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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cupping therapy | 2/2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupping_therapy | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T09:18:29.899253+00:00 | kb-cron |
== Claimed mechanism of action == Proponents claim cupping has a therapeutic effect and removes unspecified "toxins", stagnant blood, or "vital energy" when used over acupuncture points with the goal of improving blood circulation.
== Methods == Modern suction devices are sometimes used instead of the traditional cups. A cup massage is performed with medical cups, which have vacuum-sucking, thermochemical, and reflectory impact on the skin, hypoderm, muscles and nerves. A cup massage lasts 10 to 20 minutes and is accompanied with the feeling of warmth. It can be slightly uncomfortable to the patient. A cup massage can be performed on almost all areas of human body. Most often cup massage is used to massage back, chest, limbs, and even face. While details vary between practitioners, societies, and cultures, the practice consists of drawing tissue into a cup placed on the targeted area by creating a partial vacuum – either by the heating and subsequent cooling of the air in the cup or via a mechanical pump. The cup is usually left in place for somewhere between five and fifteen minutes. Cupping therapy types can be classified using four distinct methods of categorization. The first categorization system relates to "technical types" including dry, wet, massage, and flash cupping therapy. The second categorization relates to "the power of suction-related types" including light, medium, and strong cupping therapy. The third categorization relates to "the method of suction-related types" including fire, manual suction, and electrical suction cupping therapy. The fourth categorization relates to "materials inside cups" including herbal products, water, ozone, moxa, needle, and magnetic cupping therapy. Further categories of cupping were developed later. The fifth relates to areas treated including facial, abdominal, female, male, and orthopedic cupping therapy. The sixth relates to "other cupping types" that include sports and aquatic cupping.
=== Dry cupping === Dry cupping involves the application of a heated cup on the skin of the back, chest, abdomen, or buttocks. The cooling of the air is then thought to create a suction effect. Bamboo and other materials are sometimes used as alternatives to glass cups.
=== Fire cupping ===
Fire cupping involves soaking a cotton ball in almost pure alcohol. The cotton is clamped by a pair of forceps and lit via match or lighter, and, in one motion, placed into the cup and quickly removed, while the cup is placed on the skin. The fire heats the air in the cup which, after cooling reduces in volume creating a negative pressure inside the cup. The cup is then quickly placed onto the body and the negative pressure "sucks" the skin up. Massage oil may be applied to create a better seal as well as allow the cups to glide over muscle groups (e.g. trapezius, erectors, latissimus dorsi, etc.) in an act called "gliding cupping" or "sliding cupping". Dark circles may appear where the cups were placed because of capillary rupture under the skin. There are documented cases of burns caused by fire cupping.
=== Wet cupping === Wet cupping, also known as hijama (Arabic: حجامة, lit. 'sucking') or medicinal bleeding, is where blood is drawn by local suction from a small skin incision. The first reported usages are found in the Islamic hadith, sayings attributed to or describing the actions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Hadith from Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri and Ahmad ibn Hanbal support its recommendation and use by Muhammad. As a result, wet cupping has remained a popular remedy practiced in many parts of the Muslim world. In Finland, wet cupping has been done since the 15th century, and it is done traditionally in saunas. The cups were made of cattle horns with a valve mechanism inside to create a partial vacuum by sucking the air out. Cupping is still practiced in Finland as part of relaxing and/or health regimens. The points used in wet and dry cupping are varied and intended to correspond to areas of pain and blockage. Over the years treatment plans have been created but, due to their holistic nature, the points used may vary depending on the individual.
=== Traditional Chinese medicine ===
In Chinese, cupping is known as "pulling-up jars" (Chinese: 拔罐; pinyin: báguàn). According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), cupping is done to dispel stagnation (stagnant blood and lymph), thereby improving qi flow, to treat respiratory diseases such as the common cold, pneumonia and bronchitis. Cupping is used on the back, neck, shoulder, and other musculoskeletal conditions. Its advocates claim it has other applications as well. Cupping is not advised, in TCM, over skin ulcers or to the abdominal or sacral regions of pregnant women.
== Society and culture == Cupping has gained publicity in modern times due to its use by American sport celebrities including National Football League player DeMarcus Ware, National Basketball Association star Shaquille O'Neal, Olympians Alex Naddour, Natalie Coughlin, and Michael Phelps and tennis player Ben Shelton. Medical doctor Brad McKay wrote that Team USA was doing a great disservice to their fans who might "follow their lead", calling cupping an "ancient (but useless) traditional therapy." Steven Novella noted "It is unfortunate that elite athletics, including the Olympics, is such a hotbed for pseudoscience." There is a description of cupping in George Orwell's essay "How the Poor Die", where he was surprised to find the antiquated practice applied to another patient in a Paris hospital. In the 1964 Hollywood film Zorba the Greek, cupping is depicted with the character Zorba, played by Anthony Quinn, performing it on the character played by Lila Kedrova. The perceived benefits of cupping have often been perpetuated by celebrities and athletes who use these therapeutic interventions in their daily lives. Professional swimmer Michael Phelps received publicity during the 2016 Olympics for the purple bruises evident on his back resulting from cupping. He has been known to "do it before every meet he goes to to "speed up recovery". Celebrity endorsements such as these may bias individuals to feel benefits from the practice.
== See also == Bloodletting Ear candling Gua sha List of ineffective cancer treatments Moxibustion
== References ==
== External links == Dunning, Brian (April 23, 2013). "Skeptoid #359: Cupping for the Cure". Skeptoid.