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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Expectancy violations theory | 13/17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy_violations_theory | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T10:06:53.972000+00:00 | kb-cron |
==== Business/Workplace Behaviors ==== In another study conducted in 2025, researchers examined the aftermath of an ethical violation and how family firms suffer more than non-family firms, as well as the reasons behind this. The presence of family firm information leads individuals to perceive the firm as more trustworthy. Although family firms may be seen as more trustworthy, the opposite effect can also be greater. effects as well. An identity threat could lead to a loss of benevolence beliefs and an avoidant reaction. Similarly, a decrease in perceived integrity and benevolence was significantly greater for family firms than for non-family firms. A 2024 study investigated the effects of greenwashing effects on corporate reputation and brand hate through environmental performance and green perceived risk. The findings show that consumer perceptions of greenwashing can damage a brand's image. Additionally, the study found that greenwashing negatively affects on corporate reputation through perceived environmental performance and green perceived risk. Reducing greenwashing practices can improve consumers' perceptions of corporate environmental performance. In 2024, another study explored whether religion mattered to angel investors specifically, the influence of religion on entrepreneurial investor decision-making. The results showed that religion contributes to social trust across multiple levels of analysis. Among faith-driven investors, religious claims result in positive perceptions of the entrepreneur's authenticity. The researchers also suggested that religion has a persistent but nuanced influence on angel investment decision-making. Danyang Zhu and Xu-Hong Li conducted research in 2024 on female leadership and corporate acquisitions in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises. What they found was that female chairs are more likely than their male peers to engage in acquisition activities in Chinese state-owned enterprises. Particularly in firms with lower female representation in executive positions. Additionally, companies with female chairs conducted 22% more acquisitions than those with male chairs. However, when female-led strategies begin to fail, these firms tend to become more conservative. As female leaders may face greater gender-based bias and criticism if risky strategies are unsuccessful. There is a lot of work done surrounding the executive positions in the workplace. One study that was done in 2024 looks at leader exemplification and ethical conduct. It reflects a leaders authenticity, skills, and the extent that their employees feel that they can trust them. These attributes are all perceptual which means it is unique to everyone, and therefore is room for expectancy violation. Another study from 2025, connects EVT to supervisors (particularly in the health science world) and the importance of fulfilling promises. Park, Wolfart, King, Sicam, and Viswesvaran describe that when "perceived organizational support" is greater, a "psychological contract breach" is more impactful to the group.
There is a lot of work done surrounding the executive positions in the workplace. One study that was done in 2024 looks at leader exemplification and ethical conduct. It reflects a leader's authenticity, skills, and the extent that their employees feel that they can trust them. These attributes are all perceptual which means it is unique to everyone, and therefore is room for expectancy violation. Another study from 2025, connects EVT to supervisors (particularly in the health science world) and the importance of fulfilling promises. Park, Wolfart, King, Sicam, and Viswesvaran describe that when "perceived organizational support" is greater, a "psychological contract breach" is more impactful to the group. In one more important study, Perry, Hunter, Corrington, and Hebl explore gender role violations from hiring managers in 2024. Hiring managers that have more extreme characteristics have a possibility of having more "violations" of their stereotypical gender role.
=== Profanity use === Swearing is one example of observable instance of verbal expectancy violations. Examples of swearing expectancy violations include U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney telling Patrick Leahy, Senator of Vermont, to "go fuck yourself", actor Christian Bale lashing out toward a crew member who walked in front of the camera while he was filming, and U.S. Vice President Joe Biden's remarks during a live broadcast of his speech congratulating U.S. President Barack Obama on passage of the health care reform bill, commenting that it was a "big fucking deal". Expletives also vary among different cultures, so valence of expectancy violations involving swearing may differ when used in different contexts.
==== In workplaces ==== Swearing is common among many workplaces. Swearing has been identified functionally as one of several ways to express emotion in response to workplace stress, to convey verbal aggression, or to engage in deviant workplace behavior (Johnson, 2012). In formal work settings, people have much stronger feelings that their expectations are violated by swearing than in casual occasions. Expletives are more prevalent in unstructured conversations than in more structured, task-oriented ones (Johnson, 2012). The use of profanity has been shown to influence the perceptions of speakers. It may also have emotional impact on the user and the audience. Research has shown that profanity users appear less trustworthy, less sociable, and less educated. The more swearing messages one expresses that violate respondent's expectations in workplaces, the more negative evaluations the respondent will generate about the speaker's incompetency. These traits are likely to appear as fixed among profanity users. Moreover, the content of the swearing messages also poses great impact on the extent of expectancy violations in formal work settings. The verbal messages include words related to sex, excretion and profaneness. Research found that respondents experience highest level of surprise about the swearing with sexual expressions. Thus their expectations are more likely to be violated by sexual swearing than excretory and profane words. A more productive approach than focusing on whether a specific word is offensive may be to make sure that those engaging in workplace swearing are aware of how they and their messages might be perceived in multiple ways (Johnson, 2012).