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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List of experiments | 2/3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_experiments | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T03:39:13.283511+00:00 | kb-cron |
== Chemistry == Robert Boyle uses an air pump to determine the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. This relationship came to be known as Boyle's law (1660–1662). Joseph Priestley suspends a bowl of water above a beer vat at a brewery and synthesizes carbonated water (1767). Antoine Lavoisier determines that oxygen combines with materials upon combustion, thus disproving phlogiston theory (1783). Antoine Lavoisier determines that chemical reactions in a closed container do not alter total mass. From these observations he establishes the law of conservation of mass (1789). Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford demonstrates that the heat developed by the friction of boring cannon is nearly inexhaustible. This result was presented in opposition to caloric theory (1798). Humphry Davy uses electrolysis to isolate elemental potassium, sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium, and chlorine (1807–1810). Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac studies reactions among gases and determines that their volumes combine chemically in simple integer ratios (1809). Robert Brown studies very small particles in water under the microscope and observes Brownian motion which was later named in his honor (1827). Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes the organic compound urea using inorganic reactants, disproving the application of vitalism to chemical processes (1828). Thomas Graham measures the rates of effusion for different gases and establishes Graham's law of effusion and diffusion (1833). Julius Robert von Mayer and James Prescott Joule measure the heat generated by mechanical work. This establishes the principle of conservation of energy and the kinetic theory of heat (1842–1843). Louis Pasteur separates a racemic mixture of two enantiomers by sorting individual crystals, and demonstrates their impact on the polarization of light (1849). Anders Jonas Ångström observes the presence of hydrogen and other elements in the spectrum of the sun (1862). François-Marie Raoult demonstrates that the decrease in the vapor pressure and freezing point of liquids caused by the addition of solutes is proportional to the number of solute molecules present. This establishes the concept of colligative properties (1878). Svante Arrhenius studies the conductivity of salt solutions and determines that salts dissociate into ions in water (1884). Svante Arrhenius determines the impact of temperature on reaction rates and formulates the concept of activation energy (1889). William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh (John Strutt) isolate the noble gases (1894–1898). Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie, and Pierre Curie discover radioactivity and describe its properties (1896). Mikhail Tsvet (Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet) separates chlorophyll from other plant pigments using chromatography (1901). Frederick Soddy and William Ramsay observe the production of helium from alpha particles during radioactive decay (1903). Ernest Rutherford discovers that atoms have a very small positively charged nucleus in the gold-foil experiment, also known as the Geiger–Marsden experiment (1909). Otto Hahn discovers nuclear isomerism (1921). Albert Szent-Györgyi and Hans Adolf Krebs discover the citric acid cycle of oxidative metabolism (1935-1937). Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discover the nuclear fission of uranium (1938). Glenn Theodore Seaborg and colleagues create and isolate five transuranium elements. They reorganize the periodic table to its current form. (1941–1950). Miller–Urey experiment demonstrates that organic compounds can arise spontaneously from inorganic ones (1953). Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson delineate the path of carbon in photosynthesis using Chlorella and carbon dioxide labeled with carbon-14 (14CO2) (1945–1954). Erwin Chargaff disproves the "tetranucleoide theory" of DNA structure and determines that the composition of double-stranded DNA follows the rule, %A = %T and %G = %C (Chargaff's rule). This discovery was critical to the formulation of the Watson-Crick Model of DNA structure. Neil Bartlett mixes xenon and platinum hexafluoride leading to the first synthesis of a noble gas compound, xenon hexafluoroplatinate (1962). Robert Burns Woodward announces the total synthesis of Vitamin B-12 by a team he led (1973). Insights from this work lead him and Roald Hoffmann to formulate the Woodward–Hoffmann rules for elucidating the stereochemistry of the products of organic reactions. Frederick Sanger demonstrates the dideoxy- or chain termination method for determining DNA sequences (1975). Kary Mullis demonstrates the polymerase chain reaction, a method for amplifying specific bits of DNA (1983).
== Economics and political science == The experiments of Muhammad Yunus on the applications of microcredit and microfinance in rural Bangladesh (1971) Robert Axelrod's prisoner's dilemma computer tournaments, later documented in The Evolution of Cooperation (1984)
== Geology == Charles Mason conducts an experiment near the Scottish mountain of Schiehallion that attempts to measure the mean density of the Earth for the first time. Known as the Schiehallion experiment (1774)
== Physics ==