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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast development | 5/5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_development | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T15:31:36.768430+00:00 | kb-cron |
=== Rare mutations === Women with CAIS, who are completely insensitive to the AR-mediated actions of androgens, have, as a group, above-average sized breasts. This is true despite the fact that they simultaneously have relatively low levels of estrogen, which demonstrates the powerful suppressant effect of androgens on estrogen-mediated breast development. Aromatase excess syndrome, an extremely rare condition characterized by marked hyperestrogenism, is associated with precocious breast development and macromastia in females and similarly precocious gynecomastia (women's breasts) in males. In complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, a condition in which the AR is defective and insensitive to androgens, there is full breast development with breast volumes that are in fact above average in spite of relatively low levels of estrogen (50 pg/mL estradiol). In aromatase deficiency, a form of hypoestrogenism in which aromatase is defective and cannot synthesize estrogen, and in complete estrogen insensitivity syndrome, a condition in which ERα is defective and insensitive to estrogen, breast development is completely absent.
== Descriptive tools == Pubertal breast development is usually rated using a five-stage system such as Tanner scale (physical examination), picture-based sexual maturation scale (mother-reported), or picture-free pubertal development scale (mother-reported).
== See also ==
Breast augmentation Breast enlargement Mammoplasia Premenstrual water retention Thelarche
== References ==
== Further reading == Hovey, Russell C.; Aimo, Lucila (2010). "Diverse and Active Roles for Adipocytes During Mammary Gland Growth and Function". Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 15 (3): 279–290. doi:10.1007/s10911-010-9187-8. ISSN 1083-3021. PMC 2941079. PMID 20717712. Sun, Susie X.; Bostanci, Zeynep; Kass, Rena B.; Mancino, Anne T.; Rosenbloom, Arlan L.; Klimberg, V. Suzanne; Bland, Kirby I. (2018). "Breast Physiology". The Breast. pp. 37–56.e6. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-35955-9.00003-9. ISBN 978-0-323-35955-9.