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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ayurveda | 7/7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T09:17:16.698453+00:00 | kb-cron |
=== Further development and spread === Ayurveda flourished throughout the Indian Middle Ages. Dalhana (fl. 1200), Sarngadhara (fl. 1300) and Bhavamisra (fl. 1500) compiled works on Indian medicine. The medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka were also translated into the Chinese language in the 5th century, and during the 8th century, they were translated into the Arabic and Persian language. The 9th-century Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi was familiar with the text. The Arabic works derived from the ayurvedic texts eventually also reached Europe by the 12th century. In Renaissance Italy, the Branca family of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) were influenced by the Arabic reception of the Sushruta's surgical techniques. British physicians living in India observed rhinoplasty being performed using Indian methods, and reports on their rhinoplasty methods were published in London in the Gentleman's Magazine in 1794. Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in Europe. Joseph Constantine Carpue studied plastic surgery methods in India for 20 years and, in 1815, was able to perform the first major rhinoplasty surgery in the western world, using the "Indian" method of nose reconstruction. In 1840 Brett published an article about this technique. The British had shown some interest in developing medical education in India in the early nineteenth century. A Native Medical Institution (NMI) was set up in 1822 where European medicine was taught through the medium of Indian languages. After the English Education Act 1835, the NMI was closed, and medical education was transferred to the newly founded Calcutta Medical College. Indian independence, there was more focus on ayurveda and other traditional medical systems. After push-back by the community of ayurvedic practitioners, and numerous other government commissions over a twenty-year period, ayurveda eventually became a part of the Indian national healthcare system, with state hospitals for ayurveda established across the country. However, the treatments of traditional medicines were not always integrated with others.
== See also ==
== Footnotes ==
== References ==
=== Citations ===
=== Bibliography ===
== Further reading == Drury, Heber (30 June 2010) [First published 1873]. The Useful plants of India. Research Press. ISBN 978-1-4460-2372-3. OCLC 1423763742. OL 47525041M. Dymock, William; et al. (1890). Pharmacographia Indica A history of principal drugs of vegetable origin in British India. Vol. 1. London, Bombay, Calcutta: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, Education Society Press, Byculla, Thacker, Spink and Co. Hoernle, Rudolf August Friedrich (1907). Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India: Part I: Osteology. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Pattathu, Anthony George (2018). Ayurveda and Discursive Formations between Religion, Medicine and Embodiment: A Case Study from Germany. In: Lüddeckens, D., & Schrimpf, M. (2018). Medicine – religion – spirituality: Global perspectives on traditional, complementary, and alternative healing. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8376-4582-8, pp. 133–166. Patwardhan, Kishore (2008). "Concepts of Human Physiology in Ayurveda" (PDF). In Roy, Pabitra Kumar (ed.). Sowarigpa and Ayurveda - Proceedings of the National Seminar on Sowarigpa and Āyurveda Held in October 2007. Samyak Vak Series-14. Sarnath, Varanasi: Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies. pp. 53–73. ISBN 978-81-87127-76-5. OCLC 320353589. Wise, Thomas T. (1845). Commentary on the Hindu System of Medicine. Calcutta: Thacker & Co. WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems Use Caution With Ayurvedic Products – US Food and Drug Administration.
== External links ==
WHO benchmarks for the training of ayurveda World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, 2022.