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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Timeline of scientific discoveries | 5/7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T03:28:31.534973+00:00 | kb-cron |
16th century: Gerolamo Cardano solves the general cubic equation (by reducing them to the case with zero quadratic term). 16th century: Lodovico Ferrari solves the general quartic equation (by reducing it to the case with zero quartic term). 16th century: François Viète discovers Vieta's formulas. 16th century: François Viète discovers Viète's formula for π.1500: Scipione del Ferro solves the special cubic equation
x
3
=
p
x
+
q
{\displaystyle x^{3}=px+q}
. Late 16th century: Tycho Brahe proves that comets are astronomical (and not atmospheric) phenomena. 1517: Nicolaus Copernicus develops the quantity theory of money and states the earliest known form of Gresham's law: ("Bad money drowns out good"). 1543: Nicolaus Copernicus develops a heliocentric model, rejecting Aristotle's Earth-centric view, would be the first quantitative heliocentric model in history. 1543: Vesalius: pioneering research into human anatomy. 1545: Gerolamo Cardano discovers complex numbers. 1556: Niccolò Tartaglia introduces parenthesis. 1557: Robert Recorde introduces the equal sign. 1564: Gerolamo Cardano is the first to produce a systematic treatment of probability. 1572: Rafael Bombelli provides rules for complex arithmetic. 1591: François Viète's New algebra shows the modern notational algebraic manipulation.
== 17th century == 1600: William Gilbert: Earth's magnetic field. 1608: Earliest record of an optical telescope. 1609: Johannes Kepler: first two laws of planetary motion. 1610: Galileo Galilei: Sidereus Nuncius: telescopic observations. 1614: John Napier: use of logarithms for calculation. 1619: Johannes Kepler: third law of planetary motion. 1620: Appearance of the first compound microscopes in Europe. 1628: Willebrord Snellius: the law of refraction also known as Snell's law. 1628: William Harvey: blood circulation. 1638: Galileo Galilei: laws of falling bodies. 1643: Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer. 1662: Robert Boyle: Boyle's law of ideal gases. 1665: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: first peer reviewed scientific journal published. 1665: Robert Hooke: discovers the cell. 1668: Francesco Redi: disproved idea of spontaneous generation. 1669: Nicholas Steno: proposes that fossils are organic remains embedded in layers of sediment, basis of stratigraphy. 1669: Jan Swammerdam: epigenesis in insects. 1672: Sir Isaac Newton: discovers that white light is a mixture of distinct coloured rays (the spectrum). 1673: Christiaan Huygens: first study of oscillating system and design of pendulum clocks 1675: Leibniz, Newton: infinitesimal calculus. 1675: Anton van Leeuwenhoek: observes microorganisms using a refined simple microscope. 1676: Ole Rømer: first measurement of the speed of light. 1687: Sir Isaac Newton: classical mathematical description of the fundamental force of universal gravitation and the three physical laws of motion.
== 18th century == 1735: Carl Linnaeus described a new system for classifying plants in Systema Naturae. 1745: Ewald Georg von Kleist first capacitor, the Leyden jar. 1749 – 1789: Buffon wrote Histoire naturelle. 1750: Joseph Black: describes latent heat. 1751: Benjamin Franklin: lightning is electrical. 1755: Immanuel Kant: Gaseous Hypothesis in Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven. 1761: Mikhail Lomonosov: discovery of the atmosphere of Venus. 1763: Thomas Bayes: publishes the first version of Bayes' theorem, paving the way for Bayesian probability. 1771: Charles Messier: publishes catalogue of astronomical objects (Messier Objects) now known to include galaxies, star clusters, and nebulae. 1778: Antoine Lavoisier (and Joseph Priestley): discovery of oxygen leading to end of Phlogiston theory. 1781: William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus, expanding the known boundaries of the Solar System for the first time in modern history. 1785: William Withering: publishes the first definitive account of the use of foxglove (digitalis) for treating dropsy. 1787: Jacques Charles: Charles's law of ideal gases. 1789: Antoine Lavoisier: law of conservation of mass, basis for chemistry, and the beginning of modern chemistry. 1796: Georges Cuvier: Establishes extinction as a fact. 1796: Edward Jenner: smallpox historical accounting. 1796: Hanaoka Seishū: develops general anaesthesia. 1800: Alessandro Volta: discovers electrochemical series and invents the battery.
== 1800–1849 == 1802: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: teleological evolution. 1805: John Dalton: Atomic Theory in (chemistry). 1820: Hans Christian Ørsted discovers that a current passed through a wire will deflect the needle of a compass, establishing the deep relationship between electricity and magnetism (electromagnetism). 1820: Michael Faraday and James Stoddart discover alloying iron with chromium produces a stainless steel resistant to oxidising elements (rust). 1821: Thomas Johann Seebeck is the first to observe a property of semiconductors. 1824: Carnot: described the Carnot cycle, the idealized heat engine. 1824: Joseph Aspdin develops Portland cement (concrete), by heating ground limestone, clay and gypsum, in a kiln. 1827: Évariste Galois development of group theory. 1827: Georg Ohm: Ohm's law (Electricity). 1827: Amedeo Avogadro: Avogadro's law (Gas law). 1828: Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea, refuting vitalism. 1830: Nikolai Lobachevsky created Non-Euclidean geometry. 1831: Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction. 1833: Anselme Payen isolates first enzyme, diastase. 1837: Charles Babbage proposes a design for the construction of a Turing complete, general purpose Computer, to be called the Analytical Engine. 1838: Matthias Schleiden: all plants are made of cells. 1838: Friedrich Bessel: first successful measure of stellar parallax (to star 61 Cygni). 1842: Christian Doppler: Doppler effect. 1843: James Prescott Joule: Law of Conservation of energy (first law of thermodynamics), also 1847 – Helmholtz, Conservation of energy. 1846: Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest: discovery of Neptune. 1847: George Boole: publishes The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, defining Boolean algebra; refined in his 1854 The Laws of Thought. 1848: Lord Kelvin: absolute zero.