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Amphoterism 2/2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoterism reference science, encyclopedia 2026-05-05T10:51:47.144736+00:00 kb-cron
        SnO
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        
          
            4
            
            HCl
          
          acid
        
      
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  ↽
                
                
                
                
                  
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  
                
                
                
                
                  ⇀
                
              
            
          
        
      
      
        SnCl
        
          4
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      2
      
      
        H
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      O
    
  

{\displaystyle {\ce {SnO2 + {\overset {acid}{4 HCl}}<=> SnCl4 + 2H2O}}}




  
    
      
        SnO
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        
          
            4
            
            NaOH
          
          base
        
      
      +
      2
      
      
        H
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      O
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  ↽
                
                
                
                
                  
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  
                
                
                
                
                  ⇀
                
              
            
          
        
      
      
        Na
        
          4
        
        
          
        
      
      
        [
        Sn
        
          
            (
            OH
            )
          
          
            8
          
          
            
          
        
        ]
      
    
  

{\displaystyle {\ce {SnO2 + {\overset {base}{4 NaOH}}+ 2H2O <=> Na4[Sn(OH)8]}}}

Vanadium dioxide (VO2):

        VO
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        
          
            2
            
            HCl
          
          acid
        
      
      ⟶
      
        VOCl
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        H
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      O
    
  

{\displaystyle {\ce {VO2 + {\overset {acid}{2 HCl}}-> VOCl2 + H2O}}}




  
    
      4
      
      
        VO
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        
          
            2
            
            NaOH
          
          base
        
      
      ⟶
      
        Na
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      
        V
        
          4
        
        
          
        
      
      
        O
        
          9
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        H
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      O
    
  

{\displaystyle {\ce {4 VO2 + {\overset {base}{2 NaOH}}-> Na2V4O9 + H2O}}}

Some other elements which form amphoteric oxides are gallium, indium, scandium, titanium, zirconium, chromium, iron, cobalt, copper, silver, gold, germanium, antimony, bismuth, beryllium, and tellurium.

== Hydroxides == Aluminium hydroxide is also amphoteric:

      Al
      
        
          (
          OH
          )
        
        
          3
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        
          
            3
            
            HCl
          
          acid
        
      
      ⟶
      
        AlCl
        
          3
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      3
      
      
        H
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      O
    
  

{\displaystyle {\ce {Al(OH)3 + {\overset {acid}{3 HCl}}-> AlCl3 + 3 H2O}}}




  
    
      Al
      
        
          (
          OH
          )
        
        
          3
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        
          NaOH
          base
        
      
      ⟶
      Na
      
        [
        Al
        
          
            (
            OH
            )
          
          
            4
          
          
            
          
        
        ]
      
    
  

{\displaystyle {\ce {Al(OH)3 + {\overset {base}{NaOH}}-> Na[Al(OH)4]}}}

Beryllium hydroxide:

      Be
      
        
          (
          OH
          )
        
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        
          
            2
            
            HCl
          
          acid
        
      
      ⟶
      
        BeCl
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      2
      
      
        H
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      O
    
  

{\displaystyle {\ce {Be(OH)2 + {\overset {acid}{2 HCl}}-> BeCl2 + 2 H2O}}}




  
    
      Be
      
        
          (
          OH
          )
        
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        
          
            2
            
            NaOH
          
          base
        
      
      ⟶
      
        Na
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      
        [
        Be
        
          
            (
            OH
            )
          
          
            4
          
          
            
          
        
        ]
      
    
  

{\displaystyle {\ce {Be(OH)2 + {\overset {base}{2 NaOH}}-> Na2[Be(OH)4]}}}

Chromium hydroxide:

      Cr
      
        
          (
          OH
          )
        
        
          3
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        
          
            3
            
            HCl
          
          acid
        
      
      ⟶
      
        CrCl
        
          3
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      3
      
      
        H
        
          2
        
        
          
        
      
      O
    
  

{\displaystyle {\ce {Cr(OH)3 + {\overset {acid}{3 HCl}}-> CrCl3 + 3H2O}}}




  
    
      Cr
      
        
          (
          OH
          )
        
        
          3
        
        
          
        
      
      +
      
        
          NaOH
          base
        
      
      ⟶
      Na
      
        [
        Cr
        
          
            (
            OH
            )
          
          
            4
          
          
            
          
        
        ]
      
    
  

{\displaystyle {\ce {Cr(OH)3 + {\overset {base}{NaOH}}-> Na[Cr(OH)4]}}}

== See also ==

Ate complex Isoelectric point Zwitterion

== References ==