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| title | chunk | source | category | tags | date_saved | instance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PH meter | 3/3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_meter | reference | science, encyclopedia | 2026-05-05T03:13:57.835455+00:00 | kb-cron |
The concept of pH was defined in 1909 by S. P. L. Sørensen, and electrodes were used for pH measurement in the 1920s. In October 1934, Arnold Orville Beckman registered the first patent for a complete chemical instrument for the measurement of pH, U.S. Patent No. 2,058,761, for his "acidimeter", later renamed the pH meter. Beckman developed the prototype as an assistant professor of chemistry at the California Institute of Technology, when asked to devise a quick and accurate method for measuring the acidity of lemon juice for the California Fruit Growers Exchange (Sunkist). On April 8, 1935, Beckman's renamed National Technical Laboratories focused on the manufacture of scientific instruments, with the Arthur H. Thomas Company as a distributor for its pH meter. In its first full year of sales, 1936, the company sold 444 pH meters for $60,000 in sales. In years to come, the company sold millions of the units. In 2004 the Beckman pH meter was designated an ACS National Historic Chemical Landmark in recognition of its significance as the first commercially successful electronic pH meter. The Radiometer Corporation of Denmark was founded in 1935, and began marketing a pH meter for medical use around 1936, but "the development of automatic pH-meters for industrial purposes was neglected. Instead American instrument makers successfully developed industrial pH-meters with a wide variety of applications, such as in breweries, paper works, alum works, and water treatment systems." In the 1940s the electrodes for pH meters were often difficult to make, or unreliable due to brittle glass. Dr. Werner Ingold began to industrialize the production of single-rod measuring cells, a combination of measurement and reference electrode in one construction unit, which led to broader acceptance in a wide range of industries including pharmaceutical production. Beckman marketed a portable "Pocket pH Meter" as early as 1956, but it did not have a digital read-out. In the 1970s Jenco Electronics of Taiwan designed and manufactured the first portable digital pH meter. This meter was sold under the label of the Cole-Parmer Corporation.
== Building a pH meter == Specialized manufacturing is required for the electrodes, and details of their design and construction are typically trade secrets. However, with purchase of suitable electrodes, a standard multimeter can be used to complete the construction of the pH meter. However, commercial suppliers offer voltmeter displays that simplify use, including calibration and temperature compensation.
== See also == Antimony electrode Ion-selective electrodes ISFET pH electrode Potentiometry Quinhydrone electrode Saturated calomel electrode Silver chloride electrode Standard hydrogen electrode
== References ==
== External links ==
Introduction to pH measurement – Overview of pH and pH measurement at the Omega Engineering website What is pH meter? – Overview Development of the Beckman pH Meter – National Historic Chemical Landmark of the American Chemical Society pH Measurement Handbook - A publication of the Thermo-Scientific Co. Monograph: pH measurement – Everything from A - Z by Metrohm AG