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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Women_and_Girls_in_Science-0.md

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+---
+title: "International Day of Women and Girls in Science"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Women_and_Girls_in_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:39:02.768407+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The International Day of Women and Girls in Science is an annual observance adopted by the United Nations General Assembly to promote equal participation of women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields. The United Nations General Assembly passed the resolution in 2015, which proclaimed 11 February as the commemoration of the observance. A theme is selected annually as a focus point for gender equality in science.
+The International Day of Women and Girls in Science is implemented annually at the United Nations Headquarters by the Royal Academy of Science International Trust in partnership with UNESCO and UNWomen. to promote the role of women and girls in scientific fields and celebrate those who have been successful in the field.
+
+== Background ==
+
+=== Context ===
+
+In comparison to their male peers, females are underrepresented in science and technology fields. Between the 1960s and 1980s, the number of women obtaining science and engineering degrees steadily increased in American universities, however reached an unexpected plateau from the 1980s. A 2013 UK study explored that there has existed a persistent underrepresentation of women in STEM fields, and that in the prior 25-year period there had been little change of the participation of women in science and technology. Further, social barriers including the expectation of women in the home, early marriage and discriminatory practices in the labour market have been persistent in preventing women in developing regions across the world such as Africa, South Asia and the Caribbean from not only pursuing science and technology further, but education more broadly.
+In the present day these barriers to participation are still persistent, and present as social barriers. A 2013 study in the United Kingdom explored the social barriers to participation post the compulsory participation age in sciences (particularly physics) and determined that pervasive gender biases exist, with girls less likely to be encouraged to study physics by their teachers, family, and friends.
+Throughout the world there are also regional differences in the particular barriers for female participation in the sciences. In the United States, it was found that lower enrolment and attraction to scientific education across the pipeline resulted in lower female participation. This differed to the Arab world, where enrolment in scientific education is particularly high, comprising a sixty to eighty percent share of total enrolments, however career and social barriers prevented further participation.
+
+=== Adoption by the United Nations ===
+
+Initiated by the Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT) facilitated by the Government of Malta, and sponsored by more than 60 countries, the 70th Session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 70/212 titled "International Day of Women and Girls in Science" on 22 December 2015. This resolution formally proclaimed February 11 as the annual observation of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. The United Nations General Assembly invited all member states, organizations and bodies of the United Nations alongside individuals and the private sector to engage in awareness raising and educational activities to promote the full and equal access for women and girls in science. In adopting the resolution, the United Nations drew on several of its previous resolutions in order to cite the need for the observation of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. Notably, resolution 70/1 titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", which declared the United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, was cited, namely the goals of quality education and gender equality. Alongside this, resolution 68/220 was cited, where the United Nations General Assembly recognized that in order to achieve gender equality and female empowerment, it is essential to promote the full and equal access of females to participate in science, technology and innovation. The Royal Academy of Science International Trust, the Government of Malta, and the Permanent Missions to the United Nations are responsible for commemorating the International Day of Women and Girls in Science.
+
+== Annual commemorations and official themes ==

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+---
+title: "International Day of Women and Girls in Science"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Women_and_Girls_in_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:39:02.768407+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Following the adoption of Resolution A/RES/70/212 on the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, The Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT) continues to work with UN Member States, Inter-Governmental Organizations, the UN and its entities to achieve equality in science, technology, and innovation for socio-economic sustainable development in line with the 2030 Agenda and its SDGs.
+Following the adoption of UNGA Resolution 70/212, RASIT reached out to UNESCO and UN Women on January 4, 2016 to discuss its vision for the inaugural International Day of Women and Girls in Science. On January 7, UNESCO, accompanied by UN Women invited RASIT to lead celebration planning.
+Each year on February 11, RASIT in close collaboration and partnership with the United Nations Member States, Departments, organizations and entities, as well as Intergovernmental Organizations organizes the International Day of Women and Girls in Science Assembly at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. The High-Level Assembly brings together representatives of member states and international organizations, the private sector and leading scientists to discuss measures and initiatives to promote the increased participation of females in STEM.
+Each year the assembly focuses upon a key theme as a central topic of discussion.
+In a shift from traditional international observances initiated by the United Nations, RASIT established a new tradition to incorporate themes for the International Day of Women and Girls in Science directly from the voices of women in science. This approach is intended to highlight contributions of women as leaders in science and elevate their voices.
+Events held in connection with International Day of Women and Girls in Science have involved participation from Member States, UN Departments and Entities, and IGOs, and have produced outcome documents and declarations endorsed by participating bodies. Furthermore, the February 11 annual Assembly is the first to be moderated by Girls in Science and includes the voices of the blind and deaf women in science.
+Another aim is to bridge the International Community and women in science and experts by linking their knowledge and expertise and its applications for the 2030 agenda and its 17 global goals, as well as assisting policymakers.
+The annual commemoration now includes over 155,000 events and projects that demonstrate the commitment of girls, women, and supportive men .
+
+== Recognition by government organizations ==
+
+Alongside the annual assembly of the United Nations, various governments and governmental organizations promote initiatives to recognize and endorse the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, including raising awareness and increasing funding to initiatives promoting women in science. Selected examples have been highlighted below.
+
+=== Australia ===
+As a permanent sponsor mission, the Australian Government has actively taken steps to promote and encourage female participation in alignment with the recognition and celebration of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. To commemorate the event in 2022, the Australian Government Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources committed A$6.7 million of funding to address female under-representation in STEM fields by expanding successful initiatives targeting the issue.
+
+=== European Union ===
+The executive branch of the European Union, the European Commission, has specifically called upon its citizens to acknowledge the achievements of female participation in scientific research and innovation on the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. The European Union has actively implemented initiatives to promote women and girls in science, such as requiring organizations to have a Gender Equality Plan in place to be eligible to receive Horizon Europe funding and grants as well as awarding three EUR 50,000 grants in 2022 to female innovators under 35.
+
+=== Ireland ===
+The Irish Government actively recognizes the International Day of Women and Girls in Science and has used the commemoration to announce reforms to recognize and promote the need for increased female participation in STEM. On recognition of the 7th annual observation of the event, the Irish Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science, Simon Harris, announced that the three largest providers of scientific funding in Ireland require Higher Education institutions to have gender equality accreditation before they have access to research funding.
+
+=== Kenya ===
+The Government of the Republic of Kenya, specifically the Ministry of Education and National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation have actively celebrated the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. In 2022, the organizations alongside the UNESCO Kenya National Mission hosted a virtual celebration to celebrate the 2022 theme involving speakers and educational aspects.
+
+=== United Kingdom ===
+The Government of the United Kingdom is an active supporter of the International Day of Women and Girls, and actively promotes it through its Government agencies. Notably, the United Kingdom's Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office actively promoted and stated the United Kingdom's commitment to supporting women and girls in STEM through its social media channels for the 2022 commemoration and through interviews with leading British female scientists in 2021.
+
+== Other recognition ==
+Globally, non-government and corporate organizations have also recognized the International Day of Women and Girls in Science through their own initiatives to promote the role of females in STEM. Selected examples have been highlighted below.
+
+=== Universities and academia ===
+
+Universities and academic organizations play a key role in the recognition of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. For example, in 2017 for the 2nd annual commemoration of the event, the International Particle Physics Outreach Group, a network of academics and scientists from universities and research laboratories around the globe, launched masterclasses ran by female scientists for female students across Barcelona, Cagliari, Cosenza, Heidelberg, Madrid, Paris, Prague, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. After their launch these masterclasses have continued to run annually alongside the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. Associated members of the International Science Council including the International Astronomical Union, International Mathematical Union and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry all host events both in person and virtually on an annual basis to celebrate the International Day of Women and Girls in Science.
+
+=== Corporations ===
+Various corporations actively participate in initiatives to promote women and girls in science that coincide with the commemoration of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. L'Oreal sponsors the L'Oreal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards which are presented annually on 11 February to five female scientists from regions across the globe to recognize esteemed accomplishment in scientific fields. Airbus, a global aviation company, utilises the focus of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science to highlight important women in their company and the key roles they play for the firm globally. In 2022, they highlighted the role of the first female to join Airbus' space programme manager's group in Madrid.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+"International Day of Women and Girls in Science – February 11". womeninscienceday.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_of_Women_Engineers_and_Scientists-0.md

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+---
+title: "International Network of Women Engineers and Scientists"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_of_Women_Engineers_and_Scientists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:39:03.985537+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+International Network of Women Engineers and Scientists (INWES) is a current network for women professionals, which was founded in 2002 with the intention to support women and girls in engineering and science across the world. The current (2020–2023) President is Jung Sun Kim, from Dongseo University, South Korea.
+According to their mission statement, the network seeks to encourage the education and retention of professional women in these fields through international collaboration. The founding of the network received support from UNESCO. Founding members include Canadian engineers Claire Deschênes, Monique Frize and Gail Mattson, current Immediate Past President of INWES and past president of SWE, Society of Women Engineers, USA. The network currently has over 60 countries involved, including the Association of Korean Women Scientists and Engineers, Women's Engineering Society (UK), the German Association of Women Engineers (DIB), the Society of Taiwan Women in Science and Technology (TWiST) and African Women in Science and Engineering (AWSE).
+
+
+== Management of the International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists ==
+The network took over the management of the International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists (ICWES), which first took place in 1964 in New York and has met every 3–4 years since then. ICWES serves as a meeting point for women practitioners in science and engineering from across the world. Since INWES took over the management of the conference, it has taken place in Ottawa, Canada (2002); Seoul, Korea (2005); Lille, France (2008); Adelaide, Australia (2011); Los Angeles, USA (2014); and New Delhi, India (2017). ICWES 18 will take place in Coventry, UK, in 2021.
+
+
+== INWES archives ==
+The archives of INWES are held in the University of Ottawa Archives and Special Collections.
+
+
+== INWES Education and Research  Institute ==
+
+The Education and Research Institute (INWES-ERI) was formed in November 2007 as a charitable organization incorporated in Canada and registered as a Canadian Charitable organization in February 2008. INWES-ERI was created to advance education in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) and to expand the reach of INWES through funding of special projects. In 2018, INWES-ERI along with the University of Ottawa Library and Library and Archives Canada, launched the Canadian Archive of Women in STEM (CAWSTEM). The idea began with a workshop held at the University of Ottawa on September 11 and 12, 2014 organized by Monique Frize, Claire Deschênes, and Ruby Heap. CAWSTEM's goals are to increase awareness and access to archival material in Canada, to encourage women in STEM to donate their records to an archive, and ensuring that the story of women's accomplishments in STEM is not lost for future researchers. In 2019, INWES-ERI was renamed to CIWES-IFCIS.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irène_Joliot-Curie_Prize-0.md

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+---
+title: "Irène Joliot-Curie Prize"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irène_Joliot-Curie_Prize"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:39:05.253413+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Irène Joliot-Curie Prize is a French prize for women in science and technology, founded in 2001. It is awarded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, the Airbus Group corporate foundation, the French Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Technologies, it aims at rewarding women for their work in the fields of science and technology".
+The prize is named after French scientist Irène Joliot-Curie, a French chemist, physicist and politician who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for the discovery of artificial radioactivity. (This prize should be distinguished from a different prize with the same name, offered since 1956 by the Société Française de Physique. which rewards work in the field of physics each year.)
+Each year three awards are given: one for the female scientist of the year, a second to a young female scientist, and a third to a woman in business and technology. In addition, until 2009, of the award a fourth category of awards was given, to an individual or group in recognition of their mentorship of women in science. In 2023, a new category was recognized in a special prize for engagement.
+Since 2011, the award winners have been chosen by the French Academy of Sciences and the French Academy of Technologies.
+
+
+== Winners ==
+The winners have included:
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriri_Women's_University_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md

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+---
+title: "Kiriri Women's University of Science and Technology"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriri_Women's_University_of_Science_and_Technology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:39:06.468263+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Kiriri Women's University of Science and Technology, often referred to as KWUST, is a non-state funded secular women's university in Nairobi, Kenya. It was started in 2002. Its aim is to empower women in sciences. Kiriri Women's University is the only women's university in east and southern Africa. Its main campus is located in Mwihoko, Githurai in the outskirt of Nairobi.
+Kiriri has no male students. 
+It offers Bachelors in Science degrees, mathematics (actuarial, pure, statistics), computer science and business administration, as well as diplomas and certificates.
+
+
+== Admissionsthrive ==
+Admissions are conducted twice annually, in May and September.The university maintains a female-only enrollment policy, in line with its mission to empower women in STEM and leadership fields.
+
+
+=== Accreditation ===
+Kiriri Women's University of Science and Technology (KWUST) was officially accredited by the Commission for University Education (CUE) in Kenya and granted its charter on 2 August 2022.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Universities and Colleges in Kenya

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Graduate_Women_in_Science_members-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of Graduate Women in Science members"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Graduate_Women_in_Science_members"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:39:09.048874+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Graduate Women in Science formerly known as Sigma Delta Epsilon, is an international organization for women in science. It was established in 1921 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, United States as a women's fraternity. Following are some of its notable members. Membership includes graduate students in the sciences, alumnae, and honorary members. The latter are professional women who had achieved recognition in the science.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of Graduate Women in Science chapters
+Women in science
+
+
+== References ==

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+---
+title: "Marie Pistilli Award"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Pistilli_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:39:10.197004+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Marie R. Pistilli Women in Engineering Achievement Award is issued annually since 2000 by the Design Automation Conference (DAC) to honor the outstanding achievements of women in Electronic Design Automation. It is named after the co-founder of DAC, Marie Pistilli. Originally named as the "Marie R. Pistilli Women in EDA Achievement Award", it is named the "Marie R. Pistilli Women in Engineering Achievement Award" since 2016.
+
+
+== Recipients ==
+2000: Penny Herscher, then with Cadence Design Systems
+2001: Deirdre Hanford, Synopsys, Inc.
+2002: Ann Rincon,  then senior technical staff member at IBM Microelectronics, Burlington, Vermont, "For her significant contributions in helping women advance in the field of DA technology"
+2003: Karen Bartleson, Synopsis, Inc.
+2004: Mary Jane Irwin, Pennsylvania State University
+2005: Kathryn Kranen, Jasper Design Automation
+2006: Ellen J. Yoffa, IBM
+2007: Jan Willis, then with Cadence Design Systems - "Jan's leadership and dedication in serving as a mentor and role model to women in EDA, and young girls and boys as they begin to consider career options, exemplifies what the Marie R. Pistilli Women in Electronic Design Automation Achievement Award is all about."
+2008: Louise Trevillyan IBM Research Center
+2009: Telle Whitney
+2010: Mar Hershenson, Vice President of Product Development in the Custom Design Business Unit at Magma Design Automation
+2011: Limor Fix, senior principal engineer and director of academic programs and research at Intel
+2012: Belle Wei, then Dean of Engineering, San Jose State University
+2013: Nanette Collins, a public relations consultant from Boston, active in EDA industry
+2014: Diana Marculescu,  Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University
+2015: Margaret Martonosi, Princeton University
+2016: Soha Hassoun, Tufts University
+2017: Janet Olson, then with Synopsys, Inc.
+2018: Anne Cirkel, Senior Director for Technology Marketing at Mentor, a Siemens Business
+2019: R. Iris Bahar, Brown University
+2020: Alessandra Nardi, Cadence Design Systems Software Engineering Group Director 
+2021: Renu Mehra, Vice President Engineering, Synopsys, Inc.  
+2022: Michelle Clancy, President and CEO, Cayenne Global
+2023: Xiaobo Sharon Hu, Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of engineering awards
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_effect-0.md

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+---
+title: "Matilda effect"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_effect"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:39:11.466682+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Matilda effect is a bias against acknowledging the achievements of women scientists and inventors, whose work is consequently attributed to their male colleagues.  This phenomenon was first described by suffragist and abolitionist Matilda Joslyn Gage (1826–1898) in her essay, "Woman as Inventor" (first published as a tract in 1870 and later published in the North American Review, retitled "Woman as an Inventor", in 1883). The term Matilda effect was coined in 1993 by science historian Margaret W. Rossiter.
+Rossiter provides several examples of this effect.  Trotula (Trota of Salerno), a 12th-century Italian woman physician, wrote books which, after her death, were attributed to male authors.  Nineteenth- and twentieth-century cases illustrating the Matilda effect include those of Nettie Stevens, Lise Meitner, Marietta Blau, Rosalind Franklin, and Jocelyn Bell Burnell.
+The Matilda effect was compared to the Matthew effect, whereby an eminent scientist often gets more credit than a comparatively unknown researcher, even if their work is shared or similar.
+
+== Research ==
+In 2012, Marieke van den Brink and Yvonne Benschop from Radboud University Nijmegen showed that in the Netherlands the sex of professorship candidates influences the evaluation made of them. Similar cases are described by Andrea Cerroni and Zenia Simonella in a study corroborated further by a Spanish study.
+On the other hand, several studies found no difference between citations and impact of publications of male authors and those of female authors.
+Swiss researchers have indicated that mass media asks male scientists more often to contribute on shows than they do their female fellow scientists.
+According to one U.S. study, "although overt gender discrimination generally continues to decline in American society", "women continue to be disadvantaged with respect to the receipt of scientific awards and prizes, particularly for research".
+
+== Examples ==
+Examples of women subjected to the Matilda effect:
+
+Trotula (Trota of Salerno, 12th century) – Italian physician, author of works which, after her death, were attributed to male authors. Hostility toward women as teachers and healers led to denial of her very existence. At first her work was credited to her husband and son, but as information got passed on, monks and later male scholars confused her name for that of a man. She is not mentioned in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography. More recently, historian Monica Green has critiqued Rossiter and other writers use of Trota of Salerno as an example of the Matilda Effect due to complexities around Trota's reputation during the medieval period.
+Jeanne Baret (1740–1807) – French botanist, first woman to have completed a circumnavigation of the globe. Partner and collaborator of the botanist Philibert Commerson, she joined the expedition of Louis-Antoine de Bougainville disguised as a man. They collected the first specimens of Bougainvillea. Most botanical discoveries have been attributed to Commerson alone, after whom about a hundred of species have been named. She was immortalized for the first much later with the description of Solanum baretiae in 2012.
+Nettie Stevens (1861–1912) – discoverer of the XY sex-determination system. Her crucial studies of mealworms revealed for the first time that an organism's sex is determined by its chromosomes rather than by environmental or other factors. Stevens greatly influenced the scientific community's transition to this new line of inquiry: chromosomal sex determination. However, Thomas Hunt Morgan, a distinguished geneticist at the time, is generally credited with this discovery. Despite her extensive work in the field of genetics, Stevens' contributions to Morgan's work are often disregarded.
+Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) – Harvard University discovered that stimuli that were paired with other vivid stimuli would be recalled more easily. She also discovered that duration of exposure led to better recall. These findings, along with her paired-associations method, would later be used by G. E. Müller and E. B. Titchener, without any credit being given to Calkins.
+Gerty Cori (1896–1957) – Nobel-laureate biochemist, worked for years as her husband's assistant, despite having equal qualification as him for a professorial position.
+Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) – now recognized as an important contributor to the 1953 discovery of DNA structure. At the time of the discovery by Francis Crick and James Watson, for which the two men received a 1962 Nobel Prize, her work was not properly credited (though Watson described the crucial importance of her contribution, in his 1968 book The Double Helix).
+Marthe Gautier (1925–2022) – now recognized for her important role in the discovery of the chromosomal abnormality that causes Down syndrome, a discovery previously attributed exclusively to Jérôme Lejeune.
+Marian Diamond (1926–2017) – working at the University of California, Berkeley, experimentally discovered the phenomenon of brain plasticity, which ran contrary to previous neurological dogma. When her seminal 1964 paper was about to be published, she discovered that the names of her two secondary co-authors, David Krech and Mark Rosenzweig, had been placed before her name (which, additionally, had been placed in parentheses). She protested that she had done the essential work described in the paper, and her name was then put in first place (without parentheses). The incident is described in a 2016 documentary film, My Love Affair with the Brain: The Life and Science of Dr. Marian Diamond.
+Harriet Zuckerman (born 1937) – Zuckerman supplied core data for her husband R. K. Merton's famous concept of the Matthew effect, which denotes the phenomenon where scientists of higher renown will typically gain substantially more credit and status from their work than their lesser known peers. In the initial 1968 publication on the concept her role was diminished to a series of endnotes rather than a co-authorship, which Merton later acknowledged as a mistake in subsequent versions of the article.
+Programmers of ENIAC (dedicated 1946) – several women made substantial contributions to the project, including Adele Goldstine, Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas, and Ruth Lichterman, but histories of ENIAC have typically not addressed these contributions, and have at times focused on hardware accomplishments rather than software accomplishments.
+Examples of men scientists favored over women scientists for Nobel Prizes:

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+---
+title: "Matilda effect"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_effect"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:39:11.466682+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In 1934, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to George Whipple, George Richards Minot, and William P. Murphy. They felt their female co-worker, Frieda Robscheit-Robbins, was excluded on grounds of her sex. Whipple, however, shared the prize money with her as he felt she deserved the Nobel as well, since she was co-author of almost all of Whipple's publications.
+In 1944 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was given to Otto Hahn as the sole recipient. Lise Meitner had worked with Hahn and had laid the theoretical foundations for nuclear fission (she coined the term nuclear fission). Meitner was not recognized by the Nobel Prize Committee, partly due to her gender and partly due to her persecuted Jewish identity in Nazi Germany. She was affected by the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which prohibited Jews from holding government-related positions, including in research. Initially, her Austrian citizenship shielded her from persecution, but she fled Germany after Hitler's annexation of Austria in 1938.
+In 1950, Cecil Powell received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and for the resulting discovery of the pion (pi-meson). Marietta Blau did pioneering work in this field. Erwin Schrödinger had nominated her for the prize along with Hertha Wambacher, but both were excluded.
+In 1956, two American physicists, Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang, predicted the violation of the parity law in weak interactions and suggested a possible experiment to verify it. In 1957, Chien-Shiung Wu performed the necessary experiment in collaboration with National Institute of Standards and Technology and showed the parity violation in the case of beta decay. The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957 was awarded to the male physicists and Wu was omitted. She was the first to receive the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1978 in recognition for her work.
+In 1958, Joshua Lederberg shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George Beadle and Edward Tatum. Microbiologists Joshua Lederberg and his wife Esther Lederberg, along with Beadle and Tatum, developed replica plating, a method of transferring bacterial colonies from one petri dish to another, which is vital to current understanding of antibiotic resistance. However, Esther Lederberg was not recognized for her vital work on this research project; her contribution was paramount to the successful implementation of the theory. Furthermore, she did not receive recognition for her discovery of the lambda phage or for her studies on the F fertility factor that created a foundation for future genetic and bacterial research.
+In the late 1960s, Jocelyn Bell Burnell (born 1943) discovered the first radio pulsar.  For this discovery, in 1974 a Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to her supervisor Antony Hewish and to Martin Ryle, citing Hewish and Ryle for their pioneering work in radio-astrophysics. Jocelyn Burnell was left out. At the time of her discovery, she was a Ph.D. student. She felt the intellectual effort had been mostly her supervisor's, but her omission from the Nobel Prize was criticized by several prominent astronomers, including Fred Hoyle.
+
+== Ben Barres ==
+Ben Barres (1954–2017) was a neurobiologist at Stanford University Medical School who transitioned from female to male. He spoke of his scientific achievements having been perceived differently, depending on what sex others thought he was at the time. Prior to his transition to male, Barres' scientific achievements were ascribed to men or devalued, but after transitioning to male, his achievements were credited to him and lauded.
+
+== "No more Matildas" ==
+The Spanish Association of Women Researchers and Technologists (AMIT) has created a movement called "No more Matildas" that honors Matilda Joslyn Gage. The campaign's goal is to promote the number of women in science from an early age, eliminating stereotypes.
+
+== See also ==
+History of science
+History of technology
+Matthew effect
+Sociology of science
+Women in science
+Timeline of women in science
+Cryptogyny
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Diversity_Surveys-0.md

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+---
+title: "Nelson Diversity Surveys"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Diversity_Surveys"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:39:13.862910+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Nelson Diversity Surveys (NDS) are a collection of data sets that quantify the representation of women and minorities among professors, by science and engineering discipline, at research universities. They consist of four data sets compiled by Donna Nelson, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oklahoma during fiscal years (FY) 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012 through the Diversity in Science Association. These surveys were each complete populations, rather than samples.  Consequently, the Surveys quantified characteristics of the faculty which had never been revealed previously, drawing great attention from women and minorities. Furthermore, the Surveys initially came at a time when these underrepresented groups were becoming concerned and vocal about perceived inequities in academia. At the time the surveys were initiated, the MIT Study of 1999, expressing the concerns of women scientists (including Nancy Hopkins), had just been issued, and underrepresented minority (URM) science faculty noticed URM students increase among PhD recipients without a corresponding increase among recently hired professors. Data sets like the NDS, along with similar research available through the NSF, allowed URM faculty to track the progress of diversity efforts in the STEM fields. As noted by the Women's Institute for Policy Research, progress has been slow for under-represented women in the sciences.
+The NDS quantified the degree to which women and minorities are underrepresented on science and engineering faculties at research universities. Because the surveys were complete populations and disaggregated, the degree of underrepresentation was revealed, in ways it had never been revealed previously.  For example, the FY 2002 survey showed that there were no Black, Hispanic, or Native American tenured or tenure track women faculty in 50 computer science departments.  It also revealed that there were no black or Native American assistant professors in the top 50 chemistry departments.  Analogous surveys were carried out for top 100 departments in each of 15 science and engineering disciplines in fiscal years (FY) 2005, 2007 and 2012.
+The Nelson Diversity Surveys made it possible for the first time to know the level and rate of faculty diversification, disaggregated by race, by rank, and by gender. Researchers in the 15 areas of science surveyed used these disaggregated faculty data, in order to compare against analogous student data, which had been available from NSF for decades. A new program to increase the representation of women and minorities among professors was implemented and PhD and MS research was based on data revealed by the NDS. The NDS were utilized by the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Department of Energy, US Congress, Sloan Foundation, the National Organization for Women, universities, and many other organizations interested in diversity in academics.
+
+
+== Methodology ==
+During 2001 to 2003, Nelson surveyed department chairs in order to collect headcounts of tenured and tenure-track university faculty members of each of 14 science and engineering disciplines (chemistry FY2001, physics, mathematics, chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, political science, sociology, economics, biological sciences, psychology, and astronomy FY2003). Data were collected about race/ethnicity, rank, and gender, and are complete populations, rather than samples.  Consequently, they accurately reveal the small number or complete absence of underrepresented groups. Data for all disciplines were obtained in a relatively short time and by a consistent protocol and are therefore comparable across this relatively large number of disciplines. This entire data set became known as the FY2002 Nelson Diversity Surveys (NDS).
+The NDS determined demographics of tenured / tenure track faculty in a discipline at pertinent departments of universities, ranked by the National Science Foundation( NSF) according to research funding expenditures in that discipline. The FY2002 data were the first such data published, disaggregated by gender, by race, and by rank, about faculty at 50 research universities in each of 14 science and engineering disciplines. The FY2005 survey was expanded to include 100 departments in each of 15 disciplines (adding earth science). In some cases, slightly fewer than 100 schools were ranked by NSF for a discipline. Data were collected by surveying department chairs, who provided their own department's faculty data, disaggregated by gender, by race/ethnicity, and by rank.
+The NDS were funded by Nelson, the Sloan Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Guggenheim Foundation, NSF, and NIH.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_McSwiney-0.md

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+---
+title: "Sarah McSwiney"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_McSwiney"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:39:12.632651+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Sarah McSwiney FTSE is an Australian aerospace engineer, who was made a fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering in 2025. She is head of Engineering at Jetstar Airways and has a passion for supporting young women in the Aerospace and Aviation industry, and supporter of gender equity.
+
+
+== Education ==
+McSwiney attended Kilvington Grammar and graduated in 1999. She graduated with a Bachelor of Aerospace Engineering (hons), as well as an MBA. 
+
+
+== Career ==
+McSwiney was a design engineer and liaison engineer in Seattle (USA) and Melbourne. She worked with Boeing for 17 years, including as leading the liaison engineering team across Boeing Australia, and then subsequently the Senior Manager of Engineering Strategy and Operations. 
+McSwiney was Chair of Kilvington Board, as well as holding a number of Board positions, including Chair of the Aviation/Aeorspace Australia. She is also the Chair of the Sir Lawrence Wackett Defence as well as Chair of the Aerospace Centre advisory board at RMIT.
+
+
+== Gender Equity ==
+McSwiney has a passion for encouraging young women and girls to pursue careers in STEM, and encouraging gender equity, which was first sparked while she was a primary school student at Kilvington school, at the robotics program.
+"I remember being so fascinated and curious about the robots and their possibilities to solve problems. Importantly, the teacher at the time really urged me to explore my interest further. Without that encouragement, I'm not sure I would be where I am today. That is why it is so important that we create the pathways and opportunities for girls and young women to consider careers in the STEM sector." 
+McSwiney started the gender equity program, ‘GreenSkies’ as part of the Women in Aviation / Aerospace Australia, to address challenges with attracting and retaining women and girls to the aerospace industry. 
+
+
+== Awards ==
+2025 - Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering.
+2020 - Women in Industry - Social Leader of the Year.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ATSE Fellows [1]