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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
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| Cybernetics | 3/3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T07:11:12.709808+00:00 | kb-cron |
== Related fields and applications == Cybernetics' central concept of circular causality is of wide applicability, leading to diverse applications and relations with other fields. Many of the initial applications of cybernetics focused on engineering, biology, and exchanges between the two, such as medical cybernetics and robotics and topics such as neural networks, heterarchy. In the social and behavioral sciences, cybernetics has included and influenced work in anthropology, sociology, economics, family therapy, cognitive science, and psychology. As cybernetics has developed, it broadened in scope to include work in management, design, pedagogy, and the creative arts, while also developing exchanges with constructivist philosophies, counter-cultural movements, and media studies. The development of management cybernetics has led to a variety of applications, notably to the national economy of Chile under the Allende government in Project Cybersyn, as well as other lesser known projects by Stafford Beer in Latin America. In design, cybernetics has been influential on interactive architecture, human-computer interaction, design research, and the development of systemic design and metadesign practices.
Cybernetics is often understood within the context of systems science, systems theory, and systems thinking. Systems approaches influenced by cybernetics include critical systems thinking, which incorporates the viable system model; systemic design; and system dynamics, which is based on the concept of causal feedback loops. Many fields trace their origins in whole or part to work carried out in cybernetics, or were partially absorbed into cybernetics when it was developed. These include artificial intelligence, bionics, cognitive science, control theory, complexity science, computer science, information theory and robotics. Some aspects of modern artificial intelligence, particularly the social machine, are often described in cybernetic terms.
== Journals and societies ==
Academic journals with focuses in cybernetics include:
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems Biological Cybernetics Constructivist Foundations Cybernetics and Human Knowing Cybernetics and Systems Enacting Cybernetics. An open access journal published by the Cybernetics Society and hosted by Ubiquity Press. Kybernetes Academic societies primarily concerned with cybernetics or aspects of it include:
American Society for Cybernetics (ASC), founded in 1964 British Cybernetics Society (CybSoc) Metaphorum: The Metaphorum group was set up in 2003 to develop Stafford Beer's legacy in Organizational Cybernetics. The Metaphorum Group was born in a Syntegration in 2003 and have every year after developed a Conference on issues related to Organizational Cybernetics' theory and practice. IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society RC51 Sociocybernetics: RC51 is a research committee of the International Sociological Association promoting the development of (socio)cybernetic theory and research within the social sciences. SCiO (Systems and Complexity in Organisation) is a community of systems practitioners who believe that traditional approaches to running organisations are no longer capable of dealing with the complexity and turbulence faced by organisations today and are responsible for many of the problems we see today. SCiO delivers an apprenticeship on masters level and a certification in systems practice.
== See also ==
== Notes ==
== References ==
== Further reading == Ascott, Roy (1967). Behaviourist Art and the Cybernetic Vision. Cybernetica, Journal of the International Association for Cybernetics (Namur), 10, pp. 25–56 Ashby, William Ross (1956). An introduction to cybernetics (PDF). Chapman & Hall. Retrieved 3 June 2012. Beer, Stafford (1974). Designing freedom. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471951650. François, Charles (1999). "Systemics and cybernetics in a historical perspective". In: Systems Research and Behavioral Science. Vol 16, pp. 203–219 (1999) George, F. H. (1971). Cybernetics. Teach Yourself Books. ISBN 978-0-340-05941-8. Gerovitch, Slava (2002). From newspeak to cyberspeak : a history of Soviet cybernetics. Cambridge, Massachusetts [u.a.]: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262-07232-8. Hayles, N. Katherine (1999). How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226321462 Heims, Steve Joshua (1993). Constructing a social science for postwar America : the cybernetics group, 1946–1953 (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts u.a.: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262581233. Heylighen, Francis, and Cliff Joslyn (2002). "Cybernetics and Second Order Cybernetics", in: R.A. Meyers (ed.), Encyclopedia of Physical Science & Technology (3rd ed.), Vol. 4, (Academic Press, San Diego), p. 155–169. Ilgauds, Hans Joachim (1980), Norbert Wiener, Leipzig. Mariátegui, José-Carlos / Maulen, D. (eds.) Special issue on “Cybernetics in Latin America: Contexts Developments, Perceptions and Impacts", AI & Society, 37, 2022. Medina, Eden (2011). Cybernetic revolutionaries : technology and politics in Allende's Chile. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01649-0. Pangaro, Paul. "Cybernetics — A Definition". Pask, Gordon (1972). "Cybernetics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2007. Pickering, Andrew (2010). The cybernetic brain : sketches of another future ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226667898. von Foerster, Heinz, (1995), Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics Archived 28 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Wiener, Norbert (1948). Hermann & Cie (ed.). Cybernetics; or, Control and communication in the animal and the machine. Paris: Technology Press. Retrieved 3 June 2012. Wiener, Norbert (1950). Cybernetics and Society: The Human Use of Human Beings. Houghton Mifflin.
== External links ==
General
Norbert Wiener and Stefan Odobleja – A Comparative Analysis Reading List for Cybernetics Principia Cybernetica Web Web Dictionary of Cybernetics and Systems Glossary Slideshow (136 slides) Archived 5 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine "Basics of Cybernetics". Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2016. What is Cybernetics? Livas short introductory videos on YouTube Societies and journals
American Society for Cybernetics IEEE Systems, Man, & Cybernetics Society International Society for Cybernetics and Systems Research The Cybernetics Society