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| Glossary of invasion biology terms | 2/4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_invasion_biology_terms | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T07:18:20.274861+00:00 | kb-cron |
In general, the control of the numbers of one organism as a result of natural predation by another or others. Specifically, the human use of natural predators for the control of pests or weeds. Also applied to the introduction of large numbers of sterilized males of the pest species, whose matings result in the laying of infertile eggs (Allaby 1998). The release of one species to control another (Carlton 2001). The management of weeds using introduced herbivores (often insects) as biological control agents (Booth et al. 2003). Biological invasion or bioinvasion A broad term for both human-assisted introductions and natural range expansions (Carlton 2001). Biological diversity (See biodiversity) Used to describe species richness, ecosystem complexity, and genetic variation (Allaby 1998). Biological control (See Biological pest control) Control method involving a biological control agent that is a natural enemy of a target pest (Heutte and Bella 2003). Bioregion (See Ecoregion) A biological subdivision of the earth's surface delineated by the flora and fauna of the region (Allaby 1998). Biota The organisms (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, algae, etc.) of a specific region or period, or the total aggregation of organisms in the biosphere (Allaby 1998). Casual species (see adventive) This term is becoming less common in usage. A non native species that does not form self-replacing populations (Booth et al. 2003). Similar terms include introduced species, non indigenous species, and non native species. Chemical control Control method that employs herbicides to control exotic plants (Heutte and Bella 2003). Community Any grouping of populations of different organisms that live together in a particular environment (Allaby 1998). Cryptogenic species Species that are neither clearly native nor exotic (Cohen and Carlton 1988). Cultivar A variety of a plant produced and maintained by horticultural techniques and not normally found in wild populations (Allaby 1998). Disturbance An event or change in the environment that alters the composition and successional status of a biological community and may deflect succession onto a new trajectory, such as a forest fire or hurricane, glaciation, agriculture, and urbanization (Art 1993). Ecosystem A discrete unit, or community of organisms and their physical environment (living and non-living parts), that interact to form a stable system (Allaby 1998). Endemic A species or taxonomic group that is restricted to a particular geographic region because of such factors as isolation or response to soil or climatic conditions; this species is said to be endemic to the region (Allaby 1998). Exotic species (See Introduced species) This term is commonly used in publications and literature, and is similar to the terms alien species, foreign species, introduced species, non indigenous species, and non native species (Heutte and Bella 2003). Other definitions include: An introduced, non native species, or a species that is the result of direct or indirect, deliberate or accidental introduction of the species by humans, and for which introduction permitted the species to cross a natural barrier to dispersal (Noss and Cooperrider 1994). In North America, often refers to those species not present in a bioregion before the entry of Europeans in the 16th century, or present in later parts of that region and later introduced to an ecosystem by human-mediated mechanisms (Cohen and Carlton 1988). Fauna The animal life of a region or geological period (Allaby 1998). Foreign species (See Introduced species) A species introduced to a new area or country. Similar terms include alien species, exotic species, introduced species, non indigenous species, and non native species. Flora Plant or bacterial life forms of a region or geological period (Allaby 1998). Habitat The place, including physical and biotic conditions, where a plant or an animal usually occurs (Allaby 1998). Herbicide Pesticide that specifically targets vegetation (Heutte and Bella 2003). Hybridization Production of novel genotypes, through mating between distinct species or ecotypes. Novel genotypes may be more invasive than parental genotypes. Indigenous (See Indigenous species) A species that occurs naturally in an area; a synonym for native species (Allaby 1998). Injurious species An introduced species that causes economic or environmental harm to humans. Similar terms include aquatic nuisance species, noxious weed, and invasive species (Heutte and Bella 2003). Intentional introduction A species that is brought to a new area, country, or bioregion for a specific purpose, such as for a garden or lawn; a crop species; a landscaping species; a species that provides food; a groundcover species; for soil stabilization or hydrological control; for aesthetics or familiarity of the species; or other purposeful reasons (Booth et al. 2003). Introduced species This term, along with the terms introduced species and nonindigenous species, is one of the most commonly used terms to describe a plant or animal species that is not originally from the area in which it occurs. This terms means those species that have been transported by human activities, either intentionally or unintentionally, into a region in which they did not occur in historical time and are now reproducing in the wild (Carlton 2001). Similar terms include alien species, exotic species, foreign species, non indigenous species, and non native species. Invasibility The ease with which a habitat is invaded (Booth et al. 2003). Invasion (See Introduced species and Invasive species) The expansion of a species into an area not previously occupied by it (Booth et al. 2003). Invasive species Generally, this term refers to a subset of plants or animals that are introduced to an area, survive, and reproduce, and expand beyond the original area of introduction. This is the biological definition. Practical definitions add that they cause harm economically or environmentally within the new area of introduction. An alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health (Executive Order 1999). An adjective for non native or nonindigenous species that have colonized natural areas; Discrimination of nonindigenous species established in cultivated habitats (as 'noninvasive') from those established in natural habitats; Nonindigenous species that are widespread; or 5. Widespread nonindigenous species that have adverse effects on the invaded habitat (Colautti and MacIsaac 2004). Other definitions include the following: Integrated pest management IPM focuses on long-term prevention or suppression of pests. The integrated approach to weed management incorporates the best suited cultural, biological and chemical controls that have minimum impact on the environment and on people (Heutte and Bella 2003). Manual control Removal that involves the use of tools such as shovels, axes, rakes, grubbing hoes, and hand clippers to expose, cut, and remove flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, and/or roots from target plants (Heutte and Bella 2003). Mechanical control Removal that involves the use of motorized equipment such as mowers, "weed-whackers", and tractor-mounted plows, disks, and sweepers. Burning is also categorized here (Heutte and Bella 2003). Native range The ecosystem that a species inhabits (Booth et al. 2003). Native species (See Indigenous (ecology))