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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alessandro Volta | 2/2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T06:46:31.376172+00:00 | kb-cron |
In announcing his invention of the voltaic pile, Volta paid tribute to the influences of William Nicholson, Tiberius Cavallo, and Abraham Bennet. The battery made by Volta is credited as one of the first electrochemical cells. It consists of two electrodes: one made of zinc, the other of copper. The electrolyte is either sulphuric acid mixed with water or a form of saltwater brine. The electrolyte exists in the form 2 H+ and SO2−4. Zinc metal, which is higher in the electrochemical series than both copper and hydrogen, is oxidized to zinc cations (Zn2+) and creates electrons that move to the copper electrode. The positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) capture electrons from the copper electrode, forming bubbles of hydrogen gas, H2. This makes the zinc rod the negative electrode and the copper rod the positive electrode. Thus, there are two terminals, and an electric current will flow if they are connected. The chemical reactions in this voltaic cell are as follows:
Zinc: Zn → Zn2+ + 2e− Sulphuric acid: 2H+ + 2e− → H2 Copper metal does not react, but rather it functions as a catalyst for the hydrogen-gas formation and an electrode for the electric current. The sulphate anion (SO2−4) does not undergo any chemical reaction either, but migrates to the zinc anode to compensate for the charge of the zinc cations formed there. However, this cell also has some disadvantages. It is unsafe to handle, since sulphuric acid, even if diluted, can be hazardous. Also, the power of the cell diminishes over time because the hydrogen gas is not released. Instead, it accumulates on the surface of the copper electrode and forms a barrier between the metal and the electrolyte solution.
== Last years and retirement ==
In 1809, Volta became an associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. In honour of his work, Volta was made a count by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1810. Volta retired in 1819 to his estate in Camnago, a frazione of Como, Italy, now named "Camnago Volta" in his honour. He died there on 5 March 1827, just after his 82nd birthday. Volta's remains were buried in Camnago Volta.
=== Legacy === Volta's legacy is celebrated by the Tempio Voltiano memorial located in the public gardens by the lake. There is also a museum that was built in his honour, which exhibits some of the equipment that Volta used to conduct experiments. Nearby stands the Villa Olmo, which houses the Voltian Foundation, an organization promoting scientific activities. Volta carried out his experimental studies and produced his first inventions near Como. In the Old Campus of the University of Pavia, there is the classroom (Aula Volta) commissioned by Emperor Joseph II to Leopoldo Pollack in 1787 for the lectures of Alessandro Volta, while in the University History Museum there are many scientific instruments that belonged to Volta. In 1927, an international physics conference, the Como Conference was held at Lake Como for the 100th anniversary of his death. His image was depicted on the Italian Lire 10,000 note (1990–1997) along with a sketch of his voltaic pile. In late 2017, Nvidia announced a new workstation-focused GPU microarchitecture called Volta. The electric eel species Electrophorus voltai, described in 2019 as the strongest bioelectricity producer in nature, was named after Volta.
== Religious beliefs == Volta was raised as a Catholic and for all of his life continued to maintain his belief. Because he was not ordained a clergyman as his family expected, he was sometimes accused of being irreligious and some people have speculated about his possible unbelief, stressing that "he did not join the Church", or that he virtually "ignored the church's call". Nevertheless, he cast out doubts in a declaration of faith in which he said:
I do not understand how anyone can doubt the sincerity and constancy of my attachment to the religion which I profess, the Roman, Catholic and Apostolic religion in which I was born and brought up, and of which I have always made confession, externally and internally. I have, indeed, and only too often, failed in the performance of those good works which are the mark of a Catholic Christian, and I have been guilty of many sins: but through the special mercy of God I have never, as far as I know, wavered in my faith... In this faith I recognise a pure gift of God, a supernatural grace; but I have not neglected those human means which confirm belief, and overthrow the doubts which at times arise. I studied attentively the grounds and basis of religion, the works of apologists and assailants, the reasons for and against, and I can say that the result of such study is to clothe religion with such a degree of probability, even for the merely natural reason, that every spirit unperverted by sin and passion, every naturally noble spirit must love and accept it. May this confession which has been asked from me and which I willingly give, written and subscribed by my own hand, with authority to show it to whomsoever you will, for I am not ashamed of the Gospel, may it produce some good fruit!
== Publications ==
De vi attractiva ignis electrici, ac phaenomenis inde pendentibus [The attractive force of an electric fire and the resulting phenomena] (in Latin). Novo Comi: Typis Octavii Staurenghi. 1769. OCLC 1419897.
=== Lesser known collections === Briefe über thierische elektricität (1900) (Letters about animal electricity, Available through Worldcat.org libraries, Leipzig, W. Engelmann, publisher) Untersuchungen über den Galvanismus, 1796 bis 1800 (Studies on Galvanism, Available through Worldcat.org libraries) Del modo di render sensibilissima la più debole elettricità sia naturale, sia artificiale (Of the method of rendering very sensible the weakest natural or artificial electricity By Alexander Volta, Professor Of Experimental Philosophy In Como, &c. Read at the Royal Society, 14 March 1782, Held in WorldCat libraries)
== See also == Armstrong effect Electrophorus History of the battery History of the internal combustion engine Lemon battery Mercury beating heart Thermoelectric effect Volta (lunar crater) Volta Prize
== References ==
=== Notes ===
=== Citations ===
== External links ==
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Alessandro Volta" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Volta and the "Pile" Alessandro Volta Archived 2 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Count Alessandro Volta Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Volta, Alessandro" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 198. Electrical units history. Life of Alessandro Volta: Biography; Inventions; Facts Alessandro Volta | Biography, Facts, Battery, & Invention | Britannica