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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANUGA Hydro | 1/3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANUGA_Hydro | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T10:10:23.608024+00:00 | kb-cron |
ANUGA Hydro is a free and open source software tool for hydrodynamic modelling, suitable for predicting the consequences of hydrological disasters such as riverine flooding, storm surges and tsunamis. For example, ANUGA can be used to create predicted inundation maps based on hypothetical tsunami or flood scenarios. The ANUGA name without qualification is used informally to mean the ANUGA Hydro tool.
== ANUGA ==
=== Background === Modelling the effects on the built environment of natural hazards such as riverine flooding, storm surges and tsunami is critical for understanding their economic and social impact on our urban communities. ANUGA has its genesis as a MatLab program developed for ACTEW (an Australian Capital Territory owned utility providing electricity, water and wastewater treatment to the residents of the Australian Capital Territory). Its development was instigated by Dr Christopher Zoppou, a senior engineer in the Hydrographics Section of ACTEW in 1998 and a former student of Professor Stephen Roberts from the Australian National University (ANU). Stephen Roberts and Christopher Zoppou embarked on the development of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic shallow water wave equation solver. Written by Stephen Roberts, the MatLab code was used by Christopher Zoppou to simulate the impact of the catastrophic collapse of water supply reservoirs maintained by ACTEW. The code's ownership is shared between ANU and ACTEW. In 2002 Christopher Zoppou left ACTEW to lead the Risk Modelling Section at Geoscience Australia (an Australian Government agency responsible for providing geo-scientific advice and information). The Risk Modelling Section was formed because Geoscience Australia was diversifying its interest from the impact of earthquakes on the built environment to the impact of other natural hazards. These included cyclones, storm surges and landslides. Christopher Zoppou initiated the development of a generic open source storm surge model within the Risk Modelling Section, that was based on the MatLab model developed for ACTEW. A small group was formed in 2002, consisting of Dr Ole Nielsen, who joined Geoscience Australia from the ANU and Mr Duncan Gray, a software developer to produce a comprehensive storm surge model in the Risk Modelling Section. Stephen Roberts was involved in the development of the hydrodynamic solver, Ole Nielsen led the modelling framework using Python, Duncan Gray participated in the coding and Christopher Zoppou provided hydraulic engineering advice on the model development. The open source model is jointly owned by ANU and Geoscience Australia and is called ANUGA. In the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. the emphasis of ANUGA shifted from a storm surge model due to cyclones to inundation modelling caused by tsunamis resulting from earthquakes. This was not a quantum leap as the shallow water wave equations are applicable to tsunami, storm surge, flash and riverine flooding. The first public open source release of ANUGA took place in December 2006. In 2007 after approaches from Local Government Engineers, a rainfall routine was added. This allows rainfall to be placed directly over the topography described in the computational domain. A time series can be applied to a polygon, or a series of polygons. Alternatively a rainfall grid can be applied. This is particularly useful for applying RADAR rainfall. ANUGA can model culverts and bridges with code from the open source Watershed Bounded Network Model (WBNM){Boyd, Rigby, VanDrie}, having a pipe, box and trapezoid routine. Development continues to create an arbitrary shape culvert solver that links to a 1D piped network model such as SWMM. ANUGA is stable even in extreme flow with high Froude numbers. An example of this is the 1928 St Francis Dam Break in California that resulted in extreme flow velocities and complex waves in a tortuous valley. ANUGA ran this model with full volumetric mass balance preserved at all times and no instabilities anywhere in the model. In the ensuing years ANUGA has involved contributions form a number of individuals and organisations. These include: a sediment transport module etc.
=== Simulation engine === The fluid dynamics in ANUGA are based on a Finite volume method for solving the Shallow Water Wave Equation. The study area is represented by a mesh of triangular cells that can vary in size in order to capture detail where it is required. By solving the governing equation within each cell, water surface, bed elevation (hence depth) and horizontal (X-y) momentum are tracked over time. A major capability of ANUGA is that it can model the process of wetting and drying as water enters and leaves an area. This means that it is suitable for simulating water flow onto a beach or dry land and around structures such as buildings. ANUGA is also capable of modelling hydraulic jumps due to the ability of the finite-volume method to accommodate discontinuities in the solution. While ANUGA works with discontinuities in the conserved momentum quantities, only the discontinuous elevation solvers allow discontinuities in the bed elevation. The latter were added to the code in 2013 and include the default algorithm as of ANUGA 2.0.
=== User Interface === Most ANUGA components are written in the object-oriented programming language Python. Software written in Python can be produced quickly and can be readily adapted to changing requirements throughout its lifetime. Computationally intensive components are written for efficiency in C routines working directly with Python numpy structures. To set up a model of a scenario the user specifies the geometry (bathymetry and topography), the initial water level, boundary conditions such as tide, and any forcing terms that may drive the system such as rainfall, water abstraction, wind stress or atmospheric pressure gradients. Gravity and Frictional resistance from the different terrains in the model are represented by predefined forcing terms.
=== ANUGA viewer === The ANUGA Viewer is a graphical 3D rendering program suitable for animating the output files from ANUGA.