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---
title: "Invariant - Glossary | MDN"
chunk: 2/3
source: "https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Invariant"
category: "reference"
tags: "web, html, css, javascript, documentation"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T05:35:39.757874+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
---
# Invariant
In program semantics, an **invariant** of a piece of code is a condition that is provably true throughout the execution of that code. Defining invariants helps to reason about the code's correctness and behavior. For example, in the following code:
We can prove that `count` is a non-negative integer from the beginning to the end. This means that anywhere in the code, we can pass `count` to a function that expects a non-negative integer, and the function will work correctly. Invariants can be established in two ways: by the nature of the program, or by explicit assertions (runtime checks). For example, the code above does not perform any checks, but by virtue of `count` being an incrementing integer starting from `0`, we can guarantee its range. If we are receiving input from an external source, we can use checks to establish invariants at the boundary:
Invariants are particularly useful in complex systems that cannot afford to perform exhaustive checks at every step. We establish invariants at the system boundary, and then any following code can assume those properties without checking them again. In general, anything that can be assumed to be true is an invariant. For example, a specification can leave a feature as implementation-defined but with certain invariants, meaning those properties will always hold true regardless of the exact behavior. ## Help improve MDN
[Learn how to contribute](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/MDN/Community/Getting_started)
This page was last modified on Jul 11, 2025 by [MDN contributors](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Invariant/contributors.txt). [View this page on GitHub](https://github.com/mdn/content/blob/main/files/en-us/glossary/invariant/index.md?plain=1 "Folder: en-us/glossary/invariant \(Opens in a new tab\)") • [Report a problem with this content](https://github.com/mdn/content/issues/new?template=page-report.yml&mdn-url=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FGlossary%2FInvariant&metadata=%3C%21--+Do+not+make+changes+below+this+line+--%3E%0A%3Cdetails%3E%0A%3Csummary%3EPage+report+details%3C%2Fsummary%3E%0A%0A*+Folder%3A+%60en-us%2Fglossary%2Finvariant%60%0A*+MDN+URL%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FGlossary%2FInvariant%0A*+GitHub+URL%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmdn%2Fcontent%2Fblob%2Fmain%2Ffiles%2Fen-us%2Fglossary%2Finvariant%2Findex.md%0A*+Last+commit%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmdn%2Fcontent%2Fcommit%2F2547f622337d6cbf8c3794776b17ed377d6aad57%0A*+Document+last+modified%3A+2025-07-11T14%3A45%3A59.000Z%0A%0A%3C%2Fdetails%3E "This will take you to GitHub to file a new issue.")
1. [Glossary](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary)
2. 1. [Abstraction](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Abstraction)
2. [Accent](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Accent)
3. [Accessibility](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Accessibility)
4. [Accessibility tree](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Accessibility_tree)
5. [Accessible description](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Accessible_description)
6. [Accessible name](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Accessible_name)
7. [Adobe Flash](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Adobe_Flash)
8. [Advance measure](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Advance_measure)
9. [Ajax](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/AJAX)
10. [Algorithm](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Algorithm)
11. [Alignment container](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Alignment_Container)
12. [Alignment subject](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Alignment_Subject)
13. [Alpha (alpha channel)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Alpha)
14. [ALPN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ALPN)
15. [API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/API)
16. [Apple Safari](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Apple_Safari)
17. [Application context](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Application_context)
18. [Argument](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Argument)
19. [ARIA](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ARIA)
20. [ARPA](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ARPA)
21. [ARPANET](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Arpanet)
22. [Array](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Array)
23. [ASCII](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ASCII)
24. [Aspect ratio](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Aspect_ratio)
25. [Asynchronous](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Asynchronous)
26. [ATAG](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ATAG)
27. [Attribute](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Attribute)
28. [Authentication](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Authentication)
29. [Authenticator](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Authenticator)
30. [Bandwidth](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Bandwidth)
31. [Base64](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Base64)
32. [Baseline](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Baseline)
1. [Baseline (compatibility)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Baseline/Compatibility)
2. [Baseline (typography)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Baseline/Typography)
33. [BCP 47 language tag](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/BCP_47_language_tag)
34. [Beacon](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Beacon)
35. [Bézier curve](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Bezier_curve)
36. [bfcache](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/bfcache)
37. [BiDi](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/BiDi)
38. [BigInt](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/BigInt)
39. [Binding](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Binding)
40. [Bitwise flags](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Bitwise_flags)
41. [Blink](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Blink)
42. [blink element (<blink> tag)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/blink_element)
43. [Block](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Block)
1. [Block (CSS)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Block/CSS)
2. [Block (scripting)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Block/Scripting)
44. [Block cipher mode of operation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation)
45. [Block-level content](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Block-level_content)
46. [Boolean](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Boolean)
1. [Boolean (JavaScript)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Boolean/JavaScript)
2. [Boolean attribute (ARIA)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Boolean/ARIA)
3. [Boolean attribute (HTML)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Boolean/HTML)
47. [Bounding box](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Bounding_box)
48. [Breadcrumb](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Breadcrumb)
49. [Brotli compression](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Brotli_compression)
50. [Browser](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Browser)
51. [Browsing context](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Browsing_context)
52. [Buffer](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Buffer)
53. [Bun](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Bun)
54. [Cache](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Cache)
55. [Cacheable](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Cacheable)
56. [CalDAV](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CalDAV)
57. [Call stack](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Call_stack)
58. [Callback function](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Callback_function)
59. [Camel case](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Camel_case)
60. [Canonical order](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Canonical_order)
61. [Canvas](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Canvas)
62. [Card sorting](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Card_sorting)
63. [CardDAV](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CardDAV)
64. [Caret](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Caret)
65. [CDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CDN)
66. [Certificate authority](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Certificate_authority)
67. [Certified](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Certified)
68. [Challenge-response authentication](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Challenge)
69. [Character](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Character)
70. [Character encoding](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Character_encoding)
71. [Character reference](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Character_reference)
72. [Character set](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Character_set)
73. [Chrome](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Chrome)
74. [CIA](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CIA)
75. [Cipher](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Cipher)
76. [Cipher suite](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Cipher_suite)
77. [Ciphertext](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Ciphertext)
78. [Class](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Class)
79. [Client-side rendering (CSR)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CSR)
80. [Closure](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Closure)
81. [Cloud](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Cloud)
82. [Cloud computing](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Cloud_computing)
83. [CMS](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CMS)
84. [Code point](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Code_point)
85. [Code splitting](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Code_splitting)
86. [Code unit](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Code_unit)
87. [Codec](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Codec)
88. [Color space](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Color_space)
89. [Color wheel](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Color_wheel)
90. [Compile](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Compile)
91. [Compile time](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Compile_time)
92. [Composite operation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Composite_operation)
93. [Compression Dictionary Transport](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Compression_dictionary_transport)
94. [Computer programming](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Computer_Programming)
95. [Conditional](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Conditional)
96. [Constant](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Constant)
97. [Constructor](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Constructor)
98. [Content header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Content_header)
99. [Continuous integration](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Continuous_integration)
100. [Continuous media](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Continuous_Media)
101. [Control flow](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Control_flow)
102. [Cookie](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Cookie)
103. [Copyleft](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Copyleft)
104. [CORS](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CORS)
105. [CORS-safelisted request header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CORS-safelisted_request_header)
106. [CORS-safelisted response header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CORS-safelisted_response_header)
107. [Crawler](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Crawler)
108. [Credential](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Credential)
109. [CRLF](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CRLF)
110. [Cross Axis](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Cross_Axis)
111. [Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CSRF)
112. [Cross-site scripting (XSS)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Cross-site_scripting)
113. [CRUD](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CRUD)
114. [Cryptanalysis](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Cryptanalysis)
115. [Cryptography](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Cryptography)
116. [CSP](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CSP)
117. [CSS](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CSS)
118. [CSS Object Model (CSSOM)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CSSOM)
119. [CSS pixel](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CSS_pixel)
120. [CSS preprocessor](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CSS_preprocessor)
121. [Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CLS)
122. [Data structure](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Data_structure)
123. [Database](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Database)
124. [Debounce](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Debounce)
125. [Decryption](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Decryption)
126. [Deep copy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Deep_copy)
127. [Delta](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Delta)
128. [Denial of Service (DoS)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Denial_of_Service)
129. [Deno](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Deno)
130. [Descriptor (CSS)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CSS_Descriptor)
131. [Deserialization](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Deserialization)
132. [Developer tools](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Developer_Tools)
133. [Device pixel](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Device_pixel)
134. [Digital certificate](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Digital_certificate)
135. [Digital signature](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Digital_signature)
136. [Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Distributed_Denial_of_Service)
137. [DMZ](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/DMZ)
138. [DNS](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/DNS)
139. [Doctype](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Doctype)
140. [Document directive](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Document_directive)
141. [Document environment](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Document_environment)
142. [DOM (Document Object Model)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/DOM)
143. [Domain](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Domain)
144. [Domain name](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Domain_name)
145. [Domain sharding](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Domain_sharding)
146. [Dominator](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Dominator)
147. [DSL](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/DSL)
1. [DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/DSL/Digital_subscriber_line)
2. [DSL (Domain-Specific Language)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/DSL/Domain_specific_language)
148. [DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/DTLS)
149. [DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency signaling)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/DTMF)
150. [Dynamic typing](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Dynamic_typing)
151. [ECMA](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ECMA)
152. [ECMAScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ECMAScript)
153. [Effective connection type](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Effective_connection_type)
154. [Element](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Element)
155. [Encapsulation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Encapsulation)
156. [Encryption](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Encryption)
157. [Endianness](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Endianness)
158. [Engine](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Engine)
1. [JavaScript engine](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Engine/JavaScript)
2. [Rendering engine](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Engine/Rendering)
159. [Entity](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Entity)
160. [Entity header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Entity_header)
161. [Enumerated](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Enumerated)
162. [Escape character](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Escape_character)
163. [Event](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Event)
164. [Exception](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Exception)
165. [EXIF](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/EXIF)
166. [Expando](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Expando)
167. [Extrinsic size](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Extrinsic_size)
168. [Fallback alignment](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Fallback_Alignment)
169. [Falsy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Falsy)
170. [Favicon](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Favicon)
171. [Federated identity](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Federated_identity)
172. [Fetch directive](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Fetch_directive)
173. [Fetch metadata request header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Fetch_metadata_request_header)
174. [Fingerprinting](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Fingerprinting)
175. [Firefox OS](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Firefox_OS)
176. [Firewall](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Firewall)
177. [First Contentful Paint (FCP)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/First_contentful_paint)
178. [First CPU idle](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/First_CPU_idle)
179. [First Input Delay (FID)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/First_input_delay)
180. [First Meaningful Paint (FMP)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/First_meaningful_paint)
181. [First Paint (FP)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/First_paint)
182. [First-class function](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/First-class_Function)
183. [Flex](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Flex)
184. [Flex container](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Flex_Container)
185. [Flex item](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Flex_Item)
186. [Flexbox](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Flexbox)
187. [Flow relative values](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Flow_relative_values)
188. [Forbidden request header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Forbidden_request_header)
189. [Forbidden response header name](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Forbidden_response_header_name)
190. [Fork](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Fork)
191. [Fragmentainer](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Fragmentainer)
192. [Frame rate (FPS)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/FPS)
193. [FTP](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/FTP)
194. [FTU](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/FTU)
195. [Function](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Function)
196. [Fuzz testing](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Fuzzing)
197. [Gamut](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Gamut)
198. [Garbage collection](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Garbage_collection)
199. [Gecko](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Gecko)
200. [General header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/General_header)
201. [GIF](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/GIF)
202. [Git](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Git)
203. [Global object](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Global_object)
204. [Global scope](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Global_scope)
205. [Global variable](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Global_variable)
206. [Glyph](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Glyph)
207. [Google Chrome](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Google_Chrome)
208. [GPL](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/GPL)
209. [GPU](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/GPU)
210. [Graceful degradation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Graceful_degradation)
211. [Grid](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Grid)
212. [Grid areas](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Grid_Areas)
213. [Grid Axis](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Grid_Axis)
214. [Grid Cell](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Grid_Cell)
215. [Grid Column](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Grid_Column)
216. [Grid container](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Grid_Container)
217. [Grid lines](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Grid_Lines)
218. [Grid Row](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Grid_Row)
219. [Grid Tracks](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Grid_Tracks)
220. [Guaranteed-invalid value](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/guaranteed_invalid_value)
221. [Gutters](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Gutters)
222. [gzip compression](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/gzip_compression)
223. [Hash function](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Hash_function)
224. [Hash routing](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Hash_routing)
225. [Head](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Head)
226. [High-level programming language](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/High-level_programming_language)
227. [HMAC](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HMAC)
228. [Hoisting](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Hoisting)
229. [HOL blocking](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Head_of_line_blocking)
230. [Host](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Host)
231. [Hotlink](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Hotlink)
232. [Houdini](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Houdini)
233. [HPKP](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HPKP)
234. [HSTS](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HSTS)
235. [HTML](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HTML)
236. [HTML color codes](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/html_color_codes)
237. [HTML5](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HTML5)
238. [HTTP](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HTTP)
239. [HTTP content](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HTTP_Content)
240. [HTTP header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HTTP_header)
241. [HTTP/2](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HTTP_2)
242. [HTTP/3](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HTTP_3)
243. [HTTPS](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HTTPS)
244. [HTTPS RR](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HTTPS_RR)
245. [Hyperlink](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Hyperlink)
246. [Hypertext](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Hypertext)
247. [IANA](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/IANA)
248. [ICANN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ICANN)
249. [ICE](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ICE)
250. [IDE](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/IDE)
251. [Idempotent](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Idempotent)
252. [Identifier](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Identifier)
253. [Identity provider (IdP)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Identity_provider)
254. [IDL](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/IDL)
255. [IETF](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/IETF)
256. [IIFE](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/IIFE)
257. [IMAP](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/IMAP)
258. [Immutable](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Immutable)
259. [IndexedDB](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/IndexedDB)
260. [Information architecture](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Information_architecture)
261. [Inheritance](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Inheritance)
262. [Ink overflow](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Ink_overflow)
263. [Inline-level content](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Inline-level_content)
264. [Input method editor](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Input_method_editor)
265. [Inset properties](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Inset_properties)
266. [Instance](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Instance)
267. [Interaction to Next Paint (INP)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Interaction_to_next_paint)
268. [Internationalization (i18n)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Internationalization)
269. [Internet](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Internet)
270. [Interpolation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Interpolation)
271. [Intrinsic size](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Intrinsic_Size)
272. _[Invariant](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Invariant)_
273. [IP Address](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/IP_Address)
274. [IPv4](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/IPv4)
275. [IPv6](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/IPv6)
276. [IRC](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/IRC)
277. [ISO](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ISO)
278. [ISP](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ISP)
279. [ITU](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ITU)
280. [Jank](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Jank)
281. [Java](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Java)
282. [JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/JavaScript)
283. [Jitter](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Jitter)
284. [JPEG](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/JPEG)
285. [JSON](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/JSON)
286. [JSON type representation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/JSON_type_representation)
287. [Just-In-Time Compilation (JIT)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Just_In_Time_Compilation)
288. [Kebab case](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Kebab_case)
289. [Key](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Key)
290. [Keyword](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Keyword)
291. [Largest Contentful Paint (LCP)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Largest_contentful_paint)
292. [Latency](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Latency)
293. [Layout mode](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Layout_mode)
294. [Layout viewport](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Layout_viewport)
295. [Lazy load](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Lazy_load)
296. [Leading](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Leading)
297. [LGPL](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/LGPL)
298. [Ligature](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Ligature)
299. [Literal](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Literal)
300. [Local scope](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Local_scope)
301. [Local variable](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Local_variable)
302. [Locale](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Locale)
303. [Localization](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Localization)
304. [Logical properties](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Logical_properties)
305. [Long task](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Long_task)
306. [Loop](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Loop)
307. [Lossless compression](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Lossless_compression)
308. [Lossy compression](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Lossy_compression)
309. [LTR (Left To Right)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/LTR)
310. [Main axis](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Main_Axis)
311. [Main thread](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Main_thread)
312. [Markup](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Markup)
313. [MathML](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/MathML)
314. [Media](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Media)
1. [Media (Audio-visual presentation)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Media/Audio-visual_presentation)
2. [Media (CSS)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Media/CSS)
315. [Media query](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Media_query)
316. [Metadata](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Metadata)
317. [Method](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Method)
318. [Microsoft Edge](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Microsoft_Edge)
319. [Microsoft Internet Explorer](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Microsoft_Internet_Explorer)
320. [Middleware](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Middleware)
321. [MIME](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/MIME)
322. [MIME type](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/MIME_type)
323. [Minification](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Minification)
324. [MitM](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/MitM)
325. [Mixin](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Mixin)
326. [Mobile first](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Mobile_First)
327. [Modem](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Modem)
328. [Modularity](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Modularity)
329. [Mozilla Firefox](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Mozilla_Firefox)
330. [Multi-factor authentication](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Multi-factor_authentication)
331. [Mutable](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Mutable)
332. [MVC](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/MVC)
333.
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