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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enneagram of Personality | 3/3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T09:19:29.956388+00:00 | kb-cron |
== Research and criticism == While Enneagram teachings have attained a degree of popularity, they have been categorized by many professionals as a pseudoscience due to their subjectivity and inability to be tested scientifically, and described as "an assessment method of no demonstrated reliability or validity". In 2011, the scientific skeptic Robert Todd Carroll included the Enneagram in a list of pseudoscientific theories that "can't be tested because they are so vague and malleable that anything relevant can be shoehorned to fit the theory". A 2020 review of Enneagram empirical work found mixed results for the model's reliability and validity. The study noted that the ipsative version of the Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (scores on one dimension decrease scores on another dimension) had troubles with validity, whereas the non-ipsative version of the test has been found to have better internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It was found that 87% of individuals were able to accurately predict their Enneagram type (before taking the test) by being read descriptions of each type. In a Delphi poll of 101 doctoral-level members of psychological organizations such as the American Psychological Association, the Enneagram was among five psychological treatments and tests which were rated by at least 25% of them as being discredited for personality assessment. Experts familiar with the Enneagram rated it with a mean score of 4.14 (3.37 in the first round of the study) which is approximately an equivalent to the option "probably discredited" (3 = possibly discredited, 4 = probably discredited, 5 = certainly discredited). The Enneagram has also received criticism from religious perspectives. In 2000, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Committee on Doctrine produced a draft report on the origins of the Enneagram to aid bishops in their evaluation of its use in their dioceses. The report identified aspects of the intersection between the Enneagram and Roman Catholicism which, in their opinion, warranted scrutiny with potential areas of concern, stating, "While the enneagram system shares little with traditional Christian doctrine or spirituality, it also shares little with the methods and criteria of modern science ... The burden of proof is on proponents of the enneagram to furnish scientific evidence for their claims." Partly in response to Jesuits and members of other religious orders teaching a Christian understanding of the Enneagram of Personality, a 2003 Vatican document called Jesus Christ, the Bearer of the Water of Life. A Christian Reflection on the 'New Age' said that the Enneagram "when used as a means of spiritual growth introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith".
== See also == 16PF Questionnaire – Self-report personality test A. H. Almaas – American writer and spiritual teacher (born 1944) Big Five personality traits – Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions Myers–Briggs Type Indicator – Pseudoscientific personality questionnaire Personality psychology – Branch of psychology focused on personality Revised NEO Personality Inventory – Big Five personality trait inventory
== References ==
== Further reading == Daniels, David (2000). The Essential Enneagram. HarperOne. ISBN 0-06-251676-0. Gilbert, Eleonora (2015). Conversations on the Enneagram. Cherry Red Books. ISBN 978-1-909454-34-7. Goldberg, Michael J. (1999). 9 Ways of Working. Marlowe & Company. ISBN 1-56924-688-2. Maitri, Sandra (2005). The Enneagram of Passions and Virtues: Finding the Way Home. Tarcher. ISBN 1-58542-406-4. Naranjo, Claudio (1994). Character and Neurosis: An Integrative View. Gateways/IDHHB, Inc. ISBN 0-89556-066-6. Naranjo, Claudio (1997). Transformation Through Insight: Enneatypes in Life. Hohm Press. ISBN 0-934252-73-4. Palmer, Helen (1991). The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and Others in Your Life. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-250683-8. Riso, Don Richard; Hudson, Russ (1999). Wisdom of the Enneagram. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-37820-1. Riso, Don Richard; Hudson, Russ (2000). Understanding the Enneagram; the practical guide to personality types. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-00415-7. Ichazo, Oscar (2024). The Enneagrams of the Fixations, The Original Teachings. The Oscar Ichazo Foundation. ISBN 978-1966138068 Ichazo, Oscar (June 24, 2025). “Oscar Ichazo’s Fixations: Insights into the Central Teachings.” Enneagram Monthly. June 2025. Ichazo, Oscar (2025). Insights into the Enneagrams of the Fixations. The Oscar Ichazo Foundation. ISBN 9781966138198 Ichazo, Oscar (2025). “Protoanalysis,” The History of the Integral Teachings, Vol I 1983–1993, pages 27 to 35. The Oscar Ichazo Foundation. 9781966134729 Ichazo, Oscar (2025). “Fixations and Autodiagnosis,” The History of the Integral Teachings, Vol II 1993–1998, pages 280 to 291. The Oscar Ichazo Foundation. 9781966138242 Ichazo, Oscar (July 24, 2025). “Discover Ichazo’s Body of Knowledge.” Enneagram Monthly. July 2025. Ichazo, Oscar (August 19, 2025). “Awake or Asleep, The Nine Fixations.” Enneagram Monthly. August 2025. Ichazo, Oscar (September 17, 2025). “Discovering Unity.” Enneagram Monthly. September 2025. Bellafiore, Joe (October 15, 2025). “Experiencing the Fixations.” Enneagram Monthly. October 2025. Ichazo, Oscar (November 19, 2025). “The Four Killers of Humanity.” Enneagram Monthly. November 2025. Ichazo, Oscar (December 19, 2025). “The Transcendental Experience.” Enneagram Monthly. December 2025. Don Richard Riso: Understanding the Enneagram, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1990 with Russ Hudson: Understanding the Enneagram. The Practical Guide to Personality Types. revised ed., Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 2000. ISBN 0-618-00415-7. ISBN 978-0-618-00415-7. books.google.com (preview)
== External links ==
International Enneagram Association website "enneagram". The Skeptic's Dictionary.