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title: "Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowering_Women_in_Organic_Chemistry"
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Empowering Women in organic Chemistry (EWOC) is a scientific conference designed to bring the research and career interests of women in organic chemistry to the forefront and seeks to empower all marginalized individuals by promoting equity, justice, diversity, and inclusion across all chemistry fields. EWOC is the world's largest gathering of women in organic chemistry, and hosts an annual meeting of women (students, post-docs, faculty and professionals) who work or plan to work in the field of Organic Chemistry, broadly defined, from all types of institutions (academic, industry, biotech, non-profit and government).
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The meeting goals are to
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Establish a peer group network for collaborating and recruiting diverse talent
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Afford a novel mechanism to provide advice and counsel for women organic chemists
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Share stories from different perspectives about career development and challenges faced – and overcome – along the way
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Establish an inclusive community, with an emphasis on Diversity, Inclusion and Belonging, to engage, network and support each other in the field of Organic Chemistry
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Provide support and guidance to graduate students and post-docs making career decisions
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Provide community support to enhance retention of women in chemistry.
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== History ==
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The number of female scientists in the organic chemistry community, industry and academics, remains low (<20%). Advancement of women in the chemical sciences is a challenge due to the so-called “leaky pipeline,” wherein growing numbers of women enter academics and industry to study science opt out to pursue alternative careers, some of which are congruent with science while others are outside the discipline altogether. Inspired by the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing series of Conferences to encourage women to participate in computer science, gender diversity should be a goal across our community and we should actively be looking for opportunities to recognize, identify and retain women in the field of organic chemistry regardless of gender or any other protected characteristic.
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To accomplish this goal a group of six chemists founded the non-profit Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry (EWOC) Conferences in 2019. The volunteer-run EWOC conferences allow women leaders to present their scientific research and also allows the participants to hear career stories of how eminent women in the field of organic chemistry have developed their careers and the challenges they have faced – and overcome – along the way. The meeting consists of both science and career topics to provide support and guidance for the next generation of women chemists, as well as provide opportunities for professionals to learn up-to-date science, network and share experiences.
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Since 2021, various regional chapters of EWOC chapters have been launched, featuring virtual symposia and other events.
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== Conference structure ==
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The EWOC Conference structure consists of a combination of scientific presentations, workshops, topical networking sessions, career panel and also includes a poster session. Examples of Workshops have included Cultivate Belonging in the Workplace for Yourself and Others; How to Create, Build and Leverage Networks for Sustained Leadership and Career Success and Cultural Change to Enable Diversity & Inclusion, the Psychology of Selves: Beyond Imposter Syndrome, Leading through Influence, Allies Help Turn the Tide, Take Control of Your Time: Say No, Negotiate, Delegate, Beyond Pajamas: Coming out of COVID Isolation Mindfully, Beyond Pajamas: Coming out of COVID Isolation Mindfully, and a Discussion Toward Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Organic Chemistry. Examples of topical networking sessions have focused on Work/Life Balance Discussion, How to start an EWOC Chapter, Publishing like a Boss, Creating a Culture of Safety, Interviewing and choosing a company, and various peer networking discussions for graduate students, postdocs, early career faculty, LGBTQ+, Black, Indigenous, & People of Color (BIPOC), and Allies and Advocates, among others. The virtual format of EWOC has been cited as an example of the benefits of virtual conferences because they are "more accessible to people who couldn’t otherwise attend because of travel costs or restrictions or because they have family obligations that make travel onerous."
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== List of EWOC Conferences ==
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=== 2019 meeting and speakers ===
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The first Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference took place on Friday, June 28, 2019, at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
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2019 Career Panel featured Sarah Wengryniuk (Temple University), Emily McLaughlin (Bard College), Nikki Goodwin (GlaxoSmithKline), Jamie McCabe Dunn (Merck), Zhenzhen Dong (Adesis), Nicole Camasso (JACS).
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=== 2020 meeting and speakers ===
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The second annual Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference was held virtually on Thursday, August 13, 2020, and Friday, August 14, 2020.
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2020 Career Panel featured Shanina Sanders Johnson (Spelman College), Davita Watkins (Univ of Mississippi), Niki Patel (Merck), Stacy Fosu (Abbvie), Beth Lorsbach (Corteva Agriscience), Sibrina Collins (Marburger STEM Center, Lawrence Technological University), Shana Cyr (Bristol Myers Squibb), Sherri Pietranico-Cole (Novartis), Gabby Nepomuceno (California Department of Toxic Substances Control).
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=== 2021 meeting and speakers ===
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The third annual Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference was held virtually on Thursday, June 24, and Friday, June 25, 2021.
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2021 Career Panel featured Kay Brummond (Univ of Pittsburgh), Martha A. Sarpong (GlaxoSmithKline), Emma Radoux (Royal Society of Chemistry), Callie Bryan (Janssen), Kimberly Steward (Cargill) and Daisy Rosas Vargas (Ithaca College).
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=== 2022 meeting and speakers ===
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The fourth annual Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference was a hybrid meeting on Thursday, June 23, and Friday, June 24, 2022.
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== References ==
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title: "Graduate Women in Science"
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Graduate Women in Science (GWIS), formerly known as Sigma Delta Epsilon (ΣΔΕ), is an international professional organization for women in science. It was established as a scientific women's fraternity in 1921 at Cornell University, United States. It played an important role for women scientists for some fifty years when they were not allowed membership in most mainstream scientific organizations. GWIS is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization with over 1,000 active members and more than 30 active chapters.
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== History ==
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Sigma Delta Epsilon was established at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York by Adele Lewis Grant on May 24, 1921. It was founded as a fraternity for women pursuing graduate degrees in the sciences. Its stated purpose was "to further interest in science, recognize women involved in science, and unite them through friendship".
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Initially, Sigma Delta Epsilon had 25 student members and eight honorary members, who were professional women who had achieved recognition in science. Its first officers were Adele Lewis Grant, president; Katherine Van Winkle, vice president; Josephine Overton Sonders, secretary; and Hazel Elizabeth Branch, treasurer. Sigma Delta Epsilon had a fraternity house where its members could live.
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In 1922, a similar local group for women at the University of Wisconsin–Madison agreed to merge with Sigma Delta Epsilon, establishing a national fraternity. Its purpose was "to further interest in science, to provide a fraternity for the recognition of women in science, and to bring them together in a fraternal relationship".
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Sigma Delta Epsilon was incorporated in the state of New York in April 1922. It held its first national convention on April 20, 1922. It joined the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) as an associate member in 1936 and as an affiliated member in 1939. In this era when mainstream scientific organizations did not give women full membership, Sigma Delta Epsilon "filled an important niche", according to Margaret Rossiter. Hazel Fox was the only woman on the AAAS Council at the time, as a representative of Sigma Delta Epsilon.
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One of the organization's early activities was collecting money to distribute to other members needing research funds. In 1931, Sigma Delta Epsilon established a formal Fellowships Fund. Its first research fellowship was awarded in 1941. In 1970, Eloise Gerry established a fellowship, the first within the organization to be funded by a single individual.
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By the early 1970s, the fraternity was struggling from an increasing anti-fraternity sentiment on college campuses and competition from previously male-only organizations. Hoping to counter this, the fraternity changed its name to Sigma Delta Epsilon Graduate Women in Science in December 1971. This was shortened to Graduate Women in Science (GWIS) on April 21, 2016. An international chapter was established in 2013.
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== Symbols ==
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The motto of Graduate Women in Science is "United in Friendship through Science". Its guiding principles or pillars are Connect, Lead, and Empower.
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Its badge is a Nile key with the Greek letters ΣΔΕ in black enamel on its crossbar. Attached to the key are a benzene ring, a thunderbolt, and the nabla. Its colors are those of the spectrum.
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== Activities ==
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Graduate Women in Science is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization that works to connect, lead, and empower women in science. Its mission is "building a global community to inspire, support, recognize, and empower women in science." It has over 1,000 members and dozens of chapters spread across the United States, as well as an international chapter that was established in 2013. Its national office is in Mullica Hill, New Jersey.
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Graduate Women in Science offers grants, awards, and fellowships. It serves an international network of women scientists and promotes the participation and representation of women in science-related events. The GWIS National Meeting is held annually in June. It also sponsors mentoring, webinars, and seminars featuring its member's research. The society publishes a monthly newsletter, GWIS Connect, and GWIS Lead, a periodical that features women leaders in science.
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== Membership ==
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Membership in the Graduate Women in Science is open to anyone who has at least a bachelor's degree in a scientific discipline and engineering, or equivalent professional experience.
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== Chapters ==
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Graduate Women in Science has chartered more than 50 chapters and has more than 30 active chapters.
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== Notable members ==
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== See also ==
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List of organizations for women in science
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List of women's associations
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Professional fraternities and sororities
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Women in science
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== References ==
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== External links ==
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Official website
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The Harvard Plate Stacks, previously known as the Harvard College Observatory glass plate collection or the astronomical photographic glass plate collection, is a collection of astronomical glass plate negatives at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Created over more than a century by the Harvard College Observatory, it is widely described as the largest collection of astronomical glass plates in the world.
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The collection includes more than 550,000 glass plate negatives dating from the 1870s to the late 1990s, as well as early photographic data from as early as 1849, and logbooks, notebooks, and photographic prints associated with astronomical research at Harvard and affiliated observing stations. It is one of the largest photographic collections at Harvard. Many of the astronomers, assistants, and computers who worked with the collection were women, including members of the group now commonly known as the Women Astronomical Computers.
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== Scope and Size ==
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The Harvard Plate Stacks collection consists of over 550,000 glass plate negatives of the night sky. The glass alone is estimated to weigh over 165 tons and stored across three floors of a purpose-built building on Observatory Hill in Cambridge, MA. The majority of the collection consists of the astronomical glass plates negatives, with most of these being gelatin dry-plate negatives.
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Astronomically, the collection consists of both direct image and spectral plates, with two-thirds of the collection made up of the latter. The collection is also mostly known for its widefield imagery and consists of 20% of the known plates ever taken. The glass plates negatives date from the 1870s to the late 1990s. Any given region of the night sky appears on between 500 and 1,000 plates across a century of time. Both in number of observations and time, the collection will not be surpassed by digitally collected data until projects like the LSST at the Vera Rubin Observatory complete hundreds of observations and until a century of digital CCD imaging in the 2080s.
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Photographically, the collection spans the history of the analogue photography. While the majority of the collection is photographic negatives, there is a large collection of photographic prints across the same century of time.
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Archivally, the collection consists of materials like the 2,500 individual notebooks of researchers who were hired to study the plates. These notebooks include those made by some of the most famous astronomers at the Harvard College Observatory including, Williamina Fleming, Antonia Maury, Henrietta Swan Leavitt, Annie Jump Cannon, and Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. The Harvard Plate Stacks also hold 1,200 logbooks that record the metadata of each plate, including the time it was created and the observer who made the image.
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== Earliest parts of the collection ==
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The collection starts at the dawn of photography with some of the earliest images created of objects in space. These include an early collection of daguerreotypes, including a collection made by photographer John Adams Whipple collaborating with father-son astronomers William Cranch Bond and George Bond. The oldest dated image in the collection is a multiple exposure daguerreotype of the moon made by Samuel Dwight Humphrey on 1 September 1849. This is the second oldest extant image of the moon known to survive, only surpassed by the John William Draper's photograph of the moon now at the New York University Libraries Special Collections.
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Photographic firsts contained in the collection include the first photograph of an eclipse (partial) created by Whipple on 28 July 1851 and the first photograph showing the "diamond ring" effect of a total solar eclipse by Whipple in Shelbyville, Kentucky on 7 August 1869. It also includes the first photograph made of a comet made by William Usherwood of the Comet Donati on 27 September 1858, and subsequent exposures made by George Bond on 28 September 1858.
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While scientifically, photographically, and artistically significant, these earliest photographs were not created consistently. Instead These earliest examples of photography that include daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, wet plate collodion, and salt prints are photographic processes that require more light through longer exposure times than these media would allow to capture all but the brightest objects in the night sky. It was not until the invention of the dry plate negatives as a commercially available medium that the exposure length was no longer limited.
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== Anna Palmer Draper, Edward Pickering and the Harvard Computers ==
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Following the American Civil War, advances in photography and astronomy allowed for multiple pioneers to make advances in the burgeoning art and science of astrophotography. The British couple, Margaret Lindsay Huggins and William Huggins, would be credited with being the first to experiment using dry plate photography to capture astronomical objects in 1876. At the same time, the American couple, Anna Palmer Draper and Henry Draper, had been experimenting with photography, spectroscopy, and astronomy in their personal observatory in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. The Drapers would be the first to successfully photograph a spectrum of a star, Vega, in 1872 and be the first to capture the Orion Nebula on September 30, 1880, all with collodion photography. In Massachusetts, the brothers William H. and Edward C. Pickering, would experiment with lenses and start systematically photographing the night sky by 1877. These three pairs of collaborators would exchange correspondences and share discoveries and advancements.
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On November 20, 1882, Henry Draper dies of "pleurisy" after returning home to New York from a hunting trip in Colorado. In a letter from Edward Pickering to Anna Palmer Draper dated 13 January 1883, he writes,
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"My dear Mrs. Draper, Mr. Clark tells me that you are preparing to complete the work in which Dr. Draper was engaged, and my interest in this matter must be my excuse for addressing you regarding it. I need not state my satisfaction that you are taking this step, since it must be obvious that in no other way could you erect so lasting a monument to his memory."
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This would be the beginning of Anna Draper being the single largest benefactor to the Harvard College Observatory for the next three decades. Her funds and future endowment would back the creation, preservation, and housing of nearly 6000,000 glass plates and the core of the Harvard Plate Stacks collection, which would amount to a century of photographing the night sky. Her gift would not only include funds but also her and her husband's personal telescope. She would establish the Henry Draper Memorial, which would include both the creation of a physical photographic plate collection, as well as the study and publication of what is known as the Henry Draper Catalogue. Over 44 women would partake in the study, writing, and creation of the catalogue from 1886 until the final publication of Henry Draper Extension Charts in 1941. This would be part of the group of women known as the Harvard Computers or, more recently, referred to as the Women Astronomical Computers at Harvard. Nearly 200 women would work at the Harvard Plate Stacks during the century of the use of glass plate negatives, 1875–1975. Their individual and collective legacies shaped the way we understand the Universe.
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These impacts on said institution and field would be summarized nearly a century later by female astrophysicist, Dr. Dorrit Hoffleit, “there is hardly any branch of astronomy that has not benefited from the results of the Henry Draper Memorial. Without Mrs. Draper’s vision and generosity, one wonders how preeminent Harvard would have become.” Draper would also provide funds for the observatory to build three different buildings to house the Harvard Plate Stacks including its current home built in 1931. She would also separately establish the Henry Draper Medal, be a founder of the Mount Wilson Observatory, and establishing the Draper Collection of Cuneiform at the New York Public Library.
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This individual support would be compounded by other donations, including the estate of Uriah A. Boyden to establish a Southern Hemisphere Observatory, first called Boyden Station, and later Boyden Observatory. Originally stablished in Arequipa, Peru in 1889, the Observatory would be moved to Maselspoort near Bloemfontein, South Africa where it still exists and operates under the Physics Department of the University of the Free State (UFS) since 1976.
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Over 60% of the Plate Stacks collection would be made at these two locations. Uniquely among other astronomical glass plate collections, the Harvard Plate Stacks has an equal length history and even use of the same instruments to create plates of the northern and southern celestial hemispheres. This would lead to the creation of the "Harvard Map of the Sky" in 1917, the first photographic image of the entire visible universe. Printed on glass plate negatives from original plates deemed to be the best of each quadrant of the night sky, 55 glass plate negatives, which would later be expanded to 74 plates, would be copied using an interpositive process to create multiple copies of glass plate negatives for sale and distribution to other observatories, universities, and libraries. The first sets were offered around 1905 along with the "First Supplement to Catalogue of Variable Stars." According to Williamina Fleming's own published account, by October 1890, Harvard had photographed both the northern and southern hemispheres from Cambridge, MA and an earlier predecessor of the Boyden Observatory established on Mount Harvard near Chosica, Peru. This means that both the Harvard Plate Stacks contain the first photographic atlas of the visible universe, and even predates the much more well-known international collaboration and multidecade publication, Carte du Ciel. The scale and volume of creating photographic plates would go largely unchanged with only minor pauses or lower production during the two world wars.
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Other major donations for women would help shape the collection and advance the fields of Astronomy and astrophysics. Catherine Wolfe Bruce would fund the creation of a 24-in doublet telescope honoring her husband. This telescope would first be installed in Massachusetts to capture the northernmost stars, then moved to a purpose-built building at Boyden in Arequipa as its centerpiece. The Bruce telescope was the largest Astrograph at the time and would be used to create 30,000 glass plates. These plates, known as the A series, are the largest, measuring 14x17 inches, and are some of the farthest seeing plates in the collection.
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The Boyden Observatory was moved South Africa, enabled by a grant of $200,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller funded the creation of a 60-in telescope.
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== The Menzel Gap ==
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In 1952, Donald Howard Menzel was appointed the director of the Harvard College Observatory. According to Dorrit Hoffleit, one of the first things he undertook in his new appointment was the systematic shuttering of the photographic program at Harvard. This included abandoning the Boyden Observatory, and the culling of thousands of plates from 1960-1965 through the creation of a Plate Stacks committee that excluded the voices of the curator of the collection, as well as those employed at the time as computers. This committee would meet and vote to destroy whole series of plates including experimental plates and early spectra plates. Because of Harvard's outsized role in the creation of astronomical glass plates even in this era, the resulting gap in astronomical data from the 1950s to the 1960s is referred to as the "Menzel Gap" by modern astrophysicists.
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|
||||
=== Armagh-Dunsink-Harvard telescope ===
|
||||
In 1947 through a chance meeting in the Shannon Airport with Harvard College Observatory director, Harlow Shapley, and Irish President (Taoiseach), Éamon de Valera led to the idea and further creation of the Armagh-Dunsink-Harvard telescope. Although installed and housed at Harvard's Boyden Observatory in South Africa, this was a joint endeavor with the Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and the Harvard College Observatory. This was one of the earlier examples of Space diplomacy that would be spearheaded at Harvard by astronomer Bart Bok. The director of the Armagh Observatory at the time was Eric Lindsay, who not only got his PhD from Harvard in 1934, but he would meet and later marry Women Astronomical Computer, Sylvia Mussells (Sister to fellow astronomer and Harvard Plate Stacks employee Muriel Mussells Seyfert). De Valera recently pushed to create the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies and its subsequent purchase of the Dunsink Observatory after Trinity College Dublin had ceased its operations a few years earlier. This cooperative agreement would be one of the rare instances where these two governments would regularly work together. The telescope was a 36—32 Baker-Schmidt telescope that received first light in October 1950. This telescope would make circular photographic plates from 1950 to 1963. The telescope would create 7,087 glass plate negatives focusing on nebulae and clusters. The majority of these plates are still house at the Plate Stacks but some plates where known to be a Dunsink Observatory in 1995 and a small deposit of plates from this telescope was sent to PARI in 2007.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Damons ===
|
||||
Starting in 1961, the Harvard College Observatory would undertake its last multidecade analogue photographic survey of the night sky. First starting at Harvard's Oak Ridge Observatory in Harvard, MA, then moving to Boyden in South Africa, and later Mt. John in New Zealand, and Cerro Tololo would be the site of three "patrol cameras" which were 13.9 in telescope that systematically photographed the night sky using three filters (red, yellow, blue) concurrently. This would result in the creation of 12,374 glass plate negatives covering the entire sky from 1961 to 1990. Though these 8 x 10 plates capture a wide field of view, the advances in dry plate photography allowed for the capturing of the faintest objects captured on plates in the collection.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Subsequent additions ===
|
||||
In addition to the plates and different campaigns made by the Harvard College Observatory, there are other smaller but important additions to the collection of materials made by other departments at the Center for Astrophysics or other observatories.
|
||||
The Meteor Department at the Center for Astrophysics was first a part of the Harvard College Observatory but when Fred Whipple was named director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, he moved the department over to the Smithsonian so it could continue under his leadership. This group would create thousands of glass plate negatives as well as film exposures of the night sky, ranging in scale and scope over time. Before this department transitioned into its current iteration as the Minor Planet Center, its analogue holdings were transferred over to the Harvard Plate Stacks. This would be the most significant addition to the collection in its history, numbering near 100,000 items. During the physical reorganization of the collection space, as well as the priorities put onto the collection during the DASCH Project, the lion's share of these materials were deposited at PARI. Until both institutions complete an inventory of the collections they hold, the number of surviving items is unknown.
|
||||
Also in relation to the DASCH Project, the Space Telescope Science Institute transferred its holdings of various later analogue sky surveys that were digitized as part of the Digitized Sky Survey. These include the National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey, European Southern Observatory SRO Sky Surveys, and the UK Schmidt Telescope Southern Survey. As of 2025, these plates are being scanned by the DASCH scanner, though at a slower rate.
|
||||
|
||||
== DASCH ==
|
||||
|
||||
The Digital Access to a Sky Century @ Harvard (DASCH) was a project that started in 2001 with the intent of digitizing the glass plates in the plate collection as well as the metadata from the logbooks that supported these plates. The final data release in 2024 contained data for 429,274 glass plates, making them accessible to the public for viewing.
|
||||
On December 29, 2024, DASCH's successor, StarGlass, was launched. StarGlass is hosted on the cloud and is publicly available for anyone to view, allowing searches to be done for plates worked on by a specific astronomer, plates that show specific celestial objects, and much more.
|
||||
|
||||
== Notable people ==
|
||||
Williamina Fleming—First Curator of the collection and head of the department from ca. 1879 to 1911.
|
||||
Antonia Maury—Niece of Anna Draper and builds on Fleming's stellar classification
|
||||
Henrietta Swan Leavitt—Discovers the period-luminosity relation of cephids on plates of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, now known at the Leavitt Law.
|
||||
Annie Jump Cannon—Editor of the Draper Catalogue and named second curator 1911 but does not receive the official appointment until 1938 and retires in 1940.
|
||||
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin—First PhD in astronomy awarded by Radcliffe or Harvard, where she discovered that stars are made up of hydrogen and helium by analyzing spectra plates from the Draper telescope in 1925. Would be rehired as a computer assigned to Leavitt's work on the Harvard Standard Regions when she returned in 1934.
|
||||
Also:
|
||||
|
||||
Mary B. Howe Baker
|
||||
Priscilla Fairfield Bok
|
||||
Agnes Mary Hoovens Brooks
|
||||
A. Grace Cook
|
||||
Florence Cushman
|
||||
Elsa van Dien
|
||||
Mabel Abbie Gill
|
||||
Edith Frances Gill
|
||||
Margaret Harwood
|
||||
Dorrit Hoffleit
|
||||
Helen Sawyer Hogg
|
||||
Lillian L. Hodgdon
|
||||
Florence Shirley Patterson Jones
|
||||
Edith Jones Woodward
|
||||
Evelyn Leland
|
||||
Margaret Mayall
|
||||
Paris Pişmiş
|
||||
Martha Betz Shapley
|
||||
Muriel Mussells Seyfert
|
||||
Henrietta Hill Swope
|
||||
Mary Watson Whitney
|
||||
Sarah Frances Whiting
|
||||
Louisa Winlock
|
||||
Anna Winlock
|
||||
Frances Woodworth Wright
|
||||
Emma Vyssotsky
|
||||
Anne Sewell Young
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Sobel, Dava (2016). The glass universe: how the ladies of the Harvard Observatory took the measure of the stars. New York, New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0670016952.
|
||||
Von Mertens, Anna (2024). Attention is discovery: the life and legacy of astronomer Henrietta Leavitt. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262049382.
|
||||
J. Schechner, Sara; Sliski, David (4 February 2016). "The Scientific and Historical Value of Annotations on Astronomical Photographic Plates". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 47 (1): 3–29. arXiv:1602.03475. Bibcode:2016JHA....47....3S. doi:10.1177/0021828615624094. eISSN 1753-8556.
|
||||
Zrull, Lindsay Smith (1 May 2021). "Women in Glass: Women at the Harvard Observatory during the Era of Astronomical Glass Plate Photography, 1875–1975". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 52 (2): 115–146. Bibcode:2021JHA....52..115Z. doi:10.1177/00218286211000470.
|
||||
Meghan, Bartels (1 February 2017). "How Harvard's vast collection of glass plates still shapes astronomy". Astronomy. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
|
||||
27
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||||
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|
||||
title: "Hidden Figures"
|
||||
chunk: 1/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Figures"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:38:52.643995+00:00"
|
||||
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|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Hidden Figures is a 2016 American biographical drama film co-produced and directed by Theodore Melfi, who co-wrote the screenplay with Allison Schroeder. It is loosely based on the 2016 book by Margot Lee Shetterly. It follows three female African-American mathematicians, Katherine Goble Johnson (Taraji P. Henson), Dorothy Vaughan (Octavia Spencer), and Mary Jackson (Janelle Monáe), who worked at NASA during the Space Race in the 1950s and 1960s. Other stars include Kevin Costner, Kirsten Dunst, Jim Parsons, Mahershala Ali, Aldis Hodge, and Glen Powell.
|
||||
Principal photography began in March 2016 in Atlanta, Georgia, and wrapped up in May 2016. Other filming locations included several other locations in Georgia, including East Point, Canton, Monroe, Columbus, and Madison.
|
||||
Hidden Figures had a limited release on December 25, 2016, by 20th Century Fox, before going wide in on January 6, 2017. The film received positive reviews, with praise for the performances (particularly Henson, Spencer and Monáe), the writing, direction, cinematography, emotional tone, and historical accuracy, although some argued it featured a white savior narrative. The film was a commercial success, grossing $236 million worldwide against its $25 million production budget.
|
||||
The film was chosen by the National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2016 and received various awards and nominations, including three nominations at the 89th Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It also won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.
|
||||
|
||||
== Plot ==
|
||||
Katherine Goble works at the West Area of Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, in 1958 through 1961, alongside her colleagues Mary Jackson and Dorothy Vaughan, as lowly "computers", performing mathematical calculations without being told what they are for. All of them are African-American women; the unit is segregated by race and sex. White supervisor Vivian Mitchell assigns Katherine to assist Al Harrison's Space Task Group, given her skills in analytic geometry. She becomes the first Black woman on the team; head engineer Paul Stafford is especially dismissive.
|
||||
Mary is assigned to the space capsule heat shield team, where she immediately identifies a design flaw. Encouraged by her team leader, Karl Zielinski, a Polish-Jewish Holocaust survivor, Mary applies for a NASA engineer position. She is told by Mitchell that, regardless of her degree in mathematics and physical science, the position requires additional courses. Mary files a petition for permission to attend all-white Hampton High School, despite her husband's opposition. Pleading her case in court, she wins over the local judge by appealing to his sense of history, allowing her to attend night classes.
|
||||
Katherine meets African-American National Guard Lt. Col. Jim Johnson, who voices skepticism about women's mathematical abilities. He later apologizes and begins to spend time with Katherine and her three daughters (from her marriage to her late husband James Goble). The Mercury 7 astronauts visit Langley, and astronaut John Glenn goes out of his way to greet the West Area women. Katherine impresses Harrison by solving a complex mathematical equation from redacted documents, as the Soviet Union's successful launch of Yuri Gagarin increases pressure to send American astronauts into space.
|
||||
Harrison confronts Katherine about her "breaks," unaware that she is forced to walk half a mile (800 meters) to use the nearest restroom designated for "colored" people. She angrily explains the discrimination she faces at work, which leads Harrison to destroy the "colored" restroom signs and abolish restroom segregation. He allows Katherine to be included in high-level meetings to calculate the space capsule's re-entry point. Stafford instructs Katherine to remove her name from the reports, insisting that "computers" cannot be credited as authors, and her work is credited solely to Stafford.
|
||||
Informed by Mitchell that there are no plans to assign a "permanent supervisor for the colored group," Dorothy learns that NASA has installed an IBM 7090 electronic computer, which threatens to replace human computers. When a librarian scolds her for visiting the whites-only section, Dorothy sneaks out a book about Fortran and teaches herself and her West Area co-workers programming. She visits the computer room, successfully starts the machine, and is promoted to supervise the Programming Department; she agrees to do so if thirty of her co-workers are transferred as well. Mitchell finally addresses her as "Mrs. Vaughan".
|
||||
Making final arrangements for John Glenn's launch, the department no longer needs human computers; Katherine is reassigned to the West Area and marries Jim, becoming Katherine Johnson. On the day of the launch, discrepancies are found in the IBM 7090 calculations, and Katherine is asked to check the capsule's landing coordinates. She delivers the results to the control room, and Harrison allows her inside. After a successful launch and orbit, a warning indicates the capsule's heat shield may be loose. Mission Control decides to land Glenn after three orbits instead of seven, and Katherine supports Harrison's suggestion to leave the retro-rocket attached to help keep the heat shield in place. Friendship 7 lands successfully.
|
||||
An epilogue notes that Mary obtained her degree and became NASA's first female African American engineer; Dorothy continued on as NASA's first African American supervisor; and Katherine, whom Stafford accepted as a coauthor, performed calculations for the Apollo 11 and Space Shuttle missions. The epilogue also mentions that Katherine was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015, and NASA dedicated the Langley Research Center's Katherine Johnson Computational Building in her honor the following year.
|
||||
|
||||
== Cast ==
|
||||
|
||||
== Production ==
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
title: "Hidden Figures"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
category: "reference"
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||||
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||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:38:52.643995+00:00"
|
||||
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|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Development and casting ===
|
||||
In 2015, producer Donna Gigliotti acquired Margot Lee Shetterly's nonfiction book Hidden Figures, about a group of Black female mathematicians that helped NASA win the Space Race. Allison Schroeder wrote the script, which was developed by Gigliotti through Levantine Films. Schroeder grew up by Cape Canaveral and her grandparents worked at NASA, where she also interned as a teenager, and as a result saw the project as a perfect fit for herself. Levantine Films produced the film with Peter Chernin's Chernin Entertainment. Fox 2000 Pictures acquired the film rights, and Theodore Melfi signed on to direct. After coming aboard, Melfi revised Schroeder's script, and in particular focused on balancing the home lives of the three protagonists with their careers at NASA. After the film's development was announced, actresses considered to play the lead roles included Oprah Winfrey, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, and Taraji P. Henson.
|
||||
Chernin and Jenno Topping produced, along with Gigliotti and Melfi. Fox cast Henson to play the lead role of mathematician Katherine Goble Johnson. Spencer was selected to play Dorothy Vaughan, one of the three lead mathematicians at NASA. Kevin Costner was cast in the film to play the fictional head of the space program. Singer Janelle Monáe signed on to play the third lead mathematician, Mary Jackson. Kirsten Dunst, Glen Powell, and Mahershala Ali were cast in the film: Powell to play astronaut John Glenn, and Ali as Johnson's love interest.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Filming ===
|
||||
Principal photography began in March 2016 on the campus of Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. Scenes were also shot on location in Historic Downtown Canton, Georgia. Filming also took place at Lockheed Martin Aeronautics at Dobbins Air Reserve Base. Jim Parsons was cast in the film to play the head engineer of the Space Task Group at NASA, Paul Stafford. Pharrell Williams (a native of Virginia Beach, near Langley Research Center) came on board as a producer on the film. He also wrote original songs and handled the music department and soundtrack of the film, with Hans Zimmer and Benjamin Wallfisch. Morehouse College mathematics professor Rudy L. Horne was brought in to be the on-set mathematician.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Music ===
|
||||
24
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|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Hidden Figures"
|
||||
chunk: 3/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Figures"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:38:52.643995+00:00"
|
||||
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|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== Historical accuracy ==
|
||||
The film, set at NASA Langley Research Center in 1961, depicts segregated facilities such as the West Area Computing unit, where an all-Black group of female mathematicians were originally required to use separate dining and bathroom facilities. However, in reality, Dorothy Vaughan was promoted to supervisor of West Computing much earlier, in 1949, becoming the first Black supervisor at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and one of its few female supervisors. In 1958, when NACA became NASA, segregated facilities, including the West Computing office, were abolished. Vaughan and many of the former West computers transferred to the new Analysis and Computation Division (ACD), a racially and gender-integrated group.
|
||||
It was Mary Jackson, not Katherine Goble Johnson, who had difficulty finding a colored bathroom – in a 1953 incident she experienced while on temporary assignment in the East Area, a region of Langley unfamiliar to her and where few Blacks worked. Katherine Goble Johnson, for her part, was initially unaware that the bathrooms at Langley were segregated (in both its East and West areas during the NACA era), and used the "whites-only" bathrooms (many were not explicitly labeled as such) for years before anyone complained. She ignored the complaint, and the issue was dropped.
|
||||
In an interview with WHRO-TV, Goble Johnson denied the feelings of segregation. "I didn't feel the segregation at NASA, because everybody there was doing research. You had a mission and you worked on it, and it was important to you to do your job [...] and play bridge at lunch. I didn't feel any segregation. I knew it was there, but I didn't feel it."
|
||||
Mary Jackson did not have to get a court order to attend night classes at the whites-only high school. She asked the city of Hampton for an exception, and it was granted. The school turned out to be run down and dilapidated, a hidden cost of running two parallel school systems. She completed her engineering courses and earned a promotion to engineer in 1958.
|
||||
Katherine Goble Johnson worked mostly in Langley's West Area, not the East Area – working mainly in Building 1244 starting in mid-1953, and remaining in 1244 even after joining the Space Task Group, through at least the early 1960s and John Glenn's historic flight.
|
||||
The scene where a coffeepot labeled "colored" appears in Katherine Goble Johnson's workplace did not happen in real life, and the book on which the film is based mentions no such incident.
|
||||
Katherine Goble Johnson carpooled with Eunice Smith, a nine-year West Area computer veteran at the time Goble Johnson joined NACA. Smith was her neighbor and friend from her sorority and church choir. The three Goble children were teenagers at the time of Katherine's marriage to Jim Johnson.
|
||||
Katherine Goble Johnson was assigned to the Flight Research Division in 1953, a move that soon became permanent. When the Space Task Group was created in 1958, engineers from the Flight Research Division formed the core of the group, and Goble Johnson was included. She coauthored a research report published by NASA in 1960, the first time a woman in the Flight Research Division had received credit as an author of a research report. Goble Johnson gained access to editorial meetings as of 1958 simply through persistence, not because one particular meeting was critical.
|
||||
The Space Task Group was led by Robert Gilruth, not the fictional character Al Harrison, who was created to simplify a more complex management structure. The scene where Harrison smashes the Colored Ladies Room sign never happened, as in real life Goble Johnson refused to walk the extra distance to use the colored bathroom and, in her words, "just went to the white one." Harrison also lets her into Mission Control to witness the launch. Neither scene happened in real life, and screenwriter Theodore Melfi said he saw no problem with adding the scenes, saying, "There needs to be white people who do the right thing, there needs to be Black people who do the right thing, and someone does the right thing. And so who cares who does the right thing, as long as the right thing is achieved?"
|
||||
Dexter Thomas of Vice News criticized Melfi's additions as creating the white savior trope: "In this case, it means that a white person doesn't have to think about the possibility that, were they around back in the 1960s South, they might have been one of the bad ones." The Atlantic's Megan Garber said that the film's "narrative trajectory" involved "thematic elements of the white savior". Melfi said he found "hurtful" the "accusations of a 'white savior' storyline", saying:
|
||||
|
||||
It was very upsetting to me because I am at a place where I've lived my life colorless and I grew up in Brooklyn. I walked to school with people of all shapes, sizes, and colors, and that's how I've lived my life. So it's very upsetting that we still have to have this conversation. I get upset when I hear 'Black film,' and so does Taraji P. Henson [...] It's just a film. And if we keep labeling something 'a Black film,' or 'a white film' – basically it's modern day segregation. We're all humans. Any human can tell any human's story. I don't want to have this conversation about Black film or white film anymore. I wanna have conversations about film.
|
||||
The Huffington Post's Zeba Blay said of Melfi's frustration:
|
||||
27
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|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Hidden Figures"
|
||||
chunk: 4/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Figures"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:38:52.643995+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
His frustration is also a perfect example of how, when it comes to open dialogue about depictions of people of color on screen, it behooves white people (especially those who position themselves as 'allies') to listen [...] the inclusion of the bathroom scene doesn't make Melfi a bad filmmaker, or a bad person, or a racist. But his suggestion that a feel-good scene like that was needed for the marketability and overall appeal of the film speaks to the fact that Hollywood at large still has a long way to go in telling Black stories, no matter how many strides have been made.
|
||||
The fictional characters Vivian Mitchell and Paul Stafford are composites of several team members and reflect common social views and attitudes of the time. Karl Zielinski is based on Mary Jackson's mentor, Kazimierz "Kaz" Czarnecki.
|
||||
John Glenn, who was about a decade older than depicted at the time of launch, did ask specifically for Goble Johnson to verify the IBM calculations, although she had several days before the launch date to complete the process.
|
||||
Author Margot Lee Shetterly has agreed that there are differences between her book and the movie, but found that to be understandable:
|
||||
|
||||
For better or for worse, there is history, there is the book and then there's the movie. Timelines had to be conflated and [there were] composite characters, and for most people [who have seen the movie] have already taken that as the literal fact. [...] You might get the indication in the movie that these were the only people doing those jobs, when in reality we know they worked in teams, and those teams had other teams. There were sections, branches, divisions, and they all went up to a director. There were so many people required to make this happen. [...] It would be great for people to understand that there were so many more people. Even though Katherine Goble Johnson, in this role, was a hero, there were so many others that were required to do other kinds of tests and checks to make [Glenn's] mission come to fruition. But I understand you can't make a movie with 300 characters. It is simply not possible.
|
||||
John Glenn's flight was not terminated early as stated in the movie's closing subtitles. The MA-6 mission was planned for three orbits and landed at the expected time. The press kit published before launch states that "The Mercury Operations Director may elect a one, two or three orbit mission." The post-mission report also shows that retrofire was scheduled to occur on the third orbit. Scott Carpenter's subsequent flight in May was also scheduled and flew for three orbits, and Wally Schirra's planned six-orbit flight in October required extensive modifications to the Mercury capsule's life-support system to allow him to fly a nine-hour mission. The phrase "go for at least seven orbits" that is in the mission transcript refers to the fact that the Atlas booster had placed Glenn's capsule into an orbit that would be stable for at least seven orbits, not that he had permission to stay up that long.
|
||||
The Mercury Control Center was located at Cape Canaveral in Florida, not at the Langley Research Center in Virginia. The orbit plots displayed in the front of the room incorrectly show a six-orbit mission, which did not happen until Wally Schirra's MA-8 mission in October 1962. The movie also incorrectly shows NASA flight controllers monitoring live telemetry from the Soviet Vostok launch, which the Soviet Union would not have been sharing with NASA in 1961.
|
||||
Katherine Goble Johnson's Technical Note D-233, co-written with T.H. Skopinski, can be found on the NASA Technical Reports Server.
|
||||
The movie depicts the IBM 7090 as the first computer at Langley, but there were actually earlier computers there, and Dorothy Vaughan had previously been programming for the IBM 704 in FORTRAN.
|
||||
|
||||
The movie refers to an IBM 7090 (first released in 1959), but the console shown is for an IBM 7094 (released in 1962).
|
||||
Some historians and critics also discussed the film's historical accuracy. Although the film was widely praised for bringing attention to Black women mathematics at NASA, some historians and critics noted that the movie simplified parts of the historical record. For example, the film combines multiple real people into certain supporting characters and dramatizes events such as Katherine Johnson running across NASA's campus to use a segregated bathroom. Johnson later explained that she often used integrated bathrooms at NASA, so the scene was added mainly to highlight segregation during that time period. However, the movie still helped increase public awareness of Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson and inspired renewed discussion about the role of women in minorities in STEM fields.
|
||||
|
||||
== Release ==
|
||||
|
||||
The film began a limited release on December 25, 2016, before a wide release on January 6, 2017.
|
||||
29
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
category: "reference"
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||||
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|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:38:52.643995+00:00"
|
||||
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|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Charity screenings ===
|
||||
After Hidden Figures was released on December 25, 2016, certain charities, institutions and independent businesses who regard the film as relevant to the cause of improving youth awareness in education and careers in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, organized free screenings of the film in order to spread the message of the film's subject matter. A collaborative effort between Western New York STEM Hub, AT&T and the Girl Scouts of the USA allowed more than 200 Buffalo Public Schools students, Girl Scouts and teachers to see the film. WBFO's Senior Reporter Eileen Buckley stated the event was designed to help encourage a new generation of women to consider STEM careers. Research indicates that by 2020, there will be 2.4 million unfilled STEM jobs. Aspiring astronaut Naia Butler-Craig wrote of the film: "I can't imagine what that would have been like: 16-year-old, impressionable, curious and space-obsessed Naia finding out that Black women had something to do with getting Americans on the moon."
|
||||
Also, the film's principal actors (Henson, Spencer, Monáe and Parsons), director (Melfi), producer/musical creator (Williams), and other non-profit outside groups have offered free screenings to Hidden Figures at several cinema locations around the world. Some of the screenings were open to all-comers, while others were arranged to benefit girls, women and the underprivileged. The campaign began as individual activism by Spencer, and made a total of more than 1,500 seats for Hidden Figures available, free of charge, to poor individuals and families. The result was seven more screenings for people who otherwise might not have been able to afford to see the film – in Atlanta (sponsored by Monáe), in Washington, D.C. (sponsored by Henson), in Chicago (also Henson), in Houston (by Parsons), in Hazelwood, Missouri (by Melfi and actress/co-producer Kimberly Quinn), and in Norfolk and Virginia Beach, Virginia (both sponsored by Williams).
|
||||
In February 2017, AMC Theatres and 21st Century Fox announced that free screenings of Hidden Figures would take place in celebration of Black History Month in up to 14 select U.S. cities (including Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles and Miami). The statement described the February charity screenings as building broader awareness of the film's true story of Black women mathematicians who worked at NASA during the Space Race. 21st Century Fox and AMC Theatres also invited schools, community groups and non-profit organizations to apply for additional special screenings to be held in their towns. "As we celebrate Black History Month and look ahead to Women's History Month in March, this story of empowerment and perseverance is more relevant than ever," said Liba Rubenstein, 21st Century Fox's Senior Vice President of Social Impact, "We at 21CF were inspired by the grassroots movement to bring this film to audiences that wouldn't otherwise be able to see it – audiences that might include future innovators and barrier-breakers – and we wanted to support and extend that movement".
|
||||
Philanthropic non-profit outside groups and other local efforts by individuals have offered free screenings of Hidden Figures by using crowdfunding platforms on the Internet, that allow people to raise money for free film screening events. Dozens of other GoFundMe free screening campaigns have appeared since the film's general release, all by people wanting to raise money to pay for students to see the film.
|
||||
In 2019, The Walt Disney Company partnered with the U.S. Department of State on the third annual "Hidden No More" exchange program, which was inspired by the film and brings to the United States 50 women from around the world who have excelled in STEM careers such as spacecraft engineering, data solutions and data privacy, and STEM-related education. The exchange program began in 2017 after local US embassies screened the film to their local communities. The support for the screenings was so positive that 48 countries decided to each nominate one woman in STEM to represent their country on a three-week IVLP exchange program in the United States.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Merchandising ===
|
||||
Following the 2017 Lego Ideas Contest, Denmark-based toy maker The Lego Group announced plans to manufacture a fan-designed Women of NASA figurine set of five female scientists, engineers and astronauts, as based on real women who have worked for NASA. The minifigures planned for inclusion in the set were Katherine Johnson, computer scientist Margaret Hamilton; astronaut, physicist and educator Sally Ride; astronomer Nancy Grace Roman; and astronaut and physician Mae Jemison (who is also African American). The finished set did not include Johnson. The Women of NASA set was released November 1, 2017.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Home media ===
|
||||
Hidden Figures was released on Digital HD on March 28, 2017, and Blu-ray, 4K Ultra HD, and DVD on April 11, 2017. The film debuted at No. 3 on the home video sales chart.
|
||||
|
||||
== Reception ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Box office ===
|
||||
Hidden Figures grossed $169.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $66.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide gross of $236 million, against a production budget of $25 million. Domestically, Hidden Figures was the highest-grossing Best Picture nominee at the 89th Academy Awards. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $95.55 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it one of the top twenty most profitable release of 2016.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Critical response ===
|
||||
44
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Figures-5.md
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44
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|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Hidden Figures"
|
||||
chunk: 6/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Figures"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:38:52.643995+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 325 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "In heartwarming, crowd-pleasing fashion, Hidden Figures celebrates overlooked—and crucial—contributions from a pivotal moment in American history." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 90 films in the history of the service to receive such a score.
|
||||
Simon Thompson of IGN gave the film a rating of nine out of ten, writing, "Hidden Figures fills in an all too forgotten, or simply too widely unknown, blank in US history in a classy, engaging, entertaining and hugely fulfilling way. Superb performances across the board and a fascinating story alone make Hidden Figures a solid, an accomplished and deftly executed movie that entertains, engages and earns your time, money and attention." Ty Burr of The Boston Globe wrote, "the film's made with more heart than art and more skill than subtlety, and it works primarily because of the women that it portrays and the actresses who portray them. Best of all, you come out of the movie knowing who Katherine Johnson and Dorothy Vaughn and Mary Jackson are, and so do your daughters and sons."
|
||||
Clayton Davis of Awards Circuit gave the film three and a half stars, saying "Precisely marketed as terrific adult entertainment for the Christmas season, Hidden Figures is a faithful and truly beautiful portrait of our country's consistent gloss over the racial tensions that have divided and continue to plague the fabric of our existence. Lavishly engaging from start to finish, Hidden Figures may be able to catch the most inopportune movie-goer off guard and cause them to fall for its undeniable and classic storytelling. The film is not to be missed."
|
||||
Other reviews criticized the film for its fictional embellishments and conventional, feel-good style. Tim Grierson, writing for Screen International, states that "Hidden Figures is almost patronisingly earnest in its depiction of sexism and racism. An air of do-gooder self-satisfaction hovers over the proceedings", while Jesse Hassenger at The A.V. Club comments that "lack of surprise is in this movie's bones." Eric Kohn of IndieWire argues that the film "trivializes history; as a hagiographic tribute to its brilliant protagonists, it doesn't dig into the essence of their struggles" and similarly, Paul Byrnes concludes that "When a film purports to be selling history, we're entitled to ask where the history went, even if it offers a good time instead."
|
||||
In 2025, entertainer Mel Brooks cited Hidden Figures as among his favorite films of the 21st century.
|
||||
|
||||
== Accolades ==
|
||||
|
||||
Among its many achievements, Octavia Spencer was particularly lauded for her portrayal of Dorothy Vaughan and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role. The film's ensemble cast won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. The film itself garnered a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture and several nominations its screenplay (including for the Oscar and BAFTA), soundtrack and score.
|
||||
Overall, the film received three nominations for the 89th Academy Awards in 2017, winning none:
|
||||
|
||||
Best Picture — Donna Gigliotti, Peter Chernin, Jenno Topping, Pharrell Williams and Theodore Melfi (lost to Moonlight)
|
||||
Best Supporting Actress — Octavia Spencer (lost to Viola Davis for Fences)
|
||||
Best Adapted Screenplay — Allison Schroeder and Theodore Melfi (based on the book Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race) (lost to Moonlight)
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
African-American women in computer science
|
||||
Henrietta Swan Leavitt
|
||||
Kathaleen Land
|
||||
List of black films of the 2010s
|
||||
List of films about mathematicians
|
||||
Mathematical fiction
|
||||
Women in science
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Hayles, N. Katherine (2005). My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-32147-9.
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
Hidden Figures at IMDb
|
||||
Hidden Figures at History vs. Hollywood
|
||||
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_(book)-0.md
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|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Inferior (book)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_(book)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:38:55.013756+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong and the New Research That's Rewriting the Story is a 2017 book by science journalist Angela Saini. The book discusses the effect of sexism on scientific research, and how that sexism influences social beliefs.
|
||||
Inferior was launched in June 2017 at the Royal Academy of Engineering. The book was published by Beacon Press in the United States and Fourth Estate Books in the United Kingdom.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Reception ==
|
||||
According to journalist Chantal Da Silva of The Independent, Angela Saini "paints a disturbing picture of just how deeply sexist notions have been woven into the fabric of scientific research" and concluded that her work "presents the rest of the scientific community with an important challenge: to acknowledge and correct a deep-rooted bias – and to help rewrite the role of women in the story of human evolution".
|
||||
Science journalist Nicola Davis writing for The Guardian stated that Saini "discovers that many of society’s traditional beliefs about women are built on shaky ground" and that "Saini’s scrutiny of the stereotype of men as hunters, leaving women to tend hearth and home, is eye-opening".
|
||||
Journalist Anjana Vaswani in the Ahmedabad Mirror wrote that Saini "exposes Charles Darwin's prejudices and how his views on a woman's place in society tinted, or rather tainted, his theories."
|
||||
In a review by Chemistry World, journalist Jennifer Newton wrote that "Saini’s narrative is sharp, engaging and admirably tempered" "I cannot recommend it highly enough".
|
||||
A month after its release, Inferior was recommended by Scientific American. It was a finalist in the Goodreads Choice Awards for "Best Science and Technology" in 2017 but ultimately lost to Astrophysics for People in a Hurry. Inferior was chosen as the Physics World "Book of the Year" for 2017 by the editor Tushna Commissariat who called it "[i]ntrepid, detailed [and] upbeat".
|
||||
Egyptologist Julien Delhez, writing for the journal Evolution, Mind and Behaviour in 2019, criticized Inferior for being "imprecise", "hazy", stating that "[w]hile researchers often benefit from listening to those who disagree with them, innuendos and vague claims such as these will certainly not help". He also wrote that the book creates confusion that could potentially "seriously deteriorate the dialogue between the public and the scientific community", unless "evolutionary psychologists, personality researchers, and intelligence researchers take the time to respond to such critics [i.e. Saini]".
|
||||
Psychologist Felipe Carvalho Novaes in the Portuguese journal Revista Psicologia Organizações e Trabalho, wrote that the book was well-written, but that it suffers from excessive biases and several contradictions. Novaes also recommended reading other books, such as The Sexual Paradox, so the reader could get different perspectives on the subject.
|
||||
After the release of Inferior, Angela Saini was invited to speak at universities and schools around the country, in what became a "scientific feminist book tour".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_of_Women_Engineers_and_Scientists"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:38:56.348614+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
ICWES (International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists) is an international conference for engineers and scientists. Established in 1964, it takes place every 3–4 years in countries around the world.
|
||||
Since 1999, the conference has been organised by the International Network of Women Engineers and Scientists (INWES), which was founded at the World Conference on Science (Budapest, Hungary) in 1999. The first conference took place in New York City, USA in 1964, the second followed in 1967 in Cambridge, UK. Since then meetings have taken place in Turin, Italy (1971); Cracow, Poland (1975); Rouen, France (1978); Mumbai, India, (1981); Washington DC, USA (1984); Abidjan, Ivory Coast (1988); Warwick, UK (1991); Budapest, Hungary (1996); Chiba, Japan (1999); Ottawa, Canada (2002); Seoul, Korea (2005); Lille, France (2008); Adelaide, Australia (2011); Los Angeles, USA (2014); New Delhi, India (2017). ICWES 18 was postponed due to the Covid pandemic and took place in Coventry, UK, in 2021. ICWES 19 was hosted in Aotearoa, New Zealand in 2023.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES I - New York City ==
|
||||
|
||||
The first ICWES conference took place in New York City, United States of America in 1964 and was organised by the American Society of Women Engineers (SWE). Beatrice Hicks was Conference Director and Ruth Shafer was Operations Chairman. The Technical Program was managed by Margaret R. Fox and the PR by Elsie Eaves. The theme of the conference was on developing engineering and scientific talent for the future.
|
||||
There were 493 listed attendees from 35 different countries, including Lillian Gilbreth, Beatrice Hicks, Grace Hopper, Ayyalasomayajula Lalitha, and Isabel Hardwich. The conference received funding from the National Science Foundation, the Asia Foundation, the Engineers Joint Council, as well as other companies and individual donations. Included in the conference programme was a trip to the New York's World Fair, which was taking place at the same time. The conference proceedings published a message sent to the conference from Lyndon B. Johnson, which stated that 'in focusing on the untapped potential and ability of talented women to participate in these professional activities, you and your colleagues are performing a distinguished service in our society'.
|
||||
Talks and statements were given by a variety of women from different countries, including Lillian Gilbreth (USA), Ira Rischowski (UK), Isabel Hardwich (UK), Cicely Thompson (UK) Jacqueline Juillard (Switzerland), Dorothy Mizoguchi (Japan), Ilse Knott-ter Meer (West Germany), Olwen Wooster (Australia), Maria Telkes (US), Anna Amour (Italy) and Francisca Fernández-Hall, a civil engineer and Guatemalan ambassador to Israel.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES II - Cambridge ==
|
||||
The second ICWES conference was organised by the United Kingdom's Women's Engineering Society (WES) and took place in Cambridge, England in 1967. The themes of the conference were the application of technology to solve world food problems and the question of women's representation in engineering and science across the world. There were 309 listed attendees from 35 different countries, with attendees including Ghanaian zoologist Leticia Obeng, Ugandan engineer Miriam Muwanga, Japanese geochemist Katsuko Saruhashi, American aeronautical engineer Katherine Stinson, Betty Lou Bailey who worked for General Electric Company and engineer and journalist Elsie Eaves and Indian mechanical engineer Ila Ghose and K. K. Khubchandani. Nigerian physicists Deborah Ajakaiye and Ebun Adegbohungbe also attended as did Sri Lanka's first woman engineer Premala Sivaprakasapillai Sivasegaram. In The Woman Engineer – journal of WES – Leticia Obeng commented on the atmosphere of the conference: 'The change from the serious talks in the Chemistry Laboratory Hall to the gay atmosphere at the pre-banquet reception was a vivid demonstration of the adaptability of the human female to varying conditions.' British attendees included engineers Isabel Hardwich, Ira Rischowski (who was accommodation secretary), Rose Winslade, Cicely Thompson, and Hettie Bussell. No delegates attended from Russia due to the Six-Day War.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES III - Turin ==
|
||||
The third International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists was held in Turin, Italy ( 30 August - 5 September 1971), organised by Dr Anna Amour and AIDIA (the Italian Association for Women in Engineering and Architecture), and supported by the late Dr. Emma Strada. Attendees included Erna Hamburger, Letitia Obeng, Nicole Becarud, Deborah Ajakaiye, Ebun Oni (née Adegbohungbe), Olive Salembier, Azarmidokht Arjangi, May Maple, Hettie Bussell, Irene Ryan, Peggy Hodges, Elizabeth Laverick, Daphne Jackson, Grace Hopper, Veronica Milligan.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES IV - Cracow ==
|
||||
Cracow, Poland (1975)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES V - Rouen ==
|
||||
The fifth International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists was held 4–8 September 1978 in Rouen, France, under the auspices of the Cercle Des Femmes Ingenieurs, led by their President, Nicole Becarud. It was attended by over 200 delegates from 35 countries.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES VI - Mumbai ==
|
||||
Mumbai, India (1981)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES VII - Washington DC ==
|
||||
Washington DC, USA (1984)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES VIII - Abidjan ==
|
||||
Abidjan, Ivory Coast (1988)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES IX - Warwick ==
|
||||
Warwick, UK (1991)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES X - Budapest ==
|
||||
Budapest, Hungary (1996)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES XI - Chiba ==
|
||||
Chiba, Japan (1999);
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES XII - Ottawa ==
|
||||
Ottawa, Canada (2002)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES XIII - Seoul ==
|
||||
Seoul, South Korea (2005)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES XIV - Lille ==
|
||||
Lille, France (2008)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES XV - Adelaide ==
|
||||
Adelaide, Australia (2011)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES XVI - Los Angeles ==
|
||||
Los Angeles, USA (2014)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES XVII - New Delhi ==
|
||||
ICWES17 was held on 5–7 October 2017 in New Delhi, India, hosted by WISE-India, with nearly 300 attendees from 18 countries and four continents.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES XVIII - Coventry, UK ==
|
||||
ICWES18 was held in Coventry in 2021.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== ICWES XIX - New Zealand ==
|
||||
ICWES19 was held in 2023.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of Graduate Women in Science chapters"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Graduate_Women_in_Science_chapters"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:38:49.991460+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Graduate Women in Science, formerly known as Sigma Delta Epsilon, is an international organization for women in science. It was established in 1921 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, United States.
|
||||
In the following list, active chapters are indicated in bold and inactive chapters are in italics.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of Graduate Women in Science members
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user