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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artemis Accords | 3/3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_Accords | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T12:36:16.828633+00:00 | kb-cron |
=== Criticism === The Accords have also been criticized for allegedly being "too centered on American and commercial interests." Russia has condemned them as a "blatant attempt to create international space law that favors the United States." Beside possibly being an opportunity for China in light of the Wolf Amendment, Chinese government affiliated media has called the Accords "akin to European colonial enclosure land-taking methods." Russia and China have since reached an understanding to work together on the Chinese International Lunar Research Station concept, to serve as a potential competing option for third parties such as Pakistan. Two researchers writing in Science magazine's Policy Forum have called on countries to speak up about their objections, and argued that the United States should go through the United Nations treaty process in order to negotiate on space mining. They were concerned NASA's Accords, if accepted by many nations, would enable the Accords' interpretation of the Outer Space Treaty to prevail. Acceptance of the Artemis Accords is a prerequisite for participation in NASA's Artemis lunar program. Critics also contend that since the Outer Space Treaty expressly forbids nations from staking claim to another planetary body, the Accords violate space law by allowing signatories to lay claim to any resources extracted from celestial objects. Frans von der Dunk of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln claims the Accords strengthen "the US interpretation of the Outer Space Treaty", namely "the basic right for individual States to allow the private sector to become engaged" in commercial activities. The weakened alternative interpretation is that "unilateral approval of commercial exploitation is not in compliance with the Outer Space Treaty, and that only an international regime, notably—presumably—including an international licensing system, could legitimise such commercial exploitation."
== See also == Artemis program – NASA-led lunar exploration program Chandrayaan Program – Indian Lunar exploration programmePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Chinese Lunar Exploration Program – Lunar research program (2004–present) Coordinated Lunar Time International Lunar Research Station – Planned international lunar base Luna-Glob – Moon exploration program by the Russian Federal Space Agency Moonbase – Long-term human settlement on the Moon Moon Treaty Politics of outer space Space law
== Notes ==
== References ==
== External links == The Artemis Accords at NASA