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The Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI) is a former research institute at NUI Galway. It is now part of the Insight Centre for Data Analytics. Insight was established in 2013 by Science Foundation Ireland with funding of €75m.
DERI's focus is research into the Semantic Web and linked data. It was originally established as a Centre for Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET) in 2003 with funding from Science Foundation Ireland. Additional funding sources were EU Framework Programs, Enterprise Ireland, IRCSET, and industry.
== History ==
DERI was opened in 2003 with funding from Science Foundation Ireland. In addition projects from the European Commission and Enterprise Ireland extended the research program.
As scientific director Dieter Fensel was hired from the University of Innsbruck.
As executive director Christoph Bussler was hired from Oracle. Additional leadership was provided by Stefan Decker
(Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California) and David O'Sullivan (National University of Ireland).
In 2006 Stefan Decker took over the Director position, and Michael Turley took over the Chief Executive Position. Manfred Hauswirth became deputy director.
DERI grew rapidly from 2 persons in 2003 to about 40 in 2006, and then to about 100 in 2008. In 2008 DERI secured a second funding round from Science Foundation Ireland of about 12 Million Euro, and established itself as a premier research facility for Web research in general, and Semantic Web and Linked Data research in particular.
In 2013 Science Foundation Ireland decided to establish a new centre for Data Analytics by combining four existing centers operating in the space: DERI (NUI Galway), Clarity (UCD), TRILL(UCD), 4C (UCC) & CLIQUE (UCD).
With the establishment of the Insight Centre the DERI brand, after more than 10 years of successful operation, was retired. Subsequently Manfred Hauswirth became director of Fraunhofer FOCUS, and Stefan Decker of Fraunhofer FIT, both in Germany.
== Description ==
=== Employees and financials ===
In late 2011, DERI employed around 130 people. In 2011, DERI had about 6 million Euro in revenue. In 2010, the Science Foundation Ireland consisted of 55% of awards by value; the remainder was composed of the European Commission (40%); and businesses (5%).
=== Facilities ===
DERI was based at the Dangan Business Park in Galway, Ireland.
== Organisation ==
DERI now operates as part of the Insight Centre for Data Analytics. It is still part of the National University of Ireland, Galway and is organised around a number of research units and application domains.
== Contributions ==
DERI contributed or initiated a number of technologies, standards and initiatives. Some notable technologies include the Semantic Web, the Semantic Desktop, scalable RDF information processing, Open Data Government Portals, W3C Standards and efforts like SPARQL and Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities.
In its data centers it hosted several big data facilities for indexing what was called the "web of data" the web of pages annotated with metadata (also Semantic Web). Among these the early SWSE engine, led by Dr. Andreas Hearth and the Sindice engine (the Semantic Indice - italian for index) engine led by Dr. Giovanni Tummarello and Dr. Renaud Delbru, which then evolved into the Siren.io company.
== Spin-off companies ==
Spin-off companies included music-tech start-up MDG Web, data intelligence and analytics company Siren.io (previously Sindicetech, developed out of the Sindice), and financial analytics start-up Peracton (building MAARS),
== Memberships ==
DERI was a W3C member organization and a founding member of the Web Science Trust Network.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website Archived 24 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine
DERI International
== Further reading ==
Galway takes on presidential look: Strong research at NUI Galway has reached as far as Barack Obama using one of its web systems Colm Murphy. The Sunday Times. 2009-09-20.
US government adopts web tools developed in Ireland Archived 19 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. In: The Irish Times, 2012-04-26.
Super-fast RDF search engine developed Ciara O'Brien. The Register 2007-05-04.
Thinking big (preview/requires subscription). New Scientist 2004-12-04.
Data Catalog Vocabulary, W3C
Linked Data Goes With DERI, George Thomas, Data.gov, 2012-04-17

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This is a list of computer scientists, people who do work in computer science, in particular researchers and authors.
Some persons notable as programmers are included here because they work in research as well as program. A few of these people pre-date the invention of the digital computer; they are now regarded as computer scientists because their work can be seen as leading to the invention of the computer. Others are mathematicians whose work falls within what would now be called theoretical computer science, such as complexity theory and algorithmic information theory.
== A ==
Wil van der Aalst – business process management, process mining, Petri nets
Scott Aaronson – quantum computing and complexity theory
Rediet Abebe – algorithms, artificial intelligence
Hal Abelson – intersection of computing and teaching
Serge Abiteboul – database theory
Samson Abramsky – game semantics
Leonard Adleman – RSA, DNA computing
Manindra Agrawal – polynomial-time primality testing
Luis von Ahn – human-based computation
Alfred Aho – compilers book, the 'a' in AWK
Frances E. Allen – compiler optimization
Gene Amdahl – supercomputer developer, Amdahl Corporation founder
David P. Anderson – volunteer computing
Lisa Anthony – natural user interfaces
Andrew Appel – compiler of text books
Cecilia R. Aragon – invented treap, human-centered data science
Bruce Arden – programming language compilers (GAT, Michigan Algorithm Decoder (MAD)), virtual memory architecture, Michigan Terminal System (MTS)
Kevin Ashton – pioneered and named The Internet of Things at M.I.T.
Sanjeev Arora – PCP theorem
Winifred "Tim" Alice Asprey – established the computer science curriculum at Vassar College
John Vincent Atanasoff – computer pioneer, creator of Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC)
Shakuntala Atre – database theory
Lennart Augustsson – languages (Lazy ML, Cayenne), compilers (HBC Haskell, parallel Haskell front end, Bluespec SystemVerilog early), LPMud pioneer, NetBSD device drivers
== B ==
Charles Babbage (1791–1871) – invented first mechanical computer called the supreme mathematician
Charles Bachman – American computer scientist, known for Integrated Data Store
Roland Carl Backhouse – mathematics of computer program construction, algorithmic problem solving, ALGOL IFIP WG 2.1 member
John Backus – Fortran, Backus–Naur form, first complete compiler
David F. Bacon – programming languages, garbage collection
David Bader
Victor Bahl
Fatmah Baothman – Saudi Arabian AI researcher
Anthony James Barr – SAS, former Statistical Analysis System
Jean Bartik (1924–2011) – one of the first computer programmers, on ENIAC (1946), one of the first vacuum tube computers, back when programming involved using cables, dials, and switches to physically rewire a machine; worked with John Mauchly toward BINAC (1949), EDVAC (1949), UNIVAC (1951) to develop early stored program computers
Andrew Barto
Friedrich L. Bauer – stack (data structure), Sequential Formula Translation, ALGOL, software engineering, Bauer–Fike theorem
Rudolf Bayer – B-tree
Gordon Bell (1934–2024) – computer designer DEC VAX, author: Computer Structures
Steven M. Bellovin – network security
Yoshua Bengio – artificial intelligence, deep learning
Cecilia Berdichevsky (1925–2010) – pioneering Argentinian computer scientist
Tim Berners-Lee – World Wide Web
Daniel J. Bernstein – qmail, software as protected speech
Peter Bernus
Abhay Bhushan
Dines Bjørner – Vienna Development Method (VDM), RAISE
Gerrit Blaauw – one of main designers of IBM System/360 computer line
Sue Black
David Blei
Dorothy Blum – National Security Agency
Lenore Blum – complexity
Manuel Blum – cryptography
Barry Boehm – software engineering economics, spiral development
Corrado Böhm – author of the structured program theorem
Kurt Bollacker
Jeff Bonwick – invented slab allocation and ZFS
Grady Booch – Unified Modeling Language, Object Management Group
George Boole – Boolean logic
Andrew Booth – developed the first rotating drum storage device
Kathleen Booth – developed the first assembly language
Anita Borg (1949–2003) – American computer scientist, founder of Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology
Alan H. Borning – human–computer interaction, object-oriented programming, constraint programming, programming languages, ThingLab
Bert Bos – Cascading Style Sheets
Mikhail Botvinnik – World Chess Champion, computer scientist, electrical engineer, pioneered early expert system AI and computer chess
Jonathan Bowen – Z notation, formal methods
Stephen R. Bourne – Bourne shell, portable ALGOL 68C compiler
Harry Bouwman (born 1953) – Dutch Information systems researcher, professor at Åbo Akademi University
Robert S. Boyer – string searching, ACL2 theorem prover
Karlheinz Brandenburg – Main mp3 contributor
Gilles Brassard – BB84 protocol and quantum cryptography pioneer
Lawrence M. Breed – implementation of Iverson Notation (APL), co-developed APL\360, Scientific Time Sharing Corporation cofounder
Jack E. Bresenham – early computer-graphics contributions, including Bresenham's algorithm
Sergey Brin – co-founder of Google
David J. Brown – unified memory architecture, binary compatibility
Per Brinch Hansen (surname "Brinch Hansen") – RC 4000 multiprogramming system, operating system kernels, microkernels, monitors, concurrent programming, Concurrent Pascal, distributed computing & processes, parallel computing
Sjaak Brinkkemper – methodology of product software development
Fred Brooks – IBM System/360, OS/360, The Mythical Man-Month, No Silver Bullet
Rod Brooks
Margaret Burnett – visual programming languages, end-user software engineering, and gender-inclusive software
Rod Burstall – languages COWSEL (renamed POP-1), POP-2, NPL, Hope; ACM SIGPLAN 2009 PL Achievement Award
Michael Butler – Event-B

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== C ==
Pino Caballero Gil – cryptography
Tracy Camp – wireless computing
Martin Campbell-Kelly – history of computing
Rosemary Candlin
Rod Canion – cofounder of Compaq Computer Corporation
Bryan Cantrill – invented DTrace
Luca Cardelli
John Carmack – codeveloped Doom
Michael Caspersen – programming methodology, education in OO programming, leadership in developing informatics education
Edwin Catmull – computer graphics
Vint Cerf – Internet, TCP/IP
Gregory Chaitin
Robert Cailliau – Belgian computer scientist
Zhou Chaochen – duration calculus
Peter Chen – entity-relationship model, data modeling, conceptual model
Leonardo Chiariglione – founder of MPEG
Tracy Chou – computer scientist and activist
Alonzo Church – mathematics of combinators, lambda calculus
Alberto Ciaramella – speech recognition, patent informatics
Edmund M. Clarke – model checking
John Cocke – reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
Edgar F. Codd (1923–2003) – formulated the database relational model
Jacques Cohen – computer science professor
Ian Coldwater – computer security
Simon Colton – computational creativity
Alain Colmerauer – Prolog
Douglas Comer – Xinu
Paul Justin Compton – Ripple-down rules
Richard W. Conway – CORC, CUPL, and PL/C languages and dialects; programming textbooks
Stephen Cook – NP-completeness
James Cooley – Fast Fourier transform (FFT)
Steven Anson Coons – conic section analyses, Bézier surface patches (includes Coons patch), The Little Red Book (1967), computer graphics
Danese Cooper – open-source software
Fernando J. Corbató – Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), Multics
Gordon Cormack – co-invented dynamic Markov compression
Kit Cosper – open-source software
Patrick Cousot – abstract interpretation
Ingemar Cox – digital watermarking
Damien Coyle – computational neuroscience, neuroimaging, neurotechnology, and brain-computer interface
Seymour Cray – Cray Research, supercomputer
Nello Cristianini – machine learning, pattern analysis, artificial intelligence
Jon Crowcroft – networking
W. Bruce Croft
Glen Culler – interactive computing, computer graphics, high performance computing
Haskell Curry
== D ==
Luigi Dadda – designer of the Dadda multiplier
Ole-Johan Dahl – Simula, object-oriented programming
Ryan Dahl – founder of node.js project
Andries van Dam – computer graphics, hypertext
Samir Das – Wireless Networks, Mobile Computing, Vehicular ad hoc network, Sensor Networks, Mesh networking, Wireless ad hoc network
Neil Daswani – computer security, co-founder and co-director of Stanford Advanced Computer Security Program, co-founder of Dasient (acquired by Twitter), former chief information security of LifeLock and Symantec's Consumer Business Unit
Christopher J. Date – proponent of database relational model
Terry A. Davis – creator of TempleOS
Jeff Dean – Bigtable, MapReduce, Spanner of Google
Erik Demaine – computational origami
Tom DeMarco
Richard DeMillo – computer security, software engineering, educational technology
Dorothy E. Denning – computer security
Peter J. Denning – identified the use of an operating system's working set and balance set, President of ACM
Michael Dertouzos – Director of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) from 1974 to 2001
Alexander Dewdney
Robert Dewar – IFIP WG 2.1 member, ALGOL 68, chairperson; AdaCore cofounder, president, CEO
Vinod Dham – P5 Pentium processor
Jan Dietz (born 1945) (decay constant) – information systems theory and Design & Engineering Methodology for Organizations
Whitfield Diffie (born 1944) (linear response function) – public key cryptography, Diffie–Hellman key exchange
Edsger W. Dijkstra – algorithms, Dijkstra's algorithm, Go To Statement Considered Harmful, semaphore (programming), IFIP WG 2.1 member
Matthew Dillon – DragonFly BSD with LWKT, vkernel OS-level virtualisation, file systems: HAMMER1, HAMMER2
Alan Dix – wrote important university level textbook on human–computer interaction
Jack Dongarra – linear algebra high performance computing (HCI)
Marco Dorigo – ant colony optimization
Paul Dourish – human computer interaction
Charles Stark Draper (1901–1987) – designer of Apollo Guidance Computer, "father of inertial navigation", MIT professor
Susan Dumais – information retrieval
Adam Dunkels – Contiki, lwIP, uIP, protothreads
Jon Michael Dunn – founding dean of Indiana University School of Informatics, information based logics especially relevance logic
Schahram Dustdar – Distributed Systems, TU Wien, Austria
== E ==
Peter Eades – graph drawing
Annie Easley
Wim Ebbinkhuijsen – COBOL
John Presper Eckert – ENIAC
Alan Edelman – Edelman's Law, stochastic operator, Interactive Supercomputing, Julia (programming language) cocreator, high performance computing, numerical computing
Brendan Eich – JavaScript, Mozilla
Philip Emeagwali – supercomputing
E. Allen Emerson – model checking
Douglas Engelbart – tiled windows, hypertext, computer mouse
Barbara Engelhardt – latent variable models, genomics, quantitative trait locus (QTL)
David Eppstein
Andrey Ershov – languages ALPHA, Rapira; first Soviet time-sharing system AIST-0, electronic publishing system RUBIN, multiprocessing workstation MRAMOR, IFIP WG 2.1 member, Aesthetics and the Human Factor in Programming
Don Estridge (1937–1985) – led development of original IBM Personal Computer (PC); known as "father of the IBM PC"
Oren Etzioni – MetaCrawler, Netbot
Christopher Riche Evans
David C. Evans – computer graphics
Shimon Even
== F ==
Scott Fahlman
Edward Feigenbaum – intelligence
Edward Felten – computer security
Tim Finin
Raphael Finkel
Donald Firesmith
Gary William Flake
Tommy Flowers – Colossus computer
Robert Floyd – NP-completeness
Sally Floyd – Internet congestion control
Lawrence J. Fogel – evolutionary programming
James D. Foley
Ken Forbus
L. R. Ford, Jr.
Lance Fortnow
Martin Fowler
Robert France
Herbert W. Franke
Edward Fredkin
Yoav Freund
Daniel P. Friedman
Charlotte Froese Fischer – computational theoretical physics
Ping Fu
Xiaoming Fu
Kunihiko Fukushima – neocognitron, artificial neural networks, convolutional neural network architecture, unsupervised learning, deep learning
D. R. Fulkerson

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== G ==
Richard P. Gabriel – Maclisp, Common Lisp, Worse is Better, League for Programming Freedom, Lucid Inc., XEmacs
Zvi Galil
Bernard Galler – MAD (programming language)
Hector Garcia-Molina
Michael Garey – NP-completeness
Hugo de Garis
Bill Gates – cofounder of Microsoft
David Gelernter
Lisa Gelobter – was the Chief Digital Service Officer for the U.S. Department of Education, founder of teQuitable
Charles Geschke
Zoubin Ghahramani
Sanjay Ghemawat
Jeremy Gibbons – generic programming, functional programming, formal methods, computational biology, bioinformatics
Juan E. Gilbert – human-centered computing
Lee Giles – CiteSeer
Seymour Ginsburg – formal languages, automata theory, AFL theory, database theory
Robert L. Glass
Kurt Gödel – computability; not a computer scientist per se, but his work was invaluable in the field
Ashok Goel
Joseph Goguen
E. Mark Gold – Language identification in the limit
Adele Goldberg – Smalltalk
Andrew V. Goldberg – algorithms, algorithm engineering
Ian Goldberg – cryptographer, off-the-record messaging
Judy Goldsmith – computational complexity theory, decision theory, and computer ethics
Oded Goldreich – cryptography, computational complexity theory
Shafi Goldwasser – cryptography, computational complexity theory
Gene Golub – Matrix computation
Martin Charles Golumbic – algorithmic graph theory
Gastón Gonnet – cofounder of Waterloo Maple Inc.
Ian Goodfellow – machine learning
James Gosling – Network extensible Window System (NeWS), Java
Paul Graham – Viaweb, On Lisp, Arc
Robert M. Graham – programming language compilers (GAT, Michigan Algorithm Decoder (MAD)), virtual memory architecture, Multics
Susan L. Graham – compilers, programming environments
Jim Gray – database
Michael Gregg - American computer security expert
Sheila Greibach – Greibach normal form, Abstract family of languages (AFL) theory
David Gries – The Science of Programming, Interference freedom, Member Emeritus, IFIP WG 2.3 on Programming Methodology
Robert Griesemer – Go language
Ralph Griswold – SNOBOL
Bill Gropp – Message Passing Interface, Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation (PETSc)
Tom Gruber – ontology engineering
Shelia Guberman – handwriting recognition
Ramanathan V. Guha – Resource Description Framework (RDF), Netscape, RSS, Epinions
Neil J. Gunther – computer performance analysis, capacity planning
Jürg Gutknecht – with Niklaus Wirth: Lilith computer; Modula-2, Oberon, Zonnon programming languages; Oberon operating system
Michael Guy – Phoenix, work on number theory, computer algebra, higher dimension polyhedra theory; with John Horton Conway
Giri Topper - Topper of Anna University and Programmer
== H ==
Nico Habermann – operating systems, software engineering, inter-process communication, process synchronization, deadlock avoidance, software verification, programming languages: ALGOL 60, BLISS, Pascal, Ada
Philipp Matthäus Hahn – mechanical calculator
Eldon C. Hall – Apollo Guidance Computer
Wendy Hall
Joseph Halpern
Margaret Hamilton – ultra-reliable software design, Apollo program space missions
Richard Hamming – Hamming code, founder of the Association for Computing Machinery
Jiawei Han – data mining
Frank Harary – graph theory
Brian Harris – machine translation research, Canada's first computer-assisted translation course, natural translation theory, community interpreting (Critical Link)
Juris Hartmanis – computational complexity theory
Johan Håstad – computational complexity theory
Les Hatton – software failure and vulnerabilities
Igor Hawryszkiewycz (born 1948) – American computer scientist and organizational theorist
He Jifeng – provably correct systems
Eric Hehner – predicative programming, formal methods, quote notation, ALGOL
Martin Hellman – encryption
Gernot Heiser – operating system teaching, research, commercialising, Open Kernel Labs, OKL4, Wombat
James Hendler – Semantic Web
John L. Hennessy – computer architecture
Andrew Herbert
Carl Hewitt
Kelsey Hightower – open source, cloud computing
Danny Hillis – Connection Machine
Geoffrey Hinton
Julia Hirschberg
Tin Kam Ho – artificial intelligence, machine learning
C. A. R. Hoare – logic, rigor, communicating sequential processes (CSP)
Louis Hodes (1934–2008) – Lisp, pattern recognition, logic programming, cancer research
Betty Holberton – ENIAC programmer, developed the first Sort Merge Generator
John Henry Holland – genetic algorithms
Herman Hollerith (1860–1929) – invented recording of data on a machine readable medium, using punched cards
Bri Holt
Gerard Holzmann – software verification, logic model checking (SPIN)
John Hopcroft – compilers
Admiral Grace Hopper (1906–1992) – developed early compilers: FLOW-Matic, COBOL; worked on UNIVAC; gave speeches on computer history, where she gave out nano-seconds
Eric Horvitz – artificial intelligence
Alston Householder
Paul Hudak (1952–2015) – Haskell language design, textbooks on it and computer music
David A. Huffman (1925–1999) – Huffman coding, used in data compression
John Hughes – structuring computations with arrows; QuickCheck randomized program testing framework; Haskell language design
Roger Hui – co-created J language
Watts Humphrey (1927–2010) – Personal Software Process (PSP), Software quality, Team Software Process (TSP)
Sandra Hutchins (born 1946) – speech recognition
== I ==
Jean Ichbiah – Ada
Roberto Ierusalimschy – Lua language
Dan Ingalls – Smalltalk, BitBlt, Lively Kernel
Mary Jane Irwin
Kenneth E. Iverson – APL, J
== J ==
Ivar Jacobson – Unified Modeling Language, Object Management Group
Anil K. Jain (born 1948)
Ramesh Jain
Jonathan James
Jordi Ustrell Aguilà
David S. Johnson
Stephen C. Johnson
Angie Jones – software engineer and automation architect. Holds 26 patented inventions in the United States of America and Japan
Cliff Jones – Vienna Development Method (VDM)
Michael I. Jordan
Mathai Joseph
Aravind K. Joshi
Bill Joy (born 1954) – Sun Microsystems, BSD UNIX, vi, csh
Dan Jurafsky – natural language processing

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== K ==
William Kahan – numerical analysis
Robert E. Kahn – TCP/IP
Avinash Kak – digital image processing
Poul-Henning Kamp – invented GBDE, FreeBSD Jails, Varnish cache
David Karger
Richard Karp – NP-completeness
Narendra Karmarkar – Karmarkar's algorithm
Marek Karpinski – NP optimization problems
Ted Kaehler – Smalltalk, Squeak, HyperCard
Alan Kay – Dynabook, Smalltalk, overlapping windows
Neeraj Kayal – AKS primality test
Manolis Kellis – computational biology
John George Kemeny – the language BASIC
Ken Kennedy – compiling for parallel and vector machines
Brian Kernighan (born 1942) – Unix, the 'k' in AWK
Carl Kesselman – grid computing
Gregor Kiczales – CLOS, reflective programming, aspect-oriented programming
Logan Kilpatrick
Peter T. Kirstein – Internet
Stephen Cole Kleene – Kleene closure, recursion theory
Dan Klein – Natural language processing, Machine translation
Leonard Kleinrock – ARPANET, queueing theory, packet switching, hierarchical routing
Donald Knuth – The Art of Computer Programming, MIX/MMIX, TeX, literate programming
Andrew Koenig – C++
Daphne Koller – Artificial intelligence, bayesian network
Michael Kölling – BlueJ
Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov – algorithmic complexity theory
Janet L. Kolodner – case-based reasoning
David Korn – KornShell
Kees Koster – ALGOL 68
Robert Kowalski – logic programming
John Koza – genetic programming
Alex Krizhevsky – AlexNet
John Krogstie – SEQUAL framework
Joseph Kruskal – Kruskal's algorithm
Maarja Kruusmaa – underwater roboticist
D. Richard Kuhn - computer scientist
Thomas E. Kurtz (1928–2024) – BASIC programming language; Dartmouth College computer professor
== L ==
Richard E. Ladner
Monica S. Lam
Leslie Lamport – algorithms for distributed computing, LaTeX
Butler Lampson – SDS 940, founding member Xerox PARC, Xerox Alto, Turing Award
Peter Landin – ISWIM, J operator, SECD machine, off-side rule, syntactic sugar, ALGOL, IFIP WG 2.1 member, advanced lambda calculus to model programming languages (aided functional programming), denotational semantics
Tom Lane – Independent JPEG Group, PostgreSQL, Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
Börje Langefors
Hans Langmaack
Chris Lattner – creator of Swift (programming language) and LLVM compiler infrastructure
Steve Lawrence
Edward D. Lazowska
Joshua Lederberg
Manny M Lehman
Charles E. Leiserson – cache-oblivious algorithms, provably good work-stealing, coauthor of Introduction to Algorithms
Douglas Lenat – artificial intelligence, Cyc
Yann LeCun
Rasmus Lerdorf – PHP
Max Levchin – Gausebeck–Levchin test and PayPal
Leonid Levin – computational complexity theory
Kevin Leyton-Brown – artificial intelligence
Fei-Fei Li – ImageNet
J.C.R. Licklider
David Liddle
Jochen Liedtke – microkernel operating systems Eumel, L3, L4
John Lions – Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code (Lions Book)
Charles H. Lindsey – IFIP WG 2.1 member, Revised Report on ALGOL 68
Richard J. Lipton – computational complexity theory
Barbara Liskov – programming languages
Yanhong Annie Liu – programming languages, algorithms, program design, program optimization, software systems, optimizing, analysis, and transformations, intelligent systems, distributed computing, computer security, IFIP WG 2.1 member
Darrell Long – computer data storage, computer security
Patricia D. Lopez – broadening participation in computing
Gillian Lovegrove
Ada Lovelace – first programmer
David Luckham – Lisp, Automated theorem proving, Stanford Pascal Verifier, Complex event processing, Rational Software cofounder (Ada compiler)
Eugene Luks
Nancy Lynch
== M ==
Nadia Magnenat Thalmann – computer graphics, virtual actor
Tom Maibaum
George Mallen – creative computing, computer arts
Simon Marlow – Haskell developer, book author; co-developer: Glasgow Haskell Compiler, Haxl remote data access library
Zohar Manna – fuzzy logic
James Martin – information engineering
Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob) – software craftsmanship
John Mashey
Yuri Matiyasevich – solving Hilbert's tenth problem
Yukihiro Matsumoto – Ruby (programming language)
John Mauchly (1907–1980) – designed ENIAC, first general-purpose electronic digital computer, and EDVAC, BINAC and UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer; worked with Jean Bartik on ENIAC and Grace Murray Hopper on UNIVAC
Ujjwal Maulik (born 1965) multi-objective clustering and Bioinformatics
Derek McAuley – ubiquitous computing, computer architecture, networking
Conor McBride – researches type theory, functional programming; cocreated Epigram (programming language) with James McKinna; member IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi
John McCarthy – Lisp (programming language), ALGOL, IFIP WG 2.1 member, artificial intelligence
Andrew McCallum
Douglas McIlroy – macros, pipes, Unix philosophy
Chris McKinstry – artificial intelligence, Mindpixel
Marshall Kirk McKusick – BSD, Berkeley Fast File System
Lambert Meertens – ALGOL 68, IFIP WG 2.1 member, ABC (programming language)
Kurt Mehlhorn – algorithms, data structures, LEDA
Dora Metcalf – entrepreneur, engineer and mathematician
Bertrand Meyer – Eiffel (programming language)
Silvio Micali – cryptography
Robin Milner – ML (programming language)
Jack Minker – database logic
Marvin Minsky – artificial intelligence, perceptrons, Society of Mind
James G. Mitchell – WATFOR compiler, Mesa (programming language), Spring (operating system), ARM architecture
Tom M. Mitchell
Arvind Mithal – formal verification of large digital systems, developing dynamic dataflow architectures, parallel computing programming languages (Id, pH), compiling on parallel machines
Paul Mockapetris – Domain Name System (DNS)
Cleve Moler – numerical analysis, MATLAB
Faron Moller – concurrency theory
John P. Moon – inventor, Apple Inc.
Charles H. Moore – Forth language
Edward F. Moore – Moore machine
Gordon Moore – Moore's law
J Strother Moore – string searching, ACL2 theorem prover
Roger Moore – co-developed APL\360, created IPSANET, co-founded I. P. Sharp Associates
Hans Moravec – robotics
Carroll Morgan – formal methods
Robert Tappan Morris – Morris worm
Joel Moses – Macsyma
Rajeev Motwani – randomized algorithm
Oleg A. Mukhanov – quantum computing developer, co-founder and CTO of SeeQC
Stephen Muggleton – Inductive Logic Programming
Klaus-Robert Müller – machine learning, artificial intelligence
Alan Mycroft – programming languages
Brad A. Myers – human-computer interaction

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== N ==
Mihai Nadin – anticipation research
Makoto Nagao – machine translation, natural language processing, digital library
Frieder Nake – pioneered computer arts
Bonnie Nardi – human–computer interaction
Peter Naur (1928–2016) – Backus–Naur form (BNF), ALGOL 60, IFIP WG 2.1 member
Roger Needham – computer security
James G. Nell – Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM)
Greg Nelson (1953–2015) – satisfiability modulo theories, extended static checking, program verification, Modula-3 committee, Simplify theorem prover in ESC/Java
Bernard de Neumann – massively parallel autonomous cellular processor, software engineering research
Klara Dan von Neumann (1911–1963) – early computers, ENIAC programmer and control designer
John von Neumann (1903–1957) – early computers, von Neumann machine, set theory, functional analysis, mathematics pioneer, linear programming, quantum mechanics
Allen Newell – artificial intelligence, Computer Structures
Max Newman – Colossus computer, MADM
Andrew Ng – artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics
Nils John Nilsson (1933–2019) – artificial intelligence
G.M. Nijssen – Nijssen's Information Analysis Methodology (NIAM) object–role modeling
Tobias Nipkow – proof assistance
Maurice Nivat – theoretical computer science, Theoretical Computer Science journal, ALGOL, IFIP WG 2.1 member
Jerre Noe – computerized banking
Peter Nordin – artificial intelligence, genetic programming, evolutionary robotics
Donald Norman – user interfaces, usability
Peter Norvig – artificial intelligence, Director of Research at Google
George Novacky – University of Pittsburgh: assistant department chair, senior lecturer in computer science, assistant dean of CAS for undergraduate studies
Kristen Nygaard – Simula, object-oriented programming
== O ==
Martin Odersky – Scala programming language
Peter O'Hearn – separation logic, bunched logic, Infer Static Analyzer
T. William Olle – Ferranti Mercury
Steve Omohundro
Severo Ornstein
John O'Sullivan – Wi-Fi
John Ousterhout – Tcl programming language
Mark Overmars – video game programming
Susan Owicki – interference freedom
== P ==
Larry Page – co-founder of Google
Sankar Pal
Paritosh Pandya
Christos Papadimitriou
Keshab K. Parhi
David Park (1935–1990) – first Lisp implementation, expert in fairness, program schemas, bisimulation in concurrent computing
David Parnas – information hiding, modular programming
DJ Patil – former Chief Data Scientist of United States
Yale Patt – Instruction-level parallelism, speculative architectures
David Patterson – reduced instruction set computer (RISC), RISC-V, redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID), Berkeley Network of Workstations (NOW)
Mike Paterson – algorithms, analysis of algorithms (complexity)
Mihai Pătraşcu – data structures
Lawrence Paulson – ML
Randy Pausch (1960–2008) – human–computer interaction, Carnegie professor, "Last Lecture"
Juan Pavón – software agents
Judea Pearl – artificial intelligence, search algorithms
Alan Perlis – Programming Pearls
Radia Perlman – Spanning Tree Protocol
Pier Giorgio Perotto – computer designer at Olivetti, designer of the Programma 101 programmable calculator
Rózsa Péter – recursive function theory
Simon Peyton Jones – functional programming, Glasgow Haskell Compiler, C--
Kathy Pham – data, artificial intelligence, civic technology, healthcare, ethics
Roberto Pieraccini – speech technologist, engineering director at Google
Keshav Pingali – IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award, ACM Fellow (2012)
Gordon Plotkin
Amir Pnueli – temporal logic
Willem van der Poel – computer graphics, robotics, geographic information systems, imaging, multimedia, virtual environments, games
Robin Popplestone – COWSEL (renamed POP-1), POP-2, POP-11 languages, Poplog IDE; Freddy II robot
Cicely Popplewell (1920–1995) – British software engineer in 1960s
Emil Post – mathematics
Jon Postel – Internet
Franco Preparata – computer engineering, computational geometry, parallel algorithms, computational biology
William H. Press – numerical algorithms
== R ==
Rapelang Rabana
Grzegorz Rozenberg – natural computing, automata theory, graph transformations and concurrent systems
Michael O. Rabin – nondeterministic machine
Dragomir R. Radev – natural language processing, information retrieval
T. V. Raman – accessibility, Emacspeak
Brian Randell – ALGOL 60, software fault tolerance, dependability, pre-1950 history of computing hardware
Anders P. Ravn – Duration Calculus
Raj Reddy – artificial intelligence
David P. Reed
Trygve Reenskaug – model–view–controller (MVC) software architecture pattern
John C. Reynolds – continuations, definitional interpreters, defunctionalization, Forsythe, Gedanken language, intersection types, polymorphic lambda calculus, relational parametricity, separation logic, ALGOL
Joyce K. Reynolds – Internet
Reinder van de Riet – Editor: Europe of Data and Knowledge Engineering, COLOR-X event modeling language
Bernard Richards – medical informatics
Martin Richards – Basic Combined Programming Language (BCPL)
Adam Ries – advocate for Arabic numerals to replace Roman numerals
C. J. van Rijsbergen
Dennis Ritchie – C (programming language), Unix
Ron Rivest – RSA, MD5, RC4
Lawrence Roberts – ARPANET program manager, Internet cofounder
Paul Robertson (researcher) - AI researcher
Ken Robinson – formal methods
Colette Rolland – REMORA methodology, meta modelling
John Romero – codeveloped Doom
Azriel Rosenfeld
Douglas T. Ross – Automatically Programmed Tools (APT), Computer-aided design, structured analysis and design technique, ALGOL X
Ronald S. Ross - Computer Scientist
Guido van Rossum – Python (programming language)
M. A. Rothman – UEFI
Winston W. Royce – waterfall model
Rudy Rucker – mathematician, writer, educator
Steven Rudich – complexity theory, cryptography
Jeff Rulifson
James Rumbaugh – Unified Modeling Language, Object Management Group
Peter Ružička – Slovak computer scientist and mathematician

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== S ==
George Sadowsky
Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh – compositional models of meaning, machine learning
Umar Saif
Gerard Salton – information retrieval
Jean E. Sammet – programming languages
Claude Sammut – artificial intelligence researcher
Carl Sassenrath – operating systems, programming languages, Amiga, REBOL
Mahadev Satyanarayanan – file systems, distributed systems, mobile computing, pervasive computing
Walter Savitch – discovery of complexity class NL, Savitch's theorem, natural language processing, mathematical linguistics
Nitin Saxena – AKS Primality test for polynomial time primality testing, computational complexity theory
Jonathan Schaeffer
Heidi Schelhowe
Wilhelm Schickard – one of the first calculating machines
Jürgen Schmidhuber – artificial intelligence, deep learning, artificial neural networks, recurrent neural networks, Gödel machine, artificial curiosity, meta-learning
Steve Schneider – formal methods, security
Bruce Schneier – cryptography, security
Fred B. Schneider – concurrent and distributed computing
Sarita Schoenebeck – human–computer interaction
Glenda Schroeder – command-line shell, e-mail
Bernhard Schölkopf – machine learning, artificial intelligence
Dana Scott – domain theory
Michael L. Scott – programming languages, algorithms, distributed computing
Robert Sedgewick – algorithms, data structures
Ravi Sethi – compilers, 2nd Dragon Book
Nigel Shadbolt
Adi Shamir – RSA, cryptanalysis
Claude Shannon – information theory
David E. Shaw – computational finance, computational biochemistry, parallel architectures
Cliff Shaw – systems programmer, artificial intelligence
Scott Shenker – networking
Shashi Shekhar – spatial computing
Ben Shneiderman – human–computer interaction, information visualization
Edward H. Shortliffe – MYCIN (medical diagnostic expert system)
Daniel Siewiorek – electronic design automation, reliability computing, context aware mobile computing, wearable computing, computer-aided design, rapid prototyping, fault tolerance
Joseph Sifakis – model checking
Herbert A. Simon – artificial intelligence
Munindar P. Singh – multiagent systems, software engineering, artificial intelligence, social networks
Ramesh Sitaraman – helped build Akamai's high performance network
Daniel Sleator – splay tree, amortized analysis
Aaron Sloman – artificial intelligence and cognitive science
Arne Sølvberg – information modelling
Brian Cantwell Smith – reflective programming, 3lisp
David Canfield Smith – invented interface icons, programming by demonstration, developed graphical user interface, Xerox Star; Xerox PARC researcher, cofounded Dest Systems, Cognition
Steven Spewak – enterprise architecture planning
Carol Spradling
Robert Sproull
Rohini Kesavan Srihari – information retrieval, text analytics, multilingual text mining
Sargur Srihari – pattern recognition, machine learning, computational criminology, CEDAR-FOX
Maciej Stachowiak – GNOME, Safari, WebKit
Richard Stallman (born 1953) – GNU Project
Ronald Stamper
Thad Starner
Richard E. Stearns – computational complexity theory
Guy L. Steele, Jr. – Scheme, Common Lisp
Thomas Sterling – creator of Beowulf clusters
Alexander Stepanov – generic programming
W. Richard Stevens (1951–1999) – author of books, including TCP/IP Illustrated and Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment
Larry Stockmeyer – computational complexity, distributed computing
Salvatore Stolfo – computer security, machine learning
Michael Stonebraker – relational database practice and theory
Olaf Storaasli – finite element machine, linear algebra, high performance computing
Christopher Strachey – denotational semantics
Volker Strassen – matrix multiplication, integer multiplication, Solovay–Strassen primality test
Bjarne Stroustrup – C++
Madhu Sudan – computational complexity theory, coding theory
Gerald Jay Sussman – Scheme
Bert Sutherland – computer graphics, Internet
Ivan Sutherland – computer graphics: Sketchpad, Evans & Sutherland
Ilya Sutskever – deep learning, AlexNet, OpenAI
Latanya Sweeney – data privacy and algorithmic fairness
Mario Szegedy – complexity theory, quantum computing
== T ==
Parisa Tabriz – Google Director of Engineering, also known as the Security Princess
Roberto Tamassia – computational geometry, computer security
Andrew S. Tanenbaum – operating systems, MINIX
Austin Tate – Artificial Intelligence Applications, AI Planning, Virtual Worlds
Bernhard Thalheim – conceptual modelling foundation
Éva Tardos
Gábor Tardos
Robert Tarjan – splay tree
Valerie Taylor
Mario Tchou – Italian engineer, of Chinese descent, leader of Olivetti Elea project
Jaime Teevan
Shang-Hua Teng – analysis of algorithms
Larry Tesler – human–computer interaction, graphical user interface, Apple Macintosh
Avie Tevanian – Mach kernel team, NeXT, Mac OS X
Charles P. Thacker – Xerox Alto, Microsoft Research
Daniel Thalmann – computer graphics, virtual actor
Ken Thompson – mainly designed and authored Unix, Plan 9 and Inferno operating systems, B and Bon languages (precursors of C), created UTF-8 character encoding, introduced regular expressions in QED, co-authored Go language
Simon Thompson – functional programming research, textbooks; Cardano domain-specific languages: Marlowe
Sebastian Thrun – AI researcher, pioneered autonomous driving
Walter F. Tichy – RCS
Seinosuke Toda – computational complexity, recipient of 1998 Gödel Prize
Chai Keong Toh – mobile ad hoc networks pioneer
Linus Torvalds – Linux kernel, Git
Leonardo Torres Quevedo (1852–1936) – invented El Ajedrecista (the chess player) in 1912, a true automaton built to play chess without human guidance. In his work Essays on Automatics (1913), introduced the idea of floating-point arithmetic. In 1920, built an early electromechanical device of the Analytical Engine.
Godfried Toussaint – computational geometry, computational music theory
Gloria Townsend
Edwin E. Tozer – business information systems
Joseph F Traub – computational complexity of scientific problems
John V. Tucker – computability theory
John Tukey – founder of FFT algorithm, box plot, exploratory data analysis and Coining the term 'bit'
Alan Turing (1912–1954) – British computing pioneer, Turing machine, algorithms, cryptology, computer architecture
David Turner – SASL, Kent Recursive Calculator, Miranda, IFIP WG 2.1 member
Murray Turoff – computer-mediated communication
== U ==
Jeffrey D. Ullman – compilers, databases, complexity theory
== V ==
Leslie Valiant – computational complexity theory, computational learning theory
Vladimir Vapnik – pattern recognition, computational learning theory
Moshe Vardi – professor of computer science at Rice University
Dorothy Vaughan
Bernard Vauquois – pioneered computer science in France, machine translation (MT) theory and practice including Vauquois triangle, ALGOL 60
Umesh Vazirani
Manuela M. Veloso
François Vernadat – enterprise modeling
Richard Veryard – enterprise modeling
Sergiy Vilkomir – software testing, RC/DC
Paul Vitanyi – Kolmogorov complexity, Information distance, Normalized compression distance, Normalized Google distance
Andrew Viterbi – Viterbi algorithm
Jeffrey Scott Vitter – external memory algorithms, compressed data structures, data compression, databases
Paul Vixie – DNS, BIND, PAIX, Internet Software Consortium, MAPS, DNSBL

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== W ==
Eiiti Wada – ALGOL N, IFIP WG 2.1 member, Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) X 0208, 0212, Happy Hacking Keyboard
David Wagner – security, cryptography
David Waltz
James Z. Wang
Steve Ward
Manfred K. Warmuth – computational learning theory
David H. D. Warren – AI, logic programming, Prolog, Warren Abstract Machine (WAM)
Kevin Warwick – artificial intelligence
Jan Weglarz
Philip Wadler – functional programming, Haskell, Monad, Java, logic
Peter Wegner – object-oriented programming, interaction (computer science)
Joseph Henry Wegstein – ALGOL 58, ALGOL 60, IFIP WG 2.1 member, data processing technical standards, fingerprint analysis
Peter J. Weinberger – programming language design, the 'w' in AWK
Mark Weiser – ubiquitous computing
Joseph Weizenbaum – artificial intelligence, ELIZA
David Wheeler – EDSAC, subroutines
Franklin H. Westervelt – use of computers in engineering education, conversational use of computers, Michigan Terminal System (MTS), ARPANET, distance learning
Steve Whittaker – human computer interaction, computer support for cooperative work, social media
Jennifer Widom – nontraditional data management
Gio Wiederhold – database management systems
Norbert Wiener – Cybernetics
Adriaan van Wijngaarden – Dutch pioneer; ARRA, ALGOL, IFIP WG 2.1 member
Mary Allen Wilkes – LINC developer, assembler-linker designer
Maurice Vincent Wilkes – microprogramming, EDSAC
Yorick Wilks – computational linguistics, artificial intelligence
James H. Wilkinson – numerical analysis
Sophie Wilson – ARM architecture
Shmuel Winograd – Coppersmith–Winograd algorithm
Terry Winograd – artificial intelligence, SHRDLU
Patrick Winston – artificial intelligence
Niklaus Wirth – ALGOL W, IFIP WG 2.1 member, Pascal, Modula, Oberon
Neil Wiseman – computer graphics
Dennis E. Wisnosky – Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM), IDEF
Stephen Wolfram – Mathematica
Mike Woodger – Pilot ACE, ALGOL 60, Ada (programming language)
Philip Woodward – ambiguity function, sinc function, comb operator, rep operator, ALGOL 68-R
Beatrice Helen Worsley – wrote the first PhD dissertation involving modern computers; was one of the people who wrote Transcode
Steve Wozniak – engineered first generation personal computers at Apple Computer
Jie Wu – computer networks
William Wulf – BLISS system programming language + optimizing compiler, Hydra operating system, Tartan Laboratories
== Y ==
Mihalis Yannakakis
Andrew Chi-Chih Yao
John Yen
Nobuo Yoneda – Yoneda lemma, Yoneda product, ALGOL, IFIP WG 2.1 member
Edward Yourdon – Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method
Moti Yung
== Z ==
Lotfi Zadeh – fuzzy logic
Hans Zantema – termination analysis
Arif Zaman – pseudo-random number generator
Stanley Zdonik — database management systems
Hussein Zedan – formal methods and real-time systems
Shlomo Zilberstein – artificial intelligence, anytime algorithms, automated planning, and decentralized POMDPs
Jill Zimmerman – James M. Beall Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at Goucher College
Mark Zuckerberg – cofounder of Facebook and Meta Platforms
Konrad Zuse – German pioneer of hardware and software
== See also ==
== References ==
== External links ==
CiteSeer list of the most cited authors in computer science
Computer scientists with h-index >= 40

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This is a list of scientists who participated in the 1964 Evolving Genes and Proteins symposium, a landmark event in the history of molecular evolution. The symposium, supported by the National Science Foundation, took place on September 17 and September 18, 1964 at the Institute of Microbiology of Rutgers University. A summary of the proceedings was published in Science, and the full proceedings were edited by Vernon Bryson and Henry J. Vogel and published in 1965.
== References ==

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On the Eiffel Tower, 72 names of French male scientists, engineers, and mathematicians are engraved in recognition of their contributions. Gustave Eiffel chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the protests against the tower, and chose names of those who had distinguished themselves since 1789. The engravings are found on the sides of the tower under the first balcony, in letters about 60 cm (24 in) tall, and were originally painted in gold. The engraving was painted over at the beginning of the 20th century and restored in 1986–87 by Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, the company that the city of Paris contracts to operate the Tower. The repainting of 2010–11 restored the letters to their original gold colour. There are also names of the engineers who helped build the Tower and design its architecture on a plaque on the top of the Tower, where a laboratory was built as well.
It has been proposed to add the names of 72 leading women to the tower and a list for agreement with the Mayor of Paris was presented in 2026.
== List ==
=== Location ===
The list is split in four parts (one for each side of the tower). The sides have been named after the parts of Paris that each side faces:
The North-East side (also known as La Bourdonnais side)
The South-East side (also known as the Military School side)
The South-West side (also known as the Grenelle side)
The North West side (also known as the Trocadéro side)
=== Names ===
In the table below are all the names on the four sides.
== Criticism ==
=== Women ===
The list contains no women. The list has been criticized for excluding the name of Sophie Germain, a noted French mathematician whose work on the theory of elasticity was used in the construction of the tower itself. In 1913, John Augustine Zahm suggested that Germain was excluded because she was a woman.
In 2025, Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo named a commission of experts to consider a project for inscribing the names of women scientists on the Tower. The commission's report was positive and advocated inscribing the names of 72 female scientists adjacent to those of the 72 male scientists, to reflect full equality. The Association Femmes & Sciences was tasked with preparing a list of women scientists to be commemorated. In January 2026, the Association unveiled a proposed list of late 72 women scientists from 1789 to the present. The list is awaiting acceptance by the mayor, the Académie des Sciences, the Académie des Technologies and the Académie nationale de médecine.
The suggested women are Denise Albe-Fessard, Yvette Amice, Jeanne Baret, Denise Barthomeuf, Madeleine Brès, Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat, Simonne Caillère, Yvette Cauchois, Edmée Chandon, Marthe Condat, Anita Conti, Eugénie Cotton, Radhia Cousot, Odile Croissant, Marie Curie, Augusta Déjérine, Henriette Delamarre, Georgette Délibrias, Nathalie Demassieux, Rose Dieng, Angélique du Coudray, Louise du Pierry, Henriette Mathieu-Faraggi, Jacqueline Ferrand, Jacqueline Ficini, Rosalind Franklin, Marthe Gautier, Sophie Germain, Jeanne Guiot, Geneviève Guitel, Sébastienne Guyot, Claudine Hermann, Andrée Hoppilliard, Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin, Irène Joliot-Curie, Geneviève Jourdain, Dorothéa Klumpke, Lydie Koch-Miramond, Colette Kreder, Nicole Laroche, Cornélie Lebon-de Brambilla, Yolande Le Calvez, Paulette Libermann, Marianne Grunberg-Manago, Nicole Mangin, Cécile Morette, Édith Mourier, Ethel Moustacchi, Suzanne Noël, Yvonne Odic, Isabelle Olivieri, Marie-Louise Paris, Marguerite Perey, Claudine Picardet, Alberte Pullman, Pauline Ramart, Lucie Randoin, Alice Recoque, Michelle Schatzman, Anne-Marcelle Schrameck, Marie-Hélène Schwartz, Josiane Serre, Alice Sollier, Hélène Sparrow, Bianca Tchoubar, Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat, Thérèse Tréfouël, Agnès Ullmann, Arlette Vassy, Suzanne Veil, Jeanne Villepreux and Toshiko Yuasa.
=== Hydraulic engineers and scholars ===
Eiffel acknowledged most of the leading French scientists in the field of hydraulic engineering; fourteen of them are listed on the Eiffel Tower. Among those missing are Henri Philibert Gaspard Darcy, whose work did not come into wide use until the 20th century, Antoine Chézy and Joseph Valentin Boussinesq, who was early in his career at the time. The renowned mathematician Évariste Galois is also absent from the list, as are Joseph Liouville and Charles Hermite, two other famous French mathmaticians.
== Notes ==
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Barral, Georges (1892). Le Panthéon scientifique de la tour Eiffel: histoire des origines de la construction de la Tour (in French). Savine. Reprinted as Barral, Georges (2013). Le Panthéon scientifique de la tour Eiffel: histoire des origines de la construction de la Tour (in French). Hachette Livre. ISBN 978-2-01-285936-4.
== External links ==
Media related to 72 names on the Eiffel Tower at Wikimedia Commons
Paris streets named for the 72 scientists

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This article contains links to lists of scientists.
== By academic genealogy ==
Academic genealogy of chemists
List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field
List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower
Apostles of Linnaeus
List of Arab scientists and scholars
List of modern Arab scientists and engineers
List of archaeologists
Astronomer Royal
List of astronomers
List of French astronomers
List of Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
List of biologists
List of biochemists
List of carcinologists
List of coleopterists
List of entomologists
List of geneticists
List of herpetologists
List of immunologists
List of marine biologists
List of microbiologists
List of paleoethnobotanists
List of plant scientists
List of plant pathologists
List of biophysicists
List of Catholic clergy scientists
List of lay Catholic scientists
List of chemists
List of Christians in science and technology
List of Christian Nobel laureates
List of Christian scientists and scholars of medieval Islam
List of climate scientists
List of women climate scientists and activists
List of cognitive scientists
List of computer scientists
List of cosmologists
List of criminologists
List of ecologists
List of Ethiopian scientists
List of participants in the Evolving Genes and Proteins symposium
List of Fellows of the Royal Society by election year
List of foresters
Fullerian Professor of Chemistry
Fullerian Professor of Physiology
List of geologists
List of women geologists
List of geophysicists
List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
List of Kyoto Prize winners
List of atheists in science and technology
List of loop quantum gravity researchers
Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award
List of medieval and pre-modern Persian doctors
List of meteorologists
List of mineralogists
List of minor planet discoverers
List of National Medal of Science laureates
List of neurochemists
List of neurologists and neurosurgeons
List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
List of physicians and scientists of Upstate New York
List of ornithologists
List of paleontologists
List of pathologists
List of pharmacists
List of photochemists
List of physicists
List of plasma physicists
List of presidents of the Geological Society of London
List of presidents of the Geologists' Association
List of psephologists
Quakers in science
List of quantum gravity researchers
Racah Lectures in Physics
List of Researchers at Racah Institute
List of rheologists
RNA Tie Club
List of runologists
Savilian Professor of Astronomy
List of scientists whose names are used as units
List of people whose names are used in chemical element names
List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants
List of soil scientists
List of spectroscopists
List of statisticians
List of systems scientists
List of taxonomic authorities by name
List of undersea explorers
List of authors of names published under the ICZN
== By country, religion, gender or ethnic background ==
List of African educators, scientists and scholars
List of Argentine scientists
List of Armenian scientists and philosophers
List of African-American inventors and scientists
List of Arab scientists and scholars
List of Austrian scientists
List of Azerbaijani scientists and philosophers
List of Brazilian scientists
List of Bangladeshi scientists
List of British Jewish scientists
List of Cornish scientists
List of Scottish scientists
List of Welsh scientists
List of Byzantine scholars (including scientists)
List of Chinese scientists
List of Christian scientists
List of Catholic scientists
List of Christian Nobel laureates
List of Jesuit scientists
List of Roman Catholic cleric-scientists
List of Quaker scientists
List of Croatian scientists
List of Czech scientists
List of Egyptian scientists
List of Estonian scientists
List of female scientists
List of female scientists before the 20th century
List of female scientists in the 20th century
List of female scientists in the 21st century
List of French scientists
List of Indian scientists
List of Tamil scientists
List of Nepalese scientists
List of Persian scientists and scholars
List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers
List of Italian scientists
List of Jewish scientists and philosophers
List of Jewish American chemists
List of Muslim scientists
Lists of Muslim scientists and scholars
List of New Zealand scientists
List of Nigerian scientists and scholars
List of Pakistani scientists
List of Romanian scientists
List of Russian scientists
List of Serbian scientists
List of Swedish scientists
== By achievement ==
List of Nobel laureates
Lists of Nobel laureates
== See also ==
Academic genealogy
History of science and technology
List of forms of electricity named after scientists
List of science communicators

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Philosophy and economics studies topics such as public economics, behavioural economics, rationality, justice, history of economic thought, rational choice, the appraisal of economic outcomes, institutions and processes, the status of highly idealized economic models, the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them.
It is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory, ethics (or normative social and political philosophy), and philosophy of science. Economic theories of rationality, welfare, and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory, philosophical psychology, and social and political philosophy.
Economics is of special interest to those interested in epistemology and philosophy of science both because of its detailed peculiarities and because it has many of the overt features of the natural sciences, while its object consists of social phenomena. In any empirical setting, the epistemic assumptions of financial economics (and related applied financial disciplines) are relevant, and are further discussed under the Epistemology of finance.
== Scope ==
=== Definition and ontology of economics ===
The question usually addressed in any subfield of philosophy (the philosophy of X) is "what is X?". A philosophical approach to the question "what is economics?" is less likely to produce an answer than it is to produce a survey of the definitional and territorial difficulties and controversies. Similar considerations apply as a prologue to further discussion of methodology in a subject. Definitions of economics have varied over time from the modern origins of the subject, reflecting programmatic concerns and distinctions of expositors.
Ontological questions continue with further "what is..." questions addressed at fundamental economic phenomena, such as "what is (economic) value?" or "what is a market?". While it is possible to respond to such questions with real verbal definitions, the philosophical value of posing such questions actually aims at shifting entire perspectives as to the nature of the foundations of economics. In the rare cases that attempts at ontological shifts gain wide acceptance, their ripple effects can spread throughout the entire field of economics.
=== Methodology and epistemology of economics ===
An epistemology deals with how we know things. In the philosophy of economics this means asking questions such as: what kind of a "truth claim" is made by economic theories – for example, are we claiming that the theories relate to reality or perceptions? How can or should we prove economic theories – for example, must every economic theory be empirically verifiable? How exact are economic theories and can they lay claim to the status of an exact science – for example, are economic predictions as reliable as predictions in the natural sciences, and why or why not? Another way of expressing this issue is to ask whether economic theories can state "laws". Philosophers of science and economists have explored these issues intensively since the work of Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel M. Hausman dating to 3 decades ago.
=== Rational choice, decision theory and game theory ===
Philosophical approaches in decision theory focus on foundational concepts in decision theory – for example, on the natures of choice or preference, rationality, risk and uncertainty, and economic agents.
Game theory is shared between a number of disciplines, but especially mathematics, economics and philosophy. Game theory is still extensively discussed within the field of the philosophy of economics. Game theory is closely related to and builds on decision theory and is likewise very strongly interdisciplinary.
=== Ethics and justice ===
The ethics of economic systems deals with the issues such as how it is right (just, fair) to keep or distribute economic goods. Economic systems as a product of collective activity allow examination of their ethical consequences for all of their participants. Ethics and economics relates ethical studies to welfare economics. It has been argued that a closer relation between welfare economics and modern ethical studies may enrich both areas, even including predictive and descriptive economics as to rationality of behaviour, given social interdependence.
Ethics and justice overlap disciplines in different ways. Approaches are regarded as more philosophical when they study the fundamentals – for example, John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971) and Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974). 'Justice' in economics is a subcategory of welfare economics with models frequently representing the ethical-social requirements of a given theory. "Practical" matters include such subjects as law and cost–benefit analysis
Utilitarianism, one of the ethical methodologies, has its origins inextricably interwoven with the emergence of modern economic thought. Today utilitarianism has spread throughout applied ethics as one of a number of approaches. Non-utilitarian approaches in applied ethics are also now used when questioning the ethics of economic systems – e.g. rights-based (deontological) approaches.
Many political ideologies have been an immediate outgrowth of reflection on the ethics of economic systems. Marx, for example, is generally regarded primarily as a philosopher, his most notable work being on the philosophy of economics. However, Marx's economic critique of capitalism did not depend on ethics, justice, or any form of morality, instead focusing on the inherent contradictions of capitalism through the lens of a process which is today called dialectical materialism.
=== Non-mainstream economic thinking ===
The philosophy of economics defines itself as including the questioning of foundations or assumptions of economics. The foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups. These areas are therefore to be included within the philosophy of economics.

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Praxeology: a deductive theory of human action based on premises presumed to be philosophically true (following the analytic–synthetic distinction of Immanuel Kant). Developed by Ludwig von Mises within the Austrian School, is a self-conscious opposition to the mathematical modeling and hypothesis-testing to validate neoclassical economics.
Cross-cultural perspectives on economics, and economic anthropology: an example is the Buddhist-inspired Bhutanese "Gross National Happiness" concept (suggested as a better development measure than GNI/GDP). Amartya Sen is a renowned advocate for the integration of cross-cultural phenomena into economic thinking.
Feminist perspectives on economics, or feminist economics.
== Scholars cited in the literature ==
== Related disciplines ==
The ethics of economic systems is an area of overlap between business ethics and the philosophy of economics. People who write on the ethics of economic systems are more likely to call themselves political philosophers than business ethicists or economic philosophers. There is significant overlap between theoretical issues in economics and the philosophy of economics. As economics is generally accepted to have its origins in philosophy, the history of economics overlaps with the philosophy of economics.
== Degrees ==
Some universities offer joint degrees that combine philosophy, politics and economics. These degrees cover many of the problems that are discussed in Philosophy and Economics, but are more broadly construed. A small number of universities, notably the London School of Economics, University of Edinburgh, the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Copenhagen Business School, the University of Vienna the University of Bayreuth, the University of Hamburg and the Witten/Herdecke University offer master's degree programs specialized in philosophy, politics and economics.
== Journals ==
Economics and Philosophy
Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics
Journal of Economic Methodology
Philosophy and Public Affairs
Politics, Philosophy & Economics – Aims and Scope
== See also ==
Analytic philosophy
Critique of political economy
Epistemology of finance
Philosophy of science
Schools of economic thought
History of economic thought
Teoría de Precios: Porqué está mal la Economía textbook (2010)
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Boulding, Kenneth E. (1969). "Economics as a Moral Science," American Economic Review, 59(1), pp. 1-12.
Caldwell, Bruce (1987). "positivism," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v.3, pp. 921–23.
Downie, R.S. (1987). "moral philosophy," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 551–56.
Hands, D. Wade, ed. (1993). The Philosophy and Methodology of Economics, Edward Elgar. 3 v. Description and Table of Contents links.
Davis, John B., Alain Marciano, Jochen Runde, eds. (2004). The Elgar Companion to Economics and Philosophy. Description & Table of Contents links and Introduction and ch. 1 previews via sidebar scrolling. Articles from 1925 & 1940–1991.
Hausman, Daniel M. (1992). Essays on Philosophy and Economic Methodology. Description, ch. 1 link. Chapter-preview links.
_____, ed. ([1984] 2008). The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology, 3rd ed. Cambridge. Description & Table of contents links and Introduction. From John Stuart Mill on.
Heilbroner, Robert L. ([1953] 1999). The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times, and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers, 7th ed. Scroll to chapter-preview links.
Hodgson, Bernard (2001). Economics as Moral Science. Description and chapter-preview links, pp. xi-xiv.
Peil, Jan, and Irene van Staveren, eds. (2009). Handbook of Economics and Ethics, Edward Elgar. Description and preview.
Putnam, Hilary (1993). "The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy," in Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen, ed. The Quality of Life, pp. 143–157. Oxford. Reprinted in Putnam (2002), Part I, pp. 5 -64.
_____ (2002). The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays, Description and chapter-preview links.
Robinson, Joan (1962). Economic Philosophy. Description and scroll to chapter and previews.
Rubinstein, Ariel (2006). "Dilemmas of an Economic Theorist," Econometrica, 74(4), pp. 865–883 (close Page tab).
Szenberg, Michael, ed. (1992). Eminent Economists: Their Life Philosophies, Cambridge. Description and preview.
Walsh, Vivian (1961). Scarcity and Evil]: An Original Exploration of Moral Issues on the Frontier Between Guilt and Tragedy. Prentice-Hall.
_____ (1987). "philosophy and economics," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 861–869.
_____ (1996). Rationality, Allocation, and Reproduction. Cambridge. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links.
== External links ==
Philosophy of Economics (Daniel Little's entry in the Routledge Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Science)
Philosophy of Economics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) by Daniel M. Hausman, notable in the field.

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The Web Science Trust (WST) is a UK Charitable Trust with the aim of supporting the global development of Web science. It was originally started in 2006 as a joint effort between MIT and University of Southampton to formalise the social and technical aspects of the World Wide Web. The trust coordinates a set of international "WSTNet Laboratories" that include academic research groups in the emerging area of Web science.
It was first announced at MIT on 2 November 2006 as the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), changing its name in 2009 to the Web Science Trust. Tim Berners-Lee originally led this program, now run by a Board of Trustees, which aims to attract government and private funds to support their many activities. The Web Science Trust supports curriculum development in universities and research institutions to train future generations of Web Scientists. Given the similarities between Web Science and Information Science, Web Science overlaps with the interests of the ISchool movement, particularly in the United States, but focuses more specifically on the Web itself. The annual Web Science conference brings together participants from many fields including those studying both the social and the computational aspects of the World Wide Web.
Areas of interest include:
Social networks
Social machine
Collaboration
Understanding online community
Analyzing the human interactions inherent in social media
Web observatories
Developing "accountability" and other mechanisms for enhancing privacy and trust on the Web.
== Key personnel ==
Directors/trustees
Wendy Hall (Chair)
Nigel Shadbolt
James Hendler
Noshir Contractor (Executive Director)
JP Rangaswami
George Metakides
Steffen Staab
Anni Rowland-Campbell
Bill Thompson
Jennifer Zhu Scott
Fellows
Tim Berners-Lee
John Taylor
== Conferences ==
The first Web Science conference (WebSci09: Society on Line) was sponsored in part by WSRI and was held in Greece in March 2009. The conference had over 300 registrants from a number of fields including computing, social science, law, economics, philosophy, psychology. The conference has since continued as a yearly event. The first fully virtual Web Science conference was held in July 2020 as a result of travel restrictions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic.
== Impact ==
The Web Science Trust has been influential in advancing interdisciplinary research that connects computing with the social sciences, law, and policy. Through its WSTNet laboratories and annual conferences, the Trust has encouraged studies of online trust, data ethics, and the societal impact of al
== See also ==
List of I-Schools
World Wide Web
Webometrics
Web Engineering
== Bibliography ==
Lohr, Steve (2 November 2006). "Group of University Researchers to Make Web Science a Field of Study". The New York Times.
Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, James Hendler, Nigel Shadbolt, Daniel J. Weitzner (August 2006). "Creating a Science of the Web". 313 (11): 769–71. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..769B. doi:10.1126/science.1126902. PMID 16902115. S2CID 5104030. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Julià Minguillon, Daniel Riera, Kieron O'Hara and Wendy Hall (October 2008). "Web Science (dossier)" (7): 25. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
James Hendler, Nigel Shadbolt, Wendy Hall, Tim Berners-Lee, Daniel J. Weitzner (July 2008). "Web science: an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the web". 51 (7): 60–69. doi:10.1145/1364782.1364798. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Web Science: Studying the Internet to Protect Our Future, an article by Tim Berners-Lee.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
Press release
Audio: Web Science: A Conversation with the Inventor of the Web

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Web science is an emerging interdisciplinary field concerned with the study of large-scale socio-technical systems, particularly the World Wide Web. It considers the relationship between people and technology, the ways that society and technology co-constitute one another and the impact of this co-constitution on broader society. Web Science combines research from disciplines as diverse as sociology, computer science, economics, and mathematics.
An earlier definition was given by American computer scientist Ben Shneiderman: "Web Science" is processing the information available on the web in similar terms to those applied to natural environment.
The Web Science Institute describes Web Science as focusing "the analytical power of researchers from disciplines as diverse as mathematics, sociology, economics, psychology, law and computer science to understand and explain the Web. It is necessarily interdisciplinary – as much about social and organizational behaviour as about the underpinning technology." A central pillar of Web science development is Artificial Intelligence or "AI". The current artificial intelligence that in development at the moment is Human-Centered, with goals to further professional development courses as well as influencing public policy. Artificial intelligence developers are focused on the most impactful uses of this technology, while also hoping to expedite the growth and development of the human race.
== Areas of activity ==
=== Emergent properties ===
Philip Tetlow, an IBM-based scientist influential in the emergence of web science as an independent discipline, argued for the concept of web life, which considers the Web not as a connected network of computers, as in common interpretations of the Internet, but rather as a sociotechnical machine capable of fusing together individuals and organisations into larger coordinated groups. It argues that unlike the technologies that have come before it, the Web is different in that its phenomenal growth and complexity are starting to outstrip our capability to control it directly, making it impossible for us to grasp its completeness in one go. Tetlow made use of Fritjof Capra's concept of the 'web of life' as a metaphor.
== Research groups ==
There are numerous academic research groups engaged in Web Science research, many of which are members of WSTNet, the Web Science Trust Network of research labs. Health Web Science emerged as a sub-discipline of Web Science that studies the role of the Web's impact on human's health outcomes and how to further utilize the Web to improve health outcomes. These groups focus on the developmental possibilities, provided through Web Science, in areas such as health care and social welfare. Discussion of web science has been widely adopted as a method in which the internet can have a real world impact in the field of medicine, currently coined Medicine 2.0. The World Wide Web acts as a medium for the spread and circulation of knowledge, though these various research groups consider themselves responsible for maintaining verifiable and testable knowledge. Using their knowledge of the healthcare system as well as web science, researchers are focused on formatting and structuring their knowledge in a way that is easily accessible throughout the internet. The World Wide Web is quickly evolving meaning that the information we provide and its formatting must also. Recognizing the overlap between both aspects, the spread of knowledge and development of the internet, allows us to properly display our knowledge in a manner that evolves as quickly as the internet and everyday medical research. The accessibility of the internet and quick development of knowledge must be companied with efficient formatting to allocate successful dissemination of information, as described by these various researcher groups.
== Related major conferences ==
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Hypertext Conference (HT) sponsored by SIGWEB
ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)
International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM)
The Web Conference (WWW)
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Web Science Conference (WebSci)
== See also ==
Digital anthropology
Digital sociology
Health Web Science
Sociology of the Internet
Technology and society
Web Science Trust
== References ==
== External links ==
A Framework for Web Science Archived 2021-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
Talk on web science by W3C
MSc on Web Science at Institute WeST, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Archived 2021-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
MSc on Web Sciences divided into different branches of study at Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria Archived 2018-01-17 at the Wayback Machine
What is Web Science? (Video clip) on YouTube
The Web Science Education Workshop
The Web Science Education Map
Master's Programme WebScience at Cologne University of Applied Sciences Archived 2015-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
The Web Science Institute at the University of Southampton