433 lines
8.7 KiB
Markdown
Executable File
433 lines
8.7 KiB
Markdown
Executable File
# Typography Systems Reference
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## Type Scale Construction
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### Modular Scale
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A modular scale creates harmonious relationships between font sizes using a mathematical ratio.
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```tsx
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// Common ratios
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const RATIOS = {
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minorSecond: 1.067, // 16:15
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majorSecond: 1.125, // 9:8
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minorThird: 1.2, // 6:5
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majorThird: 1.25, // 5:4
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perfectFourth: 1.333, // 4:3
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augmentedFourth: 1.414, // √2
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perfectFifth: 1.5, // 3:2
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goldenRatio: 1.618, // φ
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};
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function generateScale(
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baseSize: number,
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ratio: number,
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steps: number,
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): number[] {
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const scale: number[] = [];
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for (let i = -2; i <= steps; i++) {
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scale.push(Math.round(baseSize * Math.pow(ratio, i) * 100) / 100);
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}
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return scale;
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}
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// Generate a scale with 16px base and perfect fourth ratio
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const typeScale = generateScale(16, RATIOS.perfectFourth, 6);
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// Result: [9, 12, 16, 21.33, 28.43, 37.9, 50.52, 67.34, 89.76]
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```
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### CSS Custom Properties
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```css
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:root {
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/* Base scale using perfect fourth (1.333) */
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--font-size-2xs: 0.563rem; /* ~9px */
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--font-size-xs: 0.75rem; /* 12px */
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--font-size-sm: 0.875rem; /* 14px */
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--font-size-base: 1rem; /* 16px */
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--font-size-md: 1.125rem; /* 18px */
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--font-size-lg: 1.333rem; /* ~21px */
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--font-size-xl: 1.5rem; /* 24px */
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--font-size-2xl: 1.777rem; /* ~28px */
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--font-size-3xl: 2.369rem; /* ~38px */
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--font-size-4xl: 3.157rem; /* ~50px */
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--font-size-5xl: 4.209rem; /* ~67px */
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/* Font weights */
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--font-weight-normal: 400;
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--font-weight-medium: 500;
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--font-weight-semibold: 600;
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--font-weight-bold: 700;
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/* Line heights */
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--line-height-tight: 1.1;
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--line-height-snug: 1.25;
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--line-height-normal: 1.5;
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--line-height-relaxed: 1.625;
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--line-height-loose: 2;
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/* Letter spacing */
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--letter-spacing-tighter: -0.05em;
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--letter-spacing-tight: -0.025em;
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--letter-spacing-normal: 0;
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--letter-spacing-wide: 0.025em;
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--letter-spacing-wider: 0.05em;
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--letter-spacing-widest: 0.1em;
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}
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```
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## Font Loading Strategies
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### FOUT Prevention
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```css
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/* Use font-display to control loading behavior */
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@font-face {
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font-family: "Inter";
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src: url("/fonts/Inter-Variable.woff2") format("woff2-variations");
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font-weight: 100 900;
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font-style: normal;
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font-display: swap; /* Show fallback immediately, swap when loaded */
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}
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/* Optional: size-adjust for better fallback matching */
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@font-face {
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font-family: "Inter Fallback";
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src: local("Arial");
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size-adjust: 107%; /* Adjust to match Inter metrics */
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ascent-override: 90%;
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descent-override: 22%;
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line-gap-override: 0%;
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}
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body {
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font-family: "Inter", "Inter Fallback", system-ui, sans-serif;
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}
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```
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### Preloading Critical Fonts
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```html
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<head>
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<!-- Preload critical fonts -->
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<link
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rel="preload"
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href="/fonts/Inter-Variable.woff2"
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as="font"
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type="font/woff2"
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crossorigin
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/>
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</head>
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```
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### Variable Fonts
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```css
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/* Variable font with weight and width axes */
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@font-face {
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font-family: "Inter";
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src: url("/fonts/Inter-Variable.woff2") format("woff2");
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font-weight: 100 900;
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font-stretch: 75% 125%;
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}
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/* Use font-variation-settings for fine control */
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.custom-weight {
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font-variation-settings:
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"wght" 450,
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"wdth" 95;
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}
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/* Or use standard properties */
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.semi-expanded {
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font-weight: 550;
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font-stretch: 110%;
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}
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```
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## Responsive Typography
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### Fluid Type Scale
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```css
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/* Using clamp() for responsive sizing */
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h1 {
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/* min: 32px, preferred: 5vw + 16px, max: 64px */
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font-size: clamp(2rem, 5vw + 1rem, 4rem);
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line-height: 1.1;
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}
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h2 {
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font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw + 0.5rem, 2.5rem);
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line-height: 1.2;
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}
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p {
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font-size: clamp(1rem, 1vw + 0.75rem, 1.25rem);
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line-height: 1.6;
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}
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/* Fluid line height */
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.fluid-text {
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--min-line-height: 1.3;
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--max-line-height: 1.6;
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--min-vw: 320;
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--max-vw: 1200;
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line-height: calc(
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var(--min-line-height) + (var(--max-line-height) - var(--min-line-height)) *
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((100vw - var(--min-vw) * 1px) / (var(--max-vw) - var(--min-vw)))
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);
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}
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```
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### Viewport-Based Scaling
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```tsx
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// Tailwind config for responsive type
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module.exports = {
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theme: {
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fontSize: {
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xs: ["0.75rem", { lineHeight: "1rem" }],
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sm: ["0.875rem", { lineHeight: "1.25rem" }],
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base: ["1rem", { lineHeight: "1.5rem" }],
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lg: ["1.125rem", { lineHeight: "1.75rem" }],
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xl: ["1.25rem", { lineHeight: "1.75rem" }],
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"2xl": ["1.5rem", { lineHeight: "2rem" }],
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"3xl": ["1.875rem", { lineHeight: "2.25rem" }],
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"4xl": ["2.25rem", { lineHeight: "2.5rem" }],
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"5xl": ["3rem", { lineHeight: "1" }],
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},
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},
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};
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// Component with responsive classes
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function Heading({ children }) {
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return (
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<h1 className="text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl font-bold leading-tight">
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{children}
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</h1>
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);
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}
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```
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## Readability Guidelines
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### Optimal Line Length
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```css
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/* Optimal reading width: 45-75 characters */
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.prose {
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max-width: 65ch; /* ~65 characters */
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}
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/* Narrower for callouts */
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.callout {
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max-width: 50ch;
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}
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/* Wider for code blocks */
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pre {
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max-width: 80ch;
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}
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```
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### Vertical Rhythm
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```css
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/* Establish baseline grid */
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:root {
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--baseline: 1.5rem; /* 24px at 16px base */
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}
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/* All margins should be multiples of baseline */
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h1 {
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font-size: 2.5rem;
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line-height: calc(var(--baseline) * 2);
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margin-top: calc(var(--baseline) * 2);
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margin-bottom: var(--baseline);
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}
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h2 {
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font-size: 2rem;
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line-height: calc(var(--baseline) * 1.5);
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margin-top: calc(var(--baseline) * 1.5);
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margin-bottom: calc(var(--baseline) * 0.5);
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}
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p {
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font-size: 1rem;
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line-height: var(--baseline);
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margin-bottom: var(--baseline);
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}
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```
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### Text Wrapping
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```css
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/* Prevent orphans and widows */
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p {
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text-wrap: pretty; /* Experimental: improves line breaks */
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widows: 3;
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orphans: 3;
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}
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/* Balance headings */
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h1,
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h2,
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h3 {
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text-wrap: balance;
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}
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/* Prevent breaking in specific elements */
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.no-wrap {
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white-space: nowrap;
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}
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/* Hyphenation for justified text */
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.justified {
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text-align: justify;
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hyphens: auto;
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-webkit-hyphens: auto;
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}
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```
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## Font Pairing Guidelines
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### Contrast Pairings
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```css
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/* Serif heading + Sans body */
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:root {
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--font-heading: "Playfair Display", Georgia, serif;
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--font-body: "Source Sans Pro", -apple-system, sans-serif;
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}
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/* Geometric heading + Humanist body */
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:root {
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--font-heading: "Space Grotesk", sans-serif;
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--font-body: "IBM Plex Sans", sans-serif;
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}
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/* Modern sans heading + Classic serif body */
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:root {
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--font-heading: "Inter", system-ui, sans-serif;
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--font-body: "Georgia", Times, serif;
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}
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```
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### Superfamily Approach
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```css
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/* Single variable font family for all uses */
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:root {
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--font-family: "Inter", system-ui, sans-serif;
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}
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h1 {
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font-family: var(--font-family);
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font-weight: 800;
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letter-spacing: -0.02em;
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}
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p {
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font-family: var(--font-family);
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font-weight: 400;
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letter-spacing: 0;
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}
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.caption {
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font-family: var(--font-family);
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font-weight: 500;
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font-size: 0.875rem;
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text-transform: uppercase;
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letter-spacing: 0.05em;
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}
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```
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## Semantic Typography Classes
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```css
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/* Text styles by purpose, not appearance */
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.text-display {
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font-size: var(--font-size-5xl);
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font-weight: var(--font-weight-bold);
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line-height: var(--line-height-tight);
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letter-spacing: var(--letter-spacing-tight);
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}
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.text-headline {
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font-size: var(--font-size-3xl);
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font-weight: var(--font-weight-semibold);
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line-height: var(--line-height-snug);
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}
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.text-title {
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font-size: var(--font-size-xl);
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font-weight: var(--font-weight-semibold);
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line-height: var(--line-height-snug);
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}
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.text-body {
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font-size: var(--font-size-base);
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font-weight: var(--font-weight-normal);
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line-height: var(--line-height-normal);
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}
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.text-body-sm {
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font-size: var(--font-size-sm);
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font-weight: var(--font-weight-normal);
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line-height: var(--line-height-normal);
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}
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.text-caption {
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font-size: var(--font-size-xs);
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font-weight: var(--font-weight-medium);
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line-height: var(--line-height-normal);
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text-transform: uppercase;
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letter-spacing: var(--letter-spacing-wide);
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}
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.text-overline {
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font-size: var(--font-size-2xs);
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font-weight: var(--font-weight-semibold);
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line-height: var(--line-height-normal);
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text-transform: uppercase;
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letter-spacing: var(--letter-spacing-widest);
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}
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```
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## OpenType Features
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```css
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/* Enable advanced typography features */
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.fancy-text {
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/* Small caps */
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font-variant-caps: small-caps;
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/* Ligatures */
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font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures;
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/* Numeric features */
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font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums lining-nums;
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/* Fractions */
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font-feature-settings: "frac" 1;
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}
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/* Tabular numbers for aligned columns */
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.data-table td {
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font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
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}
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/* Old-style figures for body text */
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.prose {
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font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums;
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}
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/* Discretionary ligatures for headings */
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.fancy-heading {
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font-variant-ligatures: discretionary-ligatures;
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}
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```
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