Scrape wikipedia-science: 11052 new, 3614 updated, 15036 total (kb-cron)
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADIME-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADIME-0.md
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title: "ADIME"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADIME"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:13.256433+00:00"
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ADIME, or Assessment, Diagnosis, Intervention, and Monitoring/Evaluation, is a process used to ensure high quality nutrition care to patients and clients from nutrition professionals, such as Registered Dietitians (RD) or Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN). ADIME is used as a means of charting patient progress and to encourage a universal language amongst nutrition professionals.
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== Steps ==
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The ADIME process consists of four steps:
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Assessment — This step involves collecting data pertinent to the patient, including nutrition-related History, anthropometric Measurements, biochemical data, nutrition-focused physical findings, client history and comparative standards.
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Diagnosis — Based on the assessment data collected, a nutrition problem may be diagnosed. Causes and contributing factors are identified.
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Intervention — Based on the nutrition diagnosis, problems are addressed that aid in alleviation of the diagnosis’ signs and symptoms. Activities are constructed to enable the patient to work towards objectives set for them by themselves and their nutrition professional.
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Monitoring/Evaluation — Progress made on goals and/or expected outcomes is tracked to ensure that nutrition problems are being addressed; adjustments in the Intervention step are made according to progress.
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== References ==
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_mortality-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_mortality-0.md
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---
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title: "Adult mortality"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_mortality"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:14.483986+00:00"
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Adult mortality is the death of an adult between the ages of 15 and 60 years. The adult mortality rate refers to the probability of dying between 15 and 60 years expressed per 1,000 population. Since adults are the most economically productive age span, adult mortality rate is an important indicator for the comprehensive assessment of mortality patterns in a population.
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== References ==
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== See also ==
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Infant mortality
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Child mortality
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algas_calcareas-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algas_calcareas-0.md
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title: "Algas calcareas"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algas_calcareas"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:15.674362+00:00"
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Algas calcareas, also known as AlgaeCal, is a plant-based dietary supplement derived from Lithothamnion superpositum, a red marine algae native to South America. It is a source of calcium, magnesium, and other trace minerals. Several studies have shown safety and improvement in bone density.
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== Background ==
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Algas calcareas was first found by Marcos Norman to reduce fusion temperatures in steel manufacturing. Norman then left Morris Kwugsem International to begin a study on South American marine algae that has lasted for 29 years.
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== Research ==
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Calcium supplements derived from marine algae may have higher bioavailability than typical supplementation forms such as calcium carbonate, potentially leading to better outcomes on bone density. However, most studies focus on beneficial effects in animals, with more independent research needed to establish efficacy of algae-based calcium over other calcium supplements in humans. Consumption of calcium derived from marine organisms can be used to supplement daily calcium intakes but may not be sufficient for treating deficiency.
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== See also ==
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Chlorella vulgaris
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== References ==
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_Order_1920-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_Order_1920-0.md
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title: "Aliens Order 1920"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_Order_1920"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:16.809429+00:00"
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The Aliens Order 1920 (SR&O 1920/448) was a British statutory instrument created under the Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919 that extended powers over the entry of immigrants into the country. The order made passports obligatory, and it was brought out in the context of a period of widespread unemployment following the First World War. As a result of the order, all aliens seeking employment, or residence, were required to register with the police and a 'central register of aliens' was maintained under the direction of the Home Secretary, who was Edward Shortt at the time the order came about.
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The order also required that all aliens entering Britain to be subjected to a medical evaluation, and it further permitted immigration officers to refuse entry to anyone deemed "a lunatic, idiot, or mentally deficient" or if "for medical reasons his admission is undesirable," so long as the determination be "certified by a medical inspector". Inspection did not usually require a medical officer, but was largely in the domain of immigration.
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This order remained in force until it was replaced by the Aliens Order 1953 (SI 1953/1671).
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== References ==
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayliffe_technique-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayliffe_technique-0.md
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title: "Ayliffe technique"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayliffe_technique"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:17.985833+00:00"
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The Ayliffe technique is a 1978 six-step hand washing technique, which is attributed to Graham Ayliffe et al., specifically for health care services.
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== Technique ==
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The technique has been adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and is similar to German standard DIN EN 1500 (hygienic hand disinfection)) Evidence suggests that it reduces microbial load on hands.
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The six steps of the technique are as follows:
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Palm to palm.
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Palm of left hand to the back of the right hand and vice versa.
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Palm to palm with fingers interlocked.
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Backs of fingers to the opposing palm.
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Rotational rubbing of each thumb clasped in the opposing palm.
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Rotational rubbing backwards and forwards with clasped fingers of one hand in the palm of the other.
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The paper states that each action should be performed five times and the procedure should last for 30 seconds.
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== See also ==
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Hand washing
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== References ==
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== External links ==
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NHS - How to wash your hands
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Keeping hospitals clean: how nurses can reduce health-care-associated infection
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy's_Bootcamp-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy's_Bootcamp-0.md
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title: "Billy's Bootcamp"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy's_Bootcamp"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:19.176124+00:00"
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Billy's Bootcamp is an exercise program developed by Billy Blanks. It created a pop culture phenomenon in Japan in 2007, similar to the effect Tae Bo had in the U.S. earlier, selling more than 200,000 copies in May of the same year alone.
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Billy Blanks visited Japan on June 21, 2007 to promote Bootcamp. Upon arrival Blanks was greeted by 200 Japanese fans who affectionately call him "Taicho" (Japanese: 隊長, chief) at Narita International Airport. Blanks appeared on many Japanese TV shows during his ten-day stay in Japan such as SMAP×SMAP where Shingo Katori, a member of popular Japanese boy band SMAP, impersonated Blanks.
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A tie-in video game based on the program, titled Billy's Bootcamp: Wii de Enjoy! Diet (ビリーズブートキャンプ Wiiでエンジョイダイエット！), was released in 2011 exclusively in Japan for the Wii, as the third and final installment of Rocket Company's Shape Boxing fitness game trilogy.
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== References ==
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_Vitale-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_Vitale-0.md
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title: "Carte Vitale"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_Vitale"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:21.629666+00:00"
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The Carte Vitale (French pronunciation: [kaʁt vital]; lit. 'Vital Card') is the health insurance card of the national health care system in France. It was introduced in 1998 to allow a direct settlement with the medical arm of the social insurance system. The declaration of a primary health insurance company (Caisse primaire d'assurance maladie) substitutes the card usage.
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Since 2008, a second generation of smart cards is being introduced—the "Carte Vitale 2" carries a picture for identification and the smart card has additional functions of an electronic health insurance card to carry electronic documents of the treatment process. The first generation had been a family card carrying the names of all family members, thereby simply declaring they are covered by the French social security health care, while non-residents would need to use the European Health Insurance Card to prove their health insurance status.
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== See also ==
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Electronic health record
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European health insurance card
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Italian health insurance card
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== References ==
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== External links ==
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Media related to Carte Vitale at Wikimedia Commons
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_mix_index-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_mix_index-0.md
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title: "Case mix index"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_mix_index"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:22.822211+00:00"
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---
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Case mix index (CMI) within health care and medicine, is a relative value assigned to a diagnosis-related group of patients in a medical care environment. The CMI value is used in determining the allocation of resources to care for and/or treat the patients in the group.
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== Resource Use Groups ==
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Patients are classified into groups having the same condition (based on main and secondary diagnosis, procedures, age), complexity (comorbidity) and needs. These groups are known as Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG), or Resource Use Groups (RUG).
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Each DRG has a relative average value assigned to it that indicates the amount of resources required to treat patients in the group, as compared to all the other diagnosis-related groups within the system. The relative average value assigned to each group is its CMI.
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== Hospital CMI ==
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The CMI of a hospital reflects the diversity, clinical complexity and the needs for resources in the population of all the patients in the hospital.
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The CMI value of a hospital can be used to adjust the average cost per patient (or per day) for a given hospital relative to the adjusted average cost for other hospitals by dividing the average cost per patient (or day) by the hospital's calculated CMI. The adjusted average cost per patient would reflect the charges reported for the types of cases treated in that year. If a hospital has a CMI greater than 1.00, their adjusted cost per patient or per day will be lower and conversely, if a hospital has a CMI less than 1.00, their adjusted cost will be higher.
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Example:
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The archived 2011 spreadsheet of the CMI for all US providers is linked here:[1]
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An analysis of that file shows 3619 hospital records. The number of cases per hospital ranges from a low of 1 to a high of 36,282 cases at Florida Hospital in Orlando, FL (Medicare ID 100007). That hospital has a Case Mix Index of 1.57. The mean number of cases for all the hospitals in the database is 3,098 with a standard deviation of 3,102. The Case Mix Index average is 1.37 with a minimum of 0.58, a maximum of 3.73, and a standard deviation of 0.31.
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== See also ==
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Diagnosis-related group
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== References ==
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---
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title: "Catherine Kerr (environmentalist)"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Kerr_(environmentalist)"
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category: "reference"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:58.065740+00:00"
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Catherine "Kay" Kerr (née Spaulding; 1911 – 2010) was a pioneer in environmentalism. She, along with friends Sylvia McLaughlin and Esther Gulick, founded the Save San Francisco Bay Association in 1961 which eventually became Save The Bay. The three friends also founded the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, the first coastal protection agency in America. Their efforts helped spark the environmental movement in the United States.
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Throughout her life, Kerr fought to protect the San Francisco Bay from development and landfill and to restore wetlands and estuarine habitat.
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== Personal life ==
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Kay Kerr was born in Los Angeles and attended Stanford University, where she majored in journalism. At a peace conference in 1934 she met and later married Clark Kerr, who went on to become an economics professor and chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley, and then the president of the University of California system.
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== References ==
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---
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title: "Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Surveillance,_Epidemiology_and_Laboratory_Services"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:24.007389+00:00"
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---
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The Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services (CSELS) was a branch of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 2013-2022 that provided scientific service, expertise, skills, and tools in support of national efforts to promote health; prevent disease, injury and disability; and prepare for emerging health threats. It was founded in 2013 and had over 700 employees and contractors before its divisions and office of the director were reorganized.
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CSELS managed over 30 programs across four divisions: Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Division of Laboratory Systems, Division of Public Health Information Dissemination, and the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development.
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== Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance ==
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The Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance (DHIS) provides leadership and expertise in data, surveillance, and analytics for the CDC and partners with state-of-the-art information systems, capacity building services, and high-quality data to guide public health decisions and actions. These include in case surveillance; syndromic surveillance; and data processing, provisioning, and analytics support the CDC Data Modernization Initiative, health equity, and our critical partners in public health surveillance.
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== Division of Laboratory Systems ==
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The Division of Laboratory Systems ('DLSs) purpose is to improve the quality of laboratory testing and related practices in the U.S. and globally through the development and evaluation of innovative training, technical standards, practice guidelines, and reference materials.
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Major Products or Services provided by DLS include:
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CASPIR – The CDC and ATSDR Specimen Packaging, Inventory and Repository (CASPIR), was established as a centralized resource to preserve CDC's valuable specimens and to provide ongoing specimen management support for CDC programs. The biorepository holds over 6.5 million samples.
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CLIAC - Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act Committee
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== Division of Public Health Information Dissemination ==
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The Public Health Informatics Office (PHIO), formerly the Division of Public Health Information Dissemination is an interdisciplinary team that collaborates across the agency and with private and governmental partners to provide innovative data, analytics, and technology solutions for public health action.
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== Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development ==
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The Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development (DSEPD) provides leadership for recruiting, training, developing and retaining the nation's public health workforce at all levels of the public health system.
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== References ==
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This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_diagnosis-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_diagnosis-0.md
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---
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title: "Community diagnosis"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_diagnosis"
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category: "reference"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:25.127244+00:00"
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Community diagnosis is the identification and quantification of health problems in a given population using health indicators to define those at risk or those in need of care and the opportunities and resources available to address these factors.
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== References ==
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---
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title: "Comorbidity–polypharmacy score"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comorbidity–polypharmacy_score"
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category: "reference"
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In medicine, the Comorbidity–polypharmacy score (CPS) is a measure of overall severity of comorbidities. It is defined as the simple sum of the number of known comorbidities (concurrent conditions) and pre-admission medications taken by the patient (polypharmacy), as a surrogate for the “intensity” of the comorbidities.
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This score has been tested and validated extensively in the trauma population, demonstrating good correlation with mortality, morbidity, triage, and hospital readmissions. Increasing levels of CPS were associated with significantly lower 90-day survival in the original study of the score in trauma population.
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== Comparison with other comorbidity measures ==
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The test is similar to the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), but CPS also considers the number of medications taken, which is not a parameter in CCI. Additionally, CPS considers a wider range of comorbidities than CCI, and assigns the same weight to each. A study comparing the two metrics found that CCI was a better predictor of mortality than CPS in older trauma patients.
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== See also ==
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Comorbidity
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Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)
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Elixhauser Comorbidity Index
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== References ==
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_health_informatics-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_health_informatics-0.md
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---
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title: "Consumer health informatics"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_health_informatics"
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category: "reference"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:28.790696+00:00"
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---
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Consumer health informatics (CHI) is a sub-branch of health informatics that helps bridge the gap between patients and health resources. It is defined by the American Medical Informatics Association as "the field devoted to informatics from multiple consumer or patient views". The Consumer Health Informatics Working Group (CHIWG) of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) define it as "the use of modern computers and telecommunications to support consumers in obtaining information, analyzing unique health care needs and helping them make decisions about their own health".
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== Scope ==
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CHI includes patient-focused informatics, health literacy, and consumer education. The focus of this field is to allow consumers to manage their own health, through the use of internet-based strategies and resources with consumer-friendly language. Currently, CHI It stands at the crossroads of other disciplines, such as nursing informatics, public health, health promotion, health education, library science, and communication science.
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Consumer health informatics include technologies focused on patients as the primary users to health information. It includes: information resources, communications, remote monitoring, videoconferencing, and telepresence. The Kaiser model is an example of allowing patients to remotely communicate with their physicians or other healthcare professionals.
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== See also ==
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e-patient
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Health 2.0
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Participatory medicine
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== References ==
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---
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title: "Contraception Begins at Erection Act"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraception_Begins_at_Erection_Act"
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category: "reference"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:29.939565+00:00"
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---
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Contraception Begins at Erection Act is a 2025 Mississippi bill proposed by Mississippi State Senator Bradford Blackmon that would make it unlawful for a person to "discharge genetic material without the intent to fertilize an embryo." The proposed bill would impose a $1,000 fine for first-time offenders, $5,000 fine for a second offense, and $10,000 fine for further offenses. The bill died in committee on February 4, 2025.
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Blackmon stated he proposed the bill to "point out the double standards in legislation" and "brings the man’s role into the conversation" noting how "People can get up in arms and call it absurd but I can’t say that bothers me." Canada's National Post described the bill as "satirical" and "a provocative response to recent restrictions on women’s reproductive rights", citing the Supreme Court’s overturning of Roe v. Wade as an example.
|
||||
Following the introduction of the bill, Blackmon received death threats and subsequently stated that the bill was made in jest.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Conception Begins at Erection Act ==
|
||||
In Feb 2025, Ohio House of Representatives Anita Somani and Tristan Rader stated they would introduce a similar bill dubbed "Conception Begins at Erection Act."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Every Sperm Is Sacred
|
||||
Natalism
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_per_procedure-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_per_procedure-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Cost per procedure"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_per_procedure"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:31.107943+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Cost per procedure, sometimes known as price per procedure, is a medical pricing model which describes the average cost of receiving a certain medical procedure.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough_etiquette-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough_etiquette-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Cough etiquette"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough_etiquette"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:32.304257+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Cough etiquette is the behavioural expectation surrounding coughing.
|
||||
Modern cough etiquette is a disease prevention measure. Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing reduces the potential for transmission of respiratory infectious agents.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunch_(exercise)-0.md
Normal file
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunch_(exercise)-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Crunch (exercise)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunch_(exercise)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:33.518892+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The crunch or curl-up is an abdominal exercise that works the rectus abdominis muscle. Crunches use the exerciser's own body weight to strengthen muscle and are recommended by some experts, despite negative research results, as a low-cost exercise that can be performed at home. Crunches are less effective than other exercises such as planks and carry risk of back injury.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Form ==
|
||||
|
||||
The biomechanics professor Stuart McGill was quoted in The New York Times Health blog as stating:
|
||||
|
||||
An approved crunch begins with you lying down, one knee bent, and hands positioned beneath your lower back for support. "Do not hollow your stomach or press your back against the floor", McGill says. Gently lift your head and shoulders, hold briefly and relax back down.
|
||||
Research has shown that both sit-ups and crunches are mediocre strength-building exercises and have injured many people.
|
||||
In a crunch, unlike a sit-up, the lower back stays on the floor. This is said to eliminate any involvement by the hip flexors, and make the crunch an effective isolation exercise for the abdominals.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== World records ==
|
||||
Sirous Ahmadi has the record of doing over 20,000 crunches in under 5 hours on May 11, 2024.
|
||||
In 2018, John Peterson from the US did 6,774 crunches in an hour and in 2021, he did a total of 13,994 crunches in two hours.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Plank (exercise)
|
||||
Sit-up
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debunkify-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debunkify-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Debunkify"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debunkify"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:34.702429+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Debunkify is a campaign established in July 2006 aimed at dispelling tobacco and secondhand smoke misconceptions in the state of Ohio. A mobile marketing tour, complete with a Debunkify-branded vehicle and a team of brand ambassadors, canvassed Ohio on a 10-month run, with the aim of debunking tobacco myths and correcting tobacco misconceptions at each of its stops.
|
||||
Throughout June 2007, 17 participating standTunz artists battled it out online for a chance to play at the Myth Farewell Tour Main Event.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
"Ohio rolls out second phase of anti-smoking campaign". Retrieved 26 January 2016.
|
||||
"Elida grad aims to 'DEBUNK' smoking myths". Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
|
||||
"Ohio Steps Up Anti-Smoking Effort". AdWeek. 26 July 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
|
||||
Canning-Dean, Emily (21 March 2014). "Students get smart about tobacco". The Post Newspapers. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
|
||||
48
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconditioning-0.md
Normal file
48
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconditioning-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Deconditioning"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconditioning"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:35.926408+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Deconditioning is the adaptation of an organism to a less demanding environment, or, alternatively, the decrease of
|
||||
physiological adaptation to normal conditions. Deconditioning can result from decreased physical activity, prescribed bed rest, orthopedic casting, paralysis, and disability that can accompany aging. A particular interest in the study of deconditioning is in aerospace medicine, to diagnose, fight, and prevent adverse effects of the conditions of space flight.
|
||||
Deconditioning due to lack of gravity or non-standard gravity action (e.g., during bed rest) results in abnormal distribution of body fluids.
|
||||
Deconditioning as a syndrome has historically been associated with a number of medical disorders, including chronic fatigue syndrome, though whether it plays any role in the latter is highly controversial.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Signs and symptoms ==
|
||||
Patients affected by deconditioning can have almost all systems of their body negatively impacted. Fatigue is a manifestation of a decline in function in both the cardiovascular and pulmonary system. Effects of deconditioning on the heart include: decreased cardiac output, increased heart rate, orthostatic hypotension, and an inability to exert oneself. On the other hand, effects on the lungs include: increased pneumonia risk, decreased oxygenation of organs, and shortness of breath.
|
||||
Deconditioning can impact the musculoskeletal system through muscle loss, weakness, increased bone fragility, and joint stiffness. These symptoms may increase the risk of fall and decrease the pain threshold that patients may have. One source states that muscles become significantly deconditioned at approximately 1 week of being immobile with 37.3% of patients being classified as sarcopenic. More specifically, it is found there is a 1.5% decrease in leg strength each day a patient is immobile, which equates to a 10% loss in total strength after a week of immobility. Other symptoms that deconditioned patients are at increased risk for are: constipation, urinary incontinence, increased blood viscosity, and skin ulcers/wounds (due to prolonged pressure from bedrest).
|
||||
One body system that is commonly overlooked in patients with deconditioning is the psychological impact it can bring. Some psychiatric symptoms that deconditioned patients may experience are depression, anxiety, confusion, disorientation, and delirium. Specifically, patients with delirium are likely to increase their stay in the hospital by 2 times than without, 2 times more likely to fall, and 3 times more likely to result in early death.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Complications ===
|
||||
Complications stemming from the changes due to hospital-associated deconditioning include aspiration pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, pneumothorax (collapsed lung), blood clots, urinary tract infections, falls, and fragility fractures.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Causes ==
|
||||
Factors that put a patient at risk for deconditioning include prolonged bed rest, old age, prior frailty, sarcopenia (muscles that are dysfunctional or reduced in size), chronic malnutrition, and prior cognitive issues.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Treatment ==
|
||||
Once a patient has been deconditioned, it typically takes double the amount of time they have been deconditioned in order to recover their prior condition.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Prognosis ==
|
||||
30% of elderly patients are able to regain the same level of function they were at prior to their deconditioned state after 1 year.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Epidemiology ==
|
||||
30-41% of older adults are affected by hospital-associated deconditioning following an acute hospital admission. Deconditioning has been observed to be the cause of delaying hospital discharges in 47% of older patients. Independent elderly adults are 4 times more likely to develop significant functional decline after a hospital stay.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Atrophy
|
||||
Effect of spaceflight on the human body
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decontamination-0.md
Normal file
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decontamination-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Decontamination"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decontamination"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:37.083300+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Decontamination (sometimes abbreviated as decon, dcon, or decontam) is the process of removing contaminants on an object or area, including chemicals, micro-organisms, and/or radioactive substances. This may be achieved by chemical reaction, disinfection, and/or physical removal. It refers to specific action taken to reduce the hazard posed by such contaminants, as opposed to general cleaning.
|
||||
Decontamination is most commonly used in medical environments, including dentistry, surgery, and veterinary science, in the process of food preparation, in environmental science, and in forensic science.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Methods ==
|
||||
Methods of decontamination include:
|
||||
|
||||
Antisepsis
|
||||
Disinfection
|
||||
Physical cleaning
|
||||
Sterilization (microbiology)
|
||||
Ultrasonic cleaning
|
||||
Water purification
|
||||
A variety of decontaminations methods may be used, including physical processes such as distillation, and chemical cleansers such as alcohols and detergents.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Decontamination foam
|
||||
Dry decontamination
|
||||
Environmental remediation
|
||||
Groundwater decontamination
|
||||
Human decontamination
|
||||
Soil decontamination
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_diversity-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_diversity-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Dietary diversity"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_diversity"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:38.229896+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Dietary diversity is the variety or the number of different food groups people eat over the time given. Many researchers might use the word ' dietary diversity' and ‘dietary variety’ interchangeably. However, some researchers differentiate the definition between 2 words that dietary diversity has defined as the difference of food groups while dietary variety has focused on the actual food items people intake.
|
||||
The "Nutritional Diversity" study or "Biodiverse Food Study, Panama," conducted by permaculturist and athlete Brandon Eisler, and team, indicates that a diversity of naturally grown foods in the area of more than 60 different species constitutes complete "evolutionary" or "optimal performance and health diet," and goes on to say the demand for this model can solve several planetary, and ecological health concerns even in the conversation of climate change.
|
||||
Dietary diversity is related to nutrient intakes and is also an indicator of dietary quality. Moreover, dietary diversity associated with health outcomes such as being overweight or an increased mortality. Dietary diversity is influenced by various determinants such as physical and mental health, economic status, or food environment.
|
||||
The concept that one should try to eat 30 different plants each week has been popularized after research by the American Gut Project found that such a diet increased the diversity of gut microflora.
|
||||
In 2024 globally, only one‐third (34%) of children aged 6 to 23 months and two-thirds (65%) of women aged 15 to 49 years achieved minimum dietary diversity. One-third of women and around two-thirds of children aged 6 to 23 months in the world consumed diets that were not sufficiently diverse, thereby putting them at risk of inadequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals required for good nutrition and health.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Sources ==
|
||||
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_dog_exercise-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_dog_exercise-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Dirty dog exercise"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_dog_exercise"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:39.399448+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Dirty dog exercise or hip side lifts or fire hydrant exercise is an exercise that is meant to strengthen the hips and buttocks, without the use of weights. It is so named due to its resemblance to the way a dog urinates.
|
||||
The exercise also improves core stability.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discretionary_food-0.md
Normal file
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discretionary_food-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Discretionary food"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discretionary_food"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:40.591818+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Discretionary food is a term for foods and drinks not necessary to provide the nutrients the human body's needs, but that may add variety to a person's diet.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Definition ==
|
||||
Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council describes discretionary foods as "foods and drinks not necessary to provide the nutrients the body needs, but that may add variety. However, many of these are high in saturated fats, sugars, salt and/or alcohol, and are therefore described as energy dense. They can be included sometimes in small amounts by those who are physically active, but are not a necessary part of the diet."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributional_cost-effectiveness_analysis"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:41.748486+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA) is an extension of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) that incorporates concern for both the average levels of outcomes as well as the distribution of outcomes. It is particularly useful when evaluating interventions to tackle health inequality.
|
||||
DCEA includes Extended Cost Effectiveness Analysis, which in addition to standard CEA assesses the costs and effectiveness for different socioeconomic groups.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Graber-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Graber-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ellen Graber"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Graber"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:42.672253+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Ellen Graber (Hebrew: אלן גרבר) is an American-Israeli research scientist in the field of environmental sciences. She is a senior scientist at the Volcani Agricultural Research Center (full professor equivalent), and is known for her work on biochar, for which she received the "Scientist of the Year Award" in 2013.In 2019, she began work on Cocoa tree resiliency, starting the Cocoa Cure Center within the Volcani Center. Her work was interrupted by the October 7 Hamas attack on Israel and the subsequent Gaza war, which led her to abandon some of her seedlings for five months to the elements of the Negev Desert. Some of the samples survived, and were studied for their resilient properties. 70% of the surviving plants were able to subsequently develop normally, and further research showed that they were all from the same genetic group.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEO-2000-0.md
Normal file
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEO-2000-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "GEO-2000"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEO-2000"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:40.222663+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
GEO-2000 (also GEO-2) is the second edition of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series, which aims to assess and report on the state of the global environment. The UNEP officially launched the Global Environment Outlook in 1995, with the goal of providing comprehensive, scientifically grounded assessments of key environmental issues. The first report, GEO-1, was published in 1997, and the second, GEO-2000 (GEO-2), was released in 1999.
|
||||
As part of an ongoing series, GEO-2000 built upon the findings of the first report and expanded its scope.
|
||||
|
||||
nitrogen's harmful impact on ecosystems
|
||||
increased severity of natural disasters
|
||||
species invasion as a result of globalization
|
||||
increased environmental pressures caused by urbanization
|
||||
decline in the quality of governance in some countries
|
||||
new wars which impact on both the immediate environment and neighbouring states
|
||||
the impact of refugees on the natural environment
|
||||
The GEO series, which has since grown to include reports such as GEO-3 (2002), GEO-4 (2007), and GEO-5 (2012), serves as a critical tool for global environmental policy, providing not only global assessments but also regional and sub-regional reports, technical studies, and educational materials. This expansive approach underscores the portability of the GEO methodology, which has been applied across various scales—from global to local—ensuring that the findings remain relevant and actionable for decision-makers and stakeholders worldwide.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
"GEO-2000 (GEO-2)". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 2023-07-06. Retrieved 2026-03-16.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Global Day of Climate Action 2020"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Day_of_Climate_Action_2020"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:41.432090+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Global Day of Climate Action is a worldwide direct action protest that took place on 25 September 2020, organized by Fridays For Future and other active organizations, such as Youth for Climate and 350.org. This protest is as part of Fridays For Future activities, that aim at attracting world attention on the effect of climate change and to increase awareness regarding the rapid increase of global emissions and resources worldwide.
|
||||
|
||||
Thousand of cities held events and demonstrations to urge concrete measures in the fight against the climate crisis, and protest for young people’s right to a future. According to the statistics of the event, the participants were as follows: 154 countries, 2362 cities, and 3615 events. However, it's claimed that the number of participants was restricted due to Covid rules.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official Website
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grainger_challenge-0.md
Normal file
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grainger_challenge-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Grainger challenge"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grainger_challenge"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:43.852319+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Grainger challenge is a scientific competition to find an economical way to remove arsenic from arsenic-contaminated groundwater. This competition is being funded by the United States National Academy of Engineering and the Grainger Foundation and is meant to help provide safe drinking water to countries such as Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia.
|
||||
In 2007, the winner of the Gold Award ($1,000,000) was Abul Hussam, for his invention of the Sono arsenic filter. The Silver Award ($200,000) was awarded to Arup K Sengupta for his invention and implementation of ArsenXnp hybrid anion exchange (HAIX) resin. The Children's Safe Drinking Water Program at Procter & Gamble (P&G), Cincinnati, received the Bronze Award of US$100,000 for the PUR™ Purifier of Water coagulation and flocculation water treatment system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Grainger challenge page at the National Academy of Engineering
|
||||
Grainger Foundation
|
||||
37
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Gicumbi-0.md
Normal file
37
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Gicumbi-0.md
Normal file
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|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Green Gicumbi"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Gicumbi"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:45.006486+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Strengthening climate resilience of rural communities in Northern Rwanda, commonly known as the Green Gicumbi Project, is a six-year governmental project, launched on 26 October 2019 by the Government of Rwanda, through the Ministry of the Environment and the Rwanda Green Fund (FONERWA) with target of strengthening climate resilience of rural communities in Northern Rwanda, especially in Gicumbi District.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Background ==
|
||||
The project is to be implemented by the National Fund for the Environment. Jean Marie Vianney Kagenza is Project Director.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Project Components ==
|
||||
According to Ministry of environment of Rwanda, Green Gicumbi Project includes the following components:
|
||||
|
||||
Watershed protection and climate resilient agriculture
|
||||
Forest management and sustainable energy
|
||||
Climate resilient settlements
|
||||
Knowledge development and transfer and mainstreaming
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Implementations ==
|
||||
In January 2022, the Government of Rwanda, through the Green Gicumbi Project, has started constructing 200 green and climate resilient houses for Gicumbi residents, most relocated citizens will be in Ubudehe category I and category II, high risk zones. The green housing project is located in the Rubaya and Kaniga sectors, and is considered a model village where beneficiaries will receive additional support such as cows and the resources to start horticulture farms around the village, the Project Director has stated.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Ongoing results ==
|
||||
Controlled soil erosion, thus increasing productivity before there were land affected by erosion but now the green gicumbi is solution to control soil erosion and increasing productivity by farmers.
|
||||
Climate resilient settlement is a third component of the Green Gicumbi project is “Climate Resilient Settlements”. So far 40 climate-resilient houses have been constructed and occupied by most vulnerable beneficiaries from high-risk zones in Rubaya sector, while 60 more houses are under construction in Kaniga sector, Mulindi cell to host the most vulnerable families living in high-risk zones in the same sector. Their construction progress is currently at 70% and construction activities are expected to be completed by July 2023.
|
||||
Sustainable forest management : Sustainable Forest management and sustainable energy, Green Gicumbi project has rehabilitated 1,107 hectares of degraded forests in the past three years as well as disseminated 19,900 clean cookstoves in a bid to reduce pressure on the forests and reduce carbon emissions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Zionism-0.md
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24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Zionism-0.md
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|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Green Zionism"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Zionism"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:46.236673+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Green Zionism is a branch of Zionism that focuses on the environment of Israel. It fuses Israeli-specific environmental concerns with support for the existence of Israel as a Jewish state.
|
||||
According to the eco-Zionist ideology of A.D. Gordon, the protection and conservation of nature in Eretz Israel is an important tool for Jewish national revival.
|
||||
The term is now used by Aytzim, the first environmental organization to participate in the World Zionist Congress, the World Zionist Organization, and its constituent agencies.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Wildlife in Israel
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Aytzim
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Gujarat Environment Management Institute"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Environment_Management_Institute"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:47.432325+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI) is an Autonomous Institute under the Forests and Environment Department of Government of Gujarat. Established in 1999 and based in Gandhinagar, GEMI has been involved in the overall conservation, protection and management of environment and has taken up various studies and research projects.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gul_Bahao-0.md
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22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gul_Bahao-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Gul Bahao"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gul_Bahao"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:48.623953+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Gul Bahao is an environmental non-governmental organization based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It has received international recognition for its work on environmental research in the country. Along with its research activities, has provided practical solutions for low cost housing, water sanitation, and garbage disposal.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Garbage processing in Karachi ==
|
||||
Nargis Latif runs Gul Bahao which is situated in Karachi. The city produces 12,000 tonnes of garbage every day, Nargis Latif's team has established a recycling system there. Gul Bahao recycle garbage and create houses, water reservoirs and swimming pools out of it. Blocks created by Chandi technology are used for the construction of houses.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Gul Bahao
|
||||
33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Librová-0.md
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33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Librová-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Hana Librová"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Librová"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:01.592052+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Hana Librová (born 26 November 1943 in Brno, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia) is a Czech biologist and later sociologist and environmentalist. She contributed to the establishment of the Department of Environmental Studies at Masaryk University. She has carried out research on environmental lifestyle and environmental values.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Biography ==
|
||||
She studied biology at the Jan Evangelista Purkyně University (former name of Masaryk University). In 1968, she started working in the sociology department of Philosophical faculty of the Masaryk University, where she later established the subject of humanistic environmental studies. In 1997, she was appointed as a professor of sociology. In 1999 Hana Librová became the first head of the Department of Environmental Studies [3].
|
||||
|
||||
Hana Librová was awarded the Prize of Josef Vondruška which she was given by the Foundation of Charta 77 in 1998. She was nominated to the Prize of a chairman of the Grant Agency of the Czech republic in 2004
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Personal life ==
|
||||
Hana Librová is a sister of prof. Jana Nechutová, classical philologist. She is married and has a daughter.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Selected works ==
|
||||
Sociální potřeba a hodnota krajiny. Brno: Spisy FF UJEP, 1987, 135 s.
|
||||
Láska ke krajině?, Brno: Blok, 1988, 168 s.
|
||||
Pestří a zelení. Kapitoly o dobrovolné skromnosti, Brno: Hnutí Duha a Veronica, 1994, 218 s. ISBN 80-85368-18-8
|
||||
The Disparate Roots of Voluntary Modesty. Environmental values, 1999, No. 3, pp. 369–379. ISSN 0963-2719
|
||||
Vlažní a váhaví: Kapitoly o ekologickém luxusu. Brno: Doplněk, 2003, 320 s. ISBN 80-7239-149-6
|
||||
Proč chráníme přírodu?: Dvakrát na obhajobu ochránců přírody. Vesmír, 2005, č. 3, s. 171-177. ISSN 1214-4029
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_quotient-0.md
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16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_quotient-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Hazard quotient"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_quotient"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:49.778171+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A hazard quotient is the ratio of the potential exposure to a substance and the level at which no adverse effects are expected. If the Hazard Quotient is calculated to be less than 1, then no adverse health effects are expected as a result of exposure. If the Hazard Quotient is greater than 1, then adverse health effects are possible. The Hazard Quotient cannot be translated to a probability that adverse health effects will occur, and is unlikely to be proportional to risk. A Hazard Quotient exceeding 1 does not necessarily mean that adverse effects will occur.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
This article is based on material from the public domain U.S. Federal Government document "NATA Glossary of Terms"
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgerows_Regulations_1997-0.md
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15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgerows_Regulations_1997-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Hedgerows Regulations 1997"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgerows_Regulations_1997"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:50.953309+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Hedgerows Regulations 1997 (SI 1997/1160) of England and Wales is a UK statutory instrument which came into effect on 1 June 1997 and is government legislation which falls under the Environment Act 1995. It was created to protect hedgerows, in particular those in the countryside aged 30 years or older. Since the legislation came into effect it is a criminal offence to remove a hedgerow in contravention to the regulations.
|
||||
The legislation includes sub-categories detailing specific descriptions of offences, the procedure of notification to the local planning authority, circumstances that exempt the need to notify, replacement and retention notices, appeals against those notices, local planning authority records of hedgerows, injunctions, and how hedgerows may be defined to be 'important'.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashiyoka-higata-0.md
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27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashiyoka-higata-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Higashiyoka-higata"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashiyoka-higata"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:52.133924+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Higashiyoka-higata (ja:東よか干潟) is a tidal flat in Japan at the north end of the Ariake Sea, in Saga prefecture. It is designated as a protected wetland under the Ramsar Convention.
|
||||
Higashiyoka-higata is a stopover and a wintering site for several species of migratory waterbirds. About 7,000 migratory shorebirds are recorded from autumn to spring, including over 1% of the flyway populations of the grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola).
|
||||
The tidal flat has seen conservation efforts managed by local clubs composed of residents of the nearby Saga City. The site is locally popular for birdwatching.
|
||||
Some bird species that are known to be supported by the site are:
|
||||
|
||||
Spoon-billed sandpiper (Eurynorhynchus pygmeus)
|
||||
Black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor)
|
||||
Common shelduck (Tadorna tadorna)
|
||||
Far eastern curlew (Numenius madagascariensis)
|
||||
Saunders’s gull (Chroicocephalus saundersi)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Arao-higata
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
45
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Tree-0.md
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45
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Tree-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "I-Tree"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Tree"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:53.386187+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
i-Tree is a collection of urban and rural forestry analysis and benefits assessment tools. It was designed and developed by the United States Forest Service to quantify and value ecosystem services provided by trees including pollution removal, carbon sequestration, avoided carbon emissions, avoided stormwater runoff, and more. i-Tree provides baseline data so that the growth of trees can be followed over time, and is used for planning purposes. Different tools within the i-Tree Suite use different types of inputs and provide different kinds of reports; some tools use a 'bottom up' approach based on tree inventories on the ground, while other tools use a 'top down' approach based on remote sensing data. i-Tree is peer-reviewed and has a process of ongoing collaboration to improve it.
|
||||
There are seven different i-Tree applications which can enhance an individual's or organization's understanding of the benefits which trees provide in modern society. Over the course of many years the U.S. Forest Service has developed and refined these different applications: i-Tree Eco, i-Tree Landscape, i-Tree Hydro, i-Tree Design, i-Tree Canopy, i-Tree Species, and i-Tree MyTree.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
i-Tree began in 2002 as survey of a sample of urban forest to simulate taking a tree inventory of an entire urban forest. It then added hand held devices for efficient inventory of street trees. The current version of i-Tree includes different tools which allow for several sources of data to be used, such as National Land Cover Data, Google Maps, and tree inventories. Some tools use continuous data on air pollution and meteorology for more accurate results.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Research ==
|
||||
Researchers using i-Tree have examined:
|
||||
|
||||
The benefits of urban trees
|
||||
Selecting the best tree planting locations
|
||||
Storm damage to urban forests
|
||||
Potential bird habitats
|
||||
PM2.5 removal and health effect
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Notes ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bibliography ===
|
||||
Lerman, Susannah; et al. (2014). "Using urban forest assessment tools to model bird habitat potential". Landscape and Urban Planning. 122: 29–40. Bibcode:2014LUrbP.122...29L. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.10.006.
|
||||
McPherson, Greg; et al. (2008). "Los Angeles 1-Million Tree Cover Canopy Assessment" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station General Technical Report PSW-GTR-207: 1–64.
|
||||
Nowak, David; et al. (1996). "Assessing Urban Forests Effects and Values, New York City's Urban Forest" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northwest Research Station Resource Bulletin NRS-9: 1–26.
|
||||
Nowak, David; et al. (2013). "Modeled PM2.5 removal by trees in ten U.S. cities and associated health effects" (PDF). Environmental Pollution. 178: 395–402. Bibcode:2013EPoll.178..395N. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.050. PMID 23624337.
|
||||
Thompson, Benjamin; et al. (2014). "Urban Forests in Florida: Storm Damage Assessment Utility for Estimating Hurricane-Caused Tree Debris" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-09. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
Center for Urban Forest Research
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICE_demolition_protocol-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICE_demolition_protocol-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "ICE demolition protocol"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICE_demolition_protocol"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:54.553973+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
For the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), the ICE Demolition Protocol is a British waste management protocol produced by EnviroCentre, in partnership with London Remade. It came out of a joint ICE and Institute of Waste Management group called the Resource Sustainability Initiative.
|
||||
The first edition was founded in 2003 and the second in 2008, although the second version does not supersede the second.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Integrated risk information system"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_risk_information_system"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:55.742710+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) is an environmental assessment program operated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The IRIS program focuses on risk assessment, not risk management (those decision processes involving analysis of regulatory, legal, social and economic considerations related to the risks being studied).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
In the 1980s, the IRIS program established a database of human health assessments about the impacts of chemicals in the environment. EPA created the database to provide a consistent approach to risk assessment practices across the various environmental laws that the Agency implemented and enforced.
|
||||
The program was created by the EPA in 1985. Initially, the program aimed to foster consistency in the agency's chemical toxicity evaluation. The IRIS database was first made publicly available in 1987. In 1996, the EPA implemented a new process for building intra-agency consensus and improving efficiency within the IRIS database. The same year, the EPA introduced the IRIS Toxicological Review, which presented the first agency-wide health assessment document. In March 1997, the IRIS database was uploaded to the internet. In 2004, the IRIS process was changed to add an interagency review led by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and to emphasise outside peer review of IRIS assessments.
|
||||
The IRIS program was once again revised in April 2008. Among other things, the newly revised program provided an opportunity for research to close data gaps on mission-critical chemicals. The following year, the process was changed to streamline a review schedule so that most assessments would be posted to the IRIS database within two years of the start date. In 2013, the EPA announced that it would enhance the IRIS process to improve transparency, efficiency, and the scientific foundation of the agency's assessments. That same year, the program's Toxicological Review documents were restructured to make them clearer, systematic and consistent. In December 2015, the IRIS program released its first-ever multi-year agenda, identifying the top chemical assessments it would focus on in the following years.
|
||||
In 2016, the EPA faced criticism for changing the risk description of Ethylene Oxide from "probably carcinogenic to humans" to "carcinogenic to humans," based on Ethylene Oxide's IRIS value. The American Chemistry Council found shortly after that the EPA had grossly misestimated the IRIS value, finding it to be 19,000 times lower than natural levels of EO in the human body, and comparably lower than the levels of EO in ambient air. Consequently, in 2017, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TECQ) performed its own analysis of the cancer risk proposed by EO and found it initially to be 65 times lower than the IRIS value, before releasing a later assessment with a value 3,500 times lower in 2019. In 2022, despite calls to review the IRIS value or to adopt the TECQ risk value, the EPA elected to continue to use the 2016 IRIS value and decline the TECQ proposed value.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== IRIS process for developing human health assessments ==
|
||||
The IRIS process takes about 26 to 39 months to complete, depending on the complexity of the assessment, with the review part of the process taking between 15 and 24 months. The process begins with what the EPA refers to as the "Planning and Scoping" stage. During this stage, risk assessors will consider the scope, possible legal limitations, and how the information will be used. After the Planning and Scoping Stage, the EPA uses a seven-step risk assessment review program that starts with a draft assessment and ends in publication on an IRIS website. The review process proceeds as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
Complete draft IRIS assessment. The IRIS program conducts literature search and critical study selection, develops evidence tables that summarize the results of these studies. EPA publicly releases assessment protocols which presents the methods for conducting the systematic review. These protocols include a literature search strategy and study selection criteria. It is also during this stage that the agency identifies hazards, selects studies for dose-response assessment, and derives toxicity values.
|
||||
Internal agency review. The IRIS program shares its draft assessment with the EPA's program and regional offices, identifies any scientific issues, and determines external peer review scope and guidelines. This process typically lasts 60 days.
|
||||
Interagency science consultation. Other federal agencies including the Executive Office of the President (i.e. OMB and the Council on Environmental Quality) review the IRIS draft assessment. EPA then provides a specific date for receiving written comments, convenes a meeting to address the issues raised in the comments, and revises the draft accordingly.
|
||||
Independent expert peer review. The IRIS program publicly releases its draft assessment on its website as part of an external review process, after which a meeting is held to allow for peer review charge and scientific questions. The IRIS staff may then revise its assessment draft and submit the draft to an external peer review panel organized by a contractor or by the EPA's Science Advisory Board.
|
||||
Revising assessment. The IRIS program evaluates the recommendations provided by the peer review panel and all public comments. IRIS also prepares a written response-to-comment document. After revising its initial assessment, IRIS staff developed a document describing the disposition of peer review and public comments and provided the document as an appendix to its final assessment.
|
||||
Final agency review and interagency science discussion. After completing revisions, the IRIS program shares its assessment with the EPA's program and regional offices for final review. For the interagency part of this stage, EPA provides federal agencies with a final draft of its assessment and related materials, and provides a specific date for receiving written comments. During this stage, the EPA's internal review and the interagency review occur simultaneously.
|
||||
Final Assessment. The IRIS program completes its assessment and posts the final product on the IRIS website along with related material, including the Toxicological Review document, IRIS summary and appendices.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Relationship with environmental impact assessments ==
|
||||
The IRIS opens a draft review for experts to review and assess the course of action needed for the corresponding issue. Legislative bodies take action after assessing the risk and the level of action required to be taken for the corresponding issue. The relationship between IRIS and an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is that IRIS provides a database used in the EIA process. External parties (scientists, scholars, legislators) make decisions based on the IRIS database. Support for these decisions comes from backing from programs such as Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and OMB.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Integrated Risk Information System - EPA
|
||||
Office of Management and Budget; Information and Regulatory affairs
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice40-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice40-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Justice40"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice40"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:56.890314+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Justice40 was a social equity and environmental justice initiative by the Biden administration in the United States. It sought to identify disadvantaged communities and prioritize federal investments to benefit these communities. The specific categories considered include health issues, legacy pollution hazards, climate change impacts, energy costs, transportation impacts, water/wastewater exposures, workforce/income challenges, and housing challenges.
|
||||
Justice40 efforts were ended by the Trump administration's Executive Order 14148.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_bag-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_bag-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Leaf bag"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_bag"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:59.228724+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Lawn and leaf bags are large bags specifically designed for collecting and disposing of fallen leaves, grass clippings, and other yard waste. They are typically made from paper or biodegradable materials, though some are plastic. These bags are used during yard cleanup, especially in the fall season when leaves accumulate. Many municipalities require the use of leaf bags for curbside yard waste collection because they are easy to handle and can be composted or recycled.
|
||||
A survey conducted by the National Wildlife Federation, which included 1,188 people aged 18 and older living across the United States, found that 14% of respondents dispose of more than 10 bags of leaves per year, while 23% dispose of between four and six bags per year.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Types ==
|
||||
Some common types include:
|
||||
|
||||
Paper leaf bags: Biodegradable and often required by local waste management services.
|
||||
Biodegradable plastic bags: Designed to break down more easily than regular plastic.
|
||||
Reusable bags: Durable options for those who prefer to transport leaves to composting sites.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsrecycle.com-0.md
Normal file
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsrecycle.com-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Letsrecycle.com"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsrecycle.com"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:00.439718+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
letsrecycle.com is a UK-based website reporting news and information related to the waste management and recycling industries. The website produces daily news and information and is one of the key providers of news in the UK waste industry.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Overview ==
|
||||
Letsrecycle carries a range of pricing information for recyclable materials including waste paper, scrap metal, plastics, glass, organics and wood. It is the UK's only independent dedicated website for businesses, local authorities and community groups involved in recycling and waste management. The site also welcomes comments on individual stories.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Activities ==
|
||||
The company is involved in a number of other dynamics in the waste industry, including the annual Local Authority Recycling Advisory Committee (LARAC) conference for local authorities and the Awards for Excellence in Recycling and Waste Management. It is widely cited as a place of reference by industry organisations, government and local authorities.
|
||||
Its main event, previously held every two years at Stoneleigh Park near Coventry, is the RWM / Letsrecycle Live exhibition and conference, which will next be held in September 2024 at the NEC in Solihull.
|
||||
As of February 2024, the editorial team consists of Joshua Doherty and Hayley Guest. Previous journalists include Will Date, Tom Goulding and Beth Slow. In 2010, letsrecycle.com added a YouTube account and Twitter account @letsrecycle. The website is published by The Environment Media Group Ltd.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official Website
|
||||
46
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Planet_Report-0.md
Normal file
46
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Planet_Report-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Living Planet Report"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Planet_Report"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:02.816097+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Living Planet Report is published every two years by the World Wide Fund for Nature since 1998. It is based on the Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculations.
|
||||
The Living Planet Report is the world's leading, science-based analysis, on the health of our planet and the impact of human activity. Humanity's demands exceed the Earth's capacity to sustain us.
|
||||
The 2018 report found a "decline of 60% in population sizes" of vertebrate species overall from 1970 to 2014. The tropics of South and Central America had an 89% loss compared to 1970. These claims have been criticized by some studies such as the research group led by Brian Leung and including Maria Dornelas.
|
||||
The 2018 report calls for new goals post-2020 alongside those of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Paris Climate Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals. The 2020 report says systemic changes are necessary to stop the destruction of global wildlife populations, including a complete overhaul of food production and consumption industries, along with making global trade more sustainable and removing deforestation completely from global supply chains.
|
||||
|
||||
The 2022 report found that vertebrate wildlife populations have declined by an average of almost 70% since 1970, and attributes the loss primarily to agriculture and fishing. The estimate was based on an analysis of 32,000 populations of 5,230 animal species.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Editions ==
|
||||
The first version of the Living Planet Report was published on 1998, reporting a 30% decline in the "Living Planet Index (LPI)" from 1970 to 1995, a loss of 5% per year, and included forest, freshwater and marine populations. Between 1990 and 1995, the rate of decline had increased to 6% per year.
|
||||
The 2000 report indicated a 33% decline in LPI as of 1999.
|
||||
The 2002 report indicated a 37% decline in LPI as of 2000.
|
||||
The 2004 report indicated a 40% decline in LPI as of 2000, including additional data from grasslands, savannahs, deserts and tundra, not included in previous reports.
|
||||
The 2006 report indicated a 33% decline in LPI as of 2003.
|
||||
The 2008 report indicated a 28% decline in LPI as of 2005.
|
||||
The 2010 report indicated a 28% decline in LPI as of 2007, due to a 60% decline in the tropics despite a 29% increase in the temperate/polar regions.
|
||||
The 2012 report indicated a 28% decline in LPI as of 2008, due to a 60% decline in the tropics despite a 31% increase in the temperate/polar regions.
|
||||
The 2014 report indicated a 52% decline in LPI as of 2010, a significant change from prior publications due to changes in methodology to better reflect the relative sizes of species groups across biomes, and this time showed declines in both tropical (-56%) and temperate (-36%) populations.
|
||||
The 2016 report indicated a 58% decline in LPI as of 2012 and predicted a decline of 67% by 2020.
|
||||
The 2018 report indicated a 60% decline in LPI as of 2014.
|
||||
The 2020 report indicated a 68% decline in LPI as of 2016.
|
||||
The 2022 report indicated a 69% decline in LPI as of 2018, its most comprehensive assessment to date.
|
||||
The 2024 report indicated a 73% decline in LPI as of 2020, exceeding the prediction made in the 2016 report. The report is based on almost 35,000 populations of 5,495 species.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Holocene extinction
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
Summary of the Living Planet Report 2016
|
||||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_urelnADjI
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Electrobus_Company-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Electrobus_Company-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "London Electrobus Company"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Electrobus_Company"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:04.012468+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The London Electrobus Company, was a bus operator that ran a fleet of electric buses in London. The electrobus was the first practical battery-electric bus and a forerunner of the electric buses that are experiencing a major resurgence in the 21st century.
|
||||
|
||||
The company, which was first registered in April 1906, started running a service of electrobuses between London's Victoria Station and Liverpool Street on 15 July 1907. The clean and quiet electrobuses were popular with the travelling public. The company introduced a number of innovations and it was the first double-decker bus operator to experiment with a roof on the upper deck. At the peak of its success in late 1908 the company had 20 or so buses in operation and it started to run a second bus route from Victoria to Kilburn.
|
||||
However, the London Electrobus Company was beset by financial chicanery throughout its short existence. By 3 January 1910 the electrobus service had ceased and the company went into liquidation amid accusations of fraud. Eight of the electrobuses were sold to the Brighton, Hove and Preston United company. The rest of the London electrobuses were broken up for spares. The Brighton bus company was taken over by Thomas Tilling in 1916 and the last electrobus in Brighton ran in April 1917. Tilling said that a lack of spare parts had forced it to stop running electrobuses.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Buses in London
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Model of Electrobus LN 714 at Brighton Toy and Model Museum
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_2_Enhanced_Surface_Water_Treatment_Rule"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:05.189060+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule ("LT2ESWTR" or simply "LT2") is a 2006 regulation promulgated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pursuant to the Safe Drinking Water Act. The rule required public water systems to install more stringent treatment systems to control the microorganism Cryptosporidium and other pathogens.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Background ==
|
||||
EPA began drafting the LT2 rule following the 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak, in which it is believed that municipal sewage infected with cryptosporidium was accidentally discharged into the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin's drinking water.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Principal requirements ==
|
||||
Public water systems (PWS) must conduct source water monitoring for cryptosporidium
|
||||
Filtration systems for PWS with the highest levels of cryptosporidium
|
||||
All unfiltered systems must inactivate cryptosporidium using disinfection technologies such as ozone, ultraviolet light, or chlorine dioxide.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Controversy ==
|
||||
The LT2 rule was criticized for mandating costly public works projects (such as coverage of open-air reservoirs) that may be unnecessary and/or unlikely to address the kind of problem that was responsible for the Milwaukee incident. William R. MacKenzie, M.D., a Centers for Disease Control epidemiologist who served as the Epidemic Intelligence Officer on the Milwaukee case, stated, "Standards for water treatment facilities were about to be implemented throughout the nation; but even those would not have stopped the Milwaukee outbreak."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Review of regulatory requirements ==
|
||||
In response to criticism that the rule unfairly burdens public water systems that are not exposed to municipal sewage, EPA conducted three public meetings in 2011 and 2012 about the LT2 rule, and invited the public to submit information and data to support future regulatory decisions. In a 2017 Federal Register notice, EPA stated that it "did not identify new information related to potentially revising" the regulatory requirements for cryptosporidium and other listed pathogens, and requested additional public comments.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Overview of the LT2 Rule - EPA (2012)
|
||||
LT2 Rule Documents
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Land_Resource_Areas-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Land_Resource_Areas-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Major Land Resource Areas"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Land_Resource_Areas"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:06.433586+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In United States conservation policy, Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA) are geographically associated land resource units delineated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and characterized by a particular pattern that combines soils, water, climate, vegetation, land use, and type of farming. There are 204 MLRAs in the United States, ranging in size from less than 500,000 acres (202,343 ha) to more than 60 million acres (240,000 km2).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
This article incorporates public domain material from Jasper Womach. Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
|
||||
49
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(Scotland)_Act_2010-0.md
Normal file
49
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(Scotland)_Act_2010-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Marine (Scotland) Act 2010"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(Scotland)_Act_2010"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:07.586975+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 (asp 5) is an act of the Scottish Parliament which provides a framework which will help balance competing demands on Scotland's seas. It introduces a duty to protect and enhance the marine environment and includes measures to help boost economic investment and growth in areas such as marine energy.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Provisions ==
|
||||
The main measures include:
|
||||
|
||||
Marine planning: a new statutory marine planning system to sustainably manage the increasing, and often conflicting, demands on our seas
|
||||
Marine licensing: a simpler licensing system, minimising the number of licences required for development in the marine environment to cut bureaucracy and encourage economic investment
|
||||
Marine protection areas: strengthened marine nature and historic conservation with new powers to protect and manage areas of importance for marine wildlife, habitats and historic monuments
|
||||
Conservation: significantly strengthened protection for seals and a new comprehensive licence system to ensure appropriate management when necessary
|
||||
Enforcement: a range of enhanced powers of marine conservation and licensing
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Reception ==
|
||||
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, welcomed the new law but also called for it to be strengthened.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999
|
||||
Marine Directorate, the Scottish Government's marine management directorate
|
||||
List of acts of the Scottish Parliament from 2010
|
||||
Marine protected area (MPA)
|
||||
Conservation biology
|
||||
Fisheries management, fish farms
|
||||
Marine conservation
|
||||
World Commission on Protected Areas
|
||||
Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, covering England and Wales
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Text of the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
|
||||
Text of the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 as originally enacted or made within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
|
||||
Marine and Fisheries pages Scottish Government website
|
||||
84
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_residue_limit-0.md
Normal file
84
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_residue_limit-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Maximum residue limit"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_residue_limit"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:08.763009+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The maximum residue limit (also maximum residue level, MRL) is the maximum amount of pesticide residue that is expected to remain on food products when a pesticide is used according to label directions, that will not be a concern to human health.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Determination ==
|
||||
The MRL is usually determined by repeated (on the order of 10) field trials, where the crop has been treated according to good agricultural practice (GAP) and an appropriate pre harvest interval or withholding period has elapsed. For many pesticides this is set at the limit of determination (LOD) – since only major pesticides have been evaluated and understanding of acceptable daily intake (ADI) is incomplete (i.e. producers or public bodies have not submitted MRL data – often because these were not required in the past). LOD can be considered a measure of presence/absence, but certain residues may not be quantifiable at very low levels. For this reason the limit of quantification (LOQ) is often used instead of the LOD. As a rule of thumb the LOQ is approximately two times the LOD. For substances that are not included in any of the annexes in EU regulations, a default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg normally applies.
|
||||
It follows that adoption of GAP at the farm level must be a priority, and includes the withdrawal of obsolete pesticides. With increasingly sensitive detection equipment, a certain amount of pesticide residue will often be measured following field use. In the current regulatory environment, it would be wise for cocoa producers to focus only on pest control agents that are permitted for use in the EU and US. It should be stressed that MRLs are set on the basis of observations and not on ADIs.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== In medicinal plants ===
|
||||
If MRL of some medicinal plant is not known it is calculated by the formula:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
M
|
||||
R
|
||||
L
|
||||
=
|
||||
A
|
||||
D
|
||||
I
|
||||
∗
|
||||
W
|
||||
|
||||
/
|
||||
|
||||
M
|
||||
D
|
||||
I
|
||||
∗
|
||||
100
|
||||
∗
|
||||
S
|
||||
F
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle MRL=ADI*W/MDI*100*SF}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
where SF is the safety factor
|
||||
|
||||
MDI is the mean daily intake
|
||||
W is the body weight
|
||||
ADI is the acceptable daily intake
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Ornamental crops ==
|
||||
In some cases in the EU MRL's are also used for ornamental produce, and checked against MRL's for food crops. While this is a sound approach for the general environmental impact, it doesn't reflect potential exposure of people handling ornamentals. A swap test can eliminate this gap. MRL's for ornamental produce can sometimes result in a conflicting outcome because of the absence of pre harvest intervals (PHI) or withholding periods for ornamentals, specifically in crops where harvesting is continuous, like roses. This happens when a grower is following the label recommendations and the produce is sampled shortly after.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== MRL in the EU ==
|
||||
Three key points are taken into consideration regarding MRL values in the EU regulation:
|
||||
1) the amounts of residues found in food must be safe for consumers and must be as low as possible,
|
||||
2) the European Commission fixes MRLs for all food and animal feed, and 3) the MRLs for all crops and all pesticides can be found in the MRL database on the Commission website.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Detection limits
|
||||
Maximum contaminant level
|
||||
Pesticides
|
||||
QuEChERS – method for testing pesticide residues
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
FAO (2016). Submission and evaluation of pesticide residues data for the estimation of maximum residue levels in food and feed, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
|
||||
OECD (2014). MRL Calculator: Users Guide and White Paper, Series on Pesticides and Biocides, No. 56. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/9789264221567-en. ISBN 9789264221567.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
FAO/WHO, Codex Alimentarius: MRL database
|
||||
Code of Federal Regulations, Part 180—Tolerances and exemptions for pesticide chemical residues in food
|
||||
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltwater_management-0.md
Normal file
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltwater_management-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Meltwater management"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltwater_management"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:09.939843+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Meltwater management is a runoff management system designed to deal with runoff caused by the melting of snow in colder climates. They were designed when it became apparent that using the Best management practice (BMP) for rainfall runoff was not working.
|
||||
Snow filtration is a system to deal with left-over snow in an environmentally friendly way. Removing snow from roads is done to ensure road safety. The conventional method is by removing the snow and emptying it into rivers. However, since salt is used to melt ice on the roads, the salt also enters the rivers with the dumped snow. This increases the salt content of the rivers which can have impacts on aquatic and marine ecosystems. The practice of removing snow from streets and off-loading it into rivers affects the aquatic ecosystems.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Method ==
|
||||
In the spring as snow melts, the salt utilized on roads as a deicer are left behind. This can be environmentally damaging as it creates a hypertonic environment for plants.
|
||||
The snow runoff is collected and brought to a collection center. It is directed through an oil and grit separator which also monitors the consistency of pollutants in the runoff. The oil and grit separator causes electrochemical and biological processes, which bind heavy metals and nutrients to the sediment by means of
|
||||
reduction-oxidation reactions. At the same time, this reduces the amount of chlorine present in the runoff.
|
||||
The runoff then flows into a catch basin, where plants use the salt ions (e.g. K+, P3−, N3−) for their growth. The runoff is further filtered by the plants, leaving only clean water to go back into streams and rivers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Berm
|
||||
Bioswale
|
||||
Climate change
|
||||
Flood control
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ministry of Environment of Uruguay"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_of_Uruguay"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:11.126554+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Ministry of Environment (Spanish: Ministerio de Ambiente) is the Uruguayan government ministry which oversees the environment of Uruguay.
|
||||
It was created on July 9, 2020, and the current Minister of Environment is Robert Bouvier Torterolo, who has held the position since January 30, 2023.
|
||||
The ministry oversees the Uruguayan governmental enforcement of the Escazú Agreement which protects environmental defenders and guarantees freedom of information around human rights violations in environmental contexts.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of ministers ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Cabinet of Uruguay
|
||||
List of ministers of housing, territorial planning and environment (Uruguay)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
(in Spanish) Official website
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Family,_Labour_and_Social_Policy"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:12.360192+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Poland was formed in 2005 to administer issues related to labour and social policy of Poland. It was named Ministry of Labour and Social Policy until late 2015 when it was renamed to Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy.
|
||||
The ministry was formed from the former and short-lived Ministry of Social Affairs (created from 2004) and still existing, but reduced Ministry of Economy. From the Ministry of Economy, the new ministry acquired the competences in the fields of employment and combating unemployment, relations and conditions of labor, labor-related benefits, and trade union relations. The social policy part of the ministry gives it competences over the issues of family issues, and social benefits and welfare.
|
||||
The ministry supervises the Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych.
|
||||
Since December 2023 the current Minister of Labour and Social Policy is Agnieszka Dziemianowicz-Bąk. In April 2024, she appointed a team to reform the National Labour Inspectorate.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of ministers ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Poland
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ministry of Housing and Territorial Planning of Uruguay"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Territorial_Planning_of_Uruguay"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:13.514129+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Ministry of Housing and Territorial Planning (Spanish: Ministerio de Vivienda y Ordenamiento Territorial, acronym MVOT) is the Uruguayan government ministry which oversees the housing policies and territorial planning of Uruguay.
|
||||
The current Minister of Housing and Territorial Planning is Tamara Paseyro, who has held the position since April 22, 2025.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Background ==
|
||||
It was created under the Civic-Military Dictatorship in 1974, with the name of the Ministry of Housing and Social Promotion; the ownership of this portfolio fell to Federico Soneira. This Ministry had a short life, being dissolved in 1977.
|
||||
The current ministry was created on May 30, 1990, in the administration of Luis Alberto Lacalle. The prime minister responsible was Raúl Lago.
|
||||
In 2020, during the government of Luis Lacalle Pou, it changes its denomination for Ministry of Housing and Territorial Planning, after the creation of a Ministry of Environment.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of ministers ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Cabinet of Uruguay
|
||||
List of ministers of housing, territorial planning and environment (Uruguay)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
(in Spanish) Official website
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Maximum-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Maximum-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Modern Maximum"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Maximum"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:14.681670+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Modern Maximum was found by Sami Solanki, Ilya G. Usoskin and colleagues as the period of unusually high solar activity which began with solar cycle 15 in 1914. It reached a maximum in solar cycle 19 during the late 1950s and may have ended with the peak of solar cycle 23 in 2000, as solar cycle 24 is recording, at best, very muted solar activity. Another proposed end date for the maximum is 2007, with the decline phase of Cycle 23. In any case the low solar activity of solar cycle 24 in the 2010s marked a new period of reduced solar activity. However the on-going (as of 2025) solar cycle 25 significantly exceeded its predicted low maximum.
|
||||
This maximum period is a natural example of solar variation, and one of many that are known from proxy records of past solar variability. The Modern Maximum reached a double peak once in the 1950s and again during the 1990s.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Maunder minimum
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Record-0.md
Normal file
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Record-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Montreux Record"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Record"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:15.883699+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
†
|
||||
The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or could likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference. It is a voluntary mechanism to highlight specific wetlands of international importance that are facing immediate challenges. It is maintained as part of the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance.
|
||||
Established in 1990
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of sites under the Montreux Record ==
|
||||
As in August 2021, 48 sites are listed in the Montreux Record. The Montreux Record was established by Recommendation 4.8 at the COP-4 in 1990 held at Montreux, Switzerland. It was adopted by the Conference of Contracting parties in Brisbane in 1996.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Native Vegetation Management Framework"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Vegetation_Management_Framework"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:17.084311+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Native Vegetation Management: A Framework for action 2002 is a Victorian strategy which aims to protect, enhance and revegetate Victoria's native vegetation. The Framework's main goal is to "achieve a reversal, across the entire landscape of the long-term decline in the extent and quality of native vegetation, leading to a net gain." [1]. The framework is notable for the inclusion of offsets, which allow authorised land clearing, providing there is a net gain in biodiversity, and for the fact that a monetary value is being placed on biodiversity. The "habitat hectare" has been defined as the trading currency of the framework, and provides a reliable and repeatable measurement of the quality of the native vegetation when correctly administered by an experienced assessor. [2] The trading in "habitat hectares" is a form of biodiversity banking, which occurs in the private market responding to the supply and demand of the available remnant vegetation.
|
||||
The act is administered by the Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Conservation in Australia
|
||||
Environmental issues in Australia
|
||||
Economics of biodiversity
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Department of Sustainability and Environment
|
||||
ABC Background Briefing
|
||||
54
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate_vulnerable_zone-0.md
Normal file
54
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate_vulnerable_zone-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Nitrate vulnerable zone"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate_vulnerable_zone"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:18.257997+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A nitrate vulnerable zone is a conservation designation of the Environment Agency for areas of land that drain into nitrate polluted waters, or waterways that could become polluted by nitrates due to environmental and health threats. A nitrate vulnerable zone can be designated as a response to an increase in nitrate leaching or increased use of nitrate fertilizers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Nitrate pollution ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Sources of nitrate pollution ===
|
||||
One of the primary causes of nitrate pollution is the use of nitrogen fertilizers and application of manure to agricultural fields, which stimulates crop production but also contributes to nutrient pollution due to nitrate leaches from soil during heavy precipitation events.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Environmental impacts ===
|
||||
Nitrate runoff can lead to eutrophication of waterways, leading to excessive algal growth and oxygen depletion.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Health effects ===
|
||||
High levels of nitrate in drinking water used to prepare infant formula can negatively affect infant health. With continued use of contaminated water, infants can develop Blue Baby Syndrome, which can be fatal.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Regulations ==
|
||||
Nitrate vulnerable zones are designated when the concentration of nitrate in a given area reaches or surpasses 50 NO3− mg/L. Regulations include:
|
||||
|
||||
Reducing the amount of fertilizer applied;
|
||||
Prohibiting application of fertilizer during the winter when runoff is greatest and uptake by plants at a minimum;
|
||||
Changing the times when animal waste is applied to the land and holding the waste in tanks until application.
|
||||
The restrictions are within Good Agricultural Practice guidelines, meaning that farmers are expected to adhere to the given regulations without receiving any subsidies. Farmers who do not adhere to these restrictions can be fined by the government.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Locations ==
|
||||
Nitrate vulnerable zones were introduced by the United Kingdom government in response to the European Union mandate that all countries in the EU must reduce the nitrate in drinking water to a maximum of 50 NO3− mg/L to protect public health and environmental health.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== United Kingdom ===
|
||||
The United Kingdom identifies nitrate vulnerable zones as discrete zones in specific agricultural regions. There are at least 70 nitrate vulnerable zones in England and several in Wales, covering 600,000 hectares of surface water and ground water.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Wales ====
|
||||
The Welsh Government introduced an all Wales NVZ in 2021, previously, 2.4% of Wales' land was designated as a NVZ. Environmental and fishing groups welcomed the new rules. It will be rolled out, pending a review by the Senedd, over the next three years. The review came after major political backlash from opposition parties and farmers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Northern Europe ===
|
||||
Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark have established their entire nations as nitrate vulnerable zones. These countries take a broader approach to designating nation-wide nitrate vulnerable zones because of the quality of the groundwater as well as marine eutrophication.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OptiRTC-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OptiRTC-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "OptiRTC"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OptiRTC"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:19.442887+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
OptiRTC is an American technology company that has developed a software as a service platform for civil infrastructure. The OptiRTC platform is a cloud-native platform that integrates sensors, forecasts, and environmental contexts to actively control stormwater infrastructure. The OptiRTC platform is built on Microsoft Azure and uses internet of things technology to predicatively manage distributed water systems.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
In June 2011, the OptiRTC team partnered with ioBridge to develop smart city tech based on ioBridge's hardware services and OptiRTC's platform.
|
||||
In November 2013, the OptiRTC team was assigned a patent for "Combined water storage and detention system and method of precipitation harvesting and management" that was co-invented by Marcus Quigley.
|
||||
In November 2014, the New York Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) selected Opti technology as the winner of the first Smart City Expo World Congress.
|
||||
In December 2014, OptiRTC was formally incorporated as an independent company through a spin-out from Geosyntec Consultants.
|
||||
In January 2015, the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) published a research paper on High Performance Green Infrastructure, which focused primarily on distributed real-time control of stormwater infrastructure.
|
||||
In January 2016, Opti began working with Particle to provide the communications layer for Opti's products.
|
||||
In October 2018, Opti was commissioner by Albany’s Department of Water and Water Supply to install its underground smart water management system in Washington Park Lake as well as one of Albany’s constructed wetlands.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
35
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAN_Parks-0.md
Normal file
35
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAN_Parks-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "PAN Parks"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAN_Parks"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:21.752645+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The PAN Parks Foundation was a non-governmental organisation that aimed to protect Europe's wildernesses. The foundation filed for bankruptcy in May 2014 in The Netherlands, but was denied the status by the court and is currently in liquidation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Details ==
|
||||
The PAN Parks Foundation was founded in 1998 by the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Dutch travel company Molecaten, with the aim of creating national parks in Europe, along the model of the Yellowstone and Yosemite National Parks in North America. The organisation aims to create a network of European wilderness areas where wilderness and high quality tourism facilities are balanced with environmental protection and sustainable local development. It attempts to achieve this through a process of auditing and verification, enabling it to certify parks owned by partners as meeting particular standards, combined with political advocacy on the local and European level.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of PAN Certified parks ==
|
||||
Central Balkan National Park, Bulgaria
|
||||
Fulufjället National Park, Sweden
|
||||
Majella National Park, Italy
|
||||
Oulanka National Park, Finland
|
||||
Paanajärvi National Park, Russia
|
||||
Retezat National Park, Romania
|
||||
Rila National Park, Bulgaria
|
||||
Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park, Georgia
|
||||
Southwestern Archipelago National Park, Finland
|
||||
Peneda-Gerês National Park, Portugal
|
||||
Soomaa National Park, Estonia
|
||||
Dzūkija National Park, Lithuania
|
||||
Čepkēliai Reserve, Lithuania
|
||||
Küre Mountains National Park, Turkey
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palathulli-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palathulli-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Palathulli"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palathulli"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:20.625414+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Palathulli (Malayalam:പലതുള്ളി, English: Many a Drop) program is a water conservation campaign run by the Malayala Manorama newspaper in Kerala, India, for raising awareness on the importance of water conservation and rainwater harvesting.
|
||||
The campaign included exhibitions and video shows which were organized throughout the region.
|
||||
The newspaper was awarded the 2005 IPDC-UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
IPDC
|
||||
UNESCO
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Indian Newspaper Malayala Manorama wins IPDC-UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication
|
||||
Source Weekly, No. 7-8, 16 March 2006 (email newsletter [1])
|
||||
Malayala Manorama Online, English edition; (Malayalam language edition)
|
||||
International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) - current and previous prize-winners.
|
||||
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseo_del_Jaguar-0.md
Normal file
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseo_del_Jaguar-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Paseo del Jaguar"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseo_del_Jaguar"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:22.899088+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Paseo del Jaguar (Spanish: "Path of the Jaguar") is a proposed interconnected system of refuges and conservation corridors running from the United States through Mexico and Central America into South America. The purpose of the Path, proposed by jaguar expert Alan Rabinowitz, is to allow jaguars to travel and inter-breed throughout their historical areas. The Panthera organization actively develops these corridors through their Jaguar Corridor Initiative.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Description ==
|
||||
The corridors created by this program allow for the natural roaming behavior of the jaguar and safeguard them from ranchers and farmers by giving jaguars natural cover, letting them avoid human activities as much as possible. These corridors in some cases are as small as a line of trees along a fence; they do not have to be something large, they simply have to be enough to link habitats together in continuous ground cover. A key component of the Path of the Jaguar is the creation of small preserves spaced along the corridor at key points. These preserves are just large enough for a jaguar to stay and hunt in for a day or two, offering an alternative to the risky endeavor of hunting livestock.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Potential connections ===
|
||||
There are many potential connections between current jaguar habitats. A 2010 study by Rabinowitz suggested 182 of them, 44 of which are in danger of being eliminated by human use.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Amphibian and reptile tunnel
|
||||
Habitat corridor
|
||||
North American jaguar
|
||||
South American jaguar
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathrakadavu_Waterfalls-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathrakadavu_Waterfalls-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Pathrakadavu Waterfalls"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathrakadavu_Waterfalls"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:24.130019+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Pathrakadavu waterfalls is a waterfall situated in the Silent Valley National Park in Palakkad district, Kerala, India. This tourist place is situated in Kuruthichal in Pathrakadavu.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Hydroelectric project and disputes ==
|
||||
There was a proposal of an hydroelectric project in the river which this waterfall is located.that river is named as kundhi river There were so many agitations on the construction of hydroelectric project in the river by different environmental organisations and activists. Even the forest department protested against this.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Ecotourism project ==
|
||||
Now, the government is trying to implement an ecotourism project here that will not harm the environment and protect the beauty of nature in Silent valley.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Cormack-0.md
Normal file
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Cormack-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Phyllis Cormack"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Cormack"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:25.312071+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Phyllis Cormack is a 25-meter (82-foot) herring and halibut seine fishing boat, displacing 99 tons and crewed by up to 12 people. The wooden vessel was built in 1941 in Tacoma, Washington, by Marine View Boat Works.
|
||||
The vessel was chartered in September 1971 by the Don't Make a Wave Committee to travel to Amchitka to protest against the planned nuclear tests there, and the passengers included Bob Hunter, Ben Metcalfe, John Cormack, Jim Bohlen, Patrick Moore and Terry A Simmons. Greenpeace calls this trip "our founding voyage."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Name ==
|
||||
The boat's name derives from that of the wife of its skipper, John Cormack.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Greenpeace charters ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 1971 ===
|
||||
The vessel was renamed or nicknamed Greenpeace for the voyage, a name subsequently used by the organisation that sprang from the organising committee. Greenpeace International calls this expedition "the founding voyage". The nickname for the boat arose from "the dual ecological and antiwar nature of their mission". At the time, the boat was deemed to be "a bit jury-rigged." The boat's crew was Canadian, and included Bob Hunter, Ben Metcalfe, John Cormack, Jim Bohlen, Patrick Moore, and Terry A Simmons. The boat's departure and arrival point was Vancouver, British Columbia, though an unauthorised stop was made in Akutan, Alaska, resulting on a U.S. Coast Guard boarding and a charge of a U.S. customs violation. The crew's sight of a grisly, abandoned whaling station in Akutan was compared to the Communist Party of Kampuchea's Khmer Rouge Killing Fields and it was called a "pivotal" moment that turned Greenpeace on to the idea of saving the whales.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 1975 ===
|
||||
In June 1975, the Phyllis Cormack was chartered by the Greenpeace Foundation, a Vancouver, B.C. ecological organization, to harass USSR and Japanese whaling; the crew included persons fluent in Japanese and in Russian. Greenpeace named the season's campaign "Project Ahab"; it ran about 50 miles offshore California, from Eureka in the north to past San Francisco in the south. The New York Times reported that for "the first time in the history of whaling, human beings had put their lives on the line for whales". The Japanese Fisheries Agency stated the harassers were fanatics for whom their movement "is like a religion".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Sources ==
|
||||
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_density-0.md
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21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_density-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Physiological density"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_density"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:26.484665+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Physiological density, also known as real population density, is defined as the number of people per unit area of arable land. It provides a measure of the pressure that a population places on the land available for agriculture.
|
||||
Higher physiological density indicates that the available arable land supports more people, which can increase the risk of reaching the land's productive capacity sooner than in regions with lower physiological density.
|
||||
In countries with limited arable land relative to their population, such as Egypt, physiological density is substantially higher than arithmetic density, reflecting concentrated population pressure on fertile areas.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Population density
|
||||
List of countries by arable land density
|
||||
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Creek_Wilderness-0.md
Normal file
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Creek_Wilderness-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Pine Creek Wilderness"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Creek_Wilderness"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:27.734041+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Pine Creek Wilderness is a wilderness area designated by Congress in 1984. It is located entirely in California, and managed by United States Forest Service as part of the Cleveland National Forest.
|
||||
The wilderness is a sloping area of 13,261 acres (53.67 km2), ranging from 2,000 ft (610 m) elevation in the south to 4,000 ft (1,200 m) in the north. It is situated entirely in California, bordered by the Hauser Wilderness to the south. Vegetation consists primarily of chaparral (dominated by chamise and scrub oak) with oak woodland along stream bottoms.
|
||||
Wilderness permits are required for both day and overnight use.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
Pine Creek Wilderness
|
||||
43
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Disclosure_Project-0.md
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43
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Disclosure_Project-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Plastic Disclosure Project"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Disclosure_Project"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:28.904779+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Plastic Disclosure Project (PDP) is an organization founded to reduce the environmental impact caused by the rising use of plastics in products and packaging. It is listed as an entity of the Ocean Recovery Alliance, a 501(c)(3) organization in the United States.
|
||||
Similar to the Carbon Disclosure Project, the PDP encourages the measurement, disclosure, and management of plastics, as well as holding companies and individuals accountable for their use of plastics.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Foundation ==
|
||||
The PDP was announced at the opening plenary session of the Clinton Global Initiative in 2010 as a preventative project that aims to address the issue of global plastic waste.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Main goals ==
|
||||
The PDP specifies the following four main goals:
|
||||
|
||||
Create a world where plastic can be used, but where there is no environmental impact as a result
|
||||
Use annual reporting and measurement of production or waste creation to bring about better management
|
||||
Encourage sustainable business practices around plastic use
|
||||
Inspire improved design and innovative solutions for plastic products and packaging
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Working process ==
|
||||
The PDP tells businesses to measure, manage, reduce, and benefit from plastic waste to create a world where plastic benefits consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment. It is based on the principle that to effectively manage and improve efficiency in plastic use, reuse, and recycling, businesses must first quantify their use of plastics. Annual disclosure requests are sent to companies that use plastic for goods and/or services on behalf of socially conscious investors and community stakeholders.
|
||||
It aims to connect solution providers with prospective companies to facilitate design and innovation. All types of organizations are invited to participate in PDP and commit to reducing their plastic footprint.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Company disclosures ==
|
||||
The Plastic Disclosure Project (PDP) is an initiative that aims to track and reduce plastic waste generated by companies and institutions. Lush was the first participant to disclose its plastic waste data in 2011, followed by UC Berkeley in 2012, which was the first university to join the initiative. The project is managed by Campus Recycling and Refuse Services, along with the Office of Sustainability, with plans to assign interns to monitor plastic waste leaving the campus. Interest in this project has been expressed by companies from various countries.
|
||||
During the Plasticity Forum Rio '12, an alliance was formed between the Plastic Pollution Coalition and the PDP to collaborate on reducing plastic waste on university campuses worldwide.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Plastic Disclosure Project
|
||||
Ocean Recovery Alliance
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumage_League-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumage_League-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Plumage League"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumage_League"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:30.098929+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A Plumage League to campaign against the excessive use of birds' feathers and plumage in ladies fashions was formed by Reverend Francis Orpen Morris and Lady Mount Temple in December 1885. This almost immediately amalgamated to form the Plumage Section of the Selborne Society for the Preservation of Birds, Plants and Pleasant Places in the following January.
|
||||
Another plumage league was later formed by Emily Williamson in Didsbury. This was organised by Mancunian women unable to join the male British Ornithological Union as the Society for Protection of Birds which subsequently became the RSPB.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcautionary_principle-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcautionary_principle-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Postcautionary principle"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcautionary_principle"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:31.288656+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The postcautionary principle is a principle of de facto environmental management formulated by John Paull in 2007. It is suggested that the postcautionary principle, as the antithesis of the precautionary principle, has guided environmental management, as it is actually practised.
|
||||
Taking the Rio 1982 formulation of the precautionary principle as a guide, the postcautionary principle has been stated as follows: "Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, the lack of full scientific certainty shall be used as a reason for not implementing cost-effective measures until after the environmental degradation has actually occurred."
|
||||
Examples of this principle include: the extinction of the thylacine (Tasmanian tiger), which was, after decades of government bounty hunting (starting in 1888), declared a protected species on 10 July 1936 by the Fauna Board of Tasmania, only weeks before the last one died in captivity (on 7 September 1936); the 2003 Forestry Tasmania burning of Tasmania's largest tree El Grande, a tree protected under legislation, and its subsequent demise, after which "new standard operating procedures" were implemented; and seven months after Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 disappeared without trace, the airline introduced a monitoring system where the onboard communication system will issue an electronic ping every few minutes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Tombstone mentality
|
||||
Environmental management
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priatelia_Zeme_Slovensko-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priatelia_Zeme_Slovensko-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Priatelia Zeme Slovensko"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priatelia_Zeme_Slovensko"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:32.529899+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== General Facts ==
|
||||
Priatelia Zeme Slovensko (Slovak, translated to English as Friends of the Earth Slovakia) became a Friends of the Earth International member in 1997. Since then, they have been actively participating in activities coordinated by Friends of the Earth International and its regional association, Friends of the Earth Europe.
|
||||
Friends of the Earth - Slovakia consists of two organisations at present: Friends of the Earth-CEPA and Friends of the Earth - SPZ.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Objective ==
|
||||
Ensure environmental, social and economical justice as well as protection of nature, living environment and the quality of life.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
http://www.priateliazeme.sk
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Lab"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:52:51.644468+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:33.876128+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Smog-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Smog-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Public Smog"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Smog"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:35.065083+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Public Smog is an "atmospheric park" created by San Francisco-based artist Amy Balkin and her supporters through the use of financial, political, and legal methods. The goal of Public Smog is to "highlight the complexities and contradictions of current environmental protocols.".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Overview ==
|
||||
The public smog atmospheric park consists of two areas which fluctuate in size and location. The upper park opened above the European Union in 2006 and the lower park is located over California’s South Coast Air Quality Management District's Coastal Zone in 2004. Each was opened up through the purchasing of emissions offsets and then retiring the purchased air from use. Both parts of the park are currently closed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Methodology ==
|
||||
Some of the main methods used to create Public Smog are the purchase and withholding of emissions offsets and attempting to add the Earth's atmosphere to UNESCO's World Heritage List.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Public Smog on Tomorrowmorning.net
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Mongolia-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Mongolia-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Recycling in Mongolia"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Mongolia"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:36.268333+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Mongolia is a country with a lacking of centralized recycling system, due to people not recycling.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Statistics ==
|
||||
Currently, 90% of recyclable waste produced in Mongolia end up in landfill. As of 2019, only 7% of total solid waste generated in the country is reused or exported.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Recycling centers ==
|
||||
Ulaanbaatar has 18 recycling centers with a total annual capacity of 18,500 tons. However, they people don't recycle and the factories don't work as hard as they should.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Environmental issues in Mongolia
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
44
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Forest_Agreement-0.md
Normal file
44
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Forest_Agreement-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Regional Forest Agreement"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Forest_Agreement"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:37.442292+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Regional Forest Agreements (RFA) are 20 year plans for the conservation and sustainable management of Australia's native forests, and are intended to provide certainty to commercial forestry operations while protecting environmental values. The 10 RFA's were progressively signed between 1997 and 2001. The RFA process grew out of the 1992 National Forest Policy Statement.
|
||||
The Agreements relies on a mix of community and industry consultation combined with scientific research. While the Agreements are supported by forestry industry, they are widely criticized by environmentalist groups.
|
||||
In Tasmania, a forestry operation that is undertaken in accordance with an RFA is not required obtain environmental approvals otherwise required by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, nor to protect rare or threatened species listed in the CAR Reserve System. A conclusive presumption was added to the agreement in 2007 which states "The Parties agree that the CAR Reserve System, established in accordance with this Agreement, and the application of management strategies and management prescriptions developed under Tasmania's Forest Management Systems, protect rare and threatened fauna and flora species and Forest Communities". That is, the threatened species have simply been declared to be protected without regard for actual circumstances.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Regions ==
|
||||
There are currently 10 regions covered by RFAs:
|
||||
|
||||
Western Australia,
|
||||
West Victoria,
|
||||
North East Victoria,
|
||||
Central Highlands Victoria,
|
||||
Gippsland Victoria,
|
||||
East Gippsland Victoria,
|
||||
Tasmania,
|
||||
Southern New South Wales,
|
||||
Eden New South Wales,
|
||||
North East New South Wales
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Forestry
|
||||
Deforestation
|
||||
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
|
||||
Montréal Process
|
||||
Woodchipping in Australia
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Australian Government's RFA site
|
||||
Wilderness Society Overview of the RFA
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjavík_Green_Days-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjavík_Green_Days-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Reykjavík Green Days"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjavík_Green_Days"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:38.593549+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Reykjavík Green Days is an annual event which takes place in Reykjavík, Iceland. This event was founded by a group of students at the University of Iceland in the Environmental and Natural resources program.
|
||||
"Gaia", as the group is known, aims to raise awareness. It also works to stimulate citizens, businesses, non-governmental organizations, local authorities and other urban actors to improve the environment's quality by implementing changes in behavior.
|
||||
The event runs across several days in March.
|
||||
It's considered by the Reykjavík town Council an environmental education initiative that encourages all stakeholders to take steps towards becoming more environmentally responsible.
|
||||
The initiate has been organized by the SEED Iceland association in collaboration with other minor local institutions. The staff has been made up of people with 9 nationalities and so the event has been a relevant tourist attraction.
|
||||
The most important happening of the 2009 edition was the Reykjavík critical mass, which was actually the first one in Iceland.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Web site of the event
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Advisory_Board-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Advisory_Board-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Science Advisory Board"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Advisory_Board"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:39.766991+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Science Advisory Board (SAB) is a United States group of independent scientists selected by the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The board provides advice to the agency on the scientific and technical aspects of environmental problems and issues. Upon a request by the Administrator, the board reviews the scientific aspects of any reports or other written products prepared by the agency. Congress established the board in the Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration Authorization Act of 1978.
|
||||
Under Administrator Lee M. Thomas, the board conducted risk prioritization studies. His successor, William K. Reilly, commissioned the board to do a “reducing risk report” to inform what significant risk areas the EPA wasn’t addressing adequately.
|
||||
The activities of the SAB are subject to the requirements of the Federal Advisory Committee Act. The SAB publishes a list of ongoing and completed advisory activities. Announcements about new SAB activities, formation of review panels and committees, and public meetings are published in the Federal Register.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Scientific Advisory Panel - Advisors to EPA's pesticide program
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
This article incorporates public domain material from Jasper Womach. Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-based_conservation-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-based_conservation-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Site-based conservation"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-based_conservation"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:41.073903+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Site-based conservation is an approach to nature conservation that relies on the designation of important or representative examples of sites supporting key habitats or species, such as Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) or Important Bird Areas (IBAs). Whilst a rational way of ensuring that the very best resources are protected, it is open to a number of criticisms:
|
||||
|
||||
It tends to focus resources and protection on only the best sites.
|
||||
With a changing climate, the best sites now may not be the best ones to protect for the future.
|
||||
Wildlife is ignorant of lines drawn on maps by humans.
|
||||
On balance, site-based conservation is an essential part of nature conservation, along with initiatives such as environmental subsidies and planning controls that protect biodiversity across the whole landscape (the broad and shallow approach), and the more holistic ideas of landscape-scale conservation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimicide-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimicide-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Slimicide"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimicide"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:42.283323+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Slimicide (or antislime agent) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial pesticide used to kill slime-producing microorganisms such as algae, bacteria, fungi, and slime molds. One primary application domain is in the papermaking industry, where it reduces the occurrence of paper holes and spots, as well as protecting the machinery from odor, clogs, corrosion, and breakdown. Slimicides come in variants effective in acidic and/or alkaline media, in liquid or solid form, and are based on chemicals such as aldehydes, bromium or quaternary ammonium compounds, and others. Additional significant application areas for slimicides include industrial water recirculation systems such as cooling towers, fuel storage tanks and wells, and in conjunction with fluids used for oil extraction. In some application domains, slimicides may be formulated specifically to target slime molds.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Society for Ecological Restoration"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Ecological_Restoration"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:43.683736+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) is a conservation organization based in the United States, supporting a "global community of restoration professionals that includes researchers, practitioners, decision-makers, and community leaders". The organization was founded in 1988. The mission of the organization is to: "advance the science, practice and policy of ecological restoration to sustain biodiversity, improve resilience in a changing climate, and re-establish an ecologically healthy relationship between nature and culture."
|
||||
SER produces definitions and standards for the practice of ecological restoration, including the SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration (2004), International Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration (2016), and a certification program for professionals: Certified Ecological Restoration Practitioner (CERP).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soesterberg_Principles-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soesterberg_Principles-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Soesterberg Principles"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soesterberg_Principles"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:44.871655+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Soesterberg Principles was adopted by the Trans-Atlantic Network for Clean Production on May 16, 1999. It was a commitment that for new technical innovation in the industry, that innovation should also include improvements in the environment, health, and social issues that follow. It is an electronic sustainability commitment that technical improvements should correspond to environmental and health improvements. The Electronic Sustainability Commitment of the principles reads:
|
||||
Each new generation of technical improvements in electronic products should include parallel and proportional improvements in environmental, health and safety as well as social attributes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
30
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spill_pallet-0.md
Normal file
30
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spill_pallet-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Spill pallet"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spill_pallet"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:46.040120+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A spill pallet is a bunded secondary containment item that is designed to hold containers of oil, hazardous liquids, and fuels, typically in either a 200-litre (44 imp gal; 53 US gal) drum or in an intermediate bulk container. It is called a 'secondary containment item' because it is designed to catch the leaks and spill of the container's contents which rest upon it.
|
||||
The spill pallets can come in a variety of sizes to accommodate multiple containers. Several designs have been developed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== UK legislation ==
|
||||
In the UK, a container of oil or fuel cannot be stored outside unless it is bundled in a secondary containment item (Oil Storage Regulations 2001). This means that if the container of oil leaks, it will be contained within the bund. The secondary containment item must be able to hold 110% of the largest container above.
|
||||
If a person were to store 4×200-litre drums on the sump pallet, the sump pallet must be able to hold 220 litres (48 imp gal; 58 US gal) of oil.
|
||||
Although there are no laws in the UK stating that a sump pallet must hold 110% of the largest container upon it, it is still considered good practice to do so.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Materials ==
|
||||
Sump pallets can be made in a variety of materials, but due to the nature of the oils or chemicals which will be stored upon it, they are typically made from either UV stabilised polyethylene, or steel that is galvanised for further protection from harsher chemicals. Also available in stainless and mild steels.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Spill containment
|
||||
Salvage drum
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "St Andrews Prize for the Environment"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews_Prize_for_the_Environment"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:47.214629+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The St Andrews Prize for the Environment is a prestigious international environmental award funded and administered by the University of St Andrews in Scotland, United Kingdom. Prior to 2020, the American exploration and production company ConocoPhillips sponsored the prize.
|
||||
The award recognises significant contributions to environmental issues and concerns aligned to the Sustainable Development Goals. Applications are invited from individuals, multi-disciplinary teams or community groups. The winning environmental project receives funding of US$100,000 and each of the two runners-up receive US$25,000.
|
||||
The current Chair of the judging panel is the President of the Royal Society of Biology, Sir Ian Boyd having taken over the role from the CEO of the Royal Academy of Engineering, Hayaatun Sillem.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of Winners ==
|
||||
List of winners has been taken from the St Andrews Prize website:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 2019—Present ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 2009—2018 ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 1999—2008 ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of environmental awards
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Environment-0.md
Normal file
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Environment-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "State of the Environment"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Environment"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:48.382009+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The term State of the Environment normally relates to an analysis of trends in the environment of a particular place. This analysis can encompass aspects such as water quality, air quality, land use, ecosystem health and function, along with social and cultural matters.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Pressure-State-Response Framework ==
|
||||
Human activity places pressure on many aspects of the environment. For instance, deforestation results in the invasion of weed species, habitat displacement, and, when undertaken on a large scale, adversely affects air quality and carbon dioxide sequestration.
|
||||
Examples of pressures under the Pressure-State-Response ("PSR") framework include: pollutants discharged from factories, or draining into a river from the land; it could be the removal of forest from the land or over-harvesting by fishermen or hunters.
|
||||
In this framework, only pressures introduced by human interaction with the environment are considered. Natural pressures such as extreme weather are only considered in the context of human-induced climate change (i.e. global warming).
|
||||
A "state" is the condition of the environment at a particular time. This is assessed by measuring various aspects of the atmosphere, air, water, land and organisms.
|
||||
The European Environment Agency (EAA) has extended the pressure-state-response framework to include driving forces and impacts (see DPSIR).
|
||||
The EAA publishes its most comprehensive ‘state of environment’ report every five years.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== State of the Environment reporting ==
|
||||
State of Environment reports have been prepared by countries such as New Zealand and Australia. State of the Environment reporting is also undertaken fairly extensively throughout New Zealand by territorial and regional authorities.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
State of the World , a series of books published by the World Watch Institute
|
||||
Environmental issue
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
The State of the Environment Gateway, GRID-Arendal/United Nations Environment Programme, Arendel, Norway, retrieved 2 February 2008.
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_stripping-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_stripping-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Steam stripping"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_stripping"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:49.583664+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Steam stripping is a process used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to remove volatile contaminants, such as hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from wastewater. It typically consists of passing a stream of superheated steam through the wastewater.
|
||||
This method is effective when the volatile compounds have lower boiling points than water or have limited solubility in water.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Sugud Islands Marine Conservation Area"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugud_Islands_Marine_Conservation_Area"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:50.783508+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Sugud Islands Marine Conservation Area (SIMCA) is a Category II MPA in Beluran district in Sabah, Malaysia, comprising Lankayan Island, Billean, Tegaipil and surrounding waters. The government of Sabah, Malaysia prohibits in the area, a total of over 463 square kilometres, all resource harvesting (including all capturing of live creatures) and charges a fee to all visitors of the area.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Surface Water Improvement and Management Program"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Water_Improvement_and_Management_Program"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:51.971209+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Surface Water Improvement and Management Program (S.W.I.M, sometimes written as SWIM) is a Florida state program to improve Florida's water quality.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
Swim was started in 1988 by the Department of Environmental Protection to address Florida's worsening water quality and protect drinking water quality.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
0
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Dairying
Normal file
0
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Dairying
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takachar-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takachar-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Takachar"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takachar"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:54.357170+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Takachar is a limited company based in Boston as a spin-off from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It is developing torrefaction reactors, which will cook agricultural waste to create biochar or biocoal – a modernised form of charcoal burning. The target market is India, where traditional methods such as stubble burning create large amounts of smoke and have been a significant cause of air pollution.
|
||||
The company was formed in 2018 by founders Vidyut Mohan and Kevin Kung.
|
||||
Takachar creates a sustainable bottom-up system that reduces pollution while supplying alternatives to fossil fuels, with the added benefit of creating a new revenue stream for farmers. By 2020, the company had converted 3,000 tons of biomass waste that would otherwise have been burned.
|
||||
In 2021, the company won an Earthshot prize in the "Clean our Air" category, as its process and products are expected to reduce the amount of waste that is burnt in the open air.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Technology ==
|
||||
Takachar's technology is centered on portable, small-scale, and low-cost torrefaction reactors designed to convert agricultural and forestry residues, such as rice husks, straw, and woody biomass, into valuable products like biochar, activated carbon, and biofuels. he core of this innovation is an oxygen-lean thermochemical process known as torrefaction, where biomass is roasted at moderate temperatures with limited oxygen, preventing combustion and instead transforming the material into a carbon-rich product. This process is self-sustaining, using a small portion of the biomass to fuel the conversion of the rest, and requires no external power input, which is vital for deployment in rural or off-grid locations.
|
||||
The modular design of Takachar's reactors allows them to be attached to tractors or to be transportable via pickup trucks, allowing on-site processing directly at farms or logging locations. This decentralized approach solves traditional challenges with biomass logistics, as bulky and wet residues typically make transportation to centralized facilities economically and practically prohibitive. By processing waste at the source, Takachar reduces transportation costs by up to two-thirds and creates an economically viable alternative to open-air burning.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Takachar website
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanwater-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanwater-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tanwater"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanwater"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:55.513583+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Tanwater was a special water treatment project initiated by Elmo tannery in Sweden in 1992. It aimed to reduce nitrogen in effluent during the tanning of leather. The tannery received a grant for the project from LIFE (The Financial Instrument for the Environment).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Description ==
|
||||
Tanwater was a special water treatment project. It was initiated in 1992 by Elmo tannery. The initiative's aim was to reduce nitrogen effluent from the water treatment systems during the tanning of leather. Previously, tanneries in Europe had only been able to reduce nitrogen in the water by up to a maximum of 30%; the Tanwater project aimed at reducing nitrogen waste by up to 80%. The project was able to achieve 89% nitrogen-waste reduction in the water. This was a major breakthrough for the tanning industry, because nitrogen is a pollutant of ground water.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
Elmo tannery received a grant for the project from LIFE (The Financial Instrument for the Environment). LIFE finances environmental projects in the European Union. Elmo tannery, although producing leather predominantly for the car industry (upholstery leather), also produces leather for handbags and footwear. Since Elmo started this project, there have been a number of tanneries that have followed in its steps of improving their water treatment systems in Sweden and Norway.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
https://web.archive.org/web/20090115001900/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/themes/water/best.htm
|
||||
http://www.tanwater.net/ Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
http://www.tanwater.net/file/Layman-uk.pdf Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
https://web.archive.org/web/20061110041537/http://www.euroleather.com/doc/frendruptan.doc
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_on_trees-0.md
Normal file
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_on_trees-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tax on trees"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_on_trees"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:56.664259+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Tax on trees was a tax imposed on the owners of fruit trees in the USSR by Joseph Stalin's government in 1944. The tax made it expensive to have trees on a farm, and had the unintended consequence of causing a mass felling of trees by Soviet farmers. This subsequently led to shortage of fruit.
|
||||
The idea was proposed by the Minister Arseny Zverev, and Stalin failed to foresee the problems it would produce. The tax was repealed in 1954 by Georgy Malenkov, when taxes were reduced by 60 percent for farmers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Agriculture in the Soviet Union
|
||||
Four Pests campaign
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Breast_Cancer"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:57:29.045223+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:27.560596+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tittabawassee River, Saginaw River and Bay Superfund site"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tittabawassee_River,_Saginaw_River_and_Bay_Superfund_site"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:57.867127+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Tittabawassee River, Saginaw River and Bay is a Superfund site in Midland County, Michigan. A high level of dioxins was detected in and along the Tittabawassee River and downstream. The primary source of contamination was attributed to past waste and disposal practices at the Dow Chemical Company facility in Midland, Michigan, located on the east side of the river and south of the city of Midland.
|
||||
Remediation effort has been taken since 2012; Dow is mainly operating actions and the EPA oversees it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of Superfund sites in Michigan
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_capacity-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_capacity-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Toxic capacity"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_capacity"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:57:59.042310+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Toxic capacity can mean the toxicity of a substance, possibly in relation to a specific organism and toxic capacity can mean the capacity of an organism, organic system or ecosystem to contain a toxic substance or a selection of toxic substances (a compound) without showing signs of poisoning or dying.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Toxic capacity among humans, children ==
|
||||
Generally people with less mass have a lower toxic capacity than people with larger mass. In particular, children (who have lower mass compared to an adult) are more vulnerable to toxic effects of compounds. The compounds do not have to be poisons but could be medications as well, which is why children's dosages are almost always less than those of an adult, and the overdose danger higher for children.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Persistent organic pollutants
|
||||
Toxicology
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Greenpeace: Chemicals out of control
|
||||
WWF: Detox Campaign
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_Life_(Bahrain)-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_Life_(Bahrain)-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tree of Life (Bahrain)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_Life_(Bahrain)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:00.161496+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Tree of Life (Shajarat-al-Hayat) in Bahrain is a 9.75 meters (32 feet) high Prosopis cineraria tree that is over 400 years old. It is on a hill in a barren area of the Arabian Desert, approximately 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) from Jebel Dukhan, the highest point in Bahrain, and 40 kilometers (25 mi) from Manama.
|
||||
The tree is abundantly covered in green leaves. Due to its age and the fact that it is the only major tree growing in the area, the tree is a local tourist attraction and is visited by approximately 65,000 people every year. The yellow resin is used to make candles, aromatics and gum; the beans are processed into meal, jam, and wine.
|
||||
It is not certain how the tree survives. Bahrain has little to no rain throughout the year. Its roots are 50 meters (160 ft) deep, which may be enough to reach the water. Others believe the tree has learned to extract moisture from grains of sand. Some claim that the tree is standing in what was once the Garden of Eden in biblical narratives, and so has a more mystical source of water.
|
||||
In 2009, the tree was nominated to the New 7 Wonders of Nature list, but it did not finish on the list.
|
||||
In October 2010, archaeologists unearthed 500-year-old pottery and other artefacts in the vicinity of the tree. A soil and dendrochronology analysis conducted in the 1990s concluded that the tree was an acacia planted in 1582.
|
||||
The tree was mentioned in the 1991 film L.A. Story, where Steve Martin calls it one of the most mystical places on Earth.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
List of individual trees
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Rum_Consultancy-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Rum_Consultancy-0.md
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||||
---
|
||||
title: "Wadi Rum Consultancy"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Rum_Consultancy"
|
||||
category: "reference"
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||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:01.362074+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Wadi Rum Consultancy of Wadi Rum Organic Farms, is an example of desert greening. Begun in 2010, it is located in historic Wadi Rum, in southern Jordan. Overseen by permaculture expert Geoff Lawton, it has established a sustainable agriculture system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Overview ==
|
||||
The program has achieved success, primarily, by implementing principles of hydrological and permacultural design. The results of the consultancy have been documented in photographs, as well as in several videos.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Al Baydha Project
|
||||
Sahara Forest Project
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_sand-0.md
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19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_sand-0.md
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|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "War sand"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_sand"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:02.542855+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
War sand is sand contaminated by remains of projectiles used in war. This kind of sand has been found in Normandy, since its invasion, among other places. In 1988, the sand on Omaha Beach was discovered to contain man-made metal and glass particles deriving from shrapnel; 4% of the sand in the sample was composed of shrapnel particles ranging in size between 0.06 millimetres (0.0024 in) and 1 mm (0.039 in). Researchers also discovered trace amounts of iron and glass beads in the sand, originating from the intense heat unleashed by munitions explosions in the air and sand.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Composition identification ==
|
||||
In 2013, Dr. Earle McBride, a researcher studying sandstone diagenesis and the textual and compositional maturation of sand during transportation, mixed samples collected from Omaha Beach in 1988 with a blue epoxy, creating an "artificial sandstone", before slicing it into thin sections. Utilising an optical microscope and an external light source, shiny, opaque grains could be identified. Although wave action had elicited rounding on the edges of some coarser grains, the shard-like angularity and corrosion of both coarse and fine grains suggested these grains were man-made. It is believed that the roughness of said grains was imparted by microporous surfaces produced during production and corrosion products post-explosion.
|
||||
This inspection, alongside tests revealing that the grains were magnetic, led McBride to conclude these grains were pieces of shrapnel.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_sampler-0.md
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20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_sampler-0.md
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|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Water sampler"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_sampler"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:03.708267+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A water sampler is a device for field collection of one or more samples of water for testing. There are many different designs of water samplers. Selection or a particular sampler type depends on the type of analysis to be performed (e.g. ambient water quality or wastewater), the type of water source (e.g. a lake or pond, small stream or large river, coastal waters or deep ocean) and other factors such as ambient environmental conditions (e.g. collection of stormwater during a rain event vs. ambient water sampling during dry weather). Some sampler devices are designed for manual collection (a grab sample). Composite samplers can be configured to collect multiple samples over a specified time period or flow regime.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Water quality § Sampling and measurement
|
||||
Environmental monitoring § Sampling methods
|
||||
Rosette sampler
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_usage_effectiveness-0.md
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24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_usage_effectiveness-0.md
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|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Water usage effectiveness"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_usage_effectiveness"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:04.853045+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE) is a sustainability metric created by The Green Grid in 2011 to attempt to measure the amount of water used by datacenters to cool their IT assets.
|
||||
To calculate simple WUE, a data center manager divides the annual site water usage in liters by the IT equipment energy usage in kilowatt hours (Kwh). Water usage includes water used for cooling, regulating humidity and producing electricity on-site. More complex WUE calculations are available from The Green Grid website.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Data center infrastructure efficiency
|
||||
Performance per watt
|
||||
Green power usage effectiveness
|
||||
Green computing
|
||||
IT energy management
|
||||
PUE
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Shorebird_Reserve_Network"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:06.077932+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network (WHSRN) is a conservation strategy targeting shorebirds in the Americas launched in 1985. Its aim is to protect the nesting, breeding and staging habitats of migratory shorebirds. The first site to be classified was Delaware Bay, which was dedicated in May 1986 as a site of Hemispheric Importance.
|
||||
Sites in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network may also be classified as Important Bird Areas, Ramsar wetlands of international importance, or both.
|
||||
There are three possible classifications for sites in the network. Landscapes are always classified as being of Hemispheric Importance.
|
||||
|
||||
Hemispheric Importance
|
||||
sites that act as staging, nesting or breeding grounds for at least 500,000 shorebirds annually, or at least 30% of the biogeographic population of any species.
|
||||
International Importance
|
||||
sites that act as staging, nesting or breeding grounds for at least 100,000 shorebirds annually, or at least 10% of the biogeographic population of any species
|
||||
Regional Importance
|
||||
sites that act as staging, nesting or breeding grounds for at least 20,000 shorebirds annually, or at least 1% of the biogeographic population of any species
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Enactment_1997"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:07.288970+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 (Malay: Enakmen Pemeliharaan Hidupan Liar 1997) is a regional piece of legislation enforced only in the state of Sabah in Malaysian Borneo. Its aim is to protect the endangered species of fauna and flora in the region as well as control international trade of these species. It also details specific punishments for those that break the rules and regulations put forth in the enactment.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Structure ==
|
||||
The Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997, in its current form (27 April 2016), consists of 12 Parts containing 119 sections and 5 schedules.
|
||||
|
||||
Part I: Preliminary
|
||||
Part II: Administration
|
||||
Part III: Protected Areas
|
||||
Part IV: Protection of Animals and Hunting
|
||||
Part V: Possession of and Trade in Animals
|
||||
Part VI: Protection of Plants
|
||||
Part VII: Utilisation of Wildlife
|
||||
Part VIII: Enforcement
|
||||
Part IX: Offences
|
||||
Part X: Liability of Company Members, Administrative Penalties and Other Penalties
|
||||
Part XI: Powers of the Minister
|
||||
Part XII: Miscellaneous
|
||||
Schedules
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 Archived 24 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
Online edition of Wildlife Conservation Enactment of 1997 Archived 27 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Wind Erosion on European Light Soils"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Erosion_on_European_Light_Soils"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:58:08.449520+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
WEELS ("Wind Erosion on European Light Soils") was a research project funded as part of the EU Environment and Climate Programme, intended to develop a small-scale model of wind erosion at the level of individual farms and fields, based on research at three test sites in Lower Saxony, Scania, and Suffolk.
|
||||
WEELS was a collaborative project between University College London, the Geological Survey of Lower Saxony (Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung) at the Institute of Soil Technology, Bremen, Lund University, and Wageningen University. It ran from 1997 to 2000.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
http://www.dow.wau.nl/eswc/research/weels1.html Archived 11 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
"WEELS - Wind Erosion on European Light Soils". Archived from the original on 1 October 2000. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
|
||||
WEELS final report Archived 30 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine, as downloadable pdf files
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user