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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anecdotal cognitivism | 4/5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdotal_cognitivism | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T16:11:55.592745+00:00 | kb-cron |
Charles Darwin: Darwin had great affection for dogs, owning many in his lifetime. Shelah, Spark and Czar in his teen years, Sappho, Fun, Dash, Pincher and Nina in his early adulthood and when he had his own children Bob, Bran, Quiz, Tartar, Tony, Pepper, Butterton and Polly, whom he regularly incorporated into his studies. In The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Darwin used anecdotes to explain his theories. Darwin described the 'hothouse face,' an expression Bob, Darwin's pie-bald family dog used expressing dejection when a dog becomes disappointed, expecting a walk that does not materialise. Darwin's later years were spent with Polly, a white terrier, his favourite dog and the last dog he owned. Darwin mentioned Polly in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals as licking his hand with "insatiable passion." Polly was put down by Francis, Darwin's son days after Darwin's fatal heart attack, as Emma Darwin noted "Polly became very ill with a swelling in her throat...creeping away several times as if to die" and was buried in the family garden. David Attenborough: Attenborough believes the most significant publication on nature and animal behaviour is Charles Darwin's, On the Origin of Species explaining the evolution and natural selection theory foundational to societies' understanding of nature. Jane Goodall: Goodall, a primatologist, was an unorthodox researcher. Her work led to new discoveries of behaviour in chimpanzee's such as tool use and the primate carnivorous diet. Professor Robert Hinde, research Professor at the University of Cambridge was initially critical of the unconventional methods Goodall employed. Goodall was criticised for naming the chimps she observed at Gombe in Tanzania, she called one David Greybeard and showed photo's of him using tools to access termites at the Zoological Society of London conference in 1962. Goodall was not the only primatologist to name chimps while in the field, biologist Professor George Schaller also named the subjects he studied. Sir Solly Zuckerman, an anatomist at the Zoological Society of London April 1962, criticised Goodall for using anecdotes, "There are those who are here and who prefer anecdote – and what I must confess I regard as sometimes unbounded speculation, in scientific work it is far safer to base one's major conclusions and generalisations on a concordant and large body of data than on a few contradictory and isolated observations, the explanation of which sometimes leaves a little to be desired." By observing the chimpanzee troop in their native habitat in the 1960s, Goodall came to the conclusion counter to the scientific community at this time that chimpanzees had distinct personalities and were capable of friendship and altruism. Some behaviours and emotions observed included nervousness, aggression, hugging, kissing, grudges, kicking, punching, subordination to a dominant character and friendship. Jane Goodall writes about her studies of the Chimpanzee's in Gombe in her book, Reason for Hope, in anthropomorphic terms enabling the reader a more personal understanding of her observations encountered in Tanzania.
== See also ==
Charles Darwin Ethology History of Science
== References ==
=== Bibliography === Andrews, Kristin. "Animal Cognition", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2016 Edition) Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Attenborough, David. 2016. "If David Attenborough could be an animal he'd be a sloth," interview by Kara Segedin, earth, BBC, 7 January 2016, viewed 14 April 2020, [1] Bekoff, Marc and Jamieson, Dale. 1999. "On Aims and Methods of cognitive Ethology" in Reading in Animal Cognition. Colorado: Westview Press. Boakes, Robert. 1984. From Darwin to Behaviourism: Psychology and the minds of animals. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapman, James. 2015. A New History of British Documentary Basingstoke, U.K: Palgrave Macmillan. De Waal, Frans. 2016. Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? New York: W.W. Norton & Co. DeKoven, Marianne. 2006. "Women, Animals, and Jane Goodall: "Reason for Hope"." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 25, no. 1: 141–51. Accessed 22 April 2020. doi:10.2307/20455265. Emery J. Nathan and Clayton S. Nicola. 2005. "Animal Cognition" in The Behaviour of Animals: Mechanisms, Function, and Evolution. edited by Bolhuis, John J. and Giraldeau Luc-Alain. Oxford: Blackwell publishing. Fernandez-Bellon, Dario and Kane, Adam. "Natural History films raise species awareness – A big data approach," in A Journal of the Society for Conservation biology, (September 2019), pp. 1–2. [2] Gauld, Colin. 1992. "The Historical Anecdote as a "caricature": A Case Study." Research in Science Education, 22, no. 1 (December 1992) pp. 149–156. Harel, Kay. 2008. "'It's Dogged as Does It': A Biography of the Everpresent Canine in Charles Darwin's Days," Southwest Review vol 93, no. 3, pp. 368–378. Kaplan, Gisela. 2015. Bird Minds: Cognition and Behaviour of Australian Native Birds. Clayton South, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. Leahey, Thomas Hardy. 2013. A history of Psychology. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Mitchell, Megan. 2017. "Contemporaries, Criticisms and Controversies," in Jane Goodall: Primatologist and UN Messenger of Peace. New York: Cavendish. Norenzayan, Ara. 2002. "Cultural preferences for formal verses intuitive reasoning," Cognitive Science vol 26, pg. 653–684. Page, George. 1999. Inside the Animal Mind. New York: Doubleday Publishing. Prodger, Phillip. 2009. Darwin's Camera Art and Photography in the Theory of Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Shettleworth, Sara J. 2010. Cognition, Evolution, and Behaviour. New York: Oxford University Press. Townshend, Emma. 2009. Darwin's Dogs: How Darwin's pets helped form a world-changing theory of evolution. London: Frances Lincoln. Wood, Matthew. "The Potential for Anthropomorphism in Communicating Science: Inspiration from Japan." Cultures of Science 2, no. 1 (March 2019): 23–34. doi:10.1177/209660831900200103. Wynne, Clive, D. L. 2001. Animal Cognition: The Mental Lives of Animals. New York: Palgrave.
=== Citations ===