45 lines
3.8 KiB
Markdown
45 lines
3.8 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: "Outline of science"
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chunk: 2/4
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_science"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:27:54.489612+00:00"
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instance: "kb-cron"
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---
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Alchemy is the historical study of what is now associated with chemistry. It was accepted as a science until the end of the 17th century.
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Astrology is a method used in ancient and medieval times to study the social sciences through physical phenomena.
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Cosmogony is the study of Earth's origins through divine creation.
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Natural history is the historical name for study of subjects that are now associated with biology.
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Natural philosophy is the historical name for study of subjects that are now associated with physics and astronomy.
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== Philosophy of science ==
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Philosophy of science encompasses the questions, assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science.
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Anti-realism is the opposition to scientific realism. Anti-realists believe that scientific theories cannot be objectively true or that they do not correlate to objectively real phenomena.
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Antiscience is a criticism and rejection of modern science and the scientific community.
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Denialism is the rejection of scientific facts that conflict with one's previous beliefs.
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Empiricism is the belief that truth is obtained from sense experience. Empiricists believe that science is a systematic and detailed application of common everyday thought and inquiry.
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Constructive empiricism is the belief that scientific theories can be true but successful testing does not affirm their truth.
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Logical positivism is an empiricist school of thought that was developed in Europe by the Vienna Circle in the 20th century.
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Operationalism is an empiricist school of thought developed by Percy Williams Bridgman in 1927. It holds that all terms used in science must correspond to an observational test.
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Verificationism is the empiricist belief that testability and verifiability must be possible for a claim to have meaning.
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Evidentialism is the belief that a claim should only be accepted if there is evidence supporting it.
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Fallibilism is the belief that no claim can ever be known with absolute certainty. The term was defined by Charles Sanders Peirce.
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Holism is the belief that individual scientific claims cannot be understood without also considering related claims, as it is only a network of claims that allows scientific prediction. This argument, the Duhem–Quine thesis, was developed by Willard Van Orman Quine as a response to logical positivism by adapting the philosophy of Pierre Duhem.
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Instrumentalism is the belief that science should be used as a guide predict phenomena without presenting it as a means of finding truth.
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Normal science is a system defined by Thomas Kuhn which described science in a given field as beginning with a paradigm shift that emerges from a new theory.
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Pragmatism is the belief that claims should be accepted based on value rather than evidence.
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Realism is the belief that true scientific theories can describe existing phenomena instead of merely hypothetical phenomena.
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Reductionism is the understanding of phenomena through fundamental causes and explanations.
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Relativism is the belief that knowledge cannot be understood objectively, but in relation to other forms of knowledge.
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Reliabilism is the belief that a fact is considered knowledge when it is derived from reliable methods.
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Science studies is the blending of perspectives and theories on scientific study to create a holistic understanding of science.
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Scientism is the belief that science should go beyond mere explanation and become the guiding force in society.
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Skepticism is the belief that unproven or widely-accepted beliefs should be questioned.
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== Scientific community ==
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The scientific community encompasses scientists, their interactions, and their influences on one another. |