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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biochip | 2/2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochip | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T14:01:31.098536+00:00 | kb-cron |
== Protein biochip array and other microarray technologies == Microarrays are not limited to DNA analysis; protein microarrays, antibody microarray, chemical compound microarray can also be produced using biochips. Randox Laboratories Ltd. launched Evidence, the first protein Biochip Array Technology analyzer in 2003. In protein Biochip Array Technology, the biochip replaces the ELISA plate or cuvette as the reaction platform. The biochip is used to simultaneously analyze a panel of related tests in a single sample, producing a patient profile. The patient profile can be used in disease screening, diagnosis, monitoring disease progression or monitoring treatment. Performing multiple analyses simultaneously, described as multiplexing, allows a significant reduction in processing time and the amount of patient sample required. Biochip Array Technology is a novel application of a familiar methodology, using sandwich, competitive and antibody-capture immunoassays. The difference from conventional immunoassays is that, the capture ligands are covalently attached to the surface of the biochip in an ordered array rather than in solution. In sandwich assays an enzyme-labelled antibody is used; in competitive assays an enzyme-labelled antigen is used. On antibody-antigen binding a chemiluminescence reaction produces light. Detection is by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The CCD camera is a sensitive and high-resolution sensor able to accurately detect and quantify very low levels of light. The test regions are located using a grid pattern then the chemiluminescence signals are analysed by imaging software to rapidly and simultaneously quantify the individual analytes. Biochips are also used in the field of microphysiometry e.g. in skin-on-a-chip applications. For details about other array technologies, see Antibody microarray.
== Types == There are several types of biotechnology chips, each designed for specific applications.
=== DNA microarrays === DNA microarrays are perhaps the most widely used biotechnology chips. They consist of glass slides, silicon substrates, or polymer-based supports that can bind to specific DNA sequences. Researchers use DNA microarrays to detect gene expression, analyze genetic variation, and explore gene function.
=== Protein chips === Protein chips (also known as proteomics chips) are designed to detect and analyze proteins. These chips contain arrays of immobilized proteins or antibodies, which can be used for profiling protein interactions, identification, and quantification.
=== Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) === Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices integrate multiple laboratory functions into a single chip. These chips incorporate sample preparation, reaction, analysis, and detection into one compact platform. LOC devices are used for clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and chemical analysis.
=== Cell chips === Cell chips are designed to grow and analyze living cells. They provide a platform for studying cellular behavior, drug interactions, and cell signaling. Cell-based chips are capable of simulating various physiological and pathological environments, providing high-throughput screening capabilities. This allows for the rapid evaluation of potential drug effects on cells, including drug toxicity, efficacy, and their impact on cellular signaling pathways.
=== Microfluidic chips === Microfluidic chips manipulate tiny amounts of liquids and gases in channels with micro-scale dimensions. Commonly fabricated from materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), glass, and thermoplastic polymers, these chips demonstrate outstanding biocompatibility and optical properties. These chips are used for a variety of biological applications, including PCR amplification, cell sorting, and DNA sequencing.
== Applications == Biotechnology chips have a wide range of applications across many fields.
=== Medical diagnostics === Biotechnology chips are widely used in medical diagnostics for detecting diseases such as cancer, infections, and genetic disorders, owing to its advantages of high throughput, high sensitivity, rapid detection, and low sample consumption. These chips can rapidly analyze samples of blood, saliva, or tissue to detect genetic mutations, infectious agents, and biomarkers.
=== Drug development and personalized medicine === Biotechnology chips play a key role in the development of new drugs. They enable high-throughput screening of potential drug compounds and help identify biomarkers for personalized treatment plans. Additionally, the use of biotechnology chips allows for more efficient testing of drug efficacy and safety.
=== Genomics and proteomics === Biotechnology chips are used in genomics and proteomics research. DNA microarrays and protein chips enable scientists to analyze large amounts of genetic and protein data simultaneously. These chips facilitate the study of gene expression, genetic variation, and protein interactions, advancing the understanding of complex biological systems.
=== Environmental monitoring === Lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic devices are also used for environmental monitoring. These chips can test water, air, and soil samples for contaminants, pathogens, and toxins. Their portable nature allows for on-site analysis, making them valuable for environmental research and disaster response.
=== Agricultural biotechnology === Biotechnology chips are used in agricultural research to analyze crops, monitor soil health, and study plant pathogens. They enable more efficient and precise breeding programs, improving crop yield, pest resistance, and disease prevention.
== See also ==
== References ==