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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allen Dulles | 4/5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Dulles | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T13:07:09.293836+00:00 | kb-cron |
During the Kennedy administration, Dulles faced increasing criticism. In autumn 1961, following the Bay of Pigs incident and the Algiers putsch against Charles de Gaulle, Dulles and his entourage, including Deputy Director for Plans Richard M. Bissell Jr. and Deputy Director Charles Cabell, were forced to resign. On November 28, 1961, Kennedy presented Dulles with the National Security Medal at the CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia. The next day, November 29, the White House released a resignation letter signed by Dulles. He was replaced by John McCone. Dulles referred to the Bay of Pigs failure as "the worst day of my life" and developed a strong dislike of Kennedy, later telling journalist Willie Morris "that little Kennedy, he thought he was a god". Dulles found life outside the CIA difficult, with his friend James Angleton recalling "He had a very difficult time to decompress".
== Later life == Later, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, on November 22, 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Dulles as one of seven commissioners of the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Some historians later criticized the appointment, noting that Kennedy fired him. Therefore, he was unlikely to be impartial in passing the judgments charged to the Warren Commission. In the view of journalist and author Stephen Kinzer, Johnson appointed Dulles primarily so that Dulles could "coach" the Commission on how to interview CIA witnesses and what questions to ask because Johnson and Dulles were both anxious to ensure that the Commission did not discover Kennedy's secret involvement in the administration's illegal plans to assassinate Castro and other foreign leaders. Robert F. Kennedy also urged Johnson to put Dulles on the Warren Commission, most likely fearing revelation of Kennedy's clandestine involvement in Cuba. In 1966, Princeton University's American Whig-Cliosophic Society awarded Dulles the James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service. Dulles published the book The Craft of Intelligence in 1963, although it was primarily written by ghost writers, and edited Great True Spy Stories in 1968. He was honoured by then DCI Richard Helms with a plaque on the CIA building. It’s reported he suffered from Alzheimer’s disease in the final years of his life. He died on January 29, 1969, of influenza, complicated by pneumonia, at the age of 75, in Georgetown, D.C. He was buried in Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland.
== Fictional portrayals == Liberation (1970–1971), a multinational fictional film series that shows Dulles in a photograph torn apart by Joseph Stalin in Film IV: The Battle of Berlin. Seventeen Moments of Spring (1973), a Soviet television miniseries in which Vyacheslav Salevich depicts Dulles's role in Operation Sunrise during World War II. In the Blackford Oakes novels (1976–2005), a spy series written by William F. Buckley Jr., Dulles is portrayed in several books, acting in his role as director of the CIA. JFK (1991), a film that depicts Jim Garrison, a New Orleans District Attorney, as suspecting Dulles as a participant in the cover-up surrounding Kennedy's assassination and attempts to subpoena him. The Commission (2003), a fictional film that depicts Dulles, played by Jack Betts, as a participant in the Warren Commission and investigator into the Kennedy assassination. The Good Shepherd (2006), a fictional film in which William Hurt portrays the fictional head of the CIA, Phillip Allen, who appears to be based on Dulles. The Company (2007), an American miniseries based on the novel The Company: A Novel of the CIA (2002) by American novelist Robert Littell. The Honor of Spies (2009) in the Honor Bound series and also the Men At War series, a novel series written by W.E.B. Griffin and his son. Dulles is portrayed as part of the European Head of the OSS and the Swiss Agent in Charge respectively. Nick and Jake (2012), a novel co-written by Tad Richards and Jonathan Richards and published by Arcade Publishing. Allen Dulles is depicted as plotting a coup to overthrow the government of France. Bridge of Spies (2015), a movie about the exchange of Rudolf Abel and Francis Gary Powers, depicts a conversation between James B. Donovan (portrayed by Tom Hanks) and Dulles (portrayed by Peter McRobbie). Central Intelligence (2024) is a ten-part dramatisation of the emergence and development of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) told from the perspective of Eloise Page. Broadcast on BBC Radio 4, the series features Ed Harris as Allen Dulles.
== Publications ==
=== Articles === "The Power of the President Over Foreign Affairs." Michigan Law Review, vol. 14, no. 6 (April 1, 1916), pp. 470–478. University of Michigan Law School. doi:10.2307/1275947. JSTOR 1275947. "New Uses for the Machinery for the Settlement of International Disputes: Discussion." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, vol. 13, no. 2 (1929), pp. 100–104. doi:10.2307/1172785. JSTOR 1172785. Dulles, Allen Welsh (April 1, 1927). Coolidge, Archibald Cary (ed.). "Some misconceptions about disarmament". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 5, no. 3. New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). pp. 413–424. doi:10.2307/20028543. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20028543. Dulles, Allen Welsh (October 1, 1932). Armstrong, Hamilton Fish (ed.). "Progress toward Disarmament". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 11, no. 1. New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). pp. 54–65. doi:10.2307/20030483. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20030483. Dulles, Allen Welsh (April 1, 1925). Coolidge, Archibald Cary (ed.). "Alternatives for Germany". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 25, no. 3. New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). pp. 421–432. doi:10.2307/20030052. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20030052. Dulles, Allen Welsh (May 10, 1965). Boudin, Michael; Breyer, Stephen (eds.). "Review: [Untitled]: Reviewed work: Communism and Revolution: The Strategic Use of Political Violence by Cyril E. Black, Thomas P. Thornton". Harvard Law Review. Vol. 78, no. 7. Cambridge, MA: The Harvard Law Review Association (Harvard Law School). pp. 1500–1502. doi:10.2307/1338919. ISSN 0017-811X. JSTOR 1338919. LCCN 12032979. OCLC 46968396.