6.9 KiB
| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abnormal psychology | 5/6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_psychology | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T15:09:52.382394+00:00 | kb-cron |
6A00–6A0Z Neurodevelopmental disorders 6A20–6A2Z Schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorders 6A40–6A4Z Catatonia 6A60–6A8Z Mood Disorders 6B00–6B0Z Anxiety or fear related disorders 6B20–6B2Z Obsessive-compulsive or related disorders 6B40–6B4Z Disorders specifically associated with stress 6B60–6B6Z Dissociative disorders 6B80–6B8Z Feeding or eating disorders 6C00–6C0Z Elimination Disorders 6C20–6C2Z Disorders of bodily distress or bodily experience Disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviors 6C70–6C7Z Impulse control disorders 6C90–6C9Z Disruptive behavior or dissocial disorders 6D10–6E68 personality disorders and related traits 6D30–6D3Z Paraphilic disorders 6D50–6D5Z Factitious disorders 6D70–6E0Z Neurocognitive disorders 6E20–6E2Z Mental or behavioral disorders associated with pregnancy, childbirth, or the puerperium 6E40.0–6E40.Z (6E40) Psychological or behavioral factors affecting disorders or diseases classified elsewhere 6E60–6E6Z secondary mental or behavioral syndromes associated with disorders or diseases classified elsewhere
== Perspectives of abnormal psychology == Psychologists may use different perspectives to gain a better understanding of abnormal psychology. Some of them may concentrate on a single perspective. But professionals prefer to combine two or three perspectives to obtain meaningful information for better treatments.
Behavioral – the perspective focuses on observable behaviors Medical – the perspective focuses on biological causes of mental illness Cognitive – the perspective focuses on how internal thoughts, perceptions, and reasoning contribute to psychological disorders
== Cause ==
=== Genetics === Investigated through family studies, mainly of monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins, often in the context of adoption. Monozygotic twins should be more likely than dizygotic twins to have the same disorder because they share 100% of their genetic material, whereas dizygotic twins share only 50%. For many disorders, this is exactly what research shows. But given that monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material, it may be expected of them to have the same disorders 100% of the time, but in fact they have the same disorders only about 50% of the time These studies allow calculation of a heritability coefficient. Genetic vulnerabilities (Diathesis stress Model)
=== Biological causal factors === Neurotransmitter [imbalances of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and GABA (Gamma aminobutyric acid)] and hormonal imbalances in the brain Constitutional liabilities [physical handicaps and temperament] Brain dysfunction and neural plasticity Physical deprivation or disruption [deprivation of basic physiological needs]
=== Socio-cultural factors === Effects of urban/rural dwelling, gender, and minority status on state of mind Generalizations about cultural practices and beliefs may fail to capture the diversity that exists within and across cultural groups, so we must be extremely careful not to stereotype individuals of any cultural group Experiences with child physical and or sexual abuse. Encounters with environments that involve actual or threatened death
=== Systemic factors === Family systems Negatively expressed emotion plays a part in schizophrenic relapse and anorexia nervosa.
=== Biopsychosocial factors === Illness dependent on stress "triggers".
== Therapies ==
=== Psychoanalysis (Freud) === Psychoanalytic theory is heavily based on the theory of the neurologist Sigmund Freud. These ideas often represented repressed emotions and memories from a patient's childhood in the patient's unconscious. According to psychoanalytic theory, these repressions cause the disturbances people experience in their daily lives, and by finding their source, one should be able to eliminate them. This is accomplished through a variety of methods, including free association, hypnosis, and insight. The goal of these methods is to induce a catharsis, or emotional release, in the patient, which should indicate that the source of the problem has been tapped and can then be treated. Freud's psychosexual stages also played a key role in this form of therapy, as he would often believe that the problems the patient was experiencing were due to them becoming stuck, or "fixated", in a particular stage. Dreams also played a major role in this form of therapy, as Freud viewed dreams as a way to gain insight into the unconscious mind. Patients were often asked to keep dream journals to bring in for discussion during the next therapy session. There are many potential problems associated with this style of therapy, including resistance to the repressed memory or feeling, and negative transference onto the therapist. Psychoanalysis was carried on by many after Freud, including his daughter Anna Freud, and Jacques Lacan. Many others have also elaborated on Freud's original theory and added their own take on defense mechanisms or dream analysis. While psychoanalysis has fallen out of favor to more modern forms of therapy, it is still used by some clinical psychologists to varying degrees.
=== Behavioral therapy (Wolpe) === Behavior therapy relies on the principles of behaviorism, such as involving classical and operant conditioning. Behaviorism arose in the early 20th century, from the work of psychologists such as James Watson and B. F. Skinner. Behaviorism states that all behaviors humans do are because of a stimulus and reinforcement. While this reinforcement is normally for good behavior, it can also occur for maladaptive behavior. In this therapeutic view, the patient's maladaptive behavior has been reinforced, which will lead to its repetition. The goal of the therapy is to reinforce less maladaptive behaviors so that, over time, these adaptive behaviors become the patient's primary ones.
=== Humanistic therapy (Rogers) === Humanistic therapy aims to achieve self-actualization (Carl Rogers, 1961). In this style of therapy, the therapist will focus on the patient themselves rather than on the patient's problem. The goal of this therapy is, by treating the patient as "human", rather than "client", to get to the source of the problem and to resolve the problem effectively. Humanistic therapy has been on the rise in recent years and is associated with numerous benefits. It is considered one of the core elements needed for therapeutic effectiveness and a significant contributor to the well-being of not only the patient but society as a whole. Some say that all therapeutic approaches today draw on the humanistic approach in some way, and that humanistic therapy is the best way to treat a patient. Humanistic therapy can be used on people of all ages; it is very popular among children in its variant known as "play therapy".