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OProject@Home was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) and was based on a dedicated library OLib. The project was directed by Lukasz Swierczewski, an IT student at the College of Computer Science and Business Administration in Łomża, Computer Science and Automation Institute. As of 2016 it seems to have been abandoned.
== Subprojects ==
Shor's Algorithm
Shor's Algorithm DP
GSCE-SV
ALX
Weird Engine
Shor's Algorithm and Shor's Algorithm DP were the main subprojects of OProject@Home. The objective was to test quantum algorithms (e.g. Shor's algorithm) of quantum computing. GSCE-SV verifies the correctness of Goldbach's conjecture, while ALX is a Non-CPU-intensive (nci) subproject capable of running on ARM-based CPUs running Android or Linux. It is used to research and develop artificial intelligence and computer networks. The project supports the PlayStation 3.
The Weird Engine subproject calculates the weird numbers (sequence A006037 in the OEIS). Numbers are available in the project database. According to the OEIS it is the largest publicly available database of such numbers.
These ongoing work on the application analyzing status of water on Earth. OProject@Home uses data from NASA and NOAA satellites. Analyzed data are taken from devices AVHRR and AMSR that are used to measure the Earth's radiation predominantly in the infrared. Based on the information is easy to calculate the sea surface temperature and ice concentration at any point on Earth. This information will enable to perform the analysis and simulations climate.
The subprojects running on the platform OProject@Home are important to science because they address difficult and unsolved problems in physics and theoretical mathematics. For example, Goldbach's conjecture, proposed in 1742 has never been disproven. It is not even clear whether the problem can be solved, as the range of numbers are infinite. It's also not known if there are any odd weird numbers. All calculated weird numbers are even. Climate change and global warming has also raised a number of controversies, and a future goal is to effectively analyze the entire Earth to predict the probability of various possible threats to people. Such systems can warn against natural disasters such as hurricanes or cyclones that may arise in the future. Although this is a future development, a sample video showing the sea surface temperature for 1982 has been generated in order to show what this can result in. The simulation is based on publicly available databases from organisations such as NOAA and NASA.
As with other volunteer computing projects, progress relies on recruiting a number of users willing to donate computing power to the project. These projects are usually run in the background and when the computer is idle and have little or no performance impact when a person is using the computer.
A side effect of the project is to develop high-performance algorithms for the various subprojects. The source code of the programs are open and available for public download on Google Code, licensed under the GPL license. All the data generated by the project is also available from the project website, also distributed under the GPL license. The project is also open to new subprojects, although the current focus is on the continued development of the software, in order to ensure a more stable platform.
The project was officially launched on 13 August 2012. As of 9 October 2012, over 2243 volunteers with over 1779 hosts have participated in the project. OProject@Home has 9th place between all BOINC projects by the amount of new hosts after well-known WCG, SETI@Home, MilkyWay, Collatz conjecture, PrimeGrid projects. On 30 September 2012 the project lead released the news about the launch OProject@Home in BOINC official website, and later on the same day the project was added to the overall list of volunteer systems.
== References ==

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orbit@home was a BOINC-based volunteer computing project of the Planetary Science Institute. It uses the "Orbit Reconstruction, Simulation and Analysis" framework to optimize the search strategies that are used to find near-Earth objects.
On March 4, 2008, orbit@home completed the installation of its new server and officially opened to new members. On April 11, orbit@home launched a Windows version of their client. On February 16, 2013, the project was halted due to lack of grant funding. However, on July 23, 2013, the Orbit@home project was selected for funding by NASA's Near Earth Object Observation program. It was announced that orbit@home is to resume operations sometime in 2014 or 2015. As of July 13, 2018, orbit@home is offline according to its website, and the upgrade announcement has been removed.
== See also ==
List of volunteer computing projects
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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POEM@Home was a volunteer computing project hosted by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform. It modeled protein folding using Anfinsen's dogma. POEM@Home was started in 2007 and, due to advances using GPUs that rendered the BOINC program redundant, concluded in October 2016. The POEM@home applications were proprietary.
== Scientific objectives ==
The project studied how protein structure determined protein function, predict a protein's structure from its amino acid sequence, investigated how proteins interact with each other, and understand how malfunctioning proteins can cause functional disorders. The resulting knowledge could then be used in the development of medical treatments.
== See also ==
List of volunteer computing projects
== References ==
== External links ==
POEM@Home website
Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)

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The people's science movement (PSM) aims to popularise science and scientific outlook among common people. Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad, Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti, Assam Science Society, Bigyan Prachar Samiti (Orissa), We the Sapiens and the All India Peoples Science Network are some popular people's science movements in India.
== People's science movements in India ==
Bangiya Bijnan Parishad (1948)
Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad (1962)
Pondicherry Science Forum (1985)
Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti
Tamil Nadu Science Forum (1980)
Jan Vignana Vedika
Delhi Science Forum (1978)
Assam Science Society (1956)
Tripura Science Forum
Bigyan Prachar Samiti, Odisha
Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti Uttar Pradesh
Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti Haryana
Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti Utharkhand
We, the Sapiens
All India Peoples Science Network (1988)
== References ==
"Secularism and People's Science Movement in India" and "Towards a People's Science Movement" from Economic and Political Weekly
"People's Science Movement" from Science, technology, imperialism, and war
"The People's Science Movements" from Knowing Nature
"Science for social change"

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Physics outreach encompasses facets of science outreach and physics education, and a variety of activities by schools, research institutes, universities, clubs and institutions such as science museums aimed at broadening the audience for and awareness and understanding of physics, including through trust-building with non-expert audiences. While the general public may sometimes be the focus of such activities, physics outreach often centers on developing and providing resources and making presentations to students, educators in other disciplines, and in some cases researchers within different areas of physics.
== History ==
Ongoing efforts to expand the understanding of physics to a wider audience have been undertaken by individuals and institutions since the early 19th century. Historic works, such as the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, and Two New Sciences by Galileo Galilei, sought to present revolutionary knowledge in astronomy, frames of reference, and kinematics in a manner that a general audience could understand with great effect.
In the mid-1800s, English physicist and chemist, Michael Faraday gave a series of nineteen lectures aimed towards young adults with the hopes of conveying scientific phenomena. His intentions were to raise awareness, inspire them and generate revenue of the Royal Institution. This series became known as the Christmas lectures, and still continues today. By the early 20th century, the public notoriety of physicists such as Albert Einstein and Marie Curie, and inventions such as radio led to a growing interest in physics. In 1921, in the United States, the establishment of Sigma Pi Sigma physics honor society at universities was instrumental in the expanding number of physics presentations, and led to the creation of physics clubs open to all students.
Museums were an important form of outreach but most early science museums were generally focused on natural history. Some specialized museums, such as the Cavendish Museum at University of Cambridge, housed many of the historically important pieces of apparatus that contributed to the major discoveries by Maxwell, Thomson, Rutherford, etc. However, such venues provided little opportunity for hands-on learning or demonstrations.
In August 1969, Frank Oppenheimer dedicated his new Exploratorium in San Francisco primarily to interactive science exhibits that demonstrated principles in physics. The Exploratorium published the details of their own exhibits in "Cookbooks" that served as an inspiration to many other museums around the world, and since then has diversified into many outreach programs. Oppenheimer had researched European science museums while on a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1965. He noted that three museums served as important influences on the Exploratorium: the Palais de la Découverte, which displayed models to teach scientific concepts and employed students as demonstrators, a practice that directly inspired the Exploratorium's much-lauded High School Explainer Program; the South Kensington Museum of Science and Art, which Oppenheimer and his wife visited frequently; and the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the world's largest science museum, which had a number of interactive displays that impressed the Oppenheimers.
In the ensuing years, physics outreach, and science outreach more generally, continued to expand and took on new popular forms, including highly successful television shows such as Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, first broadcast in 1980.
As a form of outreach within the physics education community for teachers and students, in 1997 the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and Department of Energy USDOE established QuarkNet, a professional teacher development program. In 2012, the University of Notre Dame received a $6.1M, five-year grant to support a nationwide expansion of the Quarknet program. Also in 1997, the European Particle Physics Outreach Group, led by Christopher Llewellyn Smith, FRS, and Director General of CERN, was formed to create a community of scientists, science educators, and communication specialists in science education and public outreach for particle physics. This group became the International Particle Physics Outreach Group (IPPOG) in 2011 after the start up of the LHC.
== Innovation ==
Many contemporary initiatives in physics outreach have begun to shift focus, transcending traditional field boundaries, seeking to engage students and the public by integrating elements of aesthetic design and popular culture. The goal has been not only to push physics out of a strictly science education framework but also to draw in professionals and students from other fields to bring their perspectives on physical phenomena. Such work includes artists creating sculptures using ferrofluids, and art photography using high speed and ultra high speed photography.
Other efforts, such as University of Cambridge's Physics at Work program have created annual events to demonstrate to secondary students uses of physics in everyday life and a Senior Physics Challenge. Seeing the importance these initiatives, Cambridge has established a full-time physics outreach organization, an Educational Outreach Office, and aspirations for a Center of Physics and expanded industrial partnerships that "would include a well equipped core team of outreach officers dedicated to demonstrating the real life applications of physics, showing that physics is an accessible and relevant subject".
The French research group, La Physique Autrement (Physics Reimagined), of the Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, works on research about new ways to present modern solid-state physics and to engage the general public. In 2013, Physics Today covered this group in an article entitled "Quantum Physics For Everyone" which discussed how with the help of designers and unconventional demonstrations, the project sought out and succeeded to engage people who never thought of themselves as interested in science.
The Science & Entertainment Exchange was developed by the United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to increase public awareness, knowledge, and understanding of science and advanced science technology through its representation in television, film, and other media. It was officially launched in 2008 as a partnership between the NAS and Hollywood. The Exchanged is Based in Los Angeles, California.
== Museums and public venues primarily focused on physical phenomena ==
=== Canada ===
Montreal Science Centre (Montreal, Quebec) displays many hands-on activities involving various physics phenomena.
=== Finland ===
Heureka (Helsinki) is an NPO science center run by the Finnish Science Centre Foundation with a broad spectrum of physics-related exhibits.

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=== France ===
Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie (Paris) is the largest French science museum, and contains permanent exhibits and hands-on experiments.
Palais de la Découverte (Paris) contains permanent exhibits and interactive experiments with commentaries by lecturers. It includes a Zeiss planetarium with 15-metre dome. It was created in 1937 by the French Nobel Prize physicist Jean Baptiste Perrin.
Musée des Arts et Métiers (Paris) focuses on the preservation of scientific instruments and inventions.
Other science museums that are part of the Cultural Center of Science, Technology and Industry (CCSTI) exist all across France : Espace des Sciences (Rennes), La Casemate (Grenoble), the Cité de l'espace (Toulouse).
=== Germany ===
Deutsches Museum (Munich) is the world's largest science museum. One of the most popular events is the high voltage demonstration of a Faraday cage as part of their series on electric power.
=== Islamic Republic of Iran ===
Iran Science and Technology Museum (Tehran) is the largest science museum in Iran. This museum, by holding varied scientific and educational programs, provides the required situation for creation and propagation of scientific thought in the society. One of these programs is the "Physics Show".
=== Netherlands ===
NEMO (Amsterdam) is the largest science center in the Netherlands, with hands-on science exhibitions.
=== United States ===
Exploratorium (San Francisco) is one of the foremost interactive science and art museums in the United States dedicated to exploring how the world works and consists of interactive exhibits, experiences and curious exploration. The Exploratorium was opened in 1969, and now attracts over a million visitors annually.
The American Museum of Natural History in New York City is both a museum and a research facility with a department in astrophysics. As a natural history museum, it focuses on educating the public about human cultures, the natural world, and the universe, and has many interactive programs and lectures all year round.
The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia is one of the oldest centers for science education and research in the United States.
== Scientific institutions and societies with physics outreach programs ==
=== Canada ===
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics was founded in 1999 in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, the institute is a center for scientific research, training and educational outreach in theoretical physics.
Located in Vancouver, British Columbia, TRIUMF is Canada's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics and accelerator-based science. In addition to its science mission, the laboratory is committed to physics outreach, offering public tours of its facilities, public talks, an artist in residence program, student fellowships, and other opportunities.
The Canadian Association of Physicists (CAP), or in French Association canadienne des physiciens et physiciennes (ACP) is a Canadian professional society that focuses on creating awareness amongst Canadians and Canadian legislators of physics issues, sponsoring physics related events, [physics outreach], and publishes Physics in Canada.
=== France ===
French Physics Society has a specific section devoted to outreach and popularization of science.
The European Physical Society (EPS) is based in France, but works to promote physics and physicists in Europe.
=== Germany ===
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG, German Physical Society) is the world's largest organization of physicists. The DPG actively participates in communication between physics and the general public with several popular scientific publications and events such as the "Highlights of Physics" which is an annual physics festival organized jointly by the DPG and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. This festival is the largest of its kind in Germany and attracts about 30,000 visitors every year.
=== United Kingdom ===
Institute of Physics is an international charitable institution that aims to advance physics education, research and application.
=== United States ===
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Association of Physics Teachers
American Institute of Physics (AIP) has an outreach program focused on advocating science policy to the US Congress and the general public.
American Physical Society (APS) has a program dedicated to "Communicating the excitement and importance of physics to everyone."
Leonardo, the International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology (Leonardo/ISAST) is a nonprofit organization that serves the global network of distinguished scholars, artists, scientists, researchers and thinkers. The institution focuses on interdisciplinary work, creative output and innovation. Its journal Leonardo is published by MIT Press.
== Media and Internet ==
=== Media ===
The Big Bang Theory is an American sitcom created in 2007 and revolves around the lives of scientists at the California Institute of Technology. This show has been widely recognized for popularizing science and noted by the New York Times as "helping physics and fiction collide". In 2014, the program was the most popular sitcom and most popular non-sports program on American TV with an average of 20 million viewers. However, the show has been criticized for sometimes portraying the scientific community inaccurately.
C'est pas sorcier is a French educational television program that originally aired from November 5, 1994, to present. 20 shows dealt with astronomy and space topics and 13 about physics.
Particle Fever is a 2013 documentary film that provides an intimate and accessible view of the first experiments at the Large Hadron Collider from the perspectives of the experimental physicists at CERN who run the experiments, as well as the theoretical physicists who attempt to provide a conceptual framework for the LHC's results. Reviewers praised the film for making theoretical arguments seem comprehensible, for making scientific experiments seem thrilling, and for making particle physicists seem human.
Through the Wormhole is an American science documentary television series narrated and hosted by American actor Morgan Freeman and has featured physicists such as such as Michio Kaku and Brian Cox (physicist).

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=== Internet ===
MinutePhysics is a series of educational videos created by Henry Reich and disseminated through its YouTube channel. It displays a series of pedagogical short videos about various physics phenomena and theories.
Physics World publication, run by the Institute of Physics, started explaining scientific concepts through its YouTube channel.
Palais de la Découverte in Paris hosts online videos that display various interviews about science, including physics.
Unisciel, a French online university, hosts educational videos through its YouTube channel.
Veritasium is a series of educational videos created by Derek Muller and disseminated through its YouTube channel. It displays a series of pedagogical short videos about science, including physics.
Saint Mary's Physics Demonstrations is an online repository for physics classroom demonstrations. It shows teachers the experiments they can do in class while also hosting videos of said experiments.
Periodic Videos is a portal of educational videos explaining the characteristics of each element and supporting topics such as nuclear reactions. The project is sponsored by the University of Nottingham and hosted by Prof. Sir Martyn Poliakoff.
== Prominent individuals ==
=== Austria ===
Fritjof Capra is an Austrian-born American physicist, who attended the University of Vienna, where he earned his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1966. He is a founding director of the Center for Ecoliteracy in Berkeley, California, and is on the faculty of Schumacher College. Capra is the author of several books, including The Tao of Physics (1975) and has also done research in Paris and London.
=== France ===
Camille Flammarion was a French astronomer author of many popular science books.
Étienne Klein is a French physicist and philosopher of science involved in outreach efforts about particle and quantum physics.
Roland Lehoucq is a French astrophysicist known for his outreach efforts especially in relationship with fiction and science fiction.
Hubert Reeves is a French Canadian astrophysicist and popularizer of science.
=== United Kingdom ===
Brian Cox is a British physicist and musician best known to the public as the presenter of a number of science programs for the BBC.
Wendy J. Sadler promotes science and engineering as part of popular culture through Science Made Simple, an educational spin-off company of Cardiff University that reaches students through live presentations. She also trains scientists and engineers to improve their communications skills to enable them to extend their research across a broader audience. Sadler was the IoP Young Professional Physicist of the Year in 2005.
Robert Matthews is a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, a Chartered Physicist, a Member of the Institute of Physics, and a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. Matthews is a distinguished science journalist. He is currently anchorman for the science magazine BBC Focus, and a freelance columnist for the Financial Times. In the past, he has been science correspondent for the Sunday Telegraph.
=== United States ===
Richard Feynman was a Nobel-prize-winning theoretical physicist also known as a science popularizer through his books and lectures ranging from physics topics (quantum physics, nanophysics...) to autobiographical essays.
George Gamow was a theoretical physicist and cosmologist who also wrote popular books on science, some of which are still in print more than a half-century after their original publication
Brian Greene is a theoretical physicist involved in various outreach activities (books, TV shows). He co-founded the World Science Festival in 2008.
Clifford Victor Johnson is a theoretical physicist involved in various outreach activities (blog, TV shows...).
Michio Kaku is a theoretical physicist who is a futurist and communicator and popularizer of physics. He is most well known for his three New York Times Best Sellers on physics: Physics of the Impossible (2008), Physics of the Future (2011), and The Future of the Mind (2014).
Lawrence M. Krauss is an American theoretical physicist and cosmologist who is Foundation Professor of the School of Earth and Space Exploration at Arizona State University and is known as an advocate of the public understanding of science, of public policy based on sound empirical data, of scientific skepticism and of science education and works to reduce the impact of superstition and religious dogma in pop culture.
Don Lincoln is a physicist at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. While his research focuses on the Large Hadron Collider, he is known for his efforts to spread public awareness of physics and cosmology. He is the face of the Fermilab YouTube channel, where he has made over 150 videos. He is also a frequent contributor to CNN, Forbes, and many other online journals. He is also author of several books, including "Understanding the Universe", published by World Scientific, and "The Large Hadron Collider: The Extraordinary Story of the Higgs Boson and Other Things That Will Blow Your Mind," published by Johns Hopkins University Press.
Jennifer Ouellette is the former director of the Science & Entertainment Exchange, an initiative of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) designed to connect entertainment industry professionals with top scientists and engineers to help the creators of television shows, films, video games, and other productions incorporate science into their work. She is currently a freelance writer contributing to a physics outreach dialogue with articles in a variety of publications such as Physics World, Discover magazine, New Scientist, Physics Today, and The Wall Street Journal.
Carl Sagan was an astrophysicist and science popularizer, one of his important contributions being the 1980 television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
Neil deGrasse Tyson is an astrophysicist and science communicator who participated to TV and radio shows and wrote various outreach books.
Jearl Walker is a physics professor at Cleveland State University. He wrote the Amateur Scientist column in Scientific American from 1978 to 1988 and authored the popular science book The Flying Circus of Physics.

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== Funding sources ==
American Physical Society awards grants up to $10,000 to help APS members develop new physics outreach activities.
Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter (ICAM) provides grants and fellowships for physics outreach.
Wellcome Trust, while mostly focused on biological sciences, the Wellcome Trust also touches on physics and encourages physics outreach. They aim to improve biology, chemistry, and physics A levels in the UK.
Institute of Physics (IoP) The IoP aims to provide positive and compelling experiences of physics for public audiences through engaging and entertaining activities and events. The public engagement grant scheme is designed to give financial support of up to £1500 to individuals and organisations running physics-based events and activities in the UK and Ireland.
== Awards ==
Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science is an award given by UNESCO for exceptional skill in presenting scientific ideas to lay people
Klopsteg Memorial Award is presented by the American Association of Physics Teachers and given in memory of the physicist Paul E. Klopsteg
Kelvin Prize is awarded by the Institute of Physics to acknowledge outstanding contributions to the public understanding of physics.
The Michael Faraday Prize for communicating science to a UK audience is awarded by the Royal Society.
Prix Jean Perrin for popularization in physics is attributed by the French Physics Society.
== References ==

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Policy advocacy is defined as active, covert, or inadvertent support of a particular policy or class of policies. Advocacy can include a variety of activities including, lobbying, litigation, public education, and capacity building (the forming relationships with parties of interest). Advocating for policy can take place from a local level to a state or federal government. For example, a local advocacy group in Brunswick, Georgia, Defenders of Wildlife, advocated for the passage of the H.R. 5552 Migratory Bird Protection Act during 2020 when rollbacks to the bill were introduced from the Trump Administration. At the state level, advocacy for policy can be a joint effort between advocacy groups. In the United States, advocacy groups around the nation planned joint efforts to get the Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act (UPHPA) signed into law in each of their respective states and in 2018, the bill was signed into law by Texas Governor Greg Abbott making it the tenth state to enforce this law.
== Scientists as policy advocates ==
One controversial area of advocacy is when scientists shift out of the role of scientist and into the role of policy advocate. Scientists, engineers, and other technical experts sometimes also act as policy advocates for their personal policy or their employer's policy preferences. It is common in local, state, and federal governments to find scientists working on policy advocacy. For example, many non-profit groups with a focus on science policy and advocacy in the United States like the National Science Policy Network (NSPN) or Engineers and Scientists Acting Locally (ESAL) provide networks for all career stage professionals in STEM fields to engage in policy advocacy together. Other ways that STEM professionals engage in policy advocacy can be seen as expert witnesses and panel speakers in the United States congressional committee meetings in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, many of which oversee scientific and technological topics such as the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology or the Senate committee on Energy and Natural Resources. During these committee meetings, lawmakers will gather experts from both public and private sectors to provide insight into the issue at stake and why a policy should or should not be enacted. Policy advocates from across the political spectrum will provide policy advocates who have scientific credentials to pitch their policy preferences.
Providing technical and scientific information to inform policy deliberations in an objective and relevant way is recognized as a difficult problem in many scientific and technical professions. The challenge and conflicts have been studied for those working as stock analysts in brokerage firms, for medical experts testifying in malpractice trials, for funding officers at international development agencies, and for intelligence analysts within governmental national security agencies. The job of providing accurate, relevant, and policy neutral information is especially challenging if highly controversial policy issues (such as climate change) that have a significant scientific component. The use of normative science by scientists is a common method used to subtly advocate for preferred policy choices. Conflict may arise with the administration of a scientific journal when some scientists wish to include their policy preferences in their scientific manuscripts, while editors and other scientists assert that scientific articles ought to remain policy neutral.*Caldwell (2005). "Courting the expert: clash of culture?". British Journal of Haematology. 129 (6): 730–733. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05464.x. PMID 15952998.
== See also ==
Science policy
Advocacy
Advocacy group
Normative science
Lobbying (government relations)
Capacity building
== References ==
== External links ==
Béné (2005). "The good, the bad, and the ugly: discourse, policy controversies, and the role of science in the politics of shrimp farming development". Development Policy Review. 23 (5): 585–614. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2005.00304.x. SSRN 786094.
Lackey, Robert T (2007). "Science, scientists, and policy advocacy". Conservation Biology. 21 (1): 12–17. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00639.x. PMID 17298504.
Pielke (2004). "When scientists politicize science: making sense of controversy over The Skeptical Environmentalist" (PDF). Environmental Science and Policy. 7 (5): 405–417. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2004.06.004.
Rykiel (2001). "Scientific objectivity, value systems, and policymaking". BioScience. 51 (6): 433–436. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0433:SOVSAP]2.0.CO;2.
Scott; Michael, J.; Rachlow, Janet L.; Lackey, Robert T.; et al. (2008). "Policy advocacy in science: prevalence, perspectives, and implications for conservation biologists". Conservation Biology. 21 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00641.x. PMID 17298508.
Shannon (1996). Science Advocacy is Inevitable: Deal with It. Society of American Foresters.
Armstrong (2002). "Ways to make analysis relevant but not prescriptive". Studies in Intelligence. 46: 37–43. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010.
Boni (2003). "Wall Street research: will new rules change its usefulness?". Financial Analysts Journal. 59 (3): 25–29. doi:10.2469/faj.v59.n3.2528.
Caldwell (2005). "Courting the expert: clash of culture?". British Journal of Haematology. 129 (6): 730–733. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05464.x. PMID 15952998.

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Polish Transhumanist Association (Polskie Stowarzyszenie Transhumanistyczne, PSTH) is a Warsaw-based nonprofit organization established in 2017 that promotes research and public discussion on human enhancement and the ethical, social, and technological implications of emerging technologies. Its activities include organizing interdisciplinary conferences, lectures, and workshops in collaboration with academic and cultural institutions across Poland.
== History ==
PSTH was founded in 2017 by a group of scientists, entrepreneurs, medical professionals, programmers, and technology enthusiasts. From its inception, the association has aimed to foster critical reflection on the future of humanity by convening experts from diverse fields to debate topics such as biohacking, artificial intelligence, and cybernetic augmentation.
== Activities ==
Academic conferences: Academic conferences: Since 2017, PSTH has organized the annual national scientific conference “Transhumanizm: Idee, Strategie, Wątpliwości.” The first edition took place on December 9, 2017, at the Institute of Philosophy, University of Warsaw, featuring 15 speakers across six thematic panels. The fourth edition was held in 2022 at the State Ethnographic Museum in Warsaw. In June 2019, PSTH also co-organized the conference “Ludzkie i nie-ludzkie oblicza transhumanizmu” (Human and Non-Human Faces of Transhumanism) at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, alongside the Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology and the UMCS Cognition Circle.
Interdisciplinary lectures: A PSTH member delivered the lecture “Starzenie, śmierć i długowieczność. Perspektywa biomedyczna, etyczna i systemowa” (Aging, Death and Longevity: Biomedical, Ethical, and Systemic Perspectives) in December 2019, as reported by the independent IVITER portal. On 16 May, PSTH organized a public meeting in Warsaw titled “Jeśli transhumanizm, to czemu nie GMO?” (If Transhumanism, Then Why Not GMO?), which provided a forum to examine how opposition to genetically modified organisms in Europe affects the development of biotechnology. Additionally, on May 23, 2024, in cooperation with the Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, PSTH organized an open lecture by Dr. Łukasz Kucharczyk entitled “Granice człowieczeństwa. Wokół Dukaja i transhumanizmu” (The Limits of Humanity: Around Dukaj and Transhumanism).
Cultural partnerships: PSTH is listed among the partners of the Copernicus Festival in Kraków, a major annual science and philosophy event organized by the Copernicus Center and Tygodnik Powszechny Foundation. In addition, in 2021, PSTH was named as one of the organizers and partners of the Futurological Congress, alongside the Polish Society for Futures Studies (PTSP) and other organizations.
== References ==

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Positive computing is a technological design perspective that embraces psychological well-being and ethical practice, aiming at building a digital environment to support happier and healthier users. Positive computing develops approaches that incorporates psychology, education, neuroscience, and HCI with technological development, bridging technology with mental health.
== Background ==
The design of a tool impacts the people who use it. Small design implications of technologies can have their effects amplified when used by many people. Technology researchers typically focus primarily on technical aspects, paying less attention to the ethical impact and ethical considerations of their products.
However, researchers from other fields such as psychology and philosophy studied these matters extensively and provided a wealth of methodologies to assess users' well-being, with thousands of quality-of-life assessment methods and validating studies.
Positive computing draws many ideas from positive psychology, a domain of psychology that focuses on societal well-being and improving quality of life.
=== Well-being in technology and technology research ===
The recognition of the impact of technology and inventions on people's lives has moved technology professionals to rethink the technology tools we use and seek a realignment of companies' goals to the social good. Exemplary of this disposition is the famous Google's motto, "don't be evil."
Technologies can be loosely classified into four groups according to their influence on the psychological aspects:
Technologies that are not positive computing oriented: technologies in this category do not consider the psychological well-being of the user nor their influence on society and ethical values.
Technologies that hinder well-being integration: they present compromises and obstacles to the well-being of the users; obstacles that, from a positive computing perspective, are seen as errors. These technologies should undergo a process of redesign. For example, social network platforms may need to be redesigned to reduce negative behaviors and prevent conflict.
Technologies that provide active integration with positive computing principles: technologies in this group are designed to actively support components of well-being. Examples might be a word processor redesigned to support flow or a social media website designed to promote empathy.
Technology dedicated to positive computing: purposeful, dedicated to well-being. Examples: promote empathy, and increase mindfulness.
== What is positive ==
In Calvo's and Peter's seminal book on positive computing, they list the following as positive aspects to which we should aim when designing technologies: positive emotions, motivation, engagement, flow, self-awareness, self-compassion, mindfulness, empathy, compassion, and altruism.
An encompassing term for general human welfare and happiness is eudaimonia which is extensively studied in positive psychology and which is inquired along different dimensions such as self-discovery, the sense of purpose and meaning in life, the involvement in activities, the investment in the pursuit of excellence, the self-perception of one's own potentials.
=== Autonomy, competence and relatedness ===
There are three basic psychological needs according to Self-determination theory (SDT): autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which can be briefly described as the feeling of psychological liberty and self-motivation, the feeling of having control and mastery, and the feeling of connection to others.
== Solutions ==
=== Design to address the basic psychological needs ===
The three previously mentioned basic psychological needs are measurable and well-defined characteristics that make them excellent as design targets.
To support autonomy, the design process needs to provide control over multiple options, provide meaningful rationales behind choices, enable the customization of the experience, and avoid controlling language.
Competence is also well-studied for game design, and the three main design factors supporting it are the appropriateness of the level of presented challenges, the presence of positive feedback, and the opportunities to learn and master the tasks at hand.
Relatedness-supportive environments need to be designed to provide meaningful and responsive interactions with others, respect human emotions, avoid disrupting social relationships, and provide opportunities for social connections.
=== Responsible design process ===
Responsible design, not to be confused with responsive design, comes from the integration of ethical analysis with well-being–supportive design into engineering practice.
In particular, it features the double diamond design process model adding a post-launch evaluation phase.
The responsible design process consists then of five stages:
Research: in this initial step, the designer team should investigate the needs of the users and the context in which they are immersed;
Insights: this phase analyzes the data gathered in the previous one, synthesizing specific insights for the later stages;
Ideation: this stage involves the generation of creative solutions that take into consideration the elicited technical and ethical requirements;
Prototypes: in this last development stage, the team must eventually converge into practical solutions and build functioning prototypes to access the subsequent evaluation phase;
Evaluation: this final phase comes after the rollout of the developed prototypes to evaluate their impact in the real-world scenario.
== Positive Computing in AI ==
Malo Bourgon, COO of MIRI, stated that research in artificial intelligence should consider best practices from the computer security community when testing their systems for safety and security before they are released for wide adoption. Government legislation, business practices, and stronger education of AI and its consequences to society are also proposed. These solutions implement the principles of positive computing into AI, making sure that it serves humanity in a positive way.
== Scientific venues ==
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)
SIGCHI
Journal of Medical Internet Research
Journal of Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing
== See also ==
== References ==
Notes
Bibliography
== Further reading ==
Sander, Tomas (2011). "Positive Computing". In Biswas-Diener, Robert (ed.). Positive Psychology as Social Change. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 309–326. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9938-9_17. ISBN 978-90-481-9938-9.
Ethically aligned design: a vision for prioritizing human well-being with autonomous and intelligent systems (Report). IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
== External links ==
Doteveryone - the responsible technology think tank
Ethics Kit | Methods & tools for ethics in the design process
IEEE Ethics In Action in Autonomous and Intelligent Systems | IEEE SA - Resources
Center for Humane Technology (CHT)
List of projects from the Wellbeing Technology Lab

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Predictor@home was a volunteer computing project that used BOINC software to predict protein structure from protein sequence in the context of the 6th biannual CASP, or Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction. A major goal of the project was the testing and evaluating of new algorithms to predict both known and unknown protein structures.
Predictor@home was complementary to Folding@home. Whereas the latter aims to study the dynamics of protein folding, Predictor@home aimed to specify what the final tertiary structure will be. Also, the two projects differ significantly in the infrastructure they use. The project used BOINC software, whereas Folding@home maintains its own software completely outside of BOINC.
However, for a time, Predictor@home competed with other BOINC protein structure prediction projects, such as Rosetta@home. Each uses different methods of rapidly and reliably predicting the final tertiary structure.
Predictor@home is currently inactive.
== History ==
Predictor@home holds the distinction of being the first independent BOINC project to be launched. The project was set up and run by Michela Taufer at The Scripps Research Institute.
On September 6, 2006, Predictor@home was temporarily taken off line, with no new work units being sent out. In May, 2008, the project reverted to Alpha status while experimenting with new methods.
Over the summer of 2008, the project servers were moved to the University of Michigan and as of December 2008, the project had not sent out any work for some months. BOINC stats sites were unable to obtain updated XML data, as this had been suspended by the project team.
On June 10, 2009, the Predictor@home web site and forums were shut down.
== See also ==
List of volunteer computing projects
Rosetta@home
SIMAP
Grid computing
Protein structure prediction
== References ==
== External links ==
Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)

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PrimeGrid is a volunteer computing project that searches for very large (up to world-record size) prime numbers whilst also aiming to solve long-standing mathematical conjectures. It uses the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. PrimeGrid offers a number of subprojects for prime-number sieving and discovery. Some of these are available through the BOINC client, others through the PRPNet client. Some of the work is manual, i.e. it requires manually starting work units and uploading results. Different subprojects may run on different operating systems, and may have executables for CPUs, GPUs, or both; while running the Lucas–Lehmer–Riesel test, CPUs with Advanced Vector Extensions and Fused Multiply-Add instruction sets will yield the fastest results for non-GPU accelerated workloads.
PrimeGrid awards badges to users in recognition of achieving certain defined levels of credit for work done. The badges have no intrinsic value but are valued by many as a sign of achievement. The issuing of badges should also benefit PrimeGrid by evening out the participation in the less popular sub projects. The easiest of the badges can often be obtained in less than a day by a single computer, whereas the most challenging badges will require far more time and computing power.
== History ==
PrimeGrid started in June 2005 under the name Message@home and tried to decipher text fragments hashed with MD5. Message@home was a test to port the BOINC scheduler to Perl to obtain greater portability. After a while the project attempted the RSA factoring challenge trying to factor RSA-640. After RSA-640 was factored by an outside team in November 2005, the project moved on to RSA-768. With the chance to succeed too small, it discarded the RSA challenges, was renamed to PrimeGrid, and started generating a list of the first prime numbers. At 210,000,000,000
the primegen subproject was stopped.
In June 2006, dialog started with Riesel Sieve to bring their project to the BOINC community. PrimeGrid provided PerlBOINC support and Riesel Sieve was successful in implementing their sieve as well as a prime finding (LLR) application. With collaboration from Riesel Sieve, PrimeGrid was able to implement the LLR application in partnership with another prime finding project, Twin Prime Search (TPS). In November 2006, the TPS LLR application was officially released at PrimeGrid. Less than two months later, January 2007, the record twin was found by the original manual project. TPS has since been completed, and the search for Sophie Germain primes was suspended in 2024.
In the summer of 2007, the Cullen and Woodall prime searches were launched. In the Fall, more prime searches were added through partnerships with the Prime Sierpinski Problem and 3*2^n-1 Search projects. Additionally, two sieves were added: the Prime Sierpinski Problem combined sieve which includes supporting the Seventeen or Bust sieve and the combined Cullen/Woodall sieve. In the fall of the same year, PrimeGrid migrated its systems from PerlBOINC to standard BOINC software.
Since September 2008, PrimeGrid is also running a Proth prime sieving subproject.
In January 2010 the subproject Seventeen or Bust (for solving the Sierpinski problem) was added.
The calculations for the Riesel problem followed in March 2010.
== Projects ==
As of January 2023, PrimeGrid is working on or has worked on the following projects:
=== 321 Prime Search ===
321 Prime Search is a continuation of Paul Underwood's 321 Search which looked for primes of the form 3 · 2n − 1. PrimeGrid added the +1 form and continues the search up to n = 25M.
Primes known for 3 · 2n + 1 occur at the following n:
1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18, 30, 36, 41, 66, 189, 201, 209, 276, 353, 408, 438, 534, 2208, 2816, 3168, 3189, 3912, 20909, 34350, 42294, 42665, 44685, 48150, 54792, 55182, 59973, 80190, 157169, 213321, 303093, 362765, 382449, 709968, 801978, 916773, 1832496, 2145353, 2291610, 2478785, 5082306, 7033641, 10829346, 16408818 (sequence A002253 in the OEIS)
Primes known for 3 · 2n − 1 occur at the following n:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 18, 34, 38, 43, 55, 64, 76, 94, 103, 143, 206, 216, 306, 324, 391, 458, 470, 827, 1274, 3276, 4204, 5134, 7559, 12676, 14898, 18123, 18819, 25690, 26459, 41628, 51387, 71783, 80330, 85687, 88171, 97063, 123630, 155930, 164987, 234760, 414840, 584995, 702038, 727699, 992700, 1201046, 1232255, 2312734, 3136255, 4235414, 6090515, 11484018, 11731850, 11895718, 16819291, 17748034, 18196595 (sequence A002235 in the OEIS)
=== PRPNet projects ===
== Accomplishments ==
=== AP26 ===
One of PrimeGrid projects was AP26 Search which searched for a record 26 primes in arithmetic progression. The search was successful in April 2010 with the finding of the first known AP26:
43142746595714191 + 23681770 · 23# · n is prime for n = 0, ..., 25.
23# = 2·3·5·7·11·13·17·19·23 = 223092870, or 23 primorial, is the product of all primes up to 23.
=== AP27 ===
Next target of the project was AP27 Search which searched for a record 27 primes in arithmetic progression. The search was successful in September 2019 with the finding of the first known AP27:
224584605939537911 + 81292139 · 23# · n is prime for n = 0, ..., 26.
23# = 2·3·5·7·11·13·17·19·23 = 223092870, or 23 primorial, is the product of all primes up to 23.
=== Cullen prime search ===
PrimeGrid is also running a search for Cullen prime numbers, yielding the two largest known Cullen primes. The first one being the 14th largest known prime at the time of discovery, and the second one was PrimeGrid's largest prime found 6679881 · 26679881 + 1 at over 2 million digits.
=== Generalized Fermat prime search ===
On 24 September 2022, PrimeGrid discovered the largest known Generalized Fermat prime to date, 19637361048576 + 1. This prime is 6,598,776 digits long and is only the second Generalized Fermat prime found for n = 20. It ranks as the 13th largest known prime overall.

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=== Riesel Problem ===
As of 13 December 2022, PrimeGrid has eliminated 18 values of k from the Riesel problem
and is continuing the search to eliminate the 43 remaining numbers. 3 values of k are found by independent searchers.
=== Twin prime search ===
Primegrid worked with the Twin Prime Search to search for a record-sized twin prime at approximately 58,700 digits. The new world's largest known twin prime 2003663613 × 2195000 ± 1 was eventually discovered on January 15, 2007 (sieved by Twin Prime Search and tested by PrimeGrid). The search continued for another record twin prime at just above 100,000 digits. It was completed in August 2009 when PrimeGrid found 65516468355 × 2333333 ± 1. Continued testing for twin primes in conjunction with the search for a Sophie Germain prime yielded a new record twin prime in September 2016 upon finding the number 2996863034895 × 21290000 ± 1 composed of 388,342 digits.
=== Woodall prime search ===
As of 22 April 2018, the project has discovered the four largest Woodall primes known to date.
The largest of these is 17016602 × 217016602 − 1 and was found on 21 March 2018. The search continues for an even bigger Woodall prime.
PrimeGrid also found the largest known generalized Woodall prime,
563528 × 13563528 − 1.
== Media coverage ==
PrimeGrid's author Rytis Slatkevičius has been featured as a young entrepreneur in The Economist.
PrimeGrid has also been featured in an article by Francois Grey in the CERN Courier and a talk about citizen cyberscience in TEDx Warwick conference.
In the first Citizen Cyberscience Summit, Rytis Slatkevičius gave a talk as a founder of PrimeGrid, named Finding primes: from digits to digital technology,
relating mathematics and volunteering and featuring the history of the project.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
PrimeGrid Discord chat server (almost daily discovery announcements)
PrimeGrid's results at The Prime Pages