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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Timeline of scientific discoveries | 7/7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T03:28:31.534973+00:00 | kb-cron |
== 1950–1999 == 1951: George Otto Gey propagates first cancer cell line, HeLa 1952: Jonas Salk: developed and tested first polio vaccine 1952: Stanley Miller: demonstrated that the building blocks of life could arise from primeval soup in the conditions present during early Earth (Miller-Urey experiment) 1952: Frederick Sanger: demonstrated that proteins are sequences of amino acids 1953: James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin: helical structure of DNA, basis for molecular biology 1957: Chien Shiung Wu: demonstrated that parity, and thus charge conjugation and time-reversals, are violated for weak interactions 1962: Riccardo Giacconi and his team discover the first cosmic x-ray source, Scorpius X-1 1963: Lawrence Morley, Fred Vine, and Drummond Matthews: Paleomagnetic stripes in ocean crust as evidence of plate tectonics (Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis). 1964: Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig: postulates quarks, leading to the Standard Model 1964: Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson: detection of CMBR providing experimental evidence for the Big Bang 1965: Leonard Hayflick: normal cells divide only a certain number of times: the Hayflick limit 1967: Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish discover first pulsar 1967: Vela nuclear test detection satellites discover the first gamma-ray burst 1970: James H. Ellis proposed the possibility of "non-secret encryption", more commonly termed public-key cryptography, a concept that would be implemented by his GCHQ colleague Clifford Cocks in 1973, in what would become known as the RSA algorithm, with key exchange added by a third colleague Malcolm J. Williamson, in 1975. 1971: Place cells in the brain are discovered by John O'Keefe 1974: Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. discover indirect evidence for gravitational wave radiation in the Hulse–Taylor binary 1977: Frederick Sanger sequences the first DNA genome of an organism using Sanger sequencing 1980: Klaus von Klitzing discovered the quantum Hall effect 1982: Donald C. Backer et al. discover the first millisecond pulsar 1983: Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction, a key discovery in molecular biology 1986: Karl Müller and Johannes Bednorz: Discovery of High-temperature superconductivity 1988: Bart van Wees and colleagues at TU Delft and Philips Research discovered the quantized conductance in a two-dimensional electron gas. 1990: Mary-Claire King discovers the link between heritable breast cancers and a gene found on chromosome 17q21. 1992: Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail observe the first pulsar planets (this was the first confirmed discovery of planets outside the Solar System) 1994: Andrew Wiles proves Fermat's Last Theorem 1995: Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz definitively observe the first extrasolar planet around a main sequence star 1995: Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman and Wolfgang Ketterle attained the first Bose-Einstein Condensate with atomic gases, so called fifth state of matter at an extremely low temperature. 1996: Roslin Institute: Dolly the sheep was cloned. 1997: CDF and DØ experiments at Fermilab: Top quark. 1998: Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team: discovery of the accelerated expansion of the Universe and dark energy 2000: The Tau neutrino is discovered by the DONUT collaboration
== 21st century ==
2001: The first draft of the Human Genome Project is published. 2003: Grigori Perelman presents proof of the Poincaré Conjecture. 2003: The Human Genome Project sequences the human genome with a 92% accuracy. 2004: Ben Green and Terence Tao announce their proof on arithmetic progressions in prime numbers known as the Green–Tao Theorem. 2004: Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov isolated graphene, a monolayer of carbon atoms, and studied its quantum electrical properties. 2005: Grid cells in the brain are discovered by Edvard Moser and May-Britt Moser. 2010: The first self-replicating, synthetic bacterial cells are constructed. 2010: The Neanderthal Genome Project presented preliminary genetic evidence that interbreeding likely occurred and that a small but significant portion of Neanderthal admixture is present in modern non-African populations. 2012: Higgs boson is discovered at CERN (confirmed to 99.999% certainty) 2012: Photonic molecules are discovered at MIT 2014: Exotic hadrons are discovered at the LHCb 2014: Photonic metamaterials are discovered to make passive daytime radiative cooling possible by Raman et al. 2016: The LIGO team detects gravitational waves from a black hole merger 2017: Gravitational wave signal GW170817 is observed by the LIGO/Virgo collaboration. This is the first instance of a gravitational wave event observed to have a simultaneous electromagnetic signal when space telescopes like Hubble observed lights coming from the event, thereby marking a significant breakthrough for multi-messenger astronomy. 2019: The first image of a black hole is captured, using eight different telescopes taking simultaneous pictures, timed with extremely precise atomic clocks. [1] 2020: NASA and SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) discover about 350 mL of surface water in one of the Moon's largest visible craters. 2022: The standard reference gene, GRCh38.p14, of the human genome, is fully sequenced and contains 3.1 billion base pairs.
== References ==
Boyer, Carl Benjamin (1991). A History of Mathematics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8.
== External links == Science Timeline