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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abnormal psychology | 4/6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_psychology | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T15:09:52.382394+00:00 | kb-cron |
===== Generalized anxiety disorder ===== Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by a constant, chronic state of worry and anxiety that is related to a large variety of situations and is difficult to control. Additional symptoms may include irritability, fatigue, concentration difficulties, and restlessness.
===== Specific phobia ===== Individuals with specific phobias have an extreme fear and avoidance of various objects or situations. Specifically, fears become phobias when there is excessive and unreasonable fear that is disproportionate to the culture that the individual is in. Examples of specific phobias include, but are not limited to, phobias of school, blood, injury, needles, small animals, and heights.
===== Post-traumatic stress disorder ===== Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is described as physical and mental distress related to past traumatic experiences. PTSD can manifest a large variety of symptoms, including, but not limited to, nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance, and/or physiological reactions related to stimuli regarding the trauma, shame, guilt, anger, hypervigilance, and social withdrawal. PTSD symptoms can arise due to various experiences that involve actual or threatened violence, injury, or death. Firsthand experience, witnessing, or learning about traumatic experiences can lead to the development of PTSD.
== Approaches == Somatogenic – abnormality is seen as a result of biological disorders in the brain. This approach has led to the development of radical biological treatments, e.g., lobotomy. Psychogenic – psychological problems cause abnormality. Psychoanalytic (Freud), Cathartic, Hypnotic and Humanistic Psychology (Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow) treatments were all derived from this paradigm. This approach has, as well, led to some esoteric treatments: Franz Mesmer used to place his patients in a darkened room with music playing, then enter it wearing a flamboyant outfit and poke the "infected" body areas with a stick.
== Classification ==
=== DSM-5 === The DSM-5 is the manual that contains the most widely discussed and researched information on this topic. Various conditions have been included in this manual and continue to be added to the DSM-5. The causes of many of these diseases stem from genetic, biological, sociocultural, systemic, and biopsychosocial factors. Various counseling theories support and help explain the findings related to each illness. In North America, this is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association. The current version of the book is known as the DSM-5. It lists a set of disorders and provides detailed descriptions of what constitutes a mental disorder. The DSM-5 identifies three key elements that must be present to constitute a mental disorder. These elements include:
Symptoms that involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions. Symptoms associated with personal distress or impairment. Symptoms that stem from internal dysfunctions (i.e., specifically having biological and/or psychological roots). The DSM-5 uses three main sections to organize its contents. These sections include I, II, and III. Section I includes the introduction, use, and basics of the DSM-5. Section II includes diagnostic criteria and codes. Section III includes emerging measures and models.
=== Section I (DSM-5 basics) === Section I of the DSM-5 briefly prefaces purpose, content, structure, and use. This includes basics, introductions, and cautionary statements for forensic use. Information is also given about the revision and review processes as well as the DSM-5's goals to harmonize with the ICD-11. An explanation regarding the change from the previous multi-axial classification system to the current three-section system is also included here.
=== Section II (Diagnostic criteria and codes) === Section II of the DSM-5 contains a wide range of diagnostic criteria and codes used to establish and diagnose a vast array of abnormal psychological constructs. This section replaced the bulk of the axis system in the previous DSM versions and includes the following categories:
Diagnostic Criteria and codes Neurodevelopmental Disorders Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Bipolar and related Disorders Depressive Disorders Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive and related Disorders Trauma and Stressor related disorders Dissociative Disorders Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Feeding and Eating Disorders Elimination Disorders Sleep Wake Disorders Sexual Dysfunctions Gender Dysphoria Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Substance Related and Addictive Disorders Neurocognitive Disorders Personality Disorders Paraphilic Disorders Medication-induced movement disorders and effects of medication. Other Mental disorders and additional Codes These categories are used to organize abnormal psychological concepts based on their similarities.
=== Section III (Emerging measures and models) === Section III of the DSM-5 contains the various methods and strategies that are used to make clinical decisions, understand culture, and explore emerging diagnoses.
=== ICD-10 === The major international nosologic system for the classification of mental disorders is the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). The ICD-10 has been used by World Health Organization (WHO) Member States since 1994. Chapter five covers some 300 mental and behavioral disorders. The APA's DSM-IV has influenced Chapter 5 of ICD-10, and there is a great deal of concordance between the two. Beginning in January 2022, the ICD-11 will replace the ICD-10 in WHO member states. WHO maintains free access to the ICD-10 Online. Below are the main categories of disorders:
F00–F09 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders F10–F19 Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use F20–F29 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders F30–F39 Mood [affective] disorders F40–F48 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders F50–F59 Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors F60–F69 Disorders of adult personality and behavior F70–F79 Intellectual Disability F80–F89 Disorders of psychological development F90–F98 Behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence F99 Unspecified mental disorder
=== ICD-11 === The ICD-11 is the most recent version of the International Classification of Diseases. The Mental, behavioral, or Neurodevelopmental disorders section highlights forms of abnormal psychology. Mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders