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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli_Vitushkin-0.md

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+---
+title: "Anatoli Vitushkin"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli_Vitushkin"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:36.407952+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Anatoli Georgievich Vitushkin (Russian: Анато́лий Гео́ргиевич Виту́шкин) (June 25, 1931 – May 9, 2004) was a Soviet mathematician noted for his work on analytic capacity and other parts of mathematical analysis.
+
+
+== Early life ==
+Anatoli Georgievich Vitushkin was born on 25 June 1931 in Moscow.  He was blind.
+
+
+== Career ==
+He entered Moscow State University in 1949 after graduating from the Tula Suvorov Military School where mathematics was taught as part of a broader education for potential officers.  He graduated in 1954. He studied under Andrey Kolmogorov and benefited from participation in Alexander Kronrod's circle.
+He joined the Steklov Institute of Mathematics staff in 1965.
+For many years he was a member of the editorial board of the Russian journal; Mathematical Notes.
+He died, at the age of 72, in Moscow on 9 May 2004.
+
+
+== Bibliography ==
+Vitushkin, Anatoli G. (2004). "On Hilbert's thirteenth problem and related questions". Russian Mathematical Surveys. 51 (1): 11–25. Bibcode:2004RuMaS..59...11V. doi:10.1070/RM2004v059n01ABEH000698. S2CID 250837749.
+Vitushkin, A. G.; Chirka, E.M.; Khenkin, G.M.; Dolbeault, P. (November 1, 1997). Introduction to Complex Analysis. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-63005-0.
+Vitushkin, A. G. (1988). "Uniform approximation of functions by holomorphic functions". Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. (Mathematical Physics and Complex Analysis) (3): 301–308.
+Vitushkin, A. G. (1983). "Global normalization of a real-analytic surface along a chain". Soviet Math. Dokl. (27): 270–273.
+Vitushkin, A. G. (1983). "Holomorphic extension of mappings of compact hypersurfaces". Math. USSR Izvestiya. 20 (1): 27–33. Bibcode:1983IzMat..20...27V. doi:10.1070/IM1983v020n01ABEH001337.
+Vitushkin, Anatoli G. (May 1, 1976). "Uniform approximations by holomorphic functions" [Uniform approximations by holomorphic functions]. Journal of Mathematical Sciences (in Russian). 5 (5). New York: Springer: 607–611. doi:10.1007/BF01091907.
+Vitushkin, A. G. (1974). Coding of signals with finite spectrum and sound recording problems. Proc. International Congress of Mathematicians. Vol. 1. Vancouver. pp. 221–226. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
+Vitushkin, A. G.; Henkin, G.M. (1967). "Linear superpositions of functions". Uspekhi Mat. Nauk. 22 (1(133)): 77–124. Bibcode:1967RuMaS..22...77V. doi:10.1070/RM1967v022n01ABEH001204. S2CID 250845714.
+Vitushkin, A. G. (1954). "On Hilbert's thirteenth problem". Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 96: 701.
+Vitushkin, A. G. (1954). "[On certain estimates of variations of sets]". Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 95: 433.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Anatoli Vitushkin at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celâl_Şengör-0.md

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+---
+title: "Celâl Şengör"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celâl_Şengör"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:26.702119+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Ali Mehmet Celâl Şengör (Turkish: [ˈali ˈmehmet ˈdʒeɫal ˈʃænɟœɾ]; born 24 March 1955) is a Turkish geologist. He is retired from the faculty at Istanbul Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering.
+Şengör is a (foreign) member of the American Philosophical Society, Academia Europaea (1990), the United States National Academy of Sciences (2000), the Russian Academy of Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Accademia nazionale delle scienze (2023), and Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (2024). He is a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Science. He is a recipient of Gustav-Steinmann-Medaille — the highest distinction of the Geologische Vereinigung e.V.
+
+
+== Personal life ==
+Celal Şengör was born on 24 March 1955, in Istanbul, to a muhacir family from Rumelia. After graduating from Robert College, he received his BS (1978), MS (1979), PhD (1982) degrees from the State University of New York, Albany. He writes a weekly popular science column in the center-left daily Cumhuriyet. He is married and has a son. Şengör has been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome.
+
+
+== Controversies ==
+Şengör is vocal in his support of the Turkish military and the 1980 military coup in Turkey. In a very controversial interview published on the website of Radikal newspaper, Şengör argued that the root cause of Turkey's political problems was the lack of an aristocratic class, which would lead the society in cultural life and politics. According to Şengör, the Turkish military is the only elite class in society, and their refinement and education make them qualified for a rule. Most controversially, he expressed his unqualified approval of every policy of the military regime between 1980 and 1982 in Turkey by asserting that being forced to eat excrement should not be regarded as torture. But later in his statement he stated that it would not be considered torture as it was not an ongoing action. Şengör later apologized for his remarks and claimed that he was misunderstood.
+Şengör also stated in an interview that he preferred monarchy to a republic or democracy, especially for judicial independence and against corruption. In this interview, referring to Plato for the ideal political system, he advocated the rule of a cultured elite against the rule of ordinary people.
+
+
+== Recognition ==
+In H988, he received an honorary Doctorate from the University of Neuchâtel. In 2012, he became a foreign member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
+
+
+=== Fossils named after Şengör ===
+Sengoerina argandi ALTINER, 1999: Altıner, D., 1999, Sengoerina argandi, n. gen., n. sp., and its position in the evolution of Late Permian biseriamminid foraminifers: Micropaleontology, v. 45, pp. 215–22.
+Dicapnuchosphaera sengori TEKİN, 1999: Tekin, U. K., 1999, Biostratigraphy and Systematics of Late Middle to Late Triassic Radiolarians from the Taurus Mountains and Ankara Region, Turkey: Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband 5, pp. 296 (see p. 75 and plate 5, figs. 3–6).
+Sengoerichthys ottoman JANVIER, CLÉMENT and CLOUTIER, 2007: Janvier, P., Clément, G. and Cloutier, R., 2007, A primitive megalichthyid fish (Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha) from the Upper Devonian of Turkey and its biogeographical implications: Geodiversitas, v. 29, pp. 249–268.
+
+
+== Publications ==
+
+
+=== Books ===
+1982 (with A. Miyashiro and K. Aki) Orogeny: J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 242 pp.
+1984 The Cimmeride Orogenic System and the Tectonics of Eurasia: Geological Society of America Special Paper 195, xi+82 pp.
+1989 (Editor). Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
+1990 (Co-editor with J.F. Dewey, Ian G. Gass, G.B. Curry, and N.B.W. Harris) Allochthonous Terranes: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, v. 331, pp. 455–647.
+1992 Plate Tectonics and Orogeny - A Tethyan Perspective: Fu Dan University Press, Shanghai, 4 +2 + 182 pp. (in Chinese; this book is a combined translation of items 88 and 97 in the Papers section plus a preface added on 6 July 1991)
+1998 (with N. Görür, A. Okay, N. Özgül, O. Tüysüz, M. Sakınç, R. Akkök, E., Yiğitbaş, T. Genç, S. Örçen, T. Ercan, B. Akyürek, F. Şaroğlu) Türkiye'nin Triyas-Miyosen Paleocoğrafya Atlası, editör: Naci Görür (Triassic to Miocene Palaeogeographic Atlas of Turkey, Naci Görür, editor): İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Maden Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Genel Jeoloji Anabilim Dalı TÜBİTAK—Global Tektonik Araştırma Ünitesi ve Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, Ankara, [IV]+41pp.+30 pp. of maps and sections, oblong elephant folio.
+2001 Is the Present the Key to the Past or the Past the Key to the Present? James Hutton and Adam Smith versus Abraham Gottlob Werner and Karl Marx in Interpreting History: Geological Society of America Special Paper 355, x+51 pp.
+2001 (with X. Le Pichon and E. Demirbağ) Marine Atlas of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) IFREMER, Paris, 13 pp. of Explanatory text, 11 foldout maps.
+2003 The Large Wavelength Deformations of the Lithosphere: Materials for a history of the evolution of thought from the earliest times to plate tectonics: Geological Society of America Memoir 196, xvii+347 pp.+ 3 folded plates in pocket
+2004 Yaşamın Evrimi Fikrinin Darwin Dönemi Sonuna Kadarki Tarihi (History of the Idea of the Evolution of Life to the End of Darwin's Period): İTÜ Yayınevi, İstanbul, 187 pp.
+2005 Une Autre Histoire de la Tectonique: Leçons Inaugurales du Collège de France, Fayard, Paris, 79 pp.
+2006 99 Sayfada İstanbul Depremi (The İstanbul Earthquake in 99 Pages): İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 99 pp.
+2009 (with S. Atayman) The Permian Extinction and the Tethys: An Exercise in Global Geology: Geological Society of America Special Paper 448, x+96 pp.
+2009 Globale Geologie und ihr Einfluss auf das Denken von Eduard Suess Der Katastrophismus Uniformitarianismus-Streit: Scripta Geo-Historica, v. 2, 181 pp.
+2009 (with B. A. Natal’in) Rifti Mira (uchebno-spavochnoye posobie): Geokart, Moskva, 187 pp. (Russian translation of item 166 below plus a preface)
+2014 (with Thomas Hofman, Günter Blöschl, Lois Lammerhuber, Werner Piller) The Face of the Earth: The Legacy of Eduard Suess: Edition Lammerhuber, 104 pp.
+2020 Revising the Revisions: James Hutton's Reputation Among Geologists in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: The Geologcal Society of America.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Academic curriculum vitae
+Biography in Turkish

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwyn_Welch-0.md

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+---
+title: "Elwyn Welch"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwyn_Welch"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:37.917032+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Elwyn Owen Arnold Welch (13 January 1925 – 10 December 1961) was a New Zealand farmer, ornithologist, conservationist and Open Brethren missionary. An expert in raising endangered bird chicks, he is best known for his part in the captive breeding of newly re-discovered takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri) in the 1950s. His efforts live on as Pukaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre. As an Open Brethren missionary, he served in Nigeria beginning in April 1961. He died in Nigeria at age 36 from polio.
+
+
+== Early life ==
+Welch was born in Masterton, Wairarapa, New Zealand, in 1925. He grew up on the family farm 'Kelvin Grove' on the slopes of Mt Bruce, and was educated as a boarder at Wairarapa College in Masterton.  After completing his secondary schooling he returned to the family farm.  In his youth he developed a passion for birds, and became one of New Zealand's leading amateur ornithologists. He began his bird conservation work by hand-raising grey teal chicks on the farm.  In 1948 he married Shirley Noeline Elizabeth Burridge, and then took over the family farm from his parents.
+
+
+== Bird conservation work ==
+By the mid-1950s, Welch was recognised for his expertise in raising endangered species.  He was contacted by the Wildlife Division to assist with a plan to collect takahē chicks from the wild in the Murchison Mountains of Fiordland National Park. Welch spent two years preparing for this assignment, training his bantam hens to sit on boiled eggs inside wooden boxes, and to cope with the stresses of travel.  Welch travelled with his bantams to Fiordland in November 1957, driving to Wellington, crossing to the South Island on the ferry and then driving to Te Anau and across the lake on a launch. Together with photographer Peter Morrison and biologist Gordon Williams they carried the bantams and equipment in back packs, into the Takahē Valley. They were able to collect two takahē chicks to be cared for in nest boxes by the bantam hens, along with four eggs. The men returned with the birds and eggs to Wellington. The entire operation was carried out in secrecy because of some public opposition to the idea of removing the birds from their remaining natural environment. The initial operation was only a partial success, because the four eggs failed to hatch.
+A second expedition to Fiordland took place in 1959.  This time, Welch trained his bantam hens to sit on pūkeko eggs. A clutch of takahē eggs was removed from Fiordland, and successfully hatched and raised by the hens. It was subsequently found that these takahē chicks had imprinted on their bantam mothers and would not mate with other takahē.
+However, following on from the successful raising of eggs and chicks, approval was given to capture adult takahē for transfer to the Welch farm at Mt Bruce. The first birds were transferred in July 1959, and members of the public were able to see them in May 1960.
+There was wide public interest in the birds, and this led to a decision in 1962 to construct a centre for the captive rearing and display of New Zealand birds. The Mount Bruce Forest Reserve was chosen because it had been a protected area since 1889 and was only 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Welch's farm.
+In a separate initiative in early 1961, the Wildlife Division captured a number of kākāpō in Fiordland, and transferred them to Kelvin Grove for study, because little was then known about these birds.
+
+
+== Death in Nigeria ==
+
+Welch had been a member of the Open Brethren since his teenage years, and had an interest in missionary work. In April 1961, Elwyn and his wife Shirley and their three children left New Zealand to travel to Nigeria, to run a guest house for missionaries, and undertake some preaching. In early December 1961, Welch became severely unwell, having contracted polio and died on 10 December 1961 in Jos, Nigeria.
+Welch was buried in the Sudan Interior Mission cemetery in Miango, in Plateau State in central Nigeria.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geerat_J._Vermeij-0.md

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+---
+title: "Geerat J. Vermeij"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geerat_J._Vermeij"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:35.325812+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Geerat J. Vermeij (born September 28, 1946) is a Dutch-born paleoecologist and evolutionary biologist in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the University of California, Davis. He studies marine molluscs, both as fossils and as living creatures, as well as influence creatures have on each other's evolutionary fates, alongside having worked on plants, crabs, extinction, biological invasions, and biogeography. He received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1992, and in 2000, was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. He was also a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences in 1992 and was awarded the Fellows Medal from the California Academy of Sciences in 2017.
+
+
+== Early life and education ==
+Vermeij was born  in Sappemeer, Netherlands. Blind from the age of three, he studied Braille at the Prins Alexander Stichting Boarding School in Huis Ter Heide. He moved from the Netherlands to Nutley, New Jersey at age 10, and graduated from Nutley High School in 1965. Since the age of 10, Vermeij wanted to be a conchologist. Vermeij had a school teacher who once brought shells from Florida. There were great differences in the characteristics of those shells and the ones he experienced in the Netherlands, which sparked his interest.
+He has a wife, Edith Zipser, and a daughter, Hermine. His vision loss did not slow him down. He travelled the world with research assistants to retrieve shells. His interests in comparing shell traits came his senior year at Princeton University when he took a trip to both Costa Rica and Hawaii. There was a sharp contrast in the molluscs and it intrigued him. Vermeij proceeded to graduate from Princeton University in 1968 and received his Ph.D. in biology and geology from Yale University in 1971.
+
+
+== Career ==
+Vermeij studies coevolutionary relationships between predator and prey organisms, with a focus on marine mollusks. His research argues that an important evolutionary mechanism is the process of escalation, which occurs when species adapt to, or are limited by their competitors, predators, and parasites.
+In lieu of sight, Vermeij uses his sense of touch to better understand mollusk morphology. Throughout his career, he has challenged the assumption that people with disabilities like blindness cannot conduct scientific research.
+As part of his professional career, he has been a part of multiple professional societies including the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Society for the Study of Evolution, Paleontological Society, American Society of Naturalists, the Institute of Malacology, Nederlandse Malacologische Vereniging, and Werkgroep voor Tertiaire en Kwartiaire Geologie. He was a member of the board of trustees at the California Academy of Sciences from 2006 to 2015.
+Vermeij has over 300 publications and 5 published books including his first book, Biogeography and Adaptation published in 1978. He has also published Evolution and Escalation: An Ecological History of Life, A Natural History of Shells, Privileged Hands: A Scientific Life, and Nature: An Economic History, which evaluates economics and evolution. His forthcoming book is titled The Evolution of Power.
+In February 2023, Distinguished Professor Emeritus Geerat Vermeij in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, UC Davis, delivered the New Emeriti Distinguished Lecture, focusing on The Evolution of Power.
+
+
+== Honors ==
+
+
+=== Awards and memberships ===
+1968: Phi Beta Kappa: Princeton University
+1975-1976: Fellowship: John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
+1981: Fellow: American Association for the Advancement of Science
+1983: Award for Excellence in Research, Division of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Maryland
+1984: Book Subsidy Award, General Research Board, University of Maryland
+1992: Fellowship: John D. and Catharine T. MacArthur Foundation
+1992: Fellow: California Academy of Sciences
+1997: American Academy of Achievement, Golden Plate Award
+1997: John Burroughs Society, Best Essay in Natural History
+2001: Daniel Giraud Elliott Medal, National Academy of Sciences
+2004: Faculty Research Lectureship, UC Davis
+2006: Paleontological Society Medal
+2008: Circle of Discovery, University of Maryland
+2016: Addison Emery Verrill Medal
+2017: Fellows Medal, California Academy of Sciences
+2021: Elected Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
+2022: Election to the National Academy of Sciences
+
+
+=== Eponymy ===
+The gastropod genus Vermeijius has been named in his honor.
+
+
+== Bibliography ==
+Evolution and Escalation: An Ecological History of Life
+A Natural History of Shells
+Privileged Hands: A Scientific Life
+Nature: An Economic History
+The Evolutionary World: How Adaptation Explains Everything from Seashells to Civilization (ISBN 978-0312591083).
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Vermeij faculty page at UCD
+New Emeriti Distinguished Lecture on YouTube

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Siao-0.md

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+---
+title: "Josephine Siao"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Siao"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:27.986901+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Josephine Siao Fong-fong  (simplified Chinese: 萧芳芳; traditional Chinese: 蕭芳芳; pinyin: Xiāo Fāngfāng; Jyutping: siu1 fong1 fong1; born March 13, 1947) is a Hong Kong film star who became popular as a child actress and continued her success as a mature actress, winning numerous awards including Best Actress at the 45th Berlin International Film Festival (for Summer Snow). Since retiring from show business (partly due to her increasing deafness), she has become a writer and a psychologist, known for her work against child abuse.
+Born in Shanghai, Ciao emigrated to Hong Kong at the age of 2, and began her acting career at the age of 6. In 1955, she appeared alongside Bruce Lee in An Orphan's Tragedy. Her performance in The Orphan Girl (1956) garnered the Best Child Actor Award at the 2nd Southeast Asian Film Festival. Ciao subsequently became one of the biggest teen idols in Hong Kong during the late 1960s, along with frequent co-star Connie Chan Po-chu. The two were often cast in wuxia films and contemporary dramas. Colourful Youth (1966), in which they both appeared, is credited with popularising Cantonese film musicals. Siao briefly retired from acting in 1968 to attend Seton Hall University in the US. After graduating with a bachelor's degree in communications in 1970, she returned to Hong Kong, where she went on to become one of the city's most prolific actresses. In 1982, she starred in Plain Jane to the Rescue, which became one of her most famous roles.
+Siao won the Best Actress Award at the Hong Kong Film Awards twice, for The Wrong Couples (1987) and Summer Snow (1995). Her performance in the latter also won her Best Actress at both the Berlinale and the Golden Horse Awards, while Hu-Du-Men (1996) saw her named Best Actress at the Asia-Pacific Film Festival and the Golden Horse Awards. Siao appeared in the critically acclaimed martial arts film Fong Sai-yuk (1993), where she played Miu Tsui-fa, the kung fu–fighting mother of the titular character, portrayed by Jet Li. She reprised her role in Fong Sai-yuk II (1993). Her other memorable martial arts films include Fist of Fury 1991 (1991) and Fist of Fury 1991 II (1992).
+
+
+== Biography ==
+
+Siao was born as Siao Liang in Shanghai, with her ancestral home in Luzhi, Suzhou, Jiangsu. At the age of two, she was brought to Hong Kong by her parents.
+Soon after her father died, at the age of six (1953), she began to become a child star to solve the family's financial problems.  When she was 7 years old, she took on the first film and art film "Little Star Tears" (1954). In 1956, she performed "Aunt Mei" for the Shaw Brothers Company. Her famous work is "The Wandering Children" (1960) and this made her became one of the biggest teen idols in Hong Kong during the late 1960s, along with frequent co-star Connie Chan Po-chu. The two were often cast in wuxia films as disciples of the same master and sometimes—when Connie played the male lead—as young heroes in love. Back in the 1960s, Josephine's and Connie's fans maintained a heated rivalry. News of their fans getting into catfights was not uncommon in those days.
+Unlike many child stars, Siao made a successful transition to adult stardom, remaining one of Hong Kong's most prolific and popular actresses.  She was also one of the directors (co-directing with Leung Po-Chih, 梁普智) and writers of Jumping Ash (跳灰). This film is regarded as a prelude to the Hong Kong New Wave in the 1980s by film critics.
+Having largely missed out on formal education because of her acting career as a child, Siao pursued her studies in later years despite her increasing deafness and the demands of raising a family (she has two daughters by her second husband).  During this time she made fewer films, but her output included highly praised work such as her award-winning performance in Summer Snow (1995) as a middle-aged widow trying to cope with her father-in-law's Alzheimer's Disease.
+Western fans of martial arts films will probably know her best from the Fong Sai-yuk films made in 1993, in which she played Jet Li's kung fu–fighting mother. (These films were released on Western DVD as The Legend and The Legend II.)
+Siao has been retired from show business since 1997 in favour of her work in child psychology.  In particular, she is a noted campaigner against child abuse, and founded the End Child Sexual Abuse Foundation, which she now chairs, in 1999.  She is also a published author.
+Some of the milestones in her life include:
+
+1970: Bachelor's degree in Mass Communications and Asian Studies at Seton Hall University
+1974: won the best actress award at Spain Film Festival and Taiwan Film Festival
+1990: obtained a master's degree in child psychology from Regis University
+1995: won the best actress award at the Berlin Film Festival for Summer Snow
+1996: member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
+2009: Life Achievement Award of the 28th Hong Kong Film Awards
+
+
+== Filmography ==
+
+
+=== Films ===
+This is a partial list of films.
+
+1954 Tears of a Young Concubine - Hsiao-Yu.
+1955 An Orphan's Tragedy
+1967 A Sweet Girl 
+1967 Blood Stains The Iron Fist - Ting Wai-Kuen.
+1967 The Blue Bees 
+1967 Diamond Robbery 
+1967 The Flying Red Rose 
+1967 The Golden Cat - Golden Cat.
+1967 Happy Years - Mei-Yuk/Yuk.
+1967 The Horrifying Adventure of a Girl 
+1967 How the Sacred Fire Heroic Winds Defeat the Fire Lotus Array - To Kuen-Yee.
+1967 I Love A-Go-Go - So So.
+1967 Lady in Pink - Kwok Siu-lan.
+1967 The Lady Killer - Wong Fuk-Mui.
+1967 Lau Kam Ding - the Female General 
+1967 Lightning Killer - Fong Ching-Wah.
+1967 Maiden Thief 
+1967 The Professionals - Kam Ngau, Gold Bull.
+1967 Rocambole - Ching Yuk-Chu.
+1967 Romance of a Teenage Girl - Kit-Fong.
+1967 Seven Princesses (Part 1) - Luk Sau-King.
+1967 Seven Princesses (Part 2) - Luk Sau-King.
+1967 Shaky Steps - Lui Suk-Chong.
+1967 The Three Swordsmen 
+1967 You Are the One I Love - Law Oi-Lin.
+1974 Rhythm of the Wave
+1976 Jumping Ash (1976) (跳灰)
+1978 Lam Ah Chun  (林亞珍)
+1980 The Spooky Bunch
+1982 Plain Jane to the Rescue
+1982 The Perfect Match (佳人有約)
+1984 A Friend from Inner Space (奸人鬼)
+1987 The Wrong Couples
+1991 Fist of Fury 1991
+1992 Fist of Fury 1991 II
+1992 Too Happy for Words (兩個女人，一個靚，一個唔靚兩個女人)
+1993 Fong Sai Yuk
+1993 Fong Sai-yuk II
+1993 Always on My Mind (搶錢夫妻)
+1993 Kin Chan No Cinema Jack (陳健沒有傑克電影院)
+1995 Summer Snow
+1996 Hu-Du-Men
+1996 Mahjong Dragon (麻雀飛龍)
+
+
+== Books ==
+洋相 : 英美社交禮儀. OCLC 950437557.
+
+
+== Legacy ==
+The Siao Fong-fong Performing Art Hall was established in 1998 at Shantang Street of Luzhi township in the Siao family's former residence.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Josephine Siao at IMDb
+Josephine Siao Fong-Fong at hkmdb.com
+Josephine Siao at senscritique.com
+Siao Fong Fong movies at cinemasie.com
+End Child Sexual Abuse Foundation (founded and chaired by Siao)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Yerbury-0.md

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+---
+title: "Justin Yerbury"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Yerbury"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:39.122836+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Justin John Yerbury  (3 May 1974 – 28 July 2023) was an Australian molecular biologist who was spurred to follow a career in biological research when he discovered that his family has the genetic form of motor neurone disease (MND). He held the position of Professor in Neurodegenerative Disease at the University of Wollongong. He was diagnosed with MND himself in 2016, but continued to research until his death from the disease in 2023.
+
+
+== Education and career ==
+Yerbury grew up in Wollongong, New South Wales, where he attended Oak Flats High School in the southern suburb of Oak Flats. He graduated in 1991. He later said that he "was not much of a scientist at school." He studied for a Bachelor of Commerce and helped to run the family business.
+In 1995, Yerbury played two games for the Illawarra Hawks in the National Basketball League (NBL).
+In the late 1990s, several members of Yerbury's extended family were diagnosed and died from motor neurone disease (MND, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease). Ninety to 95 per cent of cases are considered sporadic, occurring randomly in the population. The remaining 5–10% of cases are hereditary. Mutations of more than twelve genes have been found to cause the disease. Using genealogical information, Yerbury traced suspected cases of motor neuron disease in his family to at least 1920 and possibly further back. He was prompted to return to university studies to further understand the disease.
+In 2004 Yerbury obtained a BSc with 1st class honours from the University of Wollongong. He received his PhD from the university in 2008 for a thesis entitled Characterisation of novel extracellular molecular chaperones and their effects on amyloid formation. He worked as a research assistant, lecturer and research fellow during his studies. During 2008 and 2009 he was an Australian Research Council (ARC) International Linkage Fellow at the University of Cambridge, UK. Yerbury became a Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DECRA) Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Wollongong in 2012. He spent the rest of his life studying the disease which affects around 2,000 Australians, alongside his team at the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), based at the University of Wollongong.
+
+
+== Personal life and death ==
+Yerbury first knew of MND when his uncle was diagnosed in 1994. A cousin was diagnosed and died in 1997; he was 21 years old. During a six-week period in 2002 his mother, grandmother and aunt all died. Fifty per cent of Yerbury's family carry a faulty SOD1 gene. His youngest sister died from MND at 26 years old. Yerbury and his sister, Naomi, were tested for the gene; Naomi was clear but Yerbury's test was positive.
+Yerbury was diagnosed with MND in 2016. His condition stabilised at first but he later required around-the-clock care and had a ventilator to allow him to breathe. He was initially denied a suitable wheelchair and house modifications under the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS), sparking an online crowdfunding campaign. After coming to the attention of Federal Labor MP Sharon Bird, he was provided with an appropriate wheelchair and some home modifications under the scheme. Yerbury's public profile also highlighted others who encountered difficulties with the NDIS.
+In January 2018 Yerbury's condition deteriorated significantly, and he underwent a tracheostomy, necessitating ventilation. To further facilitate his life support he also had a laryngectomy which left him unable to speak. He then began to communicate by lip reading and using voice software coordinated by eye-gaze on his laptop computer. After this surgery, he spent six months in hospital recovering from complications. In November 2018 he had returned home and began attending his office two days a week to continue his research.
+In April 2017 Yerbury met physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking, who lived with MND for over fifty years until his death in 2018. They discussed living with the disease and Yerbury's research.
+Yerbury was married to Rachel Yerbury. They have two daughters, born 1996 and 1998.
+In March 2019 Yerbury, his family and carers were turned away from a planned cruise to New Caledonia because of a perceived "disability risk". After media attention the cruise company apologised to the family and refunded fees and costs.
+In December 2019 QANTAS airlines co-operated with the Yerbury family to provide an appropriate hoist to enable him to travel by plane to Perth, WA for a family holiday and to enable Yerbury to present his research at the 30th International Symposium on ALS/MND.
+In late 2022 he was hospitalised with a collapsed lung and his health subsequently declined until his death, aged 49, at his home on 28 July 2023.
+
+
+== Research ==
+Yerbury researched potential effective treatments for MND. His research interests included protein misfolding, aggregation and neurodegenerative disease, protein aggregation and neuro-inflammation and the Propagation of protein misfolding, and protein homeostasis and Motor Neurone Disease. He was active in sharing his research not only with the academic community but also with those with MND and their families.
+Yerbury had 55 research articles listed in PubMed and over 100 in Google Scholar in addition to many conference and other presentations.
+
+
+== Awards ==
+The Australian Society for Medical Research Young Investigator Award, 2004
+Bill Gole Postdoctoral MND Research Fellowship, 2009
+Vice Chancellor's Emerging Researcher of the Year award, 2011
+Lorne Conference on Protein Structure and Function Young Investigator Prize, 2012
+MND Australia Betty Laidlaw MND Research Prize for 2017
+Wollongong's Citizen of the Year, Australia Day Awards 2019
+Member of the Order of Australia in the 2020 Australia Day Honours for "significant service to education and research in the field of biological sciences"
+University of New South Wales Eureka Prize for Scientific Research, 2022
+NSW Premier's Prizes for Science & Engineering: Excellence in Medical Biological Sciences, 2022
+
+
+== References ==

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+---
+title: "Konstantin Tsiolkovsky"
+chunk: 1/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:32.859220+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (; Russian: Константин Эдуардович Циолковский, IPA: [kənstɐnʲˈtʲin ɪdʊˈardəvʲɪtɕ tsɨɐlˈkofskʲɪj] ; 17 September [O.S. 5 September] 1857 – 19 September 1935)  was a Russian rocket scientist who pioneered astronautics. Along with Hermann Oberth and Robert H. Goddard, he is one of the pioneers of space flight and the founding father of modern rocketry and astronautics. 
+His works later inspired Wernher von Braun and leading Soviet rocket engineers Sergei Korolev and Valentin Glushko, who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program.
+Tsiolkovsky spent most of his life in a log house on the outskirts of Kaluga, about 200 km (120 mi) southwest of Moscow. A recluse by nature, his unusual habits made him appear eccentric to his fellow townsfolk.
+
+== Early life ==
+Tsiolkovsky was born in Izhevskoye (now in Spassky District, Ryazan Oblast), in the Russian Empire, to a middle-class family. His father, Makary Edward Erazm Ciołkowski, was a Polish forester of Roman Catholic faith who relocated to Russia. His Russian Orthodox mother Maria Ivanovna Yumasheva was of mixed Volga Tatar  and Russian origin. According to family tradition, Tsiolkovsky family is of the Zaporozhian Cossack descent, related to Cossack Hetman Nalyvaiko. His father was successively a forester, teacher, and minor government official.  At the age of 9, Konstantin caught scarlet fever and lost his hearing. 
+When he was 13, his mother died. He was not admitted to elementary schools because of his hearing problem, so he was self-taught. As a reclusive home-schooled child, he passed much of his time by reading books and became interested in mathematics and physics. As a teenager, he began to contemplate the possibility of space travel.
+Tsiolkovsky spent three years attending a Moscow library, where Russian cosmism proponent Nikolai Fyodorov worked. He later came to believe that colonizing space would lead to the perfection of the human species, with immortality and a carefree existence.
+Inspired by the fiction of Jules Verne, Tsiolkovsky theorized many aspects of space travel and rocket propulsion. He is considered the father of spaceflight and the first person to conceive the space elevator, becoming inspired in 1895 by the newly constructed Eiffel Tower in Paris.
+Despite the youth's growing knowledge of physics, his father was concerned that he would not be able to provide for himself financially as an adult and brought him back home at the age of 19 after learning that he was overworking himself and going hungry. Afterwards, Tsiolkovsky passed the teacher's exam and went to work at a school in Borovsk near Moscow. He met and married his wife Varvara Sokolova during this time. Despite being stuck in Kaluga, a small town far from major learning centers, Tsiolkovsky managed to make scientific discoveries on his own.
+The first two decades of the 20th century were marred by personal tragedy. In 1902, Tsiolkovsky's son Ignaty committed suicide. In 1908, many of his accumulated papers were lost in a flood. In 1911, his daughter Lyubov was arrested for engaging in revolutionary activities.
+
+== Scientific achievements ==

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+---
+title: "Konstantin Tsiolkovsky"
+chunk: 2/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:32.859220+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Tsiolkovsky stated that he developed the theory of rocketry only as a supplement to philosophical research on the subject. He wrote more than 400 works including approximately 90 published pieces on space travel and related subjects. Among his works are designs for rockets with steering thrusters, multistage boosters, space stations, airlocks for exiting a spaceship into the vacuum of space, and closed-cycle biological systems to provide food and oxygen for space colonies.
+Tsiolkovsky's first scientific study dates back to 1880–1881. He wrote a paper called "Theory of Gases," in which he outlined the basis of the kinetic theory of gases, but after submitting it to the Russian Physico-Chemical Society (RPCS), he was informed that his discoveries had already been made 25 years earlier. Undaunted, he pressed ahead with his second work, "The Mechanics of the Animal Organism". It received favorable feedback, and Tsiolkovsky was made a member of the Society. Tsiolkovsky's main works after 1884 dealt with four major areas: the scientific rationale for the all-metal balloon (airship), streamlined airplanes and trains, hovercraft, and rockets for interplanetary travel.
+In 1892, he was transferred to a new teaching post in Kaluga where he continued to experiment. During this period, Tsiolkovsky began working on a problem that would occupy much of his time during the coming years: an attempt to build an all-metal dirigible that could be expanded or shrunk in size.
+Tsiolkovsky developed the first aerodynamics laboratory in Russia in his apartment. In 1897, he built the first Russian wind tunnel with an open test section and developed a method of experimentation using it. In 1900, with a grant from the Academy of Sciences, he made a survey using models of the simplest shapes and determined the drag coefficients of the sphere, flat plates, cylinders, cones, and other bodies. 
+Tsiolkovsky's work in the field of aerodynamics was a source of ideas for Russian scientist Nikolay Zhukovsky, the father of modern aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. Tsiolkovsky described the airflow around bodies of different geometric shapes. Because the RPCS did not provide any financial support for this project, he was forced to pay for it largely out of his own pocket.
+Tsiolkovsky studied the mechanics of lighter-than-air powered flying machines. He first proposed the idea of an all-metal dirigible and built a model of it. The first printed work on the airship was "A Controllable Metallic Balloon" (1892), in which he gave the scientific and technical rationale for the design of an airship with a metal sheath. Tsiolkovsky was not supported on the airship project, and the author was refused a grant to build the model. An appeal to the General Aviation Staff of the Russian army also had no success. 
+In 1892, he turned to the new and unexplored field of heavier-than-air aircraft. Tsiolkovsky's idea was to build an airplane with a metal frame. In the article "An Airplane or a Birdlike (Aircraft) Flying Machine" (1894) are descriptions and drawings of a monoplane, which in its appearance and aerodynamics anticipated the design of aircraft that would be constructed 15 to 18 years later. In an Aviation Airplane, the wings have a thick profile with a rounded front edge and the fuselage is faired. 
+Work on the airplane, as well as on the airship, did not receive recognition from the official representatives of Russian science, and Tsiolkovsky's further research had neither monetary nor moral support. In 1914, he displayed his models of all-metal dirigibles at the Aeronautics Congress in St. Petersburg, but was met with a lukewarm response.
+Disappointed at this, Tsiolkovsky gave up on space and aeronautical problems with the onset of World War I and turned his attention to the problem of alleviating poverty. This occupied his time during the war years until the Russian Revolution in 1917.
+Starting in 1896, Tsiolkovsky systematically studied the theory of motion of rocket apparatus. Thoughts on the use of the rocket principle in the cosmos were expressed by him as early as 1883, and a rigorous theory of rocket propulsion was developed in 1896. Tsiolkovsky derived the formula, which he called the "formula of aviation", now known as Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, establishing the relationship between:
+
+change in the rocket's speed (
+  
+    
+      
+        Δ
+        v
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \Delta v}
+  
+)
+exhaust velocity of the engine (
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          v
+          
+            e
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle v_{e}}
+  
+)
+initial (
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          m
+          
+            0
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle m_{0}}
+  
+) and final (
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          m
+          
+            f
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle m_{f}}
+  
+) mass of the rocket
+
+  
+    
+      
+        Δ
+        v
+        =
+        
+          v
+          
+            e
+          
+        
+        ln
+        ⁡
+        
+          
+            
+              m
+              
+                0
+              
+            
+            
+              m
+              
+                f
+              
+            
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \Delta v=v_{e}\ln {\frac {m_{0}}{m_{f}}}}
+  
+
+After writing out this equation, Tsiolkovsky recorded the date: 10 May 1897. In the same year, the formula for the motion of a body of variable mass was published in the thesis of the Russian mathematician I. V. Meshchersky ("Dynamics of a Point of Variable Mass," I. V. Meshchersky, St. Petersburg, 1897).
+His most important work, published in May 1903, was Exploration of Outer Space by Means of Rocket Devices (Russian: Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами). Tsiolkovsky calculated, using the Tsiolkovsky equation, that the horizontal speed required for a minimal orbit around the Earth is 8,000 m/s (5 miles per second) and that this could be achieved by means of a multistage rocket fueled by liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. In the article "Exploration of Outer Space by Means of Rocket Devices", it was suggested for the first time that a rocket could perform space flight. In this article and its sequels (1911 and 1914), he developed some ideas of missiles and considered the use of liquid rocket engines.
+The outward appearance of Tsiolkovsky's spacecraft design, published in 1903, was a basis for modern spaceship design.  The design had a hull divided into three main sections. The pilot and copilot would occupy the first section, while the second and third sections held the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen needed to fuel the spacecraft.

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+---
+title: "Konstantin Tsiolkovsky"
+chunk: 3/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:32.859220+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The result of the first publication was not what Tsiolkovsky expected. No foreign scientists appreciated his research, which today is a major scientific discipline. In 1911, he published the second part of the work "Exploration of Outer Space by Means of Rocket Devices". Here Tsiolkovsky evaluated the work needed to overcome the force of gravity, determined the speed needed to propel the device into the Solar System ("escape velocity"), and examined calculation of flight time. The publication of this article made a splash in the scientific world,  and Tsiolkovsky found many friends among his fellow scientists.
+In 1926–1929, Tsiolkovsky solved the practical problem regarding the role played by rocket fuel in getting to escape velocity and leaving the Earth. He showed that the final speed of the rocket depends on the rate of gas flowing from it and on how the weight of the fuel relates to the weight of the empty rocket.
+Tsiolkovsky conceived a number of ideas that have been later used in rockets. They include: gas rudders (graphite) for controlling a rocket's flight and changing the trajectory of its center of mass, the use of components of the fuel to cool the outer shell of the spacecraft (during re-entry to Earth) and the walls of the combustion chamber and nozzle, a pump system for feeding the fuel components, the optimal descent trajectory of the spacecraft while returning from space, etc. 
+In the field of rocket propellants, Tsiolkovsky studied a large number of different oxidizers and combustible fuels and recommended specific pairings: liquid oxygen and hydrogen, and oxygen with hydrocarbons. Tsiolkovsky did much fruitful work on the creation of the theory of jet aircraft, and invented his chart Gas Turbine Engine.  In 1927, he published the theory and design of a train on an air cushion. He first proposed a "bottom of the retractable body" chassis. 
+Space flight and the airship were the main problems to which he devoted his life. Tsiolkovsky had been developing the idea of the hovercraft since 1921, publishing a fundamental paper on it in 1927, entitled "Air Resistance and the Express Train" (Russian: Сопротивление воздуха и скорый по́езд). In 1929, Tsiolkovsky proposed the construction of multistage rockets in his book Space Rocket Trains (Russian: Космические ракетные поезда).
+
+Tsiolkovsky championed the idea of the diversity of life in the universe and was the first theorist and advocate of human spaceflight.
+Hearing problems did not prevent the scientist from having a good understanding of music, as outlined in his work "The Origin of Music and Its Essence."
+
+== Later life ==
+After the October Revolution, the Cheka jailed him in the Lubyanka prison for several weeks.
+Still, Tsiolkovsky supported the Bolshevik Revolution, and eager to promote science and technology, the new Soviet government elected him a member of the Socialist Academy in 1918.
+He worked as a high school mathematics teacher until retiring in 1920 at the age of 63. In 1921, he received a lifetime pension.
+
+In his late lifetime, from the mid-1920s onwards, Tsiolkovsky was honored for his pioneering work, and the Soviet state provided financial backing for his research. He was initially popularized in Soviet Russia in 1931–1932 mainly by two writers: Yakov Perelman and Nikolai Rynin. Tsiolkovsky died in Kaluga on 19 September 1935 after undergoing an operation for stomach cancer. He bequeathed his life's work to the Soviet state.
+
+== Legacy ==
+Tsiolkovsky influenced later rocket scientists throughout Europe, including Wernher von Braun. Soviet search teams at Peenemünde found a German translation of a book by Tsiolkovsky of which "almost every page...was embellished by von Braun's comments and notes." Leading Soviet rocket-engine designer Valentin Glushko and rocket designer Sergey Korolev studied Tsiolkovsky's works as youths, and both sought to turn Tsiolkovsky's theories into reality. In particular, Korolev saw traveling to Mars as the more important priority, until in 1964 he decided to compete with the American Project Apollo for the Moon.
+In 1989, Tsiolkovsky was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
+
+== Philosophical work ==
+
+In 1928, Tsiolkovsky wrote a book called The Will of the Universe: The Unknown Intelligence, in which he propounded a philosophy of panpsychism.  He believed humans would eventually colonize the Milky Way galaxy. His thought preceded the Space Age by several decades, and some of what he foresaw in his imagination has come into being since his death. In a letter written in 1911 he indicated his belief that, “Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot live in a cradle forever.”
+Tsiolkovsky did not believe in traditional religious cosmology, but instead, and to the chagrin of the Soviet authorities, he believed in a cosmic being that governed humans as "marionettes, mechanical puppets, machines, movie characters". He adhered to a mechanical view of the universe, which he believed would be controlled in the millennia to come through the power of human science and industry. In a short article in 1933, he explicitly formulated what was later to be known as the Fermi paradox.
+He wrote a few works on ethics, espousing negative utilitarianism.
+
+== Tributes ==

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+---
+title: "Konstantin Tsiolkovsky"
+chunk: 4/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:32.859220+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In 1964, The Monument to the Conquerors of Space was erected to celebrate the achievements of the Soviet people in space exploration. Located in Moscow, the monument is 107 meters (350 feet) tall and covered with titanium cladding. The main part of the monument is a giant obelisk topped by a rocket and resembling in shape the exhaust plume of the rocket. A statue of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the precursor of astronautics, is located in front of the obelisk.
+The State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga now bears his name. His residence during the final months of his life (also in Kaluga) was converted into a memorial museum a year after his death.
+The town Uglegorsk in Amur Oblast was renamed Tsiolkovsky by President of Russia Vladimir Putin in 2015.
+The crater Tsiolkovskiy, the most prominent crater on the far side of the Moon, was named after him. Asteroid 1590 Tsiolkovskaja was named after his wife. The Soviet Union obtained naming rights by operating Luna 3, the first space device to successfully transmit images of the side of the Moon not seen from Earth.
+The Tsiolkovsky Memorial Apartment. A museum created in Borovsk where he lived and had started his career as a teacher.
+There is a statue of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky directly outside the Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
+There is a Google Doodle honoring the famous pioneer.
+There is a Tsiolkovsky exhibit on display at the Museum of Jurassic Technology in Los Angeles, California.
+There is a 1 ruble 1987 coin commemorating the 130th anniversary of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's birth.
+
+=== Awards and decorations dedicated to Tsiolkovsky ===
+The USSR Academy of Sciences issued the golden table-top Tsiolkovsky Medal "For outstanding work in the field of interplanetary communications". It  was awarded to Sergey Korolev, V.P. Glushko, N.A. Pilyugin, M.V. Keldysh, K.D. Bushuev, Yuri Gagarin, German Titov, A.G. Nikolaev and many other cosmonauts.
+The USSR Cosmonautics Federation issued its own Tsiolkovsky Medal
+The Russian Federal Space Agency («Федеральное космическое агентство»)  instituted the Tsiolkovsky badge
+After the Federal Space Agency  was reformed into the Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, it replaced the Tsiolkovsky badge with the K.E.Tsiolkovsky badge
+
+== In popular culture ==
+Tsiolkovsky was consulted for the script to the 1936 Soviet science-fiction film, Kosmicheskiy reys.
+The 1968 cult sci-fi film Mars Needs Women concludes with the end credit: " 'Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot live in a cradle forever.' -Konstantin Tsiolkovsky."
+SS Tsiolkovsky (NCC-53911) is the name given to a Oberth-class starship on Star Trek: The Next Generation and operated by Starfleet, built at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, in the former Kazakhstan and commissioned on stardate 40291.7.  When the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701D) was threatened by a stellar core fragment, Dr. Crusher's son, Wesley Crusher, used a repulsor beam to push the Enterprise against the Tsiolkovsky, destroying that ship on stardate 41209.3.
+The Mars-based space elevators in the Horus Heresy novel Mechanicum by Graham McNeill, set in the Warhammer 40k universe, are called "Tsiolkovsky Towers".
+
+== Works ==
+
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “Citizens of the Universe” (1933), (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “Creatures of Higher Levels of Development than Humans” (1933), (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “Beings of Different Evolutionary Stages of the Universe” (1902),  (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “Is There a God?” (1932), (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “Are There Spirits?” (1932), (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “Planets are Inhabited by Living Creatures” (1933),  (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “The Cosmic Philosophy” (1935), (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “Conditional Truth” (1933), (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “Evaluation of People” (1934),  (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “Non-Resistance or Struggle” (1935),  (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “Living Beings in the Cosmos” (1895), (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “The Animal of Space” (1929),  (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “The Will of the Universe” (1928), (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “On the Moon (На Луне)” (1893).
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices (Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами)” (1903). (PDF), Russian.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices (Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами)” (1914). (PDF), Russian.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices (Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами)” (1926). (PDF), Russian.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “The Path to the Stars (Путь к звездам)” (1966), Collection of Science Fiction Works, (PDF), English.
+Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., “The Call of the Cosmos (Зов Космоса)” (1960), The monograph was first published by the U.S.S.R. Academy of Science Publishing House in 1954 in the second volume of Tsiolkovsky`s Collected Works, (PDF), English.
+
+== See also ==
+Cosmonauts Alley, a Russian monument park where Tsiolkovsky is honored
+History of the internal combustion engine
+Robert Esnault-Pelterie, a Frenchman who independently arrived at Tsiolkovsky's rocket equation
+Russian cosmism
+Russian philosophy
+Soviet space program
+Timeline of hydrogen technologies
+
+== Citations ==
+
+== General and cited sources ==
+Miller, Ron (1993). The Dream Machines. Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89464-039-9.
+
+== Further reading ==
+Andrews, James T. (2009), Red Cosmos: K.E. Tsiolkovskii, Grandfather of Soviet Rocketry, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 978-1-60344-168-1 Review
+Georgiy Stepanovich Vetrov (1994). S. P. Korolyov and Space: First steps. M. Nauka. ISBN 5-02-000214-3.
+Львов, Владимир Евгеньевич (1963). Страницы жизни Циолковского (in Russian). Ленинград: Лениздат. p. 8.
+
+== External links ==
+
+Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. The collection of philosophical works. Biography, books, audiobooks, articles, photographs, video. Russian, English.
+“The Theory of Cosmic Eras” The text is an interview between Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky and Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, English.
+Tsiolkovsky's house The house museum of Tsiolkovsky
+Virtual Matchbox Labels Museum – Russian labels – Space – Page 2 – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Historic images
+Tsiolkovsky from Russianspaceweb.com
+Spaceflight or Extinction: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Excerpts from "The Aims of Astronautics", The Call of the Cosmos
+The Foundations of the Space Age: The Life and Work of Tsiolkovskiy, by Vladimir V. Lytkin, Tsiolkovskiy Museum, Kaluga.
+Tsiolkovski: The Cosmic Scientist and His Cosmic Philosophy by Daniel H. Shubin. ISBN 978-1365259814
+The Path to the Stars: Collection of Science Fiction Works
+The Call of the Cosmos

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Skorokhodova-0.md

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+---
+title: "Olga Skorokhodova"
+chunk: 1/1
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+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:29.476634+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Olga Ivanovna Skorokhodova (Russian: Ольга Ивановна Скороходова; 24 May [O.S. 11 May] 1911 – 7 May 1982) was a Soviet scientist, therapist, teacher and writer. She lost her vision and hearing at age five due to meningitis, and worked in the Institute for the Handicapped for the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences as the world's only deafblind researcher. Skorokhodova created a number of scientific works concerning the development of education and teaching of deafblind children.
+
+
+== Biography ==
+Some sources indicated incorrect information about Skorokhodova's date of birth: it was sometimes referred to 1912 or 1914. However, according to the extracts from Church records, which were found after her death, she was born in 1911 (Julian calendar).
+Skorokhodova was born in Bilozerka, Kherson Oblast (current-day Ukraine) in a poor peasant family. Her father was mobilized for war in 1914 and never returned, and her mother was forced to work as a housemaid for a priest. Olga began to lose her hearing when she was five years old as a result of meningitis. In 1922 after her mother's death, she was sent to a school for the blind in Odesa.
+In 1925, almost completely mute, Olga came to the School-Clinic for Deafblind children in Kharkiv, founded by professor Ivan Sokolyansky. Under his care Olga recovered speech, and she began to keep notes on self-observation. In 1947 she published her book "How I perceive the world", which aroused a great interest in the speech. This literary work was awarded the K. D. Ushynsky prize. In 1954, the book was supplemented with a second part, published under the title "How I perceive and represent the world"; in 1972 a third part was published under the title "How I perceive, imagine and understand the surrounding world". In 1948 Skorokhodova became a research fellow (later senior fellow), at the Institute for the Handicapped for the Academy of Educational Sciences of the USSR. There Olga worked until the end of her life.
+In 2016, Google honored her with a special logo on its Russian homepage. In 2017, a Google Doodle honored her on International Women's Day.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Uhlén-0.md

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+---
+title: "Per Uhlén"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Uhlén"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:34.110157+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Per Uhlén, born in 1969 in Uppsala, is a Swedish researcher in cell and molecular biology and professor of cell signaling at Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. Uhlén conducts research about cell signaling and how different cues affect important biological processes for cancer and development, such as cell division, cell differentiation and cell death. Uhlén is also conducting research using three-dimensional (3D) imaging with light sheet fluorescence microscopy and tissue clearing to map and characterize intact tumor samples and whole brains.
+Uhlén began studying engineering physics (Teknisk Fysik) at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm in 1993 and graduated with a master's degree in engineering in 1998. He then began doctoral studies at Karolinska Institute and became a doctor of philosophy (PhD) in 2002 with the thesis "Signal Transduction Via Ion Fluxes". After his dissertation, Uhlén moved to the United States to conduct postdoctoral research in Barbara Ehrlich's laboratory at Yale University in New Haven, CT. During his postdoc stay in the United States, Uhlén also conducted research at the Marine Biology Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, MA. In 2006, Uhlén returned to Sweden to establish his own research group at Karolinska Institute. Uhlén became an associate professor (Docent) in 2009 and a full professor in 2014.
+Uhlén has participated in two Paralympic Games in Atlanta (1996) and Sydney (2020), where he played wheelchair basketball in Sweden at the 2000 Summer Paralympics and also played in a rock band with Atomic Swing's frontman Niclas Frisk.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Per Uhlén publications indexed by Google Scholar

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume_Tange-0.md

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+---
+title: "Ume Tange"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume_Tange"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:03:31.638976+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Ume (Umeko) Tange (丹下 梅子; 1873–1955) was one of the first three women admitted to a Japanese university in 1913. She previously studied at a women's college. After graduating from university, she traveled to the US to study, gaining a PhD in chemistry from Johns Hopkins University in 1927, one of the first Japanese women awarded a doctorate in science. Tange returned to Japan to teach and do further research at RIKEN, studying vitamins, especially vitamin B2. She gained a second doctorate, in agricultural science, in 1940, from Tokyo Imperial University (now the University of Tokyo).
+
+
+== Early life and education ==
+Ume Tange was the sixth child of seven siblings in a prosperous family in Kagoshima, southern Japan. She was born on March 17, 1873. While playing with one of her sisters, Tange was injured when she fell on a chopstick, losing the sight in one eye.
+Tange began her career as a primary school teacher. In 1901, when she was 28, Tange began studying home economics at a women's college, Japan Women's University. After graduating, she worked as an assistant there, and became the first woman to pass the secondary teacher examination in chemistry.
+In 1913, she was one of the first three women admitted to university study in Japan, when she began studies at Tohoku Imperial University along with chemist Chika Kuroda and mathematician Raku Makita, despite controversy.
+
+
+== Scientific career ==
+Tange studied Japan's persimmon tannin while at Tohoku Imperial University. After graduating, at 45 years of age, Tange went to the US to study, spending about 10 years there, including time at Stanford University and Columbia University. Her studies there were sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Education and Home Ministry. At Johns Hopkins, she was awarded a PhD in 1927, with a thesis entitled The preparation and properties of the alophanates of certain sterols. Results of this work were published with Elmer McCollum in the Journal of Biological Chemistry in 1928.
+Tange returned to Japan and taught at Japan Women's University and in 1930 began studies of the vitamin B2 at the RIKEN Institute of Physical and Chemical Research. This work led to her second doctorate, in agriculture, from Tokyo Imperial University in 1940.
+Tange published multiple scientific papers in the 1930s, including studies on dietary deficiencies in rats on fat-free diets, vitamin B2 deficiencies in rats, and the effects of fatty acids on nutrition.
+
+
+== Honors ==
+
+Monument in her birthplace, Kagoshima (pictured).
+Statue in front of the Yamakataya department store, Kagoshima.
+Tange Memorial Scholarship at Japan Women's University for students excelling in science studies.
+Biography published by The Chemical Daily (in Japanese) in 2011, Like White Plum Blossoms: Trajectory of Chemist Ume Tange.
+
+
+== References ==