diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index c09523d55..732b333dd 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enterprise_Research_Institute-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enterprise_Research_Institute-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e87e13f62 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enterprise_Research_Institute-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +--- +title: "Digital Enterprise Research Institute" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enterprise_Research_Institute" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:43.994504+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI) is a former research institute at NUI Galway. It is now part of the Insight Centre for Data Analytics. Insight was established in 2013 by Science Foundation Ireland with funding of €75m. +DERI's focus is research into the Semantic Web and linked data. It was originally established as a Centre for Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET) in 2003 with funding from Science Foundation Ireland. Additional funding sources were EU Framework Programs, Enterprise Ireland, IRCSET, and industry. + + +== History == +DERI was opened in 2003 with funding from Science Foundation Ireland. In addition projects from the European Commission and Enterprise Ireland extended the research program. +As scientific director Dieter Fensel was hired from the University of Innsbruck. +As executive director Christoph Bussler was hired from Oracle. Additional leadership was provided by Stefan Decker +(Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California) and David O'Sullivan (National University of Ireland). +In 2006 Stefan Decker took over the Director position, and Michael Turley took over the Chief Executive Position. Manfred Hauswirth became deputy director. +DERI grew rapidly from 2 persons in 2003 to about 40 in 2006, and then to about 100 in 2008. In 2008 DERI secured a second funding round from Science Foundation Ireland of about 12 Million Euro, and established itself as a premier research facility for Web research in general, and Semantic Web and Linked Data research in particular. +In 2013 Science Foundation Ireland decided to establish a new centre for Data Analytics by combining four existing centers operating in the space: DERI (NUI Galway), Clarity (UCD), TRILL(UCD), 4C (UCC) & CLIQUE (UCD). +With the establishment of the Insight Centre the DERI brand, after more than 10 years of successful operation, was retired. Subsequently Manfred Hauswirth became director of Fraunhofer FOCUS, and Stefan Decker of Fraunhofer FIT, both in Germany. + + +== Description == + + +=== Employees and financials === +In late 2011, DERI employed around 130 people. In 2011, DERI had about 6 million Euro in revenue. In 2010, the Science Foundation Ireland consisted of 55% of awards by value; the remainder was composed of the European Commission (40%); and businesses (5%). + + +=== Facilities === +DERI was based at the Dangan Business Park in Galway, Ireland. + + +== Organisation == +DERI now operates as part of the Insight Centre for Data Analytics. It is still part of the National University of Ireland, Galway and is organised around a number of research units and application domains. + + +== Contributions == +DERI contributed or initiated a number of technologies, standards and initiatives. Some notable technologies include the Semantic Web, the Semantic Desktop, scalable RDF information processing, Open Data Government Portals, W3C Standards and efforts like SPARQL and Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities. +In its data centers it hosted several big data facilities for indexing what was called the "web of data" the web of pages annotated with metadata (also Semantic Web). Among these the early SWSE engine, led by Dr. Andreas Hearth and the Sindice engine (the Semantic Indice - italian for index) engine led by Dr. Giovanni Tummarello and Dr. Renaud Delbru, which then evolved into the Siren.io company. + + +== Spin-off companies == +Spin-off companies included music-tech start-up MDG Web, data intelligence and analytics company Siren.io (previously Sindicetech, developed out of the Sindice), and financial analytics start-up Peracton (building MAARS), + + +== Memberships == +DERI was a W3C member organization and a founding member of the Web Science Trust Network. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website Archived 24 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine +DERI International + + +== Further reading == +Galway takes on presidential look: Strong research at NUI Galway has reached as far as Barack Obama using one of its web systems Colm Murphy. The Sunday Times. 2009-09-20. +US government adopts web tools developed in Ireland Archived 19 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. In: The Irish Times, 2012-04-26. +Super-fast RDF search engine developed Ciara O'Brien. The Register 2007-05-04. +Thinking big (preview/requires subscription). New Scientist 2004-12-04. +Data Catalog Vocabulary, W3C +Linked Data Goes With DERI, George Thomas, Data.gov, 2012-04-17 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people-0.md index e736443b0..ba71274d2 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:38:43.127674+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:52.300534+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f612961ec --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +--- +title: "List of computer scientists" +chunk: 1/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:53.571776+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of computer scientists, people who do work in computer science, in particular researchers and authors. +Some persons notable as programmers are included here because they work in research as well as program. A few of these people pre-date the invention of the digital computer; they are now regarded as computer scientists because their work can be seen as leading to the invention of the computer. Others are mathematicians whose work falls within what would now be called theoretical computer science, such as complexity theory and algorithmic information theory. + +== A == +Wil van der Aalst – business process management, process mining, Petri nets +Scott Aaronson – quantum computing and complexity theory +Rediet Abebe – algorithms, artificial intelligence +Hal Abelson – intersection of computing and teaching +Serge Abiteboul – database theory +Samson Abramsky – game semantics +Leonard Adleman – RSA, DNA computing +Manindra Agrawal – polynomial-time primality testing +Luis von Ahn – human-based computation +Alfred Aho – compilers book, the 'a' in AWK +Frances E. Allen – compiler optimization +Gene Amdahl – supercomputer developer, Amdahl Corporation founder +David P. Anderson – volunteer computing +Lisa Anthony – natural user interfaces +Andrew Appel – compiler of text books +Cecilia R. Aragon – invented treap, human-centered data science +Bruce Arden – programming language compilers (GAT, Michigan Algorithm Decoder (MAD)), virtual memory architecture, Michigan Terminal System (MTS) +Kevin Ashton – pioneered and named The Internet of Things at M.I.T. +Sanjeev Arora – PCP theorem +Winifred "Tim" Alice Asprey – established the computer science curriculum at Vassar College +John Vincent Atanasoff – computer pioneer, creator of Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) +Shakuntala Atre – database theory +Lennart Augustsson – languages (Lazy ML, Cayenne), compilers (HBC Haskell, parallel Haskell front end, Bluespec SystemVerilog early), LPMud pioneer, NetBSD device drivers + +== B == +Charles Babbage (1791–1871) – invented first mechanical computer called the supreme mathematician +Charles Bachman – American computer scientist, known for Integrated Data Store +Roland Carl Backhouse – mathematics of computer program construction, algorithmic problem solving, ALGOL IFIP WG 2.1 member +John Backus – Fortran, Backus–Naur form, first complete compiler +David F. Bacon – programming languages, garbage collection +David Bader +Victor Bahl +Fatmah Baothman – Saudi Arabian AI researcher +Anthony James Barr – SAS, former Statistical Analysis System +Jean Bartik (1924–2011) – one of the first computer programmers, on ENIAC (1946), one of the first vacuum tube computers, back when programming involved using cables, dials, and switches to physically rewire a machine; worked with John Mauchly toward BINAC (1949), EDVAC (1949), UNIVAC (1951) to develop early stored program computers +Andrew Barto +Friedrich L. Bauer – stack (data structure), Sequential Formula Translation, ALGOL, software engineering, Bauer–Fike theorem +Rudolf Bayer – B-tree +Gordon Bell (1934–2024) – computer designer DEC VAX, author: Computer Structures +Steven M. Bellovin – network security +Yoshua Bengio – artificial intelligence, deep learning +Cecilia Berdichevsky (1925–2010) – pioneering Argentinian computer scientist +Tim Berners-Lee – World Wide Web +Daniel J. Bernstein – qmail, software as protected speech +Peter Bernus +Abhay Bhushan +Dines Bjørner – Vienna Development Method (VDM), RAISE +Gerrit Blaauw – one of main designers of IBM System/360 computer line +Sue Black +David Blei +Dorothy Blum – National Security Agency +Lenore Blum – complexity +Manuel Blum – cryptography +Barry Boehm – software engineering economics, spiral development +Corrado Böhm – author of the structured program theorem +Kurt Bollacker +Jeff Bonwick – invented slab allocation and ZFS +Grady Booch – Unified Modeling Language, Object Management Group +George Boole – Boolean logic +Andrew Booth – developed the first rotating drum storage device +Kathleen Booth – developed the first assembly language +Anita Borg (1949–2003) – American computer scientist, founder of Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology +Alan H. Borning – human–computer interaction, object-oriented programming, constraint programming, programming languages, ThingLab +Bert Bos – Cascading Style Sheets +Mikhail Botvinnik – World Chess Champion, computer scientist, electrical engineer, pioneered early expert system AI and computer chess +Jonathan Bowen – Z notation, formal methods +Stephen R. Bourne – Bourne shell, portable ALGOL 68C compiler +Harry Bouwman (born 1953) – Dutch Information systems researcher, professor at Åbo Akademi University +Robert S. Boyer – string searching, ACL2 theorem prover +Karlheinz Brandenburg – Main mp3 contributor +Gilles Brassard – BB84 protocol and quantum cryptography pioneer +Lawrence M. Breed – implementation of Iverson Notation (APL), co-developed APL\360, Scientific Time Sharing Corporation cofounder +Jack E. Bresenham – early computer-graphics contributions, including Bresenham's algorithm +Sergey Brin – co-founder of Google +David J. Brown – unified memory architecture, binary compatibility +Per Brinch Hansen (surname "Brinch Hansen") – RC 4000 multiprogramming system, operating system kernels, microkernels, monitors, concurrent programming, Concurrent Pascal, distributed computing & processes, parallel computing +Sjaak Brinkkemper – methodology of product software development +Fred Brooks – IBM System/360, OS/360, The Mythical Man-Month, No Silver Bullet +Rod Brooks +Margaret Burnett – visual programming languages, end-user software engineering, and gender-inclusive software +Rod Burstall – languages COWSEL (renamed POP-1), POP-2, NPL, Hope; ACM SIGPLAN 2009 PL Achievement Award +Michael Butler – Event-B \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b3c7cb0e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +--- +title: "List of computer scientists" +chunk: 2/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:53.571776+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== C == +Pino Caballero Gil – cryptography +Tracy Camp – wireless computing +Martin Campbell-Kelly – history of computing +Rosemary Candlin +Rod Canion – cofounder of Compaq Computer Corporation +Bryan Cantrill – invented DTrace +Luca Cardelli +John Carmack – codeveloped Doom +Michael Caspersen – programming methodology, education in OO programming, leadership in developing informatics education +Edwin Catmull – computer graphics +Vint Cerf – Internet, TCP/IP +Gregory Chaitin +Robert Cailliau – Belgian computer scientist +Zhou Chaochen – duration calculus +Peter Chen – entity-relationship model, data modeling, conceptual model +Leonardo Chiariglione – founder of MPEG +Tracy Chou – computer scientist and activist +Alonzo Church – mathematics of combinators, lambda calculus +Alberto Ciaramella – speech recognition, patent informatics +Edmund M. Clarke – model checking +John Cocke – reduced instruction set computer (RISC) +Edgar F. Codd (1923–2003) – formulated the database relational model +Jacques Cohen – computer science professor +Ian Coldwater – computer security +Simon Colton – computational creativity +Alain Colmerauer – Prolog +Douglas Comer – Xinu +Paul Justin Compton – Ripple-down rules +Richard W. Conway – CORC, CUPL, and PL/C languages and dialects; programming textbooks +Stephen Cook – NP-completeness +James Cooley – Fast Fourier transform (FFT) +Steven Anson Coons – conic section analyses, Bézier surface patches (includes Coons patch), The Little Red Book (1967), computer graphics +Danese Cooper – open-source software +Fernando J. Corbató – Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), Multics +Gordon Cormack – co-invented dynamic Markov compression +Kit Cosper – open-source software +Patrick Cousot – abstract interpretation +Ingemar Cox – digital watermarking +Damien Coyle – computational neuroscience, neuroimaging, neurotechnology, and brain-computer interface +Seymour Cray – Cray Research, supercomputer +Nello Cristianini – machine learning, pattern analysis, artificial intelligence +Jon Crowcroft – networking +W. Bruce Croft +Glen Culler – interactive computing, computer graphics, high performance computing +Haskell Curry + +== D == +Luigi Dadda – designer of the Dadda multiplier +Ole-Johan Dahl – Simula, object-oriented programming +Ryan Dahl – founder of node.js project +Andries van Dam – computer graphics, hypertext +Samir Das – Wireless Networks, Mobile Computing, Vehicular ad hoc network, Sensor Networks, Mesh networking, Wireless ad hoc network +Neil Daswani – computer security, co-founder and co-director of Stanford Advanced Computer Security Program, co-founder of Dasient (acquired by Twitter), former chief information security of LifeLock and Symantec's Consumer Business Unit +Christopher J. Date – proponent of database relational model +Terry A. Davis – creator of TempleOS +Jeff Dean – Bigtable, MapReduce, Spanner of Google +Erik Demaine – computational origami +Tom DeMarco +Richard DeMillo – computer security, software engineering, educational technology +Dorothy E. Denning – computer security +Peter J. Denning – identified the use of an operating system's working set and balance set, President of ACM +Michael Dertouzos – Director of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) from 1974 to 2001 +Alexander Dewdney +Robert Dewar – IFIP WG 2.1 member, ALGOL 68, chairperson; AdaCore cofounder, president, CEO +Vinod Dham – P5 Pentium processor +Jan Dietz (born 1945) (decay constant) – information systems theory and Design & Engineering Methodology for Organizations +Whitfield Diffie (born 1944) (linear response function) – public key cryptography, Diffie–Hellman key exchange +Edsger W. Dijkstra – algorithms, Dijkstra's algorithm, Go To Statement Considered Harmful, semaphore (programming), IFIP WG 2.1 member +Matthew Dillon – DragonFly BSD with LWKT, vkernel OS-level virtualisation, file systems: HAMMER1, HAMMER2 +Alan Dix – wrote important university level textbook on human–computer interaction +Jack Dongarra – linear algebra high performance computing (HCI) +Marco Dorigo – ant colony optimization +Paul Dourish – human computer interaction +Charles Stark Draper (1901–1987) – designer of Apollo Guidance Computer, "father of inertial navigation", MIT professor +Susan Dumais – information retrieval +Adam Dunkels – Contiki, lwIP, uIP, protothreads +Jon Michael Dunn – founding dean of Indiana University School of Informatics, information based logics especially relevance logic +Schahram Dustdar – Distributed Systems, TU Wien, Austria + +== E == +Peter Eades – graph drawing +Annie Easley +Wim Ebbinkhuijsen – COBOL +John Presper Eckert – ENIAC +Alan Edelman – Edelman's Law, stochastic operator, Interactive Supercomputing, Julia (programming language) cocreator, high performance computing, numerical computing +Brendan Eich – JavaScript, Mozilla +Philip Emeagwali – supercomputing +E. Allen Emerson – model checking +Douglas Engelbart – tiled windows, hypertext, computer mouse +Barbara Engelhardt – latent variable models, genomics, quantitative trait locus (QTL) +David Eppstein +Andrey Ershov – languages ALPHA, Rapira; first Soviet time-sharing system AIST-0, electronic publishing system RUBIN, multiprocessing workstation MRAMOR, IFIP WG 2.1 member, Aesthetics and the Human Factor in Programming +Don Estridge (1937–1985) – led development of original IBM Personal Computer (PC); known as "father of the IBM PC" +Oren Etzioni – MetaCrawler, Netbot +Christopher Riche Evans +David C. Evans – computer graphics +Shimon Even + +== F == +Scott Fahlman +Edward Feigenbaum – intelligence +Edward Felten – computer security +Tim Finin +Raphael Finkel +Donald Firesmith +Gary William Flake +Tommy Flowers – Colossus computer +Robert Floyd – NP-completeness +Sally Floyd – Internet congestion control +Lawrence J. Fogel – evolutionary programming +James D. Foley +Ken Forbus +L. R. Ford, Jr. +Lance Fortnow +Martin Fowler +Robert France +Herbert W. Franke +Edward Fredkin +Yoav Freund +Daniel P. Friedman +Charlotte Froese Fischer – computational theoretical physics +Ping Fu +Xiaoming Fu +Kunihiko Fukushima – neocognitron, artificial neural networks, convolutional neural network architecture, unsupervised learning, deep learning +D. R. Fulkerson \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6672df96 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +--- +title: "List of computer scientists" +chunk: 3/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:53.571776+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== G == +Richard P. Gabriel – Maclisp, Common Lisp, Worse is Better, League for Programming Freedom, Lucid Inc., XEmacs +Zvi Galil +Bernard Galler – MAD (programming language) +Hector Garcia-Molina +Michael Garey – NP-completeness +Hugo de Garis +Bill Gates – cofounder of Microsoft +David Gelernter +Lisa Gelobter – was the Chief Digital Service Officer for the U.S. Department of Education, founder of teQuitable +Charles Geschke +Zoubin Ghahramani +Sanjay Ghemawat +Jeremy Gibbons – generic programming, functional programming, formal methods, computational biology, bioinformatics +Juan E. Gilbert – human-centered computing +Lee Giles – CiteSeer +Seymour Ginsburg – formal languages, automata theory, AFL theory, database theory +Robert L. Glass +Kurt Gödel – computability; not a computer scientist per se, but his work was invaluable in the field +Ashok Goel +Joseph Goguen +E. Mark Gold – Language identification in the limit +Adele Goldberg – Smalltalk +Andrew V. Goldberg – algorithms, algorithm engineering +Ian Goldberg – cryptographer, off-the-record messaging +Judy Goldsmith – computational complexity theory, decision theory, and computer ethics +Oded Goldreich – cryptography, computational complexity theory +Shafi Goldwasser – cryptography, computational complexity theory +Gene Golub – Matrix computation +Martin Charles Golumbic – algorithmic graph theory +Gastón Gonnet – cofounder of Waterloo Maple Inc. +Ian Goodfellow – machine learning +James Gosling – Network extensible Window System (NeWS), Java +Paul Graham – Viaweb, On Lisp, Arc +Robert M. Graham – programming language compilers (GAT, Michigan Algorithm Decoder (MAD)), virtual memory architecture, Multics +Susan L. Graham – compilers, programming environments +Jim Gray – database +Michael Gregg - American computer security expert +Sheila Greibach – Greibach normal form, Abstract family of languages (AFL) theory +David Gries – The Science of Programming, Interference freedom, Member Emeritus, IFIP WG 2.3 on Programming Methodology +Robert Griesemer – Go language +Ralph Griswold – SNOBOL +Bill Gropp – Message Passing Interface, Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation (PETSc) +Tom Gruber – ontology engineering +Shelia Guberman – handwriting recognition +Ramanathan V. Guha – Resource Description Framework (RDF), Netscape, RSS, Epinions +Neil J. Gunther – computer performance analysis, capacity planning +Jürg Gutknecht – with Niklaus Wirth: Lilith computer; Modula-2, Oberon, Zonnon programming languages; Oberon operating system +Michael Guy – Phoenix, work on number theory, computer algebra, higher dimension polyhedra theory; with John Horton Conway +Giri Topper - Topper of Anna University and Programmer + +== H == +Nico Habermann – operating systems, software engineering, inter-process communication, process synchronization, deadlock avoidance, software verification, programming languages: ALGOL 60, BLISS, Pascal, Ada +Philipp Matthäus Hahn – mechanical calculator +Eldon C. Hall – Apollo Guidance Computer +Wendy Hall +Joseph Halpern +Margaret Hamilton – ultra-reliable software design, Apollo program space missions +Richard Hamming – Hamming code, founder of the Association for Computing Machinery +Jiawei Han – data mining +Frank Harary – graph theory +Brian Harris – machine translation research, Canada's first computer-assisted translation course, natural translation theory, community interpreting (Critical Link) +Juris Hartmanis – computational complexity theory +Johan Håstad – computational complexity theory +Les Hatton – software failure and vulnerabilities +Igor Hawryszkiewycz (born 1948) – American computer scientist and organizational theorist +He Jifeng – provably correct systems +Eric Hehner – predicative programming, formal methods, quote notation, ALGOL +Martin Hellman – encryption +Gernot Heiser – operating system teaching, research, commercialising, Open Kernel Labs, OKL4, Wombat +James Hendler – Semantic Web +John L. Hennessy – computer architecture +Andrew Herbert +Carl Hewitt +Kelsey Hightower – open source, cloud computing +Danny Hillis – Connection Machine +Geoffrey Hinton +Julia Hirschberg +Tin Kam Ho – artificial intelligence, machine learning +C. A. R. Hoare – logic, rigor, communicating sequential processes (CSP) +Louis Hodes (1934–2008) – Lisp, pattern recognition, logic programming, cancer research +Betty Holberton – ENIAC programmer, developed the first Sort Merge Generator +John Henry Holland – genetic algorithms +Herman Hollerith (1860–1929) – invented recording of data on a machine readable medium, using punched cards +Bri Holt +Gerard Holzmann – software verification, logic model checking (SPIN) +John Hopcroft – compilers +Admiral Grace Hopper (1906–1992) – developed early compilers: FLOW-Matic, COBOL; worked on UNIVAC; gave speeches on computer history, where she gave out nano-seconds +Eric Horvitz – artificial intelligence +Alston Householder +Paul Hudak (1952–2015) – Haskell language design, textbooks on it and computer music +David A. Huffman (1925–1999) – Huffman coding, used in data compression +John Hughes – structuring computations with arrows; QuickCheck randomized program testing framework; Haskell language design +Roger Hui – co-created J language +Watts Humphrey (1927–2010) – Personal Software Process (PSP), Software quality, Team Software Process (TSP) +Sandra Hutchins (born 1946) – speech recognition + +== I == +Jean Ichbiah – Ada +Roberto Ierusalimschy – Lua language +Dan Ingalls – Smalltalk, BitBlt, Lively Kernel +Mary Jane Irwin +Kenneth E. Iverson – APL, J + +== J == +Ivar Jacobson – Unified Modeling Language, Object Management Group +Anil K. Jain (born 1948) +Ramesh Jain +Jonathan James +Jordi Ustrell Aguilà +David S. Johnson +Stephen C. Johnson +Angie Jones – software engineer and automation architect. Holds 26 patented inventions in the United States of America and Japan +Cliff Jones – Vienna Development Method (VDM) +Michael I. Jordan +Mathai Joseph +Aravind K. Joshi +Bill Joy (born 1954) – Sun Microsystems, BSD UNIX, vi, csh +Dan Jurafsky – natural language processing \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..715d3d038 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +--- +title: "List of computer scientists" +chunk: 4/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:53.571776+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== K == +William Kahan – numerical analysis +Robert E. Kahn – TCP/IP +Avinash Kak – digital image processing +Poul-Henning Kamp – invented GBDE, FreeBSD Jails, Varnish cache +David Karger +Richard Karp – NP-completeness +Narendra Karmarkar – Karmarkar's algorithm +Marek Karpinski – NP optimization problems +Ted Kaehler – Smalltalk, Squeak, HyperCard +Alan Kay – Dynabook, Smalltalk, overlapping windows +Neeraj Kayal – AKS primality test +Manolis Kellis – computational biology +John George Kemeny – the language BASIC +Ken Kennedy – compiling for parallel and vector machines +Brian Kernighan (born 1942) – Unix, the 'k' in AWK +Carl Kesselman – grid computing +Gregor Kiczales – CLOS, reflective programming, aspect-oriented programming +Logan Kilpatrick +Peter T. Kirstein – Internet +Stephen Cole Kleene – Kleene closure, recursion theory +Dan Klein – Natural language processing, Machine translation +Leonard Kleinrock – ARPANET, queueing theory, packet switching, hierarchical routing +Donald Knuth – The Art of Computer Programming, MIX/MMIX, TeX, literate programming +Andrew Koenig – C++ +Daphne Koller – Artificial intelligence, bayesian network +Michael Kölling – BlueJ +Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov – algorithmic complexity theory +Janet L. Kolodner – case-based reasoning +David Korn – KornShell +Kees Koster – ALGOL 68 +Robert Kowalski – logic programming +John Koza – genetic programming +Alex Krizhevsky – AlexNet +John Krogstie – SEQUAL framework +Joseph Kruskal – Kruskal's algorithm +Maarja Kruusmaa – underwater roboticist +D. Richard Kuhn - computer scientist +Thomas E. Kurtz (1928–2024) – BASIC programming language; Dartmouth College computer professor + +== L == +Richard E. Ladner +Monica S. Lam +Leslie Lamport – algorithms for distributed computing, LaTeX +Butler Lampson – SDS 940, founding member Xerox PARC, Xerox Alto, Turing Award +Peter Landin – ISWIM, J operator, SECD machine, off-side rule, syntactic sugar, ALGOL, IFIP WG 2.1 member, advanced lambda calculus to model programming languages (aided functional programming), denotational semantics +Tom Lane – Independent JPEG Group, PostgreSQL, Portable Network Graphics (PNG) +Börje Langefors +Hans Langmaack +Chris Lattner – creator of Swift (programming language) and LLVM compiler infrastructure +Steve Lawrence +Edward D. Lazowska +Joshua Lederberg +Manny M Lehman +Charles E. Leiserson – cache-oblivious algorithms, provably good work-stealing, coauthor of Introduction to Algorithms +Douglas Lenat – artificial intelligence, Cyc +Yann LeCun +Rasmus Lerdorf – PHP +Max Levchin – Gausebeck–Levchin test and PayPal +Leonid Levin – computational complexity theory +Kevin Leyton-Brown – artificial intelligence +Fei-Fei Li – ImageNet +J.C.R. Licklider +David Liddle +Jochen Liedtke – microkernel operating systems Eumel, L3, L4 +John Lions – Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code (Lions Book) +Charles H. Lindsey – IFIP WG 2.1 member, Revised Report on ALGOL 68 +Richard J. Lipton – computational complexity theory +Barbara Liskov – programming languages +Yanhong Annie Liu – programming languages, algorithms, program design, program optimization, software systems, optimizing, analysis, and transformations, intelligent systems, distributed computing, computer security, IFIP WG 2.1 member +Darrell Long – computer data storage, computer security +Patricia D. Lopez – broadening participation in computing +Gillian Lovegrove +Ada Lovelace – first programmer +David Luckham – Lisp, Automated theorem proving, Stanford Pascal Verifier, Complex event processing, Rational Software cofounder (Ada compiler) +Eugene Luks +Nancy Lynch + +== M == +Nadia Magnenat Thalmann – computer graphics, virtual actor +Tom Maibaum +George Mallen – creative computing, computer arts +Simon Marlow – Haskell developer, book author; co-developer: Glasgow Haskell Compiler, Haxl remote data access library +Zohar Manna – fuzzy logic +James Martin – information engineering +Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob) – software craftsmanship +John Mashey +Yuri Matiyasevich – solving Hilbert's tenth problem +Yukihiro Matsumoto – Ruby (programming language) +John Mauchly (1907–1980) – designed ENIAC, first general-purpose electronic digital computer, and EDVAC, BINAC and UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer; worked with Jean Bartik on ENIAC and Grace Murray Hopper on UNIVAC +Ujjwal Maulik (born 1965) multi-objective clustering and Bioinformatics +Derek McAuley – ubiquitous computing, computer architecture, networking +Conor McBride – researches type theory, functional programming; cocreated Epigram (programming language) with James McKinna; member IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi +John McCarthy – Lisp (programming language), ALGOL, IFIP WG 2.1 member, artificial intelligence +Andrew McCallum +Douglas McIlroy – macros, pipes, Unix philosophy +Chris McKinstry – artificial intelligence, Mindpixel +Marshall Kirk McKusick – BSD, Berkeley Fast File System +Lambert Meertens – ALGOL 68, IFIP WG 2.1 member, ABC (programming language) +Kurt Mehlhorn – algorithms, data structures, LEDA +Dora Metcalf – entrepreneur, engineer and mathematician +Bertrand Meyer – Eiffel (programming language) +Silvio Micali – cryptography +Robin Milner – ML (programming language) +Jack Minker – database logic +Marvin Minsky – artificial intelligence, perceptrons, Society of Mind +James G. Mitchell – WATFOR compiler, Mesa (programming language), Spring (operating system), ARM architecture +Tom M. Mitchell +Arvind Mithal – formal verification of large digital systems, developing dynamic dataflow architectures, parallel computing programming languages (Id, pH), compiling on parallel machines +Paul Mockapetris – Domain Name System (DNS) +Cleve Moler – numerical analysis, MATLAB +Faron Moller – concurrency theory +John P. Moon – inventor, Apple Inc. +Charles H. Moore – Forth language +Edward F. Moore – Moore machine +Gordon Moore – Moore's law +J Strother Moore – string searching, ACL2 theorem prover +Roger Moore – co-developed APL\360, created IPSANET, co-founded I. P. Sharp Associates +Hans Moravec – robotics +Carroll Morgan – formal methods +Robert Tappan Morris – Morris worm +Joel Moses – Macsyma +Rajeev Motwani – randomized algorithm +Oleg A. Mukhanov – quantum computing developer, co-founder and CTO of SeeQC +Stephen Muggleton – Inductive Logic Programming +Klaus-Robert Müller – machine learning, artificial intelligence +Alan Mycroft – programming languages +Brad A. Myers – human-computer interaction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36d1e257e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +--- +title: "List of computer scientists" +chunk: 5/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:53.571776+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== N == +Mihai Nadin – anticipation research +Makoto Nagao – machine translation, natural language processing, digital library +Frieder Nake – pioneered computer arts +Bonnie Nardi – human–computer interaction +Peter Naur (1928–2016) – Backus–Naur form (BNF), ALGOL 60, IFIP WG 2.1 member +Roger Needham – computer security +James G. Nell – Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM) +Greg Nelson (1953–2015) – satisfiability modulo theories, extended static checking, program verification, Modula-3 committee, Simplify theorem prover in ESC/Java +Bernard de Neumann – massively parallel autonomous cellular processor, software engineering research +Klara Dan von Neumann (1911–1963) – early computers, ENIAC programmer and control designer +John von Neumann (1903–1957) – early computers, von Neumann machine, set theory, functional analysis, mathematics pioneer, linear programming, quantum mechanics +Allen Newell – artificial intelligence, Computer Structures +Max Newman – Colossus computer, MADM +Andrew Ng – artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics +Nils John Nilsson (1933–2019) – artificial intelligence +G.M. Nijssen – Nijssen's Information Analysis Methodology (NIAM) object–role modeling +Tobias Nipkow – proof assistance +Maurice Nivat – theoretical computer science, Theoretical Computer Science journal, ALGOL, IFIP WG 2.1 member +Jerre Noe – computerized banking +Peter Nordin – artificial intelligence, genetic programming, evolutionary robotics +Donald Norman – user interfaces, usability +Peter Norvig – artificial intelligence, Director of Research at Google +George Novacky – University of Pittsburgh: assistant department chair, senior lecturer in computer science, assistant dean of CAS for undergraduate studies +Kristen Nygaard – Simula, object-oriented programming + +== O == +Martin Odersky – Scala programming language +Peter O'Hearn – separation logic, bunched logic, Infer Static Analyzer +T. William Olle – Ferranti Mercury +Steve Omohundro +Severo Ornstein +John O'Sullivan – Wi-Fi +John Ousterhout – Tcl programming language +Mark Overmars – video game programming +Susan Owicki – interference freedom + +== P == +Larry Page – co-founder of Google +Sankar Pal +Paritosh Pandya +Christos Papadimitriou +Keshab K. Parhi +David Park (1935–1990) – first Lisp implementation, expert in fairness, program schemas, bisimulation in concurrent computing +David Parnas – information hiding, modular programming +DJ Patil – former Chief Data Scientist of United States +Yale Patt – Instruction-level parallelism, speculative architectures +David Patterson – reduced instruction set computer (RISC), RISC-V, redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID), Berkeley Network of Workstations (NOW) +Mike Paterson – algorithms, analysis of algorithms (complexity) +Mihai Pătraşcu – data structures +Lawrence Paulson – ML +Randy Pausch (1960–2008) – human–computer interaction, Carnegie professor, "Last Lecture" +Juan Pavón – software agents +Judea Pearl – artificial intelligence, search algorithms +Alan Perlis – Programming Pearls +Radia Perlman – Spanning Tree Protocol +Pier Giorgio Perotto – computer designer at Olivetti, designer of the Programma 101 programmable calculator +Rózsa Péter – recursive function theory +Simon Peyton Jones – functional programming, Glasgow Haskell Compiler, C-- +Kathy Pham – data, artificial intelligence, civic technology, healthcare, ethics +Roberto Pieraccini – speech technologist, engineering director at Google +Keshav Pingali – IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award, ACM Fellow (2012) +Gordon Plotkin +Amir Pnueli – temporal logic +Willem van der Poel – computer graphics, robotics, geographic information systems, imaging, multimedia, virtual environments, games +Robin Popplestone – COWSEL (renamed POP-1), POP-2, POP-11 languages, Poplog IDE; Freddy II robot +Cicely Popplewell (1920–1995) – British software engineer in 1960s +Emil Post – mathematics +Jon Postel – Internet +Franco Preparata – computer engineering, computational geometry, parallel algorithms, computational biology +William H. Press – numerical algorithms + +== R == +Rapelang Rabana +Grzegorz Rozenberg – natural computing, automata theory, graph transformations and concurrent systems +Michael O. Rabin – nondeterministic machine +Dragomir R. Radev – natural language processing, information retrieval +T. V. Raman – accessibility, Emacspeak +Brian Randell – ALGOL 60, software fault tolerance, dependability, pre-1950 history of computing hardware +Anders P. Ravn – Duration Calculus +Raj Reddy – artificial intelligence +David P. Reed +Trygve Reenskaug – model–view–controller (MVC) software architecture pattern +John C. Reynolds – continuations, definitional interpreters, defunctionalization, Forsythe, Gedanken language, intersection types, polymorphic lambda calculus, relational parametricity, separation logic, ALGOL +Joyce K. Reynolds – Internet +Reinder van de Riet – Editor: Europe of Data and Knowledge Engineering, COLOR-X event modeling language +Bernard Richards – medical informatics +Martin Richards – Basic Combined Programming Language (BCPL) +Adam Ries – advocate for Arabic numerals to replace Roman numerals +C. J. van Rijsbergen +Dennis Ritchie – C (programming language), Unix +Ron Rivest – RSA, MD5, RC4 +Lawrence Roberts – ARPANET program manager, Internet cofounder +Paul Robertson (researcher) - AI researcher +Ken Robinson – formal methods +Colette Rolland – REMORA methodology, meta modelling +John Romero – codeveloped Doom +Azriel Rosenfeld +Douglas T. Ross – Automatically Programmed Tools (APT), Computer-aided design, structured analysis and design technique, ALGOL X +Ronald S. Ross - Computer Scientist +Guido van Rossum – Python (programming language) +M. A. Rothman – UEFI +Winston W. Royce – waterfall model +Rudy Rucker – mathematician, writer, educator +Steven Rudich – complexity theory, cryptography +Jeff Rulifson +James Rumbaugh – Unified Modeling Language, Object Management Group +Peter Ružička – Slovak computer scientist and mathematician \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dee7f9d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +--- +title: "List of computer scientists" +chunk: 6/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:53.571776+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== S == +George Sadowsky +Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh – compositional models of meaning, machine learning +Umar Saif +Gerard Salton – information retrieval +Jean E. Sammet – programming languages +Claude Sammut – artificial intelligence researcher +Carl Sassenrath – operating systems, programming languages, Amiga, REBOL +Mahadev Satyanarayanan – file systems, distributed systems, mobile computing, pervasive computing +Walter Savitch – discovery of complexity class NL, Savitch's theorem, natural language processing, mathematical linguistics +Nitin Saxena – AKS Primality test for polynomial time primality testing, computational complexity theory +Jonathan Schaeffer +Heidi Schelhowe +Wilhelm Schickard – one of the first calculating machines +Jürgen Schmidhuber – artificial intelligence, deep learning, artificial neural networks, recurrent neural networks, Gödel machine, artificial curiosity, meta-learning +Steve Schneider – formal methods, security +Bruce Schneier – cryptography, security +Fred B. Schneider – concurrent and distributed computing +Sarita Schoenebeck – human–computer interaction +Glenda Schroeder – command-line shell, e-mail +Bernhard Schölkopf – machine learning, artificial intelligence +Dana Scott – domain theory +Michael L. Scott – programming languages, algorithms, distributed computing +Robert Sedgewick – algorithms, data structures +Ravi Sethi – compilers, 2nd Dragon Book +Nigel Shadbolt +Adi Shamir – RSA, cryptanalysis +Claude Shannon – information theory +David E. Shaw – computational finance, computational biochemistry, parallel architectures +Cliff Shaw – systems programmer, artificial intelligence +Scott Shenker – networking +Shashi Shekhar – spatial computing +Ben Shneiderman – human–computer interaction, information visualization +Edward H. Shortliffe – MYCIN (medical diagnostic expert system) +Daniel Siewiorek – electronic design automation, reliability computing, context aware mobile computing, wearable computing, computer-aided design, rapid prototyping, fault tolerance +Joseph Sifakis – model checking +Herbert A. Simon – artificial intelligence +Munindar P. Singh – multiagent systems, software engineering, artificial intelligence, social networks +Ramesh Sitaraman – helped build Akamai's high performance network +Daniel Sleator – splay tree, amortized analysis +Aaron Sloman – artificial intelligence and cognitive science +Arne Sølvberg – information modelling +Brian Cantwell Smith – reflective programming, 3lisp +David Canfield Smith – invented interface icons, programming by demonstration, developed graphical user interface, Xerox Star; Xerox PARC researcher, cofounded Dest Systems, Cognition +Steven Spewak – enterprise architecture planning +Carol Spradling +Robert Sproull +Rohini Kesavan Srihari – information retrieval, text analytics, multilingual text mining +Sargur Srihari – pattern recognition, machine learning, computational criminology, CEDAR-FOX +Maciej Stachowiak – GNOME, Safari, WebKit +Richard Stallman (born 1953) – GNU Project +Ronald Stamper +Thad Starner +Richard E. Stearns – computational complexity theory +Guy L. Steele, Jr. – Scheme, Common Lisp +Thomas Sterling – creator of Beowulf clusters +Alexander Stepanov – generic programming +W. Richard Stevens (1951–1999) – author of books, including TCP/IP Illustrated and Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment +Larry Stockmeyer – computational complexity, distributed computing +Salvatore Stolfo – computer security, machine learning +Michael Stonebraker – relational database practice and theory +Olaf Storaasli – finite element machine, linear algebra, high performance computing +Christopher Strachey – denotational semantics +Volker Strassen – matrix multiplication, integer multiplication, Solovay–Strassen primality test +Bjarne Stroustrup – C++ +Madhu Sudan – computational complexity theory, coding theory +Gerald Jay Sussman – Scheme +Bert Sutherland – computer graphics, Internet +Ivan Sutherland – computer graphics: Sketchpad, Evans & Sutherland +Ilya Sutskever – deep learning, AlexNet, OpenAI +Latanya Sweeney – data privacy and algorithmic fairness +Mario Szegedy – complexity theory, quantum computing + +== T == +Parisa Tabriz – Google Director of Engineering, also known as the Security Princess +Roberto Tamassia – computational geometry, computer security +Andrew S. Tanenbaum – operating systems, MINIX +Austin Tate – Artificial Intelligence Applications, AI Planning, Virtual Worlds +Bernhard Thalheim – conceptual modelling foundation +Éva Tardos +Gábor Tardos +Robert Tarjan – splay tree +Valerie Taylor +Mario Tchou – Italian engineer, of Chinese descent, leader of Olivetti Elea project +Jaime Teevan +Shang-Hua Teng – analysis of algorithms +Larry Tesler – human–computer interaction, graphical user interface, Apple Macintosh +Avie Tevanian – Mach kernel team, NeXT, Mac OS X +Charles P. Thacker – Xerox Alto, Microsoft Research +Daniel Thalmann – computer graphics, virtual actor +Ken Thompson – mainly designed and authored Unix, Plan 9 and Inferno operating systems, B and Bon languages (precursors of C), created UTF-8 character encoding, introduced regular expressions in QED, co-authored Go language +Simon Thompson – functional programming research, textbooks; Cardano domain-specific languages: Marlowe +Sebastian Thrun – AI researcher, pioneered autonomous driving +Walter F. Tichy – RCS +Seinosuke Toda – computational complexity, recipient of 1998 Gödel Prize +Chai Keong Toh – mobile ad hoc networks pioneer +Linus Torvalds – Linux kernel, Git +Leonardo Torres Quevedo (1852–1936) – invented El Ajedrecista (the chess player) in 1912, a true automaton built to play chess without human guidance. In his work Essays on Automatics (1913), introduced the idea of floating-point arithmetic. In 1920, built an early electromechanical device of the Analytical Engine. +Godfried Toussaint – computational geometry, computational music theory +Gloria Townsend +Edwin E. Tozer – business information systems +Joseph F Traub – computational complexity of scientific problems +John V. Tucker – computability theory +John Tukey – founder of FFT algorithm, box plot, exploratory data analysis and Coining the term 'bit' +Alan Turing (1912–1954) – British computing pioneer, Turing machine, algorithms, cryptology, computer architecture +David Turner – SASL, Kent Recursive Calculator, Miranda, IFIP WG 2.1 member +Murray Turoff – computer-mediated communication + +== U == +Jeffrey D. Ullman – compilers, databases, complexity theory + +== V == +Leslie Valiant – computational complexity theory, computational learning theory +Vladimir Vapnik – pattern recognition, computational learning theory +Moshe Vardi – professor of computer science at Rice University +Dorothy Vaughan +Bernard Vauquois – pioneered computer science in France, machine translation (MT) theory and practice including Vauquois triangle, ALGOL 60 +Umesh Vazirani +Manuela M. Veloso +François Vernadat – enterprise modeling +Richard Veryard – enterprise modeling +Sergiy Vilkomir – software testing, RC/DC +Paul Vitanyi – Kolmogorov complexity, Information distance, Normalized compression distance, Normalized Google distance +Andrew Viterbi – Viterbi algorithm +Jeffrey Scott Vitter – external memory algorithms, compressed data structures, data compression, databases +Paul Vixie – DNS, BIND, PAIX, Internet Software Consortium, MAPS, DNSBL \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1af56ed90 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +--- +title: "List of computer scientists" +chunk: 7/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:53.571776+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== W == +Eiiti Wada – ALGOL N, IFIP WG 2.1 member, Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) X 0208, 0212, Happy Hacking Keyboard +David Wagner – security, cryptography +David Waltz +James Z. Wang +Steve Ward +Manfred K. Warmuth – computational learning theory +David H. D. Warren – AI, logic programming, Prolog, Warren Abstract Machine (WAM) +Kevin Warwick – artificial intelligence +Jan Weglarz +Philip Wadler – functional programming, Haskell, Monad, Java, logic +Peter Wegner – object-oriented programming, interaction (computer science) +Joseph Henry Wegstein – ALGOL 58, ALGOL 60, IFIP WG 2.1 member, data processing technical standards, fingerprint analysis +Peter J. Weinberger – programming language design, the 'w' in AWK +Mark Weiser – ubiquitous computing +Joseph Weizenbaum – artificial intelligence, ELIZA +David Wheeler – EDSAC, subroutines +Franklin H. Westervelt – use of computers in engineering education, conversational use of computers, Michigan Terminal System (MTS), ARPANET, distance learning +Steve Whittaker – human computer interaction, computer support for cooperative work, social media +Jennifer Widom – nontraditional data management +Gio Wiederhold – database management systems +Norbert Wiener – Cybernetics +Adriaan van Wijngaarden – Dutch pioneer; ARRA, ALGOL, IFIP WG 2.1 member +Mary Allen Wilkes – LINC developer, assembler-linker designer +Maurice Vincent Wilkes – microprogramming, EDSAC +Yorick Wilks – computational linguistics, artificial intelligence +James H. Wilkinson – numerical analysis +Sophie Wilson – ARM architecture +Shmuel Winograd – Coppersmith–Winograd algorithm +Terry Winograd – artificial intelligence, SHRDLU +Patrick Winston – artificial intelligence +Niklaus Wirth – ALGOL W, IFIP WG 2.1 member, Pascal, Modula, Oberon +Neil Wiseman – computer graphics +Dennis E. Wisnosky – Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM), IDEF +Stephen Wolfram – Mathematica +Mike Woodger – Pilot ACE, ALGOL 60, Ada (programming language) +Philip Woodward – ambiguity function, sinc function, comb operator, rep operator, ALGOL 68-R +Beatrice Helen Worsley – wrote the first PhD dissertation involving modern computers; was one of the people who wrote Transcode +Steve Wozniak – engineered first generation personal computers at Apple Computer +Jie Wu – computer networks +William Wulf – BLISS system programming language + optimizing compiler, Hydra operating system, Tartan Laboratories + +== Y == +Mihalis Yannakakis +Andrew Chi-Chih Yao +John Yen +Nobuo Yoneda – Yoneda lemma, Yoneda product, ALGOL, IFIP WG 2.1 member +Edward Yourdon – Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method +Moti Yung + +== Z == +Lotfi Zadeh – fuzzy logic +Hans Zantema – termination analysis +Arif Zaman – pseudo-random number generator +Stanley Zdonik — database management systems +Hussein Zedan – formal methods and real-time systems +Shlomo Zilberstein – artificial intelligence, anytime algorithms, automated planning, and decentralized POMDPs +Jill Zimmerman – James M. Beall Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at Goucher College +Mark Zuckerberg – cofounder of Facebook and Meta Platforms +Konrad Zuse – German pioneer of hardware and software + +== See also == + +== References == + +== External links == + +CiteSeer list of the most cited authors in computer science +Computer scientists with h-index >= 40 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Evolving_Genes_and_Proteins_symposium-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Evolving_Genes_and_Proteins_symposium-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27e3c84be --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Evolving_Genes_and_Proteins_symposium-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "List of participants in the Evolving Genes and Proteins symposium" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Evolving_Genes_and_Proteins_symposium" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:54.778734+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of scientists who participated in the 1964 Evolving Genes and Proteins symposium, a landmark event in the history of molecular evolution. The symposium, supported by the National Science Foundation, took place on September 17 and September 18, 1964 at the Institute of Microbiology of Rutgers University. A summary of the proceedings was published in Science, and the full proceedings were edited by Vernon Bryson and Henry J. Vogel and published in 1965. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field-0.md index b99d3b87d..38a91a600 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:50:53.831223+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:49.942931+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88abf28df --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +--- +title: "List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:51.151579+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +On the Eiffel Tower, 72 names of French male scientists, engineers, and mathematicians are engraved in recognition of their contributions. Gustave Eiffel chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the protests against the tower, and chose names of those who had distinguished themselves since 1789. The engravings are found on the sides of the tower under the first balcony, in letters about 60 cm (24 in) tall, and were originally painted in gold. The engraving was painted over at the beginning of the 20th century and restored in 1986–87 by Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, the company that the city of Paris contracts to operate the Tower. The repainting of 2010–11 restored the letters to their original gold colour. There are also names of the engineers who helped build the Tower and design its architecture on a plaque on the top of the Tower, where a laboratory was built as well. +It has been proposed to add the names of 72 leading women to the tower and a list for agreement with the Mayor of Paris was presented in 2026. + + +== List == + + +=== Location === +The list is split in four parts (one for each side of the tower). The sides have been named after the parts of Paris that each side faces: + +The North-East side (also known as La Bourdonnais side) + +The South-East side (also known as the Military School side) + +The South-West side (also known as the Grenelle side) + +The North West side (also known as the Trocadéro side) + + +=== Names === +In the table below are all the names on the four sides. + + +== Criticism == + + +=== Women === +The list contains no women. The list has been criticized for excluding the name of Sophie Germain, a noted French mathematician whose work on the theory of elasticity was used in the construction of the tower itself. In 1913, John Augustine Zahm suggested that Germain was excluded because she was a woman. +In 2025, Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo named a commission of experts to consider a project for inscribing the names of women scientists on the Tower. The commission's report was positive and advocated inscribing the names of 72 female scientists adjacent to those of the 72 male scientists, to reflect full equality. The Association Femmes & Sciences was tasked with preparing a list of women scientists to be commemorated. In January 2026, the Association unveiled a proposed list of late 72 women scientists from 1789 to the present. The list is awaiting acceptance by the mayor, the Académie des Sciences, the Académie des Technologies and the Académie nationale de médecine. +The suggested women are Denise Albe-Fessard, Yvette Amice, Jeanne Baret, Denise Barthomeuf, Madeleine Brès, Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat, Simonne Caillère, Yvette Cauchois, Edmée Chandon, Marthe Condat, Anita Conti, Eugénie Cotton, Radhia Cousot, Odile Croissant, Marie Curie, Augusta Déjérine, Henriette Delamarre, Georgette Délibrias, Nathalie Demassieux, Rose Dieng, Angélique du Coudray, Louise du Pierry, Henriette Mathieu-Faraggi, Jacqueline Ferrand, Jacqueline Ficini, Rosalind Franklin, Marthe Gautier, Sophie Germain, Jeanne Guiot, Geneviève Guitel, Sébastienne Guyot, Claudine Hermann, Andrée Hoppilliard, Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin, Irène Joliot-Curie, Geneviève Jourdain, Dorothéa Klumpke, Lydie Koch-Miramond, Colette Kreder, Nicole Laroche, Cornélie Lebon-de Brambilla, Yolande Le Calvez, Paulette Libermann, Marianne Grunberg-Manago, Nicole Mangin, Cécile Morette, Édith Mourier, Ethel Moustacchi, Suzanne Noël, Yvonne Odic, Isabelle Olivieri, Marie-Louise Paris, Marguerite Perey, Claudine Picardet, Alberte Pullman, Pauline Ramart, Lucie Randoin, Alice Recoque, Michelle Schatzman, Anne-Marcelle Schrameck, Marie-Hélène Schwartz, Josiane Serre, Alice Sollier, Hélène Sparrow, Bianca Tchoubar, Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat, Thérèse Tréfouël, Agnès Ullmann, Arlette Vassy, Suzanne Veil, Jeanne Villepreux and Toshiko Yuasa. + + +=== Hydraulic engineers and scholars === +Eiffel acknowledged most of the leading French scientists in the field of hydraulic engineering; fourteen of them are listed on the Eiffel Tower. Among those missing are Henri Philibert Gaspard Darcy, whose work did not come into wide use until the 20th century, Antoine Chézy and Joseph Valentin Boussinesq, who was early in his career at the time. The renowned mathematician Évariste Galois is also absent from the list, as are Joseph Liouville and Charles Hermite, two other famous French mathmaticians. + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Barral, Georges (1892). Le Panthéon scientifique de la tour Eiffel: histoire des origines de la construction de la Tour (in French). Savine. Reprinted as Barral, Georges (2013). Le Panthéon scientifique de la tour Eiffel: histoire des origines de la construction de la Tour (in French). Hachette Livre. ISBN 978-2-01-285936-4. + + +== External links == + + Media related to 72 names on the Eiffel Tower at Wikimedia Commons +Paris streets named for the 72 scientists \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_scientists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c49d7ed96 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_scientists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +--- +title: "Lists of scientists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:48.783366+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article contains links to lists of scientists. + + +== By academic genealogy == +Academic genealogy of chemists +List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field +List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower +Apostles of Linnaeus +List of Arab scientists and scholars +List of modern Arab scientists and engineers +List of archaeologists +Astronomer Royal +List of astronomers +List of French astronomers +List of Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science +List of biologists +List of biochemists +List of carcinologists +List of coleopterists +List of entomologists +List of geneticists +List of herpetologists +List of immunologists +List of marine biologists +List of microbiologists +List of paleoethnobotanists +List of plant scientists +List of plant pathologists +List of biophysicists +List of Catholic clergy scientists +List of lay Catholic scientists +List of chemists +List of Christians in science and technology +List of Christian Nobel laureates +List of Christian scientists and scholars of medieval Islam +List of climate scientists +List of women climate scientists and activists +List of cognitive scientists +List of computer scientists +List of cosmologists +List of criminologists +List of ecologists +List of Ethiopian scientists +List of participants in the Evolving Genes and Proteins symposium +List of Fellows of the Royal Society by election year +List of foresters +Fullerian Professor of Chemistry +Fullerian Professor of Physiology +List of geologists +List of women geologists +List of geophysicists +List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip +List of Jewish Nobel laureates +List of Kyoto Prize winners +List of atheists in science and technology +List of loop quantum gravity researchers +Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award +List of medieval and pre-modern Persian doctors +List of meteorologists +List of mineralogists +List of minor planet discoverers +List of National Medal of Science laureates +List of neurochemists +List of neurologists and neurosurgeons +List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry +List of physicians and scientists of Upstate New York +List of ornithologists +List of paleontologists +List of pathologists +List of pharmacists +List of photochemists +List of physicists +List of plasma physicists +List of presidents of the Geological Society of London +List of presidents of the Geologists' Association +List of psephologists +Quakers in science +List of quantum gravity researchers +Racah Lectures in Physics +List of Researchers at Racah Institute +List of rheologists +RNA Tie Club +List of runologists +Savilian Professor of Astronomy +List of scientists whose names are used as units +List of people whose names are used in chemical element names +List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants +List of soil scientists +List of spectroscopists +List of statisticians +List of systems scientists +List of taxonomic authorities by name +List of undersea explorers +List of authors of names published under the ICZN + + +== By country, religion, gender or ethnic background == +List of African educators, scientists and scholars +List of Argentine scientists +List of Armenian scientists and philosophers +List of African-American inventors and scientists +List of Arab scientists and scholars +List of Austrian scientists +List of Azerbaijani scientists and philosophers +List of Brazilian scientists +List of Bangladeshi scientists +List of British Jewish scientists +List of Cornish scientists +List of Scottish scientists +List of Welsh scientists +List of Byzantine scholars (including scientists) +List of Chinese scientists +List of Christian scientists +List of Catholic scientists +List of Christian Nobel laureates +List of Jesuit scientists +List of Roman Catholic cleric-scientists +List of Quaker scientists +List of Croatian scientists +List of Czech scientists +List of Egyptian scientists +List of Estonian scientists +List of female scientists +List of female scientists before the 20th century +List of female scientists in the 20th century +List of female scientists in the 21st century +List of French scientists +List of Indian scientists +List of Tamil scientists +List of Nepalese scientists +List of Persian scientists and scholars +List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers +List of Italian scientists +List of Jewish scientists and philosophers +List of Jewish American chemists +List of Muslim scientists +Lists of Muslim scientists and scholars +List of New Zealand scientists +List of Nigerian scientists and scholars +List of Pakistani scientists +List of Romanian scientists +List of Russian scientists +List of Serbian scientists +List of Swedish scientists + + +== By achievement == + +List of Nobel laureates +Lists of Nobel laureates + + +== See also == +Academic genealogy +History of science and technology +List of forms of electricity named after scientists +List of science communicators \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..329662458 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Philosophy and economics" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:38.173646+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Philosophy and economics studies topics such as public economics, behavioural economics, rationality, justice, history of economic thought, rational choice, the appraisal of economic outcomes, institutions and processes, the status of highly idealized economic models, the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them. +It is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory, ethics (or normative social and political philosophy), and philosophy of science. Economic theories of rationality, welfare, and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory, philosophical psychology, and social and political philosophy. +Economics is of special interest to those interested in epistemology and philosophy of science both because of its detailed peculiarities and because it has many of the overt features of the natural sciences, while its object consists of social phenomena. In any empirical setting, the epistemic assumptions of financial economics (and related applied financial disciplines) are relevant, and are further discussed under the Epistemology of finance. + +== Scope == + +=== Definition and ontology of economics === +The question usually addressed in any subfield of philosophy (the philosophy of X) is "what is X?". A philosophical approach to the question "what is economics?" is less likely to produce an answer than it is to produce a survey of the definitional and territorial difficulties and controversies. Similar considerations apply as a prologue to further discussion of methodology in a subject. Definitions of economics have varied over time from the modern origins of the subject, reflecting programmatic concerns and distinctions of expositors. +Ontological questions continue with further "what is..." questions addressed at fundamental economic phenomena, such as "what is (economic) value?" or "what is a market?". While it is possible to respond to such questions with real verbal definitions, the philosophical value of posing such questions actually aims at shifting entire perspectives as to the nature of the foundations of economics. In the rare cases that attempts at ontological shifts gain wide acceptance, their ripple effects can spread throughout the entire field of economics. + +=== Methodology and epistemology of economics === + +An epistemology deals with how we know things. In the philosophy of economics this means asking questions such as: what kind of a "truth claim" is made by economic theories – for example, are we claiming that the theories relate to reality or perceptions? How can or should we prove economic theories – for example, must every economic theory be empirically verifiable? How exact are economic theories and can they lay claim to the status of an exact science – for example, are economic predictions as reliable as predictions in the natural sciences, and why or why not? Another way of expressing this issue is to ask whether economic theories can state "laws". Philosophers of science and economists have explored these issues intensively since the work of Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel M. Hausman dating to 3 decades ago. + +=== Rational choice, decision theory and game theory === + +Philosophical approaches in decision theory focus on foundational concepts in decision theory – for example, on the natures of choice or preference, rationality, risk and uncertainty, and economic agents. +Game theory is shared between a number of disciplines, but especially mathematics, economics and philosophy. Game theory is still extensively discussed within the field of the philosophy of economics. Game theory is closely related to and builds on decision theory and is likewise very strongly interdisciplinary. + +=== Ethics and justice === + +The ethics of economic systems deals with the issues such as how it is right (just, fair) to keep or distribute economic goods. Economic systems as a product of collective activity allow examination of their ethical consequences for all of their participants. Ethics and economics relates ethical studies to welfare economics. It has been argued that a closer relation between welfare economics and modern ethical studies may enrich both areas, even including predictive and descriptive economics as to rationality of behaviour, given social interdependence. +Ethics and justice overlap disciplines in different ways. Approaches are regarded as more philosophical when they study the fundamentals – for example, John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971) and Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974). 'Justice' in economics is a subcategory of welfare economics with models frequently representing the ethical-social requirements of a given theory. "Practical" matters include such subjects as law and cost–benefit analysis +Utilitarianism, one of the ethical methodologies, has its origins inextricably interwoven with the emergence of modern economic thought. Today utilitarianism has spread throughout applied ethics as one of a number of approaches. Non-utilitarian approaches in applied ethics are also now used when questioning the ethics of economic systems – e.g. rights-based (deontological) approaches. +Many political ideologies have been an immediate outgrowth of reflection on the ethics of economic systems. Marx, for example, is generally regarded primarily as a philosopher, his most notable work being on the philosophy of economics. However, Marx's economic critique of capitalism did not depend on ethics, justice, or any form of morality, instead focusing on the inherent contradictions of capitalism through the lens of a process which is today called dialectical materialism. + +=== Non-mainstream economic thinking === + +The philosophy of economics defines itself as including the questioning of foundations or assumptions of economics. The foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups. These areas are therefore to be included within the philosophy of economics. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf659438d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +--- +title: "Philosophy and economics" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:38.173646+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Praxeology: a deductive theory of human action based on premises presumed to be philosophically true (following the analytic–synthetic distinction of Immanuel Kant). Developed by Ludwig von Mises within the Austrian School, is a self-conscious opposition to the mathematical modeling and hypothesis-testing to validate neoclassical economics. +Cross-cultural perspectives on economics, and economic anthropology: an example is the Buddhist-inspired Bhutanese "Gross National Happiness" concept (suggested as a better development measure than GNI/GDP). Amartya Sen is a renowned advocate for the integration of cross-cultural phenomena into economic thinking. +Feminist perspectives on economics, or feminist economics. + +== Scholars cited in the literature == + +== Related disciplines == +The ethics of economic systems is an area of overlap between business ethics and the philosophy of economics. People who write on the ethics of economic systems are more likely to call themselves political philosophers than business ethicists or economic philosophers. There is significant overlap between theoretical issues in economics and the philosophy of economics. As economics is generally accepted to have its origins in philosophy, the history of economics overlaps with the philosophy of economics. + +== Degrees == +Some universities offer joint degrees that combine philosophy, politics and economics. These degrees cover many of the problems that are discussed in Philosophy and Economics, but are more broadly construed. A small number of universities, notably the London School of Economics, University of Edinburgh, the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Copenhagen Business School, the University of Vienna the University of Bayreuth, the University of Hamburg and the Witten/Herdecke University offer master's degree programs specialized in philosophy, politics and economics. + +== Journals == +Economics and Philosophy +Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics +Journal of Economic Methodology +Philosophy and Public Affairs +Politics, Philosophy & Economics – Aims and Scope + +== See also == +Analytic philosophy +Critique of political economy +Epistemology of finance +Philosophy of science +Schools of economic thought +History of economic thought +Teoría de Precios: Porqué está mal la Economía textbook (2010) + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Boulding, Kenneth E. (1969). "Economics as a Moral Science," American Economic Review, 59(1), pp. 1-12. +Caldwell, Bruce (1987). "positivism," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v.3, pp. 921–23. +Downie, R.S. (1987). "moral philosophy," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 551–56. +Hands, D. Wade, ed. (1993). The Philosophy and Methodology of Economics, Edward Elgar. 3 v. Description and Table of Contents links. +Davis, John B., Alain Marciano, Jochen Runde, eds. (2004). The Elgar Companion to Economics and Philosophy. Description & Table of Contents links and Introduction and ch. 1 previews via sidebar scrolling. Articles from 1925 & 1940–1991. +Hausman, Daniel M. (1992). Essays on Philosophy and Economic Methodology. Description, ch. 1 link. Chapter-preview links. +_____, ed. ([1984] 2008). The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology, 3rd ed. Cambridge. Description & Table of contents links and Introduction. From John Stuart Mill on. +Heilbroner, Robert L. ([1953] 1999). The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times, and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers, 7th ed. Scroll to chapter-preview links. +Hodgson, Bernard (2001). Economics as Moral Science. Description and chapter-preview links, pp. xi-xiv. +Peil, Jan, and Irene van Staveren, eds. (2009). Handbook of Economics and Ethics, Edward Elgar. Description and preview. +Putnam, Hilary (1993). "The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy," in Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen, ed. The Quality of Life, pp. 143–157. Oxford. Reprinted in Putnam (2002), Part I, pp. 5 -64. +_____ (2002). The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays, Description and chapter-preview links. +Robinson, Joan (1962). Economic Philosophy. Description and scroll to chapter and previews. +Rubinstein, Ariel (2006). "Dilemmas of an Economic Theorist," Econometrica, 74(4), pp. 865–883 (close Page tab). +Szenberg, Michael, ed. (1992). Eminent Economists: Their Life Philosophies, Cambridge. Description and preview. +Walsh, Vivian (1961). Scarcity and Evil]: An Original Exploration of Moral Issues on the Frontier Between Guilt and Tragedy. Prentice-Hall. +_____ (1987). "philosophy and economics," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 861–869. +_____ (1996). Rationality, Allocation, and Reproduction. Cambridge. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links. + +== External links == +Philosophy of Economics (Daniel Little's entry in the Routledge Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Science) +Philosophy of Economics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) by Daniel M. Hausman, notable in the field. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Science_Trust-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Science_Trust-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e686c5d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Science_Trust-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "Web Science Trust" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:45.251628+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Web Science Trust (WST) is a UK Charitable Trust with the aim of supporting the global development of Web science. It was originally started in 2006 as a joint effort between MIT and University of Southampton to formalise the social and technical aspects of the World Wide Web. The trust coordinates a set of international "WSTNet Laboratories" that include academic research groups in the emerging area of Web science. +It was first announced at MIT on 2 November 2006 as the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), changing its name in 2009 to the Web Science Trust. Tim Berners-Lee originally led this program, now run by a Board of Trustees, which aims to attract government and private funds to support their many activities. The Web Science Trust supports curriculum development in universities and research institutions to train future generations of Web Scientists. Given the similarities between Web Science and Information Science, Web Science overlaps with the interests of the ISchool movement, particularly in the United States, but focuses more specifically on the Web itself. The annual Web Science conference brings together participants from many fields including those studying both the social and the computational aspects of the World Wide Web. +Areas of interest include: + +Social networks +Social machine +Collaboration +Understanding online community +Analyzing the human interactions inherent in social media +Web observatories +Developing "accountability" and other mechanisms for enhancing privacy and trust on the Web. + + +== Key personnel == +Directors/trustees + +Wendy Hall (Chair) +Nigel Shadbolt +James Hendler +Noshir Contractor (Executive Director) +JP Rangaswami +George Metakides +Steffen Staab +Anni Rowland-Campbell +Bill Thompson +Jennifer Zhu Scott +Fellows + +Tim Berners-Lee +John Taylor + + +== Conferences == +The first Web Science conference (WebSci09: Society on Line) was sponsored in part by WSRI and was held in Greece in March 2009. The conference had over 300 registrants from a number of fields including computing, social science, law, economics, philosophy, psychology. The conference has since continued as a yearly event. The first fully virtual Web Science conference was held in July 2020 as a result of travel restrictions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. + + +== Impact == +The Web Science Trust has been influential in advancing interdisciplinary research that connects computing with the social sciences, law, and policy. Through its WSTNet laboratories and annual conferences, the Trust has encouraged studies of online trust, data ethics, and the societal impact of al + + +== See also == +List of I-Schools +World Wide Web +Webometrics +Web Engineering + + +== Bibliography == +Lohr, Steve (2 November 2006). "Group of University Researchers to Make Web Science a Field of Study". The New York Times. +Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, James Hendler, Nigel Shadbolt, Daniel J. Weitzner (August 2006). "Creating a Science of the Web". 313 (11): 769–71. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..769B. doi:10.1126/science.1126902. PMID 16902115. S2CID 5104030. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) +Julià Minguillon, Daniel Riera, Kieron O'Hara and Wendy Hall (October 2008). "Web Science (dossier)" (7): 25. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) +James Hendler, Nigel Shadbolt, Wendy Hall, Tim Berners-Lee, Daniel J. Weitzner (July 2008). "Web science: an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the web". 51 (7): 60–69. doi:10.1145/1364782.1364798. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) +Web Science: Studying the Internet to Protect Our Future, an article by Tim Berners-Lee. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Press release +Audio: Web Science: A Conversation with the Inventor of the Web \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf7f2c39e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "Web science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:00:41.501578+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Web science is an emerging interdisciplinary field concerned with the study of large-scale socio-technical systems, particularly the World Wide Web. It considers the relationship between people and technology, the ways that society and technology co-constitute one another and the impact of this co-constitution on broader society. Web Science combines research from disciplines as diverse as sociology, computer science, economics, and mathematics. +An earlier definition was given by American computer scientist Ben Shneiderman: "Web Science" is processing the information available on the web in similar terms to those applied to natural environment. +The Web Science Institute describes Web Science as focusing "the analytical power of researchers from disciplines as diverse as mathematics, sociology, economics, psychology, law and computer science to understand and explain the Web. It is necessarily interdisciplinary – as much about social and organizational behaviour as about the underpinning technology." A central pillar of Web science development is Artificial Intelligence or "AI". The current artificial intelligence that in development at the moment is Human-Centered, with goals to further professional development courses as well as influencing public policy. Artificial intelligence developers are focused on the most impactful uses of this technology, while also hoping to expedite the growth and development of the human race. + + +== Areas of activity == + + +=== Emergent properties === +Philip Tetlow, an IBM-based scientist influential in the emergence of web science as an independent discipline, argued for the concept of web life, which considers the Web not as a connected network of computers, as in common interpretations of the Internet, but rather as a sociotechnical machine capable of fusing together individuals and organisations into larger coordinated groups. It argues that unlike the technologies that have come before it, the Web is different in that its phenomenal growth and complexity are starting to outstrip our capability to control it directly, making it impossible for us to grasp its completeness in one go. Tetlow made use of Fritjof Capra's concept of the 'web of life' as a metaphor. + + +== Research groups == +There are numerous academic research groups engaged in Web Science research, many of which are members of WSTNet, the Web Science Trust Network of research labs. Health Web Science emerged as a sub-discipline of Web Science that studies the role of the Web's impact on human's health outcomes and how to further utilize the Web to improve health outcomes. These groups focus on the developmental possibilities, provided through Web Science, in areas such as health care and social welfare. Discussion of web science has been widely adopted as a method in which the internet can have a real world impact in the field of medicine, currently coined Medicine 2.0. The World Wide Web acts as a medium for the spread and circulation of knowledge, though these various research groups consider themselves responsible for maintaining verifiable and testable knowledge. Using their knowledge of the healthcare system as well as web science, researchers are focused on formatting and structuring their knowledge in a way that is easily accessible throughout the internet. The World Wide Web is quickly evolving meaning that the information we provide and its formatting must also. Recognizing the overlap between both aspects, the spread of knowledge and development of the internet, allows us to properly display our knowledge in a manner that evolves as quickly as the internet and everyday medical research. The accessibility of the internet and quick development of knowledge must be companied with efficient formatting to allocate successful dissemination of information, as described by these various researcher groups. + + +== Related major conferences == +Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Hypertext Conference (HT) sponsored by SIGWEB +ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) +International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM) +The Web Conference (WWW) +Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Web Science Conference (WebSci) + + +== See also == +Digital anthropology +Digital sociology +Health Web Science +Sociology of the Internet +Technology and society +Web Science Trust + + +== References == + + +== External links == +A Framework for Web Science Archived 2021-12-09 at the Wayback Machine +Talk on web science by W3C +MSc on Web Science at Institute WeST, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Archived 2021-12-09 at the Wayback Machine +MSc on Web Sciences divided into different branches of study at Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria Archived 2018-01-17 at the Wayback Machine +What is Web Science? (Video clip) on YouTube +The Web Science Education Workshop +The Web Science Education Map +Master's Programme WebScience at Cologne University of Applied Sciences Archived 2015-05-31 at the Wayback Machine +The Web Science Institute at the University of Southampton \ No newline at end of file