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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_in_the_environment-0.md
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title: "1985 in the environment"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_in_the_environment"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:30.968060+00:00"
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This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1985. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.
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== Events ==
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The K5 Plan, also known as Bamboo Curtain, was an attempt between 1985 and 1989 by the government of the People's Republic of Kampuchea to seal Khmer Rouge guerrilla infiltration routes along virtually the entire Thai-Cambodian border. It had severe environmental effects.
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The Vienna Conference was held. It was the first international conference on ozone layer depletion.
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The 1983-1984 drought in the Sahel is relieved.
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A number of protected areas were established in 1985, including Atikaki Provincial Wilderness Park, Manitoba's first wilderness park, Bad Branch Falls State Nature Preserve in Kentucky, Central Siberia Nature Reserve, one of the largest strict preservation areas in the world, Darke Range Conservation Park in South Australia, Endla Nature Reserve in Estonia, and Floresta do Jacarandá Environmental Protection Area in Brazil.
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=== April ===
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The International Tropical Timber Agreement enters into force.
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=== July ===
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The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior occurred in New Zealand. It was committed by French government DGSE agents to prevent it from taking part in protests over nuclear testing at Moruroa.
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== See also ==
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Human impact on the environment
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List of years in the environment
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== References ==
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_analysis"
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category: "reference"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:17:08.242806+00:00"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:32.288997+00:00"
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---
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title: "Agriculture in Concert with the Environment"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Concert_with_the_Environment"
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category: "reference"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:33.510017+00:00"
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Agriculture in Concert with the Environment (ACE) is a program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), administered cooperatively with United States Department of Agriculture's Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program, to fund research projects that reduce the risk of pollution from pesticides and soluble fertilizers.
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== Origins ==
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In 1991, the EPA partnered with the USDA through the Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Program (LISA), now referred to as the SARE, and allotted a budget of $1,000,000 to the program. The LISA program pledged to match funds received from the EPA dollar for dollar each year.
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== Mission ==
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The ACE program was created to aid in the prevention and reduction of agricultural pollution. To achieve this, the program created 3 main goals:
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to reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural practices
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to promote the implementation of nutrient management planning and use of reduced-risk pesticides and biological controls
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to protect ecologically sensitive areas
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== References ==
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Fraser_Research_Forest-0.md
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title: "Alex Fraser Research Forest"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Fraser_Research_Forest"
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category: "reference"
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The Alex Fraser Research Forest is 98.02 km2 of crown land in the Cariboo region of British Columbia, Canada. It is managed by the Faculty of Forestry at the University of British Columbia, to create opportunities for education, research and demonstration of sustainable forest management and to produce a sustainable flow of values in a financially self-sufficient manner. The forest is named after Alex Fraser who was a politician; the Alex Fraser Bridge in Vancouver was also named for him.
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== See also ==
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Conservation movement
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Environmental protection
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== References ==
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---
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title: "Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory_Ice_Station"
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category: "reference"
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The Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station 2007 (APLIS07) is a U.S. and Japanese laboratory dedicated to the study of global climate change. It is located on an ice floe about 300 kilometres (190 mi) north Prudhoe Bay (Sagavanirktok), Alaska.
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It was first established in March 2011. It is owned and administered by the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
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== In popular culture ==
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In 2007, APLIS was used for filming scenes in the movie Stargate: Continuum, in cooperation with the U.S. Navy submarine USS Alexandria (SSN-757).
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== References ==
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== External links ==
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International Arctic Research Center Official homepage
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta-Priolo-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta-Priolo-0.md
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title: "Augusta-Priolo"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta-Priolo"
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category: "reference"
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The petrochemical complex of Augusta-Priolo (called Polo petrolchimico siracusano in Italian) is a vast industrialized coastal area in eastern Sicily including the territory of the municipalities of Augusta, Priolo Gargallo and Melilli. Main industrial activities are oil refining, processing of oil derivatives and energy production.
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The complex, whose beginnings date back to 1949, has produced significant environmental problems for the coastline and the entire area, as well as health issues and an increased death rate. The area is therefore often dubbed triangolo della morte (triangle of death).
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Among the companies in the region are ExxonMobil, Sasol, Erg, Polimeri Europa and Syndial.
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== See also ==
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Triangle of death (Italy)
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Angelo Moratti
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Port of Augusta
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== References ==
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== External links ==
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"Polo industriale Priolo-Augusta" (in Italian). Atlante Italiano dei Conflitti Ambientali. Archived from the original on 2018-05-15. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_nature-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_nature-0.md
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title: "Back to nature"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_nature"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:38.246486+00:00"
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---
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Back to nature or return to nature is a philosophy or style of living which emphasises closeness to nature, rather than artifice and civilisation. In this, the rustic customs and pastoralism of country life are preferred to urban fashion and sophistication.
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At the end of the nineteenth century, a variety of back to nature movements developed in Germany which were collectively known as Lebensreform (life reform). These included naturism and naturopathy.
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== Notable exponents ==
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Diogenes and other cynics who advocated the simple, shameless lifestyle of a dog
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Henry David Thoreau, who spent two years living a simple life in a log cabin at Walden Pond
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John Zerzan, an anarcho-primitivist who thinks that symbolic culture such as language is a barrier to the direct experience of nature
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Ted Kaczynski, a mathematician who opposed industrial society as the Unabomber
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== See also ==
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Back-to-the-land movement
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Rewilding (conservation biology)
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== References ==
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankura_Forest-0.md
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title: "Bankura Forest"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankura_Forest"
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category: "reference"
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Bankura Forest is a protected forest in Bengal, India. Officers from the Indian Forest Service and state service who have been posted to the district control the administration and provide people-centric services from the headquarters at Bankura. The total forest area of Bankura District, which comprises three divisions, Bankura (North) Division, Bankura (South) Division and Panchet Division, is about 1463.56 km2, covering 21.27% percent of the total land area of the district. There are 0.046 ha of forest per capita in the district, whereas the figure is 0.02 ha for the whole of West Bengal. The forest comprises 44.48 km2of reserved forest, 1391.95 km2 of protected forest, and 27.13 km2 of unclassified state forest.
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Prior to India's independence, the West Bengal government had decided to create a Forest Administration to provide conservation and management for forest flora and fauna and deliver environmental services to those living in and around the forests.
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The majority of the population in the forest depend on it for various purposes like grazing, firewood, and collecting of sal leaves and seeds and mushrooms, etc. With high human pressure on the forests, some minimum amount of forest degradation is almost unavoidable. However, a Joint Forest Management effort is underway to promote the conservation of the forest.
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== See also ==
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Jungle Mahals
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Mallabhum kingdom
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== References ==
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== Further reading ==
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"Forest Tenures in the Jungle Mahals of South West Bengal" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
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Das, Binod S. (1973). Civil Rebellion In The Frontier Bengal (1760-1805). Punthi Pustak. OCLC 1105009.
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Das, Binod Sankar (1984). Changing Profile of the Frontier Bengal, 1751-1833. Mittal Publications.
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== External links ==
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Official website
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_Directive-0.md
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_Directive-0.md
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title: "Birds Directive"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_Directive"
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category: "reference"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:40.982312+00:00"
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The Birds Directive (formally known as Council Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds) is the oldest piece of EU legislation on the environment and one of its cornerstones which was unanimously adopted in April 1979 as the Directive 79/409/EEC. Amended in 2009, it became the Directive 2009/147/EC. It aims to protect all European wild birds and the habitats of listed species, in particular through the designation of Special Protection Areas (often known by the acronym SPA).
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The Birds Directive is one of the EU's two directives in relation to wildlife and nature conservation, the other being the Habitats Directive. The Habitats Directive led to the setting up of a network of Special Areas of Conservation, which together with the existing Special Protection Areas form a network of protected sites across the European Union called Natura 2000. In the UK the Directive is implemented by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
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== See also ==
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Conservation movement
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List of European Union directives
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EU law
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== References ==
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Jan-Henrik Meyer: 2010. Saving Migrants: a Transnational Network supporting Supranational Bird Protection Policy in the 1970's. In Transnational Networks in Regional Integration. Informal Governance in Europe 1945–83, edited by W. Kaiser, M. Gehler and B. Leucht. Basingstoke. Palgrave, 176–198. ISBN 978-0-230-24169-5, ISBN 0-230-24169-7.
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Jan-Henrik Meyer: Zivilgesellschaftliche Mobilisierung und die frühe europäische Umweltpolitik. Die Vogelschutzrichtlinie der Europäischen Gemeinschaften von 1979. In: Themenportal Europäische Geschichte (2013).
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== External links ==
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Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds (Official text of the old directive on EUR-Lex)
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National execution measures of the old directive Archived 9 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
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Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds (Official text on EUR-Lex)
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National execution measures of the new directive Archived 9 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
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A page about the Birds Directive at the European Commissions website
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A page about the Birds Directive at the JNCC's website Archived 4 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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title: "Bolshaya Kokshaga (nature reserve)"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshaya_Kokshaga_(nature_reserve)"
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Bolshaya Kokshaga Nature Reserve (Russian: Госуда́рственный приро́дный запове́дник Больша́я Кокша́га) is a nature reserve in Kilemarsky District and Medvedevsky District, Mari-El, Russia.
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== References ==
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_green_officer-0.md
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title: "Chief green officer"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_green_officer"
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category: "reference"
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A Chief green officer (CGO), or Chief environmental commitment officer (CECO), is a corporate officer responsible for implementing and managing the corporation's commitment to reducing its carbon footprint and protecting the environment. Typically, these functions are performed within the facility management group who has responsibilities for providing the basic resources necessary for the business operations. Defining a corporate officer reinforces the facility management efforts historically performed to reduce the corporation's costs of ownership and operations.
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The CGO is the highest-ranking corporate administrator of the organization's eco-friendly programs, initiatives, and education, and shares the responsibility with the CEO and COO for the Direction of Research and Development of new technologies
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== See also ==
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Chartered Environmentalist
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Chief sustainability officer
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Council-certified Indoor Air Quality Manager (CIAQM)
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Environmental health officer (EHO)
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Sustainable business
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Triple bottom line
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== External links ==
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climatebiz.com - The Rise of the Chief Green Officer
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilapata_Forests-0.md
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title: "Chilapata Forests"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilapata_Forests"
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category: "reference"
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The Chilapata Forest is a dense forest near Jaldapara National Park in Dooars, Alipurduar district, West Bengal, India. It is about 40 km from Alipurduar, and just a few minutes away from Hasimara town.
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== Ecology ==
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The forest forms an elephant corridor between Jaldapara National Park and the Buxa Tiger Reserve, and is rich in wildlife. New species continue to be found. The forest used to be home to large Rhinoceros populations. In hunting expeditions in 1892-1904, in and around Chilapata Forest, the Maharajah of Cooch Behar recorded killing one rhino, injuring another, and sighting of over 14. Rhinos now are extremely rare. Indian leopards are still common.
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It is hoped that eco-tourism will provide a new source of income for the indigenous Rabha people, who now depend on the forest mainly for firewood.
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== Tourism ==
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West Bengal State Forest Development Agency (WBSFDA) runs an eco-tourism resort at Kodalbasti, providing basic accommodation.
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One of the main attractions is the ruined "Nalraja Garh", built by the Kingdom of Bhutan. Although poorly maintained, the site has considerable archaeological interest. Other activities include Tonga rides through Mathura tea garden, boating on the Bania river and angling on the confluence of the Kalchini, Bania and Buri Basra.
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== References ==
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== External links ==
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Chilapata travel guide from Wikivoyage
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https://beyotee.com/chilapata
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_amenity_site-0.md
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title: "Civic amenity site"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_amenity_site"
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category: "reference"
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A civic amenity site (CA site) or household waste recycling centre (HWRC) (both terms are used in the United Kingdom) is a facility where the public can dispose of household waste and also often containing recycling points. Civic amenity sites are run by the local authority in a given area. Collection points for recyclable waste such as green waste, metals, glass and other waste types (including WVO) are available. Items that cannot be collected by local waste collection schemes such as bulky waste are also accepted.
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In the United Kingdom, civic amenity sites are informally called "tips" or "dumps".
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In continental Europe, there are usually several types of collection sites:
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sorted waste container stands: a group of containers of the most common recyclable household waste, such as plastics, paper, glass, metal cans, liquid packaging board, electrotechnical waste, recyclable clothing and so on. Such stands should be freely accessible by walking. They are often found near bus or tram stops, city squares, village commons, shops etc. A city or a country can have any colour convention to distinguish containers by type of waste.
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waste collection courtyards: except for the mentioned household waste, they are specialized for large waste from citizens: furniture, construction waste, compostable gardening waste – or special types of waste (chemical or other hazardous waste etc.). The waste is usually delivered by cars, vans or trucks and the station has an overseeing staff and opening hours, but services are free of charge. Smaller towns have one such site, cities can have more such courtyards in various neighbourhoods.
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waste purchase stations: especially for metal scrap (iron and other metals), but also for paper, glass etc. Such stations have been in existence longer than modern disposal stations. Coexistence of paid and free systems of collection can result in homeless, asocial or poor people picking waste from the free containers to sell at the waste purchase station.
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== See also ==
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Transfer station (waste management)
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== References ==
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Portugal-0.md
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---
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title: "Climate change in Portugal"
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chunk: 1/1
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Portugal"
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category: "reference"
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---
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Climate change affects various environments and industries in Portugal.
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== Greenhouse gas emissions ==
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Greenhouse gas emissions in Portugal amounted to 28% of total emissions: 17,748,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2019. Emissions per capita equated to 4.84 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent.
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== Impacts ==
|
||||
The risk of dengue fever due through mosquitoes would increase due to climate change.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Response ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Policies ===
|
||||
As of 9 April 2025, more than half of municipalities lacked a climate action plan. As of 9 April 2025, there was not a single region with a climate action plan.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Legislation ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Climate Framework Act ====
|
||||
|
||||
Portugal passed the Climate Framework Act in 2021. In 2023, Portugal was taken to court over the lack of effective implementation measures, after the release of the National Energy and Climate Plan 2030.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Energy law
|
||||
Environment of Portugal
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapsus-0.md
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24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapsus-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Collapsus"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapsus"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:48.101521+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Collapsus is a project that combines animation, interactive fiction, and documentary film. This story follows how the impending energy crisis affects ten young people, while international powers battle with political dissension and a fearful population during transition from Fossil fuel to alternative fuels. Set in the near future, Collapsus was initialized to raise awareness of the global issue of peak oil.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Content ==
|
||||
The project combines Video blogging, interactive maps, fictional newscasts, live action footage, and animation to immerse the player in the narrative, an example of Transmedia storytelling. The project requires the player to access and assess additional information and make decisions about the world's energy production at both a national and global scale.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Production ==
|
||||
Collapsus was developed by Submarine Channel, with the Dutch public broadcaster VPRO, who produced the associated Energy Transition documentary the project is based on. Collapsus is directed by Tommy Pallotta, who produced A Scanner Darkly (film) and Waking Life.
|
||||
Collapsus blends live action and the rotoscoping animation technique, co-developed by Pallotta, and used in Waking Life and A Scanner Darkly (film).
|
||||
Collapsus was written by Lance Weiler and Chuck Wendig. In 2011 Collapsus was nominated for an International Emmy in the Digital Fiction category.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_Commons-0.md
Normal file
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_Commons-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Conservation Commons"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_Commons"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:49.279278+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Conservation Commons is the expression of a cooperative effort of non-governmental organizations, international and multi-lateral organizations, governments, academia, and the private sector, to improve open access to and unrestricted use of, data, information and knowledge related to the conservation of biodiversity, with the belief that this will contribute to improving conservation outcomes. At its simplest, it encourages organizations and individuals alike to ensure open access to data, information, expertise and knowledge related to the conservation of biodiversity. The goal of the Conservation Commons is to promote conscious, effective, and equitable sharing of knowledge resources to advance conservation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Principles ==
|
||||
Open access - The Conservation Commons promotes free and open access to data, information and knowledge for all conservation purposes.
|
||||
Mutual benefit - The Conservation Commons welcomes and encourages participants to both use resources and to contribute data, information and knowledge.
|
||||
Rights and responsibilities - Contributors to the Conservation Commons have full right to attribution for any uses of their data, information, or knowledge, and the right to ensure that the original integrity of their contribution to the Commons is preserved. Users of the Conservation Commons are expected to comply, in good faith, with terms of uses specified by contributors.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Conservation Geoportal
|
||||
International Union for Conservation of Nature
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Joint Statement to the Parties on Biological Diversity Open Access to Biodiversity Data and Information
|
||||
Conservation Commons
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_headland-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_headland-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Conservation headland"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_headland"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:50.471045+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A conservation headland is a strip along the edge of an agricultural field, where pesticides are sprayed only in a selective manner. This increases the number and type of weed and insect species present, and benefits the bird species that depend on them. The grey partridge is one such bird.
|
||||
Conservation headlands were introduced in the 1980s by scientists working for Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust in Great Britain. Trials have taken place in southern Sweden.
|
||||
|
||||
See also: beetle bank
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust information on Conservation Headlands
|
||||
RSPB information on Conservation Headlands
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Conservation in Malaysia"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:51.659721+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Conservation in Malaysia is an issue of national importance. As a megadiverse country, Malaysia is rich in wildlife, endemic species and unique habitats. Wildlife protection began in some form as early as the 1880s, before the formation of Malaysia. The country ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1994 and by 2019 had joined 17 multilateral environmental agreements related to biodiversity. Despite having numerous national parks and protected areas, and implementing conservation policies and legislation, forest loss and other environmental issues present major challenges for biodiversity conservation.
|
||||
Another challenge is the inclusion of indigenous peoples in conservation efforts. While some states (like Sabah) have non-governmental organizations that work to include indigenous people, a 2020 report found that " ...there seems to be little work and progress in increasing the involvement of indigenous peoples and local communities in conservation efforts at the local level."
|
||||
Conservation is overseen by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks in Peninsular Malaysia. Marine protected areas in Malaysia are managed by the Department of Fisheries under the Fisheries Act of 1989. As of 2022, Malaysia has gazetted 53 marine protected areas.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
List of national parks in Malaysia
|
||||
Malaysian Wildlife Law
|
||||
Malaysian Green Transition
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_reserve-0.md
Normal file
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_reserve-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Conservation reserve"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_reserve"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:52.867766+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A conservation reserve is a protected area set aside for conservation purposes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Conservation reserves by country ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Australia ===
|
||||
|
||||
In South Australia, a conservation reserve is a type of protected area declared under the Crown Land Management Act 2009 for parcels of 'land set aside for conservation of natural and cultural features.'
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== India ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== United States ===
|
||||
In the United States the Conservation Reserve Program offers annual payments for 10-15 year contracts to participants who establish grass, shrub and tree cover on environmentally sensitive lands. It was reauthorized in the 1996 Farm Bill and the 2002 Farm Bill.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Conservation movement
|
||||
List of conservation topics
|
||||
List of environmental issues
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_welfare-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_welfare-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Conservation welfare"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_welfare"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:54.040068+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Conservation welfare is a proposed discipline which would focus on establishing the commonalities between conservation and animal welfare and the formation of a foundation upon which the two disciplines can collaborate to further their respective objectives. It would be based on the principles of Peter Singer's utilitarianism and similarly to compassionate conservation, its focus would diverge from environmental ethics in that it concentrates on the welfare of individual animals, rather than species, ecosystems or populations. It has been argued that conservation welfare would be distinct from compassionate conservation because the two disciplines have differing conceptions of the harms experienced by wild animals and that while conservation welfare would seek to engage with conservation scientists and integrate animal welfare into existing conservation practices, compassionate conservation may lack the capacity to "guide decision-making in complex or novel situations."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics
|
||||
Welfare biology
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_pollutant-0.md
Normal file
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_pollutant-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Conventional pollutant"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_pollutant"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:55.230397+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A conventional pollutant is a term used in the USA to describe a water pollutant that is amenable to treatment by a municipal sewage treatment plant. A basic list of conventional pollutants is defined in the U.S. Clean Water Act. The list has been amended in regulations issued by the Environmental Protection Agency:
|
||||
|
||||
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
|
||||
fecal coliform bacteria
|
||||
oil and grease
|
||||
pH (exceeding regulatory limits)
|
||||
total suspended solids (TSS).
|
||||
The Secondary Treatment Regulation contains national discharge standards for BOD, pH and TSS, applicable to sewage treatment plants in the U.S.
|
||||
Treatment Innovations
|
||||
Existing research has looked at using microalgae systems as an environment-friendly green technology for removal of conventional contaminants in wastewater. Microalgae have been able to eliminate biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), oil and grease, and other pollutants and, simultaneously, produce biomass to be applied for other energy or agricultural use.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Secondary treatment
|
||||
Water quality
|
||||
Criteria pollutants, a similar list of pollutants of air
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbill_Guides_Foundation-0.md
Normal file
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbill_Guides_Foundation-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Crossbill Guides Foundation"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbill_Guides_Foundation"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:56.401653+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Crossbill Guides Foundation (CGF) is a European non-governmental organization for the conservation of the natural environment that was founded in 2004. It produces guidebooks on major natural areas in Europe, in order to create public awareness and participation in conservation activities.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopedology-0.md
Normal file
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopedology-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Cryopedology"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopedology"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:57.584827+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Cryopedology is any study relating to soils at temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius, with a focus on intensive frost action and permanently frozen ground, permafrost, or perennially frozen ground, pergelisol. This includes their formation, decay, causes, occurrences, and engineering practices used to overcome difficulties from such frost action. The term cryopedology was first introduced by geologist Kirk Bryan in 1946. Economic interests from road and facilities construction in the Arctic drive this area of study.
|
||||
The shapes into which frozen snow is blown by the wind (e.g. on the tundra) are said to be 'cryopedological formations'. The ways in which frozen snow behaves due to factors intrinsic to itself and relating to environments are 'cryopedological processes'.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
Bockheim, James (2015). Cryopedology. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 9783319084855.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Directive on public access to environmental information"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_on_public_access_to_environmental_information"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:58.738997+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Directive on public access to environmental information (2003/4/EC) is a European Union directive with the formal title "Directive 2003/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2003 on public access to environmental information and repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC".
|
||||
The purpose of the Directive is to ensure that environmental information is systematically available and distributed to the public. The Directive requires Member States to ensure that public authorities are required to make the environmental information they hold available to any legal or natural person on request.
|
||||
In 1998, the European Community signed a Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters (the Aarhus Convention). The directive implements the Convention.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Exceptions ==
|
||||
Public authorities are required to release information on request subject to the following exceptions:
|
||||
|
||||
the authority does not hold the requested information
|
||||
the request is manifestly unreasonable;
|
||||
the request is too general;
|
||||
the requested information is in the course of completion;
|
||||
the request concerns internal communications;
|
||||
the disclosure of the information would adversely affect:
|
||||
the confidentiality of the proceedings of public authorities or of commercial or industrial information;
|
||||
public security or national defence;
|
||||
the course of justice;
|
||||
intellectual property rights;
|
||||
the confidentiality of personal data;
|
||||
the interests of the person who supplied the information on a voluntary basis; or
|
||||
the protection of the environment.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Structure ==
|
||||
Recital
|
||||
Article 1 – Objectives
|
||||
Article 2 – Definitions
|
||||
Article 3 – Access to environmental information upon request
|
||||
Article 4 – Exceptions
|
||||
Article 5 – Charges
|
||||
Article 6 – Access to justice
|
||||
Article 7 – Dissemination of environmental information
|
||||
Article 8 – Quality of environmental information
|
||||
Article 9 – Review procedure
|
||||
Article 10 – Implementation
|
||||
Article 11 – Repeal
|
||||
Article 12 – Entry into force
|
||||
Article 13 – Addressees
|
||||
Annex – Correlation table
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Implementation ==
|
||||
In the United Kingdom, the Directive was implemented by the Environmental Information Regulations 2004 and Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulations 2004. In the Republic of Ireland, the Directive has been implemented as the European Communities (Access to Information on the Environment) Regulations 2007.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of European Union directives
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELDIS-0.md
Normal file
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELDIS-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "ELDIS"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELDIS"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:07.346216+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Eldis is a database and email service of information sources on international development. It aims to share the best knowledge on development, policy, practice and research.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Background ==
|
||||
"Eldis" was originally an acronym for "Electronic Development and Environment Information System". It is one of a family of knowledge services produced at the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, England.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Funding ==
|
||||
Eldis is funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Database ==
|
||||
The information in Eldis is organised into subject-focused "resource guides" and regional and country "profiles."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Bibliography ==
|
||||
ELDIS: mapping information on development and the environment
|
||||
"Eldis Open Knowledge Hub partners meet at IDS". Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016.
|
||||
"New international development database offers resources for journalists". IJNet. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
32
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_immune_system-0.md
Normal file
32
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_immune_system-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Earth immune system"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_immune_system"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:59.941039+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Earth immune system is a controversial proposal, claimed to be a consequence of the Gaia hypothesis. The Gaia hypothesis holds that the entire earth may be considered a single organism (Gaia). As a self-maintaining organism, Earth would have an immune system of some sort in order to maintain its health.
|
||||
Some proponents of this speculative concept, for example, hold that humankind can be considered an "infection" of Gaia, and that AIDS is an attempt by this immune system to reject the infection.
|
||||
"Cancer" might be a more accurate term, as humans evolved within Gaia, and are not external invaders.
|
||||
An opposite view is that humankind is Gaia's immune system itself, perhaps evolved to avert future catastrophes such as the Permian and Cretaceous mass extinctions of species.
|
||||
James Lovelock's book "The Revenge of Gaia" suggests that Gaia has many mechanisms for eliminating civilizations that do harm through greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, but suggests that with increasing heat being received from the sun, Gaia's ability to "bounce back" as it did after the Permian and Cretaceous extinction events, may be increasingly compromised.
|
||||
Paul Hawken suggests in Blessed Unrest that when Earth is considered a living system then Earth's immune system is made up of the million or so organizations all around the globe that are working for social justice, the environment, and indigenous people's rights. Many of these groups are linked through the Internet and other means so there is a vast network of interconnected people and groups working to protect the planet, its people, and all beings. For example, one organization that serves to link groups working on sustainable energy is Inforse in Denmark.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Gaia hypothesis
|
||||
Gaia philosophy
|
||||
Geophysiology
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
Citations
|
||||
|
||||
Bibliography
|
||||
Bailey, Ronald (31 July 2002). "Defenders of Earth. Are humans Gaia's immune system?". Reason.com. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
|
||||
Lehman, Andy (12 April 2003). "Subtle Psychopathy and Schizophrenic Supermen: Gandhi Was a Cultural Oncologist". New Civilization Network. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
|
||||
Hawken, P. (2007). Blessed unrest: How the largest movement in the world came into being and why no one saw it coming. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 9780670038527.
|
||||
Lovelock, James (1979). Gaia: A new look at life on Earth. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192176653.
|
||||
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologically_Critical_Area-0.md
Normal file
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologically_Critical_Area-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ecologically Critical Area"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologically_Critical_Area"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:01.109923+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
An Ecologically Critical Area (ECA) is an environmental protection zone in Bangladesh. In 1995, specific areas in Bangladesh could be deemed Ecologically Critical Areas as a result of the Environmental Conservation Act.
|
||||
Bangladesh has a wide variety of ecosystems that include over 300 rivers that creates marine and fresh water environments. There are a multitude of areas that have been considered ECAs. Cox's Bazar is on the border of Bangladesh and Myanmar in the southeast corner of Bangladesh. The Teknaf Peninsula is 80 km of sandy beach and holds a variety of species as one of the longest beaches in the world. The Sonadia Islands are home to some of the last mangrove forests that house distinct species that can tolerate the high salinity of the mangrove forests in this area. The Sundarbans also contain mangrove forests and was named an ECA because it continues to suffer from over-exploitation and illegal urban development. St. Martin's Island is known for its coral-algal that overwhelms its rocky reefs. The island is a refuge for globally threatened marine species. Finally, the Hakaluki Haor found in greater Sylhet is an ECA because it has an extensive amount of wetland habitats that support a wide variety of life.
|
||||
Gulshan-Baridhara Lake was declared an ECA in 2001. In September 2009, the four rivers around the capital city Dhaka—Buriganga River, Shitalakshya River, Turag River and Balu River—have been declared by the Department of Environment as ECAs. In 2012, Piyain River in Sylhet was declared as the 5th river to be an ECA.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_and_Law-0.md
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22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_and_Law-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ecology and Law"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_and_Law"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:02.284444+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Ecology and Law (Экология и Право) is a quarterly magazine published by the Bellona Environmental Transparency Center. Angelina Davydova has been its editor-in-chief since 2016. First published in Russia in 2002, publication subsequently moved to Lithuania. The main focus of the magazine is to promote environmental rights in Russia.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Former editors ==
|
||||
The magazine's founding editor from 2002 to 2008 was Grigory Pasko. According to Bellona's website, Pasko was imprisoned in 2002 for "coverage of the violations of nuclear safety at the naval bases of the Russian Pacific Fleet."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website (in Russian)
|
||||
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecomasculinity-0.md
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18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecomasculinity-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ecomasculinity"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecomasculinity"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:05.021935+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Ecomasculinity is a complementary field of thought to ecofeminism. While ecofeminism has traditionally focused on studying issues such as how the exploitation of women and women's bodies is congruent with the exploitation of nature, ecomasculinity studies men's role in this process and looks for ways to enable men to take on roles that would challenge exploitative thought patterns and practices. As an academic field, early work on ecomasculinity has been carried on by the likes of Richard Twine, Paul Pulé, and Greta Gaard.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
Gaard, Greta. “Toward New EcoMasculinities, EcoGenders, and EcoSexualities.” Ecofeminism: Feminist Intersections with Other Animals and the Earth. Eds. Carol J. Adams and Lori Gruen. New York and London: Bloomsbury, 2014: 225–239.
|
||||
Pulé, Paul M. A Declaration of Caring: Towards an Ecological Masculinism. 2013, http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/13138/6/03Whole.pdf
|
||||
Twine, Richard. “Masculinity, Nature, Ecofeminism.” Ecofeminism Organization Journal, 1997. http://richardtwine.com/ecofem/masc.pdf Archived 2016-12-26 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgelands-0.md
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31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgelands-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Edgelands"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgelands"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:06.190569+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Edgelands is a term for the transitional, liminal zone of space created between rural and urban areas as formed by urbanisation. These spaces often contain nature alongside cities, towns, roads and unsightly but necessary buildings, such as power substations or depots, at the edge of cities.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
The concept of edgelands was introduced by Marion Shoard in 2002, to cover the disorganised but often fertile hinterland between planned town and over-managed country. However, a century and a half earlier, Victor Hugo had already highlighted the existence of what he called "bastard countryside ... ugly but bizarre, made up of two different natures, which surrounds certain great cities"; while Richard Jeffries similarly explored the London edgeland in Nature near London (1883).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Richard Mabey, The Unofficial Countryside (1973)
|
||||
Marion Shoard, Edgelands (2002)
|
||||
Paul Farley and Michael Roberts, Edgelands (2012)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Towards a Taxonomy of Edgelands Literature
|
||||
62
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_Ivory_Coast-0.md
Normal file
62
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_Ivory_Coast-0.md
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@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Environment of Ivory Coast"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_Ivory_Coast"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:08.546175+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The environment of Côte d'Ivoire has more than 1,200 animal species—223 mammal, 702 bird, 125 reptile, 38 amphibian, and 111 fish species—and 4,700 plant species. It is the most biodiverse country in West Africa, but unlike other countries there, its diversity isn't concentrated along the coast, but rather in the rugged interior. However, much like the rest of West Africa, Côte d'Ivoire has suffered severe deforestation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Protected areas ==
|
||||
|
||||
Assagny National Park
|
||||
Banco National Park
|
||||
Comoé National Park
|
||||
Îles Ehotilés National Park
|
||||
Marahoué National Park
|
||||
Mont Nimba National Park
|
||||
Mont Péko National Park
|
||||
Mont Sângbé National Park
|
||||
Taï National Park
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Treaties and international agreements ==
|
||||
|
||||
Côte d'Ivoire is party to the following treaties:
|
||||
|
||||
Convention on Biological Diversity
|
||||
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
|
||||
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
|
||||
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
|
||||
Basel Convention on hazardous wastes
|
||||
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
|
||||
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
|
||||
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty on nuclear testing
|
||||
Montreal Protocol on ozone depletion
|
||||
MARPOL 73/78 on ship pollution
|
||||
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
|
||||
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
|
||||
Ramsar Convention on wetland conservation
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Environmental issues ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Historic ===
|
||||
The 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump was a health crisis in which Trafigura illegally dumped toxic waste in up to 12 sites around Abidjan in August 2006.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Current ===
|
||||
Palm oil is one of the commodities exported by Côte d'Ivoire and the plantations have an environmental impact. Palmci, the main palm oil company, said that environmentalists had caused it to abandon plans for a palm oil plantation in the Tanoe forest wetlands.
|
||||
Ivory Coast had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.64/10, ranking it 143rd globally out of 172 countries.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of environmental issues
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_analysis-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_analysis-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Environmental analysis"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_analysis"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:09.733020+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Environmental analysis is the use of examination and statistical methods to study the chemical and biological factors that determine the quality of an environment. The purpose of this is commonly to monitor and study levels of pollutants in the atmosphere, rivers and other specific settings. Also, to monitor amounts of natural and chemical components. Other environmental analysis techniques include biological surveys or biosurveys, soil analysis or soil tests, vegetation surveys, tree identification, and remote sensing which uses satellite imagery to assess the environment on different spatial scales.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Analysis techniques ==
|
||||
Chemical analysis typically involves sampling some part of the environment and using lab equipment to figure out how much of a certain target compound exists. Chemical analysis may be used to assess pollution levels for remediation, or to make sure groundwater is safe for drinking.
|
||||
|
||||
Biological surveys typically includes a measurement of the abundance of a certain species within a certain area to confirm information about the ecosystem for specific reasons. Analysis like this could be used in efforts to understand species abundance, or to look at how external effects from the environment are affecting an ecosystem.
|
||||
Soil tests may involve chemical analysis, but most often soil tests involve removing a section of soil to understand what each layer of soil is composed of for specific reasons. Soil samples might be needed when determining whether they can build on a certain site, or just to produce a model of an area, or to determine possible crop production considering nutrient levels.
|
||||
Vegetation surveys are quite similar to a biosurvey, it's the process of measuring the abundance of plant species and trees within a specific area to understand more about the ecosystem for specific reasons. Sometimes these are done to understand ecological effects from outside factors, or to just determine overall ecosystem health.
|
||||
|
||||
Remote sensing can be used for environmental analysis by taking imagery shot by satellites in multiple wavelengths to assess areas of different scales for a certain objective. Remote sensing can be used to identify land use, it can be used to determine damages from forest fires, it can be used for weather systems and meteorology, and also for atmospheric composition. Recent advances in remote sensing field has also led to the development of autonomous devices for the analysis of physical and chemical parameters of the environment using the sensors.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_data_rescue-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_data_rescue-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Environmental data rescue"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_data_rescue"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:10.874197+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Environmental data rescue is a collection of processes, including photography and scanning, that stores historical and modern environmental data in a usable format. The data is then analyzed and used in scientific models. Historical weather information helps meteorologists and climatologists understand past trends in weather changes, which helps them forecast and predict future weather.
|
||||
One method takes digital photographs of environmental datum stored on paper medium and then ships the images to a facility where they are entered into a database.
|
||||
Throughout the world, some estimate 700,000 pieces of data are lost every day due to inks fading, paper deteriorating, magnetic tape print-through etc. A rough estimate of 100 billion parameter values that are still on paper exists, microfiche, microfilm, and magnetic tape that are in a format unusable by computers and scientists alike, which need to be digitized. This data is stored on a variety of media from paper, microfiche, to older magnetic tapes that are going bad.
|
||||
Once data is digitized, it can be used to help a large range of people from farmers to engineers and in scientific pursuits such as climate studies. Historical environmental data are also used as a basis for "Disease Vectorization" where the areal spread of airborne diseases are correlated to historical weather conditions so that in future outbreaks, health care teams can predict the direction and rate of spread of the disease so that remedial actions can begin before the disease reaches the vulnerable population. Historic data are also used in designing structures such as bridges and buildings, assist the 1.8 billion subsistence farmers throughout the world better plan crops alleviating starvation.
|
||||
National Climatic Data Center is the current collection point for this data within the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. The International Environmental Data Rescue Organization, a 501(C)(3) non-profit organization has also already participated in the rescue and digitization of one million historic weather observations in Africa and South America.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Citizen science
|
||||
Data archiving
|
||||
List of years in the environment
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Environmental management scheme"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_management_scheme"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:12.059021+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
An environmental management scheme is a mechanism by which landowners and other individuals and bodies responsible for land management can be incentivised to manage their environment.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Schemes by country ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Australia ===
|
||||
Several schemes (programmes) are or have been in operation in Australia, including:
|
||||
|
||||
National Heritage Trust Funds (1 and 2)
|
||||
National Action Plan for Salinity
|
||||
Caring for Our Country
|
||||
Other programmes exist with the various states, for example;
|
||||
New South Wales - Catchment Action Plan
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== United Kingdom ===
|
||||
Several schemes are or have been in operation in the United Kingdom, including:
|
||||
|
||||
Countryside Stewardship
|
||||
Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme
|
||||
Currently England operates the following under the Environmental Stewardship scheme:
|
||||
|
||||
Entry Level Stewardship
|
||||
Higher Level Stewardship
|
||||
Organic Entry Level Stewardship
|
||||
Higher Level Organic Entry Level stewardship
|
||||
All of these schemes are administered by Natural England.
|
||||
In 2007, Scotland adopted the SRDP (Scottish Rural Development Programme), a £1.6 billion programme of economic, environmental and social measures designed to develop rural Scotland. Individuals and groups may seek support to help deliver the Government's strategic objectives in rural Scotland.
|
||||
The former prevailing agri-environment scheme in Wales was Tir Gofal, which means literally 'Land Care'. It was the first scheme
|
||||
Europe, aimed at promoting whole farm conservation and management. It was different from previous schemes, as it brought farming and conservation into a different level of partnership.
|
||||
Following Britain leaving the European Union, and thus no longer being a part of the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU, the British government initiated Environmental Land Management scheme (ELM) in 2024.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== France ===
|
||||
In some countries such as France, such schemes may be initiated by the central government:
|
||||
|
||||
Schéma directeur d'aménagement et de gestion des eaux
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Switzerland ===
|
||||
Switzerland started reforming its agricultural policies in 1993 and after a referendum in 1996, since 1998 the country has linked the attribution of farm subsidies with the strict observance of good environmental practice. Before farmers can apply for subsidies, they must obtain certificates of environmental management systems (EMS) proving that they: “make a balanced use of fertilizers; use at least 7% of their farmland as ecological compensation areas; regularly rotate crops; adopt appropriate measures to protect animals and soil; make limited and targeted use of pesticides.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Environmental management
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform-0.md
Normal file
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Environmental pricing reform"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:13.266080+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Environmental pricing reform (EPR) or Ecological fiscal reform (EFR) is a fiscal policy of adjusting market prices to account for environmental costs and benefits; this is accomplished by the utilization of any forms of taxation or subsidy to incentivize or disincentivize practices with environmental impacts.
|
||||
An externality (a type of market failure) exists where a market price omits environmental costs and/or benefits. In such a situation, rational (self-interested) economic decisions can lead to environmental harm, as well as to economic distortions and inefficiencies.
|
||||
Environmental pricing reform can be economy-wide, or more focused (e.g. specific to a sector (such as electric power generation or mining) or a particular environmental issue (such as climate change). A "market-based instrument" or "economic instrument for environmental protection" is an individual instance of Environmental Pricing Reform. Examples include green tax-shifting (ecotaxation), tradeable pollution permits, or the subsidization of markets for ecological services.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Ecotax
|
||||
Environmental accounting
|
||||
Environmental economics
|
||||
Environmental enterprise
|
||||
Environmental finance
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Redefining Progress
|
||||
Sustainable Prosperity
|
||||
Green Budget Germany
|
||||
OECD/EEA database on instruments used for environmental policy and natural resources management Archived 2007-10-23 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "European Bureau for Conservation and Development"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bureau_for_Conservation_and_Development"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:14.465059+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The European Bureau for Conservation and Development (EBCD) is an environmentally focused non governmental organisation (NGO) founded in 1989 and based in Brussels, Belgium. EBCD aims to promote sustainable use of natural renewable resources not just in Europe, but worldwide as well. The EBCD works closely with the European Union (EU) institutions, tracking EU work on environmental policy, concentrating on fisheries and marine policies.
|
||||
EBCD provides, in association with the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the Secretariat of the Members of the European Parliament (MEP) Group: “Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development”.
|
||||
EBCD's mission: to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of natural renewable resources including species and ecosystems both for their intrinsic and direct value to the benefit of humanity
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Main Activities ==
|
||||
Secretariat of the The MEP Group on “Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development”
|
||||
Secretariat of the IUCN European Sustainable Use Specialist Group (ESUSG) and the coordination of Fisheries Working Group (FWG)
|
||||
Secretariat of the Fisheries Experts Group of the IUCN/CEM/FEG
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_oil_recovery-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_oil_recovery-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Fast oil recovery"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_oil_recovery"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:15.644880+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Fast oil recovery (FOR) is a technology in the maritime industry designed to facilitate efficient and safe removal of oil spills in emergency situations. It can be integrated into new or existing vessels to enhance spill response capabilities.
|
||||
Oil spills pose significant risks to the environment, public health, marine life, and local economies. The severe consequences of oil spills, particularly damages to marine ecosystems, have increased the demand for ships better equipped to respond to potential oil accidents. Millions of vessels operate in North American waters, and a portion of them contribute to oil pollution. The Fast Oil Recovery system allows for the rapid removal of oil and liquid noxious substances from spills.
|
||||
|
||||
Some ships have installed fast oil recovery systems (FORS) to minimize oil contamination in bilge water. These systems are designed to remove up to 99.9% of the oil from a vessel's bilge, reducing reliance on traditional absorbent pads and filters, which require frequent maintenance and replacement.
|
||||
To address these challenges, companies like JLMD and Blue Water have developed oil recovery systems to mitigate the environmental risks associated with oil spills.
|
||||
Research has shown that during wreckages, groundings, and other crisis situations, the oil trapped within the ship requires complex procedures and specialized technologies for recovery. Ship owners, shipping authorities, salvage companies, and other stakeholders can experience difficulties accessing the tanks to remove the remaining pollutants on board. These challenges highlight the weaknesses of current response procedures and the need for better onboard equipment to facilitate oil recovery.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
https://archive.today/20130216013045/http://www.fastoilrecovery.com/home.html
|
||||
https://web.archive.org/web/20131105183425/http://www.bwesglobal.com/oilrecovery.htm
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_self-provisioning-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_self-provisioning-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Food self-provisioning"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_self-provisioning"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:16.852866+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Food self-provisioning (FSP) is the growing of one's own food, especially fruits and vegetables. Also labelled as household food production, is a traditional activity persisting in the countries of the Global North. It is studied in sustainability science and in ecofeminism on reason of its social, health and environmental outcomes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_and_Stream-0.md
Normal file
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_and_Stream-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Forest and Stream"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_and_Stream"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:18.012107+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Forest and Stream was a magazine featuring hunting, fishing, and other outdoor activities in the United States. The magazine was founded in August 1873 by Charles Hallock. When independent publication ceased, in 1930, it was the ninth oldest periodical in print in the U.S.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Background ==
|
||||
Published in New York City by Hallock in newspaper format measuring 16" x 11", Forest and Stream published many articles by "Nessmuk" (George W. Sears) in the 1880s that helped to popularize canoeing, the Adirondack lakes, self-guided canoe camping tours and ultralight camping.
|
||||
An early vehicle for conservationism, Forest and Stream was dedicated to wildlife conservation, helped to launch the National Audubon Society, was an early sponsor the national park movement, and supported the U.S.-Canadian Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.
|
||||
Naturalist George Bird Grinnell was editor for 35 years, and contributors included Theodore Roosevelt. Another notable contributor was Theodore Gordon, long considered "the father of American dry fly fishing," who began writing for the magazine in 1903.
|
||||
The magazine merged with Field and Stream in July, 1930.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
"Nessmuk's" Adirondack Letters (archived from the original(dead))
|
||||
Forest and Stream, 1922 on Google Books
|
||||
Forest and Stream, July 1930, Final issue on Internet Archive
|
||||
37
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_Fools_Day-0.md
Normal file
37
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_Fools_Day-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Fossil Fools Day"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_Fools_Day"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:19.150184+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Fossil Fools Day is an international environmental demonstration day on April 1 annually. The name is a play on the terms "Fossil Fuels" and "April Fools' Day."
|
||||
Fossil Fools Days have been held in many cities around the world. Larger demonstrations have been organized by environmental organizations such as Energy Action Coalition and Rising Tide. These events oppose energy derived from fossil fuels, promote education about alternative sources of energy, and encourage support for climate justice, strong legislation, corporate responsibility and a clean renewable energy future. Protests may also encourage citizens to do their part with lifestyle changes such as riding bikes, reducing electricity usage, and investing in solar or wind energy for their homes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Origin ==
|
||||
Fossil Fools Day began in 2004 with coordinated actions across American and Canadian high schools and universities where they played over 125 coordinated April Fools' Day pranks centered around the dangers from using and harvesting fossil fuels. Pranks included "a mock oil spill at a public fountain, and meandering an inflatable black pipe" to oppose a proposed oil pipeline between the United States and Canada. Other demonstrations were focused on education, such as the use of stationary bikes attached to generators to show the difference in power use between incandescent and fluorescent bulbs on the campus of the University of North Carolina.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Fossil Fools Day activities ==
|
||||
Subsequent Fossil Fools Day activities garnered additional international attention. In 2008, with 35 actions targeting the fossil fuel industry across Britain, 100 in North America, and some in South Africa and Australia, April 1 became an established day for climate activism. The international Rising Tide network joined by Earth First!, Rainforest Action Network, the Energy Action Coalition, the Canadian Youth Climate Coalition, the Australian Student Environment Network and others called for action on Fossil Fools' Day through street blockades and satirical signage. Activists temporarily blocked construction at a North Carolina coal plant, created disruptive blockades of fossil fuel infrastructure in Britain, and displayed a banner in Newcastle Australia that asked, "How does buying stuff fuel climate change?"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Conservation movement
|
||||
Earth Day
|
||||
Energy Action Coalition
|
||||
Environmentalism
|
||||
Environmental protection
|
||||
Natural resource
|
||||
Renewable resource
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Fossil Fools Day on Energy Action Coalition.org
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Fourth International Conference on Environmental Education"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_International_Conference_on_Environmental_Education"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:20.347125+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Tbilisiplus30 or the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Education was held at the Centre for Environment Education, Ahmedabad, India between November 24, 2007, and November 28, 2007.
|
||||
The conference was the fourth in the series of Conferences on environmental education held since the first international conference in Tbilisi (former USSR). The second conference was organised in 1977 in Moscow; and the third conference was held in Thessaloniki in 1997. The United Nations has declared the decade 2005 to 2014 as the "Decade of Education for Sustainable Development" (DESD). This conference underlined the key role of education in achieving sustainable development. The participants and delegates from countries across the globe came together to bridge the gap between environmental education and Education for Sustainable Development. They examined the development of environmental education since the first conference, thirty years ago, and set a global agenda for the DESD. This will be a platform for sharing practices and ideas on initiatives in environmental education throughout the world.
|
||||
There was a significant amount of participation in workshops on topics including "Education for Sustainable Development" and "Teacher Education," research for DESD, "DESD Monitoring and Evaluation," "ESD and Media," "Man and Biosphere Reserves" and "World Heritage Sites" as learning sites for environmental development, "Floods and Disaster Reduction" and "Education for Sustainable Consumption".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_factor-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_factor-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Fuel factor"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_factor"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:21.531775+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The fuel factor, fo, is the ratio of created CO2 to depleted oxygen in a combustion reaction, used to check the accuracy of an emission measurement system. It can be calculated using the equation
|
||||
|
||||
fo = (20.9 - %O2)/%CO2,
|
||||
Where %O2 is the percent O2 by volume, dry basis, %CO2 is the percent CO2 by volume, dry basis, and 20.9 is the percent O2 by volume in ambient air. The Fuel factor can be corrected for the amount of CO, by adding the percent CO on a dry basis to the CO2, and subtracting half of the percent CO from the O2.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Portable emissions measurement system
|
||||
Air–fuel ratio
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_Analysis_Project-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_Analysis_Project-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Gap Analysis Project"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_Analysis_Project"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:22.707043+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Gap Analysis Project (GAP, previously called Gap Analysis Program) is a nationwide program in the United States which uses gap analysis to assess and support the overall conservation status of wildlife. The program is directed and coordinated under the United States Geological Survey, but is implemented in coordination with state and regional programs.
|
||||
GAP works to ensure that common species – those that are not officially endangered – remain common by identifying those species and plant communities that are not adequately represented in existing conservation lands.
|
||||
The GAP program began in the 1980s, based on analysis of Hawaiian bird species by J. Michael Scott.
|
||||
GAP has produced national land cover and protected areas datasets, which it uses to assess the conservation status of mammal, bird, reptile, and amphibian species in the U.S.
|
||||
A GAP program normally has three principal components:
|
||||
1. Landcover analysis
|
||||
2. Vertebrate species distribution prediction
|
||||
3. Land stewardship database
|
||||
Each component is normally performed as a GIS layer.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
US GAP official website: https://gapanalysis.usgs.gov/ Archived 2019-03-20 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyriakos_G._Vamvoudakis-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyriakos_G._Vamvoudakis-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyriakos_G._Vamvoudakis"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:06.641408+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis is a control theorist and associate professor in the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His research focuses on reinforcement learning, optimal control, and adaptive dynamic programming applied to nonlinear and uncertain dynamical systems.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Education ==
|
||||
Vamvoudakis received a PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 2011 under the supervision of Frank L. Lewis.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Career ==
|
||||
He has held academic positions at the University of Texas at Arlington, the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Virginia Tech. He joined the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2018 as a faculty member in aerospace engineering.
|
||||
Vamvoudakis serves as co-Editor-in-Chief of Aerospace Science and Technology.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_plasma_spray-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_plasma_spray-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Suspension plasma spray"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_plasma_spray"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:22.142433+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In materials engineering, suspension plasma spray (SPS) is a form of plasma spraying where the ceramic feedstock is dispersed in a liquid suspension before being injected into the plasma jet.
|
||||
By suspending powder in a fluid, normal feeding problems are circumvented, allowing the deposition of finer microstructures through the use of finer powders.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Suzano Maranhão Thermal Power Plant"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzano_Maranhão_Thermal_Power_Plant"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:23.413106+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Suzano Maranhão Thermal Power Plant (Portuguese: Usina Termelétrica Suzano Maranhão) is a biomass-fired power station inaugurated in April 2014 and located in the city of Imperatriz, in Maranhão, Brazil. It supplies energy to the Suzano Papel e Celulose factory in Imperatriz, which has an annual production capacity of 1.65 million tons of pulp.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Structure ==
|
||||
The planting of eucalyptus in the south of Maranhão, Pará and Tocantins, as well as the transportation of production through the Itaqui Port in São Luís via the North-South, Carajás and Transnordestina railroads, allowed for the installation of a thermal power station in Imperatriz.
|
||||
The Suzano Papel e Celulose also built a 28-kilometre railroad branch line that runs from inside the thermal power station to the North-South railroad. There was an industrial investment estimated at US$2.4 billion, in addition to US$575 million allocated to the development of the forestry base.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Energy capacity ==
|
||||
The Suzano Maranhão Thermal Power Plant is capable of producing 254.84 MW when operating on a self-production basis. It can provide electricity for its own use and supply the chemical plant for the production of sodium chlorate, chlorine dioxide, and oxygen. The surplus of 100 MW is exported to the National Interconnected System. As fuel, the power plant uses the black liquor obtained in the pulp manufacturing process and forestry waste.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Suzano Papel e Celulose
|
||||
Ponta da Madeira
|
||||
Parnaíba Thermal Power Complex
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switching_time-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switching_time-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Switching time"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switching_time"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:24.594322+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
For a frequency synthesizer, the switching time or more colloquially the switching speed is the amount of time from when the command for the next frequency is requested until the time that the synthesizer's output becomes usable and meets the specified requirements. Such requirements will vary depending on the design of the synthesizer. In the 1970s switching speeds ranged from 1 millisecond to 10 microseconds. A more general statement has been given by James A. Crawford: 50 reference cycles as a rule of thumb. IIIT-H is making a processor having clock speed higher than i7 processors having 16 cores. By this rule, a reference frequency of 50 kHz has a settling time of 1 millisecond. Two other authors state (Hamid Rategh and Thomas H. Lee) that the switching time (i.e., settling time) is a function of the percentage change in the feedback division ratio. So according to them, the delta N over N itself determines the switching time, where N is the frequency synthesizer's feedback divisor.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
* Crawford, James A. 1994. Frequency Synthesizer Design Handbook, Artech House, ISBN 0-89006-440-7
|
||||
* Rategh, Hamid and R. Lee, Thomas H. (Stanford University) 2001. Multi-GHz Frequency Synthesis & Division:Frequency Synthesizer Design for 5 GHz Wireless LAN Systems, Kluwer, ISBN 0-7923-7533-5
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Symbolic language (engineering)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_language_(engineering)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:25.757913+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In engineering, a symbolic language is a language that uses standard symbols, marks, and abbreviations to represent concepts such as entities, aspects, attributes, and relationships.
|
||||
Engineering symbolic language may be used for the specification, design, implementation, management, operation, and execution of engineered systems.
|
||||
Communication using precise, concise representations of concepts is critical in engineering. The Nuclear Principles in Engineering book begins with a quote on symbolic language from Erich Fromm, and its power to express and depict associations. The engineering employs symbolic language in a way that is not purely text-based and not purely image-based to represent and communicate knowledge.
|
||||
Examples in chemical engineering include the symbolic languages developed for process flow diagrams and for piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs).
|
||||
In electrical engineering, examples include the symbolic languages developed for network diagrams used in computing.
|
||||
Ladder logic was originally a written symbolic language for the design and construction of programmable logic control (PLC) operations in mechanical and control engineering.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Electronic symbol
|
||||
Engineering drawing
|
||||
Engineering drawing abbreviations and symbols
|
||||
List of symbols
|
||||
Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|
||||
Notation (general)
|
||||
Symbolic language (other)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
Basic Symbols Used in Engineering Drawings
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_deployment-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_deployment-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "System deployment"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_deployment"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:26.928957+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The deployment of a mechanical device, electrical system, computer program, etc., is its assembly or transformation from a packaged form to an operational working state.
|
||||
Deployment implies moving a product from a temporary or development state to a permanent or desired state.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
IT infrastructure deployment
|
||||
Development
|
||||
Innovation
|
||||
Product life-cycle theory
|
||||
Software deployment
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangential_firing-0.md
Normal file
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangential_firing-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tangential firing"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangential_firing"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:28.115151+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Tangential firing is a method of firing a fuel to heat air in thermal power stations. The flame envelope rotates ensuring thorough mixing within the furnace, providing complete combustion and uniform heat distribution.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Overview ==
|
||||
The most effective method for producing intense turbulence is by the impingement of one flame on another. This action is secured through the use of burners located in each of the four corners of the furnace, close to the floor or the water-screen. The burner nozzles are so directed that the streams of coal and air are projected along a line tangent to a small circle, lying in a horizontal plane, at the center of the furnace. Intensive mixing occurs where these streams meet. A scrubbing action is present which assures contact between the combustible and oxygen, thus promoting rapid combustion and reducing carbon loss. A rotative motion, similar to that of a cyclone, is imparted to the flame body, which spreads out and fills the furnace area. The ignition at each burner is aided by the flame from the preceding one.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Advantages ==
|
||||
With tangential firing the furnace is essentially the burner, consequently air and coal quantities need not be accurately proportional to the individual fuel nozzle assemblies. Turbulence produced in the furnace cavity is sufficient to combine all the fuel and air. This continuously ensures uniform and complete combustion so that test performance can be maintained throughout daily operation. With other types of firing the fuel and air must be accurately proportioned to individual burners making it difficult to always equal test results.
|
||||
With this type of firing, combustion is extremely rapid, and short flame length results. The mixing is so intense that combustion rates exceeding 35,000 Btu/(ft3·h) or 360 kW/m3 are practical under certain conditions. However, since there is considerable impingement of flame over the furnace walls it is absolutely necessary that they be fully water-cooled. This sweeping of the water-cooled surfaces, in the furnace, by the gas increases the evaporation rate. Thus, in addition to absorption by radiation from the flame envelope, there is transfer by convection, and the resulting furnace temperatures are lower than with other types of burners, even though the heat liberation rates may be somewhat higher. Tangentially fired furnaces are usually clean in the upper zone and, as a result, both the furnace and the boiler are comparatively free from objectionable slag deposits.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
One patent describing tangential firing
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
50
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_services-0.md
Normal file
50
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_services-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tank services"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_services"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:29.292523+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The tank services industry exists to assist companies in maintaining their tanks.
|
||||
Regular maintenance, as well as other services are required for many types of above ground storage tank systems used in the energy and petro-chemical industry.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Tank Services ==
|
||||
Some of the areas that tank service companies provide assistance with are:
|
||||
|
||||
Tank Inspection, Engineering and Design
|
||||
Tank Lifting and Remediation
|
||||
Tank Relocation
|
||||
Companies that specialise in Tank Services, oil tank removals, replacement and installations in the UK follow detailed rules & regulations. OFTEC governs a comprehensive set of guidelines and regulations on fuel tank installations. Tank Servicing companies follow a combination of both Building Regulations and OFTEC Guidelines to provide a fully compliant safe installation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Inspection, engineering and design ===
|
||||
At the start of any project, an API certified above ground storage tank inspector should be on hand to provide inspection and consultation services, and to ensure compliance with applicable codes and standards in the region. Each tank upgrading project has specific requirements and presents unique challenges. Proper procedure will ensure project safety, tank integrity, and the best utilization of resources and materials. A complete engineering analysis should be performed to ensure that tank components will not be overstressed during lifting and remedial operations. A professional engineer will develop project-specific drawings and procedures, and will supervise each stage of the work.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Tank lifting and remediation ===
|
||||
An analysis of the situation will result in recommendations for the appropriate remedial action, and what repair work should be performed, possibly including but not limited to:
|
||||
|
||||
Tank lifting
|
||||
leveling
|
||||
repair and replacement of roofs and floors
|
||||
shell repairs
|
||||
reconstruction of foundations
|
||||
Storage tanks should be updated to meet the highest local environmental standards, including the installation of release prevention barriers and leak detection.
|
||||
Several different technologies exist for lifting tanks. The conventional methods involve hydraulic jacking equipment, while another method utilizes an airbag lifting system to elevate the tank from its base to allow for remedial action.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Tank relocation ===
|
||||
Some companies choose to relocate existing tanks, rather than embark on new tank construction. Tank relocation services can be utilized on land or via navigable waterways. There can be cost benefits to relocating an existing tank, depending on variables such as distance and the condition of the tank.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
Brian D. Digrado, Gregory A. Thorp (1995). The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. Wiley-Interscience. p. 350. ISBN 0-471-28629-X.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Tank Removal Service
|
||||
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_cycling-0.md
Normal file
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_cycling-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Temperature cycling"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_cycling"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:30.437893+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Temperature cycling (or thermal cycling, or temperature cycle) is the process of cycling through two temperature extremes, typically at relatively high rates of change. It is an environmental stress test used in evaluating product reliability as well as in manufacturing to catch early-term, latent defects by inducing failure through thermal fatigue.
|
||||
For machines that are operated at high temperatures, temperature cycling is a regular phenomenon that repeats with every period of use. Due to the repeated switching of the machine’s environment from a low-temperature to a high-temperature environment and back, thermal stresses are generated as a consequence of the repeated expansion and contraction of its material. It can also lead to the severe breakdown or damage of a material over a sufficient quantity of cycles. This is primarily due to the uneven expansion of various materials in a multilayered or composite substrate, due to the differences in thermal expansion coefficients between the constituent materials.
|
||||
Thermal cycling tests are hence performed to characterize their behavior at various temperatures, inducing thermal stresses on components to verify their performance under temperature extremes, including nonoperating survival temperatures.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Temperature Cycling (JEDEC Standard No. 22-A104D)
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperley_transporter-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperley_transporter-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Temperley transporter"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperley_transporter"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:31.626804+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A Temperley transporter is an early form of overhead crane invented by John Ridley Temperley in 1892. They were manufactured by the Temperley Transporter Company of London.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Relevant patents ==
|
||||
GB0021170 issued in the United Kingdom in 1892
|
||||
US 615370, Temperley, Joseph, "Means For Supporting Ropes of Elevated Carriers", issued December 6, 1898
|
||||
US 637182, Temperley, Joseph & Temperley, John Ridley, "Apparatus for Dumping, Depositing, or Releasing Loads Suspended From Cranes, &c.", issued November 14, 1899
|
||||
US 883841, Temperley, Joseph; Temperley, John Ridley & Alexander, William, "Transporting Appliance And The Like", issued April 7, 1908
|
||||
US 887873, Temperley, Joseph; Temperley, John Ridley & Alexander, William, "Cable Transporter", issued May 19, 1908
|
||||
US 894,083, Temperley, Joseph; Temperley, John Ridley & Alexander, William, "Apparatus for Raising, Lowering, and Conveying or Transporting Loads", issued July 21, 1908
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_meter-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_meter-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tension meter"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_meter"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:32.787130+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A tension meter is a device used to measure tension in wires, cables, textiles, Mechanical belts and more. Meters commonly use a 3 roller system where the material travels through the rollers causing deflection in the center roller that is connected to an analog indicator or load cell on digital models. Single roll tension sensors and sonic tension meters are other types of tension meters. Tension may also be inferred from the frequency of vibration of the material under stress by solving the "Vibrating String Equation". Tension meters are available as handheld devices or as equipment for fixed installations. These are basically necessary to build up a tension-controlled closed loop.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium_gallium_garnet-0.md
Normal file
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium_gallium_garnet-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Terbium gallium garnet"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium_gallium_garnet"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:33.989990+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Terbium gallium garnet (TGG) is a kind of synthetic garnet, with the chemical composition Tb3Ga5O12. This is a Faraday rotator material with excellent transparency properties and is very resistant to laser damage. TGG can be used in optical isolators for laser systems, in optical circulators for fiber optic systems, in optical modulators, and in current and magnetic field sensors.
|
||||
TGG has a high Verdet constant which results in the Faraday effect. The Verdet constant increases substantially as the mineral approaches cryogenic temperatures. The highest Verdet constants are found in terbium doped dense flint glasses or in crystals of TGG. The Faraday effect is chromatic (i.e. it depends on wavelength) and therefore the Verdet constant is quite a strong function of wavelength. At 632 nm, the Verdet constant for TGG is reported to be −131 rad/(T·m), whereas at 1064 nm it falls to −38 rad/(T·m). This behavior means that the devices manufactured with a certain degree of rotation at one wavelength, will produce much less rotation at longer wavelengths. Many Faraday rotators and isolators are adjustable by varying the degree to which the amount of the Faraday rotator material is inserted into the magnetic field of the device. In this way, the device can be tuned for use with a range of lasers within the design range of the device.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Gadolinium gallium garnet
|
||||
Yttrium iron garnet
|
||||
Yttrium aluminium garnet
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
48
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testbed-0.md
Normal file
48
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testbed-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Testbed"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testbed"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:35.179298+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A testbed (also spelled test bed) is a platform for conducting rigorous, transparent, and replicable testing of scientific theories, computing tools, and new technologies.
|
||||
The term is used across many disciplines to describe experimental research and new product development platforms and environments. They may vary from hands-on prototype development in manufacturing industries such as automobiles (known as "mules"), aircraft engines or systems and to intellectual property refinement in such fields as computer software development shielded from the hazards of testing live.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Software development ==
|
||||
|
||||
In software development, testbedding is a method of testing a particular module (function, class, or library) in an isolated fashion. It may be used as a proof of concept or when a new module is tested apart from the program or system it will later be added to. A skeleton framework is implemented around the module so that the module behaves as if already part of the larger program.
|
||||
A typical testbed could include software, hardware, and networking components. In software development, the specified hardware and software environment can be set up as a testbed for the application under test. In this context, a testbed is also known as the test environment made of:
|
||||
|
||||
Testing hardware equipment (test bench, optical table, custom testing rig, dummy equipment as simulates an actual product or its counterpart, external environment means, like showers, heaters, fans, vacuum chamber, anechoic chamber).
|
||||
Computing equipment (processing units, data centers, in-line FPGA, environment simulation equipment).
|
||||
Testing software (DAQ / oscilloscopes, visualisation and testing software, environment software to feed dummy equipment with data).
|
||||
Testbeds are also pages on the Internet where the public are given the opportunity to test CSS or HTML they have created and want to preview the results, for example:
|
||||
|
||||
The Arena web browser was created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and CERN for testing HTML3, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Portable Network Graphics (PNG) and the libwww.
|
||||
The Line Mode browser got a new function to interact with the libwww library as a sample and test application.
|
||||
The libwww was also created to test network communication protocols which are under development or to experiment with new protocols.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Aircraft development ==
|
||||
|
||||
In aircraft development there are also examples of testbed use like in development of new aircraft engines when these are fitted to a testbed aircraft for flight testing. Such usage of testbeds was originally pioneered by Rolls Royce in their development of jet engines.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Iron bird (aviation)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
PlanetLab Europe, the European portion of the publicly available PlanetLab testbed
|
||||
CMU's eRulemaking Testbed
|
||||
US National Science Foundation GENI - Global Environment for Network Innovations Initiative
|
||||
Helsinki Testbed (meteorology)
|
||||
Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) IP1 test bed
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "The Ecology Center (Orange County)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ecology_Center_(Orange_County)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:03.733274+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Ecology Center is an educational nonprofit located in Orange County, California, that focuses on environmental awareness.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
The organization was founded by Evan Marks in 2008 on a two-acre plot that was once an 1898 homestead, the historical Joel Congdon house. It is well known locally for its annual Green Feast event.
|
||||
The Ecology Center's "Water Shed" program involves educating Orange County residents about water conservation, and its "Grow Your Own" program builds gardens for local schools. There is also a fermentation lab, a grain lab, and a seeds and soil lab.
|
||||
In 2023, the center opened its own farm-to-table Campesino Café.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Ocean Institute
|
||||
Tucker Wildlife Sanctuary
|
||||
Ecology of California
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_dissolution"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:51:17.218646+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:36.447584+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_dose_unit-0.md
Normal file
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_dose_unit-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Thermal dose unit"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_dose_unit"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:37.623752+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A Thermal dose unit (TDU) is a unit of measurement used in the oil and gas industry to measure exposure to thermal radiation. It is a function of intensity (power per unit area) and exposure time.
|
||||
1 TDU = 1 (kW/m2)4/3s.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Results of exposure ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_stability-0.md
Normal file
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_stability-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Thermal stability"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_stability"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:38.782222+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In thermodynamics, thermal stability describes the stability of a water body and its resistance to mixing. It is the amount of work needed to transform the water to a uniform water density. The Schmidt stability "S" is commonly measured in joules per square meter (J/m2).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Gwidon W. Stachowiak and Andrew W. Batchelor (2005). Engineering Tribology. Butterworth–Heinemann. pp. 39–40. ISBN 9780750678360.
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoriated_glass-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoriated_glass-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Thoriated glass"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoriated_glass"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:39.973450+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Thoriated glass is a glass material used in the manufacture of optical systems, specifically photographic lenses. It is useful to this process due to its high refractive index. Thoriated glass is radioactive due to the inclusion of thorium dioxide, oxide of radioactive element thorium. It has therefore been superseded as a material of choice by glass including lanthanum oxide. Thoriated glass can contain up to 30% by weight of thorium. The thoriated glass elements in lenses over time develop a brown tint reducing transmission and interfering with neutral color reproduction.
|
||||
Many Kodak, Fuji and Asahi Takumar lenses that were produced prior to the 1970s are radioactive.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Radiation browning ==
|
||||
Over extended time periods, thoriated glass may develop significant discoloration. This is due to induced F-centers forming in the glass as the radioactive decay of the thorium progresses. The formation of F-centers is due to the ionizing effect of the high energy thorium decay products. This process can potentially be reversed by annealing the glass or exposing it to light.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_protector-0.md
Normal file
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_protector-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Thread protector"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_protector"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:41.197165+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A thread protector is used to protect the threads of a pipe during transportation and storage. Thread protectors are generally manufactured from plastic or steel and can be applied to the pipe manually or automatically (by machine).
|
||||
Thread protectors are used frequently in the oil and gas industry to protect pipes during transportation to the oil and gas fields. Metal thread protectors can be cleaned and re-used, while plastic thread protectors are often collected and either re-used or recycled.
|
||||
Thread protectors are widely used on firearms to protect threaded barrels. Some firearms are manufactured with thread and protectors in the factory, but most thread protectors are part of the aftermarket process of fitting a sound moderator (silencer), muzzle brake or flash hider. They protect the threads from mechanical damage and ensure the center lines line up when the muzzle device is replaced.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
William C. Lyons, Ph.D., P.E., Gary J Plisga, BS. Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Gulf Professional Publishing, Mar 15, 2011 pg. 4-435
|
||||
293
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tienstra_formula-0.md
Normal file
293
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tienstra_formula-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tienstra formula"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tienstra_formula"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:42.395754+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Tienstra formula is used to solve the resection problem in surveying, by which the location of a given point is determined by observations of angles to known landmarks from the unknown point.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Author ==
|
||||
J. M. Tienstra (1895-1951) was a professor of the Delft university of Technology where he taught the use of barycentric coordinates in solving the resection problem. It seems most probable that his name became attached to the procedure for this reason, though when, and by whom, the formula was first proposed is unknown.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Method ==
|
||||
The resection problem consists in finding the location of an observer by measuring the angles subtended by lines of sight from the observer to three known points. Tienstra’s formula provides the most compact and elegant solution to this problem.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
E
|
||||
|
||||
p
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
E
|
||||
|
||||
a
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
E
|
||||
|
||||
b
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
E
|
||||
|
||||
c
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle E_{p}={\frac {K_{1}E_{a}+K_{2}E_{b}+K_{3}E_{c}}{K_{1}+K_{2}+K_{3}}}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
p
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
a
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
b
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
c
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle N_{p}={\frac {K_{1}N_{a}+K_{2}N_{b}+K_{3}N_{c}}{K_{1}+K_{2}+K_{3}}}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Where:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
cot
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
A
|
||||
)
|
||||
−
|
||||
cot
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
α
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle K_{1}={\frac {1}{\cot(A)-\cot(\alpha )}}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
cot
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
B
|
||||
)
|
||||
−
|
||||
cot
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
β
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle K_{2}={\frac {1}{\cot(B)-\cot(\beta )}}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
K
|
||||
|
||||
3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
cot
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
C
|
||||
)
|
||||
−
|
||||
cot
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
γ
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle K_{3}={\frac {1}{\cot(C)-\cot(\gamma )}}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Ansermet A (1910) "Eine Auflösung des Rückwärtseinschneidens". Zeitschrift des Vereins Schweiz. Konkordatsgeometer, Jahrgang 8, pp. 88–91
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
3-Point Resection Solver Using Tienstra's Method
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_margin-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_margin-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Timing margin"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_margin"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:43.560808+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Timing margin is an electronics term that defines the difference between the actual change in a signal and the latest time at which the signal can change in order for an electronic circuit to function correctly. It is used in the design of digital electronics.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Illustration ==
|
||||
|
||||
In this image, the lower signal is the clock and the upper signal is the data. Data is recognized by the circuit at the positive edge of the clock. There are two time intervals illustrated in this image. One is the setup time, and the other is the timing margin. The setup time is illustrated in red in this image; the timing margin is illustrated in green.
|
||||
The edges of the signals can shift around in a real-world electronic system for various reasons. If the clock and the data signal are shifted relative to each other, this may increase or reduce the timing margin; as long as the data signal changes before the setup time is entered, the data will be interpreted correctly. If it is known from experience that the signals can shift relative to each other by as much as 2 microseconds, for instance, designing the system with at least 2 microseconds of timing margin will prevent incorrect interpretation of the data signal by the receiver.
|
||||
If the physical design of the circuit is changed, for example by giving more wire that the clock signal is transmitted on, the edge of the data signal will move closer to the positive edge of the clock signal, reducing the timing margin. If the signals have been designed with enough timing margin, only the correct data will be received.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Static timing analysis
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_coning-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_coning-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tolerance coning"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_coning"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:44.762168+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Tolerance coning is the engineering discipline of creating a budget of all tolerances that potentially add/subtract to affect adequacy of a particular parameter. This is particularly critical where stages of design/manufacture precede test/use.
|
||||
For example, when setting a test limit for a measurement on each manufactured item of some type, to assure that no bad items are shipped, the limit must be tighter than the requirement to allow for the worst case sum of measurement inaccuracies (e.g. equipment, test fixture etc.). The design of the item thus has to take into account not only the product requirement but also the test tolerances. The buildup of this budget is tolerance coning.
|
||||
Electronics engineers intuitively do tolerance coning and tend to formalise it for critical parameters. However it is also relevant to other engineering disciplines.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Test method
|
||||
Engineering tolerance
|
||||
Tolerance stack
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_kill-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_kill-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Top kill"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_kill"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:45.949054+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A top kill is a procedure used as a means of regaining control over an oil well that is producing crude petroleum or natural gas at a rate that is becoming difficult to govern, and/or is anticipated to become uncontrollable without intervention. This procedure is not used when control has been completely lost over the well, such as in a blowout. The process involves pumping heavyweight drilling mud or drilling fluid downwards into the well. This procedure is expected to stop the flow of oil and gas from the well by neutralizing the pressure differential between the source and the top of the well.
|
||||
A further step could be sealing the well completely, often with cement.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== In use ==
|
||||
The top kill procedure was used to plug flaming oil wells, blown up by retreating Iraqi forces, in 1991, during the Gulf War.
|
||||
This technique came to prominence during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill when it was used in an attempt to seal a seafloor oil well after the failure of the blowout preventer. However, it failed to block the flow of oil.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Well kill
|
||||
Blowout preventer
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque-to-yield_fastener-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque-to-yield_fastener-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Torque-to-yield fastener"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque-to-yield_fastener"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:48.285094+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A torque to yield fastener (TTY) or stretch bolt is a fastener which is torqued beyond the state of elasticity and therefore undergoes plastic deformation, causing it to become permanently elongated.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Fastener ==
|
||||
Torquing a fastener close to its yield point results in a residual axial preloading of the fastener which, depending on service conditions, can significantly increase the fatigue life of the fastener. When the applied service load doesn't exceed the clamping force of the fastener, the strain of the fastener will be lower than when the preloading is smaller than the applied load. It is therefore beneficial in high-frequency high-load situations with a higher risk of fatigue related failure, like a bolted down cylinder head, to use torque to yield bolts.
|
||||
The torque applied to the fastener must be determined such that it does not contribute to a service condition where the fastener enters a low-cycle fatigue regime. In general, the use of torque-to-yield fasteners is deprecated except in cases where the materials and structures comprising the entire assembly are certified to be within tolerances.
|
||||
|
||||
Advantage: The service lifetime can be predicted, and regular maintenance intervals determined with a tolerable degree of certainty.
|
||||
Disadvantage: TTY hardware must be assumed to be compromised and must be removed from service if subsequently loosened, tightened, or damaged.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
46
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_motor-0.md
Normal file
46
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_motor-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Torque motor"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_motor"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:47.103819+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A torque motor is a specialized form of DC electric motor which can operate indefinitely while stalled, without incurring damage. In this mode of operation, the motor will apply a steady torque to the load (hence the name). A torque motor that cannot perform a complete rotation is known as a limited angle torque motor. Brushless torque motors are available; elimination of commutators and brushes allows higher speed operation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Construction ==
|
||||
Torque motors normally use toroidal construction, allowing them to have wider diameter, more torque, and better dissipation of heat. They differ from other motors in their higher torque, thermal performance, and ability to operate while drawing high current in a stalled state.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Linear versions ==
|
||||
An analogous device, moving linearly rather than rotating, is described as a 'force motor'. These are widely used for refrigeration compressors and ultra-quiet air compressors, where the force motor produces simple harmonic motion in conjunction with a restoring spring.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Applications ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Tape recorders ===
|
||||
A common application of a torque motor would be the supply- and take-up reel motors in a tape drive. In this application, driven from a low voltage, the characteristics of these motors allow a relatively constant light tension to be applied to the tape whether or not the capstan is feeding tape past the tape heads. Driven from a higher voltage (and so delivering a higher torque), the torque motors can also achieve fast-forward and rewind operation without requiring any additional mechanics such as gears or clutches.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Computer games ===
|
||||
In the computer gaming world, torque motors are used in force feedback steering wheels.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Throttle control ===
|
||||
Another common application is the control of the throttle of an internal combustion engine in conjunction with an electronic governor. In this usage, the motor works against a return spring to move the throttle in accordance with the output of the governor. The latter monitors engine speed by counting electrical pulses from the ignition system or from a magnetic pickup and, depending on the speed, makes small adjustments to the amount of current applied to the motor. If the engine starts to slow down relative to the desired speed, the current will be increased, the motor will develop more torque, pulling against the return spring and opening the throttle. Should the engine run too fast, the governor will reduce the current being applied to the motor, causing the return spring to pull back and close the throttle.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Actuators ===
|
||||
Torque motors can be used as actuators for direct-drive mechanisms in some situations where otherwise geared electric motors would be used; for example, in motion control systems or servomechanisms. Actuators are hardware devices that converts the controller command signal into a change in a physical parameters.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
https://www.machinedesign.com/motors-drives/article/21832523/torque-motors-do-the-trick overview article in trade journal
|
||||
https://www.kollmorgen.com/sites/default/files/public_downloads/Kollmorgen%20Inland%20Motor%20Direct%20Drive%20DC%20Motors%20Catalog%20EN.pdf
|
||||
38
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_engineering-0.md
Normal file
38
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_engineering-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Traditional engineering"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_engineering"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:49.471598+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Traditional engineering, also known as sequential engineering, is the process of marketing, engineering design, manufacturing, testing and production where each stage of the development process is carried out separately, and the next stage cannot start until the previous stage is finished. Therefore, the information flow is only in one direction, and it is not until the end of the chain that errors, changes and corrections can be relayed to the start of the sequence, causing estimated costs to be under predicted.
|
||||
This can cause many problems; such as time consumption due to many modifications being made as each stage does not take into account the next. This method is hardly used today, as the concept of concurrent engineering is more efficient.
|
||||
Traditional engineering is also known as over the wall engineering as each stage blindly throws the development to the next stage over the wall.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Lean manufacturing ==
|
||||
Traditional manufacturing has been driven by sales forecasts that companies need to produce and stockpile inventory to support. Lean manufacturing is based on the concept that production should be driven by the actual customer demands and requirements. Instead of pushing product to the marketplace, it is pulled through by the customers' actual needs.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Sequential engineering stages ==
|
||||
Research
|
||||
Design
|
||||
Manufacture
|
||||
Quality Control
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
Sales
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Disadvantages of sequential engineering ==
|
||||
This orderly step-by-step process will bring control to complex projects but is very slow.
|
||||
In today’s highly competitive market place this can lead to product failures and lost sales.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Waterfall model
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
30
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_state-0.md
Normal file
30
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_state-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Transient state"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_state"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:50.648100+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In systems theory, a system is said to be transient or in a transient state when a process variable or variables have been changed and the system has not yet reached a steady state. In electrical engineering, the time taken for an electronic circuit to change from one steady state to another steady state is called the transient time.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Examples ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Chemical Engineering ===
|
||||
When a chemical reactor is being brought into operation, the concentrations, temperatures, species compositions, and reaction rates are changing with time until operation reaches its nominal process variables.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Electrical engineering ===
|
||||
When a switch is closed in an electrical circuit containing a capacitor or inductor, the component draws out the resulting change in voltage or current, causing the system to take a substantial amount of time to reach a new steady state. This period of time is known as the transient state.
|
||||
A capacitor acts as a short circuit immediately after the switch is closed, increasing its impedance during the transient state until it acts as an open circuit in its steady state.
|
||||
An inductor is the opposite, behaving as an open circuit until reaching a short circuit steady state.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposed_excitation-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposed_excitation-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Transposed excitation"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposed_excitation"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:51.809988+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In electrical engineering, transposed excitation of a dipole array means that adjacent dipoles in the array are excited in opposite directions.
|
||||
Dipole arrays with transposed excitation are used as antennas; they are closely related to self-complementary antenna.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_grate-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_grate-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tree grate"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_grate"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:52.993667+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A tree grate is a metallic grating installed at the same level with the pavement around a tree that allows the soil underneath to stay uncompacted and the pedestrians to walk near the tree without stepping on the soil.
|
||||
Grate slots allow tree roots to absorb air, sunlight, and water, meanwhile its soil is protected from pedestrian traffic impact. Tree grates create a protective barrier, providing uncompacted soil and development space for tree roots. They also serve as a decorative element along ceremonial streets, matching a street's design style and personality.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
Trees in the Urban Landscape: Site Assessment, Design, and Installation, Peter J. Trowbridge, Nina L. Bassuk, John Wiley & Sons, 2004, page 91
|
||||
Site Furnishings: A Complete Guide to the Planning, Selection and Use of Landscape Furniture and Amenities, Bill Main, Gail Greet Hannah, John Wiley & Sons, 2010, page 159
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Article title
|
||||
Tree grates in "The ultimate manhole covers web site"
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tricotyledon theory of system design"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricotyledon_theory_of_system_design"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:54.178405+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In systems engineering, the tricotyledon theory of system design (T3SD) is a mathematical theory of system design developed by A. Wayne Wymore. T3SD consists of a language for describing systems and requirements, which is based on set theory, a mathematical systems model based on port automata, and a precise definition of the different types of system requirements and relationships between requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== System requirements model ==
|
||||
I/O requirement
|
||||
Performance requirement
|
||||
System test requirement
|
||||
Cost requirement
|
||||
Tradeoff requirement
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== System design ==
|
||||
Based on set theory
|
||||
Transition systems
|
||||
Functional system design
|
||||
Buildable system design
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_linear_motor-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_linear_motor-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Tubular linear motor"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_linear_motor"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:55.340475+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A tubular linear motor is a type of linear electric motor with a forcer consisting of a series of solenoids wrapped around a cylinder enclosing a movable rod that contains a number of strong cylindrical permanent magnets aligned in alternating and opposing directions. Tubular linear motors are used in applications requiring linear actuators with performance that cannot be met by other forms of linear actuators such as pneumatic cylinders or lead screw linear actuators. Either the forcer (the part containing the coils) or the rod (the part containing the magnets) may be the moving part, depending on the application.
|
||||
As part of a servomechanism, tubular linear motors can achieve a simultaneous combination of high forces, high speeds, and high precision that is well beyond the capabilities of most other types of actuators.
|
||||
Permanent-magnet based tubular linear motors should not be confused with tubular linear induction motors, which work on a different principle.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Coilgun
|
||||
Linear motor
|
||||
Moving magnet actuator
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Engineering_Day_for_Sustainable_Development"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:57.711147+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development (acronym: WED) is one of the UNESCO international days and is celebrated every 4 March. It was proclaimed by UNESCO General Conference on 25 November 2019, based on a proposal by the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO).
|
||||
|
||||
It is celebrated by major engineering professional institutions, such as the Institution of Civil Engineers, the China Association for Science and Technology, Engineers Canada, Engineers Australia, Ingénieurs et scientifiques de France, as well as NGOs such as DiscoverE, Engineers Without Borders, universities such as Imperial College London or Technische Hochschule Georg Agricola and corporations supporting the event.
|
||||
The first edition of WED in 2019, as well as the following ones, were based on the concept of holding simultaneous online and on-site celebrations, hosted by UNESCO, WFEO, engineering institutions members of WFEO, as well as generating social media trends and message on the theme of event, engaging with UN agencies such as UNEP, corporate bodies, other associations, media and students.
|
||||
In 2022, the concept extended to a 24-hour streaming hosted by WFEO, live streaming featured celebrations in various regions of the world.
|
||||
Since 2022, the celebration includes global events such as an international hackathon competition for engineering students in relations to sustainable development matters.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
144
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBM_wettability_index-0.md
Normal file
144
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBM_wettability_index-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "USBM wettability index"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBM_wettability_index"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:02.526292+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM), developed by Donaldson et al. in 1969, is a method to measure wettability of petroleum reservoir rocks. In this method, the areas under the forced displacement Capillary pressure curves of oil and water drive processes are denoted as
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle A1}
|
||||
|
||||
and
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle A2}
|
||||
|
||||
to calculate the USBM index.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
U
|
||||
S
|
||||
B
|
||||
M
|
||||
=
|
||||
l
|
||||
o
|
||||
g
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle USBM=log{\frac {A_{\mathit {1}}}{\ A_{\mathit {2}}}}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
USBM index is positive for water-wet rocks, and negative for oil-wet systems.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Bounded USBM (or USBM*) ==
|
||||
The USBM index is theoretically unbounded and can vary from negative infinity to positive infinity. Since other wettability indices such as Amott-Harvey, Lak wettability index and modified Lak are bounded in the range of -1 to 1, Abouzar Mirzaei-Paiaman highlighted the bounded form of USBM (called USBM*) as a replacement of the traditional USBM as
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
U
|
||||
S
|
||||
B
|
||||
M
|
||||
∗
|
||||
=
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
−
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle USBM*={\frac {A_{\mathit {1}}-A_{\mathit {2}}}{\ A_{\mathit {1}}+A_{\mathit {2}}}}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
USBM* varies from -1 to 1 for strongly oil-wet and strongly water-wet rocks, respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Wetting
|
||||
Amott test
|
||||
Lak wettability index
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
62
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_load-0.md
Normal file
62
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_load-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ultimate load"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_load"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:56.511169+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In engineering, the ultimate load is a statistical figure used in calculations, and should (hopefully) never actually occur. It is used for instance in aerospace engineering, bridge and tunnel construction. This is also commonly used in knowing the properties of metal beams. For example, it is used in experiments such as tensile testing machine (TTM) and universal testing machine (UTM).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Relation to safety factor and limit load ==
|
||||
Strength requirements are specified in terms of limit loads (the maximum loads to be expected in service) and ultimate loads (limit loads multiplied by prescribed factors of safety).
|
||||
Mathematically, their relation can be expressed as:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
B
|
||||
|
||||
u
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
≥
|
||||
|
||||
B
|
||||
|
||||
l
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
×
|
||||
j
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle B_{u}\geq B_{l}\times j}
|
||||
|
||||
,
|
||||
where:
|
||||
|
||||
Bu is the ultimate load
|
||||
Bl is the limit load
|
||||
j is the factor of safety
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Aircraft design ==
|
||||
|
||||
With respect to aircraft structure and design, ultimate load is the amount of load applied to a component beyond which the component will fail. The chance that it will occur is, however, not zero, and, if it were to occur, then the relevant structure in the aircraft would stand a large chance of fracture.
|
||||
During the testing for determination of the loads, no fracture must occur at the ultimate load for a period of 3 seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Cantilever, construction that extends horizontally and is unsupported at one end, by applying shear stress and bending moment at its support base
|
||||
List of engineering topics
|
||||
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a United States regulatory agency that inspects and examines workplaces
|
||||
Stress test, deliberate testing beyond normal operational capacity, often to a breaking point
|
||||
Ultimate tensile strength, the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_process"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:30:21.649551+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:54:58.957619+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Systems-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Systems-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Unity Systems"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:00.145434+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Unity Systems was a home automation company that was based in Redwood City, California, United States, founded in 1983. In 1985, Unity Systems released the Unity Home Manager which was one of the earliest home automation systems as well as one of the most successful systems. It featured a green monochrome touchscreen display with options such as temperature settings, floor plans, lighting control, the sprinkler system, HVAC control, security and general maintenance settings. The Unity Home Manager was sold by a dealer network which consisted of small, and dedicated companies, with around 90 dealers across the United States at a point in time. Unity systems closed in 1999.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Home automation for the elderly and disabled
|
||||
Internet of Things
|
||||
List of home automation software and hardware
|
||||
List of home automation topics
|
||||
List of network buses
|
||||
Smart device
|
||||
Web of Things
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "University of Kansas School of Engineering"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas_School_of_Engineering"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:01.349449+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The University of Kansas School of Engineering, founded in 1891 is the oldest Engineering School in the State of Kansas, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873. It is an ABET accredited, public engineering school located on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notable alumni ==
|
||||
Linda Cook (PE 1981), executive director of Shell Gas & Power and a member of the Shell Executive Committee.
|
||||
Joseph Engle (AE 1955), astronaut and NASA space shuttle commander.
|
||||
Robert Eaton (ME 1963), retired DaimlerChrysler AG Chairman.
|
||||
Brian McClendon (BSEE 1986), VP of Engineering at Google.
|
||||
Wayne Meyer (BSEE 1946), Rear Admiral in United States Navy, director of the AEGIS Shipbuilding Project.
|
||||
Lou Montulli, co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser.
|
||||
Alan Mulally (BS/MS AE), President and CEO of Ford Motor Company
|
||||
Douglas Shane (BS 1982), director of flight operations for SpaceShipOne, which made the first privately funded human spaceflight.
|
||||
Charles Spahr (1934), former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio.
|
||||
Daniel A. Vallero (MS CE 1996), Adjunct Faculty Duke University.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Kansas State University College of Engineering
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_exerciser-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_exerciser-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Valve exerciser"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_exerciser"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:03.843930+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A valve exerciser is a device that operates a valve periodically in order to prevent it from becoming so stiff that it no longer works. Valves that are left in a static position for a long time may corrode or become blocked with mineral deposits. Electronic valve exercisers can provide information on the health of a valve by monitoring the required operating torque.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_leakage-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_leakage-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Valve leakage"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_leakage"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:05.037351+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Valve leakage refers to flow through a valve which is set in the 'off' state.
|
||||
The importance of valve leakage depends on what the valve is controlling. For example, a dripping tap is less significant than a leak from a six-inch pipe carrying high-pressure radioactive steam.
|
||||
In the United States, the American National Standards Institute specifies six different leakage classes, with "leakage" defined in terms of the full open valve capacity:
|
||||
|
||||
Class I, or 'dust-tight' valves, are intended to work but have not been tested
|
||||
Class II valves have no more than 0.5% leakage with 50 psi (340 kPa) (or less if operating pressure is less) of air pressure at the operating temperature
|
||||
Class III valves have no more than 0.1% leakage under those conditions; this may require soft valve seats, or lapped metal surfaces
|
||||
Class IV valves have no more than 0.01% leakage under those conditions; this tends to require multiple graphite piston rings or a single Teflon piston ring, and lapped metal seats.
|
||||
Class V valves leak less than 5×10−12 cubic metres, per second, per bar of pressure differential, per millimetre of port diameter, of water when tested at the service pressure.
|
||||
Class VI valves are slightly different in that they are required (at 50 psi (340 kPa) or operating pressure, whichever is less) to have less than a specified leakage rate in millilitres of air per minute:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
"Leakage Classifications of Control Valves". SFV Flow Controls, Inc. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-buoyancy_propulsion-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-buoyancy_propulsion-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Variable-buoyancy propulsion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-buoyancy_propulsion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:07.779705+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In engineering, variable-buoyancy propulsion is the use of a buoyancy engine to provide propulsion for a vehicle. The concept was first explored in the 1960s for use with underwater gliders, but has since been applied to autonomous aircraft as well.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Principle ==
|
||||
Variable-buoyancy propulsion is based on the ability of a vehicle to change its buoyancy from negative to positive and vice versa (for aircraft, this means alternating between being heavier and lighter than air). While positively buoyant, the vehicle trims bow up and uses its hydrofoils or wings to glide forward while rising, using buoyancy as the driving force. At the top of the climb, buoyancy is made negative and the vehicle trims bow down and glides forward while descending, using gravity as the driving force.
|
||||
The process can be repeated for as long as the buoyancy engine can operate, and allows for highly energy-efficient albeit generally slow propulsion. The vehicle's trajectory typically presents a sawtooth-like profile. Various methods may be used to alter the buoyancy.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Vehicular Technology Conference"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_Technology_Conference"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:08.977134+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) is a semiannual international academic conference on wireless communications organized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' Vehicular Technology Society.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
The first conference was held in Detroit, Michigan, United States in 1950 and then annually until 1998. Since 1999, the conference has been held in spring and fall, when it is known as VTC Spring and VTC Fall respectively. The alignment with the seasons has meant that the conference has almost always been held in the Northern Hemisphere, but in May 2006, VTC Spring was held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, visiting the Southern Hemisphere for the first time.
|
||||
Recent VTCs have been attended by about 600-700 people. The conference focuses mainly on the physical layer and medium access control layer (PHY and MAC) of wireless systems.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
The Vehicular Technology Society
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volute_(pump)-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volute_(pump)-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Volute (pump)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volute_(pump)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:10.167909+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A volute is a curved funnel that increases in area as it approaches the discharge port. The volute of a centrifugal pump is the casing that receives the fluid being pumped by the impeller, maintaining the velocity of the fluid through to the diffuser. As liquid exits the impeller it has high kinetic energy and the volute directs this flow through to the discharge. As the fluid travels along the volute it is joined by more and more fluid exiting the impeller but, as the cross sectional area of the volute increases, the velocity is maintained if the pump is running close to the design point. If the pump has a low flow rate then the velocity will decrease across the volute leading to a pressure rise causing a cross thrust across the impeller that we see as vibration. If the pump flow is higher than design the velocity will increase across the volute and the pressure will decrease according to the first law of thermodynamics. This will cause a side thrust in the opposite direction to that caused by low flow but the result is the same – vibration with resultant short bearing and seal life.
|
||||
The volute does not convert kinetic energy into pressure – that is done at the diffuser by reducing liquid velocity while increasing pressure.
|
||||
|
||||
The name "volute" is inspired by the resemblance of this kind of casing to the scroll-like part near the top of an ionic order column in classical architecture, called a volute.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Split volute ==
|
||||
In a split volute or double volute pump, the path along the volute is partitioned, providing two distinct discharge paths. The streams start out 180 degrees from each other, and merge by the time they reach the discharge port. This arrangement helps to balance the radial force on the bearings.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Roots blower
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_populi_sound_system-0.md
Normal file
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_populi_sound_system-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Vox populi sound system"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_populi_sound_system"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:11.351837+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Vox Populi was a sound system based in South East London. It was active in holding free parties in both the United Kingdom and Europe, between 1993 and 1996. These sound system events were often held in disused industrial sites and warehousing.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Touring Europe ==
|
||||
In June 1994 Vox Populi toured Europe starting in France at the Millau Teknival. The tour then went to Paris where all of the sound equipment was confiscated during a busted Rave in Bobeney by the French riot police or CRS. Once all the equipment was released by the police the Sound System travelled on to the Teknival in the Czech Republic to meet up with other sound systems including Spiral Tribe.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
64
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_algebra-0.md
Normal file
64
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_algebra-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Wang algebra"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_algebra"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:12.527019+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In algebra and network theory, a Wang algebra is a commutative algebra
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle A}
|
||||
|
||||
, over a field or (more generally) a commutative unital ring, in which
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle A}
|
||||
|
||||
has two additional properties:(Rule i) For all elements x of
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle A}
|
||||
|
||||
, x + x = 0 (universal additive nilpotency of degree 1).(Rule ii) For all elements x of
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle A}
|
||||
|
||||
, x⋅x = 0 (universal multiplicative nilpotency of degree 1).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History and applications ==
|
||||
Rules (i) and (ii) were originally published by K. T. Wang (Wang Ki-Tung, 王 季同) in 1934 as part of a method for analyzing electrical networks. From 1935 to 1940, several Chinese electrical engineering researchers published papers on the method. The original Wang algebra is the Grassman algebra over the finite field mod 2. At the 57th annual meeting of the American Mathematical Society, held on December 27–29, 1950, Raoul Bott and Richard Duffin introduced the concept of a Wang algebra in their abstract (number 144t) The Wang algebra of networks. They gave an interpretation of the Wang algebra as a particular type of Grassman algebra mod 2. In 1969 Wai-Kai Chen used the Wang algebra formulation to give a unification of several different techniques for generating the trees of a graph. The Wang algebra formulation has been used to systematically generate King-Altman directed graph patterns. Such patterns are useful in deriving rate equations in the theory of enzyme kinetics.
|
||||
According to Guo Jinhai, professor in the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wang Ki Tung's pioneering method of analyzing electrical networks significantly promoted electrical engineering not only in China but in the rest of the world; the Wang algebra formulation is useful in electrical networks for solving problems involving topological methods, graph theory, and Hamiltonian cycles.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Wang Algebra and the Spanning Trees of a Graph ==
|
||||
The Wang Rules for Finding all Spanning Trees of a Graph G
|
||||
|
||||
For each node write the sum of all the edge-labels that meet that node.
|
||||
Leave out one node and take the product of the sums of labels for all the remaining nodes.
|
||||
Expand the product in 2. using the Wang algebra.
|
||||
The terms in the sum of the expansion obtained in 3. are in 1-1 correspondence with the spanning trees in the graph.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Washington Accord (credentials)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Accord_(credentials)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:13.874203+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Washington Accord is an international accreditation agreement for undergraduate professional engineering academic degrees and postgraduate professional
|
||||
engineering academic degrees between the bodies responsible for accreditation in its signatory countries. The full signatories as of January 2024 are Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Peru, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Overview ==
|
||||
The Washington Accord recognizes that there is substantial equivalence of programs accredited by those signatories. Graduates of accredited programs in any of the signatory countries are recognized by the other signatory countries as having met the academic requirements for entry to the practice of engineering. Recognition of accredited programs is not retroactive but takes effect only from the date of admission of the country to signatory status.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Scope ==
|
||||
The Washington Accord covers both undergraduate and postgraduate engineering degrees. Engineering technology programs are not covered by the accord. Engineering technology programs are covered under the Sydney Accord and Dublin Accord. Only qualifications awarded after the signatory country or region became part of the Washington Accord are recognized. The accord is not directly responsible for the licensing of professional engineers and the registration of chartered engineers but it does cover the academic requirements that are part of the licensing processes in signatory countries.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Signatories ==
|
||||
|
||||
The following are the signatory countries and territories of the Washington Accord, their respective accreditation bodies and years of admission:
|
||||
|
||||
The following countries have provisional signatory status and may become full signatory members in the future:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Regulation and licensure in engineering
|
||||
Seoul Accord
|
||||
European Engineer
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
International Engineering Alliance (IEA) official website
|
||||
International Engineering Alliance Washington Accord
|
||||
International Engineering Alliance Washington accord signatories
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_droplet_erosion-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_droplet_erosion-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Water droplet erosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_droplet_erosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:15.046836+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Water droplet erosion (WDE) is "a form of materials wear that is caused by the impact of liquid droplets with sufficiently high speed." The phenomenon was furthermore previously known as liquid impingement erosion (LIE).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Distinction from other phenomena ==
|
||||
The emphasis of discrete water droplets serves to distinguish the WDE problem from liquid jet erosion and cavitation. The impact pressures invoked by discrete water droplet impact have a range considerably higher than the stagnation pressure created by liquid jet.
|
||||
The difference between WDE and cavitation erosion is the fact that WDE usually comprises a gaseous or vaporous phase containing discrete liquid droplets; while cavitation erosion is observed when a continual liquid phase carries separate gaseous bubbles or cavities inside it.
|
||||
Recently, Ibrahim & Medraj developed an analytical model to predict the threshold speed of water droplet erosion and verified it experimentally, a challenge having been attempted hitherto without success since the 1950s.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Consequences ==
|
||||
|
||||
For an extended period of time, many industries have encountered the problem of erosion due to water droplet impact, and it continues to reappear wherever rotation or movement of a component at high speed in a hydrometer environment is employed. Recently, with the use of larger wind turbine blades, the issue of erosion of the leading edge due to rain droplets has grown more grave. Aerodynamics efficiency of turbine blades is severely diminished due to leading-edge erosion, resulting in a considerable decrease in annual energy production.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_access_hole-0.md
Normal file
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_access_hole-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Weld access hole"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_access_hole"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:16.199778+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The weld access hole or rat hole is a structural engineering technique in which a part of the web of an I-beam or T-beam is cut out at the end or ends of the beam. The hole in the web allows a welder to weld the flange to another part of the structure with a continuous weld the full width on both top and bottom sides of the flange. Without the weld access hole, the middle of the flange would be blocked by the web and inaccessible for welding.
|
||||
The hole also minimizes the induction of thermal stresses with a combination of partially releasing the welded section, avoiding welding the T section where the flange joins the web and improving cooling conditions.
|
||||
The configuration adopted for web access holes affects how the beam joint will bend when under stress.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Complete penetration ==
|
||||
|
||||
Welds may be classified as either Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) or Partial Joint Penetration (PJP). CJP welds extend completely through the thickness of components joined. A CJP weld transmits the full load-carrying capacity of the structural components joined, and is important for seismic safety.
|
||||
Complete penetration usually requires welding on both sides of a joint. Weld access holes in the web of a beam make it possible to weld both sides of a flange, making the flange joint stronger, at the expense of the web joint.
|
||||
The strength of a flange joint is important, because the flange resists bending moment of a beam.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
EN 1993
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
STEEL MOMENT CONNECTIONS
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Society_of_Engineers-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Society_of_Engineers-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Western Society of Engineers"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Society_of_Engineers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:17.359037+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Western Society of Engineers is a professional and educational organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, U.S., on May 25, 1869 as the Civil Engineers' Club of the Northwest. In 1880 the club was incorporated as the Western Society of Engineers. The organization is devoted to the development of engineering leaders and the advancement of the engineering profession.
|
||||
Aviation pioneer Octave Chanute was president of the Society in its early history.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
54
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetted_perimeter-0.md
Normal file
54
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetted_perimeter-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Wetted perimeter"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetted_perimeter"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:18.565419+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The wetted perimeter is the perimeter of the cross sectional area that is "wet". The length of line of the intersection of channel wetted surface with a cross sectional plane normal to the flow direction. The term wetted perimeter is common in civil engineering, environmental engineering, hydrology, geomorphology, and heat transfer applications; it is associated with the hydraulic diameter or hydraulic radius. Engineers commonly cite the cross sectional area of a river.
|
||||
The wetted perimeter can be defined mathematically as
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
P
|
||||
=
|
||||
|
||||
∑
|
||||
|
||||
i
|
||||
=
|
||||
0
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
∞
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
l
|
||||
|
||||
i
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle P=\sum _{i=0}^{\infty }{l_{i}}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
where li is the length of each surface in contact with the aqueous body.
|
||||
In open channel flow, the wetted perimeter is defined as the surface of the channel bottom and sides in direct contact with the aqueous body. Friction losses typically increase with an increasing wetted perimeter, resulting in a decrease in head. In a practical experiment, one is able to measure the wetted perimeter with a tape measure weighted down to the river bed to get a more accurate measurement.
|
||||
When a channel is much wider than it is deep, the wetted perimeter approximates the channel width.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Hydrological transport model
|
||||
Manning formula
|
||||
Hydraulic radius
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_wall-0.md
Normal file
33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_wall-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Wing wall"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_wall"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:19.755247+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A wing wall (also "wingwall" or "wing-wall") is a smaller wall attached or next to a larger wall or structure.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Bridges ==
|
||||
In a bridge, the wing walls are adjacent to the abutments and act as retaining walls. They are generally constructed of the same material as those of abutments. The wing walls can either be attached to the abutment or be independent of it. Wing walls are provided at both ends of the abutments to retain the earth filling of the approaches. Their design depends upon the nature of the embankment and does not depend upon the type or parts of the bridge.
|
||||
The soil and fill supporting the roadway and approach embankment are retained by the wing walls, which can be at a right angle to the abutment or splayed at different angles. The wing walls are generally constructed at the same time and of the same materials as the abutments.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Classification of wing walls ==
|
||||
Wing walls can be classified according to their position in plan with respect to banks and abutments. The classification is as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
Straight wing walls: used for small bridges, on drains with low banks and for railway bridges in cities (weep holes are provided).
|
||||
Splayed wing walls: used for bridges across rivers. They provide smooth entry and exit to the water. The splay is usually 45°. Their top width is 0.5 m, face batter 1 in 12 and back batter 1 in 6, weep holes are provided..
|
||||
Return wing walls: used where banks are high and hard or firm. Their top width is 1.5 m and face is vertical and back battered 1 in 4. Scour can be a problem for wing walls and abutments both, as the water in the stream erodes the supporting soil.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Other uses ==
|
||||
Wing walls provide smooth entry of water into the bridge site and provide support and protect the embankment. Wing walls can serve as buttresses to support walls. They can also be purely decorative.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
.
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Scientific_and_Engineering_Professions"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:10:12.024401+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:20.988983+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-bracing-0.md
Normal file
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-bracing-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "X-bracing"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-bracing"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:22.272529+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
X-bracing is a structural engineering practice where the lateral load on a building is reduced by transferring the load into the exterior columns.
|
||||
X-bracing was used in the construction of the 1908 Singer Building, then the tallest building in the world.
|
||||
Some skyscrapers by engineer Fazlur Khan, such as the 1969 John Hancock Center, have a distinctive X-bracing exterior, allowing for both higher performance from tall structures and the ability to open up the inside floorplan (and usable floor space) if the architect desires.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFdtd-0.md
Normal file
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFdtd-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "XFdtd"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFdtd"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:23.530730+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
XFdtd is electromagnetic simulation software with a very wide variety of applications in RF circuit, antenna, military/defense, medical EM, photonics, radar, component, metamaterial, and related fields. It originally stood for X (Window System) Finite Difference Time Domain and was first developed in the mid 1990s by Remcom Incorporated of State College, PA in the United States. XFdtd includes full wave (FDTD), electrostatic, thermal-biological, circuit, and 2D Eigen solver and integrates with PO/MEC, and GTD/UTD method solvers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Computational electromagnetics
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
3D Electromagnetic Simulation vs. Planar MoM Ich
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinyi_Glass-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinyi_Glass-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Xinyi Glass"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinyi_Glass"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:24.711120+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Xinyi Glass Holdings Limited is a public company in People's Republic of China, engaged in the production of float glass, automobile glass and construction glass. Its customers includes large international automobile corporations such as Ford, General Motors and Volkswagen of Germany. It was established in 1988 and headquartered in Hong Kong. It was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2005. In 2020, a proposed plant by Xinyi in Stratford, Ontario attracted protests on environmental and national security grounds, and was later abandoned. It has been a constituent of the Hang Seng Index (HSI) since 6 September 2021.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Xinyi Solar Holdings Limited
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamazumi_chart-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamazumi_chart-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Yamazumi chart"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamazumi_chart"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:25.890897+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Yamazumi chart is a stacked bar chart visualization of the standardized work combination table used in lean manufacturing for time management.
|
||||
Yamazumi is Japanese for "stacking up" and the chart graphically represents processes times in a stacked manner. It was originally developed by Toyota.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngs_Trophy-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngs_Trophy-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Youngs Trophy"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngs_Trophy"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:55:27.096469+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Young Trophy is the annual inter-institution sporting competition for young engineers. The event was first held in 1933 when a joint team from the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Institution of Civil Engineers challenged the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (now part of the Institution of Engineering and Technology) to a cricket and tennis match. Subsequent tournaments have been contested over a range of sports such as football, badminton, volleyball, basketball and dodgeball. The participants have also expanded beyond the original three institutions with teams from Royal Institute of British Architects and Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers competing in 2013.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user