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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Broken windows theory | 8/8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T15:21:43.774356+00:00 | kb-cron |
=== Popular press === In More Guns, Less Crime (2000), economist John Lott Jr. examined the use of the broken windows approach as well as community- and problem-oriented policing programs in cities over 10,000 in population, over two decades. He found that the impacts of these policing policies were inconsistent across different types of crime. Lott's book has been subject to criticism, while other groups support Lott's conclusions. In the 2005 book Freakonomics, coauthors Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner confirm and question the notion that the broken windows theory was responsible for New York's drop in crime, saying "the pool of potential criminals had dramatically shrunk". Levitt and co-author John Donohue attributed this reduction in crime to the legalization of abortion with Roe v. Wade, which correlated with a decrease, one generation later, in the number of delinquents in the population at large. Whether the authors' work meets the theoretical and statistical criteria for a causal relationship between abortion legalization and crime reduction remains highly disputed. In his 2012 book Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society, Jim Manzi writes that of the randomized field trials conducted in criminology, only nuisance abatement per broken windows theory has been successfully replicated.
== See also ==
== References ==
== Bibliography ==
== Further reading == Bratton, William J (1998), Turnaround: How America's Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic, Random House. Eck, John E; Maguire, Edward R (2006), "Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime?", in Blumstein, Alfred; Wallman, Joel (eds.), The Crime Drop in America (rev ed.), Cambridge University Press. Gladwell, Malcolm (2002), The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference, Back Bay, ISBN 978-0-316-34662-7. Nuwer, Rachel (February 6, 2013). "Sorry, Malcolm Gladwell: NYC's Drop in Crime Not Due to Broken Window Theory". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved September 5, 2021. Silman, Eli B (1999), NYPD Battles Crime: Innovative Strategies in Policing, Northeastern University Press. Skogan, Wesley G (1990), Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Neighborhoods, University of California Press.
== External links ==
"Is Broken Windows Policing Broken?". Debate Club (column). Legal Affairs. Archived from the original on 2019-04-05. Retrieved 2015-04-27. A review of the criticisms of the broken windows theory. Shattering 'Broken Windows': An Analysis of San Francisco's Alternative Crime Policies (PDF) (article), Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, detailing crime reduction in San Francisco achieved via alternative crime policies. Community Policing Defined (PDF), US: Department of Justice, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-26, an article explaining the philosophy and method of community policing.