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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constructed language | 5/5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T15:40:46.805051+00:00 | kb-cron |
== Acceptance == Proficient speakers of constructed languages are few and far between. For example, the Hungarian census of 2011 found 8,397 speakers of Esperanto, and the census of 2001 found 10 of Romanid, two each of Interlingua and Ido and one each of Idiom Neutral and Mundolinco. The Russian census of 2010 found that in Russia there were about 992 speakers of Esperanto (the 120th most common) and nine of the Esperantido Ido. According to Ethnologue, there are 200–2000 who speak Esperanto as a first language. d'Armond Speers, a member of the Klingon Language Institute, attempted to raise his son as bilingual, using both English and the constructed Klingon language.
== Identification codes == Codes for constructed languages include the ISO 639-2 art for constructed languages; however, some constructed languages have their own ISO 639 language codes (e.g. eo and epo for Esperanto, jbo for Lojban, ia and ina for Interlingua, tlh for Klingon, io and ido for Ido, lfn for Lingua Franca Nova, and tok for Toki Pona).
== Ownership == The matter of whether a constructed language can be owned or protected by intellectual property laws, or if it would even be possible to enforce those laws, is contentious. In a 2015 lawsuit, CBS and Paramount Pictures challenged a fan film project called Axanar, stating the project infringed upon their intellectual property, which included the Klingon language, among other creative elements. During the controversy, Marc Okrand, the language's original designer expressed doubt as to whether Paramount's claims of ownership were valid. The Language Creation Society submitted an amicus curiae brief claiming that the Klingon language itself is not copyrightable under section 102(b) of the Copyright Act of 1976, as it is "a procedure, process, or system for communication," rather than an expression of an idea. David J. Peterson, who created multiple well-known constructed languages including the Valyrian languages and Dothraki, advocated a similar opinion, saying that "Theoretically, anyone can publish anything using any language I created, and, in my opinion, neither I nor anyone else should be able to do anything about it." However, Peterson also expressed concern that the respective rights-holders – regardless of whether or not their ownership of the rights is legitimate – would be likely to sue individuals who publish material in said languages, especially if the author might profit from said material. Furthermore, comprehensive learning material for such constructed languages as High Valyrian and Klingon has been published and made freely accessible on the language-learning platform Duolingo – but those courses are licensed by the respective copyright holders. Because only a few such disputes have occurred thus far, the legal consensus on ownership of languages remains uncertain. The Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre claims ownership of palawa kani, an attempted composite reconstruction of up to a dozen extinct Tasmanian indigenous languages, and has asked Wikipedia to remove its article on the project. However, there is no current legal backing for the claim.
== See also ==
== Notes ==
== References ==