 but was still credited as "Engineering consultant", and replaced by Sir Terry Wogan, Charlie Dimmock, and Dr. Chris van Tulleken as guest host. + +== Controversy == + +=== Episode on nuclear power found 'misleading' by BBC Trust === +The 8th episode of series 5 looking at nuclear power was found to be 'not accurate' and 'misleading' by the Ethical Standards Committee of the BBC Trust. The review of the episode was prompted by a complaint registered by 50 co-signatories, which included MPs and nuclear experts. + +=== Jem Stansfield wins damages against the BBC === +On 1 October 2021, ex-presenter Jem Stansfield won £1.6m in damages for suffering and loss of earnings as a result of injuries he sustained while acting as a "human crash-test" dummy in 2013. The judge commented "I must say that I find it astonishing that anyone thought that this exercise was a sensible idea. On his own account to camera, the claimant was simulating a road traffic collision of the sort that commonly causes injury. It might be thought that someone of his intelligence and scientific background might have appreciated the risk." + +== DVD releases == +A DVD set containing the first two series of Bang Goes the Theory was issued in 2010. A second DVD set containing Series 3 and 4 of Bang Goes the Theory was issued in November 2011. None of the subsequent series has been issued on DVD. + +== References == + +== External links == +Bang Goes the Theory at BBC Online +Bang Goes the Theory at IMDb +Bang Goes the Theory Archived 16 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine at OpenLearn \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f7658a29 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Beakman's World" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:50.252424+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Beakman's World is an American educational children's television program. The program is based on the Universal Press Syndicate syndicated comic strip You Can with Beakman and Jax created by Jok Church. The series premiered on Wednesday, September 16, 1992, on TLC, and three days later on September 19, began a concurrent run in weekly syndication on 220 television stations across the United States through an agreement with Columbia Pictures Television Distribution (whose indirect successor, Sony Pictures Television, currently maintains domestic and international distribution rights to the series). +On September 18, 1993, it moved from national syndication to CBS's Saturday morning children's lineup. At the peak of its popularity, it was seen in nearly ninety countries around the world. The series was canceled in 1997. Reruns returned to national syndication in September 2006, after which it was transferred to local stations such as KICU. The program's host, Paul Zaloom, still performs as Beakman in live appearances around the globe. + +== Summary == +The program starred Paul Zaloom as Beakman, an eccentric scientist who performed comical experiments and demonstrations in response to viewer mail to illustrate various scientific concepts from density to electricity to flatulence. When his experiments were successful, he would often exclaim "Zaloom!" in a nod to his last name. +Over the years, Beakman was aided in his experiments by a female assistant/co-host just as in the comic strip on which it was based. The assistant changed throughout the show's run; for season 1, it was Josie (played by Alanna Ubach); for seasons 2 and 3, it was Liza (played by Eliza Schneider); and for season 4, it was Phoebe (played by Senta Moses). Beakman was also assisted by his fake lab rat Lester. In the pilot episode, Lester was a puppet, but in every subsequent episode he was simply a clueless, crude man (Mark Ritts) in a tattered rat suit. In a running joke, it was sometimes implied that his character was actually supposed to be a rat, particularly in moments where he would appear to be in pain because someone was standing on his tail, because he was being tickled, something was on his prosthetic nose, etc. Just as frequently, however, he was specifically identified by himself and others as a guy in a rat suit, or as a serious actor with a bad agent. Frequently unwilling to help with challenges or other segments, Lester was often persuaded by Beakman with the promise of food. +Another occasional cast member is the unseen cameraman "Ray", who is played by prop-master Ron Jancula's hands. Ray assists Beakman by handing him various items, such as the "boguscope". It is suggested throughout the program that Ray has a crush on the show's unnamed make-up lady. Actress Jean Stapleton also appeared on the show as Beakman's mother, "Beakmom". In some of the skits during the show the character Professor I. M. Boring (also played by Paul Zaloom, in a dual role) makes appearances and talks about various science topics in the episodes. + +Zaloom also appeared as various "guest scientists" and historic figures, such as Thomas A. Edison, Henry Ford, Robert H. Goddard and Philo T. Farnsworth. When Senta Moses was added to the show's cast, the producers began to use a majority of the sound effects from the NBC game show Scrabble.One segment of the show was the famed "Beakman Challenge". During this segment, Beakman would challenge Lester to do a stunt that illustrated a basic scientific feat. During the first season, virtually every challenge related to either air pressure or Bernoulli's principle. The show addressed this during the second season, by having Lester exclaim to Beakman (as he was explaining the science behind a trick) "AIR PRESSURE! IT'S ALWAYS AIR PRESSURE!" In later episodes, the rest of the cast would sometimes have their turn to perform a "Beakman Challenge" under their own name (e.g. "The Lester Challenge" or "The Liza Challenge", etc.) and challenge Beakman to accomplish the feat. When Eliza Schneider joined the cast for season 2, she would get her own segment in the middle of each show called "Those Disgusting Animals" where Liza would showcase small animals such as slugs or mosquitoes. +Before an experiment, the following verbal warning was given: "Any experiment performed at home should be done with adult supervision and all appropriate safety precautions should be taken. All directions should be followed exactly and no substitutions should be used." The same warning was given during the end credits. +At the beginning and end of the show, as well as before or after commercial breaks, the show featured short scenes portraying puppet penguins, Don (voiced by Bert Berdis) and Herb (voiced by Alan Barzman), at the South Pole watching Beakman's World on television. The penguins were named after Don Herbert, who starred as Mr. Wizard in Mr. Wizard's World. Mark Ritts (Lester) was also one of the puppeteers operating the penguins. +The show's theme song and incidental music was composed by Devo frontman Mark Mothersbaugh and Denis M. Hannigan. The Beakman's World theme is an amalgam of Zydeco and Synthpop, uses an accordion for its main riff and prominently features a wide array of wacky sound effects. (Mothersbaugh and the show's production designer, Wayne White, had previously worked in the same roles on Pee-wee's Playhouse which also aired on CBS.) + +== Cast == + +== Episodes == + +=== Series overview === + +=== Season 1 (1992–1993) === + +=== Season 2 (1993–1994) === + +=== Season 3 (1995) === + +=== Season 4 (1996–1997) === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0573b53f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Beakman's World" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman's_World" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:50.252424+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Home media == +On September 7, 2004, a DVD entitled The Best of Beakman's World was released. This DVD is a direct transfer of the VHS tape of the same name, and features only experiments and segments taken from The Beakman Challenge. There have yet to be any full-episode releases on DVD. +All 4 seasons were available on Netflix with the exception of the following five episodes: 9 (1-9), 24 (1-24), 31 (2-5), 51 (2-25) and 66 (4-1), as noted in the chart above. Their streaming license ended on September 30, 2014, and the content was removed from their site. Beakman's World returned to television on MeTV beginning on October 2, 2016, showing two episodes every Sunday. + +== Awards == +Beakman's World was nominated for and won numerous awards: + +Excellence in Media's Silver Angel Award (1993) +International Monitor Award for Outstanding Audio Post Production (1993) +Television Critics Association nomination for Outstanding Children's Program (1993) +Ollie Award - American Center for Children's Television (1993) +Parent's Choice Award for Outstanding Accomplishment in Children's Programming (1993) +Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Live and Tape Sound Mixing and Sound Effects (1993–1994) +CableACE Award for Best Children's Programming 7+ older (1994) +International Monitor Awards for Best Achievement in Children's Programming and Best Audio Post *Production in Children's Programming (1994) +Nominated for Seven Daytime Emmy Awards including Outstanding Children's Series (1995) +Daytime Emmy Awards (2) for Outstanding Achievement in Live and Tape Sound and Sound Effects (1994–1995). + +== Exhibit == +In 1998, the Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal opened an interactive exhibit called Beakman's World On Tour, based on the television show. The 4,000-square-foot (370 m2) exhibits toured dozens of cities in the United States. + +== References == + +== External links == +Beakman's World at IMDb +Beakman's World official site at the Wayback Machine (archived January 17, 1999) +Beakman's World official site at the Wayback Machine (archived December 19, 1996) - CBS +Church, Jok (June 20, 2006). "Comics: Meet the Artist". The Washington Post. - Interview \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..041d0896f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Beyond Tomorrow (TV series)" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:51.584798+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Beyond Tomorrow is an Australian science and technology television series produced by Beyond Television Productions. It began airing in 1981 as Towards 2000, then in 1985 was renamed Beyond 2000, a name the show kept until its cancellation in 1999. It then started airing again in 2005 with the name Beyond Tomorrow. + +== Towards 2000 and Beyond 2000 == +Towards 2000 debuted on the ABC in 1981 as a half-hour show dedicated to showcasing developments and inventions in science and technology. Original presenters were Jeffrey Watson, Sonia Humphrey and David Flatman. There were four series of the program (1981, 82, 83 and 84) and it was a popular and high rating success on the national broadcaster. After production finished on the 4th series, the ABC decided not to continue with Towards 2000, and instead started up a new science program, named Quantum, under the newly appointed Dick Gilling from BBCTV. +The Towards 2000 reporters then spoke with Ted Thomas, General Manager of ATN 7, who agreed that his network could start a new hour long production and name it Beyond 2000, airing until 1993 when it was picked up by Network Ten, airing until 1999. Beyond 2000 was also broadcast internationally, airing on the Discovery Channel in the United States and Canada, on RTÉ in the Republic of Ireland, and on the satellite channel Sky News in Europe and on TVNZ in New Zealand. An American-produced version of the show also aired on the Discovery Channel in 1992, with an American presenter (Henry Tenenbaum, presently an anchor/reporter for television station KRON San Francisco) used for the studio segments. An American version entitled Beyond Tomorrow was hosted by newsman Dave Marash and aired in the early years of the Fox television network. +Fourteen series of Towards/Beyond 2000 were produced, with the last being made in 1999 as a one-off, after a production break of about four years. At this point, the rising cost of producing the series, coupled with increased competition from other science and technology shows forced the cancellation of the show. +A Beyond 2000 website was published by the same company between 1999 and 2003. This provided science and technology news, as well as video clips from the old TV shows. The website was eliminated in a round of company-wide budget cuts that reflected a general downturn in the Australian media industry at the time. + +=== Presenters === +Sonia Humphrey +Iain Finlay +Jeff Watson +David Flatman +Carmel Travers +Chris Ardill-Guinness +Simon Reeve +Amanda Keller +Andrew Carroll +Maxine Gray +Anthony Griffis +Dr Caroline West +Dr John D'Arcy +Simon Nasht +Sharon Nash +Bryan Smith +Tracey Curro +Andrew Waterworth +American versions were presented by Henry Tenenbaum, Dave Marash and Susan Hunt. + +== Beyond Tomorrow == +In 2005, Beyond 2000 returned to the Seven Network under the new name of Beyond Tomorrow, with the first episode airing on 1 June 2005. Picking up where its predecessor left off, Beyond Tomorrow delved even deeper into the world of technological innovations and scientific breakthroughs in all areas of life including the environment, medicine, sport, computers, space, agriculture, transport, architecture, leisure and adventure. Topics ranged from how probes planted in the brain could be used to battle Parkinson's disease and obsessive compulsive disorder, to how the grumpiness of North Sea oil workers had led to a cure being found for snoring. +Segments from MythBusters, another Beyond Television production, also aired as part of the program, which was criticised by Australian viewers because Beyond Productions had also sold Mythbusters to SBS. Both shows aired at almost at the same time, with the Beyond Tomorrow version redubbing the American narrator with host Matt Shirvington in Beyond 2000 by calling them "Beyond Tomorrow's Mythbusters", leaving some viewers feeling the company was insulting their intelligence by doing this double dip into the Australian market. The series had also been criticised by some fans of the earlier Beyond 2000 for featuring "futuristic" technologies that were obsolete or have been in common use for several years at the time. The theme music was also criticised for not being on par with Beyond 2000's, with some calling it lazy, generic and bland. +Beyond Tomorrow also aired in the US on The Science Channel and on Discovery Channel Canada. Production of the show ended in 2006 after 50 episodes, however reruns still continue to air on The Science Channel. + +=== Presenters === +Matt Shirvington +Graham Phillips +Hayden Turner +Anna Choy +Dr Caroline West +Sara Groen +Grant Denyer +Kim Watkins (February 2006 – July 2006) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e043fff22 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Beyond Tomorrow (TV series)" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Tomorrow_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:51.584798+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== International == +In the United States, episodes of the series aired on the Fox network, under the Beyond Tomorrow name, from 1988 until 1990. The show was produced by Beyond International Group. From 1992 until its cancellation, the Discovery Channel aired Beyond 2000 with all of the episodes and segment introductions (along with new material) hosted by KRON-TV news anchor Henry Tenenbaum. +In Sweden, a version called Bortom 2000 was hosted by nature photographer Bo Landin on TV4 in the early 1990s. (The series was short lived, however.) +In Finland, a version called 2000 Nyt! was presented in 1994 on the MTV3 channel. +In Italy, Beyond 2000 aired from 1988 to the early '90s on syndication network Odeon TV. +In Malaysia, Beyond 2000 previously aired in the late 1980s through the early 1990s on RTM 1 (Later RTM TV1). Beyond Tomorrow would not be aired on the channel, but was eventually aired on the Discovery Channel (Southeast Asia) in the mid-2000s. +In Indonesia, Beyond 2000 was aired on RCTI every Saturday morning in the early 1990s. +In South Africa, Beyond 2000 was screened on SABC, M-Net and Bop TV. +In Ireland, Beyond 2000 aired on RTÉ being shown on both networks One and Two. +In Saudi Arabia, Beyond 2000 was shown on the English speaking television network Saudi 2. +In New Zealand, Beyond 2000 was aired on TVNZ. +In Jordan, Beyond 2000 was broadcast on the English, Arabic and French language television channel Channel 2 in English. +In Kuwait, Beyond 2000 has been shown on KTV2, the country's governmental television channel dedicated for the English-speaking public. +In Namibia, Beyond 2000 began airing on SWABC (when the country was originally known as South West Africa at the time) in 1989 and then on NBC in March 1990 (several days after the country had changed its name to Namibia). +In Thailand, Beyond 2000 was aired on Channel 7 in 1990. +In Poland, several episodes of Beyond 2000 were aired in the late 1980's. It was a part of collaboration between team of Beyond 2000 and creators of popular Polish science and technology TV series SONDA which started back in 1987. It was a first time when Australian show made this type of cooperation with TV show from the Eastern Block country. + +== Board game == +Beyond 2000: The Game was released in 1986 by Crown and Andrews. In the game, players have to proceed through three stages, collect cards of famous scientists and inventors and match them with their inventions, and take control of vital technology sectors. A copy of the game is held in the collection of the Powerhouse Museum. + +== External links == +Beyond Tomorrow at Science Channel +Beyond Tomorrow at IMDb +Beyond 2000 at IMDb +Beyond 2000 – Towards 2000 at the National Film and Sound Archive + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_Saves_the_World-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_Saves_the_World-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be1c706a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_Saves_the_World-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Bill Nye Saves the World" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_Saves_the_World" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:53.963499+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Bill Nye Saves the World is an American television show streaming on Netflix hosted and created by Bill Nye. It is both a sequel and a revival of sorts of Bill Nye the Science Guy, which is also created by Nye. The show's byline was, "Emmy-winning host Bill Nye brings experts and famous guests to his lab for a talk show exploring scientific issues that touch our lives", with the series' focus placed on science and its relationship with politics, pop culture, and society. Unlike Nye's previous show Bill Nye the Science Guy (which is revived in this show) which was intended for children, Bill Nye Saves the World is intended for adults (especially those adults who watched Bill Nye the Science Guy when they were children during its original run in the 1990s). As such, some episodes have Nye discuss topics that would be considered inappropriate to mention to minors. +Though the show was hosted by Nye, five correspondents assist in the presentation of the show. These include fashion model Karlie Kloss, science YouTuber and educator Derek Muller, comedian Nazeem Hussain, comedian and writer Joanna Hausmann, and the TV host and producer Emily Calandrelli. The show's theme song was produced by Tyler, the Creator. The thirteen-episode first season premiered on April 21, 2017. A six-episode second season premiered on December 29, 2017, and a six-episode third season was released on May 11, 2018. Reception to the series has been mixed, with the first season being reviewed more positively by critics than audiences. + + +== Release history == +The thirteen-episode first season premiered on April 21, 2017. It explores topics such as climate change, alternative medicine, and video games from a scientific point of view, while also refuting myths and anti-scientific claims. +On June 15, 2017, Nye announced on his Facebook page that the series had been renewed for a six-episode second season, which premiered on December 29, 2017. +On April 9, 2018, Netflix announced the show had been renewed for a six-episode third season, released on May 11, 2018. + + +== Episodes == + + +=== Series overview === + + +=== Season 1 (2017) === + + +=== Season 2 (2017) === + + +=== Season 3 (2018) === + + +== Reception == +Bill Nye Saves the World received mixed reviews from critics. The first season has an aggregate rating of 63 out of 100 based on 5 reviews from Metacritic and a Rotten Tomatoes score of 73% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The performance segments of the show have been the focus of criticism. In particular, Rachel Bloom's performance in episode 9 has been described as "strange", "out of place", and a "painful couple of minutes". Conversely, NPR's Fresh Air said the show is "fun to watch," working well with Nye's "consistent reliance on scientific and provable facts." Vox praised Nye's unapologetic talking style, though worried this may alienate some viewers. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Bill Nye Saves the World on Netflix +Bill Nye Saves the World at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..395788087 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Bill Nye the Science Guy" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:55.230353+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Bill Nye the Science Guy is an American science education television program created by Bill Nye, James McKenna, and Erren Gottlieb, with Nye starring as a fictionalized version of himself. It was produced by Seattle public television station KCTS and McKenna/Gottlieb Producers, and distributed by Buena Vista Television with substantial financing from the National Science Foundation. +The show aired in syndication from September 10, 1993, to February 5, 1999, producing a total of six seasons and 100 episodes; beginning with its second season, a concurrent run of the series began airing on PBS from October 10, 1994, and ran until September 3, 1999, as it continued to be distributed in commercial first-run syndication. After the show's first run was completed, Nye continued to portray the Science Guy character for a number of short interstitial segments for the Noggin cable channel that aired during reruns of the show. A video game based on the series was released in 1996, and a subsequent television show aimed at adults, Bill Nye Saves the World, ran from 2017 to 2018 on Netflix. +Known for its quirky humor and rapid-fire MTV-style pacing, the show was critically acclaimed and was nominated for 23 Emmy Awards, winning 19. Studies also found that people that viewed Bill Nye regularly were better able to generate explanations and extensions of scientific ideas than non-viewers. + +== Format == +Nye portrays a hyper-kinetic, tall, and slender scientist wearing a blue lab coat and a bow-tie. He combines the serious science of everyday things with fast-paced action and humor. +Each half-hour show begins with a cold open, where Nye introduces the episode's theme, which leads into an opening credit sequence, and featuring Nye in a computer-animated scientific world, along with his head spinning, radio frequencies, and plastic toy dinosaurs flying. In later seasons, the theme song was cut short by a static screen. After the opening credits (in most episodes), announcer Pat Cashman says "Brought to you by...", in which a product name is related to the episode's theme. +Nye walks onto the set, which is called "Nye Laboratories", filled with scientific visuals including many "of science" contraptions announced dramatically, relevant to the theme of the episode. Science-related TV and movie parodies configure the facts of the episode's theme, along with parodies of TV commercials. +The show has featured many guest appearances. Each episode features Nye visiting many places relating to the episode's theme, showing interviews of people talking about their work and other contributions. At the end of each episode, Nye thanks the viewers for watching, before explaining in a clever description of a theme's activity. The closing credits roll over bloopers from the episode. + +=== Segments === + +Way Cool Scientist: An expert discusses the fact of the episode's theme. +Consider the Following: Nye discusses a certain aspect of the episode's theme. +Nifty Home Experiment: A viewer demonstrates a simple home experiment. +Try This: A viewer presents a simple demonstration. +Hey! Look at This: An expert gives a closer look into the episode's theme. +Check it Out: A viewer affects their environmental issues. +Clever Science Trick: A viewer demonstrates a simple science trick. +The Jackie Smazz Show: Pat Cashman performs an act as a talk show host named Jackie Smazz. +Great Moments in Science: Cashman narrates a historical event in science. +Great Moments in Communication: Cashman narrates a historical event in communication. +Pet Rock Theater: Animated pet rocks perform an act. +Better Eating Through Kitchen Chemistry: Ian G. Saunders portrays Vivian Cupcake demonstrating scientific recipes. +Richie, Eat Your Crust: Nye and the Family Crust perform an act themed around telling the title boy to "eat your crust". +Did You Know That...: A factoid is presented. +Luna Van Dyke, Private Eye: Michaela Leslie-Rule portrays private investigator Luna Van Dyke, who focuses on a story. +Mind Your Manners with Billy Quan: A martial arts film parody related to the episode's theme, whose title character, portrayed by cameraman Darrell Suto, is based on Bruce Lee. These segments were originally featured on the sketch comedy TV series Almost Live!. +Soundtrack of Science: A science-themed song parody. + +== Episodes == + +== History == + +=== Origins and creation === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d24edb8f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Bill Nye the Science Guy" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:55.230353+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Bill Nye was originally an engineer for the 747 airliner at Boeing, having moved to Seattle in 1977 after he was accepted for the position. Nye began to perform stand-up comedy in his spare time after he entered and won a Steve Martin lookalike contest at a comedy club, which led to him meeting fellow comedians Ross Shafer and John Keister. Nye eventually left Boeing in 1985 to join Shafer and Keister in writing and performing for Almost Live!, a then-fledgling sketch comedy television show produced by local NBC affiliate KING-TV. During his tenure on the show, Nye began cultivating a science-explaining TV persona; the first instance of the persona occurred in 1985 when Nye called Shafer on-air to correct his pronunciation of the word "gigawatt", to which Shafer retorted, "Who do you think you are – Bill Nye the Science Guy?" As a result, Nye was subsequently asked to give scientific answers to the show's call-in questions. His persona's first on-air appearance, as it is contemporarily known, occurred on January 8, 1987, by circumstance when the primary guest for that night's performance of Almost Live! called in to cancel their appearance; with no backup guest planned to fill the resulting empty time, the show's writers elected to have Nye demonstrate the household uses of liquid nitrogen. During the demonstration, Nye submerged an onion in liquid nitrogen and proceeded to shatter it, receiving acclaim from the studio audience. +As Nye produced more demonstrations for Almost Live!, he began to develop the idea of a show featuring his "Science Guy" persona; KING-TV declined his proposal, though he eventually received assistance from station alumni James McKenna and Erren Gottlieb. Together, the group pitched the show as Watch Mr. Wizard meets Pee-wee's Playhouse, though the latter part was later replaced with MTV after the arrest of actor Paul Reubens for indecent exposure in 1991. Their pitch lasted for four years, being declined by Fox and other networks over various concerns, until they convinced Elizabeth Brock of local PBS member station KCTS-TV to take a chance on the idea. KCTS-TV commissioned a pilot for Bill Nye the Science Guy, which aired on April 14, 1993, on the station itself before airing on PBS stations nationwide for the rest of the month. Nye successfully obtained underwriting from the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy. Nye's program became part of a package of syndicated series that local stations could schedule to fulfill Children's Television Act requirements; because of this, Bill Nye the Science Guy became the first program to run concurrently on both public and commercial stations. + +=== Theme song === +The Bill Nye the Science Guy theme song was written by songwriter and former math teacher Mike Greene, who also sang the "Bill Nye the Science Guy" refrain and the distorted voice saying "Bill Nye the Science Guy". The word "Bill" is repeated throughout as a percussive shout. +In developing the theme, Greene first came up with the melody, which he stated was inspired by Danny Elfman and his work with Oingo Boingo. When Greene was enlisted to write the theme song, the show's producers requested that the song "not sound like a kid's show"; the final result was accordingly uncommon for the time. Greene initially sent the theme's producers a demo with Greene singing the theme. Greene then sent two alternate versions with professional singers. The producers ultimately chose to keep Greene's voice as they found it funnier. +Set to a house beat, Greene enlisted rappers to repeat the word "Bill!" as a percussive shout, deliberately imitating the shouting featured in House of Pain's 1992 song "Jump Around". "I can't name them, because it was against their contract to do outside things without permission from their record company," Greene noted. "It was kinda funny, because they were in my studio one day to record a song. I was working on the Nye theme as they walked in and I told them, 'Hey, do me a favor and go in the booth and chant 'Bill, Bill, Bill' over and over again.' They had no idea what it was for, but they're cool, so they did. It sounded great, so that's the version we kept. The show didn't air until a year later, so it wasn't until then that they understood what this was really for." In a comment that Greene posted on Reddit in 2018, Greene mentioned that he believed that the rappers were from several groups in his studio on the day of recording, but the only rapper he could specifically recall was Bronz of A.L.T. & The Lost Civilization. The spoken female vocals were provided by Leslie Kyle-Wilson. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99c4c3b9d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +--- +title: "Bill Nye the Science Guy" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:55.230353+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Production === +The show was created in 1992 by Bill Nye, James McKenna and Erren Gottlieb, produced by McKenna/Gottlieb Producers, Inc, in partnership with KCTS in Seattle. The following year, the production companies entered a distribution agreement with Buena Vista Television, a subsidiary of Disney. As part of the agreement, the profits of the show were split between Disney and the production team, with Disney owning full distribution rights across linear television, home video, and digital streaming. McKenna and Gottlieb all met while McKenna was a producer on Almost Live!, a Seattle-based comedy show. +The announcer for the program was Pat Cashman, whom Nye knew from his time on Almost Live!. Before his show launched, Nye had previously worked alongside Christopher Lloyd in Back to the Future: The Animated Series, where he played Doc Brown's assistant and demonstrated several experiments. +The show has been likened to the next-generation version of Watch Mr. Wizard. The show ran about the same time as and covered similar topics to Beakman's World, in fact sharing one crew member, editor/writer/director Michael Gross. +The show was primarily funded by the National Science Foundation, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the annual financial support from the viewers/stations of the PBS network. Other funding sponsors included Ore Ida, The Boeing Company (which Nye worked for until 1986, Boeing was also based in Seattle until 2001 when it relocated its corporate headquarters to Chicago, Illinois and later Washington, D.C.), and Intel. The syndicated airings were credited as being "Produced in Association with the National Science Foundation", while the PBS airings changed it to being "Produced in Association with Walt Disney Television". +The show began with a 26-episode order for the 1993–1994 television season. After its initial success, it was renewed for a second 26-episode order for the 1994–1995 season, followed by 13 additional episodes for the 1995–1996 season. In February 1996, it was renewed for two more years, bringing the final episode total to 100. The final episode aired in 1999, well after production ended in 1997. +Despite Disney's association and ownership with the show, it has never aired on any network owned by Walt Disney Television in the United States (such as Disney Channel and ABC, the latter of which Disney would acquire in 1996, three years after the show premiered.) + +=== Noggin shorts === + +In September 1999, Bill Nye signed a multi-year deal to develop and star in original programs for Noggin, a cable channel co-owned by MTV Networks and the Children's Television Workshop (now known as Sesame Workshop). In addition to producing the new content, Noggin acquired all 100 episodes of Bill Nye the Science Guy; this made it the first-ever program acquisition by the channel. Noggin and Nye chose not to develop new episodes of the show, and instead created original shorts featuring Nye, in character and costume from Bill Nye the Science Guy. In the shorts, Nye's "Science Guy" persona worked as the "head sparkologist" of Noggin, and he tried to find out what topics sparked viewers' imaginations. Bill Nye told Multichannel News that he was interested in creating multiple original shows for Noggin, including a math-based series and one "showing kids how to exercise good judgment." +Bill Nye also hosted "Noggin's What Sparks You? Special," a half-hour special that aired on April 7, 2000. + +== Impact == + +In conjunction with the production of Bill Nye the Science Guy, KCTS-TV conducted several research studies that evaluated how effective the program was as an educational tool. In one study, it was found that viewers of the program made more observations and sophisticated classifications than non-viewers. In surveys of elementary students who watched the program, most children concluded that Nye made "kids like science more". When surveyed whether Nye was a scientist or actor and comedian, most students asserted he was a scientist, though many said both. Students also described Nye almost equally as both "funny" and "smart", and believed he was a "source of good information." + +== Awards == + +During its run, Bill Nye the Science Guy was nominated for 23 Emmy Awards, winning nineteen. + +== Home media == +Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment has released every episode individually on DVD, but never released a full series set. Instead, each episode was released separately on its own DVD, for a total of 100 DVDs costing a combined $1,500. In the United Kingdom, it was distributed on VHS by ViewTech, Bristol. In 1994 and 1995, Walt Disney Home Video released five volumes of Bill Nye the Science Guy, such as "The Human Body: The Inside Scoop", "Powerful Forces: All Pumped Up", "Dinosaurs: Those Big Boneheads", "Reptiles & Insects: Leapin' Lizards", and "Outer Space: Way Out There". All five volumes were released on VHS, containing two episodes. As of May 2017, the 1996 episode "Probability" is edited from its original airing, with a segment removed featuring a cast member saying there are only two genders. Netflix denied allegations they edited it (their new series Bill Nye Saves the World features Nye stating gender is on a spectrum) saying "It was delivered to us that way by Buena Vista TV." +A set of 31 episodes is also available for purchase on the iTunes Store, though they have been split into two separate volumes; one containing 14 episodes and the other containing 17 episodes. +Despite Disney's involvement in the series, the series has not been available on Disney+ due to a dispute with Nye over revenue sharing. + +== Video game == +A computer game based on the series, titled Bill Nye: The Science Guy - Stop the Rock!, was released in 1996 for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh by Pacific Interactive. + +== See also == +Stuff Happens +The Eyes of Nye +Carl Sagan +Universe of Energy – an attraction at Walt Disney World's Epcot starring Bill Nye +Dinosaur – another Walt Disney World attraction, located in Disney's Animal Kingdom; it features Nye in the queue area via voiceover +Bill Nye–Ken Ham debate + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == + +Bill Nye, The Science Lab Official Site +Bill Nye, the Science Guy at IMDb +Episode Review "The Sun", Deep Yellow's "My Favorite Star". +Video (02:47) – Epic Rap Battles of History: Sir Isaac Newton vs Bill Nye. +Bill Nye the Science Guy at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television results. +Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b82622a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Biology in fiction" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:18.569232+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Biology appears in fiction, especially but not only in science fiction, both in the shape of real aspects of the science, used as themes or plot devices, and in the form of fictional elements, whether fictional extensions or applications of biological theory, or through the invention of fictional organisms. Major aspects of biology found in fiction include evolution, disease, genetics, physiology, parasitism and symbiosis (mutualism), ethology, and ecology. +Speculative evolution enables authors with sufficient skill to create what the critic Helen N. Parker calls biological parables, illuminating the human condition from an alien viewpoint. Fictional alien animals and plants, especially humanoids, have frequently been created simply to provide entertaining monsters. Zoologists such as Sam Levin have argued that, driven by natural selection on other planets, aliens might indeed tend to resemble humans to some extent. +Major themes of science fiction include messages of optimism or pessimism; Helen N. Parker has noted that in biological fiction, pessimism is by far the dominant outlook. Early works such as H. G. Wells's novels explored the grim consequences of Darwinian evolution, ruthless competition, and the dark side of human nature; Aldous Huxley's Brave New World was similarly gloomy about the effects of genetic engineering. +Fictional biology, too, has enabled major science fiction authors like Stanley Weinbaum, Isaac Asimov, John Brunner, and Ursula Le Guin to create what Parker called biological parables, with convincing portrayals of alien worlds able to support deep analogies with Earth and humanity. + +== Aspects of biology == +Aspects of biology found in fiction include evolution, disease, ecology, ethology, genetics, physiology, parasitism, and mutualism (symbiosis). + +=== Evolution === + +Evolution, including speculative evolution, has been an important theme in fiction since the late 19th century. It began, however, before Charles Darwin's time, and reflects progressionist and Lamarckist views (as in Camille Flammarion's 1887 Lumen) as well as Darwin's. Darwinian evolution is pervasive in literature, whether taken optimistically in terms of how humanity may evolve towards perfection, or pessimistically in terms of the dire consequences of the interaction of human nature and the struggle for survival. Other themes include the replacement of humanity, either by other species or by intelligent machines. + +=== Disease === + +Diseases, both real and fictional, play a significant role in both literary and science fiction, some like Huntington's disease and tuberculosis appearing in many books and films. Pandemic plagues threatening all human life, such as The Andromeda Strain, are among the many fictional diseases described in literature and film. Science fiction takes an interest, too, in imagined advances in medicine. The Economist suggests that the abundance of apocalyptic fiction describing the "near annihilation or total extinction of the human race" by threats including deadly viruses rises when general "fear and unease", as measured by the Doomsday Clock, increase. +Disease in science fiction is often an allegory for societal issues, highlighting the phenomena of othering. Plague metaphors allow authors to consider the role of "us versus them" mentalities and break down dichotomies between humans and "others." Disease is also used as a metaphor for fear of globalization, highlighting the impulse to separate and surveil in order to define borders and control the "contamination" of intermingling. +Tuberculosis was a common disease in the 19th century. In Russian literature, it appeared in several major works. Fyodor Dostoevsky used the theme of the consumptive nihilist repeatedly, with Katerina Ivanovna in Crime and Punishment; Kirillov in The Possessed, and both Ippolit and Marie in The Idiot. Turgenev did the same with Bazarov in Father and Sons. In English literature of the Victorian era, major tuberculosis novels include Charles Dickens's 1848 Dombey and Son, Elizabeth Gaskell's 1855 North and South, and Mrs. Humphry Ward's 1900 Eleanor. + +=== Genetics === + +Aspects of genetics including mutation or hybridisation, cloning (as in Brave New World), genetic engineering, and eugenics have appeared in fiction since the 19th century. Genetics is a young science, having started in 1900 with the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's study on the inheritance of traits in pea plants. During the 20th century it developed to create new sciences and technologies including molecular biology, DNA sequencing, cloning, and genetic engineering. The ethical implications of modifying humans (and all their descendants) were brought into focus with the eugenics movement. Since then, many science fiction novels and films have used aspects of genetics as plot devices, often taking one of two routes: a genetic accident with disastrous consequences; or, the feasibility and desirability of a planned genetic alteration. The treatment of science in these stories has been uneven and often unrealistic. The 1997 film Gattaca attempted to portray science accurately but was criticised by scientists. Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park portrayed the cloning of whole dinosaur genomes from fossil remains of species extinct for millions of years, and their use to recreate living animals, using what was then known of genetics and molecular biology to create an "entertaining" and "thought-provoking" story. + +The lack of scientific understanding of genetics in the 19th century did not prevent science fiction works such as Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus and H. G. Wells's 1896 The Island of Dr Moreau from exploring themes of biological experiment, mutation, and hybridisation, with their disastrous consequences, asking serious questions about the nature of humanity and responsibility for science. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b3f5f0ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Biology in fiction" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:18.569232+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Physiology === +The creation scene in James Whale's 1931 film Frankenstein makes use of electricity to bring the monster to life. Shelley's idea of reanimation through electric shock was based on the physiology experiments of Luigi Galvani, who noted that a shock made the leg of a dead frog twitch. Electric shock is now routinely used in pacemakers, maintaining heart rhythm, and defibrillators, restoring heart rhythm. +The ability to produce electricity is central to Naomi Alderman's 2016 science fiction novel +The Power. In the book, women develop the ability to release electrical jolts from their fingers, powerful enough to stun or kill. Fish such as the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus, create powerful electric fields with modified muscles, stacked end-to-end as cells in a battery in their electric organs, and the novel indeed references such fish and the electricity generated in striated muscle. + +=== Parasitism === + +Parasites appear frequently in fiction, from ancient times onwards as seen in mythical figures like the blood-drinking Lilith, with a flowering in the nineteenth century. These include intentionally disgusting alien monsters in science fiction films, though these are sometimes less "horrible" than real examples in nature. Authors and scriptwriters have to some extent exploited parasite biology: lifestyles including parasitoid, behaviour-altering parasite, brood parasite, parasitic castrator, and many forms of vampire are found in books and films. +Some fictional parasites, like the deadly parasitoid Xenomorphs in Alien, have become well known in their own right. Terrifying monsters are clearly alluring: writer Matt Kaplan notes that they induce signs of stress including raised heart rate and sweating, but people continue indulging in such works. Kaplan compares this to the "masochism" of liking very hot spicy foods, which induce mouth burns, sweating, and tears. The psychologist Paul Rozin suggests that there is a pleasure in seeing one's own body react as if to stress while knowing that no real harm will result. Some parasitic organisms in fictional works often have a Hive mind that they associate with. An example of this would be The Flood, from the Halo franchise. + +=== Symbiosis === + +Symbiosis (mutualism) appears in fiction, especially science fiction, as a plot device. It is distinguished from parasitism in fiction, a similar theme, by the mutual benefit to the organisms involved, whereas the parasite inflicts harm on its host. Fictional symbionts often confer special powers on their hosts. After the Second World War, science fiction moved towards more mutualistic relationships, as in Ted White's 1970 By Furies Possessed, which viewed aliens positively. In The Phantom Menace, Qui-Gon Jinn says microscopic lifeforms called midi-chlorians, inside all living cells, allow characters with enough of these symbionts in their cells to feel and use the Force. + +=== Ethology === + +Ethology, the study of animal behaviour, appears in the wildlife scientist Delia Owens's 2018 novel Where the Crawdads Sing. The protagonist, Kya, is abandoned by her parents at age six, and grows up alone in a North Carolina swamp, learning camouflage and how to hunt from the animals there. The local townspeople call her "the marsh girl". She reads about ethology including an article entitled "Sneaky Fuckers", using her knowledge to navigate the tricks and dating rituals of the local boys; and she compares herself to a female firefly, who uses her coded flashing light signal to lure a male of another species to his death, or a female mantis, who starts eating her mate's head and thorax while his abdomen is still copulating with her. "Female insects, Kya thought, know how to deal with their lovers." + +=== Ecology === + +Ecology, the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment, appears in fiction in novels such as Frank Herbert's 1965 Dune, Kim Stanley Robinson's 1992 Red Mars, and Margaret Atwood's 2013 MaddAddam. Dune brought ecology centre stage, with a whole planet struggling with its environment. Its lifeforms included giant sandworms for whom water is fatal and mouse-like animals able to survive in the planet's desert conditions. The book was influential on the environmental movement of the time. +In the 1970s, the impact of human activity on the environment stimulated a new kind of writing, ecofiction. It has two branches: stories about human impact on nature; and stories about nature (rather than humans). It encompasses books written in styles from modernism to magical realism, and in genres from mainstream to romance and speculative fiction. A 1978 anthology of ecofiction includes 19th and 20th century works by authors as diverse as Ray Bradbury, John Steinbeck, Edgar Allan Poe, Daphne du Maurier, E. B. White, Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Frank Herbert, H. H. Munro, J. G. Ballard, and Isaac Asimov. + +=== Fictional organisms === + +Fiction, especially science fiction, has created large numbers of fictional species, both alien and terrestrial. One branch of fiction, speculative evolution or speculative biology, consists specifically of the design of imaginary organisms in particular scenarios; this is sometimes informed by precise science. + +== Functions == +Fictional biology serves a variety of function in film and literature, including the supply of suitably terrifying monsters, the communication of an author's worldview, and the creation of aliens for biological parables to illuminate what it is to be human. Real biology, such as of infectious diseases, equally provides a variety of contexts, from personal to highly dystopian, that can be exploited in fiction. + +=== Monsters and aliens === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aebd03ac3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Biology in fiction" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:18.569232+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A common use of fictional biology in science fiction is to provide plausible alien species, sometimes simply as terrifying subjects, but sometimes for more reflective purposes. Alien species include H. G. Wells's Martians in his 1898 novel The War of the Worlds, the bug-eyed monsters of early 20th century science fiction, fearsome parasitoids, and a variety of giant insects, especially in early 20th century big bug movies. +Humanoid (roughly human-shaped) aliens are common in science fiction. One reason is that authors use the only example of intelligent life that they know: humans. The zoologist Sam Levin points out that aliens might indeed tend to resemble humans, driven by natural selection. Luis Villazon points out that animals that move necessarily have a front and a back; as with bilaterian animals on Earth, sense organs tend to gather at the front as they encounter stimuli there, forming a head. Legs reduce friction, and with legs, bilateral symmetry makes coordination easier. Sentient organisms will, Villazon argues, likely use tools, in which case they need hands and at least two other limbs to stand on. In short, a generally humanoid shape is likely, though octopus- or starfish-like bodies are also possible. +Many fictional plants were created in the 20th century, including John Wyndham's venomous, walking, carnivorous triffids. in his 1951 novel The Day of the Triffids, The idea of plants that could attack an incautious traveller began in the late 19th century; the potatoes in Samuel Butler's Erewhon had "low cunning". Early tales included Phil Robinson's 1881 The Man-Eating Tree with its gigantic flytraps, Frank Aubrey's 1897 The Devil Tree of El Dorado, and Fred White's 1899 Purple Terror. Algernon Blackwood's 1907 story "The Willows" powerfully tells of malevolent trees that manipulate people's minds. + +=== Optimism and pessimism === + +A major theme of science fiction and of speculative biology is to convey a message of optimism or pessimism according to the author's worldview. Whereas optimistic visions of technological progress are common enough in hard science fiction, pessimistic views of the future of humanity are far more usual in fiction based on biology. +A rare optimistic note is struck by the evolutionary biologist J. B. S. Haldane in his tale, The Last Judgement, in the 1927 collection Possible Worlds. Both Arthur C. Clarke's 1953 Childhood's End and Brian Aldiss's 1959 Galaxies Like Grains of Sand, too, optimistically imagine that humans will evolve godlike mental capacities. +The grim possibilities of Darwinian evolution with its ruthless "survival of the fittest" has been explored repeatedly from the beginnings of science fiction, as in H. G. Wells's novels The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Dr Moreau (1896), and The War of the Worlds (1898); these all pessimistically explore the possible dire consequences of the darker sides of human nature in the struggle for survival. Aldous Huxley's 1931 novel Brave New World is similarly gloomy about the oppressive consequences of advances in genetic engineering applied to human reproduction. + +=== Biological parables === + +The literary critic Helen N. Parker suggested in 1977 that speculative biology could serve as biological parables which throw light on the human condition. Such a parable brings aliens and humans into contact, allowing the author to view humanity from an alien perspective. She noted that the difficulty of doing this at length meant that only a few major authors had attempted it, naming Stanley Weinbaum, Isaac Asimov, John Brunner, and Ursula Le Guin. In her view, all four had impressively full characterizations of alien beings. Weinbaum had created a "bizarre assortment" of intelligent beings, unlike Brunner's crablike but extinct Draconians. What united all four writers, she argued, was that the novels centred on the interactions between aliens and humans, creating deep analogies between the two kinds of life and from there commenting on humanity now and in the future. Weinbaum's 1934 A Martian Odyssey explored the question of how aliens and humans could communicate, given that their thought processes were utterly different. +Asimov's 1972 The Gods Themselves both makes the aliens major characters, and explores parallel universes. +Brunner's 1974 Total Eclipse creates a whole alien world, extrapolated from terrestrial threats. +In her 1969 The Left Hand of Darkness, Le Guin presents her vision of a universe of planets all inhabited by "men", descendants from the planet Hain. In the book, the ambassador Genly Ai from the civilised Ekumen worlds visits the "backward- and inward-looking" people of Gethen, only to end up in danger, from which he escapes by crossing the polar ice cap on a desperate but well-planned expedition with an exiled Gethenian Lord Chancellor, Estraven. They are ambisexual with no fixed gender, and go through periods of oestrus, called "kemmer", at which point an individual comes temporarily to function as either a male or a female, depending on whether they first encounter a male- or female-functioning partner during their period of kemmer. The invented biology reflects and exemplifies, according to Parker, the opposing but united dualities of Taoism such as light and darkness, maleness and femaleness, yin and yang. So too do the opposed characters of Genly Ai with his carefully objective reports, and of Estraven with his or her highly personal diary, as the story unfolds, illuminating humanity through adventure and science fiction strangeness. + +=== Structure and themes === + +Modern novels sometimes make use of biology to provide structure and themes. Thomas Mann's 1912 Death in Venice relates the feelings of the protagonist to the progress of an epidemic of cholera, which eventually kills him. +Richard Flanagan's 2001 novel Gould's Book of Fish makes use of the illustrations from artist and convict William Buelow Gould's book of 26 paintings of fish for chapter headings and as the inspiration for the various characters in the novel. + +== Realism == +The geneticist Dan Koboldt observes that the science in science fiction is often oversimplified, reinforcing popular myths to the point of "pure fiction". In his own field, he gives as examples the idea that first-degree relatives have the same hair, eyes and nose as each other, and that a person's future is predicted by their genetic code, as (he states) in Gattaca. Koboldt points out that eye colour changes as children grow up: adults with green or brown eyes often had blue eyes as babies; that brown-eyed parents can have children with blue eyes, "and vice versa"; and that the brown pigment melanin is controlled by around 10 different genes, so inheritance is along a spectrum rather than being a blue/brown switch. Other authors in his edited collection Putting the Science in Fiction point out a wide variety of errors in the portrayal of other biological sciences. + +== References == + +== Sources == +Koboldt, Dan, ed. (16 October 2018). Putting the Science in Fiction. Writer's Digest Books. ISBN 978-1-4403-5338-3. +Parker, Helen N. (1977). Biological Themes in Modern Science Fiction. UMI Research Press. ISBN 978-0835715775. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0740d58b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "Blitzortung" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:17.052106+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Blitzortung (German for "lightning direction-finding", German pronunciation: [ˈblɪtsˌɔʁtʊŋ]) is an informal, non-commercial group of citizen scientists supported by professional scientists. Active since 2005, station operators manage a worldwide network of ~1800 active VLF radio wave receiver stations in 83 countries. When lightning strikes, it generates electromagnetic waves called whistlers, which the receiver/detector stations use to determine the location of lightning strikes based on time-of-flight detector measurements. The only compensation that station operators receive is free access to the raw data of all stations. The data is processed by various websites using geoinformatics methods and made available on the Internet as a map display. + + +== Targets == +The goal of Blitzortung.org is worldwide lightning detection with many inexpensive receiving stations. According to the website, such a station costs a maximum of $355 to build yourself. +According to its own presentation, the interest group is "primarily aimed at private individuals with an interest in meteorology and expertise in the field of electrical and computer technology." There is no formal organisation behind it, there are no contracts and no fees or contributions are charged. The work is for personal edification only and is purely a hobby. + + +== Structure of the measuring stations == + +The measuring stations exist in various stages of expansion and development (see table below). Jointly developed receiver electronics serve as the basis for the construction of a separate station. The system is modular and can be equipped according to individual needs and possibilities. There is a choice between a rod antenna, which detects the electric field, and/or a magnetic antenna, which detects the H-field. The electric antenna does not provide any directional information, while the magnetic antenna consists of two or three orthogonal coils or ferrite rod antenna, which provide information about the orientation of the magnetic field. The stations can also be equipped with digital filters for better interference suppression. According to the antenna supplier, the standard construction is with a 200 mm ferrite rod (12 mm diameter) , wrapped with about 23 m of 0.355 mm and 0.04 mm diameter copper wire. + + +== Detection method == + +The stations continuously digitise the low-frequency signals from the antennas in the range from 3000 to 30000 Hz with a sampling rate of over 500 kHz. In this frequency range, the flashes generate particularly clear signal deflections, which lead to atmospheric interference in radio traffic and can generally also be perceived as crackling noises with a conventional AM radio in long and medium wave broadcasting.At the same time, a GPS signal is received and analysed. This is used to determine the exact location of the respective receiving station and at the same time provides a highly precise, common time base. +The Blitzortung method is based on the time of arrival (ToA) principle. +If a lightning signal is detected, it is sent to a central server for evaluation. If at least three lightning signals from different stations arrive at the server within a short time window, the server can determine the distance to the respective receiver from the arrival times of the signals. Figuratively speaking, the server draws a hyperbola line around two of the receivers, which can be calculated from the propagation time of the signals around each station. The signal from the third receiver is used as a time reference for the calculation. The point of impact is where the hyperbolas intersect. This method is generally referred to in surveying technology as multilateration, whereby the hyperlocation used here represents a special case of this, in which the points of equal time difference lie on hyperbola lines in the plane. Usually, significantly more than three receivers are involved, which improves the accuracy. +Due to the long range of the signals, which occur at altitudes of a few kilometres - up to 100 kilometres in the case of so-called sprites - a large coverage can be achieved with a relatively thin station network. The closer the stations are to the impact site and the more stations pick up the signal, the more precise and accurate the resulting location. + + +== Media reception == +The findings, data and maps from Blitzortung.org repeatedly attract attention in the German and international media. In March 2015, the programme alle wetter! ("all about weather") on Hessischer Rundfunk reported on the network and its background. +According to the website, such a station costs a maximum of $355 to build yourself. According to its own description, the interest group is "primarily aimed at private individuals with an interest in meteorology and expertise in the field of electrical and computer technology." There is no formal organisation behind it, there are no contracts and no fees or contributions are charged. The work is for personal edification only and is purely a hobby. +The network's data bisects 2020 in a search for the starting locations of the Gospers Mountain bushfire and mega-blazes in New South Wales in Australia. + + +== Other lightning detection networks == +There are several other lightning detection networks, most of which are commercially operated: + +ALDIS Austrian Lightning Detection & Information System +BLIDS from Siemens AG +EUCLID European Cooperation for Lightning Detection +NALDN North American Lightning Detection Network +Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (satellite-based) + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Project website Blitzortung.org +Dynamic map with live visualisation (worldwide) map.blitzortung.org \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boffins_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boffins_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13e88038b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boffins_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Boffins (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boffins_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:56.472619+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Boffins (also referred to as The Boffins) is an Australian children's television programme produced by Film Australia in 1993. It was created by John Patterson and Ian Munro, who also co-created Johnson and Friends. The series was never broadcast or picked up by a network within Australia. The ABC initially wanted to show it as part of their schools programming, but this never happened for unknown reasons. The series did air internationally and was translated into several languages, and within Australia, it was later released on home video by the ABC in 1995. + + +== Plot == +Boffins follows the adventures of four tiny furry alien-like creatures known as Boffins, who spend their days in kitchen cupboards and surrounding areas, trying to discover the science behind how the world works, Madame Curie and Aristotle are very close to some of the answers, but Newton and Echo, the young boffins from the house next door are only interested in having fun! +The series was designed to introduce primary school children to some of the basic laws of science. Each episode explores a different concept; the transmission of sound, levers, pulleys, magnetism, gravity, siphons, evaporation, reflection and dispersion of light, friction, and requirements for growth. + + +== Characters == +Aristotle: Appropriately named after the Greek philosopher, Aristotle loves science, but is quite lazy, conceited and bossy. However, he has a good heart and a great sense of humour. Aristotle despises Galileo, as he is jealous of his inventions. He lives in the kitchen cupboard with Madame Curie. +Madame Curie: Madame Curie lives in the kitchen cupboard with Aristotle. Despite being strict at times, she is quite caring and acts as a motherly figure to Newton and Echo. She is named after Polish physicist Marie Curie. +Newton: Newton is a teenage boffin from the house next door, he has a dislike for science, matching the stereotype of people his age. He wears a red flat cap, and a yellow shirt featuring a peace symbol. Despite disliking science, he still visits the kitchen with Echo. He is, rather ironically, named after British physicist Sir Isaac Newton. +Echo: Echo lives in the house next door with Newton. Compared to Newton, Echo is curious about science as opposed to directly disliking it. She wears a green shirt, with various symbols stitched onto it, and a skirt. She is named after the effect caused by the reflection of sound. +Galileo: Galileo is Madame Curie's cousin, he lives in a kitchen cupboard in a house on the other side of town. He has invented various gadgets and machines which Aristotle is jealous of and he often sends them to Madame Curie, which infuriates Aristotle. Despite never physically appearing, he is frequently mentioned in various episodes. He is named after Italian physicist Galileo Galilei. +Doris: Doris is Madame Curie's sister, who lives on the other side of town. She was only mentioned in the episode Wrong Number, in which she sends a letter to Madame Curie, prompting her to get a telephone. According to the letter, she lives with Galileo. + + +== Cast == + +The costumes were built and designed by Studio Kite. + + +== Episodes == + + +== International broadcasts == +Despite being relatively obscure and never airing in Australia, Boffins was broadcast in various countries around the world - including Singapore, Malaysia, Israel, Brunei, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Canada, The Middle East, Africa and possibly elsewhere. It was also translated and dubbed into Hebrew, Malay and Portuguese, among other languages. +The series was also released in the United States and Canada as a set of educational videos, which were only available to schools and universities. + + +== Video releases == +Three VHS tapes were released by ABC Video in 1995. + + +== References == + +[1] - Boffins at the National Film and Sound Archive. +[2] - Boffins VHS tapes for educational use. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Games_(2011_TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Games_(2011_TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15cd44abe --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Games_(2011_TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +--- +title: "Brain Games (2011 TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Games_(2011_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:57.706514+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Brain Games is an American popular science television series that explores cognitive science by focusing on illusions, psychological experiments, and counterintuitive thinking. The series debuted on National Geographic in 2011 as a special. Its return as an original series in 2013 set a record for the highest premiere rating for any National Geographic original series with 1.5 million viewers. +Neil Patrick Harris was the unseen narrator in the first season, replaced by Jason Silva for the remainder of the series as its host and presenter; in addition, sleight-of-hand artist Apollo Robbins has been a frequent consultant and illusionist guest on the show. As time passed, Magician Eric Leclerc took over this role in seasons 4 and 5. The show is interactive, encouraging television viewers, often along with a handful of live volunteers, to engage in visual, auditory, and other cognitive experiments, or "brain games", that emphasize the main points presented in each episode. Experts like Sri Sarma also explain why humans react in a certain way because of the brain. +The series is deemed acceptable for use toward E/I credits, and Litton Entertainment added repurposed reruns of the show to its syndicated Go Time block in fall 2016, and The CW's One Magnificent Morning block in fall 2017. +In December 2019, it was announced that a new format of this series, hosted by Keegan-Michael Key, would premiere on January 20, 2020; neuroscientist Daniel Levitin was brought in as a script consultant for the season to ensure accuracy. Its sneak peek was played on December 29, 2019. On January 17, 2020, a ninth season was announced, but production was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The ninth season was branded as "Brain Games: On the Road", and was hosted by Chuck Nice and was released on both National Geographic and Disney+. + + +== Cast == + + +=== Main === +Neil Patrick Harris – Narrator (season 1) +Jason Silva – host (season 2–7) +Keegan-Michael Key – host (season 8) +Chuck Nice – host (season 9) +Apollo Robbins – sleight-of-hand artist, "deception specialist" (season 1) +Eric Leclerc – illusionist +Max Darwin – illusionist +Ben Bailey – comedian +Jay Painter – comedian (season 2 episode 5, "Power of Persuasion") +Andrei Jikh – cardist (season 4 episode 9, "Patterns") +Shara Ashley Zeiger – improviser +Bill Hobbs – author +Jordan Hirsch – improviser +Amanda Hirsch – improviser +Lior Suchard – mentalist (season 8) + + +=== Featured === +Art Shapiro – American University +Amy Bastian +Alex Todorov – Princeton University +Brady Barr +Brian Scholl – Yale University +Coren Apicella – psychologist, University of Pennsylvania +Chess Stetson – Caltech +Dan Simons +Daniel Goldstein – Microsoft Research +Frans de Waal – Emory University +Forrest Griffin – UFC fighter (season 3 episode 8, "Mind Your Body") +Helen Fisher – anthropologist, Rutgers University +Jim Coan – psychologist, University of Virginia +Jonah Berger – University of Pennsylvania +Joshua Ackerman – MIT +Kamran Fallahpour – Brain Resource Center +Karen Wynn +Laurie R. Santos – Yale University +Mark Changizi – theoretical neurobiologist +Michael Bisping – UFC fighter (season 3 episode 8, "Mind Your Body) +Rhoda Boone – Food artist (season 4 episode 7, "Food") +Shankar Vedantam – NPR science correspondent +Steve Schirripa (season 2 episode 12, "Liar, Liar") +Susan Carnell – Johns Hopkins University +Suzanne Dikker – New York University +Sri Sarma – Asst. Professor, Johns Hopkins University +Scott Barry Kaufman +Sara Mednick – University of California +Harrison Greenbaum – Debunker of Physic Phenomenon (season 4 episode 6, "Superstition") +Dave Goelz – Dr. Bunsen Honeydew +David Rudman – Beaker +Daniel Levitin – Professor, McGill University + + +== Production == +National Geographic announced that the show would return as a 2-hour live event in the fall of 2018, but as of April 2020 no live event has been broadcast. + + +== Episodes == + + +=== Series overview === + + +=== Season 1 (2011) === +Season 1 consists of three one-hour pilot episodes. + + +=== Season 2 (2013) === +Jason Silva takes over as the new host. + + +=== Season 3 (2013–14) === +Often games are less intense than season 2 and experiments with random people on the street are done. + + +=== Season 4 (2014) === +Graphics get an update. The show introduces new experts and illusionists/magicians. + + +=== Season 5 (2015) === +Shocking fails, moments, and confusion show how the brain can be easily deterred from its goal. The show abandons the studio in favor of more real-life application. + + +=== Season 6 (2015) === +How the brain acts and thinks is explored. The show continues to abandon the transparent studio for real-life experiences. + + +=== Season 7 (2016) === +Episodes are now one hour. The show is told from a real-world perspective with Jason Silva outside in the world with real people. Small games the audience can play along with are shown as well. + + +=== Season 8 (2020) === + + +=== Season 9: On the Road (2022) === +The show is now a competition and takes place outside. Teams of 4 compete in challenges. This show is separate from the seasons before it and is a spin-off series. + + +== Awards == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Brain Games at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainiac b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainiac new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69de29bb diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Giants_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Giants_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afcdb6284 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Giants_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Building Giants (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Giants_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:01.374584+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Building Giants is a British documentary television series covering the design and construction of large structures, including stadiums, tunnels, bridges, cruise ships, and other giant engineering feats that premiered in early 2018. + + +== Broadcast History == +The show first aired on the Science Channel in the U.S. on January 4, 2018 with the "World's Greatest Stadium" episode that shows the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta. Discovery Networks reported that along with Mega Machines, the series pushed Thursday ratings up 32% over January 2017. The series premiered on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom (the show's production country), starting on April 16, 2018 beginning with the "World's Strongest Wall" episode that features the MOSE in Venice, Italy. +On August 5, 2019, it was announced that the second season will premiere on August 7, 2019. +On May 4, 2020, it was announced that the third season will premiere on May 6, 2020. +The first season of the series is currently available for streaming online on ITV Studios' YouTube channel Blueprint, as well as Amazon Prime Video, FilmRise (who holds the AVOD streaming rights to ITV Studios shows that Shout! Studios does not distribute in North America), The Roku Channel and Tubi, while the second, third and fourth seasons of the show are currently available on Discovery+. + + +== Episode list == + + +=== Season 1 === +January 4 "World's Greatest Stadium" Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia, United States +January 11 "Monster Cruise Ship" MSC Meraviglia in Saint-Nazaire, Loire-Atlantique, France +January 18 "Super Skyscraper NYC" 53W53 (MoMA Tower) in New York, New York, United States +January 25 "Arctic Mega Bridge" Hålogaland Bridge in Narvik, Nordland, Norway +February 1 "World's Strongest Wall" MOSE Project around Venice, Veneto, Italy +February 8 "Monster Tunnel" Copenhagen–Ringsted Line on Zealand, Denmark +February 15 "World's Tallest Church" Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain +February 22 "World's Toughest Skyscraper" CITIC Tower (China Zun) in Beijing, China +The first episode was re-aired as "episode 9" (titled "Big Game Stadium") at the end of January 2019, just before the stadium hosted Super Bowl LIII. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Building Giants at IMDb +Windfall Films Ltd. page +TV Guide program page \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C'est_pas_sorcier-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C'est_pas_sorcier-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca1dd70e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C'est_pas_sorcier-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "C'est pas sorcier" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C'est_pas_sorcier" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:02.534113+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +C'est pas sorcier (literally It's Not Sorcery, French for "it's not rocket science") is a popular French live-action, science education television program that originally aired from September 19, 1993, to February 1, 2014. In total, 559 episodes were produced. This program was popular culture, with an audience share of over 30% in France. The episodes continued to be rebroadcast, until at least 2021. +Dubbed or subtitled, the program is or has been broadcast in many countries, in Europe (Italy, Finland, Greece via Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi, Poland via Da Vinci Learning, and Portugal), in Asia (Cambodia, China, South Korea, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, Mongolia, Turkey, and Vietnam), in Africa (Morocco on the channel 2M, Tunisia via Tunisian television 2, Algeria via Canal Algérie and Berbère Télévision, and Mauritius by the national broadcaster), and in the United States on the streaming service France Channel (under the name The Whizz Report). +In 2015, a new show, l'Esprit Sorcier hosted by Frédéric Courant began airing online, presenting itself as a successor to C'est pas sorcier. + + +== The presenters == +In the show, "Sabine" (Sabine Quindou) and "Fred" (Frédéric Courant) work together in the field. They travel around the world, interviewing specialists, and asking questions to "Jamy" (Jamy Gourmaud) who, in his laboratory in the trailer of a truck driven by "Marcel", would answer them using his iconic models and mock-ups. After 2011, he travels to symbolic locations relevant to the topic with a mobile laboratory equipped with touch screens, computer graphics and the models which originally garnered the show much success. +The show is narrated by La petite voix ("The Little Voice", played by Valérie Guerlain) who does not appear physically in the show, but offers off-screen commentary and narration. + + +== Topic == +The programs can be classified into six categories: + +La Terre et l'Univers - (The earth and universe) (71 programmes) including: l'Espace et l'astronomie (space and astronomy) (18), la géologie (geology) (21), la géographie (geography), les découvertes (discovery) (32) +La biodiversité, l'agronomie et l'environnement (biodiversity, agronomy and environment) (138) including la faune (fauna) (67), la botanique (botany) (14), l'alimentation et l'agronomie (food and agriculture) (25), l'écologie et le climat (ecology and climate) (32) +Le sport et la santé (sport and health) (72) including le corps humain (human body) (26), la médecine (medicine) (27), le sport (sport) (19) +Les technologies, la physique et la chimie (communication technology, physics and chemistry) (142) including physique et chimie (physics and chemistry) (13), énergie (energy) (16), les technologies et l'industrie (technology and industry) (23), les transports (transport) (44), la Défense (defence) (10), les grands travaux et l'architecture (big works and architecture) (14), la communication (communications) (23) +L'histoire, la culture et la société (history, culture and society) (89) including l'histoire et l'archéologie (history and archeology) (44), Arts et spectacles (arts and shows) (18), économie et société (economy and society) (27) +Les émissions spéciales (14) (special editions) + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official Website Archived 2014-02-08 at the Wayback Machine on France 3 (in French) +Official Website Archived 2013-05-17 at the Wayback Machine on TV5 (in French) +C'est pas sorcier's channel on YouTube (in French) official channel with full episodes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..861ededb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "Celestial cartography" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:07.144413+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Celestial cartography, uranography, +astrography or star cartography is the aspect of astronomy and branch of cartography concerned with mapping stars, galaxies, and other astronomical objects on the celestial sphere. Measuring the position and light of charted objects requires a variety of instruments and techniques. These techniques have developed from angle measurements with quadrants and the unaided eye, through sextants combined with lenses for light magnification, up to current methods which include computer-automated space telescopes. Uranographers have historically produced planetary position tables, star tables, and star maps for use by both amateur and professional astronomers. More recently, computerized star maps have been compiled, and automated positioning of telescopes uses databases of stars and of other astronomical objects. + +== Etymology == +The word "uranography" derived from the Greek "ουρανογραφια" (Koine Greek ουρανος "sky, heaven" + γραφειν "to write") through the Latin "uranographia". In Renaissance times, Uranographia was used as the book title of various celestial atlases. During the 19th century, "uranography" was defined as the "description of the heavens". Elijah H. Burritt re-defined it as the "geography of the heavens". The German word for uranography is "Uranographie", the French is "uranographie" and the Italian is "uranografia". + +== Astrometry == + +Astrometry, the science of spherical astronomy, is concerned with precise measurements of the location of celestial bodies in the celestial sphere and their kinematics relative to a reference frame on the celestial sphere. In principle, astrometry can involve such measurements of planets, stars, black holes and galaxies to any celestial body. +Throughout human history, astrometry played a significant role in shaping our understanding of the structure of the visible sky, which accompanies the location of bodies in it, hence making it a fundamental tool to celestial cartography. + +== Star catalogues == + +A determining fact source for drawing star charts is naturally a star table. This is apparent when comparing the imaginative "star maps" of Poeticon Astronomicon – illustrations beside a narrative text from the antiquity – to the star maps of Johann Bayer, based on precise star-position measurements from the Rudolphine Tables by Tycho Brahe. + +=== Important historical star tables === +c:AD 150, Almagest – contains the last known star table from antiquity, prepared by Ptolemy, 1,028 stars. +c.964, Book of the Fixed Stars, Arabic version of the Almagest by al-Sufi. +1627, Rudolphine Tables – contains the first West Enlightenment star table, based on measurements of Tycho Brahe, 1,005 stars. +1690, Prodromus Astronomiae – by Johannes Hevelius for his Firmamentum Sobiescanum, 1,564 stars. +1729, Britannic Catalogue – by John Flamsteed for his Atlas Coelestis, position of more than 3,000 stars by accuracy of 10". +1903, Bonner Durchmusterung – by Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander and collaborators, circa 460,000 stars. + +== Star atlases == + +=== Naked-eye === +15th century BC – The ceiling of the tomb TT71 for the Egyptian architect and minister Senenmut, who served Queen Hatshepsut, is adorned with a large and extensive star chart. +c. 1 CE ? Poeticon astronomicon, allegedly by Gaius Julius Hyginus +1092 – Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao (新儀 象法要), by Su Song, a horological treatise which had the earliest existent star maps in printed form. Su Song's star maps also featured the corrected position of the pole star which had been deciphered due to the efforts of astronomical observations by Su's peer, the polymath scientist Shen Kuo. +1515 – First European printed star charts published in Nuremberg, Germany, engraved by Albrecht Dürer. +1603 – Uranometria, by Johann Bayer, the first western modern star map based on Tycho Brahe's and Johannes Kepler's Tabulae Rudolphinae +1627 – Julius Schiller published the star atlas Coelum Stellatum Christianum, which replaced pagan constellations with biblical and early Christian figures. +1660 – Jan Janssonius' 11th volume of Atlas Major (not to be confused with the similarly named and scoped Atlas Maior) featured the Harmonia Macrocosmica by Andreas Cellarius +1693 – Firmamentum Sobiescanum sive Uranometria, by Johannes Hevelius, a star map updated with many new star positions based on Hevelius's Prodromus Astronomiae (1690) – 1564 stars. + +=== Telescopic === +1729 Atlas Coelestis by John Flamsteed +1801 Uranographia by Johann Elert Bode +1843 Uranometria Nova by Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander + +=== Photographic === +1914 Franklin-Adams Charts, by John Franklin-Adams, a very early photographic atlas. +The Falkau Atlas (Hans Vehrenberg). Stars to magnitude 13. +Atlas Stellarum (Hans Vehrenberg). Stars to magnitude 14. +True Visual Magnitude Photographic Star Atlas (Christos Papadopoulos). Stars to magnitude 13.5. +The Cambridge Photographic Star Atlas, Axel Mellinger and Ronald Stoyan, 2011. Stars to magnitude 14, natural color, 1°/cm. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e788284fc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +--- +title: "Celestial cartography" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:07.144413+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Modern === +Bright Star Atlas – Wil Tirion (stars to magnitude 6.5) +Cambridge Star Atlas – Wil Tirion (Stars to magnitude 6.5) +Norton's Star Atlas and Reference Handbook – Ed. Ian Ridpath (stars to magnitude 6.5) +Stars & Planets Guide – Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (stars to magnitude 6.0) +Cambridge Double Star Atlas – James Mullaney and Wil Tirion (stars to magnitude 7.5) +Cambridge Atlas of Herschel Objects – James Mullaney and Wil Tirion (stars to magnitude 7.5) +Pocket Sky Atlas – Roger Sinnott (stars to magnitude 7.5) +Deep Sky Reiseatlas – Michael Feiler, Philip Noack (Telrad Finder Charts – stars to magnitude 7.5) +Atlas Coeli Skalnate Pleso (Atlas of the Heavens) 1950.0 – Antonín Bečvář (stars to magnitude 7.75 and about 12,000 clusters, galaxies and nebulae) +SkyAtlas 2000.0, second edition – Wil Tirion & Roger Sinnott (stars to magnitude 8.5) +1987, Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas – Wil Tirion, Barry Rappaport, Will Remaklus (stars to magnitude 9.7; 11.5 in selected close-ups) +Herald-Bobroff AstroAtlas – David Herald & Peter Bobroff (stars to magnitude 9 in main charts, 14 in selected sections) +Millennium Star Atlas – Roger Sinnott, Michael Perryman (stars to magnitude 11) +Field Guide to the Stars and Planets – Jay M. Pasachoff, Wil Tirion charts (stars to magnitude 7.5) +SkyGX (still in preparation) – Christopher Watson (stars to magnitude 12) +The Great Atlas of the Sky – Piotr Brych (2,400,000 stars to magnitude 12, galaxies to magnitude 18). +Interstellarum Deep Sky Atlas (2014) – Ronald Stoyan and Stephan Schurig (stars to magnitude 9.5) + +=== Computerized === +100,000 Stars +Cartes du Ciel +Celestia +Stars and Planets for Android +Stars and Planets for iOS +CyberSky +GoSkyWatch Planetarium +Google Sky +KStars +Stellarium +SKY-MAP.ORG +SkyMap Online +WorldWide Telescope +XEphem, for Unix-like systems +Stellarmap.com – online map of the stars +Star Walk and Kepler Explorer OpenLab: 2 celestial cartography apps for smartphones +SpaceEngine + +=== Free and printable from files === +The TriAtlas Project +DeepSky Hunter Star Atlas +Andrew Johnson mag 7 + +== See also == +Star chart +Astrometry +Cosmography +Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido +History of cartography +Planetarium +PP3 + +== References == + +== External links == +Star Maps from Ian Ridpath's Star Tales website. +The Mag-7 Star Atlas Project Archived 2014-07-02 at the Wayback Machine +Historical Celestial Atlases on the Web +Felice Stoppa's ATLAS COELESTIS, an extensive collection of 51 star maps and other astronomy related books stored as a multitude of images. +Monthly star maps for every location on Earth Archived 2007-09-13 at the Wayback Machine +Easy to use monthly star maps for northern and southern hemispheres. Helpful target lists for naked eye, binocular, or telescope viewing. +Collection of rare star atlases, charts, and maps Archived 2018-03-25 at the Wayback Machine available in full digital facsimile at Linda Hall Library. +Navigable online map of the stars Archived 2020-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, Stellarmap.com. +The Digital Collections of the Linda Hall Library include: +"Astronomy: Star Atlases, Charts, and Maps" Archived 2020-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, a collection of more than 60 star atlas volumes. +"Astronomy: Selected Images Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, a collection of high-resolution star map images. +"History of Cosmology: Views of the Stars" Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine, high-resolution scans of prints relating to the study of the structure of the cosmos. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dd550960 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Cells at Work!" +chunk: 1/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:03.855473+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Cells at Work! (Japanese: はたらく細胞, Hepburn: Hataraku Saibō) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Akane Shimizu. It features the anthropomorphized cells of a human body, with the two main protagonists being a red blood cell and a white blood cell she frequently encounters. It was serialized in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Sirius from January 2015 to January 2021. It is licensed in North America by Kodansha USA. +The series has been adapted into an anime television series by David Production, with two seasons broadcast from July 2018 to February 2021, totaling 21 episodes. A theatrical anime titled "Hataraku Saibō!!" Saikyō no Teki, Futatabi. Karada no Naka wa "Chō" Ōsawagi! premiered in September 2020. The series has also spawned several spin-off manga series, including Cells at Work! Code Black, published from 2018 to 2021 and adapted into an anime television series. + +== Plot == +The story takes place inside the body of an adult human, where trillions of anthropomorphic cells each do their job to keep the body healthy. The series largely focuses on two such cells; a rookie red blood cell, AE3803, who often gets lost during deliveries, and a relentless white blood cell, U-1146, who fights against any germs that invade the body. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bd79fed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "Cells at Work!" +chunk: 2/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:03.855473+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Characters == +Erythrocyte / Red Blood Cell (AE3803) (赤血球, Sekkekkyū) +Voiced by: Kana Hanazawa (Japanese); Cherami Leigh (English) +Portrayed by: Mei Nagano +A red blood cell who has just started her job, delivering oxygen, carbon dioxide and different nutrients all over the body. She meets Neutrophil when he saves her from an attacking pneumococcus bacterium. She is clumsy and gets lost often, but is determined to perform to the best of her ability. It is later revealed that she had encountered Neutrophil when they were younger, after he saved her from a bacterium. Neutrophil (好中球, Kōchūkyū) / White Blood Cell (U-1146) (白血球, Hakkekkyū) +Voiced by: Tomoaki Maeno (Japanese); Billy Kametz (English) +Portrayed by: Takeru Satoh +A type of white blood cell, whose job is to kill pathogens infecting the body. Despite his violent and ruthless occupation, he is quite soft-spoken and gentle. When he was still in school as a young cell, he saved AE3803 from a bacterium after she got lost in a training exercise. Killer T Cell (キラーT細胞, Kirā Tī Saibō) +Voiced by: Daisuke Ono (Japanese); Robbie Daymond (English) +Portrayed by: Koji Yamamoto +A type of white blood cell that recognizes and kills various foreign matter and unhealthy cells. He is aggressive, cocky and rowdy, brutally taking pleasure in slaughtering pathogens and unhealthy cells. He especially looks down on white blood cells forming relationships with non-white blood cells, like Neutrophil's close friendship with Red Blood Cell. He is the sergeant of the Killer T Cells and is a harsh teacher to his students, the Naive T Cells. He has negative relationships with Helper T Cell and NK Cell, the former being his superior in the Killer T Division. In his youth, he was considered to be weak like the rest of the young T Cells, being only able to survive and complete training through the help of Helper T Cell, which at least made him stronger. Macrophage (マクロファージ, Makurofāji) / Monocyte (単球, Tankyū) +Voiced by: Kikuko Inoue (Japanese); Laura Post (English) +Portrayed by: Wakana Matsumoto +A type of white blood cell. She and her kind appear as lovely maids in big dresses, armed with a variety of large weapons to fight various invasive pathogens, and are often shown smiling cheerfully even in the middle of combat. While inside blood vessels, she and her kind take on the role of monocytes, and wear hazmat suits over their dresses. Platelet (血小板, Kesshōban) +Voiced by: Maria Naganawa (Japanese); Xanthe Huynh (English) +Portrayed by: Maika Pugh +A type of cell responsible for reconstructing the body after various injuries. They are depicted as children, due to their small cell size, and act as construction and repair crew within the body. One platelet who carries a whistle on her neck serves as their leader and she is most prominently featured in the show, while a secondary yet shy platelet known as "Backward Cap" because she wears her cap backwards, also appears in the story. Helper T Cell (ヘルパーT細胞, Herupā Tī Saibō) +Voiced by: Takahiro Sakurai (Japanese); Ray Chase (English) +Portrayed by: Shota Sometani +A type of T Cell that determines strategy and courses of action for dealing with foreign invaders. He is the main commander of the Killer T Division and has an intellectual and smooth disposition, putting him at big odds with the rough and tough Killer T Cell, despite having undergone T Cell training together with him. Regulatory T Cell (制御性T細胞, Seigyosei Tī Saibō) +Voiced by: Saori Hayami (Japanese); Erica Mendez (English) +A type of T Cell that mediates and regulates the correct function and magnitude of immunological responses. She usually acts as Helper T Cell's secretary, though she is capable of fighting when necessary. She went through T Cell training alongside Killer T Cell and Helper T Cell. Naive T Cell (ナイーブT細胞, Naību T Saibō) +Voiced by: Mutsumi Tamura (Japanese); Laura Stahl (English) +A rookie T Cell who is too frightened to fight invasive microorganisms, until Dendritic Cell helps him transform into Effector T Cell. He and his kind are the students of Killer T Cell, from whom they receive harsh treatment and austere training. Effector T Cell (エフェクターT細胞, Efekutā T Saibō) +Voiced by: Kenji Nomura (Japanese); Chris Tergliaferra (English) +A Naive T Cell transformed into a large, muscular and powerful T Cell. Eosinophil (好酸球, Kōsankyū) +Voiced by: M.A.O (Japanese); Kayli Mills (English) +A type of white blood cell who is acquainted with White Blood Cell since they grew up in the same bone marrow. She feels inferior to the other immune cells because of her inability to fight off bacteria and viruses, but she shows her true worth by killing a parasitic Anisakis when the other cells could not. She handles a bident as her weapon of choice. Dendritic Cell (樹状細胞, Jujō Saibō) +Voiced by: Nobuhiko Okamoto (Japanese); Griffin Burns (English) +Depicted as a messenger dressed in green stationed inside a call center resembling a tree. He can stimulate Naive T Cells and transform them into Effector T Cells. He owns a camera which he always uses to take pictures of events he deems important and stores them in picture albums, some of which are sources of shame and humiliation for the other cells. Memory Cell (記憶細胞, Kioku Saibō) +Voiced by: Yuichi Nakamura (Japanese); David Vincent (English) +A paranoid and neurotic cell whose job is to remember past infections and allergies so that the immunity system can be ready for them. However, he is scatterbrained and it is difficult for him to sort out his memories, often panicking and screaming whenever disaster strikes. Mast Cell (マスト細胞, Masuto Saibō) +Voiced by: Ayako Kawasumi (Japanese); Maureen Price (English) +A cell whose job is to monitor and release histamines in response to allergic and inflammatory reactions. She always follows the instructions in her book no matter the situations and is unpopular due to her lack of consideration of what her actions do to the other cells. Also known as "Fat Cell", she gets irked whenever she is referred to with that name. Senior Red Blood Cell (AA5100) (先輩赤血球, Senpai Sekkekkyū) +Voiced by: Aya Endō (Japanese); Kira Buckland (English) +An older red blood cell who sometimes guides and teaches AE3803 on how to properly perform her occupation. Junior Red Blood Cell (NT4201) (後輩赤血球, Kōhai Sekkekkyū) +Voiced by: Yui Ishikawa (Japanese); Jeannie Tirado (English) +A young but overly serious red blood cell who becomes AE3803's student. B Cell (B細胞, Bī Saibō) +Voiced by: Shōya Chiba (Japanese); Erik Scott Kimerer (English) +A white blood cell who carries a weapon that shoots antibodies. He is often annoyed and jealous about not receiving as much credit as the Killer T Cells do. He also has an antagonistic relationship with Mast Cell, as their combined functions only cause grave disasters for the other cells. Basophil (好塩基球, Kōenkikyū) +Voiced by: Tomokazu Sugita (Japanese); D. C. Douglas (English) +A mysterious and poetic character whose real occupation is unknown, appearing during a food-borne infection to make cryptic commentaries on the disastrous events unfolding. NK Cell (NK細胞, NK Saibō) +Voiced by: Toa Yukinari (Japanese); Morgan Berry (English) +Portrayed by: Riisa Naka +She patrols the whole body for viruses, bacteria and abnormal cells, with her weapon of choice being a machete. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69d76fb45 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Cells at Work!" +chunk: 3/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:03.855473+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +She has a smug demeanor, is somewhat condescending towards other cells and her relationship with Killer T Cell is akin to that of an intense sibling rivalry. Cancer Cell (がん細胞, Gan Saibō) +Voiced by: Akira Ishida (Japanese); Khoi Dao (English) +Portrayed by: Fukase +An antagonistic cell bent on creating a world where cells no longer have to kill each other, even if it means risking the life of the body. Normal Cell / Cell Boy (正常細胞, Seijō Saibō) +Voiced by: Yūsuke Kobayashi (Japanese); Bryce Papenbrook (English) +Normal Cell is a minor character who plays a major role in season 2. Normal Cell is a soft-hearted troublemaker. He finds his job of copying himself boring hence he began to venture outside of his apartment to explore or mess around. Despite not being able to do anything, he has a strong will to protect someone that is precious to him (Lactic Acid Bacteria). According to AE3803, he lives by the pharynx, which happens to be an area that contains lymph nodes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f15eb41d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Cells at Work!" +chunk: 4/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:03.855473+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Media == + +=== Manga === + +Written and illustrated by Akane Shimizu, Cells at Work! was serialized in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Sirius from January 26, 2015, to January 26, 2021. Kodansha collected its chapters in six tankōbon volumes, released from July 9, 2015, to February 9, 2021. +Kodansha USA announced that it had licensed Cells at Work! in North America on March 21, 2016. + +==== Spin-offs ==== +The series has spawned several spin-offs published across various Kodansha's manga magazines and digital platforms: + +Cells at Work!: Bacteria! (はたらく細菌) by Haruyuki Yoshida. The series follows the lives of good and bad bacteria in the intestines. It was serialized in the shōjo manga magazine Nakayoshi from April 3, 2017, to July 3, 2020. It was followed by Cells at Work! Neo Bacteria (はたらく細菌Neo), serialized in Nakayoshi and on the Palcy manga app from December 28, 2020, to February 22, 2021, with a single volume released on the latter date. +Cells NOT at Work! (はたらかない細胞) by Moe Sugimoto. It follows immature red blood cells (erythroblasts) that do not want to work. It was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius from July 26, 2017, to November 26, 2021. +Cells at Work! Code Black (はたらく細胞BLACK), written by Shigemitsu Harada and illustrated by Issei Hatsuyoshi. It is set in a "black" environment of a human body suffering an unhealthy lifestyle. It was serialized in the seinen manga magazine Morning from June 7, 2018, to January 21, 2021. +Cells at Work and Friends! (はたらく細胞フレンド), written by Kanna Kurono and illustrated by Mio Izumi. It centers around a Killer T Cell who is normally strict with himself and others, but wants to have fun during his free time. He also wants to make friends but does not want to ruin his reputation. It was serialized in the shōjo manga magazine Bessatsu Friend from January 12, 2019, to April 13, 2021. +Cells at Work!: Platelets! (はたらく血小板ちゃん, Platelets at Work), written by Kanna Kurono and illustrated by Mio Izumi. It focuses on platelet characters. It was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius from May 25, 2019, to April 26, 2021. +Cells at Work!: Baby! (はたらく細胞BABY) by Yasuhiro Fukuda. It follows a group of cells inside a baby's body, 40 weeks after conception and close to delivery, with the cells unaware of anything. It was serialized in Morning from October 17, 2019, to October 7, 2021. +Cells at Work!: Lady! (はたらく細胞LADY), written by Harada and illustrated by Akari Otokawa. It is focused on cells in the body of an adult woman. It started in Morning Two on January 22, 2020. The magazine ceased print publication and moved to a digital starting on August 4, 2022. The series finished on September 26, 2022. +Cells at Work!: White Brigade (はたらく細胞WHITE) by Tetsuji Kanie. It is focused on white blood cells. It was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius from October 26, 2020, to July 26, 2022. +Cells at Work!: Illegal (はたらく細胞イリーガル) by Kae Hashimoto. It is focused on the cells of a person taking illegal substances. It was serialized on the YanMaga Web digital manga platform from February 1, 2022, to July 18, 2023. +Cells at Work! Muscle (はたらく細胞マッスル) by Yū Maeda. It is focused on muscles in the human body. It started on the Morning Two manga website from February 16, 2023, to February 20, 2025. +Cells at Work! Cat (はたらく細胞 猫), written by Choco Aozora and illustrated by Meku Kaire. It is centered around cells in the body of a cat. It was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius from May 25, 2023, to March 26, 2026. +Cells at Work!: Medicine (はたらく細胞 おくすり), written by Koma Warita and illustrated by Ryō Kuji. It is centered around medicine. It was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius from May 25, 2023, to May 26, 2025. +Kodansha USA has licensed Cells at Work!: Bacteria!, Cells NOT at Work!, Cells at Work! Code Black, Cells at Work and Friends!, Cells at Work!: Platelets!, Cells at Work!: Baby!, Cells at Work!: Lady!, Cells at Work! Neo Bacteria, Cells at Work! White Brigade, and Cells at Work! Cat. + +=== Anime === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff6fe1f52 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Cells at Work!" +chunk: 5/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:03.855473+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An anime television series adaptation was announced in January 2018. It is directed by Kenichi Suzuki and animated by David Production, with scripts written by Suzuki and Yūko Kakihara, and character designs by Takahiko Yoshida. The series' music is composed by Kenichiro Suehiro and Mayuko. The anime series premiered on July 8, 2018, on Tokyo MX and other channels. The series ran for 13 episodes. Aniplex of America licensed the series in North America and simulcast it on Crunchyroll. Madman Entertainment simulcasted Australia and New Zealand on AnimeLab, while Muse Communication licensed the series in Southeast Asia and South Asia, and simulcasted it on Animax Asia. MVM Entertainment acquired the series for distribution in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The opening theme is "Mission! Health Comes First" (ミッション！ 健・康・第・イチ, Mission! Ken - Kō - Dai - Ichi) by Red Blood Cell (Kana Hanazawa / Cherami Leigh), White Blood Cell (Tomoaki Maeno / Billy Kametz), Killer T Cell (Daisuke Ono / Robbie Daymond), and Macrophage (Kikuko Inoue / Laura Post), while the ending theme is "CheerS" by ClariS. A special episode premiered on December 27, 2018. Aniplex of America released the English dub on August 27, 2019. +On March 23, 2019, the series' official Twitter account announced that it would receive a second season. The second season aired from January 9 to February 27, 2021. The main staff at David Production is returning for producing the second season, with the exception of director Kenichi Suzuki being replaced by director Hirofumi Ogura. The opening theme is "Go! Go! Saibō Festa!" by the main cast members, while the ending theme is "Fight!!" by ClariS. +A theatrical anime titled "Hataraku Saibō!!" Saikyō no Teki, Futatabi. Karada no Naka wa "Chō" Ōsawagi! was announced on July 4, 2020, as an advanced screening of episodes 4–8 later aired in the second season. Also shown with a short animation "Kesshouban: Eigakan e Iku". The main staff at David Production returned for producing the film, with the exception of director Kenichi Suzuki being replaced by director Hirofumi Ogura. It premiered on September 5, 2020. + +=== Light novel === +A light novel adaptation of the manga titled as Shōsetsu Hataraku Saibō (小説　はたらく細胞) was published on July 12, 2018, by Kodansha. It is written by Yui Tokiumi and illustrated by Akane Shimizu and has three volumes. + +=== Stage play === +A stage play adaptation titled Tainai Katsugeki Hataraku Saibō (体内活劇「はたらく細胞」) was announced in the August issue of Kodansha's Monthly Shōnen Sirius magazine. The play was held at Tokyo's Theatre 1010 from November 16 to 25, 2018. The play which was directed by Tsuyoshi Kida, starred Masanari Wada as U-1146 and Kanon Nanaki as AE3803, while Keita Kawajiri wrote the script for the play. The last performance was also distributed live. + +=== Mobile app === +A tower-defense game for iOS and Android mobile devices titled Always Cells at Work (いつでも はたらく細胞, Itsudemo Hataraku Saibō) was announced in November 2018. The game service shut down on January 31, 2020. + +=== Live-action film === +A live-action film adaptation was announced by Kodansha and Flag Pictures on March 20, 2023. It was directed by Hideki Takeuchi and the script written by Yuichi Tokunaga, starring Mei Nagano and Takeru Satoh as AE3803 and U-1146, respectively. The film was released on December 13, 2024, by Warner Bros. Pictures. + +== Reception == +Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network highlighted the educational aspect of the manga despite flaws in presentation of information, and ultimately found the manga entertaining with likable characters. Sean Gaffney of A Case Suitable for Treatment called it a "very fun shonen action manga", complimenting the manga's ridiculousness and humor. Ian Wolf of Anime UK News gave the British Blu-ray release of the anime a score of 9 out of 10, and described the show as the most bloody on television, because so many of the characters are blood cells and thus means it contains more blood than shows depicting much violence. +The 2016 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! guidebook listed the manga as the seventh top manga for male readers. Paul Gravett included the manga in his list of "Top 22 Comics, Graphic Novels & Manga" for October 2016. By July 2017, the manga had over 1.3 million copies in print; it had over 1.5 million copies in print by January 2018. +Dr. Satoru Otsuka, postdoctoral fellow in the molecular neuro-oncology department of Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia, praised the series' depiction of cancer cells during the series' seventh episode. Biology teachers at a high school affiliated with China's Southwest University were so impressed with the accuracy of the series that they assigned it as homework for their students. + +== See also == +Osmosis Jones, a 2001 American live-action/animated action comedy film and its spin-off television series, Ozzy & Drix, both of which feature a similar premise +Once Upon a Time... Life, a 1987 French animated series with a similar premise + +== References == + +== External links == +Official manga website (in Japanese) +Official anime website (1st season) (in Japanese) +Official anime website (2nd season) (in Japanese) +Official anime site (in English) +Cells at Work! (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!_Code_Black-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!_Code_Black-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b65c9cb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!_Code_Black-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +--- +title: "Cells at Work! Code Black" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!_Code_Black" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:05.032535+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Cells at Work! Code Black (Japanese: はたらく細胞BLACK, Hepburn: Hataraku Saibō Burakku) is a Japanese manga series spin-off to Cells at Work! by Akane Shimizu. The manga was written by Shigemitsu Harada and illustrated by Issei Hatsuyoshiya. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Morning from June 2018 to January 2021, and was licensed in North America by Kodansha USA. An anime television series adaptation produced by Liden Films aired from January 10 to March 21, 2021. + + +== Plot == +In contrast to the main series, which is set in a generally healthy human body, Cells at Work! Code Black is set in a "black" environment of an adult man suffering an unhealthy lifestyle. The story follows the anthropomorphic cells struggling to maintain the body against threats such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and sexually transmitted infections. + + +== Characters == + +Erythrocyte / Red Blood Cell (AA2153) (赤血球, Sekkekkyū) +Voiced by: Junya Enoki (Japanese); Kyle McCarley (English) +Portrayed by: Rihito Itagaki +AA2153 is one of the two protagonists. He is a rookie erythrocyte that had started working inside a poorly maintained body, and thus an abusive work environment. As a rookie, AA2153 was initially excited for his task of going to the lungs, only to find LDLs, Carbon Monoxide, and Pneumococcus along the way. He is dedicated to doing his part in helping the body, but is strongly disheartened by the awful work conditions and failure of the body to improve. He develops a friendship with U-1196, a neutrophil who frequently rescues him and serves as a source of encouragement, as well as AC1677, a fellow Red Blood Cell with whom he frequently works side-by-side. +Neutrophil (好中球, Kōchūkyū) / White Blood Cell (U-1196) (白血球, Hakkekkyū) +Voiced by: Yoko Hikasa (Japanese); Allegra Clark (English) +U-1196 is one of the two protagonists. She is a neutrophil in a poorly maintained body, and thus an abusive work environment. She is very set on her mission and never complains about the hardships of her work environment or the poor treatment she receives, but still appreciates support and shows respect to other cells. She is described as a "heroic elder sister" who works hard for the sake of her mission. Though overall a calm and caring cell, she has the tendency to be critical of herself and overwork. She is good friends with two playful but unnamed neutrophil soldiers, and with AA2153. +Erythrocyte / Red Blood Cell (AC1677) (赤血球, Sekkekkyū) +Voiced by: KENN (Japanese); Jon Allen (English) +AC1677 is a rookie erythrocyte and a close friend of AA2153 who is also working inside a poorly maintained body, and thus an abusive work environment. He is a chicken-hearted individual who often tries to escape whenever hardships happen, believing he will be putting himself in danger unnecessarily, but sticks to his work because of AA2153's commitment. He is ultimately very loyal to his friends and eventually sacrifices himself for AA2153 when he was about to fall into the stomach acid. +Neutrophil (好中球, Kōchūkyū) / White Blood Cell (J-1178) (白血球, Hakkekkyū) +J-1178 is highly experienced and somewhat jaded. She loathes her job and views it as pointless given how terrible the body's conditions are, but her sense of integrity pushes her to give her work her all anyway. When she encounters AA2153 after the transfusion, she's initially dismissive of him, but becomes flustered when he calls her "White Blood Cell-chan" due to her diminutive stature. Upon meeting U-1196, J-1178 at first believes her to be a lone wolf who is unsympathetic to how overworked the other neutrophils are, but soon realizes that U-1196 is only trying to be proactive against problems that have the potential to grow into extremely dire threats to the body. She comes to regard U-1196 as a mentor and partner, and calls her "big sister" out of respect. The two band together in what is hailed as "the strongest partnership", and prove to be a formidable duo in battle. After U-1196 is badly injured during the neutrophils' failed attack on the periodontitis bacteria swarm, J-1178 is devastated. She becomes withdrawn and scared of resuming her work, even after U-1196 recovers, but is given a motivational talk by an erythrocyte and then comes to the timely rescue of AA2153 and U-1196, fully recommitted to the job. +Neutrophil (好中球, Kōchūkyū) / White Blood Cell (U-1212) (白血球, Hakkekkyū) +Voiced by: Yumi Uchiyama (Japanese); Tiana Camacho (English) +One of the Neutrophils working in the same poorly maintained body, working alongside U-1196 and U-8787. +Neutrophil (好中球, Kōchūkyū) / White Blood Cell (U-8787) (白血球, Hakkekkyū) +Voiced by: Lynn (Japanese); Lizzie Freeman (English) +Another of the Neutrophils working in the same poorly maintained body, working alongside U-1196 and U-1212. +Hepatocyte (肝細胞, Kan Saibō) +Voiced by: Sarah Emi Bridcutt (Japanese); Lauren Landa (English) +Portrayed by: Kyoko Fukada +Hepatocyte is a cell who mainly functions in the liver. She appears as hostess to serve the Red Blood Cells with ADH, an enzyme that breaks down alcohol and converts it into acetaldehyde. +Gastric chief cell (胃主細胞, I shu Saibō) +Voiced by: Takashi Narumi (Japanese); John E. Bentley (English) +Gastric Chief Cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a cell that works in the stomach. He used to have a tough, but kind-hearted attitude to visiting blood cells, but when the body started to break down, he turned to a harsh, serious, and strict attitude towards other cells. + + +== Media == + + +=== Manga === +The manga is written by Shigemitsu Harada, with illustrations by Issei Hatsuyoshiya and supervision by Shimizu. It ran in Weekly Morning from June 7, 2018, to January 21, 2021, and collected eight tankōbon volumes. + + +=== Anime === + +In April 2020, the 20th issue of Morning magazine revealed that an anime adaptation of Cells at Work! Code Black was in production. The series aired from January 10 to March 21, 2021. The series is directed by Hideyo Yamamoto with series composition by Hayashi Mori. Yugo Kanno is composing the music, Eiji Akibo is designing the characters for animation, and Liden Films is producing the series. Aniplex of America licensed the series and streamed it on Funimation starting on January 7, 2021, two days before the Japanese broadcast. Crunchyroll also streamed the series a month later. Muse Communication licensed the series in Southeast Asia and will stream it on iQIYI and Bilibili. The opening theme is "Hashire! with Yamasaki Seiya (Kyūso Nekokami)", while the ending theme is "Ue o Mukaite Hakobō with Sekkekkyū/Hakkekkyū", both performed by Polysics. On March 10, 2021, Funimation and Aniplex of America announced the series would be dubbed by Bang Zoom! Entertainment, with the first episode premiering the next day. + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website (in Japanese) +Official anime website (in Japanese) +Cells at Work! Code Black (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_(TV_program)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_(TV_program)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cd1919b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_(TV_program)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +--- +title: "Checkpoint (TV program)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_(TV_program)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:06.590676+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Checkpoint was a Dutch children's TV show broadcast by the Evangelische Omroep on Zapp. It can be described as a jumble between Brainiac, Jackass and Fear Factor for youth. The show is presented by Klaas van Kruistum. +In this show tests are carried out which can be sent in by the viewers. However, most tests are not based upon scientific methods. It is rather a show in which stunts are performed. +The ninth season of Checkpoint aired in September 2014. + + +== Structure and development == +Since 2009, when the show aired for the first time, its structure has chanced a couple of times. +During the first two seasons of Checkpoint, every episode consisted of three tests. The second one always was Boys vs Girls. In these tests the differences between boys and girls are scrutinized and it focussed on whether men or women are better in performing a certain task or function. The other two tests changed every episode and these focused on products being pinpointed. +Since the third season, which was broadcast in Spring 2010, the structure changed, the number of items went up from three to about four. Also: recurring items were introduced, of which one featured a contest. Apart from the contest now being moved to the closing credits and just a couple of exceptions this structure has still been maintained. + + +== Recurring items == + + +=== Boys vs girls === +This section is featured since the start of the show and nearly every episode contains a new edition. In these tests the differences between boys and girls are scrutinized and it focussed on whether men or women are better in performing a certain task or function. In the season finales a compilation of these tests is shown, which also features the final rankings of the past season (since season 3). + + +=== Other recurring items === +In season 3 more recurring items are introduced. An overview: + +1 Minuutje (1 Minute). Tasks which can/cannot be done within one minute. +De Achtbaan (The Roller Coaster). Tasks which can/cannot be done during a roller coaster ride. +De Auto Van Je Vader (The Car Of Your Father). What can be done with a car standing still. +Cartoon Check. Which events from cartoons can/cannot occur in real life. +Feestdagen (Holidays). Tips to raise the celebrations. +Film Check (Movie Check). Which events from movies can/cannot occur in real life. +Gevaar In Huis (Danger At Home). Dangers in and around home are scrutinized. +De Glijbaan (The Slide). Tasks which can/cannot be done while going off a water slide. +Handleidingen (Instruction Manuals). Instruction manuals from devices are scrutinized. +High Speed Camera. Simple things displayed in slow-motion. +Jong vs Oud (Young vs Old). Tasks which can be done better by either young or old people. +Kat vs. Hond (Cat vs. Dog). Tasks which can be done better by either cats of dogs. +De Klapper Van De Week (The Banger Of The Week). A search for the loudest bangs (explosions and stuff). +De Kracht Van Veel (Strength In Numbers). What can be done when many of a little are merged to a big one. +Net als in de film (Just Like In The Movies). Shows how different stunts and other events in movies are performed. +Nederland vs ... (Netherlands vs ...) Traditional tasks performed by youth from a certain country compared to youth from the Netherlands. +Onbreekbaar? (Unbreakable?) Certain objects classified as unbreakable are tested. +Ondersteboven (Upside Down). Tasks which can/cannot be done while hanging upside down. +De Oven (The Oven). Objects placed into an oven to see what happens. +Poep en Plas (Poo and Pee). Uses for feces. +Psychotest. Psychological tests. +Recycle. Reuse of certain objects. +Schimmelgevaar (Dangers Of Mold). Food placed into a container to test the shelf life. +Spreekwoorden (Proverbs). Certain proverbs and sayings are tested if they are still correct these days. +Top Secret. Tests which are ill-suited for parents. +Vuurwerk (Fireworks). Dangers of firework are shown. +De Windtunnel (The Wind Tunnel). Tasks which can/cannot be done in strong winds. + + +==== Recurring items a season ==== + + +== Success == +Checkpoint is very popular and in the period the show runs, the ratings from the broadcastings raised to high values. It became one of the flagship shows of Zapp and also belongs to the best viewed shows on Nederland 3 on Saturday. Checkpoint even got his own events, like the vader/zoon-dag (father/son day), which are successful as well and heavily visited. +The show was also awarded several awards. In 2011 Checkpoint won the Cinekid Kinderkast Publieksprijs (Cinekid Kinderkastaudience award) in the category non-fiction. The next year it was nominated for the prestigious Prix Jeunesse international and eventually archived the Children's Jury Award. The same year they got a nomination for the Gouden Stuiver (Golden Nickle), which was however eventually won by Het Klokhuis. Just a week later they revenged by winning the Cinekid Kinderkast Publieksprijs for the second successive year. In 2013 they were once again nominated for the Gouden Stuiver, but Het Sinterklaasjournaal was the final winner this time. In 2014 Checkpoint won the TV-BEELDEN award for best children's show. + + +== Spin-off == +Early July 2014 the show gets a spin-off, called Checkpoint top 5. In this show the five best testing moments from a particular theme are shown. Examples are: the five best car crashes, the five dirtiest moments and the five best explosions. + + +== Notes == + + +== External links == +Official website (in Dutch) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f9f0dc40 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Chu Silk Manuscript" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:08.345210+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Chu Silk Manuscript (traditional Chinese: 楚帛書; simplified Chinese: 楚帛书; pinyin: Chǔ Bóshū; Wade–Giles: Ch'u Po-shu), also known as the Chu Silk Manuscript from Zidanku in Changsha (traditional Chinese: 長沙子彈庫楚帛書; simplified Chinese: 长沙子弹库楚帛书; pinyin: Chángshā Zǐdànkù Chǔ Bóshū; Wade–Giles: Ch'ang-sha Tzu-tan-k'u Ch'u Po-shu), is a Chinese astrological and astronomical text. It was discovered in a (c. 300 BCE) Warring States period tomb from the southern Chinese state of Chu. + +== History == +The provenance of the Chu Silk Manuscript is uncertain, like many illicit antiquities. Sometime between 1934 and 1942, grave robbers discovered it in a tomb near Zidanku (literally "bullet storehouse"), east of Changsha, Hunan. Archaeologists later found the original tomb and dated it to around 300 BCE. +In 1946, the art collector Cai Jixiang (蔡季襄) owned the manuscript. John Hadley Cox then transported it to the United States. How John Hadley Cox acquired the manuscript from Cai Jixiang remains a controversy: Cai claimed that Cox had been asked to help scan the manuscript only; Cai's efforts to have the manuscript returned had persisted till the late 1970s but failed. The philanthropist Arthur M. Sackler purchased the ancient manuscript in 1965, and it is preserved in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Washington, D.C. Papers related to the manuscript can be found at the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives. +Recent excavations of Chu-period tombs have discovered historically comparable manuscripts written on fragile bamboo slips and silk – the Chinese word zhubo (竹帛; 'bamboo and silk') means "bamboo slips and silk (for writing); ancient books". The Chu Silk Manuscript was roughly contemporaneous with the (c. 305 BCE) Tsinghua Bamboo Slips and (c. 300 BCE) Guodian Chu Slips, and it preceded the (168 BCE) Mawangdui Silk Texts. Its subject matter predates the (c. 168 BCE) Han Dynasty silk Divination by Astrological and Meteorological Phenomena. + +== Content == +The Chu Silk Manuscript is 47 centimetres (19 in) long and 38 centimetres (15 in) wide, with worn edges and folds. Exposure to light has made some portions dark and unreadable, but infrared photography helped to decipher some illegible portions. +This silken document contains 926 ancient characters in three sections, each of which involves some aspect of the lunisolar Chinese calendar. Li and Cook call them the "Year (Inner Long Text)", "Seasons (Inner Short Text)", and "Months (Surrounding Text)". +The Inner Long and Short Text are alternate blocks, respectively with thirteen lines of text upright and with eight lines inverted (cf. Greek Boustrophedon). Jao Tsung-I proposes the former section is written right side up because it discusses the creation myths of the Chu people, and the latter is upside down because it describes events when heaven is in disarray. +The Surrounding Text in the four margins pictures a color-symbolic tree in each corner plus twelve masked zoomorphic figures with short descriptions. Scholars associate the twelve pictures with the Chu gods for the months and the four trees with the mythic pillars holding up the heavens. The Inner Short Text describes Gong Gong knocking down one heavenly pillar and causing the earth to tilt. Although these twelve figures have no certain interpretation, Loewe reasons, "it seems likely that they may represent twelve guardian gods or holy spirits, severally invested with powers of action for each of the twelve months. Alternatively they may represent twelve shamans or intermediaries, wearing masks and capable of communicating with such deities." Li Xueqin identified these twelve gods with the ancient names for the months given in the Erya (8/15, Chu 陬, Ru 如, Bing 寎, ...). The manuscript's sides represent the four directions and seasons. In traditional Chinese terms, the Four Symbols are the Azure Dragon of the East (青龍), Vermillion Bird of the South (朱雀), White Tiger of the West (白虎), and Black Tortoise of the North (玄武). Each direction is divided into seven sectors, constituting the Twenty-Eight Mansions (二十八宿) of the lunar month. +The Chu Silk Manuscript concerns Chinese astronomy and Chinese astrology, describes the creation myths of Fuxi and Nuwa, and reveals ancient religious perspectives and cosmogony. Li and Cook conclude that, "Generally, the writer of the manuscript was concerned that the calendar be used with proper respect and knowledge. Otherwise, the text threatens, cosmic collapse and evil catastrophic events would occur." Li and Cook identify the design with the shitu (式圖; "cosmic model diagram"). + +The Chu Silk Manuscript consists of both illustrations and texts; it is designed to resemble a divination board (shi; also sometimes called a diviner's board or cosmograph), which is itself a model of the cosmos. This type of instrument, of which several have been found in Han tombs, consists of a round board symbolizing heaven that can rotate on a pivot on top of a square board representing the earth. +This shi (式; 'model', 'standard', 'form', 'pattern') or shipan (式盤) was the precursor for the luopan (羅盤; "feng shui compass"). + +== Translations == +Interpreting the Chu Silk Manuscript's brush-written Chinese characters is especially difficult. Some of these ancient logograms are illegible and some are missing in lacuna. Others are what Barnard calls "descendantless graphs" unidentified with standard characters, which "may reflect something of the Ch'u (written) "dialect" rather than more general characteristics of pre-Han character structures." +Barnard (1973) provided the first English translation of the manuscript, followed by Li & Cook (1999). To illustrate the subject matter, the translated beginning of each section is quoted below. Note that the ellipsis "[...]" marks obliterated or untranslatable characters. +"Year (Inner Long Text)" has three subsections; warning about unnatural events if the months are improperly calibrated, stressing the importance of a proper calendar for an auspicious year from the gods, and cautioning people to respectfully sacrifice to the gods. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee08fd5be --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Chu Silk Manuscript" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:08.345210+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +If [...] and the length of the lunar months becomes too long or too short, then they will not fit the proper degree and spring, summer, autumn, and winter will [not] be [...] regular; the sun, moon, and planets will erratically overstep their paths. When (the months) are too long, too short, contrary, or chaotic, (the growth of) the grasses and trees have no regularity. This is [called] yao, "demonic" (influences or omens). When heaven and earth create calamities, the Heaven's Cudgel (Tianpou) star creates (sweeping) destruction, sending (the destruction) down through all four regions (of the earth). Mountains collapse, springs gush forth geysers. This is called "contravention." If you contravene the years (and) the months, then upon entering the seventh or eighth day of the month there will be fog, frost, and clouds of dust, and you will not be able to function according (to heaven's plan). +"Seasons (Inner Short Text)" also has three subsections; describing how the gods separated heaven and earth and determined the four seasons, Yandi and Zhu Rong supported the heavens with five pillars of different colors, and Gong Gong divided time into periods, days, months, and years. + +Long, long ago, Bao Xi of [...] came from [...] and lived in [...]. His [...] was [...] and [...] woman. It was confusing and dark, without [...], [...] water [...] wind and rain were thus obstructed. He then married Zuwei [...]'s granddaughter, named Nü Tian. She gave birth to four [... (children)] who then helped put things in motion making the transformations arrive according (to Heaven's plan). Relinquishing (this) duty, they then rested and acted (in turn) controlling the sidewalls (of the calendrical plan); they helped calculate time by steps. The separated (heaven) above and (earth) below. Since the mountains were out of order, they then named the mountains, rivers, and Four Seas. They arranged (themselves) by [...] hot and cold qi. In order to cross mountains, rivers and streams (of various types) when there was as yet no sun or moon (for a guide), when the people traveled across mountains and rivers, the four gods stepped in succession to indicate the year; these are the four seasons. +This "stepped" refers to ritual Yubu (禹步; "Steps of Yu", later known as 步罡; bugang; "walking the guideline"). Yu was the legendary founder of the Xia dynasty who controlled the Great Flood's waters and regulated the four seasons. +"Months (Surrounding Text)" in the margins has twelve subsections that picture the monthly gods and list their calendrical rules. + +[The first month is called] Qu. (During this month) Yi will come. Do not [...] kill (living beings). Renzi and bingzi are inauspicious (days). If you make [...] and attack to the north, the general will come to evil, [...]. [The month's complete title is] Quyuxia, "Pick from Below". +[The second month is called] Ru. (During this month) you can send out an army and build a city, but you cannot marry off a daughter or take in slaves. Don't regret if you cannot accomplish both. [The month's complete title is] Ruciwu, "Such is Military." +[The third month is called Bing.] (During this month) [...] marry, raise domestic animals, [...]. [The month's complete title is] Bingsichun, "Bing Controls Spring." + +In this context, Yi (夷) refers to Dongyi "eastern barbarians", while renzi (壬子) and bingzi (丙子) are names in the sexagenary cycle based on ten Heavenly Stems and twelve Earthly Branches (see the Chinese calendar correspondence table). + +== Textual genre == +Several Chinese classics are comparable with the Chu Silk Manuscript. For instance, Major says it "anticipates later ritual and astrological calendars, such as the "Yueling" [月令 "Monthly Commands"] of the Lüshi chunqiu, in emphasizing the importance of performing certain actions and refraining from others in each month of the year in order to ensure safety and good fortune for the community as a whole." +In addition, Jao compares the manuscript with both the Tianguan shu (天官書; "Essay on Astronomy") in the Records of the Grand Historian and the bamboo Rishu (日書; "Almanacs") from the Chu burials at Yunmeng and the Qin burials at Tianshui. +Within traditional terms for Chinese schools of thought, Li Ling classifies the manuscript as the oldest example of shushu (數術; "numerals and skills"). "Shushu not only includes astronomy and the calendrical and mathematical sciences, but also the various related areas in divination (based on deduction) and physiognomy (based on observation)." Shushu contrasted with fangji (方技; "prescriptions and techniques"), which included traditional Chinese medicine, neidan, daoyin, etc., and both specialties were associated with fangshi "diviners; magicians". "Shushu is primarily related to the universal order (hence, the cosmos), while fangji is primarily related to the human order (hence, the human body)." Li concludes the Chu Silk Manuscript's cosmic model was based on liuren (六壬) or Da Liu Ren (大六壬) calendrical astrology. + +== See also == +Guodian Chu Slips +Mawangdui Silk Texts +Rishu +Shuanggudui + +== References == + +=== Citations === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6619dbc3a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Chu Silk Manuscript" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:08.345210+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Sources === +Andersen, Poul (1989). "The Practice of Bugang". Cahiers d'Extrême- Asie. 5 (5): 15–53. doi:10.3406/asie.1989.942. +Barnard, Noel (1958). "A Preliminary Study of the Ch'u Silk Manuscript – A New Reconstruction of the Text". Monumenta Serica. 17: 1–11. doi:10.1080/02549948.1958.11730971. +Barnard, Noel (1972). Studies on the Ch'u Silk Manuscript. Monographs on Far Eastern History. Vol. 4. Australian National University. +Barnard, Noel (1973). The Ch'u Silk Manuscript. Translation and Commentary. Australian National University Press. +Barnard, Noel (1981). "The nature of the Ch'in "Reform of the Script" as reflected in archaeological documents excavated under conditions of control". In Needham, Joseph (ed.). Science in Traditional China: a Comparative Perspective. The Chinese University Press. pp. 181–214. ISBN 978-0-674-79439-9. +Cook, Constance A.; Major, John S., eds. (1999). Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. Hawaii University Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2905-6. +Jao Tsung-I (1985). Chu boshu 楚帛書 (in Chinese). Zhonghua shuju. +Jao Tsung-I (1987). "The Calligraphic Art of the Chu Silk Manuscript". Orientations. 18 (9): 79–84. +Lawton, Thomas, ed. (1991). New Perspectives on Chu Culture during the Eastern Zhou Period. Princeton University Press. +Li Ling (1985). Changsha Zidanku Zhanguo Chu boshu yanjiu 長沙子彈庫戰國楚帛書研究 (in Chinese). Zhonghua shuju. +Li, Ling; Cook, Constance A. (1999). "Translation of the Chu Silk Manuscript". In Cook, Constance A.; Major, John S. (eds.). Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. Hawaii University Press. pp. 171–176. ISBN 978-0-8248-2905-6. +Li Xueqin (1987). "Zai lun boshu shi'er shen" 再論帛書十二神. Hunan Kaogu Jikan 湖南考古季刊 (in Chinese). 4: 110–114. +Loewe, Michael (1978). "Man and Beast: The Hybrid in Early Chinese Art and Literature". Numen. 25 (2): 97–117. +Major, John S. (1999). "Characteristics of Late Chu Religion". In Cook, Constance A.; Major, John S. (eds.). Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. Hawaii University Press. pp. 121–144. ISBN 978-0-8248-2905-6. + +== External links == +Chu Silk Manuscript, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery +John Hadley Cox Archaeological Study collection, Smithsonian Institution Libraries +Translation and Commentary of the Ch'u Silk Manuscript, Noel Barnard +"Archaeology: Treasure from a Chinese Tomb", Time September 1, 1967. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_a_Killer-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_a_Killer-0.md index 87d5ae288..bd3b52c9b 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_a_Killer-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_a_Killer-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_a_Killer" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:08.497073+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:24.153872+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Case_Files-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Case_Files-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aadee1182 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Case_Files-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +--- +title: "Cold Case Files" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Case_Files" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:25.436038+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Cold Case Files is a reality legal show/documentary on the cable channel A&E Network and a rebooted series. It is hosted by Bill Kurtis and the original series produced by Tom Golden. The show documents the investigation of many long-unsolved murders (referred to as "cold cases" in detectives' parlance) through the use of modern forensic science (especially recent advances in DNA techniques), and criminal psychology, in addition to recent breakthroughs in the case(s) involving previously silent witnesses. +On January 19, 2017, Blumhouse Television, AMPLE Entertainment and A&E revived the series for a ten-episode run. The well received reboot features highly cinematic recreations and music. The new episodes first began airing on February 27, 2017. Actor Danny Glover took over for Kurtis as narrator for this new 10-episode series. Kurtis later returned. On August 20, 2021, after a four-year hiatus, the series returned with a new season on A&E, again with Kurtis as the host. + + +== Overview == +According to A&E, the show has been widely praised by law enforcement agencies, and its investigative reports are commonly used in the training of detectives. Cold Case Files first aired as a sub-series of another A&E crime documentary program, Investigative Reports, also hosted by Bill Kurtis, which ran from 1991 to 2011. Reruns of the original 1997 series currently air on broadcast syndication in the United States, usually in lower-profile time slots, and on many RTV stations. +The Blumhouse Television, AMPLE Entertainment reboot aired its first episode on A&E on February 27, 2017. The complete first season was streamed on Hulu on January 1, 2018, and later on Netflix on September 15, 2019. Some episodes of the series have now been adapted into a podcast of the same name, Cold Case Files, hosted by Brooke Gittings and featuring the voice of the original Cold Case Files host, Bill Kurtis. The podcast is part of the PodcastOne podcast network in conjunction with A&E. + + +== Episode list == + + +=== Season 1 (1999) === + + +=== Season 2 (2000) === + + +=== Season 3 (2001) === + + +=== Season 4 (2002) === + + +=== Season 5 (2005–06) === + + +=== Season 6 (2017) === + + +=== Season 7 (2021) === + + +=== Season 8 (2022) === + + +=== Season 9 (2024–2025) === +The first ten episodes were made available to stream on Hulu on January 11, 2024. The episodes were later broadcast on A&E beginning with "Money Moguls and Murder" on November 15, 2024. + + +== Specials == + + +=== Cold Case Files: The Rifkin Murders (2023) === + + +=== Cold Case Files: The Grim Sleeper (2024) === + + +== Spin-off series == + + +=== Cold Case Files: DNA Speaks (2023) === + + +=== Cold Case Files: Murder in the Bayou (2025) === +The spin-off series is narrated by Keith David. + + +=== Cold Case Files: Dead West (2025) === +The spin-off series is narrated by Dude Walker. + + +== Accolades == +Emmy Award: + +Outstanding Nonfiction Series (2005) nomination: Michael Harvey (executive producer), Laura Fleury (executive producer), Tania Lindsay (supervising producer), Michael West (supervising producer), Mary Frances O'Conner (producer), Bill Kurtis (host) +Outstanding Nonfiction Series (2004) nomination: Laura Fleury (executive producer), Michael Harvey (supervising producer), Mike West (producer), Bill Kurtis (host) +Online Film & Television Association Awards: + +Best Informational Program (2007) – nomination + + +== See also == +Solved, USA / ID, 2008 (true cases) +Cold Justice, USA / TNT, 2013 (true cases) +To Catch a Killer, CAN / OWN, 2014 (true cases) + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Cold Case Files at IMDb +Cold Case Files at epguides.com \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4ef33133 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "Community Research and Development Information Service" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:18.327790+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS) is the European Commission's primary source for the results of projects funded by the EU's framework programmes for research and innovation, from FP1 to Horizon Europe. +The CORDIS website include all public information held by the commission (project fact-sheets, publishable reports, links to publications and deliverables), editorial content (including videos and a podcast) to support dissemination and exploitation, and comprehensive links to external sources such as open access publications and websites. +It is organised in 6 sections: + +Thematic Packs (Different multilingual collections of up-to-date articles about specific research themes. Projects Info Packs are about projects in their early stages, Results Packs are about finished or nearly finished projects, and focus mainly on the specific fields of application of the research results, Synergy Packs bundle projects focusing on the synergies between Horizon Europe and other EU funding programmes) +Project & Results +Videos & Podcasts +News +Datalab (Different resources to access CORDIS data: Querying CORDIS Linked Open Data through SPARQL and API, interactive maps, visualisation widgets, ...) +Search interface +It is also possible to browse all CORDIS content by domain of application: these domains regroup articles and projects focusing on how they can be applied in everyday life or industry. + +== Services and activities == +CORDIS offers access to a broad range of information and services on EU research, including + +A comprehensive public repository containing all project information held by the European Commission, including factsheets, participants, reports, deliverables, and links to open-access publications. +A variety of articles and publications to explore relevant research results. +A wide range of features and tools to stay updated with the latest research and innovation projects in Europe. +A newsletter +The CORDIS website is available in six languages (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and Polish), although much of the scientific content is only in English. +CORDIS content dates back to the origin of the service in 1990 and the website has been online since 1994, as the first website of the European institutions. +CORDIS content is also available as open data on the European Data Portal + +== Organisation and legal basis == +CORDIS is managed by the Publications Office of the European Union, on behalf of the European Commission's Research and Innovation Directorates-General, Executive Agencies and Joint Undertakings, with support from specialised contractors for editorial, data and technical services. +CORDIS was created in 1990 following a Communication of the commission for the implementation of an RTD information service (SEC(1988)1831). +The legal basis and financing of CORDIS derive from the work programmes of Horizon Europe Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. + +== EuroSciVoc == +CORDIS created the taxonomy of fields of science "EuroSciVoc" (the European Scientific Vocabulary) to organise the information on EU-funded research projects. +It uses Natural Language Processing, semantic technologies and Machine Learning, and it is based on the OECD's Fields of Research and Development (FoRD) classification and the Frascati Manual. +EuroSciVoc is multilingual. At the moment is available in German, English, Spanish, French, Italian and Polish, but translations into all European official languages are planned. +EuroSciVoc is fully integrated into the CORDIS website . Its fields of science can be used as a filter to search for research projects and, from a project factsheet, to browse other projects belonging to the same fields of science. +The taxonomy can be downloaded in SKOS format on the EU Vocabularies Website. + +== History == +The creation of CORDIS was a DG XIII initiative - the Commission decision SEC(88)1831 allowed the service to be first established in 1988. In 1989 the launch of the VALUE Programme provided a convenient vehicle to carry the development of the budding CORDIS service. +The first three databases were established and first published on the ESPRIT Day in November 1990. Users could review R&D Programmes, R&D Projects and R&D Publications using the Common Command Language (CCL) on the ECHO (European Commission Host Organisation) server. This meant that only trained experts could use the service, but nevertheless some 500 user sessions were registered during the first month. +In 2025 CORDIS surpassed the 150 000 projects, and registered more than 13 million visits. + +=== Early 90s === +By the end of the first year in late 1991 three new databases had been added (R&D Acronyms, R&D Results and R&D-related COMdocuments). These six databases could be accessed via a "videotex"-style menu. +The total number of database records had swelled to around 70 000. Some 800 people had registered as CORDIS users and up to 1,000 user sessions were taking place each month. However, CORDIS was still a specialist tool used mainly by librarians and a few other experts who could use the service. +In April 1992, the Council decision for more centralised action under the VALUE2 Programme confirmed the need for CORDIS and gave a boost to its development. The development of a Common Production System (CPS) was initiated to facilitate quality management of all information. +In 1993, three more databases were added (R&D Contacts, R&D Partners and R&D News). The first full release of the CPS was completed, and a CD-ROM of all nine databases was made available. By this time the combined databases contained some 90,000 records, The number of registered users had more than doubled at 2,000 and some 6,000 user sessions per month were being experienced. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66ca901b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "Community Research and Development Information Service" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:18.327790+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 1994-1996 === +1994 was an important year for CORDIS. The launch of the 4th R&D Framework Programme (1994-1998), and within it the Innovation Programme, gave a further explicit mandate to CORDIS. +Strong interest prompted the addition of German and French to the R&D News database, marking the first language addition to an English language environment. Migration onto a new open systems architecture (UNIX-like system, FULCRUM databases, Web and FTP servers) facilitated the introduction of a number of new features - a WWW service, and a user-friendly Windows interface, WatchCORDIS. These measures boosted the system's attractiveness to users. By the end of the year, CORDIS offered some 130 000 database records which encouraged 11 000 registered users to perform nearly 15 000 user sessions per month. +1995-96 was a period of further consolidation and development. The CORDIS databases and web services were fully integrated as the migration into the new Information Dissemination environment (IDS) was completed. On-line host access was integrated into Watch-CORDIS and added to the CD-ROM service, allowing users to work both on-line and off-line coherently. The R&D News service was enriched by adding Italian and Spanish, bringing the offer to five languages. The CORDIS-Focus publication was launched, providing readers with a paper edition of key R&D News articles in three languages - EN, FR & DE. +The first move to cover national R&D information was initiated by Ireland with the start of the EU presidency service. By the end of 1996, CORDIS had 24,000 registered users eager to browse through 152 000 database records and accessing the web pages some 300,000 times per month. A period of rapid growth in numbers of users had been initiated by the move onto the WWW. + +=== Late 90s === +In 1997, Italian and Spanish editions brought the CORDIS focus offer up to five languages. Ireland was succeeded by The Netherlands and Luxembourg as presidency countries and both published their presidency services on CORDIS. A new information monitoring service was launched - 'RAPIDUS - RAPId Delivery of Updates on Search-profiles'. +A pilot project was launched to offer CORDIS as a host for national and regional web services. By the end of the year, user registration no longer seemed so relevant as some 53,000 identified users accessed over 800,000 Web pages per month and downloaded nearly 40,000 documents. It had become clear that CORDIS was no longer a tool reserved for specialists, the spectacular growth in use initiated in 1996 had continued. +In 1998–99, the development of CORDIS continued at a brisk pace. A tenth database was added - the R&D Document Library. The four successive EU presidency countries - UK, Austria, Germany and Finland - published their EU presidency services on CORDIS. +The new fifth R&D Framework Programme was officially launched in February 1999 and confirmed the role of CORDIS as the principal and official common information service for all EU R&D activities. +The Innovation/SMEs programme confirmed the financing of the CORDIS service and also enlarged its scope to cover innovation activities in general and innovation support services in particular. During 1999 there were 130 000 identified users, 300,000 document downloads and some 2.5 million user visits. + +=== Early 2000s === +2000: Portuguese and French Presidencies, PAXIS service, redesigned FP5 service, RTD beyond 2002 service +2001: Swedish and Belgium Presidencies, Business incubators service, first Innobarometer report and innovation scoreboard, SME Techweb and SME/innovation studies, candidate countries service, FP6 launch +2002: Spanish and Danish Presidencies, My CORDIS, CORDIS Express, FP6 & EoI service, official FP6 service and FP6 calls, redesigned CORDIS technology marketplace, CORDIS Wire, Stats: 5 million pages accesses per month, 56 million ‘hits’, 40,000 web pages, 230,000 users per month, 260,000 DB records +2003: Greek and Italian Presidencies, redesigned ERA service, FP6 glossary, new ICA search prototype, Science and Society service, IST Results integration, start of introduction of Integrated CORDIS Architecture +2004: Irish and Dutch Presidencies, new incubators service, redesigned nanotechnology service. IP and NoE guidance service, Technology platforms, +2005: Luxembourg and UK presidencies, New 34 Mbit/s line/ Géant link-up, Polish news service + +== Status since 2005 == +CORDIS's principal aims are stated as: + +To facilitate participation in Community research activities. +To improve exploitation of research results, whilst focusing on sectors essential to Europe's competitiveness. +To promote the sharing of know-how in order to boost companies’ innovation capacities, in particular by publishing the results of EU-financed research conducted under successive framework programmes, and the espousal of new technologies by society. +CORDIS offers access to a wide range of information on EU research. + +== References == + +== External links == +CORDIS - Official site +CORDIS in the Past +EuroSciVoc +CORDIS Channel on You Tube +Research*eu Magazine Archive +CORDIS Brings You the Results of EU Research and Innovation +How to approach CORDIS +How to use CORDIS +CORDIS-EU research projects under HORIZON EUROPA - open datasets +RAISE selected as CORDIS "Project of the Month" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Test_Danny-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Test_Danny-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7763318e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Test_Danny-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Crash Test Danny" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Test_Danny" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:07.830733+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Crash Test Danny was a series of 13 educational science sketch television shows for the Discovery Kids channel in the UK. +Danny, played by Ben Langley, is a crash test dummy who goes the extra mile to put the fizz into physics. He is both motivated and hindered by the Professor, played by Gary Carpenter (who also co-wrote the program). +The shows were directed by Justin Rhodes, narrated by Jon Holmes, and series produced by Mark Robson at Initial Television. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef8b703ef --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Cro (TV series)" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:09.232372+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Cro is an American animated television series produced by the Children's Television Workshop (now known as Sesame Workshop) and Film Roman. It was partially funded by the National Science Foundation. Every episode has an educational theme, introducing basic concepts of physics, mechanical engineering, and technology. The show's narrator is an orange woolly mammoth named Phil who was found frozen in ice by a scientist named Dr. C and her assistant Mike. After they defrost him, Phil tells both of them about life in the Ice Age, including stories about his friend Cro, a Cro-Magnon boy. +The show debuted on September 18, 1993, on ABC. ABC canceled the series in 1994, which caused the Children's Television Workshop to plan its own TV channel so that it would not have to rely on other companies to air its shows. The new channel, Noggin, debuted in 1999 and aired Cro reruns from its launch date until 2004. From 2000 to 2002, Cro also aired on Nickelodeon during the "Noggin on Nick" block. +The series' story editors were Sindy McKay and Mark Zaslove, who was also the developer of the show. The premise of using woolly mammoths as a teaching tool for the principles of technology was inspired by The Way Things Work, a book by David Macaulay. Cro was created with the help of a developmental psychologist, Dr. Susan Mendelsohn, and its educational content was heavily researched. According to the Children's Television Workshop, testing of over 2,600 viewers aged 6–12 found that they were absorbing basic science concepts through the show. + +== Premise == +A scientist named Dr. C and her assistant Mike travel to the Arctic to study artifacts and find a frozen woolly mammoth named Phil. They thaw him out and are surprised to find that he can speak. Whenever a situation in modern times involves physics principles, Phil remembers when a similar event occurred long ago in the prehistoric valley of Woollyville with his fellow mammoths and his Cro-Magnon friend Cro who lived with a family of Neanderthals. Each episode features Phil narrating how a problem was resolved through simple engineering. +The show's (and lead character's) name is an Occitan word for "cave"; it alludes to Cro-Magnon, the location in France where the earliest anatomically modern humans were first discovered. + +== Characters == + +=== Cavepeople === +Cro (voiced by Max Casella) is an 11-year-old Cro-Magnon boy who was adopted by a tribe of Neanderthals. He is a somewhat scrawny and yet still rather muscular young Cro-Magnon boy with long, shaggy, red hair and wears a yellow armband on one arm. Most of the Neanderthals that he lives with are jealous of his intelligence. Unlike the rest of the tribe, Cro speaks in complete sentences. +Nandy (voiced by Ruth Buzzi) is the matriarch of the Neanderthal tribe who is noted for her urban legends. Some of her legends include the legend of "Big Thing" and a monster called "Big Skinny Thing with Many, Many Legs." She gets into arguments with Ogg and usually wins as she is fully aware of Ogg's own fears. Nandy is very overprotective of Cro and motherly around everyone else. +Ogg (voiced by Jim Cummings) is the selfish, bossy leader of Cro's adoptive Neanderthal tribe. He is difficult to get along with but easily frightened by danger. +Gogg (voiced by Frank Welker) is a tall but sensitive Neanderthal who sticks up for Bobb and mostly translates for him, even though Nandy and Ogg do occasionally. +Bobb (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) is another adopted member of the Neanderthal tribe and the least evolved of the tribe, resembling a homo habilis. He does not speak like the rest of the Neanderthals, but makes gorilla-like noises which Gogg usually translates. When Bobb was younger, he was in a different tribe made up of similar homo habilis. The tribe took a nap and Bobb woke up to find the whole tribe had vanished without a trace, creating a fear of loneliness until the Neanderthals found him. +Sooli (voiced by Cree Summer) is another Cro-Magnon who got separated from her tribe and Cro and Pakka help her find her favorite horse. Sooli only appeared in the episode "The Legend of Big Thing". + +=== Woolly mammoths === +Ivanna (voiced by Laurie O'Brien) is a southern belle woolly mammoth with yellow fur and brown skin with a mole who is Phil's love interest. She is the second oldest female mammoth in Phil's herd next to Esmeralda. She usually uses Phil for her experiments. +Pakka (voiced by Candi Milo) is a young woolly mammoth with light orange fur and yellow skin and a close friend of Cro's. She and Cro meet after Cro confronts Selene the Smilodon. She is the third oldest female mammoth next to Ivanna and Esmeralda. She sometimes tells Cro interesting facts about mammoths. +Steamer (voiced by Charlie Adler) is the youngest woolly mammoth in Phil's herd with maroon fur and light purple skin, whose hyperactivity and love of making mischief often land him in hot water. +Esmeralda (voiced by Tress MacNeille) is the oldest female woolly mammoth and matriarch of Phil's herd with light yellow fur and gray skin. She makes sure that everything goes to order and that those who have wronged the mammoth society be punished. She has strongly mixed feelings about the presence of Cro's tribe in Woollyville. +Earle (voiced by Frank Welker) is an elderly woolly mammoth with gray fur with dark gray-blue skin and a bald spot due to not having longer fur on his head. He hates humans and prefer traditions over new ways of life. +Mojo (voiced by Charlie Adler) is a woolly mammoth who is Earle's younger brother with gray fur and light gray skin. Like Earle, Mojo hates humans and prefer traditions over new ways of life. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1d87e1d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Cro (TV series)" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:09.232372+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Modern-day characters === +Phil (voiced by Jim Cummings) is a smart but goofy woolly mammoth with orange and reddish fur who is kind to humans and mammoths alike. During the end of the Ice Age, Phil fell into a glacier while saving Cro from Selene and was thawed out by Mike and Dr. C 45,000 years later. He narrates stories of his life in Woollyville in every episode. +Dr. Cecilia (voiced by April Ortiz) is an eccentric female scientist. She and Mike thawed out Phil, so he tells them his stories. Dr. C speaks with a distinct Hispanic accent and speaks a few Spanish words in some episodes. She bears a resemblance to Cro and may in fact be his descendant. +Mike (voiced by Jussie Smollett) is a young friend of Dr. C who wears big glasses. He likes to play basketball and lives with Dr. C for reasons not specified. He and Dr. C were the two people that thawed out Phil and therefore, he tells them his stories. + +=== Villains === +Big Red (voiced by Charlie Adler) is the conniving leader of a menacing pack of bumbling dire wolves. He uses threats to scare his minions into doing a good job. The wolves are one of two antagonists on the show as they would often try to eat Cro's tribe or the younger woolly mammoths. +Murray (voiced by Jim Cummings) is the minions of Big Red. Because he threatens them, the dire wolves fear him. Murray thinks stupid things, which Big Red doesn't like, as shown in "Things That Eat Mung in the Night". +Selene (voiced by Jane Singer) is a villainous, purple, yellow-eyed Smilodon. She first appears in "Lever in a Million Years" and has a monstrous appetite for anything that moves including the cavepeople. It was also revealed that Selene ate her mother when asked by Cro if she hated her mother. According to the show's opening theme song, she and Phil were fighting on a cliff and fell when part of the cliff gave way. She landed on a lower cliff while Phil fell into a glacier and was frozen in suspended animation for thousands of years. + +== Episodes == +According to Sesame Workshop's website, 21 episodes were made for the series. + +=== Season 1 (1993) === + +=== Season 2 (1994) === + +== Broadcast == +Cro debuted on September 18, 1993, on ABC. Even though the show received high ratings and drew the largest audience in its time slot, ABC cancelled the series after two seasons. The last episode premiered on December 3, 1994. In response to the cancellation, the Children's Television Workshop started planning its own TV channel where it could air Cro as well as other shows from its library. The CTW's senior Vice President, Gary Knell, said that "the lesson for us was that we can't rely entirely on other channels to put on programs which are educational as well as entertaining." The new channel was eventually named Noggin, and it launched as a joint venture with MTV Networks (the owners of Nickelodeon) in February 1999. Reruns of Cro were a mainstay on Noggin's schedule. +From 1999 until April 2002, Cro aired during the daytime on Noggin. From April 2002 until January 2004, the show only aired during Noggin's early-morning hours, during time slots reserved for Cable in the Classroom. Nickelodeon itself also aired Cro during a block called "Noggin on Nick" from 2000 to 2002. + +== Home media == +Three VHS tapes were released by Republic Pictures Home Video in the United States: + +Have Mammoths, Will Travel – Episodes: "No Way Up" and "Escape from Mung Island" +Adventures in Woollyville – Episodes: "Pulley to You" and "A Bridge Too Short" +It's a Woolly, Woolly World – Episodes: "Lever in a Million Years" and "Play It Again, Cro...NOT!" + +== References == + +== External links == + +Cro at IMDb +Cro on Noggin.com (archive) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3ad69b1e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Cyberchase" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:11.660164+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Cyberchase is an animated science fantasy children's television series that airs on PBS Kids. The series centers around three children from Earth: Jackie, Matt and Inez, who are brought into Cyberspace, a digital universe, in order to protect it from the villainous Hacker (Christopher Lloyd). They are able to foil Hacker's schemes by means of problem-solving skills in conjunction with basic mathematics, environmental science and wellness. In Cyberspace, they meet Digit (Gilbert Gottfried for the first thirteen seasons, later Ron Pardo as of the fourteenth), a "cybird" who helps them on their missions. +Cyberchase was created by Sandra Sheppard, developed for children ages 8 to 11, and premiered on PBS Kids on January 21, 2002. In 2010, after season 8, Cyberchase went on hiatus, but it returned in 2013 for a ninth season, focusing more on environmental science. Cyberchase is the sixth longest-running animated series in the United States, behind The Simpsons, South Park, Family Guy, SpongeBob SquarePants, and Arthur. It also is the second longest-running animated PBS Kids series, behind Arthur. + +== Plot == +Motherboard is the "brain of the giant computer system that oversees all of Cyberspace". Her technician computer scientist, Doctor Marbles, kept her functioning properly until his assistant, The Hacker, turned against them. Marbles drained Hacker's battery and banished him to the Northern Frontier, where he formulated a plan to launch a computer virus that would attack Motherboard. +When Jackie, Matt and Inez interact with a library map in the real world, they accidentally allow Hacker access to Motherboard and she becomes infected with the virus. The kids are brought into Cyberspace and join forces with Digit, a creation of the Hacker who escaped his control. Together they protect the world from the Hacker and his clumsy, accident-prone assistants, Buzz and Delete, until they can recover the Encryptor Chip, a device stolen by Hacker that can nullify the virus and bring Motherboard back to full strength. +Cyberspace consists of planet-like bodies called Cybersites, with each site having a theme such as Ancient Egypt, the American frontier, Greek mythology and amusement parks. These sites represent the diversity of websites on the Internet and reflect the many ecosystems and neighborhoods of Earth. The Cybersquad travels to many of these locations in order to protect them from Hacker and each inhabited Cybersite has a unique type of Cybercitizen they interact with. + +== Characters == + +=== CyberSquad === +Jackie (voiced by Novie Edwards) is a Jamaican-American girl who loves to keep things neat and organized in order to figure things out. Jackie's biggest pet peeve is slimy and icky stuff like bugs and many other "gross" things. Like Inez, she was very fond of Slider. In a running gag in Seasons 1 & 4, Jackie freaked out when in crisis, pacing for 2 or 5 seconds while trying to figure out a solution, saying "Make room, I gotta pace!" +Matt (voiced by Jacqueline Pillon) is an Irish-American boy who likes skateboards and collecting things. He is impulsive, impatient, tells jokes and has a great interest in sports. He has a pig named Sherman on his family's farm. Matt's backpack contains his many yo-yos, which he is very good at using and often plays with one whenever he is thinking hard about something. He frequently calls Inez by the nickname "Nezzie", much to her annoyance. It is also shown he can be quite protective of her at times. +Inez (voiced by Annick Obonsawin) is a Hispanic American girl who has an excellent vocabulary for which the others often tease her. Despite being the youngest human member of the gang, she is the smartest one. Whenever she is thinking up a solution, Inez has a habit of doing headstands to help her concentrate. +Digit, nicknamed Didge by various people and Didgey by Delete (voiced by Gilbert Gottfried in seasons 1–13 and Ron Pardo in seasons 14–present), is a "cybird" (portmanteau of "cyborg" and bird), who works for Motherboard and is the kids' best friend. He and the kids protect Cyberspace and Motherboard from Hacker. Digit was originally created by Hacker and worked for him along with Buzz and Delete, but escaped after learning of Hacker's true intentions. He became one of Motherboard's helpers, serving as Dr. Marbles' assistant. Digit can fly by spinning his tail feathers in a helicopter-fashion or flapping his wings. However, he has a fear of heights and prefers to walk. He is a cook and wrote his popular cookbooks The Cyber Chef and Cookin' with the Didge. He carries many objects in his chest, including his miniature doppelgänger, Widget. He can turn his beak into just about anything and bends it on occasion. He also can disguise his voice very well. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c2f9fce2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Cyberchase" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:11.660164+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Villains === +Hacker, also known as The Hacker (voiced by Christopher Lloyd), is a self-centered mad scientist bent on conquering or creating ultimate chaos for Cyberspace, but he is almost always thwarted by the CyberSquad. Hacker was originally created by Doctor Marbles to assist Motherboard, but he rebelled and was exiled to Northern Frontier. Nevertheless, he does have the potential to become good again, as shown in a pair of episodes where he became a peaceful artist and when he helped the CyberSquad protect the trees in the Northern Frontier. He has a pair of cyborg lackeys, Buzz and Delete, whose reliability is quite variable; sometimes, he gets very peeved when he has to do things himself as Buzz and Delete cannot. +Buzz, nicknamed "Buzzy" (voiced by Len Carlson in seasons 1–5, Philip Williams in seasons 6–15, and Peter Cugno in season 16 onward), is one of Hacker's henchmen. Buzz is a small spherical cyborg with a large mouth and scrawny limbs. Buzz seems to think he is a big tough guy; however, he can be kind at times and loves doughnuts. In later seasons, he and Delete have been on friendlier terms with the CyberSquad, occasionally joining their team to solve problems. +Delete, nicknamed "DeeDee" (voiced by Robert Tinkler), is one of Hacker's henchmen. Delete is skinnier and taller than Buzz. Delete is loyal to Hacker for the most part but has occasionally helped the CyberSquad. Unlike Buzz, who is rougher around the edges, Delete is softer and more vulnerable to trickery and deceit. He cares deeply for three things; Buzz, whom he has a brotherly friendship with, his desired pet bunny George, and Zanko, his fairy borg father. In later seasons, he and Buzz have been on friendlier terms with the CyberSquad, occasionally joining their team to solve problems. + +=== "Cyberchase for Real" === +Bianca DeGroat (played by herself) is a character in the "For Real" segment of the series. She often uses the original plot to solve everyday real world problems. As a character, she is rather absent-minded, arrogant, self-centered and does not think before she acts. She is seen to get carried away very easily. +Harry Wilson (played by Matthew A. Wilson) is a character in the "For Real" segment. He often dresses in a nerdish style and wears horn-rimmed glasses and Converse shoes. In many of the segments, he is easily determined and free spirited yet rather careless, which usually costs him his current job. He is also very creative and thought out when he encounters a problem. +Jaden Michael (played by himself) +Courtney Chu (played by herself) +Alex (played by Violet Tinnirello) +Booker Jones (played by Carter Jones) +Kimmie (played by Charlotte MacLeod) + +=== Team Motherboard === +Motherboard (voiced by Kristina Nicoll) is the benevolent ruler of Cyberspace and mentor to the CyberSquad. She was weakened by a virus sent by Hacker, which was partially blocked by her firewall. The CyberSquad tries to recover the Encryptor Chip and keep Motherboard safe from Hacker. +Dr. Marbles (voiced by Richard Binsley) is a smart and brilliant mechanic who serves Motherboard. He previously created Hacker to help and defend Motherboard, although Hacker would later rebel against Motherboard and try to destroy her. A guilty Marbles downgraded Hacker's power and banished him to the Northern Frontier for his misdeeds, right after Hacker vowed to return to finish Motherboard and Marbles off before conquering Cyberspace. +Widget (voiced by Gilbert Gottfried) is a miniature doppelgänger of Digit who is stored in his chest. His hat, tail feathers and bow tie are not screwed on properly. +Teeny Weeny "TW" Parallini (voiced by Isabel de Carteret) is a young parallelogram who is not scared of Hacker. Despite her mother forbidding her from helping the CyberSquad, she helps them find her uncle Diamond Joe. +Fluff (voiced by Austin Dilulio) is a penguin who plays ice hockey. He is logical and does not buy into advertisements. Fluff is determined to follow in his father's footsteps and make his family proud. +Creech (voiced by Sugar Lyn Beard) is the young ruler of the Cybersite, Tikiville. She became the apparent Big Kahuna after competing in a race with other Tikiville-inhabitants as well as Hacker. Creech is in some ways similar to Inez, helping the two to become friends easily. Both have a fairly similar outlook: optimistic until something goes completely wrong and they both have a large vocabulary. She also is the person in charge of Tikiville's Egg of Benedicta. +Jules (voiced by Miklos Perlus) was first seen as a cave guard in the episode, "Crystal Clear" and is a good friend of the Cybersquad, but is often timid. He appears again in the episode "Jimaya Jam", where Hacker tricks him into pressing the nose of the Jam Master, causing Matt, Jackie, Creech and himself to get sucked into the chamber of Jimaya. He is often trying to find a job, but Hacker continuously tries to ruin it for him. +Slider (voiced by Tim Hamaguchi) is a serious and James Dean-style 13-year-old skateboarder in Radopolis who builds and repairs skateboards and bikes. Since season 3, he has been a recurring character in the series. According to Slider, his father Coop had abandoned him when he was younger because Hacker had hunted Coop for many years. In the episode "Measure for Measure", he learns that his father abandoned him to protect him and to make sure Hacker does not get an interface card that would allow Hacker to transform into whatever he wishes. If such were to happen, Hacker could cause immense chaos and even rule Cyberspace. + +== Episodes == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00ec1acc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "Cyberchase" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:11.660164+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Cyberchase For Real === +Each Cyberchase episode is followed by "Cyberchase For Real", a live-action educational supplement linking concepts learned in the show to real life experiences. The actors Bianca DeGroat and Matthew A. Wilson (known as Harry Wilson on the show) are in their 30s, but amusingly act in a manner similar to the age of the target audience. "For Real" is produced by WNET in and around New York City after production is completed on the animated segments. These "For Real" segments are broadcast exclusively on PBS in the United States where the program runs longer and fills the time gap where there might be breaks for "commercials". Some "For Real" segments can also be viewed online. In 2012, "Oh Noah", shorts that teach kids to speak Spanish, aired in place of the "For Real" segments on select episodes. Beginning with Season 11, DeGroat and Wilson were joined by Courtney Chu, who plays Harry's niece, and Jaden Michael, who plays Bianca's nephew. In later seasons, they assume the role of host for the live-action segments, along with other children, including Violet Tinnirello as Alex. + +== Development == + +=== Conception === +Cyberchase was conceived in 1999 as an educational show that aims to show kids that math is everywhere and everyone can be good at it. The series encourages viewers to see, think, and do mathematics in their world. The show and supporting activities have been designed to support math education and reflect the curriculum standards of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. The show's philosophy is to foster enthusiasm for math, to model mathematic reasoning, to help children improve their problem-solving skills and to inspire all children to approach math with confidence and a "can-do" attitude. +Later seasons place less emphasis on mathematics and more on science-related content. Science education concepts covered on the show include environmentalism, wellness, habitat fragmentation, marine ecology, and indoor air quality. + +=== Production and broadcast === +Originally, Thirteen produced the show in partnership with Ontario-based Nelvana Limited for PBS Kids. It aired on PBS Kids since 2002, and aired part of PBS Kids Go! from 2004 to 2013, and on V-me (dubbed in Spanish). Cyberchase has been animated by PiP Animation Services Inc. since season six; Right Path Pictures did post-production, and Curious Pictures did the original character design. +Twelfth Root Music produces the sound track for Cyberchase. +Thirteen/WNET New York and Nelvana Limited produced the first five seasons, while Thirteen, in association with Title Entertainment and WNET.ORG, produced seasons six to nine. Since the tenth season, Thirteen has solely handled production to the present day. + +=== Brand extension === +There are two apps that Cyberchase has released to date: + +Cyberchase 3D Builder +Cyberchase Shape Quest + +== Reception == + +=== Critical response === +On the site Common Sense Media, the show was rated four out of five stars. The reviewer, Joly Herman, commented that "the adventures aren't scary, violent, or sexually inappropriate" but "require fortitude and brain power". Proposed discussion points sprouting from the series include "Can your child take the skills learned in each episode and figure out how to apply it to everyday life?" Herman noted that the only downside was that the adventures did not take place in the "real world" but added that the "For Real" segments solved this problem. +Carey Bryson of About.com gave the show a rating of four out of five stars. Bryson noted that the series' explanations of "simple mathematical idea[s]" are "usually explained well and woven throughout the story in a fun and interesting way". The review commended the series for its accessibility: "Children can easily learn from the example in the cartoon story" and praised the "Cyberchase For Real segment that follows each episode". Citing an example from the series using codes, Bryson explained how the show could be used to expand upon the curriculum: "Not only did [her five-year-old] learn about codes, but she also got in a ton of spelling practice". Bryson commended the series: "Educationally, Cyberchase delivers". + +=== Awards === +Cyberchase has been nominated for five Daytime Emmys and won in 2007 in the Outstanding Broadband Program category. Cyberchase also won a CINE Golden Eagle in 2006. + +^2007 Outstanding Broadband Program nominees: Frances Nankin, Sandra Sheppard, Ellen Doherty, Jill Peters, Bob Morris, Suzanne Rose, Michelle Chen, Elizabeth Hummer, Arash Hoda, Anthony Chapman, David Hirmes, Bianca DeGroat, Matthew A. Wilson, George Arthur Bloom +^2008 Outstanding New Approaches nominees: Sandra Sheppard, Frances Nankin, Ellen Doherty, Jill Peters, David Hirmes, Kelly Lafferty, Michelle Chen, Tanner Vea, Bob Morris, Matthew A. Wilson +^2009 Outstanding New Approaches nominees: Sandra Sheppard, Frances Nankin, Ellen Doherty, David Hirmes, Tanner Vea, Denyse Ouellette, Gilbert Gottfried, Phil Williams, Robert Tinkler +^2012 Outstanding New Approaches nominees: Frances Nankin, Sandra Sheppard, Jill Peters, Marj Kleinman, Ellen Doherty, Kristin DiQuollo, Michelle Chen + +== See also == +Cyberspace, the technological concept + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +Cyberchase at IMDb +PBS Kids: Cyberchase Official Site +Cyberchase Parents and Teacher Website—lessons, video, and tools to teach math. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrations_in_Physics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrations_in_Physics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e3ef0e55 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrations_in_Physics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +--- +title: "Demonstrations in Physics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrations_in_Physics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:12.882385+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Demonstrations in Physics was an educational science series produced in Australia by ABC Television in 1969. The series was hosted by American scientist Julius Sumner Miller, who demonstrated experiments involving various disciplines in the world of physics. The series was also released in the United States under the title Science Demonstrations. +This program was a series of 45 shows (approximately 15 minutes each) on various topics in physics, organized into 3 units: Mechanics; Heat and Temperature / Toys; and Waves and Sound / Electricity and Magnetism. + + +== Episodes == +Following is a listing of episode titles, as given by the index on one set of the videos (the titles as introduced by Professor Miller during the episode are often different). + + +=== Unit 1 - Mechanics === +Episode 1. The Idea of the Center of Gravity +Episode 2. Newton's First Law of Motion +Episode 3. Newton's Second Law of Motion +Episode 4. Newton's Third Law of Motion +Episode 5. Energy and Momentum +Episode 6. Concerning Falling Bodies and Projectiles +Episode 7. The Simple Pendulum, Oscillating Things +Episode 8. Adventures with Bernoulli +Episode 9. Soap Bubbles and Soap Films +Episode 10. Atmospheric Pressure - Properties of Gases +Episode 11. Centrifugal Force and Other Strange Matters +Episode 12. The Strange Behavior of Rolling Things +Episode 13. Archimedes' Principle +Episode 14. Pascal's Principle - The Properties of Liquids +Episode 15. Levers, Inclined Planes, Geared Wheels and Other Machines + + +=== Unit 2, Part I - Heat and Temperature === +Episode 16. The Ideas of Heat and Temperature +Episode 17. Thermometric Properties and Processes +Episode 18. How to Produce Heat Energy +Episode 19. Thermal Expansion of Stuff - Solids +Episode 20. Thermal Expansion of Stuff - Gases, Liquids +Episode 21. The Strange Thermal Behavior of Ice, Water +Episode 22. Heat Energy Transfer by Conduction +Episode 23. Heat Energy Transfer by Convection +Episode 24. Heat Energy Transfer by Radiation +Episode 25. Some Extraordinary Adventures (Evaporation, Boiling, Freezing) +Episode 26. Some Miscellaneous and Wondrous Adventures in the Subject of Heat +Episode 27. Extraordinarily Cold Stuff + + +=== Unit 2, Part II - The Physics of Toys === +Episode 28. The Physics of Toys: Mechanical +Episode 29. The Physics of Toys: Acoustic and Thermal +Episode 30. The Physics of Toys: Electrostatic, Magnetic and Miscellaneous + + +=== Unit 3, Part I - Waves and Sound === +Episode 31. Waves: Kinds and Properties +Episode 32. Sound Waves - Sources of Sound +Frequency, pitch, how they relate to each other and correspond to musical notes. +Vibrating systems cause sound, sound requires a medium to travel. +Flexing different metal plates to produce different pitches. +Rotating plate with drilled holes and air blown through them – difference in sound between symmetrically drilled ones (music) and asymmetrically drilled ones (noise). +Vibrating a meter stick at different frequencies when different lengths stick out past a table. +Varying frequencies rubbing a thumbnail across the milled edge of a coin, when tearing various pieces of cloth, using different files on wood, or riffling a deck of cards. +Human hearing range (16 Hz to 16 kHz) +Nodes in vibrating bars and tuning forks. +Notched stick with a spinning propeller. +Turing an orchestra – why they don't use a piano. +Episode 33. Vibrating Bars and Strings +Bar mounted on a resonating chamber, mounted at 2 important places. +Second, "identical" bar, beats between two bars that are 1 Hz out of tune. +Beats between two tuning forks, one with rubber bands around the end of a prong to reduce its frequency. +Vibrations of a metal bar, shown on screen with a long pipe. +If a vibrating bar is grasped at the nodes it will keep vibrating, anywhere else it will stop. +Nodes on a vibrating bar are 0.224 of the bar length from each end. +Tuning forks on resonant boxes – transferring vibration from one to another (didn't work). +Musical sticks. +Forming standing waves on a string, changing the number of nodes and antinodes at constant frequency and length by changing the tension. +Transferring vibrations from one vibrating bar to another through resonance. +Episode 34. Resonance - Forced Vibrations +Episode 35. Sounding Pipes +Episode 36. Vibrating Rods and Plates +Episode 37. Miscellaneous Adventures in Sound + + +=== Unit 3, Part II - Electricity and Magnetism === +Episode 38. Electrostatic Phenomena +Episode 39. Adventures with Electric Charges +Episode 40. Adventures in Magnetism +Episode 41. Ways to "Produce" Electricity +Episode 42. Properties and Effects of Electric Currents +Episode 43. Adventures in Electromagnetism +Episode 44. Further Adventures in Electromagnetism +Episode 45. Miscellaneous and Wondrous Things in Electricity & Magnetism + + +== External links == +The Internet Movie Database (IMDB) entry for Demonstrations in Physics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Knoff-Hoff-Show-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Knoff-Hoff-Show-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7593837c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Knoff-Hoff-Show-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Die Knoff-Hoff-Show" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Knoff-Hoff-Show" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:50.124408+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Die Knoff-Hoff-Show was a comedy science TV show on the German public broadcaster ZDF. The original series was broadcast between 1986 and 1999; it returned as Die große Knoff-Hoff-Show in 2002–04. The name is a joke German pronunciation of the English expression know-how. + + +== Concept == +The concept of the show was developed in the mid-1980s by Joachim Bublath, a TV presenter trained as a physicist. He was a presenter in all episodes. His co-presenters were Ramona Leiß, Babette Einstmann, Monica Lierhaus and Kim Fisher. +The show explained scientific concepts by means of simple experiments that anyone could replicate. In addition, hobbyists were given the opportunity to present their inventions; these included a pretzel-cutting machine and a foam-throwing machine. Each week, the show included some "crazy" experiments by Knoff-Hoff Professor Charlie (played by Egon Keresztes); these were so absurd, they frequently went wrong. +The Veterinary Street Jazz Band played the theme tune, an interpretation of the 1927 song "Ain’t She Sweet", first recorded by Lou Gold & His Orchestra, at the start and end of the program, and also brief musical interludes between segments. +Die Knoff-Hoff-Show rapidly became one of the most successful science shows on German television. It was dubbed in nine languages and shown on other continents. + + +== History == +The show aired for the first time on 16 February 1986 and ended with Episode 79 on 21 March 1999. Beginning in 2002 ZDF broadcast a second series, titled Die große Knoff-Hoff-Show (The Big Knoff-Hoff Show); this ended in December 2004. According to Bublath, it was canceled because it proved impossible to keep up the pace of experiments ("a new experiment every minute"). +There were also two special broadcasts in summer 2005 under the title Der Sommer mit Knoff-Hoff (Summer with Knoff-Hoff). + + +== See also == +Bill Nye the Science Guy, an American show +Brainiac: Science Abuse, a British show +clever! – Die Show, die Wissen schafft, another German show + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Die Knoff-Hoff-Show at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69de29bb diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoveries_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoveries_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a346844a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoveries_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Discoveries (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoveries_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:15.346546+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Discoveries is a Canadian youth science television series which aired on CBC Television in 1957. + + +== Premise == +This Winnipeg-produced science show was geared towards youth ages 12 to 14. Some episodes featured Manitoba Museum curator Dick Sutton presenting segments on nature and its history. In March 1957, the series featured Manitoba Telephone System executive R. P. Coats who demonstrated principles of telecommunications by presenting basic, easily constructed devices. University of Manitoba greenhouse operator Stan Westaway taught about plants, trees and vegetables during the May 1957 broadcasts. Rod Mackenzie, a Winnipeg secondary school teacher, hosted the final three episodes of Discoveries on the topic of electricity. +This series is distinct from an Ann Arbor, Michigan-produced Discoveries science series which was presented by Mary Lela Grimes and broadcast on CBC Television from July to September 1959. + + +== Scheduling == +This 15-minute series was broadcast on Fridays at 5:00 p.m. (Eastern) from 8 February to 28 June 1957. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Allan, Blaine (1996). "Discoveries". Queen's University. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2010. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovering_Psychology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovering_Psychology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e7abd7b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovering_Psychology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Discovering Psychology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovering_Psychology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:17.148068+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Discovering Psychology is a PBS documentary on psychology presented by Philip Zimbardo, for which he received the Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science. The series was released in 1990, with an updated edition comprising three additional episodes in 2001. + + +== Episodes == +Sensation and Perception +Understanding Research +Remembering and Forgetting +Cognitive Processes +Judgment and Decision Making +Motivation and Emotion +The Mind Awake and Asleep +The Mind Hidden and Divided +The Self +Testing and Intelligence +Sex and Gender +Maturing and Aging +The Power of the Situation +Constructing Social Reality +Psychopathology +Psychotherapy +Health, Mind, and Behavior +Applying Psychology in Life +Cognitive Neuroscience +Cultural Psychology + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Discovering Psychology companion website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_DaVinci-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_DaVinci-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..568994c4e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_DaVinci-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Doing DaVinci" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_DaVinci" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:18.396654+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Doing DaVinci is a popular science television program originally aired on the Discovery Channel in which the hosts attempted to create many of Leonardo da Vinci's inventions. The show aired on a weekly schedule with the first episode broadcast on April 13, 2009. + + +== Team == +The inventions are created by a team of six members: + +Valek Sykes, a special effects expert and mechanical designer, actor, owner of Tech Works Studios and Exit Biohazard and Crime Scene Cleanup +Bill Duggan, a carpenter and the host of Curb Appeal +Flash Hopkins, an artist, builder, and long time Burning Man personality +Jurgen Heimann, a designer and puppeteer +Alan Bovinett, an entrepreneur and mechanical engineer. +Terry Sandin, a mechanical and animatronics engineer and a host of Prototype This! +The team consults with da Vinci researcher Jonathan Pevsner to understand the inventions and decide on materials for their construction. + + +== Construction == +The team first consults with Jonathan Pevsner to decide on materials and map out the basics of the design. The invention is then reconstructed in Autodesk Inventor and Autodesk's Digital Prototyping solutions. Then the team heads to a workshop to begin construction. After the invention is completed it is tested to determine whether or not the build was a success. + + +== Episodes == + + +== Notes == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_Ask_Me_(TV_programme)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_Ask_Me_(TV_programme)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..213cd2a7b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_Ask_Me_(TV_programme)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Don't Ask Me (TV programme)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_Ask_Me_(TV_programme)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:19.556974+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Don't Ask Me is a popular British television science show made by Yorkshire Television for the ITV network and ran from 1974 to 1978. It attempted to answer science-based questions and contributors included Magnus Pyke (natural sciences), Rob Buckman (medicine), David Bellamy (biology), Miriam Stoppard (medicine), and Derek Griffiths. Those behind the scenes included Adam Hart-Davis, who later became a well-known science presenter in his own right. The theme music was "House of the King" by the contemporary Dutch progressive rock band Focus. +The series was rebroadcast on TVOntario in the late 1970s and early 1980s. +A follow-up called Don't Just Sit There ran for 19 episodes from 1979 to 1980. It was also produced by Yorkshire TV and featured the same panel. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Don't Ask Me at IMDb +Carl Gardner, Robert M. Young. "Science on TV: a Critique". The Human Nature Review. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonflyTV-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonflyTV-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f99de66a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonflyTV-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +--- +title: "DragonflyTV" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonflyTV" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:20.797676+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +DragonflyTV (subtitled GPS: Going Places in Science for seasons 5–6, and Nano for season 7) is an American science education television series produced by Twin Cities Public Television. The show aired on PBS Kids from January 19, 2002, to December 20, 2008. It was aimed at ages 9–12. Seasons 1–4 were co-hosted by Michael Brandon Battle and Mariko Nakasone. Seasons 5–7 were hosted by Eric Artell and were produced in partnership with science museums. DragonflyTV was created in collaboration with Project Dragonfly at Miami University, which founded Dragonfly magazine, the first national magazine to feature children's investigations, experiments, and discoveries. DragonflyTV pioneered a "real kids, real science" approach to children's science television and led to the development of the SciGirls television series. DragonflyTV and SciGirls were funded in part by the National Science Foundation to provide a national forum for children's scientific investigations. Reruns of DragonflyTV aired on select PBS stations until 2019, and later in off-network syndication to allow commercial stations to meet federal E/I mandates. + + +== Episodes == + + +=== Season 1 (2002) === + + +=== Season 2 (2003) === +Teams of DFTV's kid scientists demonstrate different approaches to investigations – experimental, engineering, and observational. + + +=== Season 3 (2004) === + + +=== Season 4 (2005) === + + +=== Season 5 (2006) === + + +=== Season 6 (2007) === + + +=== Season 7 (2008) === + + +== Telco-syndicated series == +In 2009, after DragonflyTV ended, the series was sold to off-network syndication and the rights were handed over to Telco Broadcasting. 62 of the 72 episodes were re-packaged, while 10 episodes have their own original versions intact. Edits included replacing licensed music with generic music, resulting in a new theme song (which replaced the original hip-hop theme with a new generic tune with kids chanting the show's name). + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Project Dragonfly +DragonflyTV at pbskidsgo.org (archived from the original) +DragonflyTV.com +DragonflyTV at IMDb +Twin Cities Public Television \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude,_What_Would_Happen-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude,_What_Would_Happen-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d013e66b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude,_What_Would_Happen-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "Dude, What Would Happen" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude,_What_Would_Happen" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:22.123528+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Dude, What Would Happen is an American live-action reality series that aired on Cartoon Network originally as part of its CN Real block, which aired a line of live-action reality shows promoted in the summer of 2009. The show premiered on August 19, 2009, preceded by another CN Real series Bobb'e Says. The show is hosted by three male teenagers (C.J. Manigo, Jackson Rogow, and Ali Sepasyar) who wondered what would happen if some wild event, scheme or experiment were to occur. The three teens attempt to create the event themselves and consult experts ("The Lab Dudes") when needed. +The series went on to have three seasons aired throughout a span of two years, in which the series eventually ended in September 2011, as the series was not announced for a renewal by Cartoon Network. +Dude, What Would Happen was one of only two CN Real shows (the other being Destroy Build Destroy) to have been renewed for additional seasons, as the other CN Real shows had already been cancelled earlier due to critically negative reception. + + +== Cast == +C.J. Manigo +Jackson Rogow +Ali Sepasyar + + +== Production == +In the "Dudes Make It Happen" weekend special, it was revealed that new episodes were coming. These episodes ranked #1 in their time slot among boys 6–11 on all television. +The show was listed as returning for Cartoon Network's 2010–2011 season. The next season began airing on October 6, 2010. +In February 2011, Vincent Cariati renewed his contract to serve an additional four seasons as the series' showrunner, co-creator and co-executive producer. The show had three seasons aired, but was not announced as a returning series, automatically cancelling the series altogether. + + +== Episodes == + + +=== Series overview === + + +=== Season 1 (2009–10) === +Deep Freezing/Sling Shots/Identical Items Crash Each Other + + +=== Season 2 (2010) === + + +=== Season 3 (2011) === + + +== Reception == +Dude, What Would Happen received negative reviews, being with the show is a kid-oriented version of MythBusters. +Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the show three stars out of five, describing it as "teens' wacky experiments are fun for curious tweens." + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Dude, What Would Happen at IMDb +Dude, What Would Happen at TV Guide \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynaMo-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynaMo-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fe22c139 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynaMo-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "DynaMo" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynaMo" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:23.288610+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +DynaMo was a British children's educational programme created in 1998. It was broadcast by the BBC on the BBC Learning Zone. The programme was hosted by the eponymous cartoon dog DynaMo with his friend SlowMo to teach children aged 5–9 about English, maths, science and history. The programme was broadcast on BBC television from 3 October 1998 to 24 September 2001. + + +== Programme == +The concept came about from a BBC survey of 2,800 parents, teachers and children. The survey showed that parents were unwilling to assist children with homework due to not wanting to impose on them or risk upsetting teachers. DynaMo was created as a result. The programme designed for an eight week run on the BBC Learning Zone. It was created by the BBC to be a way for children to enjoy learning by involving cartoon characters and using educational clips from other BBC Education programmes. The programme was designed to follow the British National Curriculum. Hosted by the titular cartoon dog DynaMo and his friend SloMo, the two investigate a certain educational topic each episode. It was designed so that it could be watched by children alone or with their parents. +The programme whilst part of Learning Zone would be two hours long. Segments of the programme were also broadcast on the BBC Knowledge programme "K Club". During the winter and summer of 2001, segments of DynaMo would be broadcast on BBC Two during BBC Schools. + + +== Web content == +DynaMo was also used as the face of the BBC's parental assistance website. This was created for parents to assist children with homework. There was also a section called "DynaMo's Den" which included educational games for children. The website was activated on 2 October 1998. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +DynaMo at Broadcast for Schools \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO/ST-ECF_Science_Archive_Facility-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO/ST-ECF_Science_Archive_Facility-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a69c2b5c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO/ST-ECF_Science_Archive_Facility-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "ESO/ST-ECF Science Archive Facility" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO/ST-ECF_Science_Archive_Facility" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:09.578413+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The ESO/ST-ECF Science Archive Facility is an electronic archive for astronomical data. It currently contains more than 40.0 Terabytes of scientific data obtained with the ESA/NASA Hubble Space Telescope (HST), with the ESO New Technology Telescope (NTT) and Very Large Telescope (VLT) and with the Wide Field Imager on the ESO/MPI 2.2m Telescope. + + +== External links == +The ESO/ST-ECF Science Archive Facility +The European Southern Observatory +The Space Telescope-European Coordinating Facility \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle-i-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle-i-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd404f201 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle-i-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Eagle-i" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle-i" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:19.677273+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The eagle-i network (or just eagle-i) was a tool developed by a set of institutions from the United States that enables users to locate scientific resources around their country. It was retired November 4, 2021 after more than a decade in service. It used an ontology to map the resources (such as scientific equipment) to their location, facilitating reuse and collaboration. The eagle-i team has produced ontologies that take care of different kinds of resources, such as the Reagent Application Ontology. + + +== External links == +[https://open.catalyst.harvard.edu/products/eagle-i/ eagle-i info page +https://www.eagle-i.net/ - former web site + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Revealed b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Revealed new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69de29bb diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Wonders_Why-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Wonders_Why-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61bd266fe --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Wonders_Why-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +--- +title: "Elinor Wonders Why" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Wonders_Why" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:25.727302+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Elinor Wonders Why is an animated television series created by Jorge Cham and Daniel Whiteson. The series premiered on September 7, 2020 from PBS Kids. + + +== Overview == +The exploration-themed show encourages children to follow their curiosity, ask questions when they don't understand, and find answers using science inquiry skills. The main character, Elinor, is the most observant and curious bunny rabbit in Animal Town just north of Natural Forest, California. She introduces children ages 3–6 to science, nature, and communities through adventures with her friends Olive and Ari. Each episode includes two 11-minute animated stories, plus interstitial content, where Elinor and her classmates enjoy either Señor Tapir singing about famous nature explorers or Ms. Mole reading stories. + + +== Characters == + + +=== Main === +Elinor Rabbit (voiced by Markeda McKay) – A white bunny girl with an inquisitive nature and a sweet personality. +Ari Bat (voiced by Wyatt White in season 1, and Athan Giazitzidis in season 2) – A funny, imaginative light brown bat boy who lives in a hollow boulder, and is one of Elinor's best friends. +Olive Elephant (voiced by Maria Nash in season 1, and Lizette Chambers in season 2) – An elephant calf girl who is one of Elinor's best friends. She often makes charts for whatever questions are being asked. +Ranger Rabbit (voiced by Lisette St. Louis) – Elinor's mom, who works as a park ranger. +Mr. Rabbit (voiced by Colin Doyle) – Elinor's dad. +Ms. Mole (voiced by Shoshana Sperling) – A brown mole who is Elinor, Ari and Olive's teacher. She wears glasses. + + +=== Recurring === +Ms. Elephant (voiced by Ana Sani) Olive's mom. +Señor Tapir (voiced by Juan Chioran) – A Spanish-accented tapir that sings about famous explorers and inventors during interstitials. +Mr. Raccoon (voiced by Dan Darin-Zanco) – A raccoon who runs a bakery. +Rollie Armadillo (voiced by Eric Khou) – An armadillo who is one of Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates. +Ms. Llama (voiced by Nicole Stamp) – A llama who owns a fruit cart. +Mr. Dog (voiced by Paul Bates) – A dog who loves to bury his things into the ground. +Tito Mouse (voiced by Leo Orgil in season 1, and River Morales in season 2) – A mouse who is one of Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates. +Mr. Bat (voiced by Raoul Bhaneja) – Ari's dad. +Mr. Lion (voiced by Kevin Dennis) – A lion who likes to paint pictures. +Koa (voiced by Ian Ho) – A brown wombat who is one of Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates. +Camilla Dromedary (voiced by Norah Adams) – A camel who is a friend of Elinor, Ari, and Olive. +Sally Beaver (voiced by Royal Goodfellow) – A beaver who is one of Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates. +Mary and Lizzie Goat (voiced by Abigail and Grace Oliver) – Twin goat girls who are Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates. +Alejandro Possum (voiced by Sergio Di Zio) – A possum whose name is never mentioned in the series. +Silas Cheetah (voiced by Callum Shoniker in season 1, and Dax Catre in season 2) – A cheetah who is one of Elinor, Ari, and Olive's classmates. +Baba and Bibi (voiced by George Buza and Linda Kash respectively) – Elinor's paternal grandparents who live in Desert Town. +Deputy Mouse (voiced by Ron Pardo) +Ms. Beaver (voiced by Diane Saleme) +Farmer Bear (voiced by Ellen Dublin) +Ms. Bat (voiced by Shoshana Sperling) – Ari's mom. +Mr. Hamster (voiced by Cliff Saunders) – A hamster who is a substitute teacher in Elinor’s class. +Sigmund "Siggy" Squirrel (voiced by Simon Pirso in season 1, and Luke Dietz in season 2) – A squirrel. +Lola (voiced by Elana Dunkelman) – Koa's big sister. +Mr. Beaver (voiced by Mike Petersen) +Mr. Hippo (voiced by Derek McGrath) +Mr. Antelope (voiced by Eddie Glen) +Hazel Lion (voiced by Svea Ham) – Mr. Lion's daughter. +Mehdi Fox (voiced by Malik Hassan) – A fennec fox who is one of Elinor, Ari and Olive's classmates. + + +== Episodes == + + +== Development and production == +Development of the show began in 2017, when Cham and Whiteson were approached by PBS. PBS found Cham's comic, Piled Higher and Deeper, online and asked if he was interested in pitching to them. "I reached out to Daniel, and what inspires us beyond science is our children," Cham recalled. "They are curious, and it motivated us to create the show." Cham cites Pogo and Calvin and Hobbes as inspiration for the show's visual design, which he described as "something that felt natural and calming, as opposed to overloaded or frenetic." +The character of Elinor was inspired by Cham's own daughter, Elinor. Cham said "She was about 4, which is just at that perfect age where she really does wonder why, all the time. Any answer you give her, she’ll (have) a follow-up question, another why." Cham and Whiteson went with animals as the show's characters to make them "appealing but also relatable at the same time", and to "highlight their range of skills and abilities". +A second season of the series is currently in development with funding from a National Science Foundation grant. + + +== Broadcast == +The series premiered on PBS Kids in the United States on September 7, 2020, as a sneak peek by showing the first 2 episodes, before regularly airing new episodes on September 8. Some episodes are available on Amazon Prime Video in the United States. +PBS International has licensed the series to Canada, Latin America, Finland, Israel, Sweden and the United Arab Emirates via Knowledge Network, Discovery Kids, Yle, Hop!, SVT and E-Junior, respectively. The series airs on Australia on the PBS Kids channel, which was started as a venture with Foxtel in July 2021. + + +== Home media == +In early 2021, the series began to release its episodes on PBS Kids compilation DVDs. + + +== Reception == +Starr Rhett Rocque of Fast Company wrote, "This clever series...encourages curiosity." + + +=== Awards and nominations === + + +== Graphic novel series == +Elinor Wonders Why: Hiding in Plain Sight, described as one of two launch titles for a graphic novel series based on the show, was announced in February 2022. Two titles, Hiding in Plain Sight and Forest Giants, released on September 6, 2022. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Elinor Wonders Why at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily's_Wonder_Lab-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily's_Wonder_Lab-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22ec45d39 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily's_Wonder_Lab-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Emily's Wonder Lab" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily's_Wonder_Lab" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:26.970449+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Emily's Wonder Lab is an educational television series starring Mason Wells, Sky Alexis, Zaela Rae, Kennedi Butler and Makenzie Lee-Foster, with Emily Calandrelli as host. It premiered on August 25, 2020 on Netflix. On July 13, 2021, the series was canceled after just one season. + + +== Cast == +Emily Calandrelli +Mason Wells +Sky Alexis +Kennedi Butler +Makenzie Lee-Foster +Arya Darbahani +Zaela Rae +Alex Jayne Go +Tenz McCall +Olivia Coates +Christopher Farrar +Jayden Langarica + + +== Episodes == + + +== Release == +Emily's Wonder Lab was released on August 25, 2020, on Netflix. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Emily's Wonder Lab on Netflix +Emily's Wonder Lab at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_(British_TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_(British_TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..010f55ad4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_(British_TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Eureka (British TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_(British_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:28.195776+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Eureka (sometimes referred to as Eureka!) is a British educational television series about science and inventiveness which was originally produced and broadcast by the BBC from 1982 to 1986, and repeated until 1987. Devised and written by Clive Doig and Jeremy Beadle, the series told the stories behind the inventions of commonplace objects. + + +== Cast == +Presented by Jeremy Beadle (series 1, 1982), then Sarah Greene (series 2, 1983), Paul McDowell (series 2 and 3, 1983 and 1985) and Wilf Lunn (series 4, 1986), the show featured an ensemble cast who re-enacted the moments of invention or performed humorous sketches to deliver key facts and information. Notable cast members included Sylvester McCoy, Simon Gipps-Kent, Bernard Holley, Madeline Smith, Mike Savage, Julia Binsted, Philip Fox and Jackie Clarke. +Each show also featured a segment showcasing a madcap and not always reliable invention by Wilf Lunn often to the bemusement of McCoy or another of the regular cast. In the fourth and final series, the format changed slightly and Lunn became the presenter, playing the Doctor of Alternative Invention at the Eureka Museum of Invention. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/classic/titles/eureka.shtml The show's title sequence +Eureka at IMDb +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDzadukw-u4 'The Digital Watch Sketch' +http://www.myspace.com/video/brian/animation/54536638 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_TV-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_TV-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69398a6e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_TV-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- +title: "Eureka TV" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_TV" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:29.378614+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Eureka TV is a British children's television series about science that ran from 2001 to 2005 on the children's TV channel CBBC. + + +== Presenters == +Fearne Cotton (series 1–2) 2001-2003 +Kate Heavenor (series 1–3) 2001-2005 +Mohini Sule (series 3) 2004-2005 + + +== Features == +High Tech Eureka + +The latest technology. +Micro Eureka + +Showed an everyday object, magnified hundreds of times. +Little Eureka + +A science experiment using everyday objects. +Wild Eureka + +About animals. +Big Eureka + +Mysteries from the world of science. +Paper Eureka + +Things to do with an A4 sheet of paper. + + +== Eureka Mondays == +Presenters + +Mohini Sule – main morning presenter +Sophie McDonell – helper morning presenter/morning continuity presenter +Kate Heavenor – main afternoon presenter +Angellica Bell – afternoon continuity presenter +Andrew Hayden-Smith – helper afternoon presenter/afternoon continuity +Holly Willoughby – relief presenter for all areas + + +== Series == + + +=== Series 1 (2001-2002) === +The first series aired on 24 September 2001 and ended on 17 December 2001. The series was presented by Kate Heavenor and Fearne Cotton. This series had all of the features above except for Paper and Micro Eureka. + + +=== Series 2 (2003) === +The series was the second which aired midway through 2003, it was put off an extra few months than intended because of the new science show X-perimental which was presented by Ortis Deley and Holly Willoughby. In the series there was the addition of Paper and Micro Eureka. + + +=== Series 3 (2004-2005) === +This was the final series, which was presented by Mohini Sule and Kate Heavoner. Eureka Mondays was added, on BBC One and BBC Two, presented by Monhini Sule and Sophie McDonnell in the morning and Kate Heavoner along with Angellica Bell and Andrew Hayden Smith in the afternoons. All the same features remained in this series as in the series before. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibit_A b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibit_A new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69de29bb diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibit_A_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibit_A_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6758a04e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibit_A_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Exhibit A (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibit_A_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:26.651271+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Exhibit A is a four-part English-language documentary TV-series that premiered on Netflix on June 28, 2019 created and directed by Kelly Loudenberg. It explores how forensic techniques, tools and evidence such as blood spatter, touch DNA, cadaver dogs and CCTV footage can be misinterpreted and manipulated to have potentially innocent people convicted. + + +== Release == +It was released on August 2, 2019 on Netflix streaming. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Exhibit A on Netflix +Exhibit A at IMDb +Exhibit A at Rotten Tomatoes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploring_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploring_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee86ca300 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploring_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Exploring (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploring_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:30.578544+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Exploring is a Saturday morning children's educational series in color that appeared on NBC television on Saturday afternoons from October 13, 1962 to April 9, 1966. The NBC News series, which was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1964 and won a Peabody Award in 1963, featured segments about science and the arts. The series was hosted by Dr. Albert Hibbs, a scientist and educator. +Mary Ritts and Paul Ritts were puppeteers on the show; Paul performed Albert, Calvin and Sir Geoffrey, while Mary played Magnolia. +Besides the Ritts puppets, the series also featured short films, animated versions of famous legends (by John David Wilson), and music Millard Research Associates produced a printed copy of their survey results which found over 600,000 Exploring Teachers Guides were requested for teachers in major school districts all across the country (they were free). A Millard survey found 86% of the teachers requesting the Guides were assigning the Saturday morning program for family viewing. This was the first instance of proving you could change ratings with Teachers Guides. This was done again on CBS with the Teachers Guides to the 21st Century (Young and Rubicon researched this) and later on PBS. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Exploring at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_(British_TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_(British_TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8063a913b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_(British_TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "Eyewitness (British TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_(British_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:33.123507+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Eyewitness is a nature and science television series based on the bestselling Eyewitness Books series by Dorling Kindersley. It was produced by the BBC, DK Vision (the video production arm of Dorling Kindersley) and Oregon Public Broadcasting. Guy Michelmore composed the series' opening and ending themes, as well as the score for each individual episode of Season 1, with Guy Dagul writing the score for each individual episode of seasons 2 and 3, respectively. Dagul's scores for season 3 also incorporated stock music tracks and cues by Dick DeBenedictis. The series aired from 1995 to 1998 (seasons 1–3) on PBS in the United States and from 1995 to 1996 (seasons 1–2) on Disney Channel in the United Kingdom. + + +== Premise == +Eyewitness is a documentary series. Each half-hour episode focuses on a single subject in the field of natural science, such as the Solar System or the various functions of the human body, similar in form to the book series on which it was based, with most being based, in part or in whole, off of existing book titles at the time, with few exceptions (though some titles, such as "Planets" and "Natural Disaster" started off as episodes and were made into books years later). + + +== Format == +The series takes place in the fictional "Eyewitness Museum", a CGI science museum made to replicate, enhance, and expand upon the much-imitated white and empty signature visual style of the books that made them so successful in the first place. Combining fact with fiction, various galleries within the museum are always featured and change constantly with each season and episode and stock footage, which is usually seen through large windows or other depressions in the walls of the museum is also shown regularly. The original book series is known for its striking visual style involving objects specially photographed against a plain white background, and the accompanying TV series brings this to life through video and audio. In addition, almost every episode features a "Hero". The Hero is an animal, character, or object which drives the action of the episode and is continually referred back to throughout. These include the rooster-shaped weathervane from "Weather", Legs the claymation Tyrannosaurus from "Dinosaur", the shape-shifting paper boat from "Pond and River", the hyena from "Monster", the salmon from "Fish", the crab from "Seashore", the cockroach from "Prehistoric Life", the robotic human mime artist from "Human Machine", Smedley the living human skeleton from "Skeleton", Connell from "Dog", and the husky and king penguin from "Arctic and Antarctic". +The original British version of the series was narrated by the late Andrew Sachs for its entire run, while the American dub had Martin Sheen narrating for the first two seasons. However, Sachs took over narrating both versions (with his voice dubbed into American English for that region) for the third and final season. The series producer was Bill Butt for the first season, Briget Sneyd and sometimes Richard Thomson whenever Sneyd had to serve as editor for the second season, and Martin Mortimore for the third season. +In the US, the series aired in primetime on PBS nationwide. When the series was released onto VHS following the original run of each season, the US version of episodes from the first two seasons featured brief behind-the-scenes "making of" clips, each lasting five minutes after the main program, with the UK version having this feature for episodes of the third and final season. In 2003, eight episodes of the series were released onto interactive DVDs that featured interactive links to brief clips from other episodes of the series during the main program. The UK narration was kept in the American releases of these interactive DVDs, which were distributed by the Library Video Company through its Schlessinger Media division. A few years later, continuing well into the early 2010s, a larger number of episodes were released onto DVD in the US. The US narration was included on these releases, as well as the first special as a bonus feature. +There are also four Eyewitness Virtual Reality software titles based on the series: "Cat", "Bird", "Dinosaur Hunter", and "Earth Quest". One of these, "Shark", although seen on the elevator console, was never made. +Eyewitness has also been dubbed into other languages for broadcast internationally, including Spanish, Italian, French, German, Dutch, Russian, Indonesian, and Finnish, among others. + + +== Episodes == +Episodes from the first two seasons aired in the UK on Disney Channel, sometimes earlier than their American counterparts. According to former DK executive Christopher Davis, the BBC "relegated [the series] to some obscure kiss-of-death time slot". + + +=== Season 1 (1995) === + + +=== Season 2 (1996–1997) === + + +=== Season 3 (1998) === + + +=== "Making of" features === +A short "making of" segment was included with each episode on some VHS releases. "The Making of Eyewitness" compiled some of these along with original material. Similar compilations for season 2 ("The Making of Eyewitness 2: Living Earth") and season 3 ("The Making of Eyewitness 3: Worlds") were briefly available on the now-defunct official Eyewitness YouTube channel. + + +=== Notes === + + +== Home media == +All three seasons were released on VHS by DK Vision and BBC Worldwide in both the US and the UK; season 1 was also released in the UK on VCD. +Most episodes have been released on DVD in the US and UK by DK Vision. Some episodes were also released – in their UK dubs – for the US library market by Schlessinger Media. Twelve DVDs were released in the UK as giveaways with the Daily Mirror in 2007. + + +== Reception == +The series has won several awards: + +1994 Parents' Choice Award (for "Jungle") +1996 NEA Award +1996 1997 and 1998 Golden Gate Awards +Chicago International Children's Film Festival Excellence in Children's Media + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Eyewitness at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1000_(publisher)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1000_(publisher)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4d1ff610 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1000_(publisher)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "F1000 (publisher)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1000_(publisher)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:22.933277+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +F1000 (formerly "Faculty of 1000") is an open research publisher for scientists, scholars, and clinical researchers. F1000 offers a different research evaluation service from standard academic journals by offering peer-review after, rather than before, publishing a research article. Initially, F1000 was named after the 1,000 faculty members who performed peer-reviews, but over time F1000 expanded to more than 8,000 members. When F1000 was acquired by Taylor & Francis Group in January 2020, it kept the publishing services. F1000Prime (AKA Faculty Opinions) and F1000 Workspace (AKA Sciwheel) were acquired by different brands. + + +== History == +Faculty of 1000 was founded in 2000 by publishing entrepreneur Vitek Tracz in London. Initially, it was named after the 1,000 experts it had reviewing academic works, but over time F1000 expanded to more than 8,000 members. In 2002, it introduced F1000Prime (later known as Faculty Opinions), which recommended scientific articles selected by its experts. At first, F1000 was focused on biology, but later expanded to additional scientific fields over time, including a focus on medicine beginning in 2006. +The company was part of the Science Navigation Group until its acquisition by Taylor & Francis in January 2020. As part of the deal, founder Vitek Tracz remained the owner of Prime and Workspace, leaving the new F1000 (and F1000Research) owned by Taylor & Francis. Faculty Opinions (F1000Prime) was later acquired by a tech company called H1 in February 2022. F1000 now only provides publishing and related services. + + +== Services == +F1000 is an open research publisher for academic works. Its model focuses on publishing findings quickly using a post-publication peer-review system. Authors submit an article and all of its underlying data. F1000 does a prepublication check and publishes the article, usually within a couple weeks. After the article is published, an expert is assigned to conduct a peer-review of the work. The peer-review is done publicly, online, and on an ongoing basis. The expert conducting the peer review discloses their name and any vested interests, abandoning the double-blind, anonymous peer-review system that is typical in academic publishing. Additionally, other organizations like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (platform Gates Open Research) and the European Commission (platform Open Research Europe) contract out the development and support of their own open-access publishing systems to F1000. +It publishes articles and "collections" of other research content such as presentations. Users can filter articles to see only those that have passed peer review. In January 2020, the publisher Taylor & Francis bought F1000Research. + + +=== Previous services === +F1000 used to operate Faculty Opinions, formerly known as F1000Prime, until F1000 was acquired by Taylor & Francis in 2020. The founder of F1000 remained the owner of Prime, which he subsequently sold to tech company H1 in February 2022. Faculty Opinions drew attention to scientific works that are well-rated by F1000's experts. The Faculty Opinions ranking system further provided an alternative article highlighting system from the use of article impact metrics like total citation count. Faculty Opinions experts nominated primary research papers they felt were important or interesting, wrote a description of the work's significance, then linked to where the work was originally published. This helped pinpoint papers. +No new expert articles recommendations have been added to H1Connect. Previous evaluations are listed as archived (see H1). It appears the evaluation and recommendation service has been discontinued. +Sciwheel, formerly F1000Workspace, was a citation manager platform previously operated by F1000. SciWheel also offered article recommendations based on a user's existing reference library. After the acquisition, it was owned by F1000 founder Vitek Tracz, before being acquired by SAGE Publishing in 2022. + + +== See also == +Open peer review +Taylor & Francis +Open access + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_Kitchen-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_Kitchen-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7fcbb550 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_Kitchen-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +--- +title: "Fermat Kitchen" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_Kitchen" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:53.173405+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Fermat Kitchen (Japanese: フェルマーの料理, Hepburn: Ferumā no Ryōri; 'Fermat's Cuisine') is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yūgo Kobayashi. It has been serialized in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Magazine since September 2018. A television drama adaptation aired from October to December 2023. An anime television series adaptation produced by Domerica aired from July to September 2025. + + +== Characters == +Gaku Kitada (北田 岳, Kitada Gaku) +Voiced by: Ryōsuke Tomita +Portrayed by: Fumiya Takahashi +A math genius who was recruited by Kai to work as a chef at Restaurant K. Gaku applies his mathematical talents into molecular gastronomy to learn more about cooking and develop his own recipes. +Kai Asakura (朝倉 海, Asakura Kai) +Voiced by: Taito Ban +Portrayed by: Jun Shison +A culinary prodigy serving as the charismatic, enigmatic owner of Restaurant K. Kai becomes Gaku's mentor after witnessing his unique potential in cooking. +Ranna Akamatsu (赤松 蘭菜, Akamatsu Ranna) +Voiced by: Natsu Yorita +Portrayed by: Fuka Koshiba +The only female chef at Restaurant K who has a straightforward and cool personality. +Magoroku Inui (乾 孫六, Inui Magoroku) +Voiced by: Tatsumaru Tachibana +Portrayed by: Rihito Itagaki +A chef at Restaurant K who becomes close friends with Gaku. +Katsuya Hotei (布袋 勝也, Hotei Katsuya) +Voiced by: Daichi Endō +Portrayed by: Yoshihiko Hosoda +A sous-chef at Restaurant K and Kai's right-hand man. +Ayu Uomi (魚見 亜由, Uomi Ayu) +Voiced by: Anna Nagase +Portrayed by: Sei Shiraishi +Gaku's best friend and former classmate who is an aspiring swimmer. +Nene Fukuda (福田 寧々, Fukuda Nene) +Voiced by: Haruna Ikezawa +Portrayed by: Emma Miyazawa +A female waiter at Restaurant K and Kai's personal maid. +Katsuhiro Shibuya (渋谷 克洋, Shibuya Katsuhiro) +Portrayed by: Tōru Nakamura +Kai's mentor, who is a legendary chef in the culinary world. +Kagekatsu Saimon (西門 景勝, Saimon Kagekatsu) +Portrayed by: Mitsuhiro Oikawa +The ruthless chairman of Wels Academy. +Isao Kitada (北田 勲, Kitada Isao) +Portrayed by: Takashi Ukaji +Gaku's father, who runs a bicycle shop. +Kagura Musashi (武蔵 神楽, Musashi Kagura) +Voiced by: Shion Wakayama +Portrayed by: Sayu Kubota +Gaku's childhood friend and former classmate. +Ichitarō Hirose (広瀬 一太郎, Hirose Ichitarō) +Voiced by: Makoto Furukawa +Portrayed by: Kanata Hosoda +Gaku's former classmate. +Milo Vivia (ウィヴィア・ミロ, Vivia Miro) +Voiced by: Takuma Nagatsuka + + +== Media == + + +=== Manga === +Written and illustrated by Yūgo Kobayashi, Fermat Kitchen started in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Magazine on September 6, 2018. Kodansha has collected its chapters into individual tankōbon volumes. The first volume was released on June 28, 2019. As of January 16, 2026, seven volumes have been released. + + +==== Volumes ==== + + +=== Drama === +In August 2023, it was announced that the manga would receive a television drama adaptation titled in English as Fermat's Cuisine, which was broadcast on TBS from October 20 to December 22 of the same year. The theme song is "Re Houteishiki" (Re方程式) by 10-Feet. + + +=== Anime === +In January 2025, it was announced that the manga will receive an anime television series adaptation. It is produced and written by Domerica and directed by Kazuya Ichikawa, with Takeshi Okamoto and Satsuki Kashiwagi designing the characters, and Satoshi Igarashi composing the music. The series aired from July 5 to September 27, 2025, on TV Asahi's IMAnimation programming block. The opening theme song is "Maillard" (メイラード, Meirādo), performed by Oshikikeigo, while the ending theme song is "Change Over", performed by DXTeen. +Remow licensed the series in North America for streaming on its "It's Anime" channel via Samsung TV Plus and YouTube. Medialink licensed the series in Asia-Pacific (except Australia and New Zealand) for streaming on Ani-One Asia's YouTube channel. + + +==== Episodes ==== + + +== Reception == +By December 2023, the manga had over 500,000 copies in circulation. +The series was nominated for the 49th Kodansha Manga Award in the shōnen category in 2025. + + +== See also == +Aoashi, another manga series by the same author + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +数学×料理で神の領域へ!? 数学的思考で絶品ナポリタン爆誕！ まさに飯テロな新しい料理マンガ. Da Vinci (in Japanese). Kadokawa Corporation. August 31, 2019. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. + + +== External links == +Official manga website at Monthly Shōnen Magazine (in Japanese) +Official drama website at TBS (in Japanese) +Official anime website (in Japanese) +Fermat Kitchen (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c2aa511f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman" +chunk: 1/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:34.319880+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman (sometimes shortened as Fetch!) is an American live-action/animated television series that aired on PBS Kids Go! and is largely targeted toward children ages 6–10. It is a reality competition hosted by Ruff Ruffman, an animated anthropomorphic dog who dispenses challenges to the show's real-life contestants. The series aired from May 29, 2006, to November 4, 2010, on PBS across five seasons and 100 episodes, and featured 30 contestants. Although a sixth season was planned, with auditions taking place in January 2010, WGBH announced on June 14, 2010, that the series would end due to lack of funding. In June 2008, the series received its first Emmy for Best Original Song for its theme. + +== Premise == + +Fetch! is a reality-based game show where young contestants (ages 10–14) face various challenges to gain points. During these challenges, they must complete various tasks assigned to them ahead of time and on the fly by Ruff and surrogates, depending on the situation. There is also an educational component, as contestants often must learn something, such as astronomy, puzzles, carpentry, engineering, food science, biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics, to complete the task. Unlike most reality competition shows, there were no eliminations except for the season finale, and the standings for the show were determined by a points system that awarded points based on challenge performance in each episode. In the season finale, a final points tally was tabulated and a series of elimination challenges in the studio occurred to determine the winner for the season. +Not all contestants leave the studio each episode to complete tasks. According to Ruff, "As determined by the Fetch 3000", the contestants in the studio participate in the "Half-Time Quiz Show", in which he asks them up to ten questions, with limited time based on the activities of the contestants out on challenges. While participating in challenges, contestants will have the potential to earn up to 100 points. The contestants in the studio can earn a maximum of 50 points in the "Half-Time Quiz Show". The show has a Fetch Fairness Guarantee; that every contestant will "compete for the same number of points" across thirteen challenges and six "Half-time Quiz Shows" before the final episode. Additionally, Ruff assigns "Bone-us" points, usually 5 or 10, but sometimes 15 or 20, to stand-out contestants. On rare occasions, there is the possibility to earn more than 100 points outside of bonuses. The record for most points earned in one episode was 125, by Brian, Noah, and Khalil in episode 5, season 1, "Ye Olde Colonial Episode". In Season 4, contestants can have 1/2 points, such as 5151⁄2 points. At the end of the season, the final points tally is tabulated and a series of elimination challenges occur in the studio to determine the winner of the season. The winner won the "Grand Prize" (which varied in each season) and got a poster on the Fetch Wall of Fame. +Prizes are not always desirable, and sometimes the prize holder winds up with a "booby prize"; for example, in "Good Dancing and Bad Breath", Anna and Brian had to dance a waltz in the studio. During the first season, the contestant had the choice of either keeping the prize or giving it to a fellow contestant. During the remaining four seasons, there are two unknown prizes which the winner chooses between. The chosen prize may be "mailed" to the mailbox in Studio G, although occasionally large prizes are hidden elsewhere on the set. In season 2, episode 7, "I'm OK, You're Okra", Rosario gave his prize to Nina. In season 4, episode 15, "Ruff Needs His Herring Checked", Sterling returned his prize to the mailbox. + +=== Cultural references and guest stars === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d2c4d6b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman" +chunk: 2/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:34.319880+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman contains many cultural references, which make up most of its comedic style. In the season 2 premiere, when Nina does a sloppy job at making chocolate candy, Ruff remarks that it is "Jackson Pollock candy." In the following episode, he mentions that he likes REO Speedwagon. In season 2, episode 4, when Rosario voiced Ruff for the first time, Ruff remarked: "Is that Ruff Ruffman or Marge Simpson?" In season 2, episode 15, when the scuba instructors arrived at the beach, Ruff claimed that they were "faster than Batman" and that he "hoped [Batman] was watching the show". In season 3, episode 13, when Sam and Harsha throw sacks in a pail, Ruff states, "I feel like Shaq in the free throw line", referencing Shaquille O' Neal. +In season 4, episode 14, when Talia finds a horseshoe crab while working on a shrimp boat, Ruff states that it "Looks like Darth Vader's face with a billion legs coming out of it!" In season 4, episode 16, when Ruff calls Isaac, who is dressed as an old lady, he accidentally calls him Mrs. Doubtfire before correcting himself and calling him Mrs. Issacson. In season 4, episode 17, Talia gets to hold Roger Federer's tennis racket. In season 5, episode 14, when Rubye and Marc learn skydiving signs, Ruff remarked that one of the signs resembled "one of Beyoncé's dance moves." In season 5, episode 18, when Joe explains to the FETCHers and Michelle about the book she read, Michelle states: "I believe that was Green Eggs and Ham." +The show also had several guest stars. In season 1, episode 6, Aaron Carter and the contestants appear in his new music video. In season 1, episode 10, Anna and Noah earn quick cash by building a lemonade stand with the help of Norm Abram. In season 2, episode 2, Ruff sends Madi and Willie to meet the Blue Man Group. In season 2, episode 4, Bridget and Rosario met puppeteer John Kennedy posing as Bernie the Pig. In season 3, episode 4, Sam meets Senator Ted Kennedy. In season 4, episode 2, the host of Design Squad Nathan Ball, appeared in a pole vault challenge. In season 4, episode 17, Gary Sohmers, an appraiser for 13 seasons of Antiques Roadshow, appears to challenge two of the contestants to explore the Brimfield Antique Show in Brimfield, Massachusetts. In season 5, episode 3, Rubye meets magicians Penn & Teller in Las Vegas. In season 5, episode 4, Crush the sea turtle from the movie Finding Nemo appears via Ruff's Fetch 3000, with Andrew Stanton reprising his role. + +== Episodes == + +== Cast members == + +== Characters == + +=== Main === + +Ruff Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is the host and main character of the show. He does not like cats and thinks dogs are superior to them, but his boss, Blossom, is an exception to this. +Blossom, whose full name is Princess Blossom Pepperdoodle Von Yum Yum, is a mute black cat. At the beginning of Season 2, she is Ruff's intern, but is later promoted to being his supervisor in Season 3. Ruff did not enjoy Blossom's company at first, but forms a close bond with her in later seasons. +Chet, a brown mouse who is Ruff's intern. He first appears in Season 3's second episode "When Home is a House of Cards", where he replaces Blossom when she is promoted to supervisor. He is also mute and does not seem to have any eyes or limbs. He is capable of doing feats that would normally be considered impossible, such as completing an obstacle course in seconds and building a jet engine that runs on expired liver and pineapple biscuit shakes. +Henry is Ruff's boss, who is never seen but occasionally calls Ruff on the "Henry Hotline". Henry provides Ruff with the show's budget and oversees his spending. +Murray is one of Ruff's cousins, who runs the behind-the-scenes technical work and is constantly blamed for minor problems on the show. Unlike other animated animals, Murray is portrayed by a real basset hound and sometimes appears in challenges. He stopped appearing at the start of Season 4. +Tank is a bulldog who replaces Murray in Season Four, and wears a FETCH! shirt and earmuffs. Despite initially not seeming to be one, Tank has proven to be a reliable worker. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..252f1f9f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman" +chunk: 3/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:34.319880+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Supporting === +Grandma Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff and Scruff's grandmother, who speaks with a Long Island accent. She loves Ruff, but can be very critical at times. Like her son and daughter-in-law, Wink and Dinah Ruffman, she was a game show host/spy in her youth. +Scruff Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff's identical evil twin brother, who is distinguished from him by a five-o'clock shadow. Throughout the show's run, Scruff becomes less evil and seeks to redeem himself and his family name. This likely stems from his girlfriend Petunia Fidolopolus framing Grandma Ruffman for trying to break Scruff out of prison. In season 5, he is paroled and is currently living under Grandma Ruffman's custody. +Ruffael Ruffmanowitz (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff's great-great-great-great-great-great grandfather, who was an inventor. +Great Uncle McRuffmantosh (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff's great-uncle who has a beard and has an exaggerated Scottish accent. He is a scholar with a Ph.D., and usually appears on the show for historical challenges. +Spot Spotnik is Ruff's rival, who is tan with brown spots. Ruff sometimes sees him as his old friend, but he is shown to be devious and will do anything to come out on top. He tricks Ruff into thinking that Fetch! is canceled so he can be Charlene's date to a dance, and is responsible for traumatizing Ruff by ruining a ballet he starred in. +Charlene is the poodle next door and love interest of both Ruff and Spot, who do not reciprocate their feelings. +Helga von Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff's cousin, a fashion designer from Germany. +Glen Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff and Scruff's nephew. He wears dental braces and is obsessed with magic and fantasy. He is also Ruff's resident technical genius, and usually fixes the Fetch 3000 in exchange for the Fetchers completing his challenges. +Gerry Geranium (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Grandma Ruffman's pet parrot, who Ruff sometimes looks after. In seasons 4 and 5, he explains to Ruff that his parents are alive and aids him in finding them. +Blackmuzzle Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is the most feared canine pirate of the seven seas. He appears at the end of "Arrgh – All Me Eggs Are Cracked!" for pledging the show with his own loot. He also appears in "Season Four is Canceled" to attack Ruff's doghouse boat because he was bored and Ruff refused to give him Gerry to replace a frog on his shoulder. He tells Ruff that he recently acquired the internet so he does not have to shout from his ship; in response, Ruff told him to visit his website, allowing Ruff, Blossom, and Chet to lose him. Later on, he tells Ruff in a voicemail to be an oceanographer and helps him navigate the sea. +Bluff Ruffman (voiced by Jim Conroy) is Ruff's wealthy cousin, who is an expert at Go Fish and often asks him for favors, such as looking after wild animals. He is also a conman, as he once tricked Ruff into promoting his beef jerky by claiming he had an Egyptian curse. +Roxy Ruffman is Ruff's sister. She is mentioned in "Feeling Sheepish Ruff?", in which Ruff looks after her sheep. It is implied that she is Glen's mother. +Harriet Hackensack (voiced by Jim Conroy) is the Australian owner of Ruff's network company, which has recently bought at the start of Season 4. She dislikes Murray for stealing her valuable sled Rosebud. +Wink and Dinah Ruffman (both voiced by Jim Conroy) are Ruff's "long-lost" parents, who give the FETCHers instructions on how to get off Game Show Island. The series finale reveals they are spies. +Tom and Trixie (both voiced by Jim Conroy) are Ruff's rivals and the hosts of Go Get It!, a ripoff of FETCH!. They are actually Ruff's parents, who were working undercover. + +== Production == +Fetch! (an acronym for "Fabulously Entertaining TV with a Canine Host") was produced at WGBH Studios in Boston. Seasons were filmed about a year before they aired. Season 4 was the first season to be filmed in High Definition (HD) in 2009. +The challenges were filmed mostly in Boston (as well as other areas in the US state of Massachusetts) and various other parts of the USA, depending on the challenges, during summertime when the children are out of school. The challenges, which were out on the field, are cut documentary-style, very similar to network reality TV shows. +After the FETCHers finished filming the challenges, contestants acted in-studio, with the voice of Ruff. Jim Conroy traveled to Boston from New York for the two weeks they spent shooting in the studio. The fourth camera simply captured Conroy doing his lines as Ruff in the audio booth. The kids heard him in the studio and he heard their reactions in his headphones. Ruff's lines were the only lines that were scripted out, though he would sometimes ad-lib an answer to a question or comment from a FETCHer. Once the lines were recorded, the show went into editing, where the challenges were sorted into the show order. +Then they were sent to Jim Conroy in New York City, to voice the dialog for Ruff's animation. Once that was complete, it was sent back to WGBH where editors placed audio clips of the animated characters. Once all of this was done, the episode was sent to Global Mechanic to animate the show. One out of the four editors had an off-set four-week system in place where one of them was ready to send a cut of a new episode to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada every Friday. It took about six months to complete one season of the show. +Due to a lack of funding, WGBH announced that Fetch! would be canceled at the end of its fifth season even though casting had been completed for a sixth. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..480cc31b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +--- +title: "Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman" +chunk: 4/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:34.319880+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Studio G set === +Studio G is the studio for Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman. Three segments of the show take place in the studio – the intro, half-time quiz show, and "Triumph Tally". In season 1, the contestants recognized that Studio G looked like a garage and asked Ruff why. This really annoyed Ruff, who told them it was not a garage but "Studio G". Throughout the show's five seasons, the studio changed. For seasons 1 and 2, the studio remained relatively unaltered, but sizable changes were made to the studio for season 3. The television through which the contestants communicate with Ruff was changed to a more current flat-screen TV, and Ruff's owner parked her car, a dusty Volkswagen Karmann Ghia, in the studio. A flamingo and trees as well as a "Studio G" sign and a "wall of fame" displaying past Fetch! contestant season winners were added to the studio in season 2. In season 4, a new remote control mailbox was placed on the TV Screen, which popped out when a challenge was in the mailbox. Season 5's major renovation occurred during the season finale – it became the Go Get It! studio (Studio P), and was a remodeled version of the Studio G set with new carpeting and pink chairs. + +=== Auditions === +To audition for the program, potential contestants were required to be between the ages of 10 and 14 by the first day of shooting, and be able to live in the greater Boston area over the summer, during school vacations, and a few weekends during the school year. FETCHers needed to be filmed without missing school. Auditions were handled by Maura Tighe Casting. + +=== Cancellation === +The show had auditions for its sixth season in January 2010, but on June 14, 2010, due to lack of funding, WGBH Boston announced that Season 5 will be the final season. On June 27, 2010, Jim Conroy (the voice of Ruff) made the official announcement at the Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony. On his Facebook page, he said, "It's such an impossible task going up against Sesame Street, Cyberchase, and The Electric Company. So you have to consider the nomination as a win. Can't complain. PBS gave us 100 episodes and 5 seasons. Many good shows never saw that kind of time." Fetch! aired its fifth and final season in October 2010, with the final episode date being November 4, 2010. After the series ended, reruns aired on selected PBS stations until August 31, 2014. A few years later, the PBS Kids channel launched, and reruns returned to broadcast on January 16, 2017 through November 20, 2018. + +== Spinoffs == + +=== Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius === +In May 2014, a new spin-off was announced, called Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius. This spin-off debuted in Fall 2014 and features short animations of Ruff Ruffman and Blossom, focusing on internet safety. +Episodes: + +"Texting and You!" (November 2014) +"Photos and You!" (November 2014) +"Searching and You!" (November 2014) +"Technology and You!" (November 2014) +"Technology and You! Bonus Video: Chicken Island" (January 2015) +"Hang Up and Drive!" (July 2015) +"Hang Up and Drive! Bonus Video: Just Drive!" (July 2015) +"Privacy and You!" (January 2016) +"Privacy and You!: Deleted Scene" (January 2016) +"The Internet and Chet" (March 2016) +"Say! Cheese?" (May 2016) +"Getting the Most From the Internet" (June 2016) +"An Orange Dog Goes Green" (January 2017) +A new season of Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius centered on the utility of artificial intelligence was released by PBS Kids on March 1, 2024. In this season of shorts, Ruff has a new cat assistant named Lupine. +Episodes: + +"Ruff Amuck" +"Robot Helper" +"Algorithms" +"Poetry" +"Meet Halley" +"Spooky Movie Night" +"Too Good to Be True" +"Ruff's First Livestream" + +=== The Ruff Ruffman Show === + +On July 30, 2017, PBS Kids and WGBH announced that Ruff Ruffman along with his two assistants Blossom and Chet will be making a comeback in a new digital series called The Ruff Ruffman Show, where they answer questions from real kids, take on challenges and learns the value of perseverance—all while modeling science inquiry skills. The digital series premiered on September 28, 2017. + +=== Team Hamster! === +On December 15, 2020, a web series called Team Hamster! premiered. It is a spin-off focusing on Ruff Ruffman's hamsters - Sadie, Mateo, and Tasha. The series also ties-in with games on the PBS KIDS website. In the series, Ruff is the janitor at the school the hamsters live in. + +=== Cancelled spinoff: Spyhounds === +WGBH and Global Mechanic had announced plans to produce a spin-off of Fetch! based on the online game Spyhounds. It would feature Ruff, Blossom, and Chet having a new career as super-spies, and Ruff is in way over his head. Luckily, he has much help: five clever kids, a purple poodle named Trixie, and millions of kids online. The spinoff plans were announced but were later canceled. + +=== Fetchtok === +On July 21, 2022, WGBH and Jim Conroy released FetchTok, a TikTok-based challenge where Ruff (voiced again by Conroy) asks viewers to record themselves performing his challenges and posting them on the app. Former FETCHer Liza Giangrande participates in three of the four challenges. + +=== Content Creator === +As of October 27, 2025, WGBH has created "Content Creator" where Ruff interviews people such as Blair Imani and former Fetcher Shreya Viswanathan to discuss the opportunities and challenges of the digital world and with remote work. + +== Reception == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efb702e89 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman" +chunk: 5/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:34.319880+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Critical response === +The show was an instant hit with audiences and received critical acclaim. The New York Times praised the series, writing "The show’s creators have written in all the sarcasm and amazingness of a more sophisticated and harder-edged show, but not in a way that condones such behavior. There’s a kind of genius to the setup." Larisa Wiseman of Common Sense Media gave the series four out of five stars, saying this entertaining PBS series combines the comedy of a cartoon, the challenge of a game show, and the best of reality TV. + +=== Awards and accolades === +Fetch! has received numerous awards over the years. + +APEX 2009: Grand Award for The Ruff Guide to Science +U.S. International Film and Video Festival 2009: "Certificate for Creative Excellence" in the Children's Programming category +2009 Daytime Emmy Nominations: Outstanding Children's Series, Outstanding Writing in a Children's Series, Outstanding Achievement in Main Title and Graphic Design +iParenting Media Award 2009: Winner – Television "2009 Best Products" +Parents' Choice Awards 2009: Silver Honor Winner: TV show +WorldFest Houston 2009: Gold Remi Award "TV Series – Family/Children" +WorldFest Houston 2009: Platinum Remi Award "TV Series – Family/Children" +MITX Award 2008: Winner – Best Kids, 'Tweens and Teens site +2008 Daytime Emmy Award: Outstanding Original Song – Children's And Animation – Fetch! Theme Song +2008 Daytime Emmy Nominations: Outstanding Writing in a Children's Series, Outstanding Original Song – Children's And Animation – Fetch! Theme Song, Outstanding Achievement in Single Camera Editing +U.S. International Film and Video Festival 2008: First Place "Gold Camera Award" in the Children's Programming category +Clarion Award 2008 Competition: Winner – Television Special Audience Program +Parents' Choice Awards 2008: Silver Honor Winner: Web site, Recommended Award Winner: TV show +WorldFest Houston: Gold Remi Award for "TV Series – Family/Children" +iParenting Media Award 2008: Winner – Television "2008 Best Products" +PRIX JEUNESSE 2008 Festival: Runner-Up Fourth Place – Ages 7–11 Non-Fiction +New York Festival International 2008: Bronze World Medal in Youth programs +2007 Daytime Emmy Nominations: Performer in an Animated Series, Original Song – Fetch! Theme Song +U.S. International Film and Video Festival 2007: Second Place "Silver Screen Award" in the Children's Programming category +Clarion Award 2007 Competition: Winner – Television Special Audience Program +Parents' Choice Awards: 2007 Gold Award Winner +WorldFest Houston: Bronze Remi Award for "TV Series – Family/Children" + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website +Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Theory_(novel)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Theory_(novel)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50fafebcd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Theory_(novel)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Final Theory (novel)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Theory_(novel)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:39.682368+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Final Theory is a 2008 techno-thriller novel written by Scientific American contributing editor Mark Alpert and published by Touchstone Books. The novel fictitiously posits that Albert Einstein actually achieved his life's ambition of discovering a unified field theory. If he had been successful in developing this theory, it would have large consequences for the world, including the development of a weapon of mass destruction. Final Theory is Alpert's debut novel. + + +== Plot == +The narrative begins with a brutal attack on the aged theoretical physicist Hans Walther Kleinman. Kleinman is rushed to the hospital and summons his former student David Swift, now a professor at Columbia University. Just before dying, Kleinman pulls Swift close and wheezes two words in German: "Einheitliche Feldtheorie" and a sequence of numbers. It is revealed that the German phrase refers to the unified field theory developed by Einstein during his later years. Swift is intimidated by Lucille Parker, a sixtyish FBI Agent who is also after the theory. +Swift meets with his old friend Monique Reynolds, a string theorist at Princeton University. Swift learns of the deaths of two close students of Einstein. The sequence of numbers points to The Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University where another close student of Einstein, Amil Gupta, worked. +At CMU they meet Gupta. Knowing that the FBI has been following them, they head for a hunting cabin in West Virginia, where Kleinman spent some time a few years ago. They are followed by FBI Agent Brock and by Simon, the assassin who killed Kleinman. Simon soon arrives and takes the weak Gupta and Brock. It is revealed that Simon is in fact working for Gupta. +Swift's company escapes and meets with Gupta's daughter, Elizabeth Gupta. She tells them that Kleinman worked for a while at Fort Benning. At Fort Benning, they search for the theory in a combat training simulation called Warfighter. They escape into the mountains nearby, with the theory saved to a flash drive. +In reading the contents of the flash drive, Swift and Reynolds discover why Einstein concealed his discovery: the theory, if put into practice, can trigger a violent warping of the local spacetime, leading to release of huge amounts of energy which can be used as a weapon. They destroy the flash drive before discovering that Gupta's son Michael, who has autism, has memorized the whole theory. The FBI soon arrives and they escape. Monique is caught by Gupta and Simon and they are all taken to Fermilab, where Gupta plans to use the Tevatron to create a particle beam and put the theory into action. Brock is left with David, Monique, Karen and Jonah. In a fight between David and Brock, Brock falls into burning mineral oil and dies. +It is revealed that Simon's wife and children were murdered by the US troops and he intends to use the technology against the United States as revenge. He locks Gupta in a room and takes control of the experiment. David shuts down the Tevatron by smashing the beam pipe and in the process kills Simon. Gupta becomes hysterical and kills people near him with an Uzi. The FBI agents kill Gupta. Michael is left to the custody of Monique, who gets engaged to David. + + +== Characters == +David Swift : A professor of the History of Science at Columbia University. +Monique Reynolds: A string theorist at Princeton University and friend of Swift. +Amil Gupta/Henry Cobb: A close student of Einstein and chief antagonist of the story. +Hans Kleinman: A close student of Einstein and Swift's former mentor. +Michael: Gupta's autistic grandson. +Simon: The assassin and shtarker employed by Gupta. +Elizabeth Gupta: Gupta's daughter. +Karen: ex-wife of Swift. +Jonah: son of Swift. +Agent Brock: FBI Agent who also works for Gupta. +Lucille Parker: FBI Agent in charge. + + +== Reception == +The novel received mixed reviews. Janet Maslin of The New York Times criticized the novel by saying "Though its dialogue sometimes name-drops quarks and geons, nobody in "Final Theory" sounds so smart once the running begins ... And the book's scientific expertise is eventually neutralized by that blunt, overall style". The Sunday Times spoke of the book as "an entertaining, if fairly predictable, chase, laced with murder and mayhem...a lightspeed read with not too much mass". Douglas Preston described the book as "One of the finest science-based thrillers to appear in a long time". + + +== See also == +Theory of everything +Grand Unified Theory + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Homepage of the author \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_and_Spirit_(painting)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_and_Spirit_(painting)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58123148b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_and_Spirit_(painting)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Flesh and Spirit (painting)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_and_Spirit_(painting)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:19.723409+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Flesh and Spirit is a painting created by American artist Jean-Michel Basquiat c. 1982–83. The multi-panel painting, which is one of the largest ever made by Basquiat, sold for $30.7 million at Sotheby's in May 2018. + + +== History == +Flesh and Spirit is made up of two horizontal panels hinged to create four quadrants, measuring a combined 12 by 12 feet. The title is a reference to Robert Farris Thompson’s 1983 book Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Philosophy, which Basquiat said was "probably the best book I ever read on African art. It's one of the best." The artwork features elements of a skeleton, a brain and a disembodied hand, along with texts like "SPIRIT," "POTATO," and "FLESH." Basquiat had a fascination with the human anatomy since he was a child. A major reference source used throughout his career was the book Gray's Anatomy. After he was hit by a car, his mother had given him the book while he was in the hospital recovering from a broken arm and various internal injuries. +Flesh and Spirit was acquired by art collector and patron of the arts Dolores Neumann, who was also an art dealer for graffiti artists. She represented artists such as Crash, Daze, Lady Pink, Rammellzee, and Toxic, who was Basquiat's studio assistant. She purchased the painting for $15,000 shortly after it was completed, and before it was exhibited at the Champions show at Tony Shafrazi Gallery in January 1983. Before the show, Neumann had heard Basquiat painted a new piece and she went to see it at the gallery. After only seeing the arm on the lower left side of the painting, she decided she was going to ask her parents for money to purchase the artwork. It remained in the Neumann Family Collection until it was auctioned in 2018. Two weeks prior to the auction, Hubert Neumann sued to block the sale of the painting, claiming the sale violated an agreement he had with Sotheby's that gave him the right to approve "all matters" concerning the marketing of works from the "Family Collection." The case was dismissed because Dolores Neumann was the sole owner of the painting. +In May 2018, Flesh and Spirit sold for $30.7 million at Sotheby's New York Contemporary Art Evening Auction. After the sale, Belinda Neumann-Donnelly, representing her mother's estate, filed a $100 million lawsuit against her father. She claimed his attempt to block the sale deterred potential buyers and greatly depressed the value of the painting. She noted that Basquiat's Flexible (1984) sold for $45.3 by Phillips auction house the next day. Dolores Neumann died in 2016, and the lawsuit revealed that in her will she explicitly disinherited her estranged husband. + + +== Exhibitions == +Flesh and Spirit has been exhibited at the following art institutions: + +Champions at Tony Shafrazi Gallery in New York, January–February 1983. +La Scuola di Atene: Il Sistema Dell'Arte at Palazzo di Città in Acireale; Regione Lazio Centro Culturale Cembalo Borghese, Palazzo Borghese in Rome; Gallerie Civiche d'Arte Moderna, Palazzo dei Diamanti in Ferrara; Museo laboratorio Casablanca in Malo, December 1983–April 1984. + + +== See also == +List of paintings by Jean-Michel Basquiat +1982 in art + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Factor-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Factor-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5ca357b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Factor-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Forensic Factor" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Factor" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:29.870580+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Forensic Factor is a Canadian true crime docuseries, which airs on Discovery Channel Canada, Sun TV, and the True Crime Network The series, which uses an anthology format, features forensic techniques and their application in crime-solving by examining notable cases. + + +== Episodes == + + +=== Season 1 (2003) === + + +=== Season 2 (2004) === + + +=== Season 3 (2005) === + + +=== Season 4 (2007) === + + +=== Season 5 (2008–09) === + + +=== Season 6 (2010) === + + +== Forensic Factor: A New Era == +In 2023, Discovery Channel rebooted the series. The first season aired with 6 episodes. + + +=== Season 1 (2023) === + + +=== Season 2 (2025) === + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_&_Feather-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_&_Feather-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3062b1d3a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_&_Feather-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Fur & Feather" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_&_Feather" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:36.833289+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Fur & Feather is a Canadian children's television series about animals which aired on CBC Television from 1955 to 1956. It was hosted by Ian McTaggart-Cowan who headed the Zoology Department at the University of British Columbia. + + +== Scheduling == +The Vancouver-produced series aired on Wednesdays at 5:00 p.m. from 6 July 1955 to 21 September 1955, then aired Mondays at 4:30 p.m. from 26 September 1955 until 25 June 1956. +The debut episode featured penguins. McTaggart-Cowan was joined by David Maxwell on some episodes. + + +== Selected episodes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Fur & Feather at University of Victoria Libraries, selected episodes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Fantastic-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Fantastic-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75b44a057 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Fantastic-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +--- +title: "Future Fantastic" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Fantastic" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:37.982117+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Future Fantastic was a British documentary television series which premiered in 1996. This show looked at the how science and science fiction complement each other, and how ideas and technologies from the past are helping to shape our future. The series was narrated by Gillian Anderson and co-produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation, The Learning Channel and Pro Sieben. + + +== Episodes == + + +=== "Alien" === +Alien: Discusses the possibility of encountering intelligent life on other planets. +Interviewed Story Musgrave (astronaught), Seth Shostak (astronomer), Frank Drake (astronomer), Jill Tarter (astronomer), Arthur C. Clarke (author), Richard F. Haines (scientist), Robert Sheaffer (UFO investigator), Jack Cohen (biologist), John Clute (author), David Bischoff (author), Glenn Campbell (Area 51 Investigator), Bob Lazar (engineer) +This episode was first broadcast on 21 June 1996. + + +=== "I, Robot" === +I, Robot: Discusses the evolving and growing role of artificial intelligence, computers, and robots in our everyday life. +Interviewed Joe Engelberger (roboticist), Red Whittaker (roboticist), Marvin Minsky (cognitive scientist), Hans Moravec (computer scientist), Takeo Kanade (roboticist), Kevin Warwick (roboticist), Rodney Brooks (roboticist) +This episode was first broadcast on 28 June 1996. + + +=== "Starman" === +Starman: Looks at how we might eventually reach the stars. +Interviewed Nick Argento (historian), Arthur C. Clarke (author), Frederik Pohl (author), Yoji Kondo (author), Alan Bond (rocket engineer), Gerald A. Smith (scientist), Jack Williamson (author), Robert L. Forward (author), Michio Kaku (physicist), Patrick Moore (astronomer), Ron Miller (artist) +This episode was first broadcast on 5 July 1996. + + +=== "Incredible Shrinking Planet" === +Incredible Shrinking Planet: Looks at the future of transport, including teleportation and time travel. +Interviewed John Clute (author), Paul Moller (engineer), James R. Powers (Designer), Dennis Bushnell (NASA scientist), Brian Motts (inventor), Robert L. Forward (author), Leik Myrabo (engineer), John C. Mankins (NASA scientist), John Anderson (NASA scientist), Larry Niven (author), Marc Levoy (head of the 3D Fax Project), Anton Zeilinger (physicist) +This episode was first broadcast on 12 July 1996. + + +=== "Brave New Body" === +Brave New Body: Looks into how body modification will shape our lives in the future. +Interviewed Joseph M. Rosen (plastic surgeon), Charles Vacanti (biologist), Mark Pauline (roboticist), Martin Caidin (writer), Donald Humphrey (surgeon), Max More (futurist), Natasha Vita-More (author), Dr Eugene Dejuan (eye surgeon), Bruce Sterling (author), Greg Bear (author), Walter Gehring (biologist), Dr. Richard Ellenbogen (plastic surgeon) +This episode was first broadcast on 19 July 1996. + + +=== "Weird Science" === +Weird Science: Shows how we have come close to defying gravity, and achieving invisibility and perpetual energy. +Interviewed John Clute (author), Michael Burns (physicist and military systems designer), Richard A. Hull (inventor), Peter Graneau (inventor), Jim Greggs (inventor), Franklin Mead (Senior. Scientist at the Advanced Concepts Office), Frank Close (physicist), Edwin May (nuclear physicist), Richard Wiseman (psychologist) +This episode was first broadcast on 9 August 1996. + + +=== "Brainstorm" === +Brainstorm: Looks at technology being put into and onto people's heads to create artificial experiences. +Interviewed John Clute (author), Jonathan Walden (virtual reality engineer), Neal Stephenson (science fiction author), Richard Johnston (Human Interface Technology Lab), Andrew Junker (founder of Brainfingers), Grant McMillan (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base), Christopher Gallen (neurologist), Pat Cadigan (science fiction author), Richard A. Normann (bioengineer), Theodore Berger (bioengineer) +This episode was first broadcast on 16 August 1996. + + +=== "Underneath a purple sky" === +Underneath a purple sky: Looks at the future of space tourism. +Interviewed Ray Bradbury (author), John Clute (author), Wendell Mendell (Planetary Scientist), Patrick Collins (professor of economics at Azabu University in Japan), Story Musgrave (astronaut), Greg Bennett (writer), Marshall Savage (author), Christopher McKay (planetary scientist), Kim Stanley Robinson (author), Jane Poynter (author), Taber MacCallum (Chief Technology Officer) +This episode was first broadcast on 23 August 1996. + + +=== "Immortal" === +Immortal: Questions whether we may ever achieve immortality. +Interviewed Marvin Minsky (cognitive scientist), Max More (futurist), Natasha Vita-More (author), Rima Greenhill, Malcolm Greenhill, Michael R. Rose (evolutionary biologist), Siegfried Hekimi (biologist), François Schächter (biologist), Robert Ettinger (academic), Steve Bridge (President of Alcor), Michael Taylor (cryobiologist), Ralph C. Merkle (nanotechnologist), Brian Stableford (author), John Clute (author), Frank Tipler (mathematical physicist), Gregory Benford (author) +This episode was first broadcast on 30 August 1996. + + +== Theme music == +The theme music to Future Fantastic was by HAL who later collaborated with Gillian Anderson on the track "Extremis" which was released by Virgin Records in 1997. + + +== Broadcast == +Future Fantastic was broadcast in the United States on the Learning Channel in 1997. + + +== References == +Stephen Jones & Jo Fletcher. "The British Report". Science Fiction Chronicle. Volume 18, Number 2. Issue 191. April–May 1997. ISSN 0195-5365. pp 56 & 58. + + +== External links == +Future Fantastic at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Kid_Takara-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Kid_Takara-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e66c6d905 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Kid_Takara-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Future Kid Takara" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Kid_Takara" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:39.279940+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Future Kid Takara is a Japanese original anime television series produced by NHK Enterprises and Beyond C. and animated by Studio 4°C. The series is directed by Yuta Sano, produced by Shun Hasegawa, and written by Shinji Obara, with original character designs handled by Shinji Kimura. The 11-episode short-form series originally premiered at the Osaka World Expo on September 25, 2025, and it aired between November 8 and 9 of the same year on NHK Educational TV. The theme song is "Chikyu no Namida" (地球のなみだ) performed by Yuki Kaji and Honoka Yoshida. + + +== Characters == +Takara (タカラ) +Voiced by: Yuki Kaji +Sara (サラ) +Voiced by: Honoka Yoshida +Sugar (シュガー, Shugā) +Voiced by: Keiko Toda +Dr. Amory (エイモリー博士, Eimorī Hakase) +Voiced by: Yūki Kaji +Naomi (ナオミ) +Voiced by: Keiko Toda +Genji (源じぃ) +Voiced by: Yūki Kaji +Announcer (アナウンサー, Anaunsā) +Voiced by: Keiko Toda +Ranfo (ランフォ) + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Anime official website (in Japanese) +Future Kid Takara (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93cc0e030 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +--- +title: "Genius (American TV series)" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:40.696442+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Genius is an American biographical anthology drama series developed by Noah Pink and Kenneth Biller which premiered on National Geographic. The first season, which aired between April and June 2017, followed the life of Albert Einstein, from his early years, through his time as a patent clerk, and into his later years as a physicist who developed the theory of relativity; the season is based on the 2007 book Einstein: His Life and Universe by Walter Isaacson. The second season, which aired between April and June 2018, followed the life and artistry of Pablo Picasso. +In April 2018, National Geographic renewed the series for a third season. The season was originally supposed to focus on Mary Shelley, but this was changed during development to instead focus on Aretha Franklin. It aired in March 2021. In December 2020, the series was renewed for a fourth season to be released on National Geographic and Disney+. The fourth season follows the lives of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X and premiered on February 1, 2024. + +Throughout the years the series received several nominations and accolades, including two Primetime Emmy Awards and an NAACP Image Awards. + +== Synopsis == +The first season chronicles two periods in the life of Albert Einstein: the first as a patent clerk struggling to gain a teaching position and doctorate, the second as a scientist respected for his development of the theory of relativity. +The second season chronicles two periods in the life of Pablo Picasso: the first as a young man discovering his talent, the second as a celebrated artist struggling with the rise of fascism and the price of fame. +The third season chronicles two periods in the life of Aretha Franklin: the first as a young gospel singer impregnated at the age of twelve, the second as a rising star. +The fourth season chronicles the lives of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. + +== Cast and characters == + +=== Season 1 === + +==== Main ==== + +==== Recurring ==== + +=== Season 2 === + +==== Main ==== + +==== Recurring ==== + +=== Season 3 === + +==== Main ==== + +==== Recurring ==== + +=== Season 4 === + +==== Main ==== + +==== Recurring ==== + +== Episodes == + +=== Season 1: Einstein (2017) === + +=== Season 2: Picasso (2018) === + +=== Season 3: Aretha (2021) === + +=== Season 4: MLK/X (2024) === + +== Production == + +=== Development === +On April 28, 2016, it was announced that National Geographic had given the production a straight-to-series order, its first ever scripted series. The series was set to be based on the biography Einstein: His Life and Universe by Walter Isaacson and adapted by Noah Pink, who was also expected to co-executive produce. Executive producers were announced to include Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Francie Calfo, Gigi Pritzker, Rachel Shane, Sam Sokolow, and Jeffrey Cooney. Anna Culp was set to co-produce alongside Melissa Rucker. Ron Howard was expected to direct the first episode of the series. Production companies involved with the series were set to include Imagine TV, Fox 21 TV Studios, OddLot Entertainment and EUE/Sokolow. +On April 19, 2017, National Geographic renewed the series for a second season. The subject of the second season was to have been announced during the finale of the first season, but was instead revealed to be Pablo Picasso the day after the finale, when the network and producers did not want to divert attention away from the season finale. The second season premiered on April 24, 2018. +On April 18, 2018, National Geographic renewed the series for a third season. The season was initially set to follow the life of writer Mary Shelley. Ken Biller is expected to return as showrunner, executive producer and writer. Also returning are executive producers Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Francie Calfo, Jeff Cooney, Sam Sokolow, Gigi Pritzker, and Rachel Shane. Anna Culp will return as producer. Returning production companies include Imagine TV, MWM Studios, and EUE/Sokolow. On February 10, 2019, it was announced that the subject of the third season would instead be American singer Aretha Franklin, known as "The Queen of Soul". The third season was slated to premiere on May 25, 2020, and air over four consecutive nights, but was delayed due to the coronavirus pandemic and began airing on March 21, 2021. +On December 10, 2020, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which focused on the lives of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. + +=== Casting === + +==== Season 1 ==== +In August 2016, it was announced that Geoffrey Rush and Johnny Flynn would star in the series as Albert Einstein both as an old man and as a young adult, respectively. Additionally, it was reported that Emily Watson would also star in the series and that Michael McElhatton, Seth Gabel, Samantha Colley, Richard Topol, and Vincent Kartheiser had joined the cast. In November 2016, it was announced that Shannon Tarbet, Claire Rushbrook, and Robert Lindsay had been cast in recurring roles. On February 2, 2017, it was reported that T. R. Knight had been cast in the recurring role of J. Edgar Hoover. + +==== Season 2 ==== +On September 6, 2017, it was announced that Antonio Banderas would star in the second season as Pablo Picasso. On November 2, 2017, it was reported that Alex Rich would co-star in the series sharing the lead role of Picasso. It was further reported that Clémence Poésy, Robert Sheehan, Poppy Delevingne, Aisling Franciosi, and Sebastian Roché also joined the cast and that Samantha Colley, T. R. Knight, Seth Gabel, and Johnny Flynn were returning from season one in new roles. + +==== Season 3 ==== +On October 3, 2019, Cynthia Erivo was cast to play Aretha Franklin. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffcee8924 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "Genius (American TV series)" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:40.696442+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Season 4 ==== +In September 2022, the cast was announced, with Kelvin Harrison Jr. and Aaron Pierre set to star as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X respectively, while Weruche Opia was cast as Coretta Scott King and Jayme Lawson as Betty Shabazz. In November, Ron Cephas Jones, Gary Carr and Hubert Point-Du Jour were added to the main cast for the season, with Lennie James, LisaGay Hamilton, Ashley Romans, Donal Logue and Griffin Matthews joining in recurring roles. Jalyn Hall was cast as a younger Martin Luther King Jr. in December. + +=== Filming === +Principal photography for season one took place in mid-2016 in Prague. Filming for season two began in November 2017 in Málaga and was expected to take place for over five months in various cities around the world, including Barcelona, Paris, and Budapest. Filming for the third season was set to commence in November 2019, for an early-2020 release. In March 2020, the production was shelved due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The series resumed production on October 1, 2020. + +=== Music === +Most of Franklin's music in season three was recorded by Erivo. However, the producers were unable to obtain the rights to use Franklin's biggest songs, "Respect" and "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman". + +== Reception == + +=== Critical reception === + +==== Season 1 ==== +The first season received mostly positive reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 84%, based on 31 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Buoyed by a superb performance from Geoffrey Rush, Genius is a compelling origin story of one of history's most renowned scientists." On Metacritic, the season had a score of 65 out of 100, based on 20 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". +Science columnist Dennis Overbye of The New York Times described the series as a "tense binge-worthy psychological thriller full of political and romantic melodrama." Overbye further noted that Einstein himself, writing to his sister, wrote, "If everybody lived a life like mine, there would be no need for novels." According to Hillary Busis of Vanity Fair, the film shows, "... Einstein at work ... peers into the über-genius's tumultuous love life (monogamy, he believes, is "not natural") ... his fraught emigration to the United States ...". Busis quotes producer Ron Howard: "When you move past his scientific contributions, Albert's life story—what his youth was like, who his friends were, who his enemies were, his tumultuous love life—is a story people don't know ... I think audiences are going to be riveted as we tell this ambitious and revealing human story behind Einstein's scientific brilliance." + +==== Season 2 ==== +The second season received mixed reviews, but garnered praise for its star, Antonio Banderas. Rotten Tomatoes gave an approval rating of 57%, based on 23 reviews. Its critical consensus reads: "An impressive performance from Antonio Banderas rescues Genius: Picasso from condensed melodrama." On Metacritic, the season had a score of 52 out of 100, based on 10 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". + +==== Season 3 ==== +The third season received mainly positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave an approval rating of 71% based on 34 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "Cynthia Erivo captures the spirit of the singular singer with poise and passion - if only Aretha's writing were as strong as her performance." On Metacritic, the season had a score of 67 out of 100, based on 10 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". + +===== Reaction from Franklin's family ===== +Despite positive reception of season 3, Aretha Franklin's family never reacted kindly to the season, claiming they "weren't consulted in any part of the production, despite the crew's insistence that they worked with Franklin's estate". + +==== Season 4 ==== +The fourth season received mainly positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave an approval rating of 75% based on 12 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "Sporting a good pair of starring performances, Genius' fourth season can't quite capture the legacies of its two civil rights icons but delivers a sturdy recreation of their personal lives." + +=== Accolades === + +== See also == + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +Genius on Disney+ +Genius – official website +Genius at IMDb +Works by Albert Einstein at Project Gutenberg +Works by Pablo Picasso at Google Images +Video (33:06): Picasso – Understanding "Cubism" on YouTube \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_by_Stephen_Hawking-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_by_Stephen_Hawking-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed0e3a527 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_by_Stephen_Hawking-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Genius by Stephen Hawking" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_by_Stephen_Hawking" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:41.880518+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Genius by Stephen Hawking is a television series aired on PBS hosted by Stephen Hawking. It premiered on May 18, 2016, and ended on June 1, 2016, with only one season being produced before Hawking's death in 2018. + + +== Premise == +Genius by Stephen Hawking is a series that first aired on PBS on Wednesdays, from May 18 to June 1, 2016. Professor Stephen Hawking challenges volunteers to think like geniuses and solve some of humanity's most enduring questions. What, Why, Where, are We (as in humanity) are covered, as well as Are We Alone and Can We Time Travel. Generally three volunteers with these questions are followed as they try to find the answers to their questions. The idea is to teach the volunteers and watchers how to think like a genius. All are G-rated TV hour episodes originally aired in pairs. + + +== Episodes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Genius by Stephen Hawking PBS https://www.pbs.org/show/genius-stephen-hawking/ +http://www.metacritic.com/tv/genius-by-stephen-hawking \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernevask-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernevask-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e03619950 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernevask-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Hjernevask" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernevask" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:44.839481+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Hjernevask ("Brainwash") is a Norwegian documentary miniseries about science that aired on NRK1 in 2010. The series, consisting of seven episodes, was created for NRK and presented by the comedian and sociologist Harald Eia. +The series contrasted cultural determinist models of human behavior (also referred to as the Standard social science model) with nature-nurture interactionist perspectives. In support of the cultural determinist perspective it interviewed mainly Norwegian humanities scholars, in particular literary theorist Jørgen Lorentzen at the Centre for Gender Research. Experts interviewed for the series in support of a nature-nurture interactionist perspective included Simon Baron-Cohen, Steven Pinker, Simon LeVay, David Buss, Glenn Wilson, Robert Plomin and Anne Campbell. This ignited a wide public discussion on the subject of the nature versus nurture debate, and especially focused on the views expressed by Lorentzen. The entire series has since been released online. + + +== Objectives and awards == +Eia and coproducer Ole Martin Ihle have named Steven Pinker's book The Blank Slate as an inspiration for the documentary series. The series was a huge success, and Eia was awarded the Fritt Ord Award for "having precipitated one of the most heated debates on research in recent times". + + +== Episodes == +The producers have made the series available online. Episodes linked in the external links have English subtitles available. + + +== Reception == + +Hjernevask led to extensive public debate, largely focused on the views expressed in the program by literary scholar Jørgen Lorentzen at the Centre for Gender Research. Lorentzen's description of the research of psychologists Simon Baron-Cohen, Anne Campbell and Richard Lippa as "weak science" was strongly criticized by many commentators; biologist Trond Amundsen pointed out that Lorentzen's work was cited less than 30 times in academic literature and responded that "the characteristic 'weak science' would be rude and uncollegial if Lorentzen was a leading international expert and the three researchers were in fact not so meritorious. But all three are meritorious international researchers [...] against this background, the statement is just embarrassing." +Lorentzen accused his critics including "Ottar Brox, Øyvind Østerud, Stig Frøland, Kristian Gundersen, Tor K. Larsen and others" of being "cowardly hyenas" who have shown "neither insight into nor interest in gender research." Lorentzen also accused series creator Eia of being motivated by a midlife crisis. Eia pointed out that Lorentzen has a very limited scholarly impact with few international publications and a very low number of citations, and said that he wouldn't have interviewed Lorentzen for the series if he had known at the time that Lorentzen was "such a low-level researcher." Jon Hustad accused Lorentzen of being "blinded by ideology." In response to claims by Lorentzen that NRK had portrayed him unfairly and misrepresented his comments, NRK made all the raw footage available. Lorentzen complained to the Norwegian Press Complaints Commission (PFU). In June 2010 PFU concluded that NRK had not violated press ethics or portrayed Lorentzen in an unfair manner; the chairman of PFU described Hjernevask as a "solid work" of investigative journalism. Eia received the 2010 Fritt Ord Honorary Award for the series. +Several years after Hjernevask aired, it was reported that it has been used in Eastern Europe to promote false claims that all gender studies research in Norway has been closed down in its aftermath; Harald Eia commented that he did not make Hjernevask for a Hungarian audience, and that he wanted to showcase the arrogance he felt Lorentzen displayed towards other research fields for a Norwegian audience. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +IMDb +Internet Archive playlist +DailyMotion playlist +YouTube playlist +Harald Eia's Vimeo playlist \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dog_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dog_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2f8c55fb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dog_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +--- +title: "Hot Dog (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dog_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:46.040213+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Hot Dog was a Saturday morning documentary series for children, seen on NBC from September 12, 1970 to September 4, 1971. Created by Frank Buxton and co-produced by Buxton and Lee Mendelson, the program was notable for its hosts – comedienne Jo Anne Worley, comedian Jonathan Winters and writer and actor Woody Allen. The pilot, televised on March 28, 1970, starred Worley, Allen and Tom Smothers, who was replaced with Winters when the show became a series. +Based on Buxton's travels as a comedian (and later, as host of the ABC series Discovery), which took him on tours to various factories, Hot Dog explained, in a humorous manner, how we do things (such as snore) and how things were made (such as the eponymous hot dogs and their buns, plus condiments like mustard). +Seventy topics were covered during the course of this series, which lasted 13 episodes and was rerun the rest of the season. NBC won a Peabody Award for the series in 1970. +Some of the music in this series was performed by The Youngbloods. + + +== Syndication and alternate versions == +Reruns of Hot Dog were syndicated during the 1977–1978 television season, at a time when Allen had firmly established himself as a motion picture star, director, and writer. Portions of Hot Dog were also seen on a local KNBC children's program in Los Angeles, That's Cat, which debuted in 1976. +In 1971, the Individual topic segments were sold to schools on 16mm film. + + +== Topics == +(listed alphabetically) + +"How does a frog jump?" +"How does a letter get through the mail?" +"How do they get toothpaste in the tube?" +"How do they make a baseball glove?" +"How do they make a hot dog roll?" +"How do they make a surfboard?" +"How do they make baseballs?" +“How do they make bicycles?” +"How do they make bowling balls?" +"How do they make bubblegum?" +"How do they make cartoons?" +"How do they make chocolate?" +"How do they make playing cards?" +"How do they make pennies?" +"How do they make plywood" +"How do they make spaghetti?" +"How do they make tennis shoes?" +"How do they make toothbrushes?" +"How do they make T-shirts?" +"How money is made" +"Is that really lead in a lead pencil?" +"What makes popcorn pop?" +"What's a compass?" +"Where does honey come from?" +"Where does lumber come from?" +"Where do felt tip pens come from?" +"Who invented the hot dog?" + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Hot Dog at IMDb +List of productions, including Hot Dog episodes. produced by Lee Mendelson – Frank Buxton Joint Film Productions +Frank Buxton's web page on the series Hot Dog \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFLScience-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFLScience-0.md index f7bc908c8..ef4c70a92 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFLScience-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFLScience-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFLScience" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:53:56.077964+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:27.849797+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Believe_in_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Believe_in_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c6f86112 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Believe_in_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "I Believe in Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Believe_in_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:25.985792+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +I Believe in Science (Arabic: أنا أصدق العلم, romanized: ʾana ʾuṣaddiqu l-ʿilm) is an Arabic-language website dedicated to publishing translations of science articles and research, with the aim of keeping the Arabic speaking world up-to-date with the latest scientific discoveries and accomplishments. The project has amassed more than 2000 volunteers who managed to produce around 15000 scientific articles. Issam Fawaz is the CEO. + + +== History == +The project started in 2011 by Ahmed Al-Rayes, an Iraqi geologist living in Lebanon, across social media platforms, the website was established in 2013. They paid tribute to a few of the women who volunteer translating research in March 2015 for International Women's Day. In 2016, the idea became an official NGO registered in both Lebanon and the European Union. +In 2012, the project adopted the slogan: I Believe in Science because it’s the only methodology that actually works +The project goals are: + +Removing and breaking the linguistic barriers that once prevented the Arabic speaking world from reaching true scientific knowledge, by creating a free uninfluenced platform to exchange knowledge and expertise +Creating and encouraging an environment for the Arab speaking population, that belongs to a hostile culture towards scientific truth, to read and seek scientific knowledge +Showing the efficiency of the scientific methodology in explaining the biggest phenomena's surrounding us by focusing on objectivity, refutability and applicability of natural sciences and their discoveries +Physicist Lawrence Krauss is among the scientists who have commented favorably on the project. + +I think it’s very important that in the Arabic speaking world, what’s going to determine the difference between the countries that are living and the countries that aren’t are the skilled workforce that can appreciate the revolutions taking place in science, not just the abstract areas but also the applied areas, it’s important that people in the Arab world are exposed to such knowledge, and this project is essential for that to happen. +Similarly, biologist Robert Weinberg has said: + +I think that this project is a fantastic thing to have, especially that it’s so popular in the Arab world, and this is the beginning of a new scientific revolution in the Arab world. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +IBelieveinSci.com (website) +I Believe in Science on Facebook \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Software_for_Imagers_and_Spectrometers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Software_for_Imagers_and_Spectrometers-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9842d3518 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Software_for_Imagers_and_Spectrometers-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Software_for_Imagers_and_Spectrometers" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:10.880847+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (Isis) is a specialized software package developed by the USGS to process images and spectra collected by current and past NASA planetary missions sent to Earth's Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and other solar system bodies. + + +== History == +The history of ISIS began in 1971 at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in Flagstaff, Arizona. +Isis was developed in 1989, primarily to support the Galileo NIMS instrument. +It contains standard image processing capabilities (such as image algebra, filters, statistics) for both 2D images and 3D data cubes, as well as mission-specific data processing capabilities and cartographic rendering functions. + + +== Raster data format name == +Family of related formats that are used by the USGS Planetary Cartography group to store and distribute planetary imagery data. + +PDS, Planetary Data System +ISIS2, USGS Astrogeology Isis cube (Version 2) +ISIS3, USGS Astrogeology ISIS Cube (Version 3) + + +== See also == +Ames Stereo Pipeline + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_Tests_Online-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_Tests_Online-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ba3e08fc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_Tests_Online-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Lab Tests Online" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_Tests_Online" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:29.160025+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Lab Tests Online is a family of peer-reviewed non-profit web resources about clinical laboratory testing. The site provides information on clinical laboratory tests as well as conditions that are managed or diagnosed by lab tests. Lab Tests Online also provides summaries of recommendations by age, feature articles on lab-related topics, and news items of patient interest. All contents are reviewed and approved by an Editorial Review Board composed of laboratory professionals before being posted to the site. + + +== History and development == +The first site was launched in 2001 by the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the scientific society for clinical laboratory science. This led to a collaboration with professional societies in 17 other countries representing the laboratory medicine community. Each site is separately managed to allow both appropriate languages and information that matches local needs. + + +=== USA === +In January 2021, AACC’s Lab Tests Online (labtestsonline.org) was acquired by OneCare Media. In November 2021, LabTestsOnline.org was rebranded to Testing.com. + + +=== UK === +The UK site is provided by the Association for Laboratory Medicine. It provides contextual hyperlinks from individual reports to the appropriate support information on the site. This is in routine use from one of the major suppliers of clinical informations systems in primary care and from the English NHS app. + + +=== Australia === +The Australian site is now known as Pathology Tests Explained. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +https://www.testing.com +https://labtestsonline.org.uk +https://www.pathologytestsexplained.org.au \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_and_Language_Disturbances-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_and_Language_Disturbances-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97dde0b74 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_and_Language_Disturbances-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Language and Language Disturbances" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_and_Language_Disturbances" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:34.893855+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Language and Language Disturbances: Aphasic Symptom Complexes and Their Significance for Medicine and Theory of Language is a book on aphasia by Dr. Kurt Goldstein, published in 1948. In Language and Language Disturbances, Goldstein theorized that a loss of abstract processing was the core deficit in aphasia. +In his work, Goldstein studied transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA), characterizing it as impaired auditory comprehension, with intact repetition and fluent speech. Goldstein studied word comprehension in patients with aphasia, theorizing that naming shows relatively little specificity to the site of lesion within the left hemisphere. +Goldstein compared patients with damage restricted to the anterior portion of the left hemisphere (whose difficulties are primarily a matter of production) with those with exclusively posterior damage (whose difficulties lie chiefly in comprehension. +Goldstein cited cases where patients experienced semantic confusion and could not verbalize certain words as a result of the brain damage. In one instance, a German patient of Goldstein's who could not name a handkerchief, said instead "nas'putzen" ("to blow one's nose"). + + +== See also == +On Aphasia, a book by Sigmund Freud + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aventures_électriques_de_Zeltron-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aventures_électriques_de_Zeltron-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9929d41b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aventures_électriques_de_Zeltron-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Les Aventures électriques de Zeltron" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aventures_électriques_de_Zeltron" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:51.407939+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Les Aventures électriques de Zeltron is an educational children's television series broadcast on Antenne 2's Récré A2 program in France and TVJQ in Quebec, Canada. The show was sponsored by Électricité de France (EDF) and was produced from 1979 to 1982. The companies D-3-mil and CIP Vidéo worked on the show and the staff included Marcel Dupouy. +The show features an extraterrestrial named Zeltron (voiced by Michel Elias), who resembles a small greeninsulator with orange limbs and a bolt on top of his blue head, as he teaches electricity-related subjects and history. Some episodes include his adventures and conversations with Jo and Jessie, a boy and girl living on Earth. Episodes end with a question the viewer can answer through postcard. Another character is the robot Voltix. +In the show's production, Zeltron and Voltix are marionettes with different colors than they appear in the show. A process was used to achieve cartoon-like visuals for the two characters. Early in the show's run, the backgrounds were illustrated before switching to reel footage. +The character Zeltron was created by François Castan and made earlier appearances at the Salon de l'enfance and Les Visiteurs du mercredi in 1978. Zeltron was merchandised through products such as comics published by GP, plastic figurines, and a key ring of Zeltron with movable eyes. According to Yves Bouvier of the University of Savoy, Zeltron was the most successful EDF effort at teaching the concepts of electricity and promoting its brand towards children. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Planète Jeunesse - Les Aventures Electriques de Zeltron +Eighties.fr - Zeltron et Méthanie, les mascottes d'EDF/GDF +Episode "Safari en Zeltronie" featuring Alain Gillot Pétré \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Fire-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Fire-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09115f334 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Fire-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "Life on Fire" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Fire" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:52.599899+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Life on Fire is a six-part television documentary series, created in 2009–12, about volcanoes. It was directed by Bertrand Loyer, Jacques Bedel, and François de Riberolles and was produced by Saint Thomas Productions of Marseille between 2009 and 2012. It was narrated by Jeremy Irons. The series was first broadcast in France as Le Peuple des Volcans, and had its American première on PBS on 2 January 2013. + + +== Episodes == +Ash Runners +Animals in New Britain have adapted to live with the activity of the local volcano near the city of Rabaul. Directed by Bertrand Loyer and released in France on 18 March 2010. Original title: Les Vagabonds des Cendres. +PBS first broadcast date: 30 January 2013. + +Pioneers of the Deep +In the Tongan archipelago, the sooty tern and the Alvin shrimp cope when an underwater volcano becomes an island. Directed by Bertrand Loyer and released in France on 23 October 2010. Original title: Naissance d'Une Ile. +PBS first broadcast date: 6 February 2013. + +The Surprise Salmon +Volcanic activity in Alaska 2,000 years ago disrupted the spawning journey of sockeye salmon, leading them to Surprise Lake in the caldera of Mount Aniakchak. Directed by Bertrand Loyer and released in France on 31 May 2012. Original title: "Les Saumons Surprise" aka Les Saumons du Lac Surprise. PBS first broadcast date: 16 January 2013. + +Phoenix Temple +Nature and humans struggle to survive and thrive between eruptions of the Masaya Volcano in Nicaragua, and to rise again like the phoenix. Directed by François de Riberolles and released in France on 30 May 2012. Original title: Le Temple des Phénix. +PBS first broadcast date: 23 January 2013. + +Volcano Doctors +Volcanologists use their research, insights, and tools to try to protect people living near volcanoes around the world. Directed by François de Riberolles and Bertrand Loyer. Released in France on 21 July 2010. Original title: Trappeurs de Volcans. +PBS first broadcast date: 9 January 2013. + +Icelandic Volcanoes, Who is Next? +Future volcanic eruptions in Iceland will affect Europe and North America. Directed by Jacques Bedel and François de Riberolles. Television première in France on 26 March 2011. Original title: Volcans d'Islande, et Demain? +PBS first broadcast date: 2 January 2013. + + +== International Awards == +The series has won more than 20 awards in international film festivals. In particular, wildlife episodes have been acclaimed for their cinematography, sound and storylines. +With their 5.1 surround sound and dramatic structures, the stand-alone episodes of "Life on Fire" contrast with those from other wildlife TV series, which are usually delivered in stereo and structured like catalogues - with a succession of sequences guided by a seasonal or geographical theme ("Spring", "Abyss", etc...). +Selected awards : +Ash Runners: Best Sound in UK, Wildscreen 2010 and Wildtalk Africa 2010, Best Cinematography in Russia, St Petersbourg World of Knowledge 2012, Grand Prize in Belgium, Namur Nature Film Festival +Pioneers of the Deep: Best Script and Special Jury Award, in France, Albert Nature Film Festival, France, Grand Prix in France, Menigoute Bird Film Festival, Silver Palm in France, Marseille International Underwater Film Festival +The Surprise salmon: Best Marine Animal Behavior, USA, CA, Monterey, Gold Palm in France, Marseille International Underwater Film Festival, Best Script and Best Sound in France, Albert Nature Film Festival +Phoenix temple: Grand Prix and Best Cinematography, Albert Nature Film Festival, Grand Prix in Italy, Cogne, Gran Paradiso Nature Film Festival. + + +== Cinematography and Archives == +Cinematographers have been using innovative techniques seen in other wildlife series, such as Cineflex or Phantom cameras. But they also developed some special artisanal tools, as revealed by some behind the scenes clips on the US or French Home Video editions. +The series has not used any archive material. Most of the images have been captured in 4K and 5K formats, using RED One and Epic Digital Cameras, and down-converted to HD. By producing the series in such format, Saint Thomas Productions claims to own the largest HD stock footage library of volcanoes, displayed on a dedicated website. + + +== Sequels == +No sequel of this series has been produced. However, Saint Thomas Productions has produced a 90 minutes special episode, named "A Volcano Odyssey". It premiered on Arte in 2012 under the name Memoires de Volcans and achieved the channel best rating in 2012 for their prime time Sunday strand. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +About the series PBS; archived at the Wayback Machine, 2 January 2013 +Life on Fire Saint Thomas Productions +Saint Thomas Productions Internet Movie Database +Bertrand Loyer Internet Movie Database +Jacques Bedel Internet Movie Database +François de Riberolles Internet Movie Database +Icelandic Volcanoes, Who is Next? Internet Movie Database +Volcano Doctors Internet Movie Database +Pioneers of the Deep Internet Movie Database +Ash Runners Internet Movie Database +Phoenix Temple Internet Movie Database \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef08a6ef2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:30.324789+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings are annual scientific conferences held in Lindau, Bavaria, Germany, since 1951. Their aim is to bring together Nobel laureates and the world's most talented young scientists to foster scientific exchange between different generations, cultures and disciplines. The meetings assume a unique position amongst international scientific conferences, as from 30 to more than 75 Nobel laureates attending each edition they are the largest regular congregation of Nobel laureates in the world, apart from the Nobel Prize award ceremony in Stockholm. + +== Purpose == +Every Lindau Meeting consists of a multitude of scientific sessions like lectures and panel discussions as well as a variety of networking and social events. The meetings are not centered on the presentation of research results, but instead, their main goals are the exchange of ideas and the discussion of topics globally relevant to all scientists. The Nobel laureates do not receive any kind of payment for their participation and are free to choose the topics of their presentations. Approximately 375 are members of the meetings’ Founders Assembly. +Billed by the organising Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings as their ‘Mission Education’, the aim of the meetings is to facilitate the transfer of knowledge between Nobel laureates and young scientists but also among the international scientific community and the general public. The opportunity for participants to form international networks of scientists – e.g. through the Lindau Alumni Network – is also regarded as a prime objective by the organisers. The meetings' leitmotif is ‘Educate. Inspire. Connect.’ + +== History == +After World War II, Germany was disconnected from the international scientific community due to the ramifications of the Nazi regime. During this time, hardly any scientific conferences of high value took place in Germany. + +=== Initial idea and establishment (1951) === +The two physicians Franz Karl Hein and Gustav Wilhelm Parade from Lindau, a small town located on the Bavarian shore of Lake Constance, conceived the idea of organising a scientific meeting to bring together German researchers and physicians with Nobel laureates. They convinced Count Lennart Bernadotte af Wisborg, a member of the Swedish royal family and proprietor of nearby Mainau Island, to call upon his good connections to Sweden's Nobel Committee and Nobel institutions to support the undertaking. The first meeting, subsequently held in 1951, was dedicated to the fields of medicine and physiology and was attended by seven Nobel laureates, among them Adolf Butenandt, Henrik Dam and Hans von Euler-Chelpin. After the success of the initial meeting, the scientific scope was broadened to include the other two natural science Nobel Prize disciplines chemistry and physics. Thus, a mode of annually alternating disciplines for the meetings was established. + +=== 1954–2000 === +In 1954, the Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings was founded and henceforth established as the organising committee of the meetings. Count Lennart was appointed as first president of the Council. Also in 1954, the concept of inviting students and young scientists to the meetings was introduced. This step was seen as a measure to add additional value for society to the meetings. Among the young scientists participating that year were also students from Eastern Germany. +While originally conceived by Hein and Parade as a European meeting of scientists, the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings slowly but steadily became more international. In the beginnings, only students from Lake Constance's bordering countries Germany, Switzerland, and Austria attended but year after year new nations began to send representatives. Since 2000, each Lindau Meeting is attended by young scientists from between 80 and 90 or even up 100 countries. +In 1987, Count Bernadotte resigned from his position as president of the Council for reasons of age and his wife, Countess Sonja Bernadotte af Wisborg, took over. + +=== 2000–2008 === +Shortly before the turn of the millennium, the future of the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings was again endangered due to financial uncertainties. In order to counter this negative development, Countess Sonja Bernadotte expanded the Council and added experts from charitable foundations and public affairs as well as representatives of Stockholm's Nobel Foundation to the committee. +Two main goals of Countess Sonja Bernadotte's aegis were the further internationalisation of the meetings and to improve its public images, both domestically and internationally. +On the occasion of the 50th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in the year 2000, the establishment of the Foundation Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings was officially announced. Its main goal since then has been to secure the funding of the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings. Upon its creation, 50 Nobel Laureates joined the Founders Assembly of the foundation and support the continuance of the conference both ideationally and financially. +The 50th Lindau Meeting in 2000 was also the first interdisciplinary meeting that united Nobel laureates and students from all three natural science disciplines (physics, chemistry, or physiology and medicine) of the Nobel Prize. + +=== 2008–2019 === +When Countess Sonja Bernadotte died in October 2008, her daughter, Countess Bettina Bernadotte, was elected President of the Council. She continued her mother's course and worked steadily to expand the international network of scientific partner institutions, complementing this with a strong commitment to education and an increase in the social value of the conferences. + +=== Since 2020 === +For the first time in its nearly 75-year history, the conference planned for 2020 had to be postponed to the following year due to the worldwide Corona pandemic. Instead, Nobel laureates, Lindau alumni, and young scientists came together online and exchanged ideas virtually at the Online Science Days 2020 and the Lindau Online Scienceathon 2020. +In the summer of 2022, the conferences on chemistry and economics were held in a hybrid format, with appropriate measures in place for on-site participants in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. +The Lindau Alumni network has been systematically expanded over the past years through numerous offerings, which were primarily conducted online. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2eca15da8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +--- +title: "Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:30.324789+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Meetings == +Ever since their inception, the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings have taken place in the small Bavarian town of Lindau on the shores of Lake Constance. The city's center is located on an island in the lake that is connected to the mainland via bridges. + +=== Meeting cycle === +The meetings focus alternately on physiology and medicine, physics, and chemistry – the three natural science Nobel Prize disciplines. Since 2000, an interdisciplinary meeting revolving around all three natural sciences is held every five years (last in 2021). In addition, since 2004 the Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences is held every three years with recipients of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ("Economic Nobel Prize"). + +=== Scientific programme === +The following session types are currently part of the scientific programme of the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings: + +Lectures: Traditional presentations held by the Nobel laureates who are free to choose their topics. +Agora Talks: The Agora Talks feature one or two Nobel laureates and a moderator, discussing a topic of the laureate’s choosing. Participants are given the opportunity to ask questions in an open forum setting. This format is especially suitable for controversial and new topics. +Open Exchanges: Nobel laureates engage in intimate discussion sessions with the young scientists and answer their questions. +Next Gen Science Sessions: In a review process, selected young scientists provide insights into their research in brief presentations. +Panel Discussions: Several Nobel laureates and other meeting participants gather for a panel discussion and debate current issues in science. The audience has the opportunity to direct questions to the panelists. +Science Breakfasts: Early-morning, panel discussions hosted by partner institutions and supporters of the meetings. +Apart from the abovementioned, there are also other formats such as Science Walks, Laureate Lunches and Life Lectures. + +=== Social programme === +The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings also host several events with social functions like dinners, BBQs and cultural events. Since 2010 one evening of each meeting is dedicated to an alternating partner country or region. The partner countries so far have been, among others:India (2009), the European Union (2010), the United States of America (2011), Singapore (2012), South Korea (2013), Australia (2014), France (2015), Austria (2016), Mexico (2017), China (2018) and South Africa (2019), the United Kingdom (2022), Indonesia (2023) and Texas (2024). + +=== Boat trip to Mainau Island === +The last day of each meeting includes both scientific and social programme features with a boat trip to Mainau Island at the invitation of the state of Baden-Württemberg. The visit to the island owned by the comital Bernadotte family of Mainau is designed both to let the meetings culminate in a final panel discussion on a topic combining science and society and to give the young scientists the opportunity to visit Mainau, the ‘flower island’. + +== Participants == +Meetings dedicated to a single discipline are usually attended by about 30 to more than 75 Nobel laureates and 500–600 exceptionally talented young scientists representing around more than 90 countries. In addition, several special guests of honour from politics, business and academia as well as international journalists attend the meetings. + +=== Application process === +Young scientists who want to participate need to pass a multi-stage application process. The application is open to undergraduates, PhD students and post-doc researchers who are at the top of their class and do not hold a permanent position yet. Young scientists can only participate once in a Lindau meeting. + +=== Outstanding guests === +Over the years many noteworthy guests of honour have visited the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings: Among them former German Presidents Roman Herzog, Johannes Rau, Horst Köhler and Christian Wulff. Former German President Joachim Gauck gave the opening address at the interdisciplinary meeting in 2015. German Chancellor Angela Merkel held the opening speech at the Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences 2014 and 2017 it was the then president of the ECB Mario Draghi. +Further notable guests include philanthropist and software entrepreneur Bill Gates, former President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso and the President of Singapore Tony Tan. + +== Organisation == +The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings are made up of two legal bodies: The Council and the Foundation. While the council's responsibility is to put together the scientific programme and to organise the meetings via its executive secretariat, the foundation's task is to maintain the financial stability of the meetings and to ensure ongoing financial support. + +=== Academic partners === +Applications for meeting participation need to be addressed to the academic partners, who in turn nominate the best young scientists for the meetings.The council sustains a global network of academic partner institutions that range from national science academies, to universities, foundations and government ministries. + +=== Funding === +The Lindau meetings are funded by both public resources and private donations. The costs and funding of each meeting are made public in the annual report of the respective year. Private supporters are listed on the organisation's website and various other publications. + +== Impact == +Ever since their beginnings, the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings have aimed to facilitate an atmosphere in which scientists could assume more responsibility towards society. Therefore, several political appeals have been issued in Lindau over the years. +The impact these meetings have had on the careers of the roughly 35,000 young scientists, who have participated, is hard to quantify but profound – as one of the supporters put it: "You see the deep inspiration and motivation for the years to come in the eyes of the young researchers when they leave Lindau.” + +=== Global networks === +The meetings provide many networking opportunities for young scientists who in turn form global networks that often yield research collaborations or knowledge transfer not limited by borders or differing cultures. The Lindau Alumni Network as well as regular events for former participants help to connect the Lindau Community even after the meetings. + +=== Mainau declarations === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14c56353c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:30.324789+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In 1955 at the 5th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting, German physics Nobel laureates Max Born and Otto Hahn initiated the ‘Mainau Declaration against the Use of Nuclear Weapons’ that was meant to urge world leaders to abstain from using nuclear weapons. It was initially signed by 18 Nobel laureates attending the meeting, but the number of signatories grew to 52 within a year. +Sixty years later, at the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in the summer of 2015, a second Mainau Declaration was issued, this time making a statement on the need to combat climate change. The declaration was initially signed by 36 attending Nobel laureates who were later joined by 40 additional colleagues. +The first "Mainau Declaration 2024 Against Nuclear Weapons" was taken up in the context of the "Mainau Declaration 2024" in 2024. At the conclusion of the 73rd At the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting, 30 Nobel laureates signed a declaration, read out by David J. Gross, warning of the dangers of nuclear war. + +=== Lindau Guidelines === +Nobel laureate Elizabeth Blackburn initiated the “Lindau Guidelines” in her opening speech during the 68th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting. The initiative formulates guidelines for global, sustainable and cooperative open science in the 21st century. The “Lindau Guidelines” currently comprise 10 goals, which are still openly discussed and are to be officially adopted and signed at the 70th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in 2021.The Lindau Guidelines were signed by numerous Nobel laureates and other scientists. + +=== Asian Science Camp === + +The Asian Science Camp, an annual forum for pre-collegiate and college students which aims at promoting discussion and cooperation among Asian students for the betterment of science in the Asian region, is modeled after the Lindau meetings. This idea of an annual camp was co-proposed by Yuan Tseh Lee and Masatoshi Koshiba at the 2005 Nobel Laureate Meetings at Lindau. With the exception of the COVID-19 pandemic, the forum has been meeting annually since 2007. + +== Mediatheque == +Due to the fact that the Lindau Meetings have such a long tradition and history, a digital and open to the public archive was established. It currently contains about 400 hours of video footage of lectures held by Nobel laureates during the Lindau meetings. In addition, photos, animated educational films and interactive content like virtual tours of Nobel laureates’ laboratories and an interactive map showing the career paths of the laureates are also available. +The mediatheque is also used as an educational tool providing topic dossiers and introductions to certain scientific fields that can be used by teachers and professors. + +== Other projects and outreach == +The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings are also actively engaging in outreach projects and science communication based on their ‘Mission Education’ leitmotif. Among these projects are the photo exhibition ‘Sketches of Science’ by German photographer Volker Steger being exhibited world-wide and a permanent exhibition on the history of the meetings in Lindau's city museum. + +== Footnotes == + +== References == +Burmester, Ralph (2000), Science at First Hand. 50 years of the Meetings of Nobel Laureates in Lindau on Lake Constance, Munich, Bonn, Washington: Deutsches Museum, Deutsches Museum Bonn and National Museum of American History, ISBN 3-924183-58-9 +Burmester, Ralph (2015), Science at First Hand. 65 years of Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings, Deutsches Museum Bonn + +== External links == +www.lindau-nobel.org - official website +http://mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org - online archive with videos of Nobel laureate lectures \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_journals-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_journals-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f0998357 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_journals-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +--- +title: "List of astronomy journals" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_journals" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:13.473169+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of scientific journals publishing articles in astronomy, astrophysics, and space sciences. + + +== A == + + +== B == +Baltic Astronomy +Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society +Bulgarian Astronomical Journal +Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India + + +== C == +Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy +Classical and Quantum Gravity +Connaissance des Temps +Cosmic Research + + +== E == +Earth and Planetary Science Letters +Earth, Moon, and Planets +Experimental Astronomy + + +== G == +General Relativity and Gravitation +Geophysical Research Letters + + +== I == +Icarus +International Astronomical Union Circular +International Journal of Astrobiology + + +== J == + + +== L == +Living Reviews in Solar Physics + + +== M == +Meteoritics & Planetary Science +Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society + + +== N == +Nature Astronomy +Nature Geoscience +New Astronomy + + +== O == +The Observatory +Open Astronomy +Open European Journal on Variable Stars (OEJV) +The Open Journal of Astrophysics (OJAp) +Odessa Astronomical Publications (OAP) + + +== P == +Peremennye Zvezdy +Pis’ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal +Planetary and Space Science +Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia +Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan +Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific + + +== R == +Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics +Research Notes of the AAS +Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica + + +== S == +Serbian Astronomical Journal +Solar Physics +Solar System Research +Space Science Reviews +Sternenbote \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_mathematicians-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_mathematicians-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2848d9780 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_mathematicians-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "List of films about mathematicians" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_mathematicians" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:54.322977+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of feature films and documentaries that include mathematicians, scientists who use math or references to mathematicians. + +== About mathematics == +Films where mathematics is central to the plot: + +21 (2008) – A group of current and former MIT students, mostly mathematicians, and an algebra professor devise a card counting scheme for success at Las Vegas Strip blackjack tables. +The Bank (2001) – A mathematician discovers a formula to predict fluctuations in the stock market. +Cube (1997) – Six people, including math student Leaven, awake in a deathtrap based on mathematical principles. +Fermat's Room (2007) – Three mathematicians and one inventor are invited to a house under the premise of solving a great enigma and told to use pseudonyms based on famous historical mathematicians. At the house, they are trapped in a room. They must solve puzzles given by the host, who calls himself "Fermat", in order to escape the slowly closing walls of the room. +Gifted (2017) – Frank Adler (Chris Evans) is a single man raising a child prodigy—his spirited young niece Mary (Mckenna Grace)—in a coastal town in Florida after the death of her mother Diane, a mathematician. Mary's grandmother Evelyn (Lindsay Duncan) and uncle have different ideas on how to raise her. Mary tells her grandmother she wants to solve the problem her mother was working on, the Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness problem. +Good Will Hunting (1997) – Janitor and genius Will Hunting (Matt Damon) begins to turn his life around with the help of psychologist (Robin Williams) and a Fields Medal-winning professor (Stellan Skarsgård). +I.Q. (1994) – Albert Einstein (Walter Matthau) helps a young man (Tim Robbins) pretend to be a physicist in order to catch the attention of Einstein's niece (Meg Ryan). +An Invisible Sign (2011) – Mona Gray (Jessica Alba) gives up everything important to her in life, except mathematics, as part of a "deal with the universe" to help restore her father (a mathematician) to health. Years later, Mona teaches the subject, and does her best to help her students contend with their own personal crises. +Marguerite's Theorem (2023) – Marguerite (Ella Rumpf) is a brilliant doctoral student at the ENS. She has been working on the Goldbach's conjecture for her thesis and leading a secluded life. However, an error is discovered in her thesis that completely destroys her work. Devastated, she leaves the academia and tries to live with people in the outside world. +Moebius (1996) – Topologists including a young girl make contributions to the subway system and other facets of reality in Argentina in this math film with a science fiction and surreal feel. +Moneyball (2011) – Oakland Athletics baseball team's general manager Billy Beane attempts to assemble a competitive team using statistics. +The Oxford Murders (2008) – A Student (Elijah Wood) finds out about mysterious killings in Oxford and helped by a professor (John Hurt), they reveal the math patterns used by the killer. +Pi (1998) – A mathematician searches for the number that underlies all of nature. +Proof (2005) – A former student (Jake Gyllenhaal) of a recently deceased, brilliant mathematician (Anthony Hopkins) finds a notebook in his office containing a proof of an important theorem, but the mathematician's daughter (Gwyneth Paltrow) claims it is hers. The ensuing dispute is complicated by signs that she may have inherited her father's mental illness and a burgeoning romance. The movie is based on the 2001 play by David Auburn. +Raising Genius (2004) – The film is about a boy (Justin Long) who locks himself in the bathroom to work out math equations on the shower wall. +Sneakers (1992) – An eclectic team is blackmailed into stealing a mathematician's code-breaking box. +Travelling Salesman (2012) – The US government hires four mathematicians to solve the most powerful problem ever to plague computer science (P vs NP problem). +X+Y (2014) – A teenage mathematical prodigy has difficulty understanding people, but finds comfort in numbers. + +== Mathematician biographical films == +Biographical films based on real-life mathematicians: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_mathematicians-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_mathematicians-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2316bdb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_mathematicians-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +--- +title: "List of films about mathematicians" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_mathematicians" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:54.322977+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Agora (2009) – The life of the mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Hypatia (Rachel Weisz), directed by Alejandro Amenábar. +A Beautiful Mind (2001) – A fictional account based loosely on the life of mathematician John Nash (Russell Crowe), who made a breakthrough that wins him the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. +Breaking the Code (1996) – A biographical film based on the life of Alan Turing adapted from the 1986 play of the same name. +A Brief History of Time (1991) – A biographical documentary film about the physicist Stephen Hawking, directed by Errol Morris. +Cartesius (1973) – A miniseries on the life of René Descartes, directed by Roberto Rossellini. +Counting from Infinity: Yitang Zhang and the Twin Prime Conjecture (2015) – A documentary film by George Paul Csicsery about Yitang Zhang, a lecturer at the University of New Hampshire, working in complete isolation and making an important breakthrough towards solving the twin prime conjecture. +Enigma (2001) – A story of romantic and psychological intrigue set in Bletchley Park during the World War II effort to crack the German Enigma machine. +Fermat's Last Theorem (1997) – A documentary on the mathematician Andrew Wiles proving the eponymous theorem, directed by Simon Singh. +Girls who fell in love with Math (2017) – Career profiles of mathematicians Sun-Yung Alice Chang and Fan Chung. +Hidden Figures (2016) – African-American mathematicians Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson are featured in this film about the early years of the NASA Project Mercury and racial and sexual segregation. +A Hill on the Dark Side of the Moon (1983) – A drama film about the professor of mathematics, Sofya Kovalevskaya. +The Imitation Game (2014) – British mathematician Alan Turing (Benedict Cumberbatch), a pioneer in digital computing and artificial intelligence, is tasked with cracking Nazi Germany's Enigma code that would help the Allies win World War II. A new adaptation of the play Breaking the Code. +Infinity (1996) – A story about Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman (Matthew Broderick). +The Man Who Knew Infinity (2015) – The true story of Indian mathematical genius, Srinivasa Ramanujan (Dev Patel), who develops numerous properties of infinite series as a clerk in India before writing to Cambridge mathematicians who invite him to UK. Directed by Matthew Brown +N Is a Number: A Portrait of Paul Erdős (1993) – A documentary directed by George Csicsery about the life of Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős. +Ramanujan (2014) – A biographical film by Gnana Rajasekaran based on the life of Srinivasa Ramanujan. +Secrets of the Surface The Mathematical Vision of Maryam Mirzakhani (2020) – A documentary film by George Csicsery about the Fields medalist and Iranian national hero. +Sofia Kovalevskaya (1985) – Epic film in four episodes, based on a true story of mathematician Sofya Kovalevskaya. +The Theory of Everything (2014) – The story of the life and hardships faced by theoretical physicist and mathematician Stephen Hawking. +Super 30 (2019) – A film about the life of mathematician and teacher Anand Kumar and its educational program named Super 30. + +== With mathematician characters == +Films where one or more of the main characters are mathematicians, but that are not otherwise about mathematics: + +It's My Turn (1980) – A mathematics professor (Jill Clayburgh) falls in love with her father's bride's son (Michael Douglas). +The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996) – A math professor (Jeff Bridges) marries a literature professor (Barbra Streisand), but they want different things from the relationship. +Stand and Deliver (1988) – Based on the true story of math teacher Jaime Escalante, who inspired the students at a school in a troubled Hispanic neighborhood to take Advanced Placement Calculus. The method of tabular integration is featured in the film. +Straw Dogs (1971) – David Sumner (Dustin Hoffman) is an American mathematical physicist who moves to England, where he and his wife are violently harassed by locals. +A Summer's Tale (1996) – A young mathematician vacationing in Brittany. +Tall Story (1960) – A college physics and mathematics whiz is also the star basketball player, partly because he has devised equations for making baskets. +A Serious Man (2009) +Incendies (2010) - A graduate student (Mélissa Désormeaux-Poulin), who teaches pure mathematics in Montreal, travels to the Middle East in search of her father she thought dead. + +== Featuring mathematicians == +Films where one or more of the members of the main cast is a mathematician: + +21 Grams (2003) – An accident changes many lives, including that of a critically ill mathematics professor (Sean Penn). +Antonia's Line (1995) – A genealogical "line" of five generations of women includes a child prodigy, Thérèse, who grows up to be a mathematician. +Jurassic Park (1993) – A mathematician studying chaos theory (Jeff Goldblum) is among those invited to a theme park with cloned dinosaurs, in order to assess its safety. +The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997) – Mathematician Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum) travels to an auxiliary Jurassic Park site to document dinosaurs. + +== See also == + +List of fictional child prodigies +Donald in Mathmagic Land + +== References == + +== External links == +Mathematical Fiction: films by Alex Kasman (College of Charleston) +The Mathematical Movie Database by Burkard Polster and Marty Ross +Mathematics in Movies by Oliver Knill (Harvard University) +My Math Movie Picks by Brian Harbourne (University of Nebraska–Lincoln) +Math in the Movies by Arnold G. Reinhold +Math Becomes Way Cool by Keith Devlin (Mathematical Association of America) +Top 10 Math Movies (infographic) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Petr_Vaníček-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Petr_Vaníček-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ec1e5363 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Petr_Vaníček-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "List of works by Petr Vaníček" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Petr_Vaníček" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:01.648533+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is the list of works by Petr Vaníček. + + +== Remarks == +B Book +TB Textbook +LN Lecture Notes +PR Paper in a Refereed Journal +R Research Paper +C Critique, Reference Paper +IP Invited Paper to a Meeting +NP Paper Read at a Meeting +TH Thesis +RT Report (non-technical) +RW Review Paper (technical) + + +== List of works == + + +== Sources == +Santos, Marcelo, ed. (January 2003). Honoring The Academic Life of Petr Vanicek. Fredericton: Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick. pp. 184–219. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Scientist_Toon_Club-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Scientist_Toon_Club-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b882d2fa --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Scientist_Toon_Club-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Mad Scientist Toon Club" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Scientist_Toon_Club" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:53.809192+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Mad Scientist Toon Club (also known as Mad Scientist Kids Club) is an educational children's television show produced by Saban Entertainment that aired in US syndication from September 15, 1993 to January 25, 1994. +Each hour-long program mixed live action segments hosted by the scientist character "Dr. π" and pre-existing Japanese animation, including Saban's Tic Tac Toons. Dr. Pi wore a green lab coat and a backwards baseball cap, surrounded by a colorful set, and presented experiments that children could perform at home. The format of the science portions was similar to Beakman's World and Bill Nye the Science Guy; all three were produced in response to the 1990 Children's Television Act, which mandated each broadcaster to air a minimum amount of educational programming. +Tic Tac Toons was going to air on its own on Fox Family in 1998 but it never made it. + + +== Episodes == + +This Mad Scientist Toon Club episode list was compiled from US Copyright Office listings. The episodes that aired on the same date were given a combined entry in the registry. + + +== References == + +http://www.faqs.org/copyright/dex-at-bat-invasion-of-leawood-exit-nefaria-enter-barbaria-2/#id11534764 +"Slick and Fast, Science Shows Emulate MTV" +United States Copyright Office - Public Catalog Search (episode 1 is registration number PA0000735342 and ep. 20 is PA0000735582) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(American_TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(American_TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d810aba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(American_TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +--- +title: "Mars (American TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(American_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:57.772621+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Mars is a hard science-fiction television series produced by National Geographic that premiered on November 14, 2016, on its channel and FX. Prior to its official airdate, it was launched in a streaming format on November 1, 2016. It blends elements of real interviews with a fictional story of a group of astronauts as they land on the planet Mars. +The series is based on the Stephen Petranek book How We'll Live on Mars (2015). The fictional narrative initially alternates between the years 2016 and 2033, using present-day non-fiction interviews to explain events unfolding in the story. Over the series, the fictional narrative progresses through to 2042 as the colony develops. The series was filmed in Budapest and Morocco. +A companion book to the series, Mars: Our Future on the Red Planet (October 2016), details the science behind the show. A prequel episode, called Before Mars, was produced and released conjointly with the series. It tells the fictional story of a moment in the life of one of the astronauts and the decisions she made to get involved in science. +On January 13, 2017, it was announced that National Geographic had renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on November 12, 2018. +The lead actress, Jihae, confirmed via her official Instagram that the series was canceled after only two seasons. + + +== Premise == +In the year 2033, a crew of six astronauts launch from Florida on a journey to be the first people to set foot on Mars. During the descent into the Martian atmosphere, there is a malfunction with their spacecraft, the Daedalus. They land 75.3 kilometers away from their planned habitat. On Earth, their progress is being monitored. In the second season, the story jumps ahead several years into the future after the Daedalus astronauts have built a full-fledged colony called Olympus Town. Having established humankind as an interplanetary species, Season 2 examines the impact that humans have on the Red Planet and the consequences the planet has on us. +Intermixed with the story is interview footage of real-life figures in the present, as well as of the fictional crew and their mission control. The real-life present-day interviews are with various scientists, engineers, and other public figures, such as Elon Musk, Susan Wise Bauer, Andy Weir, Robert Zubrin, and Neil deGrasse Tyson, among others, about the difficulties that the crew might face on a journey to, and living on, Mars. + + +== Cast == +The cast for the fictional part of the first season includes: + +Ben Cotton as Ben Sawyer, American mission commander and systems engineer. +Jihae Kim as +Hana Seung, American mission pilot and systems engineer, later mission commander, and +Joon Seung, her twin sister and CAPCOM of mission control on Earth, later secretary-general of International Mars Science Foundation, the multi-nation organization funding the Mars expedition. +Clémentine Poidatz as Amelie Durand, French mission physician and biochemist. +Sammi Rotibi as Robert Foucault, Nigerian mission engineer and roboticist. +Alberto Ammann as Javier Delgado, Spanish mission hydrologist and geochemist. +Anamaria Marinca as Marta Kamen, Russian mission exobiologist and geologist. +Olivier Martinez as Ed Grann, CEO of the Mars Missions Corporation, consortium of private aerospace companies preparing Mars expeditions. +Cosima Shaw as Leslie Richardson, a logistical engineer who joins the expedition to oversee the base's expansion. In Season 2, she becomes secretary-general of International Mars Science Foundation. +With the exception of Martinez and Cotton, all of these actors returned for the second season, which started production in July 2017. + + +=== Season 2 === +Esai Morales as Roland St. John, CEO of Lukrum. +Jeff Hephner as Kurt Hurrelle, commander of the Lukrum Mars mission. +Roxy Sternberg as Jen Carson, one of the Lukrum workers. +Akbar Kurtha as Dr. Jay Johar +John Light as Paul Richardson + + +== Production == +The series music is composed by Nick Cave and Warren Ellis. The soundtrack for the first season was released on November 11, 2016. +For the second season, Dee Johnson took over as showrunner. Stephen Cragg and Ashley Way joined returning director Everardo Gout. Esai Morales, Roxy Sternberg, Gunnar Cauthery, Levi Fiehler, Evan Hall, Akbar Kurtha and Jeff Hephner joined the Season 2 cast. +The second season premiered in the UK and Belgium on November 11, 2018, and in the US on November 12. + + +== Episodes == + + +=== Prequel (2016) === + + +=== Season 1 (2016) === + + +=== Season 2 (2018) === + + +=== Special (2018) === + + +== Reception == + + +=== Critical response === +The first season of Mars received mixed reviews, holding a 61% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 7.33/10 based on 18 reviews; in 2018, the critical consensus stated: "Ron Howard's direction ensures that Mars is an attractive endeavor, even if the show struggles to move smoothly between its documentary and fictional elements." +On Metacritic, the first season has received a score of 59 out of 100 based on 14 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". + + +=== Accolades === + + +== See also == + + +=== Factual === +Falcon 9 flight 20, a flight of Falcon 9 that landed an orbital class booster on land for the first time in history, shown on the final episode of the first season of Mars +SpaceX Starship, in development by SpaceX +Space Launch System (SLS), in development by NASA and Boeing +Mars Design Reference Mission, the standing NASA plans for hypothetical crewed missions to Mars + + +=== Fictional === +Away (TV series) +The Expanse (TV series) +The First (TV series) + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Mars at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math-Tinik-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math-Tinik-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17cbd8d73 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math-Tinik-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Math-Tinik" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math-Tinik" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:59.556920+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Math-Tinik (lit. 'math-thorn'; stylized as MATH-Tinik, a pun on the word “Matinik” which literally translates to “Thorny” but is often used to mean ‘sharp’ in terms of mental acuity) is a Philippine television educational show by ABS-CBN. Hosted by Angela Garcia, Lorena Garcia, Huey Remulla, Claudine Alejandro and Mark Guayco, it aired from January 7, 1997 to August 3, 2004. + + +== Cast == +Angela Garcia as Ms. Math-Tinik +Lorena Garcia as Sheila Mae +Huey Remulla as Charlie +Claudine Alejandro as Patricia +Mark Guayco as Joey +Introduced in 2000 +Herbie Go as Artmetic + + +== Production == +The series' headwriters are Catherina Calzo-Fournier and Andrea Delos Reyes, with the former later becoming editor-in-chief of the Pinas newspaper. One of the episode directors is Rene Guidote, who has also directed Sine'skwela, Bayani, Pahina and other educational series made by ABS-CBN Foundation. +As with other educational television programs from the ABS-CBN Foundation and DECS, a single episode of Math-Tinik took between three and nine months to make from conception to approval. + + +=== Music === +The "Math-Tinik Theme" was sung by Cris Villonco, with lyrics by Ting-ting Calzo-Fournier and music composed by Jungee Marcelo. The series composers were Noel Argosino, Froilan Malimban, and Noel Manalo, who also provided sound effects for the series. +In the 1999 episode "Numeration", the song "Numerals" was composed by Liezel Ann Tiamzon. In the 2000 episode "Time and Calendar", the song "Time and Calendar" was also composed by Tiamzon, sung by Caloy Santos Jr. + + +== See also == +Sine'skwela +Hiraya Manawari +Bayani +Epol/Apple + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Movie_Magic-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Movie_Magic-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c51bb774 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Movie_Magic-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Mega Movie Magic" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Movie_Magic" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:02.635474+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Mega Movie Magic is an American television program that was shown on Discovery Channel as part of its Sunday morning children-targeted line-up. The program explored special effects used in films. It was produced by GRB Entertainment. The program was nominated for a CableAce Award in 1998, and "drew healthy ratings" in its first season. It began in 1998 as the children's version of Discovery Channel's 1994–97 program, Movie Magic, and was shown during 2004. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_of_Rock-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_of_Rock-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56424afcd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_of_Rock-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Men of Rock" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_of_Rock" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:03.931440+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Men of Rock is a 2010 TV series produced by the BBC about pioneering geologists working in Scotland. It is presented by Professor Iain Stewart. + + +== Episodes == +Deep Time 1/3 The story of James Hutton, the founding father of geology. +Moving Mountains 2/3 An examination of how geologist Edward Bailey discovered Scotland once had super volcanoes. +The Big Freeze 3/3 The story of Louis Agassiz, who first proposed that the earth had experienced an ice age. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Men of Rock at BBC Online +Men of Rock at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinutePhysics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinutePhysics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20fae51ca --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinutePhysics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "MinutePhysics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinutePhysics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:40.862253+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +MinutePhysics is an educational YouTube channel created by Henry Reich in 2011. The channel's videos use whiteboard animation to explain physics-related topics. Early videos on the channel were approximately one minute long. As of January 2026, the channel has over 5.94 million subscribers. + + +== Background and video content == + +MinutePhysics was created by Henry Reich in 2011. Reich attended Grinnell College, where he studied mathematics and physics. He then attended the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, where he earned his master's degree in theoretical physics from the institute's Perimeter Scholars International program. +The video content on MinutePhysics deals with concepts in physics. Examples of videos Reich has uploaded onto the channel include one dealing with the concept of "touch" in regards to electromagnetism. Another deals with the concept of dark matter. The most viewed MinutePhysics video, with more than 20 million views, discusses whether it is more suitable to walk or to run when trying to avoid rain. Reich also has uploaded a series of three videos explaining the Higgs Boson. In March 2020, Reich produced a video that explained exponential projection of statistics as data is being collected, using the evolving record related to COVID-19 data. + + +=== Collaborations === +MinutePhysics has collaborated with Vsauce, as well as the director of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Neil Turok, and Destin Sandlin (Smarter Every Day). MinutePhysics also has made two videos that were narrated by Neil deGrasse Tyson and one video narrated by Tom Scott. The channel also collaborated with physicist Sean M. Carroll in a five-part video series on time and entropy and with Grant Sanderson on a video about a lost lecture of physicist Richard Feynman, as well as a video about Bell's Theorem. In 2015, Reich collaborated with Randall Munroe on a video titled "How To Go To Space", which was animated similarly to the style found in Munroe's webcomic xkcd. +Google tapped Reich for their 2017 "Be Internet Awesome" campaign, a video series aimed at creating a safer Internet space for children. + + +=== Related channels === +In October 2011, Reich, along with his father Peter and brother Alex, started MinuteEarth. The channel features a similar style to MinutePhysics videos, with a focus on the Earth sciences, medicine, and general health. MinuteEarth's team has since expanded to additional members. +In March 2022, MinuteFood was launched by MinuteEarth staffers Kate Yoshida and Arcadi Garcia. Its videos focus on food science. + + +== Production and release == + +Neptune Studios is the parent company of Reich's channels. MinutePhysics videos can be viewed through YouTube EDU. Videos from the channel published prior to April 2016 are also made available to download as a podcast. +Some videos of Reich's receive the sponsorship of organizations. For example, a 2017 MinutePhysics video describing the characteristics of neutrino oscillation was sponsored by the Heising-Simons Foundation. +MinutePhysics was one of the original founders of the Standard creator community along with Dave Wiskus, CGP Grey, Philipp Dettmer and many other creators. Through Standard, MinutePhysics has released most of his content on Standard's Nebula streaming service, mostly the same videos he posts on YouTube but ad and sponsorship free, but he also releases some Nebula Originals only on the platform, including two exclusive Nebula Originals MinuteBody and The Illegal Alien. + + +== Reception == +Reich's channels have amassed a considerable following online. By 2015, the National Center for Science Education (NCSE) described MinutePhysics and MinuteEarth as "definitely well known and well received" among an audience of science communicators. +His 2014 "Evolution vs Natural Selection" video on the MinutePhysics channel received criticism from the NCSE. Writing for the NCSE, Stephanie Keep expressed issue with the video's content, stating "not all evolution occurs by natural selection. To think it does lends itself to a hyper-adaptive view of life." + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Reich, Henry. "Making Minute Physics". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule_of_the_Month-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule_of_the_Month-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5f347f97 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule_of_the_Month-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Molecule of the Month" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule_of_the_Month" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:32.681712+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Molecule of the Month (MOTM) is a website launched in 1996 by Henry Rzepa of the Imperial College London, Karl Harrison of the University of Oxford, and Paul May of the University of Bristol. Each month since January 1996, a new molecule has been added to the list on the page, making it one of the longest-running chemistry websites on the internet. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Molecule of the Month +Molecule of the week \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netprimer-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netprimer-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2239d184e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netprimer-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Netprimer" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netprimer" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:33.885355+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +NetPrimer is a gratis web-based tool used for analysing primers used in PCR to amplify a DNA sequence. The software predicts the melting temperature of the primers using the nearest neighbor thermodynamic algorithm. The accurate prediction of the melting temperature (Tm) is one of the most important factors that governs the success of a PCR reaction. +NetPrimer also analyzes the thermodynamically important secondary structures such as hairpins, self and cross dimers, runs and repeats. These structures significantly affect the primer efficiency and therefore the success of a PCR reaction. +NetPrimer can be used to determine the best primer pairs for a given set of experimental conditions. The program assigns a rating to each primer analyzed. The rating is based on the proximity of the thermodynamic parameters to their ideal scores. +In addition to the primer quality, its molecular weight and optical activity (both in nmol/A260 and μg/A260) are also presented for quantitation. Primers are analyzed for their GC% (Guanine-Cytosine content). This important parameter determines their annealing strength. + + +== Business model == +Although Netprimer is provided without charge, it is not free software. Users must register for access and thereby receive advertising of Premier Biosoft's other products. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +NetPrimer Home Page \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6186bd19f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +--- +title: "Newton's Apple" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:11.417519+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Newton's Apple is an American educational television program produced and developed by KTCA of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, and distributed to PBS stations in the United States that ran from October 15, 1983, to January 3, 1998, with reruns continuing until October 31, 1999. The show's title is based on the legend of Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree and an apple falling near him—more popularly, on his head—prompting him to ponder what makes things fall, leading to the development of his theory of gravitation (an event often loosely described as him "discovering" gravity). The show was produced by Twin Cities Public Television (TPT). For most of the run, the show's theme song was Ruckzuck by Kraftwerk, later remixed by Absolute Music. Earlier and later episodes of the show featured an original song. +Ira Flatow was the show's first host during the first five seasons and in the 6th season, he was replaced by David Heil, then assistant director of the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI). In the 5th season, Peggy Knapp joined the show as a field reporter and later became the co-host in the 13th season. The last three seasons were hosted by the team of Peggy Knapp, Dave Huddleston, Brian Hackney, David Heil and SuChin Pak. In the 14th season, Peggy Knapp was replaced by actress and voiceover artist Eileen Galindo. An occasional short feature called "Science of the Rich and Famous" featured celebrities explaining a scientific principle or natural or physical phenomenon; for example, rock star Ted Nugent explained guitar feedback, Olympic gold medalist skater Scott Hamilton demonstrated angular momentum in the context of a skater's spin, Monty Hall explained principles of probability, and Betty White showed how cats purr. +Newton's Apple won numerous national awards including the American Association for the Advancement of Science Science Journalism Award, the Parent's Choice Award, and the 1989 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Series. +A segment in the early years, titled "Newton's Lemons," used 1950s-era newsreels of a device that was considered "futuristic" at the time of its introduction but had long since been simply forgotten. +Quick clips from the series were also aired in between programming as "A Bite from Newton's Apple" on many PBS stations. + +== Episodes == + +=== Season 1 (1983–1984) === +Body is Fat; Fiber Optics; Fainting Chat; Dolphins (October 15, 1983) +Voiceprints; Curveball; Goosebumps Chat; Hawk (October 22, 1983) +Astronaut Training; How A Hand Falls Asleep; Clouded Leopard (October 29, 1983) +Hypnosis; Sky Blue; Seeing Stars Chat; Cold Remedies (November 5, 1983) +Visual Cliff; Heart; Ears Pop Chat; Wolves (November 12, 1983) +Video Games; Holograms; Funny Bone Chat; Onions & Tears Chat (November 19, 1983) +Color Blindness; Taste Buds; Black Hole Chat (November 26, 1983) +Digital Sound; Eggs; Teeth Chatter Chat; Camel (December 3, 1983) +Ultrasound; Spacesuit; Knuckles Crack Chat; Porcupine (December 10, 1983) +Robots; X-Terrestrials; Headaches Chat; Parrots (December 17, 1983) +Wagon Wheel; Prosthetics; Armadillo (December 24, 1983) +Police Radar; Voice Synthesis; Skin & Wrinkles Chat; Snake & Lizard (December 31, 1983) +Karate; Lightning; Tears Chat; Opossum (January 7, 1984) + +=== Season 2 (1984–1985) === +Mummies; Bicycles; Helium Chat; Owl (October 13, 1984) +Hot-Air Balloons; Hearing; Side Stitch Chat; Beluga Whales (October 20, 1984) +Fire; Artificial Heart; Penguins (October 27, 1984) +Lie Detector; Golf Balls; Hiccup Chat; Cold Remedies (November 3, 1984) +Imploding Buildings; Snoring; Stomach Growl Chat; Walrus (November 10, 1984) +Computer Graphics; Smell; Tarantula Chat; Inventors' Fair (November 17, 1984) +Pain; Optical Illusions; Wine Glass Sing Chat; Iguana (November 24, 1984) +Electricity; Vision; Tennis Elbow Chat; Bubbles (December 1, 1984) +Thermography; Voice; Yawn Chat; Pronghorn (December 8, 1984) +Car Crash; Allergies; Blush Chat; Reindeer (December 15, 1984) +Sports Clinics; Radioactivity; Acne Chat; Baby Tigers (December 22, 1984) +Space Shuttle (December 29, 1984) +Balance; Cooking; Scientists Disagree; Eagle (January 5, 1985) + +=== Season 3 (1985–1986) === +Earnie; Rainbow; Popcorn Chat; Pygmy Hippo (October 12, 1985) +Dinosaurs; Bullet Proof Vest; Heartburn Chat; Killer Whales (October 22, 1985) +Space Shuttle; Rube Goldberg; Crazy Inventions (October 29, 1985) +Chimp Communication; Bends; Sweating Chat; Cold Remedies (November 2, 1985) +Boomerangs; Cooking Chemistry; Bears (November 9, 1985) +Comets; Perpetual Motion; Warts Chat; Sharks (November 16, 1985) +FBI; Stomach; Llama (November 23, 1985) +Cancer; Tennis Racquets; Sneezing Chat; Badger (November 30, 1985) +Punting A Football; Color; Jet Lag Chat; Sea Lions (December 7, 1985) +Muscles & Bones; Einstein; Falling Stars Chat; Raptor Center (December 14, 1985) +Earthquakes; Lungs; Bats (December 21, 1985) +Headaches; Eggs & Equinox; Hot Pepper Chat; Inventors' Fair; Lion (December 28, 1985) +Singing In The Shower; Calories; Sun Tanning Chat; Patagonian Cavy (January 4, 1986) + +=== Season 4 (1986–1987) === +Flight Trainers; Snake Bite; Hedgehog Chat; Cold Remedies (October 11, 1986) +Caves; Lasers; Skin Wrinkle Chat; Whale Birth (October 18, 1986) +Hypothermia; Moon; Voice Change Chat; Yak (October 25, 1986) +Sponges; Bed Of Nails; Probability; Pelicans (November 1, 1986) +Bees; Blood Pressure; Bruises Chat; Hiccups (November 8, 1986) +Telescopes; Food Myths; Manatee (November 15, 1986) +Fossil Dig; Mirrors; Frostbite Chat; Elephants (November 22, 1986) +Wind Blow; Baldness; Soda Pop Fizz Chat; Cranes (November 29, 1986) +Alcohol; Helium Balloons; Backache Chat; Roller Coaster; Snow Monkeys (December 6, 1986) +Diabetes; Frozen Food; Flat Feet Chat; Battery Inventions; Alligators (December 13, 1986) +Immune System; Skiing; Blimp; Beaver (December 20, 1986) +Pterodactyl; Rube Goldberg; Black Box Chat; Quickies (December 27, 1986) +Baseball Bats; Polarized Light; Dreams Chat; Inventors' Fair; Falcon (January 3, 1987) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0dddc8b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +--- +title: "Newton's Apple" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:11.417519+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Season 5 (1987–1988) === +Plastic Surgery; High-Speed Bicycles; "Lemons"; Ailing Whale (October 10, 1987) +Treasure Diving; Blackboard Chat; "Lemons"; Mothballs & Wintergreen (October 17, 1987) +Polar Expedition; Inventors' Fair; Sea Otter (October 24, 1987) +Submarine; Budgies In A Truck; Uvula Chat; Lemons, Sea World Science Day (October 31, 1987) +Tornado; Exploratorium; Laryngitis Chat; "Lemons"; Beach Science (November 7, 1987) +Neon Lights; Rube Goldberg; Aspirin Chat; "Lemons"; Puffins (November 14, 1987) +MRI; Segment Update; Stars Twinkle Chat; "Lemons"; Kitchen Science (November 21, 1987) +Cavities; Snowflakes; Reflexes Chat; "Lemons"; Arctic Fox (November 28, 1987) +Cocaine Addiction; Laundry Science; "Lemons"; Sled Dogs (December 5, 1987) +Child Development; Bridges; "Lemons"; Octopus (December 12, 1987) +Sailing; Skin Lotion Chat; "Lemons"; Jelly Fish (December 19, 1987) +Bureau Of Standards; Gravity Contest; Upset Stomach Chat; "Lemons"; Kelp Forest (December 26, 1987) +Gymnastics; Computer Vision; "Lemons"; Golden Monkeys (January 2, 1988) + +=== Season 6 (1988–1989) === +Skydiving; Facial Symmetry; "Lemons"; Baby Orangutans (October 15, 1988) +Movie Creatures; Cholesterol; "Lemons"; Suntan; Vulture (October 22, 1988) +Microsurgery; Strobes; Coordination Chat; "Lemons"; Aardvark (October 29, 1988) +Air Traffic Control; Feet; Bell Curves; Tracking Bears (November 5, 1988) +Clouds; Rube Goldberg; Skin Itch Chat; Home Runs; Cold Remedies (November 12, 1988) +Woods Hole – Lobster, Cell Division, Research (November 19, 1988) +Rockets; CPR Chat; Inventors' Fair; "Lemons"; Aerosol Sprays; Cow (November 26, 1988) +Fireworks; Papermaking; Gas Chat; "Lemons"; Slow Loris (December 3, 1988) +Insomnia; Electron Microscope; "Lemons"; Exponentials; Giraffe (December 10, 1988) +Liquid Nitrogen; Dolphins; Superconductivity Chat; "Lemons"; Insects (December 17, 1988) +Synthesizers; Maple Syruping; Non-Stick Pans; Wind Chill Chat; "Lemons"; Serval (December 24, 1988) +Magnets; Forest Fires; Night Blindness Chat; Lynx (December 31, 1988) +Horse Jumping; Toys In Space; Dust Bunnies; Carnivorous Plants; "Lemons"; Toucan (January 7, 1989) + +=== Season 7 (1989–1990) === +Roller Coaster; Quicksand; Jelly-Side Down; "Lemons"; White Tiger (October 14, 1989) +Bee Stings; Bowling; High-Speed Elevator; "Lemons"; Boa (October 21, 1989) +Race Cars; Spider Webs; "Lemons"; Tropical Fish (October 28, 1989) +Rain Forest; Buoyancy; Pouring Catsup; "Lemons"; Cold Remedies (November 4, 1989) +Caffeine; Butterfly Migration; Autumn Leaves; "Lemons"; Doppler Effect; Sloth (November 11, 1989) +Surfing; Geothermal & Volcanoes; Luau; Sugar Processing; Hawaiian Language; Eel (November 18, 1989) +Whale Watch; Sunspots; "Lemons"; Skunk (November 25, 1989) +Milky Way; Epilepsy; "Lemons"; Inventors' Fair; Cuttlefish (December 2, 1989) +DNA; Rube Goldberg Contest; Parrot Chat; Chewing Tin Foil; Seahorse (December 9, 1989) +Marathons; Celestial Navigation; Cataracts Chat; "Lemons"; Echidna (December 16, 1989) +Spinal Cord; Glue; "Lemons"; Dog Behavior (December 23, 1989) +Cheese; Aging; Appendix Chat; Wolves (December 30, 1989) +Supercomputer; Greenhouse Effect; House Creaking; Owl (January 6, 1990) + +=== Season 8 (1990–1991) === +Disney Cartoons; Skateboards; Smothers & Yo-Yos; "Lemons"; Turtles (October 13, 1990) +Juggling; Greenwich; Echoes; Flies (October 20, 1990) +Everglades; Tomorrow's World; Recycling Chat; Everglades Students (October 27, 1990) +Demolition Derby; Stress; Topology Chat; Eagles (November 3, 1990) +Kidney; Steve Allen & Music; "Lemons"; Swans (November 10, 1990) +Blood; Physics Circus; Faxes; "Lemons"; Pronghorn (November 17, 1990) +Helicopter; Isaac Newton; "Lemons"; Koala (November 24, 1990) +Dyes; Billiards; Cheerios; "Lemons"; Cheetah (December 1, 1990) +Desert Animals; Judo; Salt & Ice; Pigs (December 8, 1990) +Hydro Power; Whitewater Rafting; Mold; "Lemons"; Weather Proverbs (December 15, 1990) +Wildlife Census; Eggs; Inventors' Fair; Stone Crabs (December 22, 1990) +Violins; Voyager; Rube Goldberg; "Lemons"; Kinkaju (December 29, 1990) +Glaciers; Termites; "Lemons"; Alligators (January 5, 1991) + +=== Season 9 (1991–1992) === +Aerobic Exercise; Swimming & Weightlifting; Luge & Skating; Softball & Racewalking (October 12, 1991) +Solar Cars; Steroids; The Amazing Kreskin; How A Foot Falls Asleep; Miniature Horses (October 19, 1991) +Murder Mystery; Ted Nugent; Bats (October 26, 1991) +Cancer Causes; Frisbees; Computer Virus (November 2, 1991) +Sewers; Cancer Treatments; Dick Cavett; Porcupines (November 9, 1991) +Mapping The Dig Site; Dating The Bones; Assembling A Dinosaur (November 16, 1991) +Domed Stadium; Photosynthesis; Polarized Sunglasses; Amusement Park (November 23, 1991) +Tears; Slinky Physics; Bar Codes; Aspirin; Camels (November 30, 1991) +Soviet Space; Sky Blue; Inventors' Fair; Llamas (December 7, 1991) +Acid Rain; High Jump; Potholes; Goats (December 14, 1991) +Medical Quackery; Microwave Ovens; Dollar Changer; Golden Eagles (December 21, 1991) +Telecommunications; Solar Eclipse; Blimp; Bear Cubs (December 28, 1991) +Hip Replacement; Airbags; Paper Cuts; Potbelly Pigs (January 4, 1992) + +=== Season 10 (1992–1993) === +Television; Studio Tour; Post-Production; Satellites (October 10, 1992) +Movie Stunts; Household Chemistry; Coffee & Cream; Musk Ox (October 17, 1992) +Election Polls & Surveys; Electric Car; Ceramics; Cougars (October 24, 1992) +Monster Make-Up; Ozone; Rearview Mirrors; Artificial Sweeteners (October 31, 1992) +Oil Spill; Diet & Nutrition; Crystal Gayle; Caribou (November 7, 1992) +Antarctic Journey; Antarctic Penguins; Palmer Station; Krill; Seals (November 14, 1992) +AIDS; Glass Recycling; Science Challenge; Cement; Wolverine (November 21, 1992) +Cockroaches; Broken Bones; Dentist Chair; Rhinoceros (November 28, 1992) +Omnimax Technology; Archery; Lightbulb; Condors (December 5, 1992) +Aurora Borealis; Air Pressure; Al Gore; Piranha (December 12, 1992) +Traffic Control; Cryogenics; Static Electricity; Russian Kids (December 19, 1992) +Blood Typing; Locks & Dams; Moles; Penguins (December 26, 1992) +Diabetes; Galaxy Mapping; Dweezil Zappa; Ostrich (January 2, 1993) + +=== Season 11 (1993–1994) === +Rock Climbing; Taste Test; Monty Hall; Baby Bobcats (October 16, 1993) +Emergency Rescue; Black Holes; Pizza; Reindeer (October 23, 1993) +Memory; In Vitro Fertilization; Goose Bumps; Hummingbirds (October 30, 1993) +Newspaper; Bomb Squad; Echoes; Mosquitoes (November 6, 1993) +Jumbo Jets; Meteors; Knuckle Crack; Paper Recycling (November 13, 1993) +Windsurfing; Permafrost; Tumbleweeds; Zebras (November 20, 1993) +Spotted Owls; Carpal Tunnel; Foggy Mirrors; Lizards (November 27, 1993) +Archaeology; Mazes; Dolphins (December 4, 1993) +Firefighting; Dairy Farm; Inventors' Fair; Otters (December 11, 1993) +Bison Roundup; Heart Attack; Dead Fingernails; Chile Peppers (December 18, 1993) +The Bends; Compact Disc; Michael York; Wolves (December 25, 1993) +Garbage; Infrared; Shelley Duvall; Polar Bears (January 1, 1994) +Mt. Rushmore; Virtual Reality; Candles; Chimpanzees (January 8, 1994) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5af27ad3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +--- +title: "Newton's Apple" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:11.417519+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Season 12 (1994–1995) === +Hang Gliding; Karate; Robin Leach; Elephant (October 15, 1994) +Sled Dogs; Arctic Travel; Life In Camp; Arctic Weather (October 22, 1994) +Aircraft Carrier; Brain; Carrier Life (October 29, 1994) +Brain Mapping; Garlic; Sunscreens; Tasmanian Devil (November 5, 1994) +Movie Dinosaurs; Bread Chemistry; Scott Hamilton; Wallaby (November 12, 1994) +Movie Sound Effects; Sun; Globetrotters; Hedgehog (November 19, 1994) +Dinosaur Extinction; Floods; Blue Seas; Siberian Tiger (November 26, 1994) +Internet; Antibiotics; Panning For Gold; Taxidermy (December 3, 1994) +Ethnobotany; Hubble Telescope; Inventors' Fair; Komodo Dragons (December 10, 1994) +Raptor Hospital; Photography; Skipping Stones; Snakes (December 17, 1994) +Redwoods; Electricity; Monuments; Red Fox (December 24, 1994) +Printing Money; Gravity; Nature Labs (December 31, 1994) +Bridges; Earthquakes; Chroma-Key; Grizzly Bear (January 7, 1995) + +=== Season 13 (1995–1996) === +Waterskiing; Reflexes; Escalator; Fat-Free Foods (October 14, 1995) +Circus High Wire; Mummies; Bug Spray; Armadillo (October 21, 1995) +Maya Bike Trek; Hearing; Parachutes; Owls (October 28, 1995) +Balloon Safari; Grasslands; Maasai Mara; Mara Animals (November 4, 1995) +Ice Surfing; DNA Fingerprinting; Bubble Gum; Cold Remedies (November 11, 1995) +Aircraft Fire Rescue; Balloons; Knives; Science Home Videos (November 18, 1995) +Simulator Rides; Dolphin Communication; Parade Technology; Laser Show (November 25, 1995) +Hazardous Materials; In-Line Skating; Skin Wrinkling; Compost (December 2, 1995) +Human Slingshot Ride; Bone Marrow; King's Singers; Rotting Foods (December 9, 1995) +Wild Lion Vet; Bicycles; Fish Breathing; Insect Warfare (December 16, 1995) +Equator; Maasai Village; Coffee; Baby Elephants (December 23, 1995) +Bird Songs; Ergonomics; Inventors' Fair; Scorpions (December 30, 1995) +Jungle Survival; Liver; Emus (January 6, 1996) + +=== Season 14 (1996–1997) === +Spelunking; Human Eye; Betty White; Elk (October 12, 1996) +Sharks; Tattoo; Black Pearls; Coconuts (October 19, 1996) +Riverboats; Body Fat-II; Motorcycle Scientists; Parrots (October 26, 1996) +Hypercoaster; Nicotine; Erasers; Dance Scientists (November 2, 1996) +Avalanche Rescue; Prosthetic Limbs; Football Scientist; Popcorn (November 9, 1996) +Inca Engineering; Quipus; Potatoes; Alpacas (November 16, 1996) +Ski Jump; Bee Stings; Fear; Ruminants (November 23, 1996) +Rain Forest Researchers; Snakes; Frogs; Leaf-Cutter Ants (November 30, 1996) +Solar Energy Olympics; Soccer; Trumpets; Earthquake Scientist (December 7, 1996) +Malaria Tracking; Clocks; Inventors' Fair; Deformed Frogs (December 14, 1996) +Post Office; Gems; SCI HomeVideo (December 21, 1996) +Ethanol; Bones; Coyotes (December 28, 1996) +Wetlands; Eco-Filtration; Drinking Water; Water Tower (January 4, 1997) + +=== Season 15 (1997–1998) === +Lost World Dinosaurs; Glaucoma; Research Vet; Enzyme Cleaners (October 11, 1997) +Henrietta Marie; Scuba Kids; Fog; Best Of Inventors'; Fair (October 18, 1997) +Goldmine; Phases Of The Moon; Craig T. Nelson; Baby Tiger (October 25, 1997) +Pet Food; The Family Pack; Wishbone; Not-A-Pet; Exotic Pets (November 1, 1997) +White Water Rafting; Asthma; Meteorologist; Wild Horses (November 8, 1997) +Gliders; Suction Cups; Novocaine; Leeches (November 15, 1997) +Wilderness Training; River Kayaking; Glacier Climbing; Summit Bid (November 22, 1997) +Glass Blowing; Smiles; Richard Dean Anderson; Enviro-Archaeology (November 29, 1997) +Mammoth Dig; Greenhouse Effect; Neo-Natologist; Palmer Station (December 6, 1997) +Kids On Mars; Winds Blow; Badlands (December 13, 1997) +Zoo Vet; Car Engines; Can Opener; Walking Sticks (December 20, 1997) +'Bot Or Not; NASA Robots; Mars VR; Robot Camps (December 27, 1997) +Lightning Bolts; Proteins; Geese; Home Videos (January 3, 1998) + +== Home media == + +== References == + +== External links == +Twin Cities Public Television: Newton's Apple +Newton's Apple at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Latta_Blows_Stuff_Up-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Latta_Blows_Stuff_Up-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc9dc4393 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Latta_Blows_Stuff_Up-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Nigel Latta Blows Stuff Up" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Latta_Blows_Stuff_Up" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:12.732333+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nigel Latta Blows Stuff Up is a New Zealand science television series that started on 19 April 2015, hosted by Nigel Latta. + + +== Watch options == +Curiosity Stream +Apple TV +TVNZ+ + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_and_the_Neurons-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_and_the_Neurons-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b445dca6b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_and_the_Neurons-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +--- +title: "Nina and the Neurons" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_and_the_Neurons" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:13.925688+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nina and the Neurons is a British live action/animated television programme shown on the CBeebies channel, aimed at young children to help them understand basic science. Nina is a neuroscientist who enlists the help of five Neurons (animated characters representing the senses) in her brain to answer a scientific question. It was first aired on 26 February 2007. +The show was produced by Lucille McLaughlin, who has also produced the children's programmes like Balamory, Me Too! and Bits and Bobs. The series is commissioned by CBeebies Controller, Michael Carrington. + +== Synopsis == +Most of the show was based at Glasgow Science Centre, with a little part taking place outdoors. At the start of the show, Nina conducts experiments in front of an unseen audience of children. At one point of the show, Nina is 'contacted' by (usually two or three, but rarely four) children, who appear on a computer screen asking a science-related question (e.g., 'What makes rainbows appear and disappear?') Nina then chooses one (or more) of the five Neurons inside her brain based upon which of the senses is most appropriate to answer the question. Once the Neuron has been selected by Nina, the children (called the 'experimenters') then visit her, using fun experiments and games. +Afterwards, Nina takes the children out to find out more about the answer to the question, sometimes with the help of their friends and family. After they have found out the answer to the question, they travel back to the Glasgow Science Centre to do another experiment and then the experimenters leave. +At the end of each show, a song is sung, which changes from series to series depending on the theme of the series. Then, the Neurons discuss what they have done and the individual role they have played. The show ends with Nina and the Neurons bidding farewell to the viewers. + +== Characters and cast == +Nina (played by Katrina Bryan), the main character of the series. She is a scientist who works in a laboratory in the Glasgow Science Centre and is always happy to help children solve their scientific problems. She wears a white lab coat with brightly coloured cuffs and lapels in her lab and either a bright yellow coat or a blue jacket when outside. Her mode of transport is either a pale blue 1970s Volkswagen Type 2 (Transporter) minibus in Series 1, or a New MINI in all other seasons, both bearing numberplates reading 'N1NA'. In "Go Eco!", she rides a bicycle to fit the environmental theme. + +=== Neurons === +The Neurons are five animated human characters (stylised with human facial features and body, but no legs) who live together inside Nina's brain and are named to reflect the five senses which they represent: + +Felix (Voiced by James Dreyfus in the first series and Lewis MacLeod in the rest), the oldest of the Neurons who is particular about his appearance and speaks in a posh accent. He is coloured green, and represents touch and feel. +Belle (Voiced by Kelly Harrison), the vice leader of the Neurons who can be quite loud and bossy but is still friendly and nice. She speaks in a Northern accent, coloured red with a pink face, and represents hearing and sound. +Luke (Voiced by Patrice Naiambana), the group leader of the Neurons with a laid-back/relaxed personality and speaks in a Jamaican accent. He is coloured yellow, and represents sight and looking. +Ollie (Voiced by Siobhan Redmond), a Neuron referred to as being 'sweet, self-assured and a bit of a goth.' She speaks in a Scottish accent, is coloured purple and violet, and represents smell and scent. +Bud (Voiced by Sharon Small), the youngest of the Neurons and Ollie's younger brother. Being young, can be quite enthusiastic and easily excited within the world around him. As with Ollie, Bud also speaks with a Scottish accent. He is coloured blue and represents taste and eating. + +== Awards and nominations == +BAFTA Scotland 2007 +Awarded Best Children's Programme +BAFTA Scotland 2008 +Nominated as Best Children's Programme +Composer: Scottish Composer Graham Ness + +== Exhibits == +There is a themed Nina & the Neurons activity trail at the Glasgow Science Centre.. +There was also an attraction located at Alton Towers themed to the show called Nina's Science Lab which opened in 2014 and closed in 2018. + +== Episodes == +The series has seen many different changes through its eight-year run, with a majority of seasons focusing on specific themes of science or technology. + +=== Series 1 (2007) === +The first series premiered on 26 February 2007, functioning as one of the many new additions to the rebranded CBeebies channel, and ran until 30 March 2007. Episodes centre on Nina visiting a family shadowing shows like Supernanny, whose kids are in need of the answer to a scientific problem. They become "Experimenters" for the day, adorning light blue T-shirts and solve the question with the help of the Neurons. +(The titles for Series 1 and 2 are from Digiguide) + +Stars: Luke +Do We All Smell Different?: Ollie +Amazing Maze: All Neurons +Trumpet: Belle +Snowballs: Felix +Eyebrows: Luke +What's Cooking?: All Neurons +All Bunged Up: Ollie And Bud +Nina Needs A Wee: Felix +Spy kit: Belle +Granny's Glasses: Luke +Where's The Bad Smell?: Ollie +Wakey Wakey: Belle +Why Is My Tongue Wet?: Bud +Shadows: Luke +Birthday Surprise: Felix +Different Tastes: Bud +Monster Hunt: All Neurons +Making Music: Belle +Distance: Luke +Staying Cool: Felix +Too Much Salt: Bud +Bud Needs Help: Bud +Echoes: Belle +Colours: Luke + +=== Series 2 (2008) === +The second series aired on CBeebies from 31 March-2 May 2008. This series retained the format of Series 1 but focused more on topics about physics and human functionalities. There were more kid-only episodes than in Series 1, and would continue on for the rest of the show. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_and_the_Neurons-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_and_the_Neurons-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c4dbf4cd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_and_the_Neurons-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ +--- +title: "Nina and the Neurons" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_and_the_Neurons" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:13.925688+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Hide And Seek: Luke +Getting Goosebumps: Felix +Nina's Cake Bake: All Neurons +I Can See A Rainbow: Luke +Terrific Teeth: Bud +Touching The Clouds: Felix +Smelly Feet: Ollie +In A Spin: Belle +Bubble Trouble: Luke +Fun in the Sun: Felix +Tummy Rumbles: All Neurons +Finding Flowers: Luke And Ollie +Lovely Lollies: Bud +Brilliant Bones: Felix +Rumbling Thunder: Belle +Nina Gets Nosey: Ollie +What A Fright: Felix +Let's Hear It For Ears: Belle +Making Waves: Luke +Splish Splash: Felix +Baby Talk: Bud +Funny Honey: All Neurons +Digging Dogs: Luke And Ollie +When the Wind Blows: Belle +Tremendous Toes: Felix + +=== Go Eco! (2008) === +The third series – Go Eco!, premiered on 13 June 2008 and continued on weekly until 15 August. It was commissioned as part of CBeebies' year-long green initiative called EcoBeebies, and so episodes focus on green-related topics. For this series only, the Experimenters wore green T-shirts instead of the light blue or red ones in other series. + +Branching Out: Luke +Food, Glorious Food: Ollie And Bud +Keeping Cosy: Felix +Super Slimy Slugs: Luke +Mouldy Food: Luke +Something Fishy: Felix +Recycling: Luke +Flying High: Felix +Monkey Business: Bud +Every Drop Counts: Luke + +=== Go Inventing (2009) === +The fourth series – Go Inventing, aired from 18 May-19 June 2009. This series focuses on how things work as Nina invites several young inventors to her lab to invent their own versions. This was the first series to have the children (referred to as "Inventors" in this series) wear red T-shirts, which would continue on for the rest of the series. + +Bouncy Beds: Felix +Pen and Paper: Luke +Loud and Clear: Belle +In the Box: Luke +Mirror Mirror: Luke +Wheels: Felix +Clean It Up: Felix +Lift Off: Luke +Round and Round: Belle +Get Wet: Felix +Sliding Doors: Luke +Handy Handles: Felix +Cooking With Waves: Ollie And Bud +Time for Cogs: Belle +Hot and Cold: Felix +Buckle Up: Felix +Dirty Dishes: Luke +Top Taps: All Neurons +Keys: Belle +Eyes in the Dark: Luke +Near and Far: Luke +Hubble Bubble: Belle +In a Flush: Belle +Extraordinary X-Rays: Luke +Swish Swish: Luke + +=== In the Lab (2010) === +The fifth series – In the Lab was broadcast weekly from 27 September-10 December 2010. In the show, Nina and the experimenters discover changes and reactions. From this series onwards, the experimenters also wore replicas of Nina's white coat alongside their red T-shirts. + +Melty Chocolate: Bud And Ollie +Sleepy Dust: Luke +Rattling Pan: Belle +Burnt Toast: Bud And Ollie +Sugar and Teeth: Bud +Super Sand: Luke +Ferocious Fire: Felix +Soap Suds: Felix +Boats Float: Luke +Grass Stains: Luke +Salty Sea: Bud +Wobbly Jelly: Bud And Ollie +Steamy Mirrors: Luke +Fragrant Flowers: Ollie +Noisy Foods: Belle +Popcorn Pops: Belle +Sniffing Smells: Ollie +Mighty Metal: Luke +Sticky Jam: Felix +Bubbles Burst: Luke +Onions Make Us Cry: Luke +Wrinkly Fingers: Felix +Glow Stars: Luke +Wet Paint: Felix +Marvellous Milk: Bud + +=== Brilliant Bodies (2011) === +The sixth series – Brilliant Bodies, focused on parts of the human body, and aired from 5 September 2011. + +Heart: All Neurons +Handy Hands: Felix +Sneeze: Ollie +Two Ears: Belle +Blood: Luke +Brain: All Neurons +Wrinkly Face: Luke +Earwax: Belle +Exercise: Felix +Tickly Feet: Felix +Yawn: Belle +Digestion: Bud +Sleep: All Neurons +Eyelashes: Luke +Bellybuttons: Luke +Scabs: Luke +Eyes See: Luke +Burp: Bud +Spine: Felix +Breath: Ollie And Bud +Skin: Felix +Balance: All Neurons +Memory: All Neurons +Broken Bones: Felix +Fingertips Feel: Felix + +=== Go Engineering (2013) === +The seventh series – Go Engineering, premiered at the start of 2013. It also focuses on inventions and how things work. + +Aeroplanes: Luke +Glass: Luke +Electricity: Belle +Bin Lorry: Ollie +Hovercraft: Belle +Robots: All Neurons +Cranes: Luke +Hot Air Balloons: Luke +Ships: Felix +Roads: Luke +Tunnels: Luke +Cereal: Bud +Cable Cars: Luke +Steam Pump: Ollie +DVDs: All Neurons +Diving: Felix +Luggage: Luke +Biscuits: Bud +Cars: Belle +Computers: Felix and Luke +Tall Buildings: Luke +Canal Locks: Felix +Sticky Fabric: Felix +Bridges: Luke +Mobile Phones: Belle + +=== Earth Explorers (2013) === +The eighth series – Earth Explorers, premiered in Late-2013 and has Nina and the explorers looking at earth, the sea, and beyond. + +Space Rockets: Belle +Grand Canyon: Luke +Sand Dunes: Felix +Living in Space: Bud +Mountains: Luke +Volcanoes: Belle and Luke +Giant's Causeway: Felix +Solar System: Luke +Rivers: Felix and Belle +Exploring Space: All Neurons +Cliffs: Belle and Luke +Night and Day: Luke +Dinosaurs: Felix and Luke +Living on Earth: Felix +Stripy Rocks: Luke +Geysers: Ollie +Loch Ness: Felix +Moon Shape: Luke +Caves: Belle +Shooting Stars: Luke +Coal: Ollie +Earth Is Round: Luke +Deserts: Felix +Gravity: Felix +Waterfalls: Belle + +=== Get Sporty (2014) === +The ninth series – Get Sporty, premiered in Early-2014, and focuses on the realm of professional sports and how they work. + +Cycling: Felix +Curling: Belle +Football: Luke +Trampolining: Felix +Climbing: Felix +Rugby: Bud +Marathon: Ollie And Bud +Sprinting: Belle +Swimming: Felix +Long Jump: Felix +Snooker: Luke +Gymnastics: Felix +Diving: Belle +Cricket: Luke +Basketball: Luke + +=== Go Digital (2014) === +The tenth series – Go Digital, premiered in Late-2014, and focuses on technology and gadgets, and how it works. + +Driverless Cars: All Neurons +Internet: Belle and Luke +3D Printing: Felix +Coding: All Neurons +Animation: Luke + +=== Get Building (2015) === +The eleventh and final series – Get Building, aired in 2015 and focused on how buildings and structures are constructed and how they stay together. + +Triangles: Luke +Pointy Roofs: Belle +Piers: Ollie +Nests: Luke +Houses: Luke +Windmills: Belle +Beaver Dams: Belle +Skyscrapers: Felix and Luke +Bridges: Felix +Demolition: Belle +Floating Houses: Luke +Rollercoasters: Felix +Arches: Luke +Lighthouses: Luke +Living Underwater: All Neurons +Living Underground: Felix +Igloo: Felix +Spider's web: Bud +Domes: Luke +Amphitheatres: Belle + +== References == + +== External links == +Glasgow Science Centre Activity Booklet \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dabbcb52 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "Nova (American TV program)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:15.308994+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nova (stylized as NOVΛ) is an American popular science television program produced by WGBH in Boston, Massachusetts, since 1974. It is broadcast on PBS in the United States, and in more than 100 other countries. The program has won many major television awards. +Nova often includes interviews with scientists doing research in the subject areas covered and occasionally includes footage of a particular discovery. Some episodes have focused on the history of science. Examples of topics covered include the following: Colditz Castle, the Drake equation, elementary particles, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Fermat's Last Theorem, the AIDS epidemic, global warming, moissanite, Project Jennifer, storm chasing, Unterseeboot 869, Vinland, Tarim mummies, and the COVID-19 pandemic. +The Nova programs have been praised for their pacing, writing, and editing. Websites that accompany the segments have also won awards. + + +== Episodes == + + +== History == +Nova was first aired on March 3, 1974. The show was created by Michael Ambrosino, inspired by the BBC 2 television series Horizon, which Ambrosino had seen while working in the UK. In the early years, many Nova episodes were either co-productions with the BBC Horizon team, or other documentaries originating outside of the United States, with the narration re-voiced in American English. Of the first 50 programs, only 19 were original WGBH productions, and the first Nova episode, "The Making of a Natural History Film", was originally an episode of Horizon that premiered in 1972. The practice continues to this day. All the producers and associate producers for the original Nova teams came from either England (with experience on the Horizon series), Los Angeles or New York. Ambrosino was succeeded as executive producer by John Angier, John Mansfield, and Paula S. Apsell, acting as senior executive producer. + + +== Reception == +Rob Owen of Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote, "Fascinating and gripping." Alex Strachan of Calgary Herald wrote, "TV for people who don't normally watch TV." Lynn Elber of the Associated Press wrote of the episode "The Fabric of the Cosmos", "Mind-blowing TV." The Futon Critic wrote of the episode "Looking for Life on Mars", "Astounding [and] exhilarating." + + +=== Awards === + +Nova has been recognized with multiple Peabody Awards and Emmy Awards. The program won a Peabody in 1974, citing it as "an imaginative series of science adventures," with a "versatility rarely found in television." Subsequent Peabodys went to specific episodes: + +"The Miracle of Life" (1983) was cited as a "fascinating and informative documentary of the human reproductive process," which used "revolutionary microphotographic techniques." This episode also won an Emmy. +"Spy Machines" (1987) was cited for "neatly recount[ing] the key events of the Cold War and look[ing] into the future of American/Soviet SDI competition." +"The Elegant Universe" (2003) was lauded for exploring "science's most elaborate and ambitious theory, the string theory" while making "the abstract concrete, the complicated clear, and the improbable understandable" by "blending factual story telling with animation, special effects, and trick photography." The episode also won an Emmy for editing. +The National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (responsible for documentary Emmys) recognized the program with awards in 1978, 1981, 1983, and 1989. Julia Cort won an Emmy in 2001 for writing "Life's Greatest Miracle." Emmys were also awarded for the following episodes: + +1982 "Here's Looking at You, Kid" +1983 "The Miracle of Life" (also won a Peabody) +1985 "AIDS: Chapter One", "Acid Rain: New Bad News" +1992 "Suicide Mission to Chernobyl", "The Russian Right Stuff" +1994 "Secret of the Wild Child" +1995 "Siamese Twins", "Secret of the Wild Child" +1999 "Decoding Nazi Secrets" +2001 "Bioterror" +2002 "Galileo's Battle for the Heavens", "Mountain of Ice", "Shackleton's Voyage of Endurance", "Why the Towers Fell" +2003 "Battle of the X-planes", "The Elegant Universe" (also won a Peabody) +2005 "Rx for Survival: A Global Health Challenge" +In 1998, the National Science Board of the National Science Foundation awarded Nova its first-ever Public Service Award. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Nova at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonica-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonica-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..472fe745d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonica-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Nucleonica" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonica" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:35.109265+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nucleonica is a nuclear science web portal created by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre. which was later spun off to the company Nucleonica GmbH in March 2011. + + +== History == +The company Nucleonica GmbH was founded by Dr. Joseph Magill in 2011 as a spin-off from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements. In addition to providing user friendly access to nuclear data, the main focus of Nucleonica is to provide professionals in the nuclear industry with a suite of validated scientific applications for everyday calculations. +The portal is also suitable for education and training in the nuclear field, both for technicians and degree-level and programmes in Nuclear engineering technology. +Nucleonica GmbH also took responsibility for the management and development of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart print and online versions. + + +== User access == +Users can register for free access to Nucleonica. This free access gives the user access to most applications but is restricted to a limited number of nuclides. For full access to all nuclides and applications, the user can upgrade to Premium for which there is an annual user charge. + + +== References == + + +== Notes == + + +== Sources == +Cern (2017). "Nucleonica | CERN Scientific Information Service". library.cern. Archived from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019. +EU Science Hub (9 August 2016) [2013]. "New JRC spin-off company to work on the Nucleonica portal". EU Science Hub - European Commission. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019. +Excelsior (1 June 2015). "School of Business and Technology Adds Nuclear Science Resource". Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. +Forschungszentrum Jülich (2017). "Trainingsprogramm 2017" [Training programme 2017] (PDF). Forschungszentrum Jülich (in German). Nucleonica. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2017. +Magill, Joseph; Galy, J; Dreher, Raymond; et al. (2009). "NUCLEONICA: a nuclear science portal". +Masterson, Robert (2017). Nuclear engineering fundamentals : a practical perspective. OCLC 1048280746. + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutshell_Studies_of_Unexplained_Death-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutshell_Studies_of_Unexplained_Death-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..413abdd8f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutshell_Studies_of_Unexplained_Death-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutshell_Studies_of_Unexplained_Death" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:32.503624+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death are a series of twenty intricately designed dollhouse-style dioramas created by Frances Glessner Lee (1878–1962), a pioneer in forensic science. Glessner Lee used her inheritance to establish a department of legal medicine at Harvard Medical School in 1936, and donated the first of the Nutshell Studies in 1946 for use in lectures on the subject of crime scene investigation. In 1966, the department was dissolved, and the dioramas went to the Maryland Medical Examiner's Office in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. where they are on permanent loan and still used for forensic seminars. +The dioramas are detailed representations of death scenes that are composites of actual court cases, created by Glessner Lee on a 1-inch to 1 foot (1:12) scale. Originally twenty in number, each model cost about US$3,000–4,500 to create. She attended autopsies to ensure accuracy, and her attention to detail extended to having a wall calendar include the pages after the month of the incident, constructing openable windows, and wearing out-of-date clothing to obtain realistically worn fabric. The dioramas show tawdry and, in many cases, disheveled living spaces very different from Glessner Lee's own background. The dead include sex workers and victims of domestic violence. +Glessner Lee called them the Nutshell Studies because the purpose of a forensic investigation is said to be to "convict the guilty, clear the innocent, and find the truth in a nutshell." Students were instructed to study the scenes methodically—Glessner Lee suggested moving the eyes in a clockwise spiral—and draw conclusions from the visual evidence. At conferences hosted by Glessner Lee, prominent crime-scene investigators were given 90 minutes to study each diorama. + + +== Exhibition == +A complete set of the dioramas was exhibited at the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, DC from 20 October 2017 to 28 January 2018. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death Image Gallery +Death in Diorama +Frances Glessner Lee (1878–1962), Biographies, Visible Proofs: Forensic Views of the Body, National Library of Medicine, 16 February 2006, updated 10 July 2006. +Glessner House Museum +"The Mother of CSI" Episode of Travel Channel's Mysteries at the Museum +How A Doll-Loving Heiress Became The Mother Of Forensic Science +"The dollhouses of death that changed forensic science" on YouTube, a video about the works by Vox Media \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Planet_Earth-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Planet_Earth-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85e9499b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Planet_Earth-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "Once Upon a Time... Planet Earth" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Planet_Earth" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:16.506433+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Once Upon a Time... Planet Earth (French: Il était une fois... notre Terre) is a children's television educational animated series directed by Albert Barillé. It is the seventh series in the Once Upon a Time... franchise. +The series was produced by Procidis and France 3 with the support of the Centre National de la Cinematographie, the Directorate-General for Research of the European Commission and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The series was initially broadcast since 22 December 2008 on France 3. Its original premise was set up from "Once Upon a Time... the Earth (and Tomorrow?)", the final episode of the first series Once Upon a Time... Man, thus finally going back to the beginning where it all started and ended. The series' premiere also coincided with the 30th anniversary milestone of the franchise. + + +== Episodes == +Planet guards +Climate I: Far North +Water in India +Water in Sahel +Amazon forest +Energies exhaustion +Fair trade +Oceans in danger +Ecosystems +Water of the World +Poverty +Forests of the world +Excessive fishing +Climate II: Origins +Farming +Biodiversity +Climate III: Effects +Recycling +Women of the World +Children's labour +New energies +House and city +Climate IV: Solutions +Children: Health and Education +Technologies +Tomorrow + + +== Voices == +Roger Carel : Maestro +Annie Balestra : Pierrette, Psi +Olivier Destrez : Pierrot + + +== Broadcast information == + +* Contributing co-producer + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Once Upon a Time... Planet Earth at IMDb +Once upon a Time... Planet Earth at the European Broadcasting Union +Official website Archived 2018-04-26 at the Wayback Machine for Procidis, the series' producer +Hello Mastero at YouTube \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61f9ca52f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "Once Upon a Time... Space" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:17.876867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Once Upon a Time... Space (French: Il était une fois… l'Espace) is a science fiction animated television series created and directed by Albert Barillé. It is the second series in the Once Upon a Time... franchise. It reprises almost all of the characters from its predecessor, Once Upon a Time... Man, and adapts them into a science fiction futuristic context. +The series was produced by French studio Procidis in co-production with France Régions (FR3, France), Société Radio-Canada (Canada), Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI, Italy), Katholieke Radio Omroep (KRO, Netherlands), Televisión Española (TVE, Spain), Crustel (Argentina), and Eiken (Japan) who was the one who made the animation. The series premiered in France on FR3, between 2 October 1982 and 2 April 1983, and it was subsequently broadcast on the channels of the rest of the broadcasters that participated in the production dubbed into their own language. +The show was animated in Japan by the animation studio Eiken, and is thus considered an anime as it also aired in Japan on Fuji Television, albeit not until 1984, under the title Galaxy Patrol PJ. In contrast to the show's success in the West, the series' Japanese broadcast was consigned to an early-morning time slot and attracted little attention, although it did gain a cult following in Japan in the following years. The Japanese dub for the anime never received a home release and only re-aired on AT-X during the summer of 2006. + +== Synopsis == +Unlike the rest of the Once Upon a Time... titles, Once Upon a Time... Space revolves around a fictional premise rather than an edutainment theme. The series still has a handful of educational information (such as an episode discussing the rings of the planet Saturn) but nowhere as prevalent as its predecessor Once Upon a Time... Man nor its successor Once Upon a Time... Life. +The series succeeds Once Upon a Time... Man. It reprises almost all of the characters from the past series and adapts them into a science-fiction context. +The story is about the confrontation between several galactic powers. Among them there is the Omega Confederation (of which Earth is a member), the military Republic of Cassiopeia (led by General The Pest) and a powerful supercomputer which controls an army of robots. A group of super powerful creatures called the Humanoids later appear in the series. +The show follows the adventures of space police members Pierrot and Mercedes (aka Psi). Pierrot is the son of Colonel Pierre and President Pierrette. The series has a more egalitarian message than its predecessor as the supreme leader of the protagonists is a female President and Psi is a co-protagonist. The previous series instead focused on male protagonists. +The scenarios of several episodes adapt elements of Greek mythology, other mythologies, and European legends. Among them are the Apple of Discord, Atlantis, David and Goliath, the Olympian Gods, and Prometheus. Other episodes deal with the existence of God, the relationship of man with modernity and machines, the limits of technology, comparisons between armed peace under the rule of a dictator and the difficulty of maintaining order in a democracy, higher spiritual beings encountered at the beginning and the end of the series etc. Some planets visited by the characters are replicas of the Earth at a specific era in its history, thus allowing some didactic interludes over the nature of these eras. +The series contains little to no violence, the heroes mostly use non-lethal stun weapons in combat. The exception is the use of disintegrating laser beams against wild animals. +The Earth does not play a central role in this series. The capital of the Confederation is on the planet Omega, far from Earth. The Confederation consists of multiple allied powers: Aldebaran, Auriga, Cassiopeia, Hydra, Scorpio, and Vega. The Confederation has a democratically elected government and a president. + +== Cast == +Colonel Pierre ... Roger Carel +President Pierrette ... Annie Balestra +Lieutenant/Captain Pierrot ... Vincent Ropion +Psi (Mercedes) ... Annie Balestra +Robotic equivalent of Maestro Métro ... Roger Carel +Commander Jumbo ... Alain Dorval +Petit Gros +Grand Ordinateur +Professor Maestro ... Roger Carel +20th century Maestro +General The Pest ... Alain Dorval +The Dwarf ... Roger Carel + +== Spacecraft == +The French illustrator Philippe Bouchet (better known as Manchu) worked on some of the spacecraft and set designs. +Omega Confederation: + +Flea +Hummingbird +Spider +Dragonfly +Blue bird +Omega Cruiser +Omega Shuttle +Cosmopolitan +Cassiopeia: + +Nautilus +Murene +Battle cruiser +Earth: + +Ursus + +== Episodes == + +== Characters == +The series features the following characters. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a01d1ca3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Once Upon a Time... Space" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:17.876867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Colonel Pierre. He is the head of the Omega Space Police and the husband of the President of the Confederation. He is a happily married man, strict and highly moral. +Pierrette. President of the Omega Confederation, wife of Pierre, and mother of Pierrot. She is a smiling figure and a skilled politician. She governs by building consensus among Council members. +Pierrot. He is the son of Colonel Pierre and President Pierrette. He joined the Space Police of the Omega Confederation after completing his studies. He finds himself in command of a dragonfly-type vessel. He starts the series with the rank of lieutenant, and he later becomes a captain. His promotion is a reward for his bravery in saving the Earth from an attack by a remote-controlled rocket. He is a kind, brave man with a curious mind and a thirst for discovery. +Mercedes, nicknamed "Psi". She is a young Hispanic woman, calm and involved. She is particularly intuitive, precognitive, a telepath, and a skilled hypnotist. She tries repeatedly to convince Pierrot that her precognitions are both relevant and accurate. He initially distrusts her visions, a source of conflict among them. Gradually, Pierrot comes to trust her more. The characters are love interests to each other. She is very unwilling to kill, preferring to use her weapons to stun and paralyze enemies. She has great respect for living things. However, she is aware of the malice and deceit of Naboth. Psi is of South American, and especially Brazilian descent according to the official website of the series as stated in the Once Upon A Time... Planet Earth section. At many times, the character said herself that she has a specialization into geology. +Metro. A robot, specifically an "Android with a positronic brain". He is the robotic equivalent of Professor Maestro, that is to explain, he is a scholar among the robots. He manages to defeat opponents by cunning. He was created by Maestro, but Metro thinks (rightly) that he is both more resourceful and intelligent than its creator. He has the same personality as his creator, he is whiny, classic, doting and with great curiosity to know the functioning of humanity. He accompanies Pierrot and Psi in their patrols and helps out in perilous situations. He was destroyed in a crash and would be repaired. He is a great help for the police officers as he highlights the peculiarities of visited worlds. +Commander Jumbo. He serves under Colonel Pierre. He is direct and impulsive, preferring a good fight than endless discussions. He doesn't hide his aversion to members of the Cassiopeian government. +Professor Maestro. He is a scholar, the dean of the Omega Confederation. He has an advisory capacity to the council. Doting, grumpy. He is the voice of wisdom but tends to give overly technical statements. He is the creator of Metro, which he made in his image. There is some amusing tension between creator and creation. The main Omega Fleet vessels are also created by the Master. +Little Jumbo. He is the best friend of Pierrot. They followed the training course of the Police Academy together, and they know each other for a long time. He is the son of Commander Jumbo and he inherited the same temperament as his father, namely a preference for fights. He has a non-standard physic, and incredible strength. He is somewhat unbalanced, but kind at heart. +Pierrot's sister . Called Little Pierrette in the French dub. Despite featuring in the end credits, she mostly gets minor appearances. She is actually paired with Little Jumbo. +General The Pest. He is the supreme head of the constellation Cassiopeia. He is an aggressive, authoritarian, stupid, and narrow-minded man. He lacks in common sense and wants above all to annex the rest of the universe. He is the archetypal villain. Although he managed to rise to power by election, he does not respect the rules of democracy and dismisses the members of the council when they oppose his decisions. He believes he manipulates the forces of the Great computer, while it is indeed he who is manipulated. He represents a member state of the Omega Confederation, but President Pierrette has to devote great efforts to keep him in check. She switches tactics between diplomacy and intimidation to reason with him. +The Dwarf. He is the consul of Cassiopeia and representative of the General The Pest to the Omega Council, until the departure of Cassiopeia from the Confederation. He is the chief advisor to The Pest, but he is smarter than his master. He manipulates his leader and pulls the strings. He understands that Psi has strange powers and wants to keep her activities monitored. +The Great Computer. He appears towards the end of the series (ep.21). He is the mastermind of the Humanoids. He is a villain with noble motives, as he wants to prevent humans from making war. But he pursues this goal beyond the point of reason and imposes a totalitarian dictatorship. He was created by an Earth scientist who was tired of conflicts. At the end of his life, the scientist programmed his creation to pursue this goal. Never questioning this goal, the Computer uses radical means to trigger the greatest disaster of the universe. He is the symbol of the cold methodical machines, which cannot properly replace human judgment. +Maestro of the 20th century. He is an Earth man who departed from the earth and went into hibernation in the year 2023 to study the Andromeda galaxy with a crew of two other people, Farmer (The Mechanic) and Hardy (The Navigator). After 1000 years he and the crew woke up from hibernation close to planet omega. + +== Broadcast information == + +* Production company** Contributing co-producer + +== Music == +The main title music and instrumental score of the series as a whole were composed by Michel Legrand, his first work for the Once Upon a Time... series. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff0fd93be --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Once Upon a Time... Space" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:17.876867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Theme music and song === +The series' eponymous theme song was performed in the original French-language version by Jean-Pierre Savelli. An alternate version was recorded for the compilation feature film Revenge of the Humanoids, and was performed by Virginia Vee. The song was released as a single in 1982 by RCA Records (PB 61015), along with a condensed audio adaptation of the episode "Du Cote d’Andromède" (PL 37720). A second single of the song was issued in 1983 with another Savelli song "Humanoïdes" (PB 61074); the lyrics were later translated in the English-language dub, retitled as "Fly with Me", this version was also sung by Virginia Vee. + +=== Score === +The incidental score made sure use of blending Legrand's signature jazz-funk with synthesized electronic music; most of the instrumental music from the series would later be reused for later Once Upon a Time... series, starting with Life. +A soundtrack album collecting all the incidental music of the series was first released in 1999 by Procidis (56101), and later reissued in 2001 by Loga-Rythme (LR-677004) as a part of the Anime Classique range. + +== See also == +List of French animated television series + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website Archived 2016-11-09 at the Wayback Machine by Procidis, the series' producer +French theme song +Hello Maestro at YouTube +Once Upon a Time... Space at IMDb +Revenge of the Humanoids at IMDb +Ginga Patrol PJ (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Rev.-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Rev.-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e7f44419 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Rev.-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Open Rev." +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Rev." +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:36.283221+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Open Rev. is a web-based platform for open discussion and annotation of research publications and related material. +Researchers can comment directly on text, formulas, and images in research papers, post related questions and answer questions posed by each other. Open Rev's web-based PDF viewer allows public discussion and open peer review of scientific publications. User contributions are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. +Open Rev. was a participant of the Harvard i-Lab Venture Incubation Program 2014 and has won awards from the Harvard Institute for Learning and Teaching and Education Innovation Pitch Competition. + + +== History == +Open Rev. was created by Erik Bauch and Georg Kucsko, PhD candidates in the Harvard Physics program. It officially launched in 2014. As of 2015, the user base had risen to over 1000 participants and included institutions such as Harvard, MIT, Northeastern University, Royal Holloway University of London, and Uppsala Universitet. + + +== Media == +Open Rev. has been featured in Harvard Physics, the Harvard Gazette and the Harvard alumni magazine, Colloquy. In an interview in Colloquy, co- Bauch explained, “Up until now scientific discussions usually occurred at conferences, in journal club, or in hallways on the way to lunch. With Open Rev. we are trying to motivate people to take some of these discussions online and share their knowledge with the whole scientific community.” + + +== Features == +public commenting and Q&A on PDF papers +private groups with tagging and discussions +public groups to share papers by topic +web-based PDF viewer with PDF search capability +rate papers, comments and replies +Latex and Markdown support +picture upload +anonymous commenting +automatic extraction of metadata from PDFs +tagging of PDFs +import papers from arXiv + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Acts_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Acts_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b2344ca7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Acts_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Outrageous Acts of Science" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Acts_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:19.112069+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Outrageous Acts of Science is a science program shown on Science Channel in the United States, featuring a fast-paced countdown of the top 20 internet videos in each episode. The series first aired in the United Kingdom on Discovery International with the title You Have Been Warned. The program features homemade science experiments and stunts, often accompanied by warnings of "don't try this at home" when doing so might endanger the viewer. For the U.S. TV network, it was the top-rated show of 2015. +Each episode focuses on a particular science theme that features the cleverest, funniest, most daring, or just downright bizarre clips, along with an explanation and breakdown from science and engineering experts, including Hakeem Oluseyi, Debbie Berebichez, Carin Bondar and also-comedians Helen Arney, Matt Parker, Adam Ruben, and Tom Wrigglesworth, among others. The expert panel's explanations are accompanied by storytelling motion graphics and an explanation of what, how and why these clips were scientifically possible. +Outrageous Acts of Science is narrated by Tim Dadabo, while Gareth Cornick voices You Have Been Warned for Europe. In mid 2017, the last ten episodes of season seven aired on Discovery Channel (Australia) as Dr. Karl's Outrageous Acts of Science, hosted by Dr. Karl Kruszelnicki, with commentary by other Australians not seen in other versions of the show. +The first two seasons of You Have Been Warned are shown in Asia as well, with the third season of Outrageous Acts also airing there under the You Have Been Warned banner and intro. Two separate Asian versions were also created. In the first, titled You Have Been Warned with Ean Nasrun, Malaysian radio announcer and TV personality Ean Nasrun voices and appears on-screen in a separate version that aired on Discovery Channel Asia, along with some commentators' clips replaced by those featuring scientists from Malaysia. A second independent version, You Have Been Warned Asia, is also produced by Rohit Tharani for Discovery Channel Asia, hosted by five Filipinos, actor/comedian Ramon Bautista; director and performer RA Rivera; comedic performer Jun Sabayton; musician, TV presenter, and political commentator Lourd de Veyra; and actress, TV presenter, and motoring journalist Angel Rivero. The hosts provide the science behind the clips themselves rather than relying in a separate commentator panel in an edgier, more comedic take on the series. +The series is produced by October Films UK. In its tenth season, new episodes began airing in the U.S. on 17 October 2018. The first four episodes of season six were compilations of previous clips. +A one-season spin-off called Outrageous Acts of Psych aired in the U.S. in 2015. + +== Experts == + +== Episodes == +U.S. airdates and selected clip examples from each episode. + +=== Season 1 === +Homemade Heroes - April 20, 2013 +Human Guinea Pigs - April 27, 2013 +Natural Born Thrillers - May 4, 2013 +Epic Stunts - May 11, 2013 +Power Junkies - May 18, 2013 +Dukes of Havoc - May 25, 2013 + +=== Season 2 === +Kings of Carnage - February 15, 2014 -Destruction in the name of science, including using an MRI machine to destroy objects. +Show Offs - February 22, 2014 - Skills including tightrope walking between two trucks, a walrus that whistles, and a needle thrown through glass but not shattering it. +Daredevils - March 1, 2014 - Daredevil stunts, including "surfing" on a high-speed train, a dog walking on a tightrope, a motocross on water, "brain freeze", a backflipping car, jumping onto a cactus, and a skydiver walking from plane to plane. +Zeros to Heroes - March 8, 2014 - A Mexican firework hammer, freezing a tongue to a lamppost, superglue, and an easily scared man. +When Nature Calls - March 15, 2014 - A gorilla that walks like a person, clouds formed indoors, surfing glacier runoff, a wrong way to feed a crocodile, and a man that gets dangerously close to volcanoes. +Human Lab Rats - March 29, 2014 - Self-experimentation, including speed eating, a bot fly larva in a person's scalp, and a helicopter powered by a person. +The People's Vote - April 5, 2014 - The best of the first 12 episodes. +Masters of the Universe - April 12, 2014 - Vertical driving, a high-speed hammock, a man without a fear of heights, RC helicopter maneuvers, and a supersonic ping pong ball. +Freaks of Nature - April 19, 2014 - Featuring a washcloth wrung in outer space, a backwards-driving car, a "human axe" (Quantrel Bishop), naked at the South Pole, and using animals to catch animals. +Muthas of Invention - April 26, 2014 - Shooting rock salt to kill a housefly, a bicycle 14 feet (4.3 m) tall, a hover platform, human-powered cars, a solar 3D printer that melts layers of sand with a lens, and pulse-jet bicycle. +Backyard Boffins - May 3, 2014 - Backyard boffins, including a triple backflip on a BMX bike, homemade civil defense siren, and a submarine made from a propane tank. +Hackaverse - May 10, 2014 - Life hacks, featuring an inflatable snowmobile, a shopping cart rocket, an orchestra from drinking glasses, an explosion of gummy bears, bedbug "tattoos", and a car driven by an iPad. +Heroes and Hoaxers - May 17, 2014 +Greatest Hits II - May 24, 2014 - The best clips from season two, as chosen by the scientists. +Most Dangerous - July 5, 2014 +Biggest Explosions - July 12, 2014 +Coolest Inventions - July 19, 2014 +Worst Ideas - July 26, 2014 +Craziest Driving - August 2, 2014 +Greatest Hoaxes - August 9, 2014 +Wildest Nature - August 16, 2014 +Weirdest Science - August 16, 2014 (EP Guides) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Acts_of_Science-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Acts_of_Science-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9a67845f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Acts_of_Science-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +--- +title: "Outrageous Acts of Science" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Acts_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:19.112069+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Season 3 === +Fact or Fake? - January 17, 2015 - Underwater BASE jumping and a billiards trick shot. +License to Thrill - January 24, 2015 +Kings of Creation - January 31, 2015 - Ridiculous inventions, like a car that skips a jump rope, a robot that always wins at Rock Paper Scissors, and a single-wheeled motorbike. +Born to Be Wild - February 7, 2015 - More daredevils, including an avalanche survivor, a man who can hold his breath for more than 22 minutes, and one who walks between hot-air balloons a few thousand feet (over a kilometer) above ground. +Grand Masters - February 14, 2015 - A man drifting two cars at once, a snake able to open a door, and a three-year-old basketball player. +Tested on Humans - February 21, 2015 - A man who pops his eyes out of their sockets, contagious yawning, and a bike helmet with an emergency airbag. +Lord of the Elements - February 28, 2015 - A skydiver with a jetpack, levitating objects, and a solar car. +Cowboys of Chaos - March 7, 2015 - A homemade cannon, exploded houses, and magnets that can crush a person's hand. +Epic Fails - March 14, 2015 - An extreme surfing wipeout, the hardest tongue twister, and a man with an extreme fear of lobsters. +Urban Legends - March 21, 2015 - Home inventions, including a dangerous electric bike, a submarine under human power, and a full-sized car made of Legos. + +=== Season 4 === +Fact or Fiction - June 20, 2015 - Snow skiing on Hawaii's Mauna Kea, a wingsuit pilot towed by a car, a great white shark encounter, driving vertically, and a handgun trick shot. +Summer Wipeout - June 22, 2015 +Kings Of Summer - June 23, 2015 +Speed Freaks - June 27, 2015 - A car drives 1,000 feet (300 m) across water, a mantis shrimp with the fastest punch of any animal, bionic boots, and a car that jumps over a plane. +Fan Favorites - June 27, 2015 +Home Hacks - July 4, 2015 - Motorcycle chariot racing, a homemade Iron Man-like exoskeleton, a plane flying with no wings, and a 9-foot (2.7 m) tall robotic insect. +No Limits - July 11, 2015 - A world-record truck jump, the world's fastest electric motorcycle, a 90-year-old gymnast, and a skydiver and wingsuit pilot who form a human flying carpet. +Win or Fail - July 18, 2015 - A spinning skydiver, a wasabi prank, and car jump that is the longest ever attempted. +Demolition Derby - July 25, 2015 - A man's finger that pokes through coconuts, a nearly indestructible Batman suit, and a 30-foot (9 m) robotic hand that can crush cars while controlled by a person with a glove. +Superhuman - August 1, 2015 - Walking on the ceiling with magnets, a knife/nunchuck master, a small arm-wrestler taking on a bodybuilder, and a man runs a loop-the-loop. +Forces of Nature - August 8, 2015 - A shark rescue, leeches as first aid, and a cluster balloon aircraft made of a lawn chair, helium balloons, and a "pilot" with shotgun. +Insane Inventions - August 15, 2015 - A car with color-changing paint, a model rocket that reaches the edge of space, a flying car, and a stunt machine that crosses a skateboard and tank. +Weird Science - August 22, 2015 - A ghost ship made of light projected into sprayed water, a bear with a human-like walk, and an uphill tightrope walk. + +=== Season 5 === +Like A Boss - January 9, 2016 +Is This for Real? - January 16, 2016 +Man vs. Nature - January 23, 2016 +Epic Skills - January 30, 2016 +Homemade Hotshots - February 6, 2016 +Wild Rides - February 13, 2016 +Brain Vs. Brawn - February 20, 2016 +Killer Builds - February 27, 2016 +Facepalm - March 5, 2016 +Shock and Awesome - March 12, 2016 + +=== Season 6 === + +Source: + +Not Safe for Work - June 22, 2016 +Wild Things - June 29, 2016 +Beast Mode - July 6, 2016 +Transformers - July 13, 2016 +Punked? - July 20, 2016 +Nailed It - July 27, 2016 +Garage Genius - August 3, 2016 +Man vs. Animal - August 10, 2016 +Don't Tell Mom + +=== Season 7 === +Source: + +Power Hungry - October 26, 2016 +Accident or Design - November 2, 2016 +Movers and Makers - November 9, 2016 +Power Up - November 16, 2016 +Game Changers - January 4, 2017 +Neighborhood Watch - January 11, 2017 +Beta Testers - January 18, 2017 +Fearless or Foolish - January 25, 2017 +Amped Up - February 1, 2017 +Truth or Troll - February 8, 2017 +Natural Selection - February 15, 2017 +Epic Elements - February 22, 2017 +Crowd Pleasers - March 1, 2017 +Moguls of Mayhem - March 8, 2017 +Pure Power - March 15, 2017 +Bucket List - March 22, 2017 +Mind Benders - March 29, 2017 + +=== Season 8 === +Life Hackers - June 20, 2017 +Tons of Anarchy - June 27, 2017 +Bragging Rights - July 4, 2017 +Very Innovative People - July 11, 2017 +Seriously? - July 18, 2017 +Ground Breakers - July 25, 2017 +No Brainers - August 1, 2017 +Body Rockers - August 8, 2017 +Rebooters - August 22, 2017 +Masters of Disasters - August 29, 2017 + +=== Season 9 === +Strangest Things - February 27, 2018 +Mod Fathers - March 6, 2018 +Owned It - March 13, 2018 +Supernatural - March 20, 2018 +How Not To - March 26, 2018 +MVPs - April 3, 2018 +Power Trippin' - April 10, 2018 +Masters of Mayhem - April 17, 2018 +Ultimate Upgraders - April 24, 2018 +Mind Blown - May 1, 2018 + +=== Season 10 === +Quantum Leaps - October 16, 2018 +Only Natural - October 23, 2018 +Savage Skills - October 30, 2018 +This Changes Everything - November 6, 2018 +Make It Real - November 13, 2018 +Overachievers +Supercharged +Super Weird +Controlled Chaos +Unusual Suspects + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website +Outrageous Acts of Science at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1948f708 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Peep and the Big Wide World" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:20.267316+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Peep and the Big Wide World is an animated preschool television series created by Danish-Canadian animator Kaj Pindal. It revolves around the lives of three birds named Peep, Chirp, and Quack, as they discover, investigate, and explore the world around them. +The show was based on the 1988 short film of the same name produced by the National Film Board of Canada, which itself is based on the 1962 short film The Peep Show, also produced by the National Film Board of Canada. The series premiered on April 12, 2004, on Discovery Kids and on TLC as part of their Ready Set Learn! children's block in the United States, and on TVOKids in Canada. It was produced by WGBH in Boston (through its kids division WGBH Kids), 9 Story Media Group (formerly 9 Story Entertainment; in its debut production), Eggbox LLC, the National Film Board of Canada, and Discovery Kids Studios (seasons 1–3), in association with TVOntario and Discovery Kids, and is distributed by Alliance Atlantis (through AAC Kids for the first season). +Throughout its run, it was underwritten by the National Science Foundation, with Northrop Grumman underwriting season four in 2010. +Each episode consists of two 9-minute stories, which are animated segments, and two 2-minute live-action segments, in which children explore and demonstrate the same topic presented in the animated segment. The show is narrated by Joan Cusack and the background music is produced by Steve D' Angelo and Terry Tompkins. + +== Overview == +Viewers follow Peep, Chirp, and Quack as they investigate and explore the world around them. Following the 9-minute animated episode, there is a 2-minute live-action segment which features children exploring and demonstrating the same topic presented in the episode. The animation consists of bright colors, 2D, 3D and simple shapes, which simulates and reflects a youthful art style. + +== Characters == +Attributed to the following sources: + +=== Main === +Peep (voiced by Scott Beaudin in seasons 1–3, Shawn Molko in season 4 and Maxwell Uretsky in season 5) is a male, yellow chicken who is very curious. He is the youngest bird of the group. The show's title is derived from his name. However, Peep is female in the original short film. +Chirp (voiced by Amanda Soha) is a female, red robin who is also very curious, and attempts frequently to fly, with unsatisfying results, until "A Daring Duck", when she flies to the ground. In "Big Bird", she meets an adult robin for the first time. She is Peep and Quack's best friend. However, Chirp is male in the original short film. +Quack (voiced by Jamie Watson) is a male, indigo blue duckling who wears a white sailor's hat. He is older than Peep and Chirp, as they are still chicks. He frequently boasts about himself and ducks as a whole, and unwittingly makes many discoveries. Quack is purple in the original short film and is now referred to as blue, but is still quite indigo. He also seems to have a hoarding issue, as evidenced in the episode "An Inconvenient Tooth, Part 1". +The Narrator (voiced by Joan Cusack) is an omniscient voice who narrates each episode. She usually remains separate from the action, but occasionally, the characters are shown to be able to hear her and will interact with her. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..062331bf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- +title: "Peep and the Big Wide World" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:20.267316+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Minor === +Ant (voiced by Robert Tinkler) is a very busy male ant who is leader of the ants. +Bat (voiced by Ron Rubin in season 1 and Ron Pardo in season 2) is a very shy bat. +Beaver Boy (voiced by Tessa Marshall in seasons 1–3 and Amanda Gryniewski in seasons 4–5) is a young naïve male beaver who lives in an adjoining pond to Quack's pond. He appears in several episodes. His desire to please his mom and dad often results in him chewing down too many trees. He often calls Quack "Blue Sailor", Peep "Yellow Guy", and Chirp "Red Round". +Beaver Dad (voiced by Phillip Williams) is Beaver Boy's businesslike father. +Beaver Mom (voiced by Kathleen Laskey in season 1 and Debra McGrath seasons 2–3) is Beaver Boy's workaholic mother. +Blue Jays (voiced by David Huband and Kathleen Laskey for male and female, resp.) are very silly blue and white birds who love to cause lots of trouble when they see stuff. +Bunnies (voiced by Melanie Tonello, Raquel Cadilha, Alexander Conti, resp. in seasons 1–2; Avigail Humphreys and Riele Downs in seasons 4–5) are inhabitants who live in rabbit holes. In season 1, three bunnies who lived in a rabbit hole became Peep's friends in "Peep in Rabbitland". In season 4, five bunnies are aided by Peep and Quack to find their bunnysitter in "You Can Count on Bunnies". +Bunnysitter (voiced by Jake Sim) is a bunny who babysits the 5 bunnies. +Dragonfly (voiced by Catherine Disher) is a quiet dragonfly. +Fish (voiced by John McGrath in season 1 and Robert Tinkler in season 2) are cohabitations of Quack's pond. +Fish Jr. (voiced by Phoebe McAuley in seasons 1–2 and Sarah Commisso in season 3) is the youngest fish in the pond and Quack's best fish friend. +Frog (voiced by Robert Tinkler) is a frog who lives in Quack's pond. He rarely talks. +Groundhog (voiced by Rachel Marcus) is a young groundhog destined to find her shadow. +Old Groundhog (voiced by Adrian Truss) is the oldest of all groundhogs. +Hoot (voiced by Corinne Conley) is a menacing, but kind purple female owl who lives in the Deep Dark Woods. +"Me" Tiny Ant (voiced by Erica Commisso) is the tiniest ant in the anthill. "Me" was named after a misinterpretation from Peep. +Nellie (voiced by Marium Carvell) is a red female dog who acts as a seemingly maternal figure for the birds. +Newton (voiced by Colin Fox) is an old, male, dark-green turtle who lives under an apple tree. +Quack #2 (voiced by Megan Mullally) is a female duck who has her own pond, built by Quack, Peep, Chirp, Beaver Boy and his parents, and Quack's pink doppelgänger. Like Quack, Quack #2 is boastful and narcissistic, but unlike Quack, Quack #2 is annoying, cruel, and bad-intentioned. +Rabbit (voiced by Jayne Eastwood) is an excitable and somewhat distracted rabbit. +Raccoon (voiced by Jeff Lumby) is a gobbo, male brown & black raccoon who has lots of rubbish. +Robins (voiced by Kathleen Laskey and Holly Hunter respectively) are two individual robins with differentiating personalities. One is a blue robin who flies around giving Chirp pep talks and comes from "Chirp Builds a Nest". Another is an adult robin who appears in "Big Bird" and "Chirp Flies the Coop". +Skunk (voiced by Adrian Truss) is a rather deadpan skunk who lives near Quack's pond. +Snail (voiced by Laura Lynn) is a pondweller in Quack's pond. +Spider (voiced by Marium Carvell) is a smart and sneaky spider. +Splendid Bird from Paradise (voiced by Jabella A. Urrejola-Lugo) is a green bird who was captured from the jungle, adopted by a little girl and found her way in the Big Wide World. +Squeak (voiced by Kathleen Laskey) is an anxious pink, female mouse who lives under a brick and always worries a lot about what could go wrong. +Squirrel (voiced by Peter Wildman) is a brown squirrel with a long tail who favors acorns. +Tom (voiced by Alex Hood in season 1 and Matthew Knight in season 2) is a sly, male blue kitten with black stripes who often tries to eat Peep, Chirp, and Quack. He is the sole antagonist. + +== Episodes == + +=== Season 1 (2004) === + +=== Season 2 (2005–06) === + +=== Season 3 (2007) === + +=== Season 4 (2010) === + +=== Season 5 (2011) === + +== Music composition == +Music for Peep and the Big Wide World is composed by Terry Tompkins and Steve D'Angelo, from Eggplant. The opening theme is performed by blues musician Taj Mahal. + +== Broadcast == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c543f4993 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Peep and the Big Wide World" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:20.267316+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== United States === +Peep and the Big Wide World was originally broadcast on TLC and Discovery Kids — the latter as part of the Ready Set Learn! preschool block — from April 12, 2004, to September 14, 2007. Carriage on the Discovery children's networks ended on October 8, 2010, when Discovery Kids discontinued the block and reruns of the first three seasons to make way for the new network to launch known as The Hub on October 10. WGBH began airing the series on August 1, 2004, and it was later offered to public television stations via independent public television distributor American Public Television from April 1, 2007, to January 3, 2018. +The last two seasons were broadcast exclusively on select local public television stations with episodes distributed by APT from January 4, 2010 to October 14, 2011, though second-runs of previous episodes began as early as April 1, 2007. APT continued distributing reruns until January 3, 2018, well after commercial networks dropped the program. A total of 60 episodes (120 segments) were broadcast. +Beginning on January 1, 2018, distribution and reruns of Peep and the Big Wide World began airing on the 24-hour PBS Kids channel, marking the first time the series aired nationally on PBS Kids. Despite being a production of PBS station WGBH, Peep and the Big Wide World was turned down by PBS in 2003 in favor of developing programming directed at "slightly older children". (The series was geared toward preschool children ages 3–5; meanwhile, PBS eventually launched the PBS Kids Go! block in 2004 which was intended for children above the preschool level.) The U.S. broadcasts of the series ended on December 26, 2021, when it was replaced with reruns of Dinosaur Train to the 7:30 a.m. weekend morning timeslot. +APT and PBS Kids broadcasts of Peep and the Big Wide World were paired with a short episode from Pocoyo, which aired immediately after each show from 2010 to 2021. + +== Media == + +=== Home video === +WGBH Boston Video released the episodes of the first season on DVD in 2005. The 2005 DVD releases each contained six segments of the specified subject; Peep Explores, Peep Finds, Peep Floats, Peep's New Friends, Chirp Flies, and Quack Knows It All. The 2007 DVD release, Peep Figures It Out contained six segments as usual, plus two bonus segments. In 2011, PBS Kids Video released two DVDs; Seasons of Adventure, and Star Light, Star Bright, which contains episodes from seasons two and three respectively. In 2012, PBS Kids Video released two more DVDs; Finders Keepers and Bringing Spring. In 2014, PBS Kids Video released two more DVDs; Diva Duck, and Peep Discovers (which was once available as a limited release to retail stores). As of 2024, all of these DVDs are now out of print and very hard to find, but commonly found at public libraries. In Canada, Entertainment One released four DVDs in both English and French languages; Quack Quack, Peep's Moon Mission, Stick With Me, and Flower Shower. + +=== PBS LearningMedia shorts === +On July 26, 2017, WGBH released PEEP and the Big Wide World: Weather Factors, a media gallery in PBS LearningMedia's Bringing the Universe to America's Classrooms project. Weather Factors contains 4 animated shorts: "Peep and the Too Windy Day", "Peep and the Chilly Dam", "Peep and the Changing Sky", and "Peep and the Rainy, Snowy Day". + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website +Peep and the Big Wide World (Current series) at IMDb +Peep and the Big Wide World (1988) at IMDb +Kaj Pindal at IMDb +WGBH +9 Story Entertainment +National Science Foundation grant information +Watch the original Peep and the Big Wide World at NFB.ca +Read Goodman Research Group's executive summary of the Peep website evaluation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phozon-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phozon-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31c5adf85 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phozon-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Phozon" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phozon" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:22.576846+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Phozon is a 1983 puzzle video game developed and published by Namco for arcades. It was only released in Japan in November 1983. It is notable for its chemistry-based gameplay. + + +== Gameplay == + +The player takes control of the Chemic, a small black atom with red spikes that must adhere itself to passing Moleks (which come in four different colors: cyan, green, pink and yellow) in order to duplicate the patterns shown in the center of the screen; if a Molek adheres itself to the Chemic incorrectly, the player can press the button to disconnect the most recently connected Molek. A stage is completed by correctly replicating the Molek formation shown in the center of the screen. The yellow counter at the bottom shows how many Moleks are remaining, which decreases as more Moleks appear. If the bar empties and the player has not replicated the Molek formation, the round restarts from the beginning. +The sole enemy in the game is the Atomic, a clump of balls that moves randomly around the screen and kills the Chemic on contact. From the second world on, the Chemic can counter-attack by adhering itself to a Power Molek. Once the Chemic has adhered itself to one, the adhered Moleks will spin around rapidly, and their speed will decrease to denote the nearing of the Power Molek's ending time limit. +The Atomic occasionally initiates attacks to destroy the Chemic, which include splitting up and reforming in order to cover more ground, and shooting Alpha-Rays and Beta-Rays that destroy some of the Chemic's connected Moleks. There are total of eighteen unique patterns which must be duplicated in the game, and every fourth stage is a "challenging stage" where the Chemic can fire yellow Moleks in four directions at the Atomic. + + +== Reception == + +In Japan, Game Machine listed Phozon as the second most popular arcade game of December 1983. +In North America, the game was demonstrated at the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA) show in October 1983, but was not licensed for release in the region. Gene Lewin of Play Meter magazine gave it a favorable review, calling it "a very colorful and challenging game with a different twist" based on chemistry. + + +== Legacy == +Phozon was re-released as part of Namco Museum Volume 3 for the PlayStation along with Dig Dug, Ms. Pac-Man, Pole Position II and other Namco games. Another port was released for iOS and Android, as part of the Namco Arcade application. Hamster Corporation released the game as part of their Arcade Archives series for the Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 in November 2021. + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Phozon at the Killer List of Videogames \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b42bbba71 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Planet Earth (1986 TV series)" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:21.577721+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Planet Earth is a seven-episode 1986 PBS television documentary series focusing on the Earth, narrated by Richard Kiley. +Planet Earth explores geoscience and how discoveries of the early and mid-1980s were revolutionizing mankind's understanding of the Earth's past, present, and future. It also highlights scientific discoveries not yet fully understood and still under study in the mid-1980s. The series explores the Earth's origins, history, and structure; the forces that operate continually to alter its surface; its oceans; its climate; its natural resources; its biosphere and the effects of life on the physical world; its relationship to the Sun and other bodies in the Solar System; and its possible future in the face of pressures the growing human population places on the natural world. +The BBC used the same title for its 2006 series, but the two series are completely unrelated and quite different in focus and content. + +== Production == +Produced by WQED in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in association with the National Academy of Sciences as the centerpiece for a college-credit telecourse, Planet Earth was filmed over a period of four years on all seven continents and from the ocean bottom to earth orbit. The Annenberg/CPB Project and IBM funded production of the series. It enjoyed success in its original run, airing weekly on Thursday evenings on PBS from January 22 to March 5, 1986. +A companion book to the series written by Jonathan Weiner, also entitled Planet Earth, was published in 1986 by Bantam Books. Both the series and the companion book sometimes are marketed as Our Planet Earth in an attempt to avoid confusion with the 2006 BBC series Planet Earth. +Some footage shot for Planet Earth later also was used in the 1992 PBS series Earth Revealed. + +== Critical reception and awards == +In January 1986, Los Angeles Times critic Lee Margulies praised Planet Earth as "serious, but not dry" and credited it for its vivid filming of natural scenery, use of computer graphics, and achievement of depicting ongoing scientific research of the early and mid-1980s as "challenging, interesting, and worthwhile." +Planet Earth was the co-winner of the 1985-1986 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Series or Special, sharing it with Laurence Olivier - A Life, a multi-part biography of Laurence Olivier that aired on the PBS series Great Performances that season. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed1601af6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "Planet Earth (1986 TV series)" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:21.577721+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Episode list == +"The Living Machine" (aired January 22, 1986) – The episode discusses plate tectonics and geologic time, highlighting the work of James Hutton, Alfred Wegener, Harry Hess, Allan V. Cox, Brent Dalrymple, Frederick Vine, and Drummond Matthews, and discussing how geologists study layers of rock to read billions of years of the Earth's history. Topics covered include radiometric dating, seafloor spreading, magnetic field reversals, earthquakes, volcanism, subduction, and hotspots, how continents grow through accretion, how geophysicists study the interior of the Earth and what they have discovered, the theory of "microplate tectonics," how computer simulations have recreated the effects of continental drift on the world's geography over time from the prehistoric supercontinent Pangaea to the world of today, and how plate tectonics may have shaped the migratory behaviors of some animals. In addition to showing scientists studying the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii and using the research submarine Alvin to explore the Atlantic Ocean's Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the episode visits the Grand Canyon; Scotland's Arthur's Seat, Salisbury Crags, and Siccar Point; California's Owens Valley and San Andreas Fault; New Madrid, Missouri; and Ascension Island. "The Blue Planet" (aired January 29, 1986) – The episode discusses major new revelations about the oceans. Topics covered include the movement of water in the ocean, such as ocean currents and eddy fields, and the effect of newly discovered ocean water dynamics on human activities such as yacht racing; the causes and effects of upwellings; the use of satellites to track plankton growth from space and the use of plankton maps created from such information to advise the crews of commercial fishing vessels on the best places to fish; the effect of the El Niño phenomenon on the world's weather; the discovery by scientists employing deep-sea research submersibles of previously unknown life forms living in the ocean's midwater zone; the use of sonar to make hydrographic surveys of the ocean bottom's topography; the study of cores of ocean bottom sediment to study the chemistry of, temperature of, and array of life present in the ocean in the past; and hydrothermal vents and the life that depends on them. The episode follows the first oceanographer in space, Paul Scully-Power, as he makes the first oceanographic reports ever made from space while aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger; visits the Gulf Stream, the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, the waters of the Southern Ocean off Antarctica and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, the National Marine Fisheries Service's Southwest Fisheries Center in San Diego, California, the Exxon Production Research Company in Houston, Texas, and Baffin Bay; and makes dives in a bathysphere into the ocean's midwater zone and with the United States Navy research submersible Sea Cliff to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. "The Climate Puzzle" (aired February 5, 1986) – The episode examines the complexities of the Earth's climate. It explains how life adapts to extremes in climate and how changes in the climate have doomed past civilizations; the use of lake sediments, stalagmites, and cores of the ocean bottom and of polar ice to detect and track ancient changes in the Earth's climate; the Little Ice Age and Louis Agassiz's work in discovering the ice ages; Milutin Milanković's ideas about how the Earth's motions can trigger changes in climate; the contrast between the climates of Venus, Earth, and Mars and the possibility of Earth's climate one day becoming like that of Venus or Mars; modern civilization's release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, carbon dioxide's role as a greenhouse gas, and the possible effects of global warming on sea levels, storm surges, droughts and desertification, famine, temperatures, and green plant growth; plate tectonics, seafloor spreading, subduction, continental drift, and the role of volcanism in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels; methane's role as a greenhouse gas and the influence of termites on atmospheric methane levels; computer modeling of the prehistoric atmosphere and the climates resulting from it as it changed over time; and the possibilities for Earth's future climate. The episode visits the dry valleys and ice rivers of Antarctica; the site of the Harappan Civilization in the Rajasthan Desert on the Indian subcontinent; northern New Zealand; Switzerland; Barbados; Columbia University in New York City; the Hudson Valley in New York; Vostok Station; the Institute of Glaciology in Grenoble, France; the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii; Venice, Italy; the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado; and Colorado's Lake Pueblo State Park. "Tales from Other Worlds" (aired February 12, 1986) – Using special effects and actual footage from space to illustrate other worlds in the Solar System, the episode discusses the connections between the Earth and the cosmos. Topics include the formation of the Solar System, the Earth, and the Moon; the formation of impact craters and how study of the Moon's surface helps us understand the early history of the Earth; the surface of Venus as it appears beneath the planet's acid rain clouds and what it tells us about the early Earth before the beginning of plate tectonics; the surface features of Mars, evidence that water once flowed there, and the possibility that life once existed there; how the planet Jupiter is actually a failed star and the features of its atmosphere; Jupiter's moons Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa, and the volcanoes of Jupiter's moon Io; Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and the Oort Cloud; the theory that a large impact on the Earth caused the extinction of the dinosaurs; and the hypothesis that a hypothetical star dubbed "Nemesis" is responsible for a 26-million-year cycle of mass extinctions on Earth. The episode visits the Allan Hills of Antarctica; Meteor Crater in Arizona; the NASA Ames Research Center in San Francisco, California; the Arecibo Observatory in Arecibo, Puerto Rico; the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona; the Scablands of eastern Washington; stromatolites in Western Australia; a quarry in Utah; and the town of Gubbio, Italy; and discusses the work of Gene Shoemaker, Peter H. Schultz, Percival Lowell, Walter Alvarez, and Jack Sepkoski. "Gifts from the Earth" (aired February 19, 1986) – The episode focuses on the Earth's natural resources, including minerals such as copper, gold, silver, and platinum; fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and peat; and soil. It examines how deposits of minerals and fossil fuels form; how soil forms, is eroded, and is distributed by the wind; river deltas; oil exploration and oil drilling; the development of an airborne imaging spectrometer aboard a C-130 Hercules aircraft; how scientists use studies of the Earth's mineral and energy sources to analyze the history of plate tectonic movement and continental drift, and how our understanding of plate tectonics has revolutionized the search for natural resources. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b198792e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Planet Earth (1986 TV series)" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(1986_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:21.577721+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The episode visits the Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; ancient copper mining sites on Cyprus; the kuroko mines of Japan; deep-sea black smokers off the coast of Mexico in a dive aboard the research submersible Alvin; the Kid Creek Mine in northern Canada; the Bushveld Complex in South Africa; the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Hawaii; western Tennessee; Benares, the River Ganges, and the Ganges Delta in India; the Mississippi Delta in Louisiana; a cedar swamp in the process of forming a peat bog in Maine; offshore oil platforms in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland; Sudan; the NASA Ames Research Center in San Francisco, California; the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California; and the Cuprite Hills of Nevada. "The Solar Sea" (aired February 26, 1986) – The episode explores the Earth's relationship with the Sun. It discusses ancient religious beliefs involving Sun worship; the disappearance of the Anasazi culture in what is now the Four Corners region of the western United States; the influence of the Sun on climate, weather, and ocean currents; sunspots, their causes and cycles, and the Maunder Minimum; how the use of carbon dating in the study of tree rings reveals the history of solar activity; a possible correlation between solar activity and droughts; how an investigation by geologists into a 700-million-to-800-million-year-old rock record of sun activity in an ancient lake bed demonstrates the consistency of solar activity patterns over time; early instruments for calculating the movements of the Sun and stars, such as sundials; early and modern telescopes; spectrums and the spectrograph; Fraunhofer lines; solar telescopes aboard Skylab; solar oscillations; the solar wind and its effect on the Earth's magnetosphere and magnetic field; the aurora borealis; solar flares and solar proton events; and the ozone layer and its importance in blocking the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. The episode visits Benares and the River Ganges in India; the pyramids of Egypt; the Mayan temple at Chichen Itza on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula; Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado; the Hale Library in Pasadena, California; the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona; South Australia; Jaipur, India; Kitt Peak Observatory in Arizona; South Pole Station in Antarctica; Sacramento Peak Observatory in New Mexico; the Poker Flat Research Range in Alaska; and the Space Environment Service Center in Boulder, Colorado; and highlights the work of George Ellery Hale, Jack Eddy, Walter Maunder, Christopher Scheiner, Murray Mitchell, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton. "The Fate of the Earth" (aired March 5, 1986) – The episode explores the role of life in shaping the Earth and discusses the planet's possible future. It discusses the first hydrogen bomb test and the recovery of the environment from its effects; the Gaia hypothesis; the beginning of life on Earth and the possibility that it began in tide pools; the way the first cells may have formed; the discovery of the earliest fossil bacterium; stromatolites; the carbon cycle; how chitons can chew away entire islands while feeding; the destruction of rain forests, their pharmaceutical value, and a study of how much of a rain forest must be preserved to protect its species; the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II; how the aftereffects of a nuclear war could create a "nuclear winter;" the Lucky Dragon incident and the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty; the pressure human population increases are placing on the Earth; work to improve agricultural outputs to feed the growing human population; the use of satellite imagery to study world vegetation patterns and the expansion of the Sahara Desert; and humanity's future challenge of managing the world's resources both to meet civilization's increasing demand for energy and feed the growing world population while living in harmony with the Earth. The episode visits Eniwetok Atoll; Dedham, England; North Pole and Shark Bay in Western Australia; Kilauea in Hawaii; Palau; the Amazon Basin; the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado; India; the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines; and the Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, and highlights the work of James Lovelock, Stanley Awramik, Michael McElroy, Thomas Lovejoy, Brian Toon, and Stephen Schneider. + +== References == +lerner.org Overview: Planet Earth +tv.com Planet Earth (1986 miniseries) at tv.com/shows/planet-earth-1986-miniseries/episodes/ + +== External links == +Opening of Planet Earth episode "The Blue Planet" on dailymotion.com +Planet Earth at IMDb +Transcript of Episode 1 "The Living Machine" +Transcript of Episode 2 "The Blue Planet" +Transcript of Episode 3 "The Climate Puzzle" +Transcript of Episode 4 "Tales from Other Worlds" +Transcript of Episode 5 "Gifts from the Earth" +Transcript of Episode 6 "The Solar Sea" +Transcript of Episode 7 "Fate of the Earth" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics_for_Kids-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics_for_Kids-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2469cf0f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics_for_Kids-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +--- +title: "Popular Mechanics for Kids" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics_for_Kids" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:25.797461+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Popular Mechanics for Kids (sometimes abbreviated to PMK) is a Canadian educational television program based on the Popular Mechanics magazine. The program aired on Global TV from 1997 until 2000, with re-runs airing on BBC Kids Canada until its closure in 2018. Original cast included Elisha Cuthbert, Jay Baruchel, Tyler Kyte, Vanessa Lengies, and Charles Powell. + + +== Overview == +The intent of Popular Mechanics for Kids was to teach children how things work. Episodes covered a wide range of topics, including animals, body systems, amusement parks, electricity and airplanes. +Each episode was led by hosts Jay (Season 1), Elisha, Tyler (Seasons 2–4) and Vanessa (Seasons 3–4), who would embark on adventures around the world which relate to the central theme of each episode. Sketch comedy segments were incorporated to balance out the educational content. +"Mechanix with Nix and Tix" (usually shortened to just "Nix and Tix") was an animation segment that used slapstick comedy to help further educate and entertain the viewers about the episode's theme. +During the segment "Charlie's Experiment/Tip", actor Charles Powell would answer questions, teach, and demonstrate an experiment related to the topic of the episode. It was common for real children to participate and ask questions in this segment, but in later seasons, only Powell was included. Powell, being the only recurring adult character in the show, would often serve as a mentor for the audience and hosts, teaching concepts such as fire and personal safety. + + +== Episodes == + + +== Cast == + +Elisha Cuthbert (co-host, Seasons 1–4) +Jay Baruchel (co-host, Season 1) +Tyler Kyte (co-host, Seasons 2–4) +Vanessa Lengies (co-host, Seasons 3–4) +Charles Powell ("Charlie's Experiment/Tip", Seasons 1–4). + + +== Honours == +It was awarded the Parents Choice Award in 2003, and was nominated for the Gemini Awards. + + +== Production == +The show was filmed primarily in Montreal, Quebec. It was produced by the Global Television Network in Canada, Hearst Entertainment in the U.S., and finally TVA International in Canada for the final episodes in 2000. +In 1997, the cast, crew and production team embarked on a three-day filming expedition aboard the American aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower in Virginia, to capture footage for an upcoming episode centered on aircraft carriers. Other notable locations visited include the Royal Canadian Mint, the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, and W. M. Keck Observatory. + + +== Telecast and home media == +The show aired in syndication in the U.S. (including Hearst-owned television stations), before moving to Discovery Kids on Saturday mornings by the program's final season in 2000. Repeats of the show continued to air on many channels until 2008. Re-runs were aired on BBC Kids and Discovery Kids in Canada until December 31, 2009. After the closure of Discovery Kids in Canada, BBC Kids stopped airing repeats in all countries (except Canada). The repeats on BBC Kids in Canada ended on May 14, 2011. As of 2013 repeats of the show continue to air on Knowledge Network. In the U.S., the show can currently be streamed on Tubi and The Roku Channel. +A number of VHS copies and DVDs have been released by Koch Vision and E1 Entertainment: + +Slither and Slime and Other Yucky Things +Radical Rockets and Other Cool Cruising Machines +Rip Roaring Rollercoasters and All Access to Fun +Gators, Dragons and Other Wild Beasts +Super Sea Creatures and Awesome Ocean Adventures +Lightning and Other Forces of Nature +X-Treme Rides +Roller Coasters +Firefighters and Other Lifesaving Heroes +Zoos +Garbage +Popular Mechanics For Kids: 4 DVD Box Set +Popular Mechanics For Kids: 6 DVD Box Set +Popular Mechanics For Kids: The Complete First Season +Popular Mechanics For Kids: The Complete Second Season +Popular Mechanics For Kids: The Complete Third Season +Popular Mechanics For Kids: The Complete Fourth Season +How Do They Build Bridges +How Do They Build Skyscrapers +How Do They Build Tunnels +How Do They Build Spaceships + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Popular Mechanics for Kids at IMDb +Popular Mechanics for Kids at TheTVDB \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mc2-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mc2-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acc026cac --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mc2-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +--- +title: "Project Mc2" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mc2" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:26.988783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Project Mc2 (pronounced Project MC-squared ) is an American comedy television series co-produced for Netflix by MGA Entertainment and – despite being a live action series – by DreamWorks Animation's AwesomenessTV. The series was first released on August 7, 2015. The last set of episodes was released on November 7, 2017. + + +== Plot == +Set in the fictional town of Maywood Glen, California, and revolving around the fields of STEM, the series follows the adventures of McKeyla McAlister and her best friends, who work for a government organization called NOV8 (pronounced "innovate"), a highly secretive group of female government operatives who are trying to protect the world. + + +== Cast and characters == + + +=== Main === +Mika Abdalla as McKeyla McAlister, the lead girl and an agent of NOV8. At the beginning of Part 4, she was given the name "The Owl". +Ysa Penarejo as Camryn Coyle, the engineer with a high IQ +Victoria Vida as Adrienne Attoms, the culinary chemist from Spain who always wears high heels +Genneya Walton as Bryden Bandweth, the tech junkie of the group +Antonio Marziale as Prince Xander (main: Part 1, recurring: Part 4) +Marcus Choi (main: Part 1) and Ash Lee (recurring: Part 5) as Charles Coyle, Camryn's father +Madeline Whitby as Jillian (Part 1) +Bernardo De Paula as Defector (Part 1) +Troy Fromin as George the Security Guard (Part 1) +Oliver Vaquer as Francois (Part 1) +Danica McKellar as the Quail (Parts 1–2, 4–6), the group's chief intelligence agent in NOV8 and McKeyla's mother +Alyssa Lynch (main: Parts 2–4) and Maddie Phillips (recurring: Part 5) as Devon D'Marco, an aspiring artist +Belle Shouse as Ember Evergreen (Parts 2–6) + + +=== Recurring === +Jonathon Buckley as Henry (Part 1) +Melissa Mabie as A.D.I.S.N. (voice), McKeyla's talking notebook. Her name is short for "Advanced Digital Intelligence Spy Notebook". It is pronounced as "Addison". +Johanna Newmarch as Carson Lazarus (Parts 2–3) +Ty Wood as Justin (Parts 2–3) +Maxwell Haynes as Kyle (Parts 2–6) +Adrian Petriw as Retro (voice; Part 2) +Kurt Evans as Assistant Principal Wilson (Part 2) +Vanessa Parise as the Falcon (Part 3), McKeyla's aunt Montana who is also a substitute for the Quail while she's off the grid +Sarah Desjardins as Maddy McAlister (Parts 3–4, 6), McKeyla's big sister. At the beginning of Part 4, she was given the name "The Nighthawk". +Adam Beauchesne as Simon Temple (Part 3) +Emily Delahunty as Tessa (Part 5) +Houston Stevenson as Zach (Parts 5–6) +Jody Thompson as Jenny Wallis (Part 5) +Catherine Haggquist as Dr. A. Crawford (Part 5) +Richard Ian Cox as Professor Kato (Part 5) +Jay Hindle as Max McAlister (Part 6), McKeyla's father +Chris Rosamond as Bobby Stone (Part 6) +Loretta Walsh as Charlotte Adele (Part 6) + + +== Episodes == + + +=== Series overview === + + +=== Part 1 (2015) === + + + +=== Part 2 (2016) === + + + +=== Part 3 (2016) === + + + +=== Part 4 (2017) === + + + +=== Part 5 (2017) === + + + +=== Part 6 (2017) === + + + +== Production == +The first season of the series, consisting of three episodes, was released on August 7, 2015. On April 6, 2016, Netflix announced that the series has been renewed for its second and third seasons. The second season was released on August 12, 2016, and the third season was released on October 14, 2016. Both consisted of six episodes. An extended 34-minute Valentine's Day special was released as the first and only episode of the fourth season on February 14, 2017. A fifth season consisting of five episodes was released on September 15, 2017. A sixth season, also consisting of five episodes, was released on November 7, 2017. +The series is filmed primarily in and around the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, including Chatsworth, Woodland Hills, Van Nuys, and Northridge, as well as in Alhambra. + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Project Mc2 at Netflix +Project Mc2 at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/science-0.md index 7c82b5a10..b125d9600 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/science-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/science-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/science" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:57:02.838884+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:37.569679+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..895f429e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "ResearchGate" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:38.899728+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ResearchGate is a commercial social networking site for scientists and researchers to share papers, ask and answer questions, and find collaborators. According to a 2014 study by Nature and a 2016 article in Times Higher Education, it is the largest academic social network in terms of active users, although other services have more registered users, and a 2015–2016 survey suggests that almost as many academics have Google Scholar profiles. +While reading articles does not require registration, people who wish to become site members need to have an email address at a recognized institution or to be manually confirmed as a published researcher in order to sign up for an account. Articles are free to read by visitors, however additional features (such as job postings or advertisements) are accessible only as a paid subscription. Members of the site each have a user profile and can upload research output including papers, data, chapters, negative results, patents, research proposals, methods, presentations, and software source code. Users may also follow the activities of other users and engage in discussions with them. Users are also able to block interactions with other users. +The site has been criticized for sending unsolicited email invitations to coauthors of the articles listed on the site that were written to appear as if the email messages were sent by the other coauthors of the articles (a practice the site said it had discontinued as of November 2016) and for automatically generating apparent profiles for non-users who have sometimes felt misrepresented by them. A study found that over half of the uploaded papers appear to infringe copyright, because the authors uploaded the publisher's version. + +== Features == +The New York Times described the site as a mashup of Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. Site members may follow a research interest, in addition to following other individual members. It has a blogging feature for users to write short reviews on peer-reviewed articles. ResearchGate indexes self-published information on user profiles to suggest members to connect with others who have similar interests. When a member posts a question, it is fielded to others that have identified on their user profile that they have a relevant expertise. It also has private chat rooms where users can share data, edit shared documents, or discuss confidential topics. +The site also features a research-focused job board. +As of 2020, it has more than 17 million users, with its largest user-bases coming from Europe and North America. Most of ResearchGate's users are involved in medicine or biology, though it also has participants from engineering, law, computer science, agricultural sciences, and psychology, among others. +ResearchGate published an author-level metric in the form of an "RG Score" since 2012. RG score is not a citation impact measure. RG Scores have been reported to be correlated with existing author-level metrics, but have also been criticized as having questionable reliability and an unknown calculation methodology. In March 2022 ResearchGate announced they would remove the RG Score after July 2022. ResearchGate does not charge fees for putting content on the site and does not require peer review. + +== History == +ResearchGate was founded in 2008 by virologist Ijad Madisch, who remains the company's CEO, with physician Sören Hofmayer, and computer scientist Horst Fickenscher. It started in Boston, Massachusetts, and moved to Berlin, Germany, shortly afterwards. +The company's first round of funding, in 2010, was led by the venture capital firm Benchmark. Benchmark partner Matt Cohler became a member of the board and participated in the decision to move to Berlin. +The website began with few features, and developed based on input from scientists. From 2009 to 2011, the number of users of the site grew from 25,000 to more than 1 million. +A second round of funding led by Peter Thiel's Founders Fund was announced in February 2012. +On June 4, 2013, it closed Series C financing arrangements for $35M from investors including Bill Gates. +The company grew from 12 employees in 2011 to 120 in 2014. As of 2016, it had about 300 employees, including a sales staff of 100. +ResearchGate's competitors include Academia.edu, Google Scholar, and Mendeley, as well as new competitors that emerged in the last decade like Semantic Scholar. In 2016, Academia.edu reportedly had more registered users (about 34 million versus 11 million) and higher web traffic, but ResearchGate was substantially larger in terms of active usage by researchers. The fact that ResearchGate restricts its user accounts to people at recognized institutions and published researchers may explain the disparity in active usage, as a high percentage of the accounts on Academia.edu are lapsed or inactive. In a 2015–2016 survey of academic profile tools, about as many respondents have ResearchGate profiles and Google Scholar profiles, but almost twice as many respondents use Google Scholar for search than use ResearchGate for accessing publications. +Madisch has said the company's business strategy is focused on highly targeted advertising based on analysis of the activities of users, saying "Imagine you could click on a microscope mentioned in a paper and buy it", and estimating the spending on science at $1 trillion per year under the control of a "relatively small number of people". +In November 2015 they acquired additional funding of $52.6 million from a range of investors including Goldman Sachs, Benchmark Capital, Wellcome Trust and Bill Gates, but did not announce this until February 2017. Losses increased from €5.4m in 2014 to €6.2m in 2015, but ResearchGate's CEO expressed optimism that they would break even eventually. +ResearchGate, Elsevier and American Chemical Society settled their lawsuit on 15 September 2023. +As of January 2023, ResearchGate has partnered with Sage to distribute open access content. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d28827bd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "ResearchGate" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:38.899728+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Reception == +A 2009 article in BusinessWeek reported that ResearchGate was a "potentially powerful link" in promoting innovation in developing countries by connecting scientists from those nations with their peers in industrialized nations. It said the website had become popular largely due to its ease of use. It also said that ResearchGate had been involved in several notable cross-country collaborations between scientists that led to substantive developments. +Academic reception of ResearchGate remains generally positive, as recent reviews of extant literature show an accepting audience with broad coverage of concepts. A 2012 paper published in The International Information & Library Review conducted a survey with 160 respondents and reported that out of those respondents using social networking "for academic purposes", Facebook and ResearchGate were the most popular at the University of Delhi, but also "a majority of respondents said using SNSs [Social Networking Sites] may be a waste of time". +Although ResearchGate is used internationally, its uptake—as of 2014—is uneven, with Brazil having particularly many users and China having few when compared to the number of publishing researchers. +In a 2014 study by Nature, 88 percent of the responding scientists and engineers said that they were aware of ResearchGate and would use it when "contacted", but less than 10% said they would use it to actively discuss research with 40% instead preferring to use Twitter when discussing research. ResearchGate was visited regularly by half of those surveyed by Nature, coming second to Google Scholar. 29 percent of regular visitors had signed up for a profile on ResearchGate in the past year, and 35% of the survey participants were invited by email. +A 2016 article in Times Higher Education reported that in a global survey of 20,670 people who use academic social networking sites, ResearchGate was the dominant network and was twice as popular as others: 61 percent of respondents who had published at least one paper had a ResearchGate profile. Another study reported that "relatively few academics appear to post questions and answers", but instead use it only as an "online CV". +In the context of the big deal cancellations by several library systems in the world, the wide usage of ResearchGate was credited as one of the factors which reduced the apparent value of the subscriptions to toll access resources. +Data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals, used by libraries to calculate the real costs and value of their options before such decisions, allow to separate ResearchGate from open archives like institutional repositories, which are considered more stable. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..945cd4c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "ResearchGate" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:38.899728+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Criticism == +ResearchGate's decision to not remove convicted sex offenders from its social networking site has been criticized by Canadian authorities. Many researchers world-wide deleted their account in protest as they refused to remove convicted child pornographer and registered sex offender in Canada, Ben Levin as a user. Identified on ResearchGate as "Research Ben", he had been a frequent user of ResearchGate, publishing over 80 papers of interest with the vast majority dealing with studies around child pornography and pedophiles. +ResearchGate has been criticized for emailing unsolicited invitations to the coauthors of its users. These emails were written as if they were personally sent by the user, but were instead sent automatically unless the user opted out, which caused some researchers to boycott the service and contributes to the negative view of ResearchGate in the scientific community. As of November 2016, the site appears to have discontinued this practice. The TechCrunch moderator Mike Butcher accused ResearchGate of having scraped competitors' websites for email addresses to spam, which the ResearchGate CEO denied. +A study published by the Association for Information Systems in 2014 found that a dormant account on ResearchGate, using default settings, generated 297 invitations to 38 people over a 16-month period, and that the user profile was automatically attributed to more than 430 publications. Furthermore, journalists and researchers found that the RG score, calculated by ResearchGate via a proprietary algorithm, can reach high values under questionable circumstances. +Several studies have looked at the RG score, for which details about how it is calculated are not published. These studies concluded that the RG score was "intransparent and irreproducible", criticized the way it incorporates the journal impact factor into the user score, and suggested that it should "not be considered in the evaluation of academics". The results were confirmed in a second "response" study, which also found the score to depend mostly on journal impact factors. The RG score was found to be negatively correlated with network centrality, i.e., that users that are the most active (and thus central to the network) on ResearchGate usually do not have high RG scores. It was also found to be strongly positively correlated with Quacquarelli Symonds university rankings at the institutional level, but only weakly with Elsevier SciVal rankings of individual authors. While it was found to be correlated with different university rankings, the correlation in between these rankings themselves was higher. Nature also reported that "Some of the apparent profiles on the site are not owned by real people, but are created automatically – and incompletely – by scraping details of people's affiliations, publication records and PDFs, if available, from around the web. That annoys researchers who do not want to be on the site, and who feel that the pages misrepresent them – especially when they discover that ResearchGate will not take down the pages when asked." ResearchGate uses a crawler to find PDF versions of articles on the homepages of authors and publishers. These are then presented as if they had been uploaded to the web site by the author: the PDF will be displayed embedded in a frame, and only the button label "External Download" indicates that the file was in fact not uploaded to ResearchGate. +ResearchGate has been criticized for failing to provide safeguards against "the dark side of academic writing", including such phenomena as fake publishers, "ghost journals", publishers with "predatory" publication fees, and fake impact ratings. It has also been criticized for copyright infringement of published works. +In September 2017, lawyers representing the International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers (STM) sent a letter to ResearchGate threatening legal action against them for copyright infringement and demanding that they alter their handling of uploaded articles to include pre-release checking for copyright violations and "Specifically, [for ResearchGate to] end its extraction of content from hosted articles and the modification of any hosted content, including any and all metadata. It would also mean an end to Researchgate's own copying and downloading of published journal article content and the creation of internal databases of articles." This was followed by an announcement that takedown requests are to be issued to ResearchGate for copyright infringement relating to millions of articles. A statement supporting the action was issued by a group called Coalition for Responsible Sharing, and the statement was signed by the American Chemical Society, Brill Publishers, Elsevier, Wiley, and Wolters Kluwer. Subsequently, Coalition for Responsible Sharing (CfRS) reported that "ResearchGate has removed from public view a significant number of copyrighted articles it is hosting on its site". CfRS also confirmed that "not all violations have been addressed" and as such, takedown notices have been issued. +ResearchGate has managed to achieve an agreement on article uploading with three other major publishers, Springer Nature, Cambridge University Press and Thieme. Under the agreement, the publishers will be notified when their articles are uploaded but will not be able to premoderate uploads. + +== References == + +== External links == + +Official website +ACS v. ResearchGate GmbH court case docket \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Science_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Science_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e11642d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Science_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Rocket Science (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Science_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:29.227098+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Rocket Science is a BBC television documentary series, first broadcast in March 2009 on BBC Two, exploring new ways to teach science to children. The series follows a group of second-year students as they learn about the science of fireworks and build their own fireworks display, under the auspices of physics teacher Andy Smith. + + +== Episodes == + +Andy Smith won the secondary school teacher of the year for the north west region in 2005. He has also filmed shows for the digital channel Teacher's TV. He is a big Doctor Who fan and has assisted in many conventions in which previous stars of the series attend, notably the Who in the Cavern, which raises money for the Liverpool children's hospital Alder Hey. He once famously presided over a quiz between fifth doctor Peter Davison and sixth doctor Colin Baker. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Rocket Science at BBC Online +Homepage of the director Andy Robbins with more information about the documentary: http://www.andyrobbins.info \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61905cfb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +--- +title: "Rough Science" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:30.622623+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Rough Science is a British documentary reality television series made by the BBC in collaboration with the Open University. Six series were made between 2000 and 2005. It was broadcast in prime time on BBC Two and is considered something of a "break-out hit" for the Open University. +The series' formula consists of a group of four or five scientists with specialities in different fields who are given a task that they must complete using the natural resources of the surrounding area together with a small set of supplies. Each programme features a different task and follows the scientists as they use their knowledge and ingenuity in attempting to fulfil it and, in the process, educate the viewing public – despite failure being common. +Each episode either requires the team to work together in smaller groups to create requirements for the overall challenge, for the small groups to fulfil vaguely related challenges or even to complete the same task in competition. It has been set in a different scenic location each series, typically somewhere with plenty of plants for use by the group. The series is presented by Kate Humble, with most of the scientists appearing in several series. + +== Series 1 == +This series is set on the Mediterranean island of Capraia and features four episodes, and various tasks: + +"Mediterranean Mystery" – The group is taken to a disused prison on the island where they have to determine the longitude and latitude of the island, create a radio from a saucepan and create an insect repellent. +"Simmering Shutterbugs" – Create a camera with film, create a compass and dye a flag. +"Power Supplies" – Generate power and build a pharmacy (creating antiseptic using olives and myrtle, and antiflatulent with fennel seeds). +"Sustenance and Sayonara" – Create soap and toothpaste (though the general task is to put food on the table). +The scientists featured are: + +Vanessa Griffiths, marine biologist and teacher of ecology +Anna Lewington, ethnobotanist and author +Jonathan Hare, chemist, physicist, inventor, and teacher +Mike Leahy, virologist +Mike Bullivant, organic photochemist + +== Series 2 == +This series takes place on the Caribbean island of Carriacou and features five scientists, including three (Mike Leahy, Mike Bullivant, and Jonathan Hare) from the first series. It has six episodes and many challenges: + +"Mapping it Out" – Make a map of the island, paper and ink for the map, and a device to record sounds. +"Bugs and Barometers" – Make an antiseptic lotion, a microscope, and a weather station. +"Time and Transmitters" – Make a radio, clock, and kite. +"Feel the Heat" – Make a freezer, thermometer, and sunscreen. +"Sun and Sea" – Make a lamp that could function underwater, and to generate electrical energy to charge up a battery. +"The Science of Celebration" – Make musical instruments and fireworks for a party. +New scientists featured in this series were: + +Kathy Sykes, science communicator and physicist +Ellen McCallie, ecologist and teacher +Anna Lewington and Vanessa Griffiths from the first series were not featured in this series. + +== Series 3 == +This series takes place on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand, has six episodes, and features the same scientists as the previous series. + +"Gold Rush" – Collect gold from a river, build a metal detector, and construct a super-accurate balance. +"Shakers" – Build an automatic gold panning machine, create cosmetics, and look for evidence of earthquakes in trees. +"Quakers" – Build a waterproof tent and a seismograph. +"Ice" – Measure the speed and melting rate of a glacier and keep warm without a fire. +"Treasure Hunt" – Build a device for measuring altitude to assist in finding gold, and extract gold from rock. +"The Big Smelt" – Smelt the gold and craft a souvenir from it. + +== Series 4 == +This series takes place at Darwin Mine, adjacent to Death Valley National Park in California and has six episodes, all involving space exploration. Four scientists from the previous series (Ellen McCallie, Jonathan Hare, Mike Bullivant, and Kathy Sykes) are featured plus a new scientist, Iain Stewart, the show's first geologist. Mike Leahy from the previous series is not featured in this series. + +"'Rover": Build a rover, find water and purify it. +"Communication": Send a communication in a way that didn't rely purely on sound (by altering the vibrations of reflected sunlight, which is then detected by a transistor functioning as a light detector), and make a pen that works in zero gravity. +"Spacesuit": Design a cooling system for a spacesuit. +"Impact": Measure the size of the meteor that created Barringer Meteor Crater. Iain and Kathy travel to Arizona to see the crater. Mike stays behind, and experiments with impact. Jonathan and Ellen make a telescope using an eyepiece and mirror they find in the chest given to them at the start of the episode (their task was to actually measure the size of a crater on the Moon). +"Aerial Surveyor": Build a device with a camera that could survey a large area from the air. Find the center of one of the largest earthquakes to hit America that took place back in 1872 in California, and estimate what it measured on the Richter scale. Mike creates a system that filters carbon dioxide, just as the astronauts of Apollo 13 were forced to do when an explosion ruptured an oxygen tank. +"Rocket": Design rockets that can launch an egg into the air and return it safely to earth. Three different rockets are attempted by three of the scientists, while the remaining two work on a parachute system. + +== Series 5 == +This series takes place on the coast of Zanzibar and has a strong ecological theme running through the challenges. The line-up of scientists is Ellen McCallie, Jonathan Hare, Mike Bullivant, and Kathy Sykes. The episode challenges for this series are: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..279f9dd2b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Rough Science" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:30.622623+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +"Shipwrecked" – Design and build a submersible exploration vehicle to explore a shipwreck, determine when low tide occurs for the best chance at getting to the wreck, and how to purify the scientists' water supply. +"Lost at Sea" – Build a distress flare, make an emergency flotation device, and create a warning light activated by seawater. +"Call of the Wild" – Const an underwater hydrophone, an underwater viewing device, and create mosquito repellent. +"To the Lighthouse" – Build a lighthouse by creating a light source visible from great distances while at sea, as well as create the lighthouse infrastructure and make the light flash. +"The Reef" – Create a system to protect a coral reef by alerting approaching boats that they're entering a protected area. +"Beneath the Waves" – Build a SCUBA device that can safely be used to a depth of 5 meters and still provide freedom for exploration. + +== Series 6 == +This series, shown in 2005, takes place in the San Juan Mountains in Colorado. For this series, geomorphologist Hermione Cockburn replaced Kathy Sykes. + +"Power" – Supply electricity and natural gas to their basecamp, located in an old mill. +"Safety" – Build a fire extinguisher (using carbon dioxide) and a water treatment plant. +"Mountain" – Calculate the height and weight of a mountain and make sunglasses to protect the eyes at high altitudes. +"Clean" – Build a washing machine with washing soap, and create antiperspirant and deodorant. +"Mine" – Detect radioactive rocks and flammable gases, and create a generator to power an electric lamp. +"Photo" – Take and develop a photograph, and deliver it by hydrogen balloon. + +== Channels == +Rough Science was originally shown by the BBC and all six series have since been shown on Discovery Science (UK). Series 1–4 have been shown on PBS in the US, series 3–6 have been aired on TVNZ 6 in New Zealand and series 1–3 have been shown on TV3 in Catalonia, Spain. + +== Publication == +DVDs are available of all six series. +Series 3 and 4 were available through Netflix, but have been discontinued. + +== References == + +== External links == +Rough Science at BBC Online +OpenUniversity on the BBC: Rough Science – About the series +UK Gameshows Page: Rough Science +Jonathan Hare's Creative Science Center +Jonathan Hare's work with the Vega Science Trust Freeview Science Programmes +PBS website for the series +Open University Worldwide Product Page for DVDs including Rough Science +Rough Science at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..589f407a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Sci-Hub" +chunk: 1/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:40.250052+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Sci-Hub is a shadow library that provides free access to millions of research papers, regardless of copyright, by bypassing publishers' paywalls in various ways. Unlike Library Genesis, it does not provide access to books. Sci-Hub was founded in Kazakhstan by Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011, in response to the rising costs of research papers behind paywalls. The site is extensively used worldwide. In September 2019, the site's operator(s) said that it served approximately 400,000 requests per day. +In addition to its intensive use, Sci-Hub stands out among other shadow libraries because of its easy use and reliability, as well as the enormous size of its collection. A 2018 study estimated that Sci-Hub provided access to almost all scholarly publications. On 15 July 2022, Sci-Hub reported that its collection comprised 88,343,822 files. In December 2020, the site paused uploads due to legal troubles. Since then, the site has archived a much lower fraction of new articles. +Sci-Hub and Elbakyan were sued twice for copyright infringement in the United States, in 2015 and 2017, and lost both cases by default, leading to loss of some of its Internet domain names. The site has cycled through different domain names since then. +Sci-Hub has been praised by some in the scientific, academic, and publishing communities for providing access to knowledge generated by the scientific community, which is usually funded by taxpayers (government grants) and with zero royalties paid to the authors. Publishers have criticized it for violating copyright, reducing the revenue of publishers, and potentially being linked to activities compromising universities' network security, though the cybersecurity threat posed by Sci-Hub may have been exaggerated by publishers. +Elbakyan questioned the morality of the publishers' business and the legality of their methods in regards to the right to science and culture under Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while maintaining that Sci-Hub should be "perfectly legal". Many Sci-Hub users see Sci-Hub as a moral imperative, and if the operation of Sci-Hub contradicts the law, it is the law that should be changed rather than banning Sci-Hub. + +== History == + +Sci-Hub was created by Alexandra Elbakyan, who was born in Kazakhstan in 1988. Elbakyan earned her undergraduate degree at Kazakh National Technical University studying information technology, then worked for a year for a computer security firm in Moscow, then joined a research team at the University of Freiburg in Germany in 2010 that was working on a brain–computer interface. She then became interested in transhumanism and after attending a transhumanism conference in the United States, Elbakyan spent her remaining time in the country doing a research internship at Georgia Institute of Technology. +She later returned to Kazakhstan, where she started research in a Kazakh university. According to Elbakyan, she experienced difficulty accessing scientific papers relevant to her research project. She began contributing to online forums dedicated to sharing research papers. In 2011, she developed Sci-Hub to automatically share papers. The site was launched on September 5, 2011. +In May 2021, Sci-Hub users collaborated to preserve the website's data, anticipating that the site may go offline. In September 2021, the site celebrated the tenth anniversary of its launch date by uploading on that single day over 2.3 million articles to its database. +Sci-Hub has cycled through domain names, some of which have been blocked by domain registry operators. Sci-Hub remained reachable via alternative domains such as .io, then .cc, and .bz. Sci-Hub has also been accessible at times by directly entering the IP address, or through a .onion Tor Hidden Service. It is also accessible through a Telegram bot. +In January 2026, Elbakyan announced on X that the domain sci-hub.se had been "finally" blocked through the Domain Name System, and hinted at her clash with the website's domain name registrar, the Swedish company Njalla. +In April 2026, Sci-Hub launched an experimental artificial intelligence called Sci-Bot, capable of answering questions using its vast database of pirated scientific articles. To the extent that this reduces the risk of hallucinations based on such a corpus of studies, experts assess important limitations, such as the inability to maintain consistent conversations, the lack of recent research due to the new security barriers of publishers, and a selection of references that are not always the most relevant. + +== Legal status == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d6394736 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Sci-Hub" +chunk: 2/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:40.250052+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== United States === +In 2015, Elsevier filed a lawsuit against Sci-Hub, in Elsevier et al. v. Sci-Hub et al., at the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Library Genesis (LibGen) was also a defendant in the case, which may be based in either the Netherlands or in Russia. It was the largest copyright infringement case that had been filed in the U.S., or in the world, at the time. Elsevier alleged that Sci-Hub violated copyright law and induced others to do so, and it alleged violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act as well as inducements to violate that law. Elsevier asked for monetary damages and an injunction to stop the sharing of the papers. Elsevier has used accusations over the alleged security threat that Sci-Hub poses to institutions to encourage educational institutions to block its use. +Elbakyan responded to the case in an interview by accusing Elsevier of violating the right to science and culture under Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. She later wrote a letter to the court about the case describing her reasons for creating Sci-Hub, in which she stated, "Payment of 32 dollars [for each download] is just insane when you need to skim or read tens or hundreds of these papers to do research." +At the time the website was hosted in St. Petersburg, Russia, where judgments made by American courts were not enforceable, and Sci-Hub did not defend the lawsuit. In June 2017, the court awarded Elsevier US$15 million in damages for copyright infringement by Sci-Hub and others in a default judgment. The judgment found that Sci-Hub used accounts of students and academic institutions to access articles through Elsevier's platform ScienceDirect. The judgment also granted the injunction, which led to the loss of the original sci-hub.org domain. +In June 2017, the American Chemical Society (ACS) filed a lawsuit against Sci-Hub in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, alleging copyright and trademark infringement; it sought judgment US$4.8 million from Sci-Hub in damages, and Internet service provider blocking of the Sci-Hub website. On 6 November 2017, the ACS was granted a default judgment, and a permanent injunction was granted against all parties in active concert or participation with Sci-Hub that has notice of the injunction, "including any Internet search engines, web hosting and Internet service providers, domain name registrars, and domain name registries", to cease facilitating access to the service. On 23 November 2017, four Sci-Hub domains had been rendered inactive by the court order and its CloudFlare account was terminated. +Since 2018, the White House Office of the U.S. Trade Representative has cited Sci-Hub as one of the most flagrant "notorious market" sites in the world. +On 8 January 2021, Twitter suspended Sci-Hub's account citing "counterfeit content" as the reason. + +=== Sweden === +In October 2018, Swedish ISPs were forced to block access to Sci-Hub after a court case brought by Elsevier; Bahnhof, a large Swedish ISP, in return soft-blocked the Elsevier website. On 26 January 2023, the Sci-Hub .se domain name was reported to have been taken down, but the domain name was reinstated within a week after successful "ownership verification". + +=== Russia === +In November 2018, Russia's Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media blocked Sci-Hub and its mirror websites after a Moscow City Court ruling to comply with Elsevier's and Springer Nature's complaints regarding intellectual property infringement. The site moved to another domain and is still available online as of 22 January 2022. Despite Elsevier, Springer Nature, and the American Chemical Society, among other publishers, pulling out of Russia in March 2022 as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Sci-Hub remains blocked in Russia. + +=== France === +On 7 March 2019, following a complaint by Elsevier and Springer Nature, a French court ordered French ISPs to block access to Sci-Hub and Library Genesis. However, the court order did not affect the academic network Renater, through which most French academic access to Sci-Hub presumably goes. + +=== Belgium === +Following the lawsuit by Elsevier in March 2019 in France, Elsevier, Springer, John Wiley, and Cambridge University Press filed a complaint against Proximus, VOO, Brutélé, and Telenet to block access to Sci-Hub and LibGen. The publishers claimed to represent more than half of the scientific publishing sector and indicated that over 90% of the contents on the sites infringed copyright laws; they won the lawsuit. Since then, the two sites have been blocked by those ISPs; visitors are redirected to a stop page by Belgian Federal Police instead, citing illegality of the site's content under Belgian legislation. +The European Commission included Sci-Hub in its "Piracy Watch List". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73d4ad990 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Sci-Hub" +chunk: 3/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:40.250052+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== India === +In December 2020, Elsevier, Wiley and the American Chemical Society filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Sci-Hub and Library Genesis in the Delhi High Court. The plaintiffs seek a dynamic injunction which means that any future domain name, IP address, or name-change by the respondents will not require the plaintiffs to return to court for an additional injunction. The court restricted the sites from uploading, publishing, or making any article available until 6 January 2021. In response to the lawsuit, as well as to Elbakyan's claim that the FBI had requested data from her Apple account, Reddit users on the subreddit r/DataHoarder organized to download and seed backups of the articles on Sci-Hub, with the intention of creating a decentralized and uncensorable version of the site. +In order to have a better chance of winning a lawsuit presented against her and Sci-Hub by Elsevier in India, Elbakyan complied with a preliminary injunction issued by an Indian court, and suspended in 2021 upload of new publications, except for some batch releases of content. In India, Sci-hub is being represented by Advocate Nilesh Jain. He was interviewed by Hannes Grassegger for the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung along with Alexandra Elbakyan. +The High Court agreed on 6 January 2021 to wait before passing any interim order in the case until they hear representations from scientists, researchers, and students. A hearing was scheduled for 16 December 2021. A key component of Sci-Hub's legal defence is that it provides educational resources to researchers and thus falls under a fair dealing exception in India's copyright law. This defence has previously been used by educational institutions to justify the reproduction of copyrighted materials for use by low-income students. A number of Indian academics offered support to Sci-Hub after the lawsuit was filed. Multiple petitions were filed by scholars in India supporting Sci-Hub in the lawsuit. +Another line of defence pursued by Elbakyan and her supporters was that journal publishers did not pay to the authors for copyright transfer, as Indian copyright law requires, and therefore the publishers did not own the copyrights on these articles. However, the Indian court rejected these arguments in November of 2022 and scheduled full hearing for July 2023. In response, Sci-Hub legal representatives announced that they will pursue other, perhaps more promising, legal strategies. + +=== United Kingdom === +In February 2021, Elsevier and Springer Nature obtained an injunction on TalkTalk to block the sci-hub.se domain as a result of a ruling handed down by a UK court. In March 2021, the Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit of the City of London issued a warning to students and universities against accessing the website and to have the website blocked by universities, stating that the website could steal credentials, mainly to download content from publishers and cause users to "inadvertently download potentially dangerous content" when visited. + +== Website == +The site's operation is financed by user donations. Elbakyan said that the PHP code, setup of the Linux web servers, and maintenance are all done by herself to avoid risk of moles or a broken team compromising the service. Over the years, various URL addresses and direct IP addresses have been used for Sci-Hub, as dozens of domain names have been confiscated by various legal authorities. + +=== Article sourcing === +Sci-Hub obtains paywalled articles using leaked credentials. The source of the credentials used by Sci-Hub is unclear. Some appear to have been donated, some were apparently sold before going to Sci-Hub, and some appear to have been obtained via phishing and were then used by Sci-Hub. Elbakyan denied personally sending any phishing emails and said, "The exact source of the passwords was never personally important to me." +According to The Scholarly Kitchen, a blog established by the Society for Scholarly Publishing whose members are involved in legal action against Sci-Hub, credentials used by Sci-Hub to access paywalled articles are correlated to access of other information on university networks (such as cyber spying on universities) and credential sales in black markets. Several articles have reported that Sci-Hub has penetrated the computer networks of more than 370 universities in 39 countries. These include more than 150 institutions in the U.S., more than 30 in Canada, 39 in the UK, and more than 10 in Sweden. The universities in the UK include Cambridge, Oxford, Imperial, and King's College London. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a62775ff3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Sci-Hub" +chunk: 4/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:40.250052+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Delivery to users === +The Sci-Hub website provides access to articles from almost all academic publishers, including Elsevier, Springer, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, American Chemical Society, Wiley Blackwell, and the Royal Society of Chemistry, as well as open-access works, and distributes them without regard to publishers' copyrights. It requires neither payments, nor subscriptions, nor registrations. +Users can access works from all sources with a unified interface by entering the DOI in the search bar on the main page or in the Sci-Hub URL (like some academic link resolvers), or by appending the Sci-Hub domain to the domain of a publisher's URL (like some academic proxies). Sci-Hub redirects requests for some gold open access works, identified as such beyond the metadata available in CrossRef and Unpaywall. Some requests require the user to enter a CAPTCHA. Papers can also be accessed using a bot in the instant messaging service Telegram. +If the paper is in the repository already, the request is served immediately. If the paper is not already in the repository, a wait screen appears while the site presents someone else's credentials on behalf of the user to a series of proxies until it finds one that has access to the paper, which is then presented to the user and stored in the repository. +Until the end of 2014, Sci-Hub relied on LibGen as storage: papers requested by users were requested from LibGen and served from there if available, otherwise they were fetched by other means and then stored on LibGen. The permanent storage made it possible to serve more users than the previous system of deleting the cached content after 6 hours. +At the end of 2014, Sci-Hub uses its own storage for the same purpose. As of 2017, Sci-Hub was continuing to redirect requests for electronic books to LibGen. +After the site faced increased legal pressure in 2021, archivists initiated a rescue mission to secure enduring access to the website and its contents. They organized on a Reddit website to coordinate decentralized storage and delivery of Sci-Hub contents using BitTorrent technology. + +== Usage == + +Elbakyan has released download request logs from Sci-Hub servers covering periods from 2011–2013, 2015–2016, and 2017. Studies of the 2017 Sci-Hub download logs indicated that: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cfe7442f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Sci-Hub" +chunk: 5/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:40.250052+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +less than 1% of all journals contribute to over 50% of all downloads while 50% of the least popular journals contribute to c. 1% of all downloads. Similar statistics are obtained when the downloads are normalized per article rather than per journal. Such data allowed academic libraries to negotiate reduced subscription costs or cut altogether less popular journals from big deal contracts. +only 11% of all journal publishers are highly requested, while 45% of all publishers are significantly less accessed. Despite this, the oligopoly of publishers is even more remarkable on the level of content consumption, with 80% of all downloads being published through only 9 publishers. +1/3 of all articles downloaded were published by Elsevier, which published c. 24% of all journal articles. +In 2017, Sci-Hub provided a more reliable access to legal open access articles, that the journal publishers, which have been prone to "unresolvable DOI's due to issues on publishers’ sides" and to "Open Access publications that disappear behind accidental paywalls". +Of 27.8 million download requests via Sci-Hub, 23.2 million of these were for journal articles, 4.7 million (22%) of which were articles from medical journals. The requests for medical literature came mostly from middle- and low-income countries (69%); the countries with the most requests in absolute numbers were India, China, the U.S., Brazil, and Iran. Another 2022 study lent evidence to the argument that the free access to scholarly articles that Sci-Hub provides to developing countries is measurably beneficial to the research conducted in those countries themselves. +In February 2016, the website claimed to serve over 200,000 requests per day—an increase from an average of 80,000 per day before the "sci-hub.org" domain was blocked in 2015. +Server log data gathered from September 2015 to February 2016 and released by Elbakyan in 2016 revealed some usage information. A large amount of Sci-Hub's user activity came from American and European university campuses, and when adjusted for population, usage of Sci-Hub was high for developed countries. However, a large proportion of download requests came from developing countries such as Iran, China, India, Russia, Brazil, and Egypt. User activity covered all branches of science, engineering, medicine, and humanities. +In March 2017, the website had 62 million papers in its collection, which were found to include 85% of the articles published in paywalled scholarly journals. Although only 69% of all published articles were in the database in March 2017, it has been estimated, based on scholarly citations from articles published between 2015 and July 2017, that at least 96% of requests for paywalled articles are successful. +On 27 July 2020, the Sci-Hub website reported that the cumulative number of downloads from the database exceeded one billion, that the average number of downloads per day was 300,000–600,000, and that the database continued its expansion into the pre-digital age, particularly into journal articles published prior to 1980. Among achievements in 2019, Sci-Hub reported the publication of about 15,000 letters by Charles Darwin, most of which were not available free of charge, although their copyrights had expired over 100 years previously. In 2019, Elbakyan also reported plans to allow access to Supplemental Information of journal articles in addition to the main texts, which are already available. +A multivariable regression study of Sci-Hub downloads in 2018 on/near university campuses (which subscribe to some, but not all, journals) and in the areas lacking PhD-granting institutions, showed that the use of Sci-Hub is driven mostly by necessity (i.e. lack of subscriptions to the needed journals) rather than by convenience (easier search and access via Sci-Hub interface). +However, the study used a definition of "necessity" that included avoiding inconveniences such as multi-factor authentication. A 2023 study of Sci-Hub usage in Spain instead found that a plurality of surveyed researchers used Sci-Hub for "quick and easy access". In 2019, in the context of the big deal cancellations by several library systems in the world, the wide usage of Sci-Hub was credited as one of the factors that reduced the apparent value of the subscriptions to toll access resources. +Journal Nature reported in 2022 that China had the largest number of downloads (25 million downloads in January of 2022 alone), followed by the United States (10 million) and France (6 million). +A 2023 study has found that more than 50% of academic researchers use websites like Sci-Hub to avoid paywalls. Those who do not use Sci-Hub reported the lack of knowledge about the site as the main reason for not using it. Another study, also published in 2023, concluded that Sci-Hub is widely used by students and faculty even at major research universities in developed countries, because Sci-Hub has a larger collection of research articles than any single library in the world and because Sci-Hub provides an easier-to-use interface to retrieve these articles than legal academic libraries. Aside from academic researchers, another large niche of Sci-Hub users are medical professionals outside of university hospitals, who usually do not have access to original publications in medical journals. The same study found the younger researchers and medical professionals use Sci-Hub more frequently than their older colleagues. + +=== User location === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c2eac536 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Sci-Hub" +chunk: 6/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:40.250052+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A 2016 analysis of 28 million requests to Sci-Hub published in Science with the title Who's downloading pirated papers? Everyone shows a map of Sci-Hub users with dots all over the world. +A 2020 study by researchers from 4 countries on 3 continents found that articles downloaded from Sci-Hub were cited 1.72 times more than papers not downloaded from Sci-Hub; the study's methods and conclusions were disputed by Phil Davis in a Scholarly Kitchen article. +In a 2021 study conducted by the National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, and Banaras Hindu University on the use of Sci-Hub in India, 13,144,241 out of 150,575,861 download requests in 2017 were found to have come from Indian IP addresses. Of the research papers downloaded in India, 1,050,62, or 18.46%, of these are already available in some form of open access. Indian users requested an average of 39,952 downloads per day from Sci-Hub in 2017. +A 2018 study found a relatively low use of Sci-Hub in China. This was attributed to blocking of many Sci-Hub hosting sites by Cyberspace Administration of China and the existence of a Chinese twin of Sci-Hub, which is not accessible outside of China and is unknown to Western publishers. However, the situation in PR China changed in the next 3 years, and the data released by Elbakyan in February 2022 show the number of Sci-Hub downloads from within China having grown so large that, by then, it was more than for any other country. +An analysis of locational data from January 2022 indicated that researchers worldwide are accessing papers using Sci-Hub. China, which topped the chart, had more than 25 million downloads in a month. The U.S. was the second largest (c. 38% of PRC downloads), and France the third largest (24% of the U.S.). India had the second-highest number of individual users but only ranked fifth in downloads. This study only assessed downloads from the original Sci-Hub websites and excluded replica or "mirror" sites. It therefore did not count downloads from places where the original domain is banned (e.g. the UK). Furthermore. the use of VPN can skew some results (e.g. possibly India). + +=== Archiving of scientific research === +Sci-Hub effectively does academic archiving outside the bounds of contemporary copyright law, and, unlike Web archiving initiatives such as the Internet Archive, also provides access to academic works that do not have an open access license. There are data dumps of papers available on Sci-Hub. +Researchers have also made their own mirrored repositories of Sci-Hub. Additionally, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a group of online archivists used Sci-Hub to create an archive of over 5,000 articles about coronaviruses. They admitted that making the archive openly accessible was illegal but considered it a moral imperative. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6a168377 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Sci-Hub" +chunk: 7/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:40.250052+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Reception == +Sci-Hub's interface is perceived by users as providing a superior user experience and convenience compared to the typical interfaces available to users who have access to a paid subscription. +In December 2022, in the journal Information Development, a survey of academic researchers found that, when confronted by a paywall, most respondents will first try to find an open-access version, then ask colleagues with other credentials, then use shadow libraries. 57% of respondents have used shadow libraries while 36% of respondents were unaware that shadow libraries exist. +Sci-Hub has been lauded as having "changed how we access knowledge". It raised awareness about the scientific publishing business models and its ethics of making researchers' institutions pay for their articles to be published, while providing and reviewing them without payment. +A study published in Journal Scientometrics in 2021 showed that articles downloaded from Sci-Hub were cited 1.72 times more often than articles not downloaded from Sci-Hub. +Support for open-access science publishing extends beyond Sci-Hub; Plan S is an initiative launched by Science Europe on 4 September 2018. It is an initiative of "cOAlition S", a consortium launched by major national research agencies and funders from twelve European countries. The plan requires scientists and researchers who benefit from state-funded research organisations and institutions to publish their work in open repositories or in journals that are available to all by 2021. The initiative is not a law. +Scientists in some European countries began negotiations with Elsevier and other academic publishers on introducing national open access. +Publishers have been critical of Sci-Hub, some claiming that it is undermining more widely accepted open-access initiatives and that it ignores how publishers "work hard" to make access for third-world nations easier. It has also been criticized by librarians for compromising universities' network security and jeopardizing legitimate access to papers by university staff. The cybersecurity threat posed by Sci-Hub has been questioned and the suggestion made that the threat has been exaggerated by large publishers keen to protect their business model by discrediting Sci-Hub or pushing universities to block students access to Sci-Hub. +Moreover, even prominent Western institutions such as Harvard and Cornell have had to cut down their access to publications due to ever-increasing subscription costs, potentially causing some of the highest use of Sci-Hub to be in American cities with well-known universities (this may, however, be due to the convenience of the site rather than a lack of access). According to Smithsonian Magazine, Sci-Hub can be seen as one venue in a general trend in which research is becoming more accessible. +Many academics, university librarians, and longtime advocates for open scholarly research believe Elbakyan is "giving academic publishers their Napster moment", referring to the illegal music-sharing service that "disrupted and permanently altered the industry". +For her actions in creating Sci-Hub, Elbakyan has been called a hero and "spiritual successor to Aaron Swartz", who in 2010 downloaded millions of academic articles from JSTOR. She has also been compared to Edward Snowden. She has also been called a "Robin Hood of science" by Big Think. +Elbakyan responded by attacking "a double-dipping model, that benefits only to publishers while creating an illusion of conformance with the Open Access goals", in a reference to hybrid open-access journals run by legacy publishers (like Elsevier and ACS), which charge APCs for some articles to make them gratis open access, while still selling subscriptions and other licenses to access the same journals. +In August 2016, the Association of American Publishers sent a letter to Gabriel J. Gardner, a researcher at California State University who has written papers on Sci-Hub and similar sites. The letter asked Gardner to stop promoting the site, which he had discussed at a session of a meeting of the American Library Association. In response, the publishing institution was highly criticized for trying to silence legitimate research into the topic, and the letter has since been published in full and responded to by the dean of library services at Cal State Long Beach, who supported Gardner's work. +In December 2016, Nature Publishing Group named Elbakyan as one of the ten people who most mattered in science in 2016. Elbakyan received the Award for Access to Scientific Knowledge from the Electronic Frontier Foundation in 2023 for her work on Sci-Hub. +During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, TorrentFreak said that Sci-Hub is the only option for academics in Russia to access to research articles, as fifteen major publishers suspended services in Russia. + +== Sci-Net == + +In 2025, a new project by Sci-Hub and Alexandra Elbakyan, called Sci-Net, was launched. This project is a social network for requesting and uploading scientific papers. + +== See also == + +== Explanatory notes == + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd235e881 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Sci-Hub" +chunk: 8/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:40.250052+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Further reading == +Alexandra Elbakyan. Why Science is Better with Communism? The Case of Sci-Hub (transcript and translation), Open Access Symposium 2016, University of North Texas (Archived from the original, 2016-07-24) +McLaughlin, Stephen Reid (19 March 2016). "Sci-Hub/LibGen in Blogs and the Media". Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. (PDF) +McNutt, Marcia (29 April 2016). "My love-hate of Sci-Hub". Science. 352 (6285). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 497. Bibcode:2016Sci...352..497M. doi:10.1126/science.aaf9419. PMID 27126012. S2CID 206650367. (Archived from the original) +Houle, Louis (2017) Sci-Hub and LibGen: what if… why not? Paper presented at: International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions WLIC 2017 – Wrocław, Poland – Libraries. Solidarity. Society. in Session S12 - Satellite Meeting: Serials and Other Continuing Resources Section and Acquisition and Collection Development. In: Open Access: Action Required, 16 – 17 August 2017, Gdańsk (Poland). +Karaganis, Joe, ed. (4 May 2018). Shadow Libraries: Access to Knowledge in Global Higher Education. MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/11339.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-53501-4. +Garcia-Puente, Maria; Pastor-Ramon, E.; Agirre, Oskia; Moran, Jose M.; Herrera-Peco, Ivan (October 2019). "The use of Sci-Hub in systematic reviews of the scholarly literature". Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 21 (5): 816. doi:10.1111/cid.12815. hdl:10810/35471. PMID 31328359. S2CID 198134428. +Faust, Jeremy Samuel (July 2016). "Sci-Hub: A Solution to the Problem of Paywalls, or Merely a Diagnosis of a Broken System?". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 68 (1): A15–A17. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.05.010. +Cook, Eleanor I.; Levine-Clark, Michael; Katz, Peter (18 August 2017). "Sci-Hub: What Is It, and Why Does It Matter to Academic Libraries? An Interview with Michael Levine-Clark and Peter Katz: Edited by Eleanor I. Cook". The Serials Librarian. 73 (2): 79–83. doi:10.1080/0361526X.2017.1361886. hdl:10342/6424. S2CID 149229195. + +== External links == + +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Mate-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Mate-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df0e8cf05 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Mate-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Sci-Mate" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Mate" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:41.493137+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Sci-Mate was a proposal for an open collaboration of scientists using Web 2.0 software to address well known challenges in academic publishing and technology transfer. The site provided free access to a collection of Web 2.0 software applications intended to make it easier for researchers and developers to bring together the necessary knowledge, tools and people for productive research and/or development. +A demo version of the site was launched in April 2009, which included software supporting Articles, Discussion, Embedding and Item Exchange. Prior to launch the site was reviewed by The Australian and on ABC's Future Tense program. More recently the site was described in the December 2009 issue of the European Journal of Immunology in the lead up to the 1st Virtual Immunology Conference (VIC 2010). +The site's terms and conditions state that it is research, not profit, oriented, and is intended to be owned, controlled and run by its community of research scientist members. + + +== Articles == +Articles on sci-mate used Web 2.0 solutions for scientists to put their knowledge initially into open access articles, which can be ultimately published in 'traditional' formats. Sci-Mate articles recorded authorship and an automatic claim of copyright on behalf of contributors instantly protects the rights of original content. Owners of IP could define their own licenses, but grant permission for editors to manage content within articles to simplify publication issues. When content was of sufficient standard, an interactive review process allowed other scientists to provide quality control prior to submission. + + +== Discussion == +A Simple Machines Forum was integrated into the site to allow researchers to quickly clarify issues or disseminate information that is not intended for publication. + + +== Item Exchange == +The Material Transfer Environment (MaTE) is intended to allow researchers to clearly describe any item that might be of interest to other researchers and developers and the conditions of supply. The sort of items described that could be listed on the site include: research tools, such as antibodies, plasmids, software, equipment, cell lines, animal models, etc.; services, such as assays, consultancies, analysis, customized products, etc.; technology transfer; items wanted; project proposals; grants and funding opportunities; jobs; training opportunities; conferences; and seminars. As well as allowing suppliers to define conditions up-front through a material transfer agreement, suppliers can also issue restricted users licenses to avoid unhealthy competition. +Once an item is listed, the software should help researchers manage interactions, answer questions, evaluate requests and distribute material. The software provides tools for IP management in the form of records, reports and data-flows to researchers, administrative staff and other controlling interests. This makes it possible for researchers to initiate the commercial distribution of items, although employers can appoint administrators to monitor and take over distribution at any time to ensure the best return for the researcher and other controlling interests. + + +== Embedded == +The site allowed for embedded web content, such as software applications or informative video or text content, along with descriptive text. Ratings and reviews help sort content by relevance to researchers. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official homepage -- explanation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science.tv-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science.tv-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ea86e14d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science.tv-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Science.tv" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science.tv" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:45.139455+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science.tv is a virtual community for people interested in science. It enables users to upload videos and categorize them according to subject matter and intended audience. + + +== History == +science.tv was founded by Matt Thurling, a digital media pioneer and film-maker based in Bristol, England. Research and development work began in 2005 and the site was launched in December 2007. Thurling writes the science.tv blog, where he sets out the vision for the site and invites feedback and suggestions for improvements. + + +== Domain name == +The .tv ("dot-tv") extension is a Top-level domain name, originally associated with the Polynesian island nation of Tuvalu. The entire domain was purchased from the islands' residents in 2000 and the suffix is now increasingly being used for sites featuring, or relating to, video content. + + +== Technology == +A look at the source code of science.tv reveals a front-end built with Cascading Style Sheets and JavaScript. Video is delivered using the Adobe Flash codec. The back-end relies on a PHP interface to a mySQL content management system. + + +== Content == +The focus of science.tv is user-generated content, and much of the content on the site is actually embedded from other video sites, including YouTube. The intended audience is broad, ranging from school students to academics and professional programme-makers. +Users are able to navigate for content via site-wide search, tags and by preset categories, which include: physics, chemistry and biology. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fell_in_Love,_So_I_Tried_to_Prove_It-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fell_in_Love,_So_I_Tried_to_Prove_It-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60a642172 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fell_in_Love,_So_I_Tried_to_Prove_It-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +--- +title: "Science Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fell_in_Love,_So_I_Tried_to_Prove_It" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:56.785178+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It (理系が恋に落ちたので証明してみた。, Rikei ga Koi ni Ochita no de Shōmei Shite Mita.) is a Japanese romantic comedy manga series by Alifred Yamamoto. It has been serialized online via Flex Comix's Comic Meteor website since 2016 and has been collected in twenty tankōbon volumes. A four-episode live-action drama adaptation aired from September 1 to September 22, 2018, and a live-action film adaptation premiered on February 1, 2019. An anime television series adaptation by Zero-G aired from January to March 2020. A second season aired from April to June 2022. + +== Premise == +Saitama University researchers Shinya Yukimura and Ayame Himuro use data science to analyze the world's systems. But when Ayame confesses to Shinya that she might be in love with him, they both agree that they need to approach the issue with scientific experiments including measuring their heart rates under various situations. Their quirky coworkers in their research group also join in on the fun. + +== Characters == +Shinya Yukimura (雪村心夜, Yukimura Shinya) +Portrayed by: Shun Nishime (live-action TV series and film) +Voiced by: Yuma Uchida (Japanese); Billy Kametz (English) (season 1), Alejandro Saab (season 2) (anime) +Yukimura is a first-year graduate student who loves to analyze everything scientifically. He likes Himuro but is overcome by awkwardness whenever anything the situation gets intimate. +Ayame Himuro (氷室菖蒲, Himuro Ayame) +Portrayed by: Nana Asakawa (live-action TV series and film) +Voiced by: Sora Amamiya (Japanese); Avrielle Corti (English) (anime) +Ayame Himuro is a first-year graduate student who is as obsessed with science as Yukimura. She has long and light purple hair in the anime series. She is the one who initially confesses to Yukimura. Both of them are in the same wavelength when it comes to science, but when it is explicitly romance, Himuro is shown to be more aware of the moment. Her ponytail sometimes sways like a dog's tail when she is happy. +Kotonoha Kanade (奏言葉, Kanade Kotonoha) +Portrayed by: Yuuka Yano (live-action TV series and film) +Voiced by: Natsuko Hara (Japanese); Renee Dorian (English) (anime) +Kanade is a fourth-year undergraduate student in the Ikeda lab group, and Yukimura and Himuro's junior. She fell in love with science because of her encouraging interactions with her high school math teacher, and also likes that her group is balanced between men and women. Being the straight girl in the group, she gets impatient that Himuro and Yukimura are not pursuing each other like a normal couple and are making that process way more complicated than it should be. She herself longs for a normal romance. +Ena Ibarada (棘田恵那, Ibarada Ena) +Portrayed by: Karin Ogino (live-action TV series and film) +Voiced by: Nichika Ōmori (Japanese); Erika Harlacher (English) (anime) +Ibarada is a second-year graduate student and the most senior of the students in Ikeda lab. She is petite and has long lavender hair in the anime series. She likes to occasionally tease her juniors, especially her childhood friend Kosuke. She spends much of her time playing handheld video games and often naps on the lab's couch. +Kosuke Inukai (犬飼虎輔, Inukai Kōsuke) +Portrayed by: Tomu Fujita (live-action TV series and film) +Voiced by: Jun Fukushima (anime) (Japanese); Jeff Schine (English) +Kosuke is a fourth-year undergraduate student with blond hair. He seems to be an easy-going ladies' man on the outside, bragging about his long-term relationship with a girl named Aika, but it is soon revealed he is actually a hardcore otaku and that Aika is a dating sim character which he has merch including figurines and dakimakura (body pillows). He and Ibarada are childhood friends who share interests like video gaming. +Professor Ikeda (池田教授, Ikeda-kyōju) +Portrayed by: Ryōtarō Okiayu (live-action TV series and film) +Voiced by: Ryōtarō Okiayu (Japanese); Aaron LaPlante (English) (anime) +Professor Ikeda Kashin is the supervisor of the lab. He is usually calm but can be intimidating sometimes. He has a muscular build and isn't afraid to crush pens in his hands when he gets emotional. He is also married. +Rikekuma (リケクマ) +Voiced by: Momo Asakura (Japanese); Tara Sands (English) (anime) +A bear mascot who explains certain complicated science details for the audience. +Arika Yamamoto (山本亜梨華, Yamamoto Arika) +Voiced by: Yui Ogura (Japanese); Cherami Leigh (English) +Professor Ikeda's former student and an alumna of his lab. She aspires to be a professional manga artist and wants to use Yukimura and Himuro's relationship as reference material, even if it means sabotaging their relationship at times. +Suiu Fujiwara (藤原翠雨, Fujiwara Suiu) +Voiced by: Marina Yamada +A graduate student in biology at the university. Her studies include research into aphrodisiacs. Her flirtatious personality is in contrast to that of her long-time boyfriend Chris. +Chris Florette (クリス・フロレット, Kurisu Furoretto) +Voiced by: Yuki Kaji (Japanese); Chris Hackney (English) +A graduate student in biology who works in the same lab as his long-time girlfriend Fujiwara. The love between them is remarkably strong, often leaving Himuro and Yukimura questioning their own relationship. +Haru Kagurano (神楽野春, Kagurano Haru) +Voiced by: Rena Hasegawa (Japanese); Erin Yvette (English) +A high school student and daughter of a professor at the university. Her father's relentless belittling leads her to believe she's an idiot, but when Yukimura begins to tutor her part-time, she comes to realize her true potential. + +== Media == + +=== Manga === +The manga has been serialized online via Flex Comix Comic Meteor website since 2016 and has been collected in twenty tankōbon volumes as of March 2026. + +=== TV drama === +A 4-episode live-action drama adaptation aired from September 1 to September 22, 2018, to promote the live-action film. The drama was directed by Masatsugu Asahi. + +=== Live-action film === +A live-action film adaptation premiered on February 1, 2019. The film was directed by Masatsugu Asahi and Toshihiro Sato. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fell_in_Love,_So_I_Tried_to_Prove_It-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fell_in_Love,_So_I_Tried_to_Prove_It-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c95e32fd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fell_in_Love,_So_I_Tried_to_Prove_It-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Science Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fell_in_Love,_So_I_Tried_to_Prove_It" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:56.785178+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Anime === +An anime television series adaptation was announced on January 8, 2019. The series was animated by Zero-G and directed by Tōru Kitahata, with Rintarō Ikeda credited for series composition. Ikeda and Michiko Yokote wrote the scripts, and Yūsuke Isouchi designed the characters. Hisakuni, Shouichiro Hirata, Kaoru Ōtsuka, Shūhei Takahashi, Takuma Sogi, and Yūko Takahashi composed the music. It aired from January 11, 2020, to March 28, 2020, on Tokyo MX, BS11, AT-X and UHB. Sora Amamiya (who voices Ayame Himuro) performed the series' opening theme song "PARADOX", while Akari Nanawo performed the series' ending theme song "Turing Love" with utaite Sou as guest vocals. Amazon Prime Video Japan released all 12 episodes of the series on January 11, 2020 JST. Crunchyroll simulcast the series with subtitles as well and has also released an English dub. +On October 17, 2020, a second season was announced during a special event held in Japan. Titled Science Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It r=1-sinθ (Heart) , it aired from April 2 to June 18, 2022, with the cast and staff reprising their roles. Sora Amamiya performed the opening theme song "Love-Evidence", while CHiCO with HoneyWorks and Mafumafu performed the ending theme song "Bibitto Love". +On May 18, 2021, it was announced Sentai Filmworks picked up the home video rights. + +==== Episodes ==== + +===== Season 1 ===== + +===== Season 2: r=1-sinθ (Heart) ===== + +== Reception == +The manga has over 600,000 copies in print as of 2019. +In 2017, the series was ranked sixth at the third Next Manga Awards in the web category. + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== External links == +Manga official website (in Japanese) +Live-action official website Archived 2021-01-21 at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese) +Anime official website (in Japanese) +Science Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Development_Network-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Development_Network-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..044494c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Development_Network-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "Science and Development Network" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Development_Network" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:42.796810+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +SciDev.Net, short for Science and Development Network, is an online source of news and analysis about science and technology in the context of global development. It aims to help individuals and organisations apply science to decision-making in order to promote sustainable development and poverty reduction. + + +== History == +SciDev.Net was founded in 2001 by David Dickson as a science news service for developing countries. It originated from a project set up by news staff at the journal Nature (with financial assistance from the Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom) to report on the World Conference on Science, in Budapest, in 1999. +It was established in response to the significant gap in scientific knowledge between rich and poor countries and with the understanding that “those who stand to benefit the most from modern science and technology are also those with the least access to information about it." SciDev.Net seeks to redress this imbalance via its free-to-access website, regional networks, and science communications training. + + +== Ownership == +Since 2017, SciDev.Net has been owned by CABI (CAB International), a not-for-profit organisation focusing primarily on agricultural and environmental issues in low- and middle-income countries, and the creation, curation, and dissemination of scientific knowledge. +SciDev.Net operates editorially independently from CABI with its content overseen by an independent Editorial Advisory Group whose role is to ensure its editorial independence protocol is adhered to. +SciDev.Net has a global edition, which is based at CABI’s headquarters in Wallingford, Oxfordshire, and there are five regional desks covering Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, Asia and Pacific, and Sub-Saharan Africa (English and French). + + +== Website == +The SciDev.Net website is made up of a global edition and five regional editions. It publishes in four languages: English, Spanish, French, and Arabic. Content includes news, analysis, opinions, in-depth features, podcasts, and data visualisations. +Content is categorised under the following topics: agriculture, environment, health, governance, enterprise and communication. +Articles are written mostly by freelance journalists, the majority of whom are based in low- and middle-income countries. + + +== Podcasts == +SciDev.Net’s Sub-Saharan Africa editions produce a podcast series in English (Africa Science Focus), French (Santé, Science et Développement) and Arabic (The Spark). The podcasts feature scientists from across Africa and the Middle East talking about topical science issues and the impact of science on development in the region. In 2021, the Africa Science Focus podcast was awarded silver in the AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Awards. The podcasts are published on the website and are available to download from a range of other platforms. + + +== Creative Commons == +All SciDev.Net website material is free to reproduce under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence. Under the terms of this licence, users are permitted to copy, distribute, display and perform the content, and make derivative works, so long as the original author and website are quoted as the source. +Hundreds of media outlets have syndicated SciDev.Net’s work including global media houses such as The Guardian, The BBC and The Thomson Reuters Foundation as well as regional news outlets like AllAfrica, The Asian Scientist and El Espectador. + + +== Training: Script == +SciDev.Net trains researchers and journalists to improve the communication of scientific research to the public and policymakers through its science communication training programme, Script. +Script provides online training on science communication skills. This aims to enable researchers to simplify complex findings and engage non-specialist audiences and equip journalists to report on science accurately, enhancing public understanding of science. +Over the past ten years, Script has trained more than 10,000 researchers and journalists worldwide. It seeks to facilitate connections between researchers and journalists, fostering collaboration to increase media coverage of scientific research. Script supports universities in integrating science communication modules into journalism curricula, with the aim of ensuring that future journalists are equipped to report on scientific issues. +By strengthening the communication of scientific findings, the programme aims to promote greater public awareness and the use of evidence in decision-making at policy and personal levels, to enhance the impact of scientific research. + + +== Communications == +Visitors who sign-up with SciDev.Net receive a free weekly email with all the latest stories from the website. These are available in English, Spanish, Arabic and French. Readers can also submit announcements, events, jobs and grants to SciDev.Net’s noticeboard for free and these are featured on the website and in the weekly emails. + + +== Funders == +SciDev.Net’s primary funders are the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)[ and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). +Other organisations that have supported its content include: the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome, the European Journalism Centre, Adaptation Research Alliance, and Carnegie Corporation of New York. +SciDev.Net works with a range of organisations at global, regional and national levels to achieve shared objectives. These include: the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS); the science news service AlphaGalileo, and the World Federation of Science Journalists. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +SciDev.Net official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia-0.md index 4d2722aba..164b4fd04 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:57:14.156340+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:44.022822+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sūgaku_Golden-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sūgaku_Golden-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..032feed7c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sūgaku_Golden-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Sūgaku Golden" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sūgaku_Golden" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:57.929372+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Sūgaku Golden (数学ゴールデン, Sūgaku Gōruden; lit. ''Mathematics Golden'') is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Tatsuhiko Kuramaru. It began serialization in Hakusensha's seinen manga magazine Young Animal Zero in September 2019. + + +== Plot == +Haruichi Onoda has one goal in his life, representing Japan at the International Mathematical Olympiad. He has become so focused on his goal that he isolated himself from the outside world to avoid distractions. After entering high school, he gets approached by Nanase, a student who also likes mathematics. The two become friends over their shared desire to compete at the olympiad. + + +== Publication == +Written and illustrated by Tatsuhiko Kuramaru, Sūgaku Golden began serialization in Hakusensha's seinen manga magazine Young Animal Zero on September 9, 2019. Its chapters have been compiled into eight tankōbon volumes as of December 2025. + + +== Reception == +The series was nominated for the seventh Next Manga Awards in 2021 in the print category. The series was ranked second in the "I Want to Deliver It to the World" category at the first Rakuten Kobo E-book Awards in 2023. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Sūgaku Golden (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sūji_de_Asobo-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sūji_de_Asobo-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c043f9b6b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sūji_de_Asobo-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Sūji de Asobo" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sūji_de_Asobo" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:59.069664+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Sūji de Asobo (数字であそぼ。; lit. 'Playing with Numbers') is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Murako Kinuta. It has been serialized in Shogakukan's josei manga magazine Flowers since June 2018, with its chapters collected in 15 tankōbon volumes as of January 2026. +The series won the 69th Shogakukan Manga Award in 2024. + + +== Plot == + + +== Publication == +Written and illustrated by Murako Kinuta, Sūji de Asobo started in Shogakukan's josei manga magazine Flowers on June 28, 2018. Shogakukan has collected its chapters into individual tankōbon volumes. The first volume was released on December 10, 2018. As of January 9, 2026, 15 volumes have been released. + + +=== Volumes === + + +== Reception == +Along with The Elusive Samurai, Frieren: Beyond Journey's End, and Trillion Game, Sūji de Asobo won the 69th Shogakukan Manga Award in 2024. + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Taniguchi, Riuichi (November 30, 2021). 『数字であそぼ。』と『数学ゴールデン』が導く奥深き数学の世界　それぞれの魅力を徹底考察. Real Sound (in Japanese). Blueprint Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on May 15, 2023. +女子よ理学部へ 少女漫画でPR (in Japanese). The Asahi Gakusei Shimbun Company. June 21, 2023. Archived from the original on January 20, 2024. + + +== External links == +Official website at Flowers (in Japanese) +Sūji de Asobo at Anime News Network's encyclopedia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechnoSphere_(virtual_environment)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechnoSphere_(virtual_environment)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..179b04970 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechnoSphere_(virtual_environment)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "TechnoSphere (virtual environment)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechnoSphere_(virtual_environment)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:47.565710+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +TechnoSphere was an online digital environment launched on September 1, 1995 and hosted on a computer at a UK university. Created by Jane Prophet and Dr. Gordon Selley, TechnoSphere was a place where users from around the globe could create creatures and release them into the 3D environment, described by the creators as a "digital ecology." Earlier incarnations of TechnoSphere did not have the advantage of web-accessible 3D graphics, but was still governed by chaos theory and similar algorithms that determined each creature's unique behavior based on their components and interactions with each other and their environment. +The online program was one of many digital artificial life simulations that evolved as the World Wide Web began to grow. Many museums and classrooms found the tool to be a valuable complement to learning material on natural selection and ecosystems. The experiment operated online until 2002. It was relaunched on January 15, 2007, but became offline again as of November 2012. + + +== Description == +TechnoSphere was a real-time, 3D simulation of an environment that was populated by virtual creatures. Users across the globe had the capability to create their own creatures through a website. TechnoSphere III, one of many incarnations of the original design, used an artificial life program and fractal landscapes, which were governed by a complex set of rules and algorithms that determined how the virtual ecosystem reacted. The program was capable of modeling such concepts as simple evolution and carrying capacity. Despite limited available creature designs, no two would ever behave in the same way, due to chance interactions with its environment and other creatures. +Physically, the virtual landscape of TechnoSphere consisted of 16 km2 of terrain. It was capable of supporting approximately 4,000 creatures, though other sources suggest that as many as 20,000 creatures typically would coexist in the virtual environment at one time. After the relaunch, it was explicitly stated that the software limited the number of creatures at 200,000. Because each creature's behavior was unique, no single event could have been predicted, though some significant patterns developed. For example, even though there was no explicit flocking algorithm written into the program, creatures could be found organizing themselves into groups, most likely impelled by urges to mate and eat. The programs that supported the website were scalable, and could be modified to support a larger or smaller community of creatures. + + +=== Creatures === + +Users accessing the site were able to create their own artificial life forms, building carnivores or herbivores from a select few component parts (heads, bodies, eyes, and wheels). Their "digital DNA" was linked to each component and the completed creature's attributes (speed, visual perception, rate of digestion, etc.) was determined by the combination of each feature's strengths and weaknesses—their "fitness for survival." Once a creature design was finished, users would name their digital creature, tag it with their e-mail address, and enter it into the digital environment. +There they chased or evaded each other, ate, grew, and mated. They also produced offspring, which were variants of the parents, sometimes incorporating aspects of both parents and other times favoring one parent creature's attributes over the others. General behavior patterns had emerged, but it was difficult to predict what was going to happen based solely on a creature's design. The one thing all TechnoSphere creatures did have in common was that they would all eventually die. +There was only one gender in TechnoSphere, so the creature that initiated mating was the parent that ended up carrying and caring for the offspring. Creature behavior was directed by a set of algorithms called Creature Comforts, designed by Julian Saunderson. It dictated, for example, that mating behavior (recombination of digital DNA) could only be initiated if both creatures' hunger was at least 50% satiated. +When significant events occurred in the TechnoSphere, a user's creature would send brief email messages "home." Users were also able to visit the website and view 2D snapshots of their creature, check family trees, "world" statistics, and search for other creatures and their users. + + +== Popularity == + +One report described the project's popularity by citing that the online version had attracted over a 100,000 users who had created 3,286,148 and growing creatures. Over the years in which the website was operating, the growing popularity facilitated necessary updates to the server software and hardware, causing website downtime and often slow response times. + + +=== Museums and education === +Many museums and educators found the digital ecology interesting and some teachers even used TechnoSphere as a teaching tool. The technological innovations and digital images produced by the project were of such interest that temporary installations were put in at several museums, including the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television (now the National Media Museum) (Bradford, UK), Casula Powerhouse Arts Centre (Sydney, Australia), and the Donald R. and Joan F. Beall Center for Art and Technology at the University of California, Irvine (Irvine, California, [US). Museum visitors created creatures using touchscreen terminals and then released them immediately into the TechnoSphere. Once in the digital environment, the creatures could be observed within the world on a series of large projection screens, further expanding the popularity of the project. + + +== See also == +Digital organism simulator + + +== References == + + +== External links == +June 25, 2003 internet archived version of the website +Association for Heritage Interpretation - Prophet, Jane. TechnoSphere. +"An A-Life Ecology on the Internet" - Gordon Selley. 4D Dynamics Conference, 20–21 September 1995. De Montford University, England. +"Digital Beings" - Jane Prophet. European Media Art Festival. Kunsthalle, Osnabruck, Germany September 9, 1995. +"TechnoSphere: a case study in networked collaboration" - Jane Prophet. Agents of Change: the photographers guide to the future. Fifth National Photography Conference. 22–24 September 1995. +"Get A-Life" - Jane Prophet. Virtual Futures Conference. Warwick University 27 May 1995. +"Report on the Artificial Life Environment" - A report on TechnoSphere version I by Julian Saunderson (edited by Jane Prophet). +"Get-A-Life Munchy Morsels" - A report on TechnoSphere version II by Rycharde Hawkes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bang_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bang_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dfe2e06a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bang_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "The Big Bang (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bang_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:52.764735+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Big Bang is a CITV science show broadcast from 15 April 1996 – 8 September 2004 and produced by Yorkshire Television. It is notable for being one of CITV's longest-running science programmes. The aim of the programme was to make science fun and interesting for children. + + +== History == +Starting in 1996, The Big Bang was originally presented by Gareth Jones and Kate Bellingham. Kate Bellingham left after the second series to care for her new child. Gareth Jones's long-time friend and then partner Violet Berlin was her replacement for the third series in 1998. The show essentially stayed the same before a new logo and set design was introduced for the fifth and sixth series in 2000 and 2001. Both Gareth and Violet left the show after the sixth series as they were, as said by ITV at the time, "concentrating on running their own company [WhizzBang] and looking after baby Indigo". However, Gareth Jones later revealed on his website that they left because "when we were asked to do the 2002 series it looked like many of the people who usually make the programme with us wouldn't be doing it any more. There were lots of changes planned for the Big Bang which Violet & I didn't agree with, so we said thank you for the last 6 series and wished them all the luck for the future." +For the seventh series the show had another rebrand, notably a new theme tune, the first since the beginning of the show, however the old theme tune was brought back for the final two series. There was also a new logo, and new presenters Kate McIntyre and Michael Underwood were introduced. The set stayed remained mainly unchanged, however the neon The Big Bang sign in the kitchen was not replaced with the new logo until series 8. Michael and Kate presented the show together for two series, until Michael left to present Ministry of Mayhem, and for the ninth and last series he was replaced with Sam Pinkham. +In 2003, a shorter 5-minute version of the show, The Little Bang, was introduced at weekends. It took one section from a normal Big Bang episode and displayed what was needed for the make at the beginning of the show. +After the show ended, it was repeated daily on Discovery Kids UK, who started showing it with the first series and all the way up until the sixth before the channel closed in 2007. Afterwards, series 7, 8 and 9 were regularly repeated on the CITV channel, normally at weekends until the end of 2012. +In Vietnam from 2003, all series of the show were originally aired on HTV7, later on HTV1 (public) and HTV4 (education & science). + + +== Series guide == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Big Bang at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brain_with_David_Eagleman-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brain_with_David_Eagleman-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91052320e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brain_with_David_Eagleman-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "The Brain with David Eagleman" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brain_with_David_Eagleman" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:58.889945+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Brain with David Eagleman is a PBS documentary series created and presented by neuroscientist Dr. David Eagleman. Eagleman explores the wonders of the human brain with the goal of revealing why we feel and think the things we do. The series debuted on PBS in 2015, followed by airings on the BBC in the United Kingdom and the SBS in Australia. + + +== Episode list == +The series consists of six 1-hour episodes: + + +== Book == +Eagleman's book to accompany the series, The Brain: The Story of You, was co-published by Pantheon Books (US) and Canongate Books (UK). + + +== Reception == +The series and accompanying book garnered wide critical acclaim. The New York Times listed it as one of the best television shows of 2015. Forbes magazine wrote that "in the fine tradition of Carl Sagan, Eagleman shows that science is captivating without hyped embellishment, and, if you pay attention, you'll find yourself immersed in it". The scientific journal Nature described the series as "an ideal introduction to how biology generates the mind... structured around crucial and wide-ranging questions, saturated with personal and social relevance. And Eagleman's answers are consistently clear, engaging and thought-provoking." Actor Hugh Laurie described the series as one of the influences for his television series Chance. Hugh Laurie also tweeted his advice about the show: "I recommend a facial truss, to prevent your chin hitting the floor hard and often." Texas Monthly Magazine suggested that Eagleman is "the Carl Sagan of neuroscience". + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Brain with David Eagleman on the Internet Movie Database \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curiosity_Show-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curiosity_Show-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b7b9371d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curiosity_Show-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +--- +title: "The Curiosity Show" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curiosity_Show" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:10.463907+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Curiosity Show is an Australian educational children's television show produced from 1972 to 1990 and hosted by Rob Morrison and Deane Hutton. The show was produced by Banksia Productions in South Australia for the Nine Network. 500 episodes were produced across 19 seasons. Clips from episodes have been archived on YouTube for preservation. + + +== History == +Banksia Productions produced the popular children's series Here's Humphrey from 1965. The company planned to add some science segments in 1971 and sought assistance from the South Australian Institute of Technology. Rob Morrison and Deane Hutton were selected as presenters and the segments were introduced as Humphrey B Bear's Curiosity Show. After positive reception from the audience, Banksia Productions and the Nine Network agreed to produce a spin-off series. Planning commenced with the working title The F Show. +Until the early 1970s, children's television was aimed at younger children. The broadcasting regulations were changed to require a proportion of programs to be aimed at school-age children, broadcast after school hours. This prompted the creation of the Curiosity Show as a separate show. +The Curiosity Show was screened nationally in Australia as well as in Europe, Asia, and Australasia in 14 countries, and it was dubbed in German for Europe. + + +== Format == +From 1972 to 1980 the format was a 60-minute show presented by Morrison, Hutton, Ian Fairweather, Alister Smart, Belinda Davey, Gabrielle Kelly, Dr Mark Dwyer and Lynn Weston. The emphasis was on science but also included general craft and music. Producers were Neil Smith, Kate Kennedy White (1978–79), James Lingwood (1980) and Ian Smyth. +From 1980 the show was reduced to 30 minutes, presented by Morrison and Hutton, with emphasis on science, nature and the environment. +The Curiosity Show won many national and international awards, including the coveted Prix Jeunesse in 1984, voted by peers from around the world as the best factual program for children. +The program placed a strong emphasis on practical demonstrations of various science topics, and included activities such as floating a ping-pong ball on a stream of air, recreating historical devices, setting off a room full of mouse traps, the science of musical instruments and freezing objects with liquid nitrogen. Commonly, segments presented scientific concepts in the form of tricks and puzzles. +Many segments described a sequence of steps to build something out of common household materials with longer builds invariably ending with the phrase "here's one I prepared earlier" so as to keep the segment moving. Hutton's catchphrase, after presenting a hypothesis he postulates the audience may be curious about, was to declare "well, I'm glad you asked," before responding to the hypothesis. The use of household materials was deliberate, in order to demystify science and ensure that children, wherever they lived, could make what they needed rather than rely on buying it, and this proved popular with the young audience who could easily replicate the demonstrations at home. Morrison suggested that they should always show what they had made working so that children would know that their own constructions would work if made properly and also to show the limitations of the constructions to dispel any overambitious expectations. Both Morrison and Hutton always told viewers to get their parents' permission before building things or conducting experiments, especially if it involved the use of sharp objects such as knives or scissors or the use of flames or hot or dangerous liquids. + + +== Spin-offs == +Four companion books were available in 1981 produced by Jacaranda Press containing scientific explanations and instructions for experiments for children to perform at home. Each of the books was themed upon one of the four Western classical elements of earth, air, fire and water. Together, Hutton and Morrison published 11 books, including Supermindstretchers,The Arrow Book of Things to Make and Do, and String for Lunch (Ashton Scholastic). Morrison published more than 40 additional books, which included material from The Curiosity Show, including Nature in the Making, A Field Guide to the Tracks and Traces of Australian Animals (the first such field guide in Australia and still the only one to deal with all taxa), Clever and Quirky Creatures, It's Raining Frogs and Fishes, and many more for the school reading programs of various publishers. Morrison's Field Guide to Tracks and Traces—and a segment he had prepared for The Curiosity Show on dingos at Uluru—led to his involvement in the Morling Royal Commission inquiry into the Chamberlain convictions. He gave evidence on dingo and dog tracks and conducted various forensic investigations on dingo gapes and behaviour. His collection of specimens and artifacts from the trial have been acquired by the National Museum of Australia. +The Children's Television Workshop wanted to make a version of the Curiosity Show using American scientists as presenters. Rob Morrison and Deane Hutton were consultants in the early planning stages. PBS did not think that middle-aged scientists would engage a young audience (despite the popularity of the format in Australia) and insisted that any science show be hosted/presented by young people. CTW eventually reworked the concept into 3-2-1 Contact. +In 2014, The Curiosity Show produced a brief online series which was available on YouTube. It was co-hosted by Morrison and Hutton again. + + +== YouTube channel == +In 2013, the show's former hosts, Hutton and Morrison, announced they had purchased the remaining rights to the show for an undisclosed sum from Banksia Productions, which had gone into liquidation. On 12 July 2013, in conjunction with producer Enabled Solutions, they launched a YouTube channel, CuriosityShow, to make the episodes and segments available for a new generation of viewers. There are some 1,000 segments, and some have attracted significant audiences, especially in the United States and India; as of June 2025, one segment about self-starting siphons had been viewed more than 4 million times, while another video, entitled "The mysterious isochronous curve", has been viewed 11 million times; in addition, their channel has amassed 440,000 subscribers and 75 million views from a current upload total of 1,539 videos. +In May 2014, Hutton and Morrison released, on their YouTube channel, the "Curiosity Show's first new episode since 1990". The online production was funded with the assistance of Kellogg's Australia. The episode followed the original format of the program, supported by extra internet resources, with Hutton and Morrison performing experiments related to cereal, including making homemade cornflakes and cornflour-based non-Newtonian fluid. The episode was praised by the channel's followers. + + +== Awards == +International awards + +1984 Winner of Prix Jeunesse Internationale, Munich. +1985 Silver medal, International Film and Television Festival of New York. +1985 Museum of Broadcasting, New York. +1990 Television Award, Children's Film and Television, China. +National awards + +1975 Commendation, Television Society of Australia. +1976 Commendation, Television Society of Australia. +1977 Commendation, Television Society of Australia. +1978 Commendation, Television Society of Australia. +1979 Special Commendation, Television Society of Australia. +1981 Commendation, Television Society of Australia. +1982 Gold Penguin Award, Television Society of Australia. + + +== See also == +List of longest-running Australian television series + + +== References == + + +== External links == +CuriosityShow's channel on YouTube +Curiosity Show's Facebook page +Curiosity Show's Twitter +Deane Hutton's website +Curiosity Show website +The Curiosity Show at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eyes_of_Nye-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eyes_of_Nye-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0fa2bf01 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eyes_of_Nye-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "The Eyes of Nye" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eyes_of_Nye" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:31.812822+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Eyes of Nye is a science program that aired on public television in the United States in 2005 and featured Bill Nye. +The show had an older target audience than its predecessor Bill Nye the Science Guy, aimed more toward adults and teenagers than children. The creation of the show was motivated by the success of Bill Nye the Science Guy, as well as a widespread contempt among scientists for scientific journalism in the media. The program was based in Seattle, Washington, produced by Buena Vista Television, and broadcast during Prime time by KCTS, the local PBS affiliate. + + +== Recurring segments == +Straight Talk: Parodies interview shows like Larry King Live. The guest is always a deep-voiced, overbearing senator whose opinion fluctuates quite wildly with each question. +Opinions Now with Chris David: Parodies "debate" shows like Hardball with Chris Matthews. The host is very loud, constantly leans forward and glares at the camera, and demands solid answers, or at least strong opinions, at all times. Taking a jab at modern television news shows, the more level-headed and cautious experts are often ignored in favor of other guests with more extreme and livid views on the subject at hand. +Science with Mr. Sanders: Parodies 1950s-era educational films. Mary and Tommy, stereotypical period school children, ask questions to their teacher, Mr. Sanders. His answers are usually laden with his personal prejudices and disturbing information about his personal life. The characters make Meta humor by implying that The Eyes of Nye is merely an educational film they are watching. +The Hippy Couple: Parodies New Age views on science, featuring a stereotypical hippie couple who ramble on at length about love, ecological produce, and global warming. In the end, the couple really only appear to be interested in growing hemp, which is expected from the show's stereotypical portrayal of them. + + +== Episodes == + + +== History == +Following the success of Bill Nye the Science Guy, Nye began work on a comeback project, The Eyes of Nye, aimed at an older audience and tackling more controversial science topics such as genetically modified food, global warming and race. However, "shifting creative concepts, infighting among executives, and disputes over money with Seattle producing station KCTS" delayed production for years. KCTS was hampered by budgetary problems and couldn't produce a show pilot on time. "KCTS went through some distress", Nye recalled. "When we did The Eyes of Nye, the budget started out really big, and by the time we served all these little problems at KCTS, we had a much lower budget for the show than we'd ever had for the 'Science Guy' show which was made several years earlier." PBS declined to distribute The Eyes of Nye, and it was eventually picked up by American Public Television. "PBS wanted more serious, in-depth Nova-style shows", explained co-producer Randy Brinson. The show, which eventually premiered in 2005, lasted only one season. Nye acknowledged that omitting his bow tie on the program was a mistake. "I tried wearing a straight tie. It was nothing," Nye said. "We were trying something new. It wasn't me." + + +== Personnel == +Bob Nelson and Pat Cashman, members of the sketch comedy television show Almost Live!, of which Bill Nye was also a member, made guest appearances. Cashman was also the voice of the announcer for Nye's previous show Bill Nye the Science Guy. The show was directed by Emmy Award-winning, Steve Feldman and Almost Live! director & cast member Steve Wilson. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Eyes of Nye at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fixies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fixies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10de2f1b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fixies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +--- +title: "The Fixies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fixies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:35.537708+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Fixies (Russian: Фиксики, romanized: Fiksiki) is a Russian animated children's television series based on The Little Warranty People by Eduard Uspensky. The series premiered on 13 December 2010 as a segment on the television show Good Night, Little Ones! on Russia-1 and Bibigon. The series was created by Alexander Tatarsky and is produced by Aeroplane Productions. + + +== Premise == +The Fixies centers around the adventures of little people called fixies (a portmanteau of "fix" and "pixie") who live inside various devices and keep them in order with their technical knowledge. Each episode focuses on a particular everyday device and involves the fixies explaining what it is, how it works, and how to safely use it. +One of the protagonists is Tom Thomas, who managed to make friends with fixies named Simka and Nolik. To learn more about different things, they are helped by older fixies—their parents Papus and Masiya, as well as Grandpus. At the same time, Tom Thomas is obliged to keep the fixies' existence a secret from everyone else and to protect them from his dog Chewsocka. +In the second season, new characters were introduced—four classmates of Simka and Nolik: Fire, Verta, Digit, and Toola, as well as Professor Eugenius and his secretary Elisa, whose laboratory houses a school of young fixies. + + +== Characters == + + +=== Fixies === +Simka (voiced by Larisa Brokhman) is a 9- to 10-year-old girl, Nolik's sister and Tweak and Alt's girlfriend. +Nolik (voiced by Yakov Vasilyev, Andrey Kononov, Artem Skosaryev, Ilya Sintsov, and Nikita Danko) is a 5- to 6-year-old boy, Simka's brother and Mega's boyfriend. +Papus (voiced by Yuri Mazikhin, Gosha Kutsenko, and Pyotr Ivashchenko) is Masiya's husband and father of Simka and Nolik. +Masiya (voiced by Inna Koroleva) is Papus's wife and mother of Simka and Nolik. +Grandpus (voiced by Dmitry Nazarov and Dmitry Buzhinskiy) is Grandsiya's husband and grandfather of Simka and Nolik. +Grandsiya (voiced by Lilia Shaykhitdinova) is Tweak and Geek's foster grandmother and then is Grandpus's wife and grandmother of Simka and Nolik. +Fire (voiced by Inna Koroleva and Prokhor Chekhovskoy) is one of Simka and Nolik's classmates and Verta's boyfriend. +Verta (voiced by Inna Koroleva and Yekaterina Semenova) is one of Simka and Nolik's classmates and Fire's girlfriend. +Digit (voiced by Larisa Brokhman and Stanislav Yevsin) is one of Simka and Nolik's classmates and Toola's boyfriend. +Toola (voiced by Varvara Obidor) is one of Simka and Nolik's classmates and Digit's girlfriend. +Tweak and Geek (voiced by Prokhor Chekhovskoy) are one of Simka and Nolik's classmates, twin brothers, Simka, Nolik, Fire, Verta, Digit and Toola's best friends and Simka and Mega's boyfriends, Tweak is Simka's boyfriend and Geek is Mega's boyfriend. +Alt (voiced by Dmitry "Syenduk" Karpov and Yevgeniy "Topa" Popadinets) is one of Simka and Nolik's classmates, Simka, Fire and Verta's best friend and Simka's boyfriend. +Mega (voiced by Tatyana Veselkina) is one of Simka and Nolik's classmates, Nolik, Digit and Toola's best friend and Nolik and Geek's girlfriend. + + +=== Other characters === +Tom Thomas (voiced by Ivan Dobryakov, Andrei Kluban, Felix Golovnin, Alexander Novikov, Yaroslav Efremenko, Roman Lenkov, Miroslav Aksyonov, and Daniel Minkov) is a 10-year-old boy. +Tom's Mom (voiced by Larisa Brokhman) +Tom's Dad (voiced by Aleksey Rossoshanskiy and Pyotr Ivashchenko) +Chewsocka is the Thomas family's pet chihuahua. +Professor Eugenius (voiced by Diomid Vinogradov and Artem Mosin-Shchepachev) is Grandpus' colleague. +Elisa (voiced by Varvara Obidor) is Professor Eugenius's secretary. +Katya (voiced by Daria Kolbaseyeva and Anastasia Dyatlova) is Tom Thomas's friend. +Buggy is a spider. She is the Fixies' pet as seen in the episode "The Spider". + + +== Episodes == + + +== Production == + +In 2005, Aeroplane Studios was established. Before the characters were created, a logo was registered which was a hand with its thumb, index and middle fingers extended upwards, suggesting a gesture similar to the Schwurhand or the Serbian three-finger salute. In the show, the symbol appears on the fixies' clothes, tools and vehicles, and the gesture is used by fixies alongside the interjection "Tideesh!" as a greeting and to celebrate a job well done. +Later, Pronin finalized the fixies' appearances, having given them the following attributes; large hands (due to the fact that fixies are constantly working), glowing hair (due to the fact that fixies constantly work in the dark) and the idea to have the fixies be able to transform into screws. The artist decided to first draw a screw, then draw a fixie whose appearance is derived from that screw. The cartoons primarily used CGI animation with Flash animation being used for explanatory segments. + + +== Broadcast == +In 2014, Aeroplane Productions and Nickelodeon signed a license agreement under which the series would begin airing on Nickelodeon's Russian offshoot for a period of two years starting in January 2015. +The series has also been broadcast on Carousel and Dietski. It also aired on Russia-K between July and December 2014 and has aired on Moult since June 2014. It also aired on Tloum HD in the summer of 2016, and on O! since 8 February 2017. + + +== Films == + +On 28 October 2017, Aeroplane Productions and Petersburg Animation Studio released a full-length animated film called The Fixies: Top Secret, which has been shown in many countries around the world. Even before the release of Top Secret, it was announced that work was underway on a continuation. +On 29 March 2019, a teaser for the second full-length film Fixies vs. Crabots, in which a confrontation takes place between fixies and crab-like robots called Crabots, was released. The film was released on 21 December 2019. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website (in Russian) +English homepage Archived January 6, 2022, at the Wayback Machine +Official YouTube channel (in Russian) +Official YouTube channel (in English) +Official website of Aeroplane Productions (in Russian) +The Fixies on IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Things-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Things-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c5c505c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Things-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "The Future of Things" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Things" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:24.695580+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Future of Things (TFOT) is an online magazine covering diverse topics related to science and technology. The magazine was launched in 2006. + + +== History == +TFOT was founded by Iddo Genuth and co-founder Barak Raz in early 2006 and its beta version was first launched on the 27 of September 2006. During beta the site included two sections – Picture of the Day (PODs) and Articles. In mid-2007 TFOT launched its full version with several new sections and a new design. Its team has more than 20 writers, from various countries worldwide. As of 2013 TFOT has been running under a different management. + + +== Sections == +As of September 2008, TFOT had several sections including: headlines, news, PODs, personal columns, book reviews and forums. TFOT also includes full articles which typically contain a Q&A section which, according to TFOT, is a more accurate way of doing an interview. In January 2009 TFOT added a video section featuring science and technology related videos from the web as well as original video clips produced by the TFOT team. Another change in 2009 was the expansion of the daily RSS service, providing headlines from similar websites among the original research published in the website. Until then, a smaller number of headlines were uploaded each day. + + +== Scoops == +On August 22, 2007 TFOT was the first to extensively cover the Israeli company Mempile TeraDisc 1TB optical storage technology. The article was later picked up by numerous websites including Engadget, tgdaily and arstechnica. On January 14, 2009 TFOT exclusively reported on advancements in laser hard drive development. This news was quickly picked up by several publications including Engadget and electronista. + + +== Criticism == +Since its launch in early 2008, TFOT's headlines section was criticized several times for being too short (approx 500 characters); this, however, is probably the result of copyright issues. A different criticism was raised regarding the relatively short term look at the future of science and technology on TFOT as the site typically deals with research and technology for the next 5–10 years or so. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official Website +Technology News \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inner_Life_of_the_Cell-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inner_Life_of_the_Cell-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4d81e1b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inner_Life_of_the_Cell-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "The Inner Life of the Cell" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inner_Life_of_the_Cell" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:21.019991+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Inner Life of the Cell is an 8.5-minute 3D computer graphics animation demonstrating the molecular mechanisms that occur when a white blood cell in the blood vessels of the human body is activated by inflammation (Leukocyte extravasation). It shows how a white blood cell rolls along the inner surface of the capillary, flattens out, and squeezes through the cells of the capillary wall to the site of inflammation where it contributes to the immune reaction. + + +== Production == +David Bolinsky, former lead medical illustrator at Yale, lead animator John Liebler, and Mike Astrachan are some of the creators at XVIVO who made the movie. The audio track was composed, recorded, and produced by Matt Berky. They created the animation for Harvard's Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology. +Most of the processes animated were the result of Alain Viel and Robert Lue's work describing the processes to the team. Alain Viel is an associate director of undergraduate research at Harvard University. +The film took 14 months to create for 8.5 minutes of animation. It was first seen by a wide audience at the 2006 SIGGRAPH conference in Boston. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +"The Inner Life of the Cell". Harvard University. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008., "Narrated version". Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. +"The Inner Life of the Cell". XVIVO website. +YouTube video narrated by Dr Chace Tydell of Cerritos College +Extravasion Archived 2015-09-07 at the Wayback Machine Simplified cartoon version of the same process. +David Bolinsky's Speech Presenting The Inner Life of the Cell \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Investigators_(British_TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Investigators_(British_TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0a21d28c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Investigators_(British_TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "The Investigators (British TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Investigators_(British_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:47.209849+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Investigators is a BAFTA-nominated children's science program, presented by children, on Channel 4 in Great Britain. It showed various interesting experiments from how to blow a balloon up with yeast to building bridges. Other experiments included on the program were making salmon flavoured ice cream and making periscopes. +It aired on Saturday morning. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Investigators at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jodcast-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jodcast-0.md index a7b78ff6b..a8f13c91b 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jodcast-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jodcast-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jodcast" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:41:21.479190+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:12.208097+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_Science_Review-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_Science_Review-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dd0bcf1b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_Science_Review-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "The Johns Hopkins Science Review" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_Science_Review" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:48.864978+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Johns Hopkins Science Review is an American television series about science that was produced at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland from 1948-1955. Starting in 1950, the series aired on the DuMont Television Network until the network's demise in 1955. The series' creator was Lynn Poole, who wrote or co-wrote most of its episodes and acted as the on-camera host. +The original series was followed by three related series produced by Poole at Johns Hopkins University: Tomorrow (1955), Tomorrow's Careers (1955–1956), and Johns Hopkins File 7 (1956–1960). Johns Hopkins University ended its production of television series in 1960. + + +== Broadcast history == +The original series aired from March 9, 1948, to March 6, 1955. Initially, the show was broadcast only in the Baltimore area. Starting with the December 17, 1948, episode, shows were broadcast by CBS from stations along the East Coast. +As was typical in the early days of television broadcasting, each show was broadcast live from a studio at Johns Hopkins University. Each week's show involved one or more guests, often from the Johns Hopkins faculty and staff. Poole acted as the host and interviewer. The guest might show how a scientific apparatus such an electron microscope or an oscilloscope worked, or would briefly explain scientific ideas to the viewers. In the December 5, 1950, episode, the live broadcast of a fluoroscope screen was used by doctors in New York and Chicago to diagnose the injuries to a machinist in the hospital in Baltimore. In the April 21, 1952, episode, a scientist drank a solution containing the radioactive isotope of iodine, and then followed its progress in his own body with a Geiger counter. The guests were sometimes national figures like Wernher von Braun (October 20, 1952), George Gamov, and Harold Urey. The show famously showed a live birth and gave instructions to women viewers about breast self-examination. +Each half-hour episode was broadcast from WAAM in Baltimore. The series moved to the DuMont Television Network in November 1949 through station WMAR. The program aired Tuesdays at 8:30 pm EST during the 1950-51 season, Mondays at 8:30pm EST during the 1951-52 season, and Wednesdays at 8pm EST during the 1952-53 season. According to the 1953-54 United States network television schedule, the show remained in the Wednesday at 8pm EST slot for the 1953-54 season. +The series would win the network Peabody Awards in 1950 (honorable mention) and 1952. +A spin-off program, Johns Hopkins File 7, aired on a syndicated basis from 1956 to 1960. Like the Review, File 7 was broadcast by WAAM and featured host Lynn Poole. + + +== Archives == +Approximately 303 episodes of the original series were made. There are records of 238 episodes, and kinescope films from 186 episodes, stored in Special Collections of the Milton Eisenhower Library at Johns Hopkins University. This means it has the most surviving episodes of any DuMont Network program. The earliest surviving kinescope is from November 21, 1950. At least three episodes survive at the UCLA Film and Television Archive. +In addition, Johns Hopkins University has records and films of the three successor series. + + +== Retrospective reception == +In 2002, Patrick Lucanio and Gary Coville wrote that, "In retrospect, Lynn Poole created one of those unique series that allowed television to fulfill its idealized mission as both an educational and an entertainment medium." Johns Hopkins Magazine declared in 2019 that the show was "ahead of its time" for its frank approach to educating its viewers on matter of science, especially biology. + + +== See also == +List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network +List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts +1950-51 United States network television schedule +1951-52 United States network television schedule +1952-53 United States network television schedule +1953-54 United States network television schedule + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Geier, Leo (1958). Ten Years with Television at Johns Hopkins. Johns Hopkins University Press. OCLC 1179427. A book about the series by a co-producer. +LaFollette, Marcel Chotkowski (2008). Science on the Air: Popularizers and Personalities on Radio and Early Television. University of Chicago Press. pp. 216–221. ISBN 9780226467597. +Weinstein, David (2004). The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-245-6. + + +== External links == +The Johns Hopkins Science Review at IMDb +Several episodes of The Johns Hopkins Science Review and videos about the show were formerly available at Research Channel. +Several public domain episodes of The Johns Hopkins Science Review can be viewed on the Internet Archive. These include Concrete With Muscles, Don't Drink that Water, Usefulness of Useless Knowledge, A visit to our Studio The Master Glass Blower, and Great Men of Science. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..018e47232 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- +title: "The Magic School Bus (TV series)" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:56.450096+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Magic School Bus is an animated educational children's television series, based on the book series of the same name by Joanna Cole and Bruce Degen. Originally broadcast from 1994 to 1997, the series received critical acclaim for its use of celebrity voice talent, as well as combining entertainment with an educational series. The series stars Lily Tomlin as the voice of Ms. Frizzle. The theme song is performed by Little Richard. + +== Premise == +The animated series follows the adventures of eccentric teacher Ms. Frizzle and her eight students as they explore the wonders of science on their exciting field trips. Their journey takes them to different locations, time periods, and encounters with various creatures, all while learning about science and the world around them. The school they attend, Walkerville Elementary, is set in the fictitious town of Walkerville. The characters travel all over the world and into space throughout the duration of the show. + +== Voice cast == + +=== Main === +Lily Tomlin as Ms. Valerie Frizzle +Amos Crawley (season 1) and Danny Tamberelli (seasons 2–4) as Arnold Perlstein +Daniel DeSanto as Carlos Ramon +Tara Meyer as Dorothy Ann "D.A." Hudson +Erica Luttrell as Keesha Franklin +Maia Filar as Phoebe Terese +Stuart Stone as Ralphie Tennelli +Max Beckford (season 1) and Andre Ottley-Lorant (seasons 2–4) as Timothy "Tim" Wright +Lisa Yamanaka as Wanda Li + +=== Guest stars === +Malcolm-Jamal Warner as the Male Producer +Susan Blu as the Female Producer +Renessa Blitz as Janet Perlstein, Arnold's cousin +Rosalind Chao as Mrs. Li, Wanda's mother +Tyne Daly as Dr. Tennelli, Ralphie's mother +Dana Elcar as Mr. Terese, Phoebe's father +Elliott Gould as Mr. Perlstein, Arnold's father +Eartha Kitt as Mrs. Franklin, Keesha's grandmother +Swoosie Kurtz as Mrs. Hudson, D.A.'s mother +Edward James Olmos as Mr. Ramon, Carlos's father +Dolly Parton as Katrina Eloise "Murph" Murphy +Kevin Zegers as Mikey Ramon, Carlos' brother +Ed Asner as General Araneus +Ed Begley Jr. as Logway Larry +Robby Benson as Archibald Seedplot +Carol Channing as Professor Cornelia C. Contralto II +Dabney Coleman as Horace Scope +Dom DeLuise as a Desperate Baker +Matt Frewer as the Inspector +Sherman Hemsley as Mr. Junkett +Wynonna Judd as Molly Cule +Dan Marino as Mr. Garth Sinew +Malcolm McDowell as Mr. McClean +Rita Moreno as Dr. Carmina Skeledon +Bebe Neuwirth as Flora Whiff +Tony Randall as R.U. Humerus +Alex Trebek as show-and-tell host +Jessica Walter as Ashley Walker-Club-Dupree +Cindy Williams as Geri Poveri +Paul Winfield as Principal Ruhle +Michael York as Harry Herp + +== Episodes == + +== Production == +In early 1991, The Magic School Bus concept was co-produced into an animated series of the same name by Scholastic. The NSF was the first to commit to funding a pilot animatic that helped to inform the series' development. Creation and testing of the pilot were completed early in 1992. Meanwhile, other funders, including the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the U.S. Department of Energy, joined the effort, enabling Scholastic Productions to begin scripting while looking for a corporate underwriter. In early 1993, Lily Tomlin signed on to play Ms. Frizzle, and Malcolm-Jamal Warner agreed to play The Producer. The show went into full production with Nelvana. It premiered on September 10, 1994. Craig Walker (former vice president and senior editorial director of Scholastic) developed the idea for the show. The company's president Deborah Forte explained that adapting the books into an animated TV show was an opportunity to help kids "learn about science in a fun way". During this time, Forte had been hearing concerns from parents and teachers about how to improve science education for kids and minorities all across the globe. Hanho Heung-Up Co., Ltd. contributed some of the animation for this program. The theme song, called "Ride on the Magic School Bus", was written by Peter Lurye and performed by Little Richard. The voice directors was Susan Blu and Dan Hennessey in Season 4; two of the writers for the series were Brian Meehl and Jocelyn Stevenson. + +== Broadcast == +In the United States, the original run of The Magic School Bus was broadcast on PBS from 1994 until 1997 (as part of its daytime and weekday children's block). It was the first fully-animated series to be aired on PBS. The last episode aired on December 6, 1997. By the series' end, it was among the highest-rated PBS shows for school-age children. After the final episode, the series subsequently continued in reruns on the PBS lineup until September 25, 1998, when PBS dropped the show altogether to make room for other new programs aimed at preschoolers. +On December 15, 1997, Fox network acquired the series to fill educational television mandates for Fox affiliates. The show was then broadcast on the Fox Kids block, where reruns aired from October 5, 1998, until September 6, 2002. +After the PBS original run and Fox Kids reruns, TLC and Discovery Kids chose to air the series. TLC aired it from February 24, 2003 until 2008. Discovery Kids aired it from February 24, 2003 until 2009, as part of the Ready Set Learn! block. +Finally, in 2005, Canada-based studio Nelvana Limited acquired the series and sold it to the Latin American versions of Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon (which continues to air on select Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network stations --in Latin America-- since 2005). As of 2021, the show is currently distributed by 9 Story Media Group. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_(TV_series)-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_(TV_series)-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd5f33d2c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_(TV_series)-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "The Magic School Bus (TV series)" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:56.450096+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Home media == +The series (through home media) was released on VHS from 1995 to 2002, DVD from 2002 to 2013, DVD (by New Video Group) in Region 1 (which are the rereleases of the Warner Home Video DVDs) on July 31, 2012, and Netflix on August 15, 2013. +The series was originally released on VHS. The series on VHS was distributed by WEA Corp. and Warner Home Video between 1995 and 2002. On DVD, it was distributed by Warner Home Video between 2002 and 2005. +On July 31, 2012, New Video Group released the complete series on DVD in Region 1, as well as rereleases of the Warner Home Video DVDs. +On August 15, 2013, Scholastic announced the complete series' availability on Netflix. Currently however only season 1 of the series is available to stream on Netflix. But the full series is available to stream on Peacock, and for free on Tubi, and The Roku Channel. + +== Reception == + +=== Critical response === +In a 2007 column for the online edition of The Wall Street Journal, Jason Fry expressed an overall appreciation for the series, but wrote that the episode "The Magic School Bus Gets Programmed" illustrated the rapid pace of technological change over the ten years since it first aired. He explained the episode presented an old-fashioned "technology-gone-amok" story about the respective roles of programmer and machine that was no longer relevant to children growing up in 2007. He suggested that an updated version of the episode would have focused instead on the perils of Internet searches and on network concepts surfacing at the time. + +=== Effect on science education === +Both the book series and the television series have been used as tools in classrooms since their original releases. Several studies have suggested that the Magic School Bus's inclusion of fantastical elements helps students understand the basics of a concept before introducing them to more complicated vocabulary and images. The book series was originally created to serve as a tool for kids to learn about and get interested in science while also providing entertainment. Becoming a classroom tool has allowed The Magic School Bus to continue to be a relevant piece of educational media that has allowed teachers to better explain and introduce science to young children as intended when it was originally published by Joanna Cole. +Additionally, many scientists today credit early exposure to The Magic School Bus and other programs on PBS geared towards science education as a reason that they chose their respective fields later in life. Because of this widespread affect, it has become the subject for further studies on its impact on early childhood development in regards to science education. + +=== Awards and nominations === + +== Games == + +Numerous computer and video games associated with the series were released from 1994 to 2000, and were typically amalgamations of storylines from both the original book series and the television show. The games were published by Microsoft Home. +A video game titled The Magic School Bus: Oceans was released for Nintendo DS on October 25, 2011, ten years after the release of the last game. This is the only game in the franchise to be released on a Nintendo platform. + +== Revival series == + +On June 10, 2014, a new series was announced by Netflix and Scholastic Media titled The Magic School Bus 360°. The new iteration of the franchise features a modernized Ms. Frizzle and high-tech bus that stresses modern inventions such as robotics, wearables and camera technology. The producers hoped to captivate children's imaginations and motivate their interest in the sciences. 9 Story Media Group would produce the series. Producer Stuart Stone, who voiced Ralphie in the original series, explained that The Magic School Bus 360° would feature some of the original voice actors in different roles. The series' voice cast is based in Los Angeles and Toronto with Susan Blu as the Los Angeles voice director and Alyson Court as the Toronto voice director. +In February 2017, Netflix announced that Saturday Night Live cast member Kate McKinnon was cast in the role of Fiona Felicity Frizzle, the younger sister of Ms. Frizzle, now Professor Frizzle, again voiced by Lily Tomlin. By this point the title of the series had been changed to The Magic School Bus Rides Again. Lin-Manuel Miranda performed the theme song. On September 29, 2017, the series premiered on Netflix. + +== Preschool spin-off == +On October 17, 2024, it was announced that a CG-animated Magic School Bus spin-off titled The Magic School Bus: Mighty Explorers is currently in the works. Mighty Explorers would be geared more towards a preschool audience, and its version of the titular Magic School Bus would speak. + +== References == + +== External links == + +Official website +The Magic School Bus at IMDb +The Magic School Bus at Netflix \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_Rides_Again-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_Rides_Again-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9f518fe3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_Rides_Again-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +--- +title: "The Magic School Bus Rides Again" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_Rides_Again" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:55.063246+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Magic School Bus Rides Again is an animated children's television series, based on the book series of the same name by Joanna Cole and Bruce Degen. Produced by Scholastic Entertainment and 9 Story Media Group, it serves as a continuation of the 1994–1997 PBS Kids series The Magic School Bus, with Lily Tomlin reprising her role as Ms. Frizzle. The series premiered on Netflix on September 29, 2017, and the second season premiered on April 13, 2018. +The series made its television channel debut on Qubo on November 1, 2020, and aired until the channel ceased broadcasting on February 28, 2021. +3 45-minute specials, "Kids in Space", "The Frizz Connection", and "In the Zone", premiered on Netflix in 2020. A fourth special, "Goldstealer" was never released on Netflix but was instead released on a DVD, mainly in Canada. They were dedicated to Joanna Cole, the author of the original books, who died in 2020. + +== Plot == +In the sequel to the original animated television series, the flagship Valerie Frizzle (now Professor Frizzle) gets her Ph.D. and retires from teaching at Walkerville Elementary School. She then hires her younger sister, Miss Fiona Frizzle, to teach the class, and passes the keys of the Magic School Bus over to her. The kids journey on exciting new field-trips, discovering new locations, creatures, time periods and more to learn about the wonders of science, educating viewers along the way, on the eponymous Magic School Bus. + +== Voice cast == + +=== Main === +Kate McKinnon as Ms. Fiona Felicity Frizzle +Lily Tomlin as Professor Valerie Felicity Frizzle, Ph.D. +Miles Koseleci-Vieira (Seasons 1–2) and Roman Lutterotti (specials) as Arnold Matthew Perlstein +Lynsey Pham as Wanda Li +Mikaela Blake as Keesha Franklin +Gabby Clarke as Dorothy Ann Hudson +Leke Maceda-Rustecki as Carlos Ramon +Matthew Mintz (Seasons 1–2) and Matthew Mucci (specials) as Ralphie Alessandro Giuseppe Tennelli +Birva Pandya as Jyoti Kaur (new student after Phoebe Terese went back to her old school) +Kaden Stephen as Tim Wright + +=== Guest stars === +Will Arnett as Galapagos Gil ("Frizzle of the Future") +Mae Jemison as Keesha's favorite celebrity astronaut, Kathy K. Kuiper ("Space Mission: Selfie") +Sandra Oh as Dr. Sarah Bellum ("Ralphie Strikes a Nerve") +Jay Baruchel as Dr. Tillage ("Ghost Farm") +Nathan Fillion as Dorothy Ann's famous scientist uncle, Dr. Axle "ValveStuck" ("Waste Not, Want Not") +Catherine O'Hara as Aunt Tennelli and Teresina Tennelli, Ralphie's trapeze-artist aunt and cousin ("Ralphie and the Flying Tennellis") +Martin Short as Tony Tennelli, also in Ralphie's family who works in the circus ("Ralphie and the Flying Tennellis") +Lin-Manuel Miranda as Matthew Math Matthews ("Ralphie and the Flying Tennellis") +Chris Hadfield as himself ("Kids in Space") +Lights as Maven, Ms. Frizzle's pop-star cousin ("In the Zone") +Annie Guglia as herself ("Goldstealer") + +=== Additional voices === +Lilly Bartlam +Amos Crawley as Mr. Hudson, Dorothy Ann's father ("The Tales Glaciers Tell"). +Annelise Forbes as Arnold's cousin, Janet Perlstein +Lisa Jai as Mrs. Li, Wanda's mother and as a caller in the Professor Frizzle segments ("The Magnetic Mambo", "The Tales Glaciers Tell", "The Land Before Tim", "Ghost Farm" and "Ralphie and the Flying Tennellis"). Jai was the voice of Wanda in the original series, where Mrs. Li was voiced by Rosalind Chao. +Julie Lemieux as additional voices and the titular "Goldstealer" ("Goldstealer") +Ana Sani as Pariksha, Jyoti's grandmother ("Nothin' but Net"). +Stuart Stone as the Gizmos That Go staff ("Three in One"), the Cosmic Corner Show announcer ("Space Mission: Selfie"), and a caller in the Professor Frizzle Segment ("Ghost Farm"). Stone was the voice of Ralphie in the original series. +Jamie Watson +Marcus Craig as Mikey Ramon, Carlos' younger brother ("The Good, the Bad, and the Gnocchi"). +Martin Roach as Mr. Ruhle +Kevin Vidal + +== Episodes == + +=== Series overview === + +=== Season 1 (2017) === + +=== Season 2 (2018) === + +=== Season 3 (2020–21) === +These 4 44-minute special episodes released throughout the early 2020s individually on Netflix (excluding "Goldstealer"), and onto a Canada-exclusive DVD from production company 9 Story on November 9, 2021 (which includes "Goldstealer"). The final season revives The Magic School Bus Rides Again with the show's transition to 3D CGI animation, resolving the whitewash controversy from the previous art style, and the Bus's new CG models. They are dedicated to the author of The Magic School Bus book series, the late Joanna Cole, whose death occurred in 2020. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_Rides_Again-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_Rides_Again-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19c901173 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_Rides_Again-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "The Magic School Bus Rides Again" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_Rides_Again" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:45:55.063246+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Production == +On June 10, 2014, the series was first announced by Netflix and Scholastic Media, and was titled The Magic School Bus 360°. The new iteration of the franchise features a modernized "Ms. Frizzle" (replacing Valerie with her younger sister Fiona) and a high-tech bus that stresses modern inventions such as robotics, wearables and camera technology. The hope is to captivate children's imaginations and motivate their interest in the sciences. It was produced by 9 Story Media Group. Producer Stuart Stone, who voiced Ralphie in the original series, stated that The Magic School Bus 360° will feature some of the original voice actors in different roles. The show's voice cast is based in Los Angeles, California, United States and Toronto, Ontario, Canada with Susan Blu as the Los Angeles voice director and Alyson Court as the Toronto voice director. In February 2017, Kate McKinnon was cast in the role of Ms. Frizzle (without clarifying it was Fiona, the younger sister of Valerie, now Professor Frizzle, still voiced by Tomlin). The series then changed its name to The Magic School Bus Rides Again. The series was released on Netflix on September 29, 2017. The second season was released on April 13, 2018. +Lin-Manuel Miranda of Hamilton sings the theme song. Phoebe Terese, a character from the original series, is replaced by a new student named Jyoti, as it was revealed that Phoebe transferred back to her old school. The episode endings feature question and answer sessions with Professor Frizzle, echoing the segments about viewers calling the producer which accompanied the original series on commercial-free channels. Despite clarifying some creative license taken in the episode, these scenes are still set in a universe with magical vehicles. Among other changes, the students still wear the same clothes every day but they do not resemble those from the original series. Three 45–minute specials were released in 2020: the first special The Magic School Bus Rides Again: Kids in Space was released on August 7, the second named The Magic School Bus Rides Again: The Frizz Connection on October 20 a third titled The Magic School Bus Rides Again: In the Zone on December 26, and a fourth titled The Magic School Bus Rides Again: Goldstealer which came out exclusively on DVD. The artstyle was changed for the specials as the characters have no outlines and the lighting and shading are more detailed. + +== Critical reception == +Why has this good-natured show already received an inordinate amount of judgement? How can this much vitriol be thrown at a creation before anyone has even seen it? +After the series' announcement and the release of its trailer, there was initial resistance to the new art style, absence of Lily Tomlin as Ms. Frizzle, and fear it would not live up to the original series. AOL accused the show of giving Ms. Frizzle a nose job. Bustle put this down to fans of the show being "protective of its legacy". +Despite this speculation, the series has been critically acclaimed upon release. Common Sense Media deemed the show a worthy successor to its 1990s sister series, praising its gender and ethnic diversity and its commitment to teaching children about STEM subjects. Christianity Today argues that the show managed to keep the "genius of the franchise", which is that the children are almost more intrigued by the complexity and order of the natural world rather than the magic of the titular school bus. Daily Dot praised the series' premiere for addressing the change to the show's structure, putting viewers at ease through the transition, adding that the science was made "approachable". The Houstonian found the episodes' scenarios to be "pretty interesting", commenting on the academical and moral lessons. The AV Club felt the series lives up to its predecessor, and contains the same "goofy humor and ease with making learning fun". Another AV Club article wrote that the series is "lively, fast-paced, and exceedingly tolerable for adults", and full of enough science to allow them to park their kids in front of it guilt-free. +Some users on social media have accused the show of whitewashing the black characters. + +== Awards and nominations == + +== Notes and references == + +=== Notes === + +=== References === + +== External links == +The Magic School Bus Rides Again on Netflix +The Magic School Bus Rides Again at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2b795879 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "The Mechanical Universe" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:00.901203+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Mechanical Universe...And Beyond is a 52-part telecourse, filmed at the California Institute of Technology, that introduces university level physics, covering topics from Copernicus to quantum mechanics. The 1985-86 series was produced by Caltech and INTELECOM, a nonprofit consortium of California community colleges now known as Intelecom Learning, with financial support from Annenberg/CPB. The series, which aired on PBS affiliate stations before being distributed on LaserDisc and eventually YouTube, is known for its use of computer animation. + +== Overview == +Produced starting in 1982, the videos make heavy use of historical dramatizations and visual aids to explain physics concepts. The latter were state of the art at the time, incorporating almost eight hours of computer animation created by computer graphics pioneer Jim Blinn along with assistants Sylvie Rueff and Tom Brown at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Each episode opens and closes with bookend segments in which Caltech professor David Goodstein, speaking in a lecture hall, delivers explanations "that can't quite be put into the mouth of our affable, faceless narrator". After more than a quarter century, the series is still often used as a supplemental teaching aid, for its clear explanation of fundamental concepts such as special relativity. + +The bookend segments featuring Goodstein were specially staged versions of actual freshman physics lectures from Caltech's courses Physics 1a and 1b. The organization and the choice of topics to emphasize in the television show reflect a then-recent revision of Caltech's introductory physics curriculum, the first total overhaul since the one represented by The Feynman Lectures on Physics almost two decades earlier. While Feynman generally sought contemporary examples of topics, the later revision of the curriculum brought a more historical focus:In essence, the earlier Feynman course had sought to make physics exciting by relating each subject, wherever possible, to contemporary scientific problems. The new course took the opposite tack, of trying to recreate the historical excitement of the original discovery. For example, classical mechanics—a notoriously difficult and uninspiring subject for students—is treated as the discovery of "our place in the universe". Accordingly, celestial mechanics is the backbone of the subject and its climax is Newton's solution of the Kepler problem.Episode 22 solved the Kepler problem — that is, demonstrating that an inverse-square law of gravity implies that orbits are conic sections — using a variant of the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector, though not by that name. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1785ece11 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "The Mechanical Universe" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:00.901203+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Production details == +The room seen in the bookend segments is the Bridge lecture hall at Caltech. Many of the extras were students from other schools, and the front rows of the lecture hall were deliberately filled with more women than would have typically been seen at Caltech lectures. The TV production team added fake wood paneling to the lecture hall so that it would more closely resemble that seen in the show The Paper Chase. Later, the Caltech physics department was sufficiently impressed by the result that panels were installed permanently. Many seats in the lecture hall had to be removed in order to make room for the camera track and studio lights. To cover this, additional reaction shots of a full lecture hall were filmed later, so that the illusion of a complete audience could be created in editing. For most of the footage of Goodstein himself, only two rows of students were present. +Many other video segments were shot on location, for example at a Linde industrial plant that produced liquid air. Historical scenes were often made to be generic, in order to facilitate their reuse across multiple episodes: "Young Newton strolls through an apple orchard, old Newton testily refuses a cup of tea from a servant, and so on". Footage featuring historical reenactment of Johannes Kepler was purchased from Carl Sagan's 1980 television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage. +The series was originally planned to consist of 26 episodes. This was later expanded to 60 episodes, a number then cut back to the eventual total of 52 for budget and production-schedule reasons. +The show was intended not to require previous experience with calculus. Instead, the basics of differential and integral calculus would both be taught early in the series itself. Caltech mathematician Tom M. Apostol joined the Mechanical Universe production staff in order to ensure that the series did not compromise on the quality of the mathematics it presented. Seeing an example of Blinn's computer animation for the first time convinced Apostol that the series could bring mathematics "to life in a way that cannot be done in a textbook or at the chalkboard". When test screenings to humanities students revealed that their greatest difficulty learning calculus was a weak background in trigonometry, Apostol wrote a primer on the subject to be distributed with the telecourse. After advising the production of The Mechanical Universe, Apostol decided that a similar series, geared to high-school mathematics, would be beneficial. This became the later Caltech series Project Mathematics!, which also featured computer animation by Blinn. Some of Blinn's animations for The Mechanical Universe were reused in the new series, in order to illustrate applications of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. +The 1990 science-fiction action film Total Recall used portions of the Mechanical Universe title sequence, in a scene where the protagonist (Douglas Quaid, played by Arnold Schwarzenegger) is offered virtual vacations in locales around the Solar System. The animation was used without licensing, and consequently, Caltech and Intelecom sued Carolco Pictures for $3 million. +In order to present detailed mathematical equation derivations, the show employed a technique its creators called the "algebraic ballet". Computer animation presented derivations in step-by-step detail, but rapidly and with touches of whimsy, such as algebraic terms being canceled by a Monty Python-esque stomping foot or the hand of God from Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam. Blinn felt that Cosmos had taken itself "too seriously", and so he aimed to include more humor in the Mechanical Universe animations. The goal was to avoid putting the viewers' "brains into a 60-cycle hum", without sacrificing rigor; the creators intended that students could learn the overall gist of each derivation from the animation, and then study the details using the accompanying textbook. Computer animation was also used to portray idealizations of physical systems, like simulated billiard balls illustrating Newton's laws of motion. Blinn had used some of the same software earlier to visualize the interaction of DNA and DNA polymerase for Cosmos. One commenter deemed these animations "particularly useful in providing students with subjective insights into dynamic three-dimensional phenomena such as magnetic fields". +Creating the computer graphics necessary to visualize physics concepts led Blinn to invent new techniques for simulating clouds, as well as the virtual "blobby objects" known as metaballs. Blinn used the vertex coordinates of regular icosahedra and dodecahedra to determine the placement of electric field lines radiating away from point charges. +Most of the narration was voiced by actor Aaron Fletcher, who also played Galileo Galilei in the historical segments. Some portions, such as explanations of particular technical details, were narrated by Sally Beaty, the show's executive producer. +Shorter versions of Mechanical Universe episodes, 10 to 20 minutes in length, were created for use in high schools. This adaptation, for which a dozen high-school teachers and administrators were consultants, was supported by a $650,000 grant from the National Science Foundation. These videos were distributed alongside supplemental written material for teachers' benefit, and were intended to be employed in conjunction with existing textbooks. Yorkshire Television later produced a version repackaged for the United Kingdom audience, which was released in April 1991. + +== Funding == +Annenberg/CPB provided the funding for the production of The Mechanical Universe. The show was one of the first twelve projects funded by the initial $90 million pledge the Annenberg Foundation gave to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting in the early 1980s. The total cost of the project was roughly $10 million. + +== Critical reception == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7da1b36c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "The Mechanical Universe" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:00.901203+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Initial responses === +PBS and The Learning Channel began broadcasting The Mechanical Universe in September 1985. During the fall of 1986, roughly 100 PBS stations carried The Mechanical Universe, and by the fall of 1987, over 600 higher-education institutions had purchased it or licensed the episodes for use. In 1992, Goodstein noted that the series had been broadcast, via PBS, by over 100 stations, "usually at peculiar hours when innocent people were unlikely to tune in accidentally on a differential equation in the act of being solved". He observed that detailed viewership figures were difficult to obtain, but when the show had been broadcast in Miami during Saturday mornings, the producers were able to obtain Nielsen ratings.In fact, it came in second in its time slot, beating the kiddie cartoons on two network stations. There were 18,000 faithful core households in Dade County alone, the median age of the viewers was 18, and half were female. However, we seldom get that kind of detailed information.Goodstein and assistant project director Richard Olenick noted:Anecdotal information in the form of letters and phone calls indicates very considerable enthusiasm among users at all levels from casual viewers to high-school students to research university professors, but there have also been a number of sharp disappointments, particularly when Instructional Television administrators have tried to handle TMU like a conventional telecourse.Similarly, a 1988 review in Physics Today suggested that the programs would not function well on their own as a telecourse, but would work much better as a supplement to a traditional classroom or a more standard distance-learning course such as Open University. The reviewers also found the "algebraic ballet" of computer-animated equations too fast to follow: "After a short time, one yearns for a live professor filling the blackboard with equations". Similarly, a review in the American Journal of Physics, while praising the "technical proficiency of the films", wrote of the animated equation manipulations: "As the MIT students say, this is like trying to take a drink of water out of a fire hose". A considerably more enthusiastic evaluation came from physicist Charles H. Holbrow, who told Olenick: "These materials will constitute the principal visual image of physics for decades". A reviewer writing for Educational Technology found the animations "fascinating to watch" and opined that they were at least as effective as what many instructors could manage at a traditional blackboard. An editorial in the Los Angeles Times called the show "extraordinary" and the animations "splendid", quipping that "if differential calculus is not television's Supreme Test, it would certainly make the semifinals in any competition". Goodstein and Olenick reported that younger viewers tended to enjoy the "algebraic ballet" style "much more than older viewers, who are made uncomfortable by the algebraic manipulations they cannot quite follow". + +=== Classroom use === +In 1986, The Mechanical Universe was used as part of a summer program for gifted children, to overall success. + +A 1987 study at Indiana University Bloomington used 14 Mechanical Universe episodes as part of an introductory course on Newtonian mechanics, with generally positive results:[T]hese tapes were particularly effective in placing Newtonian mechanics in a historical perspective; dramatizing the historical overthrow of Aristotelian and medieval ideas; illustrating the diverse nature of scientists and the scientific endeavor; stimulating student interest and enthusiasm; and, through excellent animation, illustrating the time dimension of certain mechanics concepts. The companion text [...] was placed on library reserve for the course but was not extensively utilized by students.A follow-up study found that the videos could also be helpful explaining physics to professors in other fields. Negative reactions generally had less to do with the intrinsic perceived quality of the episodes than with the time the science-history material took away from content seen as "critical exam-preparing instruction". The investigator recalled:[S]ome students, thinking that the videotape material would not be covered on the tests, headed for the doors when the lights dimmed! To counter this tendency I started to use a few test questions based on historical or literary details discussed in the videotapes. Some students were outraged: "What is this, a poetry class?" +Classroom use continued into the 1990s. A minority education program at the University of California, Berkeley employed Mechanical Universe episode segments (on LaserDisc) as part of group discussions. In a 1993 review of the series, a science historian stated that he had used episodes in his classes for several years, naming "Kepler's Three Laws" and "The Michelson–Morley Experiment" as his personal favorites.The highlight of the Kepler film is a segment in which we are shown an exquisite graphical realization of the way in which Kepler actually figured out that the orbits of the planets are elliptical rather than circular. The sheer difficulty of the problem he faced and the elegance of the method he applied to solve it are abundantly clear. I cannot imagine a better way to present this magnificent discovery, which can easily appear so trivial.A 2005 column in The Physics Teacher suggested The Mechanical Universe as preparatory viewing for instructors attempting to teach physics for the first time. The Physics Teacher has also recommended the series "as enrichment or a makeup assignment for high-ability students". Writing for Wired magazine's web site, Rhett Allain cited the series as an example of videos that could replace some functions of traditional lectures. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92e122c41 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "The Mechanical Universe" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:00.901203+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Awards == +In 1987, "The Lorentz Transformation" (episode 42) was awarded the sixteenth annual Japan Prize for educational television. Other awards received by The Mechanical Universe include the 1986 Gold Award from the Birmingham International Film Festival, two "Cindy" awards from the International Association of Audio Visual Communicators (1987 and 1988), a Gold Award (1985) and a Silver Award (1987) from the International Film and TV Festival of New York, Silver (1986) and Gold Apple (1987) awards from the National Educational Film and Video Festival, and a Gold Plaque (1985) from the Chicago International Film Festival. +Goodstein received the 1999 Oersted Medal for his work in physics education, including The Mechanical Universe. For his contributions to the field of computer graphics, including his animations for Cosmos, The Mechanical Universe and Project Mathematics!, Blinn received a MacArthur fellowship in 1991, as well as the 1999 Steven A. Coons Award. + +== Portrayal of Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse == + +Like many introductory physics texts, The Mechanical Universe cites the spectacular 1940 collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge as an example of resonance, using footage of the disaster in the "Resonance" episode. However, as more-recent expositions have emphasized, the catastrophic oscillations that destroyed the bridge were not due to simple mechanical resonance, but to a more complicated interaction between the bridge and the winds passing through it—a phenomenon known as aeroelastic flutter. This phenomenon is a kind of "self-sustaining vibration" that lies beyond the regime of applicability of the linear theory of the externally-driven simple harmonic oscillator. + +== List of episodes == +The opening sequence used for the first 26 episodes lists the show's title as The Mechanical Universe, whereas the latter 26 episodes are titled The Mechanical Universe ...and Beyond. The reason for the addition is explained by Goodstein in the closing lecture segment of the final episode: In the first scientific revolution, disputation over the interpretation of human or divine authority was replaced by observation, by measurement, by the testing of hypotheses, all of it with the powerful help of quantitative mathematical reasoning. And the result of all that was the mechanical universe, a universe that inexorably worked out its destiny according to precise, predictable, mechanical laws. Today, we no longer believe in that universe. If I know the precise position of some particle at some instant of time, I cannot have any idea of where it's going or how fast. And it doesn't make any difference at all if you say, "All right, you don't know where it's going, but where is it really going?" That is precisely the kind of question that is scientifically meaningless. That is the nature of the world we live in. That is the quantum mechanical universe.The series can be purchased from Caltech or streamed from online video sources, including Caltech's official YouTube channel. Caltech also posted on YouTube a series of short videos made by Blinn to demonstrate the show's computer animation at SIGGRAPH conferences. + +=== The Mechanical Universe === + +=== The Mechanical Universe ...and Beyond === + +== References == + +== Companion textbooks == +R.P. Olenick, T.M. Apostol, and D.L. Goodstein (1986). The Mechanical Universe: Introduction to Mechanics and Heat (Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-30429-6 +R.P. Olenick, T.M. Apostol, and D.L. Goodstein (1986). Beyond the Mechanical Universe: From Electricity to Modern Physics (Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-30430-X + +== External links == +The Mechanical Universe website at Caltech +Corrected mirror of the Caltech website +The Mechanical Universe at IMDb +The Mechanical Universe on YouTube +Episode descriptions from Annenberg Media \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metric_Marvels-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metric_Marvels-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1d301a9f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metric_Marvels-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "The Metric Marvels" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metric_Marvels" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:05.126817+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Metric Marvels is a 1978–1979 series of seven animated educational shorts featuring songs about meters, liters, Celsius, and grams, designed to teach American children how to use the metric system. They were produced by Newall & Yohe, the same advertising agency which produced ABC's Schoolhouse Rock! series, and first aired on the NBC television network in September 1978. The spots were shown three times each Saturday during the children's programming block for the 1978–79 season. +Voices for the Metric Marvels shorts include Lynn Ahrens, Bob Dorough, Bob Kaliban, and Paul Winchell. + + +== Origins == +On December 23, 1975, President Gerald Ford signed the Metric Conversion Act into law; this act gave official sanction for the United States to convert to the metric system of measurement. At the time the United States mainly used the U.S. Customary system. Ford's presidential successor, Jimmy Carter, began to implement this law in earnest, helping to set up the U.S. Metric Board as a task force to determine when and how the U.S. would convert to metric. The USMB suggested that the transition ought to be voluntary and gradual, taking place over at least a ten-year period. +As part of this gradual transition, the USMB sponsored a number of public service announcements on radio and television. The Metric Marvels was one such television PSA, aired during NBC's Saturday morning cartoons. The shorts featured four animated metric superheroes: Meter Man, Liter Leader, Super Celsius and Wonder Gram. Each superhero performed songs designed to teach children the difference between the old English system and the new metric system. + + +== Episodes == +"Meet Meter Man" / Superhero Meter Man helps people convert length and distance to metric terms +"Mara-Mara-Marathon" / The difference between miles and kilometers +"I'm Your Liter Leader" / Superhero Liter Leader explains the difference between gallons and liters +"Eeny, Meeny, Miney Milliliters" / Liter Leader uses recipes to explain milliliters +"Super Celsius" / Superhero Super Celsius explains the Celsius temperature scale +"Wonder Gram" / Superhero Wonder Gram expresses her weight in kilograms +"Wonder Baby" / A young Wonder Gram converts pounds to kilograms + + +== Legacy == + +The series shared the animation style, song quality and voice actors with the popular Schoolhouse Rock! on rival network ABC. Incoming NBC president Fred Silverman, formerly of ABC, may have thought to replicate the success of that show; Newall & Yohe also produced Saturday morning network IDs and the full-length Drawing Power! series for NBC. Despite this, the series was pulled from the air after a single seven-episode season. Being separated from Schoolhouse Rock! prevented the series from having an afterlife in reruns. Moreover, at the time NBC was ranked third place in viewership among the three dominant television networks. +A deadline for metrication was never passed into United States federal law, and the push for metrication in the United States lost traction following the 1982 dissolution of the United States Metric Board under President Ronald Reagan. U.S. metrication is currently overseen by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, whose newer series League of SI Superheroes bears some similarities to The Metric Marvels, including a character named Meter Man with many similarities to the identically named character in the latter series. + + +== Media == +The Metric Marvels was released on VHS for educational buyers only in 1979 by Newell and Yohe, Inc.; Center for Humanities, Mount Kisco, NY. This release was in color and included one videocassette (approximately 17 min. 30 sec.) and seven teacher's guides, described as "seven 2+1⁄2 minute segments in which four animated superheroes explain the metric system" and carried the note "Previously issued as seven filmstrips by Xerox Films". The Xerox Films filmstrip release was described as "Elementary and junior high school, Filmstrip" and included seven 35 mm color filmstrips (approximately 200 frames), seven audiocassettes and five teacher's guides. Xerox Films was a producer of films for schools and libraries, and was one of the 10 companies making up The Xerox Education Group at the time. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Metric Marvels at IMDb +The Metric Marvels - Filmstrip at WorldCat +The Metric Marvels - VHS at WorldCat \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracle_of_Life_(documentary)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracle_of_Life_(documentary)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77291efb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracle_of_Life_(documentary)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "The Miracle of Life (documentary)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracle_of_Life_(documentary)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:06.348122+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Miracle of Life is a documentary film about the human reproductive process. The film won multiple awards including a Peabody and an Emmy when it was broadcast as part of the American TV series Nova. Photographed by Lennart Nilsson, the program originally aired in Sweden on November 26, 1982 under the title of "The Saga of Life." The BBC acquired the episode for the documentary series Horizon and aired it that same month. Many scenes were edited and the intro in both the Horizon and Nova versions are different, as well as the ending scene where the baby was born. +The Nova version of the film was broadcast on PBS on February 15, 1983. It was written and produced by Bebe Nixon and narrated by Anita Sangiolo. +A sequel called "Life's Greatest Miracle" aired on November 20, 2001 on PBS using microimagery taken by Lennart Nilsson with narration by John Lithgow. + + +== Awards == +The episode won the following awards: + +1984 +American Film Festival Blue Ribbon +American Film Festival Emily Award +Ohio State Award +San Francisco International Film Festival Award +1983 +Emmy Award +George Foster Peabody Award +ALA Notable Children's Videos + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Miracle of Life is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive +Life's Greatest Miracle Video on PBS \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mr._Science_Show-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mr._Science_Show-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f5e4fc86 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mr._Science_Show-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "The Mr. Science Show" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mr._Science_Show" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:07.520863+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Mr. Science Show was a lecture based science television program for children developed by Tim Perkins, which aired weekly in the 1990s on Time Warner Cable's Public-access television cable TV channel. The program was produced in Melbourne, Florida, United States. The show utilized simple science experiments, silly stories, and stunts to explain specific concepts in science. + + +== History == +A Central Florida cable television program titled Cable Goes To School, which was produced by Time Warner Cable, aired a segment introducing a series of live science education shows at a small theatre in Melbourne, Florida. The live science education shows initially were developed to promote The Science Fare science supply stores. After airing the program, which explained magnets and magnetism, the first standalone episodes of The Mr. Science Show were produced to feature additional science topics. With Tim Perkins in the role of Mr. Science, a name bestowed by the children in the audience. The first standalone episodes of the Mr. Science Show were produced with each show featuring an in depth review of a particular science topic. +The Mr. Science Show first aired on Time Warner Cable as a Public-access television show in 1992 with Tim Perkins as Mister Science. In the 60 minute shows Perkins played a science enthusiast who offered several experiments mixed with stories which taught something about a particular area of science. The experiments often involved the children from the audience and were often simple enough to be tried by viewers. The presentations were delivered in a humorous way and there was always something that would go wrong, thus providing viewers with an example of what not to do. + + +== Distribution == +The Mr. Science Science Shows were taped live and distributed freely as educational fillers to other Time Warner Cable facilities where they were seen sporadically by audiences in the United States. Over 50 programs were scripted but only a few were actually produced and broadcast. The live tapings were sometimes attended by hundreds of children from Brevard County Public Schools. Some Florida schools used donated footage from The Mr. Science Show for producing Public Service Announcements in their school's television production studios. + + +== See also == +Beakman's World +Bill Nye the Science Guy +Bob & Ray +The Sinbad Show +Watch Mr. Wizard + + +== References == +Mr. Science makes learning a no-brainer; Entertainer helps demystify subject for kids: Interview With Tim Perkins by Maria Sonnenberg for Florida Today, January 18, 2005. 3B; Education, ID: brv2005012017180147. + + +== External links == +- Official web site of The Mr. Science Show. +- PSA on Time Warner Cable: Television Commercial featuring Mr. Science & Fireman Jim +- Trademark for THE MR. SCIENCE SHOW in Florida; +- The Mr. Science Show Live at the Hastings Museum (Nebraska) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_Things-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_Things-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85d351fba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_Things-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "The Nature of Things" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_Things" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:10.036859+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Nature of Things (formerly, The Nature of Things with David Suzuki) is a Canadian television series of documentary programs. It debuted on CBC Television on 6 November 1960. Many of the programs document nature and the effect that humans have on it, although the program's overall scope includes documentaries on any aspect of science. The program "was one of the first mainstream programs to present scientific evidence on a number of environmental issues, including nuclear power and genetic engineering". +The series is named after an epic poem by Roman philosopher Lucretius: "De rerum natura"—On the Nature of Things. + + +== History == +The first host was Donald Ivey, with Patterson Hume co-hosting many episodes. Following Ivey's departure, the second season continued with several guest hosts, including Lister Sinclair, Donald Crowdis, and John Livingston. David Suzuki became the show's host and narrator in 1979, a position he held until his retirement from the series at the end of the 2022 season. He was succeeded by co-hosts Sarika Cullis-Suzuki (David's daughter) and Anthony Morgan. +The series has won many awards and Suzuki has won three Gemini Awards and one ACTRA Award as best host. Documentarian William Whitehead has also been a frequent writer for the series. +In 1979 the show was merged with David Suzuki's Science Magazine series and expanded to an hour. Suzuki reluctantly left the radio show Quirks and Quarks. He enjoyed radio as a medium because it was less restricted compared to television, but saw benefits in switching to television. He stated that television had a greater impact as it reached more people, and this was important because he wanted to make science accessible to the general public. The goal of The Nature of Things with David Suzuki was to translate the confusing and complex scientific language into concepts that the general public could understand. This would give people the information that they need in order to make informed decisions about how science and technology should be managed. +There is one new episode every week which all contribute to a scientific understanding of how the world works. They are created not only for entertainment, but also to encourage and popularize education. +An episode in January 2018 was widely criticized by scientists and Native Americans for its uncritical presentation of the Solutrean hypothesis. +In 2023, Suzuki announced his retirement and was succeeded as host by his daughter, Sarika Cullis-Suzuki, and Anthony Morgan in 2024. + + +== Notable episodes == +Wild Africa, 1970 – a film shown in two parts which won the Canadian Film Award for Best Documentary +"Reefer Madness 2", 15 October 1998 – on the effects of medical marijuana and people dealing with its legalization +"The Investigation of Swissair 111", 2 September 2003 +Darwin's Brave New World, 1 November 2009 – a three-part miniseries on the life of Charles Darwin as he wrote The Origin of Species +"The Downside of High", 2010 – on marijuana's negative effects towards mental illness +"Untangling Alzheimer's", 17 July 2014 – a medical investigation from a very personal perspective +Wild Canada, 2014 – a four-part miniseries focusing on high-definition video footage of Canadian nature and wildlife + + +== Episodes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +The Nature of Things at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Detectives-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Detectives-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..581d757bc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Detectives-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "The New Detectives" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Detectives" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:31.183137+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The New Detectives: Case Studies in Forensic Science (or simply The New Detectives, formally "Forensic Detectives") is a documentary true crime television show that aired two to three different cases in forensic science per episode from 1996 to 2004. Episode reruns currently air on the Discovery Channel, TLC, Investigation Discovery, Pluto TV, and True Crime Network. Before the series was canceled, the show also aired on The History Channel and Court TV in the United States and Canal D in Canada, as well as Botswana TV. The show was also carried by international markets where the series was shown on the Discovery Channel UK, Discovery Europe, the Crime & Investigation Network in Australia, Prime TV in New Zealand, TV Norge, TV Danmark, Kanal 5 in Sweden, and RTL in the Netherlands. +In Brazil, the TV series was narrated by the Italian-Brazilian announcer and journalist Wilson Versolato. + + +== Synopsis == +The New Detectives centers on murders that are committed in North America and the forensics used to convict the murderers of their crimes. The New Detectives shows reenactments and dramatizations of events surrounding a murder. Real-file footage is shown on occasion. Unlike The FBI Files, a sister show, also produced by Tom Naughton and New Dominion Pictures, The New Detectives mostly centers on murders that police departments solve without assistance from the FBI, but there have been episodes where the FBI was called in to assist with particularly serious crimes. The series was narrated by Gene Galusha from 1996 to 2004. +Anthony E. Zuiker, the creator of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation got the idea for the show from The New Detectives. In a talk at the International Mystery Writers Festival in June 2008, Zuiker said that he was working as a tram driver in Las Vegas when he came up with the idea for the series. He said he was about to go out to play basketball with some friends when his first wife asked him to stay in and watch The New Detectives on the Discovery Channel. "I decided to stay, and that changed everything". +Several international episodes were dubbed by Susan Rae. One of these was Burning Evidence about forensics done on broken and charred bone and tooth remnants and another was Short Fuse about forensics done on bomb sites and pipe bomb fragments. + + +== Episodes == + + +== Home media == +Timeless Media Group has released the first four seasons of The New Detectives on DVD in Region 1. + + +== See also == +Forensic Files +The FBI Files + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The New Detectives at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Organism-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Organism-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1029d18f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Organism-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "The Organism" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Organism" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:36.097446+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man is a book on psychology and neurology by Dr. Kurt Goldstein, first published under the title Der Aufbau des Organismus: Einführung in die Biologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Erfahrungen am kranken Menschen, in 1934. +A new edition of the English translation was published in 1995: The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man, with a foreword by Oliver Sacks, New York, Zone Books. +After the rise of Hitler, Goldstein escaped to Amsterdam, supported by The Rockefeller Foundation, where he dictated his work, which would become his magnum opus, in just six weeks. Goldstein described the work being written while in a "time of enforced leisure" in the Netherlands during his flight from Nazi Germany, it was published with only minor revisions in English translation in 1939. +Goldstein's work helped institute the field of phenomenological psychiatry. In The Organism, Goldstein declared that human life cannot be compared to a system which simply returns to a state of balance after stimulation from outside. Goldstein, after critiquing different attempts to classify the instincts, writes that all instinctual manifestations emerge from "the drive to self-actualization." At any moment the organism has the fundamental tendency to actualize all its capacities, its whole potential, as it is present in exactly that moment, and in exactly that situation in contact with the world under the given circumstances. In fact, the term "self-actualization" was originally introduced by Kurt Goldstein as a biological concept to indicate the tendency of the organism's innate motivation to actualize as much as possible which was subsequently extended. Goldstein also referred to the same drive as an "actualizing tendency" and a "formative tendency." +In The Organism Goldstein's main concern was to apply the figure-ground principle of gestalt psychology from perception to the whole organism, presuming that the whole organism serves as the ground for the individual stimulus forming the figure - thus formulating an early criticism of the simple behavioristic stimulus-response-theory. +Goldstein pointed out the experience of individuals with lesioned brains makes it obvious that our neurological and neuropsychological functioning is socially intertwined with that of other brains. Goldstein described preferred behavior (in contrast to non-preferred behavior) as the realization of a reduced subset of all possible performances available to oneself (whether in motility, perception, posture, etc.) that are characterized by a feeling of comfort and correctness. +In his work, Goldstein claimed that specific colors elicit specific emotional responses. Subsequently, clinicians have asserted that children's use of color in art, for example, is a manifestation of their underlying emotional status. +In his foreword to the English edition, 1995, Oliver Sacks writes (p. 9): +"But from the start, the physician in him found the classical methods—delineating a number of isolated "deficits"—inadequate. Whatever particular deficits there might he, he felt, there was always a general reaction or change in the individual as well, sometimes farther-reaching than the deficit itself. There grew on him the sense of the patient reacting as a whole, as an organism, developing altered orientations and behaviors in response to injury or illness. This sense came to a crisis during World War I, when he was confronted with the task of treating a great number of young soldiers with brain injuries. The very complex pictures he was to see in these patients led him to formulate an ever more elaborate corpus of theoretical concepts: abstract versus concrete behavior, "catastrophic" reactions to brain injury, and so on." +Sacks goes on (p. 11): +"The notion of order is central to Goldstein's ideas of health and disease and those of rehabilitation: "Thus, being well means to be capable of ordered behavior which may prevail in spite of the impossibility of certain performances which were formerly possible. But the new state of health is not the same as the old one ... Recovery is a newly achieved state of ordered functioning ... .a new individual norm." Thus, in contradiction to a classical, "splitting" neurology, Goldstein sees symptoms not as isolated expressions of local damage in the nervous system but as "attempted solutions" the organism has arrived at, once it has been altered by disease. "Symptoms," for Goldstein, betoken whole levels of organization, adaptation to an altered inner state (and world). It is impossible, he emphasizes, to consider any illness—but above all, a neurological illness—without reference to the patient's self, and the forms of his adaptation and orientation within it. Disease, for Goldstein, involves a "shrinkage" (or, at the least, a "revision") of self and world, until an equilibrium of a radically new sort can be achieved." + + +== Contents (English edition, 1995) == +Foreword by Oliver Sacks 7 +Preface to the German Edition 15 +Author's Preface 17 +Introduction 23 +I A Method of Determining Symptoms. Certain General Laws of Organismic Life. Observations on Persons with Brain Injuries 33 +II The Organism Viewed in the Light of Results Obtained Through Atomistic Method. The Theory of Reflex Structure of the Organism 69 +III Theoretical Reflections on the Function of the Nervous System as Foundation for a Theory of the Organism 95 +IV Modification of Function Due to Impairment of the Organism 115 +V The Nature of Partitive Processes 133 +VI On the Conception of the Organism as a Whole 173 +VII Certain Essential Characteristics of the Organism in the Light of the Holistic Approach 229 +VIII On Gestalt Psychology and the Theory of the Physical Gestalten 285 +IX The Nature of Biological Knowledge 305 +X On Norm, Health, and Disease. On Anomaly, Heredity, and Breeding 325 +XI On Life and Mind. The Problem of Organismic Hierarchy 353 +XII Knowledge and Action 377 +XIII Concluding Remarks 383 +Notes 395 +Index 413 + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planets_(1999_TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planets_(1999_TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..654542cad --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planets_(1999_TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "The Planets (1999 TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planets_(1999_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:23.348414+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Planets is a documentary miniseries produced by the BBC and A&E and released in 1999. The series was remastered in 2004. It documents the Solar System and its nature, formation, and discovery by humans during the Space Age. The series of eight episodes includes a substantial amount of archival footage from both the United States and Soviet space programs. It also depicts the Solar System through computer graphics. There were a total of eight episodes produced for the series. The series featured appearances from famous pioneering space scientists and explorers, and was narrated by Samuel West in the original 1999 edition, and Mark Halliley in the 2004 remastered edition. + + +== Episodes == + +Commentators in episode 1 include Hal Levison, George Wetherill, and David Levy. +Commentators in episode 4 include Apollo 17 Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmidt, while episode 5 features Apollo 12 Commander Charles Conrad and solar physicist Eugene Parker (of whom the NASA Parker Solar Probe was named in tribute), episode 6 retired USAF Colonel and Project Excelsiot pilot Joe Kittinger, and episode 8 Apollo 17 Commander and last human to walk on the Moon Eugene Cernan. +Commentators in episode 5 include Douglas Gough. It also talks about Angelo Secchi who pioneered the field of astronomical spectroscopy. +Other notable commentators include James Van Allen, Sergei Khrushchev (son of Nikita Khrushchev and aerospace engineer), Alexei Leonov, Boris Chertok and Carolyn Porco. + + +== DVD release == +The DVD of the series was released on 24 January 2000. + + +== Book == +A hardcover book accompanying the series broadcast was released on 22 April 1999. The Planets. David McNab and James Younger. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08044-5 + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Planets at IMDb +The Planets at BBC Online \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planets_(2019_TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planets_(2019_TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e57af6f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planets_(2019_TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "The Planets (2019 TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planets_(2019_TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:24.605157+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Planets is a 2019 BBC/PBS/Tencent/Open University television documentary series about the Solar System presented by Professor Brian Cox in the UK version and Zachary Quinto in the US version. +First broadcast on BBC Two beginning Tuesday 28 May 2019, the five-episode series looks at each planet in detail, examining scientific theories and hypotheses about the formation and evolution of the Solar System gained by uncrewed missions to the planets. Originally released in the UK, it was changed to cater more to the American audience watching on PBS's series Nova. +Cox presents segments to camera from various locations around the world alongside extensive computer-generated imagery and footage from space missions. The series was created as a partnership between BBC Studios and the Open University. + + +== Episodes == + + +== Merchandise == +A 288-page hardback book written by Brian Cox and Andrew Cohen was released on 23 May 2019. by HarperCollins (ISBN 978-0007488841). The book was also released for ebook readers as well as an audiobook on the same day. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Planets at BBC Online \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_Alliance_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_Alliance_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef897d107 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_Alliance_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "The Science Alliance (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_Alliance_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:46:32.162394+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Science Alliance is an educational television show which was produced and broadcast by TVOntario in 1981–82. The hosts were Rex Hagon and Judy Haladay. +The typical episode would feature the hosts demonstrating various aspect of the subject of the episode. In addition, a largely unseen narrator named Bryant would interrupt at pertinent points with a vignette called "Bryant's Giants of Science" which would tell the story of a figure in the history of science and his contribution to scientific knowledge. + + +== Episode list == +11 episodes were produced. They were: + +"Magnets" +"Electricity" +"Matter" +"Energy" +"Machines" +"Heat" +"Air" +"Sound" +"Light" +"Water" +"Safety" +All episodes were 15 minutes in length. + + +== External links == +The Science Alliance at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomical_maps,_catalogs,_and_surveys-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomical_maps,_catalogs,_and_surveys-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2db447aad --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomical_maps,_catalogs,_and_surveys-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomical_maps,_catalogs,_and_surveys" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:15.784798+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs and surveys spans over four millennia of observations. + + +== Second millennium BCE == +c. 1800 BCE — Babylonian star catalog (see Babylonian star catalogues) +c. 1370 BCE — Observations for the Babylonia MUL.APIN (an astro catalog). + + +== First millennium BCE == +c. 350 BCE — Shi Shen's star catalog has almost 800 entries +c. 300 BCE — star catalog of Timocharis of Alexandria +c. 134 BCE — Hipparchus makes a detailed star map + + +== First millennium CE == +c. 150 — Ptolemy completes his Almagest, which contains a catalog of stars, observations of planetary motions, and treatises on geometry and cosmology +c. 705 — Dunhuang Star Chart, a manuscript star chart from the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang +c. 750 — The first Zij treatise, Az-Zij ‛alā Sinī al-‛Arab, written by Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī and Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī +c. 777 — Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq's Az-Zij al-Mahlul min as-Sindhind li-Darajat Daraja +c. 830 — Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's Zij al-Sindhind +c. 840 — Al-Farghani's Compendium of the Science of the Stars +c. 900 — Al-Battani's Az-Zij as-Sabi +964 — Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi)'s star catalog Book of the Fixed Stars + + +== Second millennium CE == +1031 — Al-Biruni's al-Qanun al-Mas'udi, making first use of a planisphere projection, and discussing the use of the astrolabe and the armillary sphere. +1088 — The first almanac is the Almanac of Azarqueil written by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Azarqueil) +1115–1116 — Al-Khazini's Az-Zij as-Sanjarī (Sinjaric Tables) +c. 1150 — Gerard of Cremona publishes Tables of Toledo based on the work of Azarqueil +1252–1270 — Alfonsine tables recorded by order of Alfonso X +1272 — Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's Zij-i Ilkhani (Ilkhanic Tables) +1395 — Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido star map created at the order of King Taejo +c. 1400 — Jamshid al-Kashi's Khaqani Zij +1437 — Publication of Ulugh Beg's Zij-i-Sultani +1551 — Prussian Tables by Erasmus Reinhold +late 16th century — Tycho Brahe updates Ptolemy's Almagest +1577–1580 — Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf's Unbored Pearl +1598 — Tycho Brahe publishes his "Thousand Star Catalog" +1603 — Johann Bayer's Uranometria +1627 — Johannes Kepler publishes his Rudolphine Tables of 1006 stars from Tycho plus 400 more +1678 — Edmond Halley publishes a catalog of 341 southern stars, the first systematic southern sky survey +1712 — Isaac Newton and Edmond Halley publish a catalog based on data from a Royal Astronomer who left all his data under seal, the official version would not be released for another decade. +1725 — Posthumous publication of John Flamsteed's Historia Coelestis Britannica +1771 — Charles Messier publishes his first list of nebulae +1824 — Urania's Mirror by Sidney Hall +1862 — Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander publishes his final edition of the Bonner Durchmusterung catalog of stars north of declination -1°. +1864 — John Herschel publishes the General Catalogue of nebulae and star clusters +1887 — Paris conference institutes Carte du Ciel project to map entire sky to 14th magnitude photographically +1890 — John Dreyer publishes the New General Catalogue of nebulae and star clusters +1932 — Harlow Shapley and Adelaide Ames publish A Survey of the External Galaxies Brighter than the Thirteenth Magnitude, later known as the Shapley-Ames Catalog +1948 — Antonín Bečvář publishes the Skalnate Pleso Atlas of the Heavens (Atlas Coeli Skalnaté Pleso 1950.0) +1950–1957 — Completion of the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS) with the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt optical reflecting telescope. Actual date quoted varies upon source. +1962 — A.S. Bennett of the Cambridge Radio Astronomy Group publishes the Revised 3C Catalogue of 328 radio sources +1965 — Gerry Neugebauer and Robert Leighton begin a 2.2 micrometre sky survey with a 1.6-meter telescope on Mount Wilson +1982 — IRAS space observatory completes an all-sky mid-infrared survey +1990 — Publication of APM Galaxy Survey of 2+ million galaxies, to study large-scale structure of the cosmos +1991 — ROSAT space observatory begins an all-sky X-ray survey +1993 — Start of the 20 cm VLA FIRST survey +1997 — Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) commences, first version of Hipparcos Catalogue published +1998 — Sloan Digital Sky Survey commences + + +== Third millennium CE == + +2003 — 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey published; 2MASS completes +2012 — On March 14, 2012, a new atlas and catalog of the entire infrared sky as imaged by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer was released. +2020 — On July 19, 2020, after a 20-year-long survey, astrophysicists of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey published the largest, most detailed 3D map of the universe so far, fill a gap of 11 billion years in its expansion history, and provide data which supports the theory of a flat geometry of the universe and confirms that different regions seem to be expanding at different speeds. +2020 — On October 8, 2020, scientists released the largest and most detailed 3D maps of the Universe, called "PS1-STRM". The data of the MAST was created using artificial neural networks and combines data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and others. Users can query the dataset online or download it in its entirety of ~300GB. +2021 — A celestial map is published to the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics identifying over 250,000 supermassive black holes, using data from 52 stations across nine countries in Europe. + + +== See also == +Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure +List of asteroid close approaches to Earth +List of potentially habitable exoplanets +List of nearby stellar associations and moving groups + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Experimental_Psychology_Lab-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Experimental_Psychology_Lab-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70bee4c68 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Experimental_Psychology_Lab-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Web Experimental Psychology Lab" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Experimental_Psychology_Lab" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:48.793596+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Web Experimental Psychology Lab is a website for participating in Web-based experiments, a method used in experimental psychology. The Web Experimental Psychology Lab was founded in 1994-1995, by Ulf-Dietrich Reips at the University of Tübingen, then moved to the University of Zürich and on to the Universidad de Deusto, and is now at the University of Konstanz. For the first time, participants were able to take part in studies via a web browser in a virtual psychology laboratory. +In January 2017, the Society for Computation in Psychology named Reips' 2001 article on the Web Experimental Psychology Lab in the journal Behavior Research Methods one of eight "groundbreaking and influential" articles in the history of the society and the field. + + +== References == + + + +== External links == +Web Experimental Psychology Lab \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxingzhan-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxingzhan-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3e9a89c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxingzhan-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Wuxingzhan" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxingzhan" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:44:17.001204+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Wuxingzhan (五星占), translated to English as the Prognostications of the Five Planets, is a 170 BCE text on astronomy and astrology found in Mawangdui tomb, near Changsha, Hunan. The text was compiled around the Han Dynasty period in China. Thought to be lost, the text was rediscovered during the 1970s. + + +== Contents == +The text is about nine chapters covering different planets: Jupiter, Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Mercury. The Wuxingzhan provides numerical data on the visibility and movement of the five classical planets in a non-classical order. It also includes original excerpts from ancient Chinese astronomical works by Gan De and Shi Shen. + + +=== Saturn === +The Wuxingzhan states that Saturn's orbital period is 30 years, in comparison, the Grand Inception Calendar says 29.79 years. Much like the calendar, the Wuxingzhan is more concerned with calendrical accuracy than relying on mere astrology. + + +=== Venus === +In terms of Venus, the Wuxingzhan states that the planet is visible for 224 days, correcting the 240 days noted in other sources, likely due to a copying error. Venus's true orbital period is about 224.70 days, but early Chinese astronomers struggled to define it clearly due to its position relative to the sun. They described its visibility in terms of "appearing and disappearing." The Wuxingzhan also mentions a 16.96-day interval between Venus's disappearance as an evening star and reappearance as a morning star, differing from the 35 days in Huainanzi, possibly due to viewing conditions. + + +== Influence == +The Huainanzi, another text from the Han Dysnaty period, uses the Wuxingzhan as its source on astrology. China scholar John S. Major notes that the Huainanzi, drawing from the Wuxingzhan, summarizes the astrology of the five planets without technical details for the "executive summary". In contrast, the "Treatise" uses the Wuxingzhan to detail the planets' predictions. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooniverse-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooniverse-0.md index 2dcac2b70..ea4247710 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooniverse-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooniverse-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooniverse" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:53:25.327995+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:50.049698+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" ---