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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate | 3/3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T13:39:04.132917+00:00 | kb-cron |
== Climate models == Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions and transfer of radiative energy between the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice through a series of physics equations. They are used for a variety of purposes, from the study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the Earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the Earth. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the Earth. Climate models are available on different resolutions ranging from >100 km to 1 km. High resolutions in global climate models require significant computational resources, and so only a few global datasets exist. Global climate models can be dynamically or statistically downscaled to regional climate models to analyze impacts of climate change on a local scale. Examples are ICON or mechanistically downscaled data such as CHELSA (Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas). The most talked-about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide (see greenhouse gas). These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Models can range from relatively simple to quite complex. Simple radiant heat transfer models treat the Earth as a single point and average outgoing energy. This can be expanded vertically (as in radiative-convective models), or horizontally. Finally, more complex (coupled) atmosphere–ocean–sea ice global climate models discretise and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.
== See also ==
== References ==
=== Sources ===
== Further reading == Buchan, Alexander (1878). "Climate" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. VI (9th ed.). pp. 1–7. Reumert, Johannes: "Vahls climatic divisions. An explanation" (Geografisk Tidsskrift, Band 48; 1946) The Study of Climate on Alien Worlds; Characterizing atmospheres beyond our Solar System is now within our reach Kevin Heng July–August 2012 American Scientist
== External links ==
NOAA Climate Services Portal NOAA State of the Climate NASA's Climate change and global warming portal Climate Prediction Project Climate index and mode information Archived 2016-11-19 at the Wayback Machine – Arctic Climate: Data and charts for world and US locations IPCC Data Distribution Centre Archived 2016-05-19 at the Wayback Machine – Climate data and guidance on use. HistoricalClimatology.com – Past, present and future climates – 2013. Globalclimatemonitor – Contains climatic information from 1901. ClimateCharts – Webapplication to generate climate charts for recent and historical data. International Disaster Database Paris Climate Conference Climate of countries, alphabetically, Geographic.org